query
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answer
stringlengths 0
440k
| short_answer
stringlengths 0
1.27k
| title
stringlengths 0
135
| bert_title
stringlengths 0
134
| abstract
stringlengths 0
6.05k
| content
stringlengths 317
468k
| url
stringlengths 31
204
| index
int64 0
67.3k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
who is the real drew in teardrops on my guitar
|
Swift was inspired to write `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' about her experience with a boy named Drew Hardwick , a classmate of hers whom she had feelings for . Hardwick later went on to join the Navy . During their freshman year of high school at Hendersonville High School , Swift and Hardwick sat beside each other in a class everyday . The two developed a fond friendship , although Swift secretively desired for it to become a romantic relationship . Because of Hardwick 's unawareness , he would frequently speak to Swift about a girl he had feelings for , something Swift pretended to be endeared by , commenting , `` How beautiful she was , how nice and smart and perfect she was . And I sat there and listened , never meaning it any of the times I said ' Oh , I 'm so happy for you . ' '' Hardwick and his love interest eventually developed a relationship which lasted for a few years . Swift never confessed her feelings to him . By the release of Taylor Swift , he remained unaware of Swift 's intentions or the song and continued his relationship with the same female . Upon `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' 's release as a single , Hardwick attempted to contact Swift via phone calls , which Swift did not respond to ; he then left voicemails , but Swift felt too awkward to call back .
|
Teardrops on My Guitar
|
teardrops on my guitar
|
`` Teardrops on My Guitar '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album Taylor Swift Released February 19 , 2007 Format CD single digital download 7 '' Recorded 2006 Studio Sound Cottage ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Genre Country pop Length 3 : 38 ( original version ) 3 : 24 ( country single mix ) 2 : 59 ( pop single mix ) Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Liz Rose Producer ( s ) Nathan Chapman Taylor Swift singles chronology `` Tim McGraw '' ( 2006 ) `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( 2007 ) `` Our Song '' ( 2007 ) `` Tim McGraw '' ( 2006 ) `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( 2007 ) `` Our Song '' ( 2007 ) Music video `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' on YouTube `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift . The song was co-written by Swift , alongside Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman with Swift 's aid . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was released on February 19 , 2007 by Big Machine Records , as the second single from Swift 's eponymous debut album ( 2006 ) . The song was later included on the international release of Swift 's second studio album , Fearless ( 2008 ) , and released as the second pop single from the album in the United Kingdom . It was inspired by Swift 's experience with Drew Hardwick , a classmate of hers for whom she had feelings for . He was completely unaware and continually spoke about his girlfriend to Swift , something she pretended to be endeared by . Years afterwards , Hardwick appeared at Swift 's house , but Swift rejected him . Musically , the track is soft and is primarily guided by a gentle acoustic guitar . Critics have queried the song 's classification as country music , with those in agreement ( such as Grady Smith of Rolling Stone ) citing the themes and narrative style as country - influenced and those opposed ( such as Roger Holland of PopMatters ) indicating the pop music production and instrumentation lack traditional country elements . Critics received the track generally positively , complimenting Swift 's vocal delivery and songwriting style . The song is considered to be Swift 's breakthrough single , as it spread her popularity throughout the United States . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was commercially successful , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the best - charting single from Taylor Swift on the chart , and being Swift 's debut entry on the Billboard Year - End Hot 100 charts . The single was also certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Its music video was directed by Trey Fanjoy and features Swift as she sees her love interest develop a relationship with another female . The video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist , but lost to Tokio Hotel 's music video for `` Ready , Set , Go ! '' . The song was promoted through multiple live performances , some while supporting as opening act for various country artists ' concert tours . She also performed `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' on her first headlining tour , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Accolades 7 Live performances 8 Formats and track listings 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Swift was inspired to write `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' about her experience with a boy named Drew Hardwick , a classmate of hers whom she had feelings for . Hardwick later went on to join the Navy . During their freshman year of high school at Hendersonville High School , Swift and Hardwick sat beside each other in a class everyday . The two developed a fond friendship , although Swift secretively desired for it to become a romantic relationship . Because of Hardwick 's unawareness , he would frequently speak to Swift about a girl he had feelings for , something Swift pretended to be endeared by , commenting , `` How beautiful she was , how nice and smart and perfect she was . And I sat there and listened , never meaning it any of the times I said ' Oh , I 'm so happy for you . ' '' Hardwick and his love interest eventually developed a relationship which lasted for a few years . Swift never confessed her feelings to him . By the release of Taylor Swift , he remained unaware of Swift 's intentions or the song and continued his relationship with the same female . Upon `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' 's release as a single , Hardwick attempted to contact Swift via phone calls , which Swift did not respond to ; he then left voicemails , but Swift felt too awkward to call back . Two years after the album 's release , as she was leaving her house to attend a Nashville Predators hockey game with Kellie Pickler and Carrie Underwood , Hardwick appeared at her driveway . A car parked and , out of it , exited Hardwick and a friend of his . After two and a half years of not speaking , the two conversed : `` He was like , ' Hey , how 's it going ? ' And I 'm like , ' Wow , you 're late . Good to see you . ' But we were civilized . '' Swift conjectured multiple theories as to why Hardwick appeared at her house . One of them was that he was attempting to prove to his friend that he was indeed the subject of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Other possibilities was that he wanted to amend their friendship or believed Swift was still pining away from him . Swift said it would have been poetic if he approached her upon the album 's release and she would have accepted , but that she had already moved on . Swift cited `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' as an example of how she expresses her sentiments in songs and sometimes in no other manner . She was not afraid of using Hardwick 's first name on the track and , therefore , believed it was very honest and susceptible , something she adored . Composition ( edit ) `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( 2007 ) A 21 - second sample of the song , featuring the chorus which is backed by mandolin and acoustic guitar . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' is a country pop song with a length of three minutes and 35 seconds . It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 104 beats per minute . It is written in the key of B ♭ major and Swift 's vocals span one octave , from F to B ♭ . Swift sings in a breathless manner . It follows the chord progression B ♭ -- Gm -- E ♭ -- F. The track 's instrumentation is gently guided by mandolin and acoustic guitar , with accents of brushed drums . It ultimately resulting in a simple and tender undertone . The lyrics of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' speak of heartbreak and are direct , referring to the subject by his first name , Drew . The song describes fancying someone who is already interested in someone else and , therefore , maintaining the sentiments a secret . To him , Swift acted as though she was happy about his relationship , while crying and lamenting at home . Dave Heaton of PopMatters interpreted the lines `` And there she goes , so perfectly / The kind of flawless I wish I could be '' to address Swift 's ideal of perfection and her attempting to meet it , but not succeeding , a predominant theme on Fearless . Critical reception ( edit ) Swift performing `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' in 2006 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' has received generally favorable reviews from contemporary critics . Regarding the song 's musical genre , Roger Holland of PopMatters believed there was no reason for Swift to limit herself into only the country music or why she should be a country artist at all . Holland continued , `` Yet this is the channel to market she has chosen , and so she has to be prepared to hear complaints about the way that trademarked Mutt Lange guitar whine has been married to her bright shiny pop songs in order to get them onto CMT , GAC , and country radio . '' Bill Lamb of About.com rated `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' four out of five stars . Lamb complimented Swift 's vocal delivery and songwriting style , but criticized the production and arrangement , perceiving them to be dull . He added that the track 's refrains were most impacting and deemed it among the most memorable songs of 2007 . Sean Dooley , also of About.com , described Swift 's vocals as `` nothing less than captivating . '' Fiona Chua of MTV Asia said `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' demonstrated that with Swift , `` what you hear is what you get '' , and selected it as one best cuts on Fearless . Deborah Evans Price of Billboard stated that `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' showcased the same qualities as `` Tim McGraw '' ( 2006 ) -- solid gifts of songwriting and time - halting earnest and pure voice . Price declared that the song made obvious that Swift would have much success for years to come at the time . She believed the track was ultimately relatable and Swift was capable of making the song palpable . Chuck Taylor , also of Billboard , reviewed the pop version release of `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' , and stated it was a `` beautiful mainstream intro to an artist whose rise is ably exemplified by her last name . '' An uncredited review from Rolling Stone attributed the track to be one of the reasons why Taylor Swift was so commercially successful . Jon Bream of Star Tribune believed the song was in attempt to empower high school - and college - age females by confronting males . Chart performance ( edit ) On the week ending March 24 , 2007 , `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' debuted at number ninety - three on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' is also Taylor Swift 's first song to debut on the Billboard Year - End Hot 100 charts . After thirty - seven weeks upon the chart , on the week ending March 1 , 2008 , the song reached its peak at number thirteen , becoming the highest - charting single from Taylor Swift on the chart . On the week ending May 17 , 2008 , the song spent its last week on the Billboard Hot 100 at number forty - nine , after a total of forty - eight weeks on the chart . The single was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in April 2014 . As of November 2017 , `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' has sold 3 million copies in the United States . On Billboard Hot Country Songs chart , `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' debuted at number forty - six on the week - ending February 24 , 2007 . The song entered the top ten at number eight on the week - ending July 14 , 2007 , and on its twenty - sixth week on the chart , the week - ending August 18 , 2007 , it reached its peak at number two on the Billboard Hot Country Songs . The track spent a total of twenty - five weeks on Hot Country Songs . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was a crossover hit as well , peaking at number seven on Billboard Pop Songs and spending twenty - one weeks on the chart . `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' is considered to be Swift 's breakthrough single , as it spread her popularity throughout the United States . In Canada , the song peaked at number forty - five on the week ending August 18 , 2007 . The single was certified platinum by Music Canada for sales of 80,000 digital downloads . Released as the third single from Swift 's second studio album Fearless ( 2008 ) , the track debuted at number one hundred on the week ending April 27 , 2009 and peaked at number fifty - one on the week ending May 23 , 2009 in United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) Swift and Drew ( portrayed by Tyler Hilton ) laughing in a library in the music video for `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' The accompanying video to `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' was directed by Trey Fanjoy , who directed the video for `` Tim McGraw '' . Swift decided to film the video with Fanjoy as a result of how positive the experience was when filming `` Tim McGraw '' . She appreciated all the preparation techniques that she taught her and stated , `` You have to remember the people who were good to you in the beginning '' . Swift said the video centered around unrequited love . Some of Swift 's associates first believed the video should have been set in a prior era . They then thought about filming the video at a large city . However , Swift wanted to go back to basics and keep the song 's integrity by filming the video in Nashville , Tennessee . American singer and actor Tyler Hilton portrayed Drew . He was cast because of prior interactions with Swift . They had a mutual fondness for each other 's music . Taking into account his acting on the television series One Tree Hill and the film Walk the Line ( 2005 ) , Swift asked him to participate in the video after he attended and performed at one of her concerts . Swift chose Hilton primarily because he accurately presented Drew Hardwick , the fun , funny , fun - loving , blue - eyed boy whom she was friends with and had a huge crush on during high school . The video was filmed in one day in March 2007 at Hume - Fogg High School ; the drama room was transformed to simulate a bedroom for the performance scenes . The video commences with Drew asking Swift , `` Hey , are you gon na go to the game on Friday ? '' Swift responds , `` Well , I was thinking about it . Why ? '' He then admits it was just curiosity , informs Swift about a girl he met , and walks away . The video then transcends to Swift , wearing a long aquamarine evening gown , lying beside an acoustic guitar on a mattress in a bedroom . She performs the song until the scene transitions to Swift and Drew at the library , where he parodies a novel and she chuckles . The librarian requests for the two to maintain silence , so they converse quietly . Afterwards , Swift is in a chemistry laboratory , where she is mixing substances . Distracted by Drew approaching her , she accidentally pours too much of one substance and causes it to spill . They both rapidly attempt to clean the mess generated . As the song approaches its bridge , Swift and Drew walk towards each other , both smiling , but Drew then kisses his girlfriend , as Swift watches in despondency . The video again transcends to the performance scene , where it concludes . Cut - scenes feature Swift lying on the mattress , crying , and standing beside a fireplace in the bedroom . The video received a nomination for `` Number One Streamed Music Video '' at the web - hosted 2007 CMT Online Awards , but lost to Sugarland 's `` Stay '' ( 2007 ) . The video received a nomination for MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Tokio Hotel 's video for `` Ready , Set , Go ! '' ( 2007 ) . To date , the video has over 125 million views on YouTube . Accolades ( edit ) Year Organization Award Result Ref . 2008 MTV Video Music Awards Best New Artist Nominated BMI Country Awards Song of the Year Won SESAC Nashville Music Awards Recurrent Country Performance Activity Awards Won 2009 BMI Pop Awards Award - Winning Songs Won Live performances ( edit ) Swift performing `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' on the Fearless Tour in 2010 . She performed `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' as she opened for Rascal Flatts on several dates , from October 19 to November 3 , 2006 , included on the Me and My Gang Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Swift opened the concert with the song and dressed in a black , knee - length dress and red cowboy boots with a design of a scull and cross bones across it , playing an acoustic guitar . She also performed the song when she served as opening act on twenty dates for George Strait 's 2007 United States tour , and selected dates for Brad Paisley 's Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour in 2007 . During mid-2007 , Swift engaged as the opening act on several dates for Tim McGraw 's and Faith Hill 's joint tour , Soul2Soul II Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) , where she again performed `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Swift performed the song while she was again opening for Rascal Flatts for their Still Feels Good Tour in 2008 . When promoting the single , Swift performed it on numerous venues , including Total Request Live ( TRL ) , The Engine Room , on the Studio 330 Sessions , and a concert at the Apple Store in SoHo , New York , which was recorded and released as a live extended play ( EP ) , iTunes Live from SoHo , exclusively sold through the iTunes Store . In the United Kingdom , the song was performed at an exclusive performance , hosted by 95.8 Capital FM and on The Paul O'Grady Show . Since completing promotion for Taylor Swift and its corresponding singles , Swift has performed `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' as a duet with English rock band Def Leppard on CMT Crossroads , the episode was released as a DVD exclusively through Wal - Mart stores in the United States , Clear Channel Communications 's Stripped , at the 2009 CMA Music Festival , at the 2009 V Festival , and at the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief . Swift performed the song on all venues of her first headlining concert tour , the Fearless Tour , which extended from April 2009 to June 2010 . During each performance , she donned a sparkly cocktail dress and black , leather boots . The performance initiated with Swift sitting in a desk , next to a backup dancer who portrayed Swift 's love interest , at the upper level of the stage , which a library was projected onto . The backup dancers then stood up to slow dance with a female backup dancer as Swift sang from above . Swift then appeared at the main stage to conclude the performance . Jim Abbot of The Orlando Sentinel attended the March 5 , 2010 concert at the Amway Arena in Orlando , Florida . He stated , `` Taking a cue from her pal Miley Cyrus , Swift embellishes hits such as ' Teardrops On My Guitar ' and ' Love Story ' with a lot of flashy production in concert . '' Brandy McDonnell of The Oklahoman , who attended the March 31 , 2010 concert at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , believed `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' 's music video heavily influenced the setting and role she enacted in the performance . Swift performed the song for the first time in three years during The Red Tour 's stop in San Antonio on May 22 , 2013 . Swift performed the song for the first time in 5 years , at the Denver stop on her Reputation Stadium Tour on May 25 , 2018 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) CD single `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 36 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 36 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Music Video ) -- 3 : 50 Remix CD single `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Pop Version ) -- 2 : 59 European digital download EP / International promo CD `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' -- 3 : 14 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 58 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Cahill Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 01 Columbian remix CD single `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 35 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 24 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Pop Version ) -- 3 : 00 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( International Version ) -- 3 : 14 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Joe Bermudez Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 08 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Cahill Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 24 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Cahill Extended ) -- 5 : 21 `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' ( Acoustic Version ) -- 2 : 57 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 21 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 6 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 51 US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 style = `` width : 50 % ; text - align : left ; vertical - align : top ; '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 89 US Hot Country Songs 28 Chart ( 2008 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 48 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` R&R : : Going For Adds : : Country '' . Radio & Records . Archived from the original ( Week Of : February 19 , 2007 ) on 2013 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Taylor Swift ( CD ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records . 2006 . BMR120702 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( 8 September 2014 ) . `` Teardrops on Her Guitar : Taylor Swift 's 10 Countriest Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , Roger ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Taylor Swift : Taylor Swift '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nome ( April 23 , 2008 ) . `` Stars Line Up at CMT Awardsfirst = Valeria '' . OK ! . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Teena ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Taylor Swift to share CMA spotlight with Hendersonville High School students '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Taylor . `` My Albums -- Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Taylorswift.com . Big Machine Records . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Taylor Swift ! '' . Seventeen . July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Freedom du Lac , J. ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` Her Song : Talking Taylor Swift '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Dishes on Exes in Blender '' . Great American Country . March 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Taylor Swift '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital sheet music -- Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Dooley , Sean . `` Top 10 Taylor Swift Songs '' . About.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( January 12 , 2008 ) . `` Singles : See You Again '' . Billboard . New York . 120 ( 2 ) : 64 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lamb , Bill . `` Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My Guitar '' . About.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chua , Fiona ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Taylor Swift -- Fearless ( Asian Version ) '' . MTV Asia . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Evans Price , Deborah ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Singles : Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Billboard . New York . 119 ( 11 ) : 72 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Shelly . `` Taylor Swift -- ' Taylor Swift ' '' . About.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heaton , Dave ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` So , Taylor Swift , How Far Do You Wanna Go ? '' . PopMatters . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Album Guide '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bream , Jon ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Continued : Concert review : Chicks dig Rascal Flatts and Taylor Swift '' . Star Tribune . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of March 24 , 2007 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2007 '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of March 1 , 2008 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teardrops on My Guitar -- Taylor Swift '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 -- Week of May 17 , 2008 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA -- Gold & Platinum : `` Taylor Swift songs '' `` . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask Billboard : Taylor Swift 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum '' . Musiccanada.com . Music Canada . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My guitar '' . Chartstats.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making of `` Teardrops '' Video `` . Great American Country . Scripps Networks Interactive . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Happy Over `` Teardrops '' `` . Great American Country . Scripps Networks Interactive . September 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set Behind the Scenes ' White Horse ' '' . Taylor Swift : On the Set. 22 : 00 minutes in . Great American Country . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Scarpati , Rebecca ( March 2007 ) . `` Taylor Swift Video Films at Hume - Fogg '' . The Fogg Horn . Hume - Fogg High School . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CMT Loaded Awards 2007 : Country Music Nominees and Video '' . CMT . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 MTV Video Music Awards -- Winners '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 MTV Video Music Awards -- Highlights , Winners , Performers and Photos from the 2008 MTV VMAs '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Williams , Jr. , Taylor Swift , Casey Beathard , Sony / ATV Earn Top BMI Country Honors '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SESAC Nashville Awards 08 '' . SESAC . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gamble & Huff Named BMI Icons at 57th Annual Pop Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins Rascal Flatts Tour '' . CMT News . October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Bobbi . `` Rascal Flatts Concert Review -- Air Canada Center -- November 1 , 2006 : Taylor Swift Opens the Show '' . About.com . p. 1 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins George Straits 2007 Tour '' . CMT News . November 17 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Plans Tour With Three Opening Acts '' . CMT News . Viacom . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Paisley Announces More Tour Dates '' . CMT News . Viacom . March 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Joins Tim McGraw , Faith Hill on Tour '' . CMT News . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fabian , Shelly . `` Rascal Flatts & Taylor Swift in Concert -- Sacramento , California -- April 10 , 2008 '' . About.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TRL Embraced Me for who I Am '' . MTV . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Tim McGraw Live ( The Engine Room ) '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Studio 330 Sessions : Live Country Music : Taylor Swift '' . CMT . Viacom . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Live from SoHo by Taylor Swift '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` See Taylor Swift at Capital '' . 95.8 Capital FM . Global Radio . February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CMT Crossroads : Taylor Swift / Def Leppard ( Walmart Exclusive ) ( Music DVD ) '' . Walmart.com . Wal - Mart . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Taylor on Clear Channel Stripped '' . Bigmachinerecords.com . Big Machine Records . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift `` Belongs '' on GAC `` . Great American Country . Scripps Networks Interactive . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis and Killers to headline V Festival '' . The New Musical Express . IPC Media . March 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Relief : Sydney Info : Line - Up '' . Sound Relief . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnel , Brandy ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Concert review : Taylor Swift brings `` Fearless '' show to Ford Center `` . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Taylor Swift at HP Pavilion '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` Taylor Swift at Staples Center -- Concert Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Jim ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Taylor Swift lives the fairy tale at Amway Arena '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teardrops on My Guitar -- Taylor Swift '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teardrops on My Guitar ( Remix ) '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teardrops on My Guitar -- EP '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teardrops on My Guitar Remixes ( CD single ) . Taylor Swift . Big Machine Records , Universal Music Publishing Group . 2007 . 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2007 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts -- Hot Country Songs -- Issue Date : 2007 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2008 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Music Canada . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Teardrops on My Guitar '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' music video on YouTube ( posted by Swift 's Vevo ) Lyrics at Taylor Swift official site Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Dear John '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Long Live '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` End Game '' `` Delicate '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Call It What You Want '' `` New Year 's Day '' Soundtrack songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' As a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Babe '' Other songs `` Ronan '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teardrops_on_My_Guitar&oldid=856854007 '' Categories : 2000s ballads 2007 singles Country ballads Pop ballads Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy Songs written by Liz Rose Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Song recordings produced by Nathan Chapman ( record producer ) Big Machine Records singles Songs about heartache Torch songs 2007 songs Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2011 Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 23 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teardrops%20on%20My%20Guitar
| 23,947 |
||
what saxophonist played on the classic recording of the girl from ipanema
|
The Girl from Ipanema
|
the girl from ipanema
|
`` Garota de Ipanema '' ( `` The Girl from Ipanema '' ) is a Brazilian bossa nova jazz song . It was a worldwide hit in the mid-1960s and won a Grammy for Record of the Year in 1965 . It was written in 1962 , with music by Antônio Carlos Jobim and Portuguese lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes . English lyrics were written later by Norman Gimbel .
|
The first commercial recording was in 1962 , by Pery Ribeiro . The 1964 single featuring Astrud Gilberto and Stan Getz became an international hit . This had been shortened from the version on the album Getz / Gilberto ( recorded in March 1963 , released March 1964 ) which had also included the Portuguese lyrics sung by João Gilberto . In the US , the single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , and went to number one for two weeks on the Easy Listening chart . Overseas it peaked at number 29 in the United Kingdom , and charted highly throughout the world . Numerous recordings have been used in films , sometimes as an elevator music cliché . It is believed to be the second most recorded pop song in history , after `` Yesterday '' by The Beatles . The song was inducted into the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001 . In 2004 , it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry . In 2009 , the song was voted by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone as the 27th greatest Brazilian song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Legal disputes 3 The Boy from Ipanema 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Ipanema is a fashionable seaside neighborhood located in the southern region of the city of Rio de Janeiro . The song was composed for a musical comedy titled Dirigível ( Blimp ) , then a work - in - progress of Vinícius de Moraes . The original title was `` Menina que Passa '' ( `` The Girl Who Passes By '' ) ; the first verse was different . Jobim composed the melody on his piano in his new house in Rua Barão da Torre , in Ipanema . In turn , Moraes had written the lyrics in Petrópolis , near Rio de Janeiro , as he had done with `` Chega de Saudade '' ( `` No More Blues '' ) six years earlier . During a recording session in New York with João Gilberto , Antonio Carlos Jobim and Stan Getz , the idea of cutting an English - language version came up . Norman Gimbel wrote the English lyrics . João 's wife , Astrud Gilberto , was the only one of the Brazilians who could speak English well and was chosen to sing . Her voice , without trained singer mannerisms , proved a perfect fit for the song . The song was inspired by Heloísa Eneida Menezes Paes Pinto ( now Helô Pinheiro ) , a seventeen - year - old girl living on Montenegro Street in Ipanema . Daily , she would stroll past the Veloso bar - café , not just to the beach ( `` each day when she walks to the sea '' ) , but in the everyday course of her life . She would sometimes enter the bar to buy cigarettes for her mother and leave to the sound of wolf - whistles . In the winter of 1962 , the composers saw the girl pass by the bar . Since the song became popular , she has become a celebrity . Helô Pinheiro , the woman who inspired the song . In Revelação : a verdadeira Garota de Ipanema ( `` Revealed : The Real Girl from Ipanema '' ) Moraes wrote that she was `` the paradigm of the young Carioca : a golden teenage girl , a mixture of flower and mermaid , full of light and grace , the sight of whom is also sad , in that she carries with her , on her route to the sea , the feeling of youth that fades , of the beauty that is not ours alone -- it is a gift of life in its beautiful and melancholic constant ebb and flow . '' Gisele Bündchen appeared during a segment paying tribute to `` The Girl from Ipanema '' during the 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony . The legacy of `` The Girl from Ipanema '' was acknowledged by multiple aspects of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics held in Rio de Janeiro : the Olympic and Paralympic mascots were respectively named Vinicius and Tom after the song 's co-writers by a public vote , while the Olympics ' opening ceremony featured a segment themed around the song and the architecture of Oscar Niemeyer . Jobim 's grandson Daniel performed the song during the segment , which also featured an appearance by Brazilian model Gisele Bündchen . Spotify reported that the song had been streamed on its service 40,000 times per - day in the days following the ceremony ( a 1200 % increase ) , while in the U.S. , the song reached # 5 on Billboard 's World Digital Songs chart the following week . Legal disputes ( edit ) In 2001 , the song 's copyright owners ( heirs of their composer fathers ) sued Pinheiro for using the title of the song as the name of her boutique ( Garota de Ipanema ) . In their complaint , they stated that her status as The Girl from Ipanema ( Garota de Ipanema ) did not entitle her to use a name that legally belonged to them . Public support was strongly in favor of Pinheiro . A press release by Jobim and Moraes , the composers , in which they had named Pinheiro as the real Girl from Ipanema ( Garota de Ipanema ) was used as evidence that they had intended to bestow this title on her . The court ruled in favor of Pinheiro . In a separate legal dispute , Astrud Gilberto sued Frito - Lay for trademark infringement for using the song in a TV ad for its baked potato chips . Gilberto argued that as the result of the huge success of the 1964 recording , and her frequent subsequent performances of `` Ipanema , '' she has become known as The Girl from Ipanema and is identified by the public with the 1964 recording . She claims as a result to have earned trademark rights in the 1964 recording , which she contends the public recognizes as a mark designating her as a singer . She contends , therefore , that Frito - Lay could not lawfully use the 1964 recording in an advertisement for its chips without her permission . In Oliveria v. Frito - Lay Inc. ( 2001 ) , her claims were rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . The Boy from Ipanema ( edit ) This section is about the song . For the 2010 South Korean film , see The Boy from Ipanema ( film ) . `` The Girl from Ipanema '' Ella Fitzgerald 's version of `` The Girl from Ipanema '' using a boy Problems playing this file ? See media help . When sung by female artists the song has often been rendered as `` The Boy from Ipanema '' , such as by Peggy Lee ( 1964 ) , Ella Fitzgerald and The Supremes ( 1965 ) , and Shirley Bassey ( 1966 ) . Petula Clark sang it in 1977 on The Muppet Show . Diana Krall recorded it on her 2009 album Quiet Nights . A parody of the song , with different lyrics written by Stephen Sondheim , is entitled The Boy From ... Another parody is The Girl With Emphysema by comedian Bob Rivers . The phrase `` Boy from Ipanema '' ( but nothing from the song ) appears in Norwegian recording artist Annie 's `` Anthonio '' . ( Likewise , the phrase `` Girl from Ipanema '' appears in The B - 52 's ' 1985 single `` Girl from Ipanema Goes to Greenland , '' again without any musical reference to the song ) See also ( edit ) Brazil portal List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1964 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Girl From Ipanema '' . OldieLyrics . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` The Elusive Girl From Ipanema '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Latin GRAMMY Hall Of Fame '' . Latin Grammy Award . Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences . 2001 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The National Recording Registry 2004 '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Cavalcanti , Paulo ( 2009 ) . `` As 100 Maiores Músicas Brasileiras - `` Garota de Ipanema '' `` . Rolling Stone Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Spring . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ DeMain , Bill ( December 2006 ) . `` The Story Behind `` The Girl From Ipanema '' `` . Performing Songwriter ( 98 ) . Jump up ^ Jobim , Tom ( 1962 ) . `` Garota de Ipanema '' . All of Tom 's Music . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 11 Aug 2012 . Jump up ^ Castro , Ruy ( 2000 ) . Bossa Nova : The Story of the Brazilian Music That Seduced the World . A Cappella . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 409 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic mascots named Vinicius and Tom by public vote '' . Rio 2016 . 14 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. `` Gisele Bündchen dazzles at the Olympics Opening Ceremony in Rio '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen to Walk the 2016 Olympics Opening Ceremony '' . 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girl From Ipanema ' Makes Olympic Comeback '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ipanema ' song jumps 1,200 percent after Olympics ceremony '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( August 11 , 2001 ) . `` Ipanema Journal ; Still Tall and Tan , a Muse Fights for a Title '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Aith , Marcio ( August 13 , 2001 ) . `` Herdeiros de Ipanema querem destruir a poesia '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha Online . Jump up ^ `` The Girl From Ipanema '' . Stan-Shepkowski.Net . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Oliveria v. Frito - Lay Inc. , 251 F. 3d 56 ( 2nd Cir. 2001 ) . External links ( edit ) Vogel , Scott ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` A cruise to meet the muse of `` Girl From Ipanema '' `` . The Seattle Times . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Girl from Ipanema chords for guitar Grammy Award for Record of the Year ( 1959 and 1960s ) `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' * by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' * by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' * by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass produced by Herb Alpert & Jerry Moss ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra produced by Jimmy Bowen ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' * by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis , Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) produced by Johnny Rivers & Marc Gordon ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel * , Paul Simon * ) produced by Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon & Roy Halee ( 1969 ) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Antônio Carlos Jobim Studio albums The Composer of Desafinado , Plays ( 1963 ) The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1965 ) A Certain Mr. Jobim ( 1967 ) Wave ( 1967 ) Tide ( 1970 ) Stone Flower ( 1970 ) Jobim ( 1973 ) Urubu ( 1976 ) Terra Brasilis ( 1980 ) Antonio Brasileiro ( 1995 ) Live albums Jazzvisions ( 1986 ) Compilations Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions ( 1979 ) Soundtracks Lost Highway ( 1997 ) Collaborations Getz / Gilberto ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Jazz Samba Encore ! ( 1963 , Stan Getz and Luiz Bonfá ) Getz / Gilberto Vol. 2 ( 1963 , Stan Getz ) Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim ( 1967 , Frank Sinatra ) Sinatra & Company ( 1971 , Frank Sinatra ) Elis & Tom ( 1974 , Elis Regina ) `` Fly Me to the Moon '' ( 1994 , Frank Sinatra ) Compositions `` Água de Beber '' ( Drinking - Water ) `` Waters of March '' `` Chega de Saudade '' ( No More Blues ) `` Corcovado '' ( Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ) `` Desafinado '' ( Slightly Out of Tune ) `` Dindi '' `` The Girl from Ipanema '' `` How Insensitive '' `` Inútil Paisagem '' ( If You Never Come to Me ) `` Look to the Sky '' `` Meditation '' `` One Note Samba '' `` Someone to Light Up My Life '' `` Wave '' As contributor Canção do Amor Demais ( 1958 , Elizete Cardoso ) Chega de Saudade ( 1959 , João Gilberto ) Do the Bossa Nova with Herbie Mann , Latin Fever ( 1962 , Herbie Mann ) The Swinger from Rio ( 1965 , Sérgio Mendes ) Love , Strings and Jobim ( 1966 , various ) Abandoned Garden ( 1995 , Michael Franks ) João Gilberto Studio albums Chega de Saudade ( 1959 ) O Amor , o Sorriso ea Flor ( 1960 ) João Gilberto ( 1961 ) Getz / Gilberto ( 1964 ) João Gilberto en México ( 1970 ) João Gilberto ( 1973 ) The Best of Two Worlds ( 1976 ) Amoroso ( 1976 ) João Gilberto Prado Pereira de Oliveira ( 1980 ) Brasil ( 1981 ) João ( 1991 ) Eu Sei que Vou Te Amar ( 1994 ) João Voz e Violão ( 2000 ) Live albums Getz / Gilberto Vol. 2 ( 1966 ) Live in Montreux ( 1986 ) Stan Getz Meets João & Astrud Gilberto ( 1990 ) Live at Umbria Jazz ( 2002 ) In Tokyo ( 2004 ) Songs `` Chega de Saudade '' `` The Girl from Ipanema '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Girl_from_Ipanema&oldid=794977769 '' Categories : 1962 songs 1964 singles 1960s jazz standards Bossa nova jazz standards Songs about Brazil Songs about women Nat King Cole songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Frank Sinatra songs Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Antônio Carlos Jobim Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings English - language Brazilian songs Portuguese - language songs Songs with lyrics by Vinicius de Moraes Latin Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Jazz compositions in F major Verve Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 06 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Girl%20from%20Ipanema
| 107,699 |
||
girl in bow wow let me hold you video
|
Let Me Hold You
|
let me hold you
|
`` Let Me Hold You '' is a song by American rapper Bow Wow . It was the first single off his fourth album , Wanted ( 2005 ) . Released on March 11 , 2005 , the song features American R&B singer Omarion ( the first collaboration they did together ) . It was co-written and co-produced by frequent producer Jermaine Dupri and No I.D. and uses a sample of Luther Vandross ' 1985 version of Brenda Russell 's `` If Only for One Night '' .
|
The song received positive reviews from critics . `` Let Me Hold You '' peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , making this the first top 10 hit for both Bow Wow and for Omarion as a solo artist . It also became a number - one hit for both artists on the Hot Rap Songs chart and stayed there for seven weeks . The song also peaked at numbers 2 and 10 on both the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and Mainstream Top 40 charts respectively , and reached the top 40 in countries like Australia , New Zealand , Ireland and the UK . The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA for selling over 1,000,000 copies . A music video , directed by Bryan Barber , was made to promote the single and featured Bow Wow and Omarion hanging out at a house party . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Awards and nominations 8 Formats and track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts and certifications 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Certifications 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) Co-producer Jermaine Dupri was the one who suggested to Bow Wow that he should record the song with Omarion ( pictured ) . Bow Wow had publicly announced his interpretation of the song 's meaning as he stated in an interview with MTV : `` Basically the song is me talking to a girl and telling her , ' These are the things I can do for you . Let me hold you down . This is what I want to do for you as a man . These are the things I 'm capable of doing for you if you get with me . Just hear me out . ' I 'm just really talking to the ladies . The song is really special to me , and I love that song . '' The collaboration began when Bow Wow was talking with producer Jermaine Dupri about the song and how he suggested on getting Omarion to appear on the track . In a 2011 retrospective of his previous hits with Complex , producer No I.D. said that this was the first time he worked with Dupri and was asked by him to bring over his samples to pick one that would be used for a single to finish off the album . He played him the Luther Vandross sample and was hesitant about his initial reaction at first before thinking it over and seeing its potential as a smash hit . Composition ( edit ) `` Let Me Hold You '' was co-written and co-produced by Jermaine Dupri and No ID . It features a sample of Luther Vandross ' version of `` If Only for One Night '' , written and originally performed by Brenda Russell . The song is in 4 / 4 time and in the key of E ♭ minor . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received positive reviews from music critics . David Jeffries of AllMusic put it alongside `` Like You '' as the album 's highlights that work `` on a more adult level . '' Steve ' Flash ' Juon of RapReviews praised the production by Dupri and No ID for their clever take on the sample , Bow Wow 's lyrics and Omarion 's guest vocal performance . Angie Romero of Vibe praised the sing - song hook for making the track `` undeniably catchy . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Let Me Hold You '' was Bow Wow 's first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . `` Let Me Hold You '' debuted at number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of May 21 , 2005 . Three weeks later , it moved twenty - two spots from number 73 to 51 for the week of June 11 , 2005 . It moved eleven spots from number 28 to 17 for the week of July 2 , 2005 . It moved four spots from number 15 to 11 for the week of July 16 , 2005 . It reached the top ten for the week of July 23 , 2005 at number 8 . It reached its peak at number 4 , holding that spot for three weeks and spent a total of twenty - four weeks on the chart . With the release of `` Let Me Hold You '' , Bow Wow achieved his first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing his 2003 hit `` Let 's Get Down '' which peaked at number 14 . The song was also Omarion 's first top ten hit as a solo artist , although he previously had a number - one hit with `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' as a member of B2K . Similar to its airplay success , sales peaked lower at number 24 on the Hot Digital Songs chart . Jermaine Dupri , with the inclusion of `` Let Me Hold You '' in the Hot 100 Airplay chart , had production ( or co-production ) credit on the current top four songs on that chart ( `` Let Me Hold You '' , along with Bow Wow 's next single , `` Like You '' , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' and `` Shake It Off '' held positions 1 - 4 ) . The song was also Bow Wow and Omarion 's first entry on the Pop 100 , where it peaked at number 14 , with an airplay position at number 9 . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart and its component airplay ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay ) the single peaked at number 2 , being kept from the top spot by Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' . The song also became a number - one hit for both artists on the Hot Rap Songs chart for seven weeks and the Rhythmic Top 40 chart for five weeks . On May 14 , 2006 , the song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling over 1,000,000 copies in the United States . Music video ( edit ) The song 's music video , directed by Bryan Barber , features Bow Wow attempting to woo a girl with mixed results . After surprising her at her house , the two attend a house party , but problems arise as she is less social than Bow Wow , who begins talking to other girls . After a brief reconciliation , the two argue again over the music at the party . Once again , the two are able to reconcile , but things remain awkward , and they do not communicate on their return home . The video appears to be an unresolved cliffhanger , but a `` to be continued '' title is shown as the video ends . ( The video 's story is continued in Bow Wow 's next video , `` Like You '' . ) The video features a cameo from the song 's co-producer , Jermaine Dupri . Live performances ( edit ) `` Let Me Hold You '' was a staple at concerts for Bow Wow 's 2005 summer tour Scream Tour IV . It was performed at the 2005 American Music Awards on November 22 , 2005 as part of a medley with Bow Wow 's `` Like You '' and Omarion 's `` O '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Award Result 2006 2006 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Collaboration Nominated Formats and track listing ( edit ) UK CD `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Radio Version ) -- 4 : 08 `` My Baby '' ( Album Version W.O. Intro ) -- 3 : 58 UK CD ( Promo ) `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Radio Version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 08 US 12 '' `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Radio Version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Instrumental ) -- 4 : 08 `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Album Version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Let Me Hold You '' ( Instrumental w / Background Vocals ) -- 4 : 08 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Wanted . Recording Recorded at Southside Studios , Atlanta , GA , Battery Studios , NY and The Record Plant , Hollywood Mixed at Southside Studios , Atlanta , GA Personnel Jermaine Dupri -- producer , mixer No ID -- co-producer John Horesco IV -- recording , assistant engineer Tadd Mingo -- assistant engineer Brian McCarthy -- assistant engineer Gelli -- assistant engineer Phil Tan -- mixer Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 - 06 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 14 Australia Urban ( ARIA ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 40 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 Ukraine Urban ( FDR Music Charts ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) 14 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one rap singles of the 2000s List of Billboard Rhythmic number - one songs of the 2000s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reid , Shaheem ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` Bow Wow , Omarion Team Up For Single And Scream IV Tour '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barber , Andrew ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` No ID Tells All : The Stories Behind His Classic Records - Bow Wow f / Omarion `` Let Me Hold You '' `` . Complex . Complex Media . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow feat . Omarion 's Let Me Hold You sample of Luther Vandross 's If Only for One Night '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Bow Wow - Wanted '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jost , Matt ( August 23 , 2005 ) . `` Bow Wow : : Wanted : : Columbia / Sony BMG Music Entertainment '' . RapReviews . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romero , Angie ( September 2005 ) . `` Bow Wow ' Wanted ' '' . Vibe . Vibe Media . 13 ( 10 ) : 236 . ISSN 1070 - 4701 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( May 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Hollaback ' Has Singles Chart Staying Power '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` Carey Still ' Belongs ' At No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( June 30 , 2005 ) . `` Carey Rebound Keeps Bice From Hot 100 No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Carey , Stefani , Peas Maintain Singles Lead '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Mariah 's ' Together ' Holds Off ' Replay ' Charge '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow and Omarion - Let Me Hold You '' . aCharts.co . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Chart Beat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wanted - Bow Wow - Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rap Songs -- 2005 Archive '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let Me Hold You '' August 13 -- September 10 , 2005 : `` Rhythmic : Aug 13 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . `` Rhythmic : Aug 20 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . `` Rhythmic : Aug 27 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . `` Rhythmic : Sep 03 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . `` Rhythmic : Sep 10 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Bow Wow -- Let Me Hold You '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Bow Wow , Omarion Roll Out Scream IV Summer Dates '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Captivating Combos Added to `` 2005 American Music Awards '' `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . November 8 , 2005 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Featuring Omarion - Let Me Hold You ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Featuring Omarion - Let Me Hold You ( CD ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow - Let Me Hold You ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wanted ( Media notes ) . Columbia Records . 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bow Wow feat . Omarion -- Let Me Hold You '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bow Wow feat . Omarion -- Let Me Hold You '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bow Wow feat . Omarion -- Let Me Hold You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 46 , 2005 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Bow Wow feat . Omarion -- Let Me Hold You '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bow Wow feat . Omarion -- Let Me Hold You '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Urban '' ( in Ukrainian ) . FDR Music Charts . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bow Wow Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Year - End Charts : The Hot 100 . '' Billboard 2005 Year In Music . Billboard. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` R&B / Hip - Hop Songs : 2005 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bow Wow Discography Filmography Awards and nominations Studio albums Beware of Dog Doggy Bag Unleashed Wanted The Price of Fame New Jack City II NYLTH Collaboration albums Face Off ( with Omarion ) Ignorant Shit ( with Soulja Boy ) Compilation albums Rich Gang ( with YMCMB ) Singles `` Bounce with Me '' `` Bow Wow ( That 's My Name ) '' `` Puppy Love '' `` Ghetto Girls '' `` Thank You '' `` Take Ya Home '' `` Basketball '' `` Let 's Get Down '' `` My Baby '' `` Let Me Hold You '' `` Like You '' `` Fresh Azimiz '' `` Shortie Like Mine '' `` Outta My System '' `` I 'm a Flirt '' `` Girlfriend '' `` Hey Baby ( Jump Off ) '' `` Marco Polo '' `` Big Girls '' `` Roc the Mic '' `` You Can Get It All '' `` For My Hood '' `` Ai n't Thinkin ' ' Bout You '' `` Sweat '' `` Better '' `` We In Da Club '' `` Ignorant Shit '' `` Use 2 Be My Dawg '' Featured singles `` Baby It 's You '' `` I Think They Like Me '' `` Side 2 Side '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` Easy '' `` Hydrolics '' `` I 'm Grown '' `` Every Night '' See also `` CSI : Cyber '' ( Brody Nelson ) `` Growning Up Hip Hop : Atlanta '' Joie Chavis Erica Mena Kiyomi Leslie Omarion Discography Studio albums O 21 Ollusion Sex Playlist Reasons Collaborations Face Off ( with Bow Wow ) Compilation albums Self Made Vol. 2 ( with Maybach Music Group ) Self Made Vol. 3 ( with Maybach Music Group ) Singles `` O '' `` Touch '' `` I 'm Tryna '' `` Entourage '' `` Ice Box '' `` Cut Off Time '' `` Girlfriend '' `` Hey Baby ( Jump Off ) '' `` I Get It In '' `` Speedin ' '' `` Post to Be '' `` I 'm Up '' `` Distance '' `` BDY On Me '' `` W4W '' `` The Reasons '' Featured singles `` Let Me Hold You '' Related articles B2K Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Hold_You&oldid=839870374 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2005 singles Bow Wow ( rapper ) songs Omarion songs Columbia Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Music videos directed by Bryan Barber Song recordings produced by Jermaine Dupri Song recordings produced by No I.D. Songs written by Jermaine Dupri Songs written by No I.D. Hidden categories : CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 07 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20Me%20Hold%20You
| 107,700 |
||
what do you mean by big oh notation
|
Big O notation
|
big o notation
|
Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behaviour of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity . It is a member of a family of notations invented by Paul Bachmann , Edmund Landau , and others , collectively called Bachmann -- Landau notation or asymptotic notation .
|
In computer science , big O notation is used to classify algorithms according to how their running time or space requirements grow as the input size grows . In analytic number theory , big O notation is often used to express a bound on the difference between an arithmetical function and a better understood approximation ; a famous example of such a difference is the remainder term in the prime number theorem . Big O notation characterizes functions according to their growth rates : different functions with the same growth rate may be represented using the same O notation . The letter O is used because the growth rate of a function is also referred to as the order of the function . A description of a function in terms of big O notation usually only provides an upper bound on the growth rate of the function . Associated with big O notation are several related notations , using the symbols o , Ω , ω , and Θ , to describe other kinds of bounds on asymptotic growth rates . Big O notation is also used in many other fields to provide similar estimates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formal definition 2 Example 3 Usage 3.1 Infinite asymptotics 3.2 Infinitesimal asymptotics 4 Properties 4.1 Product 4.2 Sum 4.3 Multiplication by a constant 5 Multiple variables 6 Matters of notation 6.1 Equals sign 6.2 Other arithmetic operators 6.2. 1 Example 6.3 Multiple usages 6.4 Typesetting 7 Orders of common functions 8 Related asymptotic notations 8.1 Little - o notation 8.2 Big Omega notation 8.2. 1 The Hardy -- Littlewood definition 8.2. 1.1 Simple examples 8.2. 2 The Knuth definition 8.3 Family of Bachmann -- Landau notations 8.4 Use in computer science 8.5 Other notation 8.6 Extensions to the Bachmann -- Landau notations 9 Generalizations and related usages 10 History ( Bachmann -- Landau , Hardy , and Vinogradov notations ) 11 See also 12 References and Notes 13 Further reading 14 External links Formal definition ( edit ) Let f be a real or complex valued function and g a real valued function , both defined on some unbounded subset of the real positive numbers , such that g ( x ) is strictly positive for all large enough values of x . One writes f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) as x → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to \ infty ) if and only if for all sufficiently large values of x , the absolute value of f ( x ) is at most a positive constant multiple of g ( x ) . That is , f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) if and only if there exists a positive real number M and a real number x such that f ( x ) ≤ M g ( x ) for all x ≥ x 0 . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) \ leq \ ; Mg ( x ) ( \ text ( for all ) ) x \ geq x_ ( 0 ) . ) In many contexts , the assumption that we are interested in the growth rate as the variable x goes to infinity is left unstated , and one writes more simply that f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) . ) The notation can also be used to describe the behavior of f near some real number a ( often , a = 0 ) : we say f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) as x → a ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to a ) if and only if there exist positive numbers δ and M such that f ( x ) ≤ M g ( x ) when 0 < x − a < δ . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) \ leq \ ; Mg ( x ) ( \ text ( when ) ) 0 < x-a < \ delta . ) As g ( x ) is chosen to be non-zero for values of x sufficiently close to a , both of these definitions can be unified using the limit superior : f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) as x → a ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to a ) if and only if lim sup x → a f ( x ) g ( x ) < ∞ . ( \ displaystyle \ limsup _ ( x \ to a ) \ left ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) \ right < \ infty . ) Example ( edit ) In typical usage , the formal definition of O notation is not used directly ; rather , the O notation for a function f is derived by the following simplification rules : If f ( x ) is a sum of several terms , if there is one with largest growth rate , it can be kept , and all others omitted . If f ( x ) is a product of several factors , any constants ( terms in the product that do not depend on x ) can be omitted . For example , let f ( x ) = 6x − 2x + 5 , and suppose we wish to simplify this function , using O notation , to describe its growth rate as x approaches infinity . This function is the sum of three terms : 6x , − 2x , and 5 . Of these three terms , the one with the highest growth rate is the one with the largest exponent as a function of x , namely 6x . Now one may apply the second rule : 6x is a product of 6 and x in which the first factor does not depend on x . Omitting this factor results in the simplified form x . Thus , we say that f ( x ) is a `` big - oh '' of ( x ) . Mathematically , we can write f ( x ) = O ( x ) . One may confirm this calculation using the formal definition : let f ( x ) = 6x − 2x + 5 and g ( x ) = x . Applying the formal definition from above , the statement that f ( x ) = O ( x ) is equivalent to its expansion , f ( x ) ≤ M x 4 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) \ leq \ ; Mx ^ ( 4 ) ) for some suitable choice of x and M and for all x > x . To prove this , let x = 1 and M = 13 . Then , for all x > x : 6 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 5 ≤ 6 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 5 ≤ 6 x 4 + 2 x 4 + 5 x 4 = 13 x 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 6x ^ ( 4 ) - 2x ^ ( 3 ) + 5 & \ leq 6x ^ ( 4 ) + 2x ^ ( 3 ) + 5 \ \ & \ leq 6x ^ ( 4 ) + 2x ^ ( 4 ) + 5x ^ ( 4 ) \ \ & = 13x ^ ( 4 ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) so 6 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 5 ≤ 13 x 4 . ( \ displaystyle 6x ^ ( 4 ) - 2x ^ ( 3 ) + 5 \ leq 13 \ , x ^ ( 4 ) . ) Usage ( edit ) Big O notation has two main areas of application : in mathematics , it is commonly used to describe how closely a finite series approximates a given function , especially in the case of a truncated Taylor series or asymptotic expansion in computer science , it is useful in the analysis of algorithms In both applications , the function g ( x ) appearing within the O ( ... ) is typically chosen to be as simple as possible , omitting constant factors and lower order terms . There are two formally close , but noticeably different , usages of this notation : infinite asymptotics infinitesimal asymptotics . This distinction is only in application and not in principle , however -- the formal definition for the `` big O '' is the same for both cases , only with different limits for the function argument . Infinite asymptotics ( edit ) Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms , showing the number of operations N versus input size n for each function Big O notation is useful when analyzing algorithms for efficiency . For example , the time ( or the number of steps ) it takes to complete a problem of size n might be found to be T ( n ) = 4n − 2n + 2 . As n grows large , the n term will come to dominate , so that all other terms can be neglected -- for instance when n = 500 , the term 4n is 1000 times as large as the 2n term . Ignoring the latter would have negligible effect on the expression 's value for most purposes . Further , the coefficients become irrelevant if we compare to any other order of expression , such as an expression containing a term n or n . Even if T ( n ) = 1,000,000 n , if U ( n ) = n , the latter will always exceed the former once n grows larger than 1,000,000 ( T ( 1,000,000 ) = 1,000,000 = U ( 1,000,000 ) ) . Additionally , the number of steps depends on the details of the machine model on which the algorithm runs , but different types of machines typically vary by only a constant factor in the number of steps needed to execute an algorithm . So the big O notation captures what remains : we write either T ( n ) = O ( n 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ T ( n ) = O ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) or T ( n ) ∈ O ( n 2 ) ( \ displaystyle T ( n ) \ in O ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) and say that the algorithm has order of n time complexity . Note that `` = '' is not meant to express `` is equal to '' in its normal mathematical sense , but rather a more colloquial `` is '' , so the second expression is sometimes considered more accurate ( see the `` Equals sign '' discussion below ) while the first is considered by some as an abuse of notation . Infinitesimal asymptotics ( edit ) Big O can also be used to describe the error term in an approximation to a mathematical function . The most significant terms are written explicitly , and then the least - significant terms are summarized in a single big O term . Consider , for example , the exponential series and two expressions of it that are valid when x is small : e x = 1 + x + x 2 2 ! + x 3 3 ! + x 4 4 ! + ⋯ for all x = 1 + x + x 2 2 + O ( x 3 ) as x → 0 = 1 + x + O ( x 2 ) as x → 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) e ^ ( x ) & = 1 + x+ ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ! ) ) + \ dotsb & ( \ text ( for all ) ) x \ \ & = 1 + x+ ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) + O ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) & ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to 0 \ \ & = 1 + x + O ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) & ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to 0 \ \ \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The second expression ( the one with O ( x ) ) means the absolute - value of the error e − ( 1 + x + x / 2 ) is at most some constant times x when x is close enough to 0 . Properties ( edit ) If the function f can be written as a finite sum of other functions , then the fastest growing one determines the order of f ( n ) . For example , f ( n ) = 9 log n + 5 ( log n ) 3 + 3 n 2 + 2 n 3 = O ( n 3 ) , as n → ∞ . ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = 9 \ log n + 5 ( \ log n ) ^ ( 3 ) + 3n ^ ( 2 ) + 2n ^ ( 3 ) = O ( n ^ ( 3 ) ) \ , , \ qquad ( \ text ( as ) ) n \ to \ infty \ , \ ! . ) In particular , if a function may be bounded by a polynomial in n , then as n tends to infinity , one may disregard lower - order terms of the polynomial . Another thing to notice is the sets O ( n ) and O ( c ) are very different . If c is greater than one , then the latter grows much faster . A function that grows faster than n for any c is called superpolynomial . One that grows more slowly than any exponential function of the form c is called subexponential . An algorithm can require time that is both superpolynomial and subexponential ; examples of this include the fastest known algorithms for integer factorization and the function n . We may ignore any powers of n inside of the logarithms . The set O ( log n ) is exactly the same as O ( log ( n ) ) . The logarithms differ only by a constant factor ( since log ( n ) = c log n ) and thus the big O notation ignores that . Similarly , logs with different constant bases are equivalent . On the other hand , exponentials with different bases are not of the same order . For example , 2 and 3 are not of the same order . Changing units may or may not affect the order of the resulting algorithm . Changing units is equivalent to multiplying the appropriate variable by a constant wherever it appears . For example , if an algorithm runs in the order of n , replacing n by cn means the algorithm runs in the order of c n , and the big O notation ignores the constant c . This can be written as c n = O ( n ) . If , however , an algorithm runs in the order of 2 , replacing n with cn gives 2 = ( 2 ) . This is not equivalent to 2 in general . Changing variables may also affect the order of the resulting algorithm . For example , if an algorithm 's run time is O ( n ) when measured in terms of the number n of digits of an input number x , then its run time is O ( log x ) when measured as a function of the input number x itself , because n = O ( log x ) . Product ( edit ) f 1 = O ( g 1 ) and f 2 = O ( g 2 ) ⇒ f 1 f 2 = O ( g 1 g 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) = O ( g_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ text ( and ) ) f_ ( 2 ) = O ( g_ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ Rightarrow f_ ( 1 ) f_ ( 2 ) = O ( g_ ( 1 ) g_ ( 2 ) ) ) f ⋅ O ( g ) = O ( f g ) ( \ displaystyle f \ cdot O ( g ) = O ( fg ) ) Sum ( edit ) f 1 = O ( g 1 ) and f 2 = O ( g 2 ) ⇒ f 1 + f 2 = O ( g 1 + g 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) = O ( g_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ text ( and ) ) f_ ( 2 ) = O ( g_ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ Rightarrow f_ ( 1 ) + f_ ( 2 ) = O ( g_ ( 1 ) + g_ ( 2 ) ) ) This implies f 1 = O ( g ) and f 2 = O ( g ) ⇒ f 1 + f 2 ∈ O ( g ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 ) = O ( g ) ( \ text ( and ) ) f_ ( 2 ) = O ( g ) \ Rightarrow f_ ( 1 ) + f_ ( 2 ) \ in O ( g ) ) , which means that O ( g ) ( \ displaystyle O ( g ) ) is a convex cone . Multiplication by a constant ( edit ) Let k be constant . Then : O ( k g ) = O ( g ) ( \ displaystyle \ O ( k g ) = O ( g ) ) if k is nonzero . f = O ( g ) ⇒ k f = O ( g ) . ( \ displaystyle f = O ( g ) \ Rightarrow kf = O ( g ) . ) Multiple variables ( edit ) Big O ( and little o , and Ω ... ) can also be used with multiple variables . To define Big O formally for multiple variables , suppose f ( \ displaystyle f ) and g ( \ displaystyle g ) are two functions defined on some subset of R n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) . We say f ( x → ) is O ( g ( x → ) ) as x → → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ( \ text ( is ) ) O ( g ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) \ to \ infty ) if and only if ∃ M ∃ C > 0 such that for all x → with x i ≥ M for some i , f ( x → ) ≤ C g ( x → ) . ( \ displaystyle \ exists M \ , \ exists C > 0 ( \ text ( such that for all ) ) ( \ vec ( x ) ) ( \ text ( with ) ) x_ ( i ) \ geq M ( \ text ( for some ) ) i , f ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) \ leq C g ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) . ) Equivalently , the condition that x i ≥ M ( \ displaystyle x_ ( i ) \ geq M ) for some i ( \ displaystyle i ) can be replaced with the condition that ‖ x → ‖ ∞ ≥ M ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ vec ( x ) ) \ _ ( \ infty ) \ geq M ) , where ‖ x → ‖ ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ vec ( x ) ) \ _ ( \ infty ) ) denotes the Chebyshev norm . For example , the statement f ( n , m ) = n 2 + m 3 + O ( n + m ) as n , m → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( n , m ) = n ^ ( 2 ) + m ^ ( 3 ) + O ( n + m ) ( \ text ( as ) ) n , m \ to \ infty ) asserts that there exist constants C and M such that ∀ ‖ ( n , m ) ‖ ∞ ≥ M : g ( n , m ) ≤ C n + m , ( \ displaystyle \ forall \ ( n , m ) \ _ ( \ infty ) \ geq M : g ( n , m ) \ leq C n + m , ) where g ( n , m ) is defined by f ( n , m ) = n 2 + m 3 + g ( n , m ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( n , m ) = n ^ ( 2 ) + m ^ ( 3 ) + g ( n , m ) . ) Note that this definition allows all of the coordinates of x → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) to increase to infinity . In particular , the statement f ( n , m ) = O ( n m ) as n , m → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( n , m ) = O ( n ^ ( m ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) n , m \ to \ infty ) ( i.e. , ∃ C ∃ M ∀ n ∀ m ... ( \ displaystyle \ exists C \ , \ exists M \ , \ forall n \ , \ forall m \ dots ) ) is quite different from ∀ m : f ( n , m ) = O ( n m ) as n → ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ forall m \ colon f ( n , m ) = O ( n ^ ( m ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) n \ to \ infty ) ( i.e. , ∀ m ∃ C ∃ M ∀ n ... ( \ displaystyle \ forall m \ , \ exists C \ , \ exists M \ , \ forall n \ dots ) ) . Note that under this definition , the subset on which a function is defined is significant when generalizing statements from the univariate setting to the multivariate setting . For example , if f ( n , m ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle f ( n , m ) = 1 ) and g ( n , m ) = n ( \ displaystyle g ( n , m ) = n ) , then f ( n , m ) = O ( g ( n , m ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n , m ) = O ( g ( n , m ) ) ) if we restrict f ( \ displaystyle f ) and g ( \ displaystyle g ) to ( 1 , ∞ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 , \ infty ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , but not if they are defined on ( 0 , ∞ ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 0 , \ infty ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . This is not the only generalization of big O to multivariate functions , and in practice , there is some inconsistency in the choice of definition . Matters of notation ( edit ) Equals sign ( edit ) The statement `` f ( x ) is O ( g ( x ) ) '' as defined above is usually written as f ( x ) = O ( g ( x ) ) . Some consider this to be an abuse of notation , since the use of the equals sign could be misleading as it suggests a symmetry that this statement does not have . As de Bruijn says , O ( x ) = O ( x ) is true but O ( x ) = O ( x ) is not . Knuth describes such statements as `` one - way equalities '' , since if the sides could be reversed , `` we could deduce ridiculous things like n = n from the identities n = O ( n ) and n = O ( n ) . '' For these reasons , it would be more precise to use set notation and write f ( x ) ∈ O ( g ( x ) ) , thinking of O ( g ( x ) ) as the class of all functions h ( x ) such that h ( x ) ≤ C g ( x ) for some constant C. However , the use of the equals sign is customary . Knuth pointed out that `` mathematicians customarily use the = sign as they use the word ' is ' in English : Aristotle is a man , but a man is n't necessarily Aristotle . '' Other arithmetic operators ( edit ) Big O notation can also be used in conjunction with other arithmetic operators in more complicated equations . For example , h ( x ) + O ( f ( x ) ) denotes the collection of functions having the growth of h ( x ) plus a part whose growth is limited to that of f ( x ) . Thus , g ( x ) = h ( x ) + O ( f ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) = h ( x ) + O ( f ( x ) ) ) expresses the same as g ( x ) − h ( x ) = O ( f ( x ) ) . ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) - h ( x ) = O ( f ( x ) ) \ , . ) Example ( edit ) Suppose an algorithm is being developed to operate on a set of n elements . Its developers are interested in finding a function T ( n ) that will express how long the algorithm will take to run ( in some arbitrary measurement of time ) in terms of the number of elements in the input set . The algorithm works by first calling a subroutine to sort the elements in the set and then perform its own operations . The sort has a known time complexity of O ( n ) , and after the subroutine runs the algorithm must take an additional 55n + 2n + 10 steps before it terminates . Thus the overall time complexity of the algorithm can be expressed as T ( n ) = 55n + O ( n ) . Here the terms 2n + 10 are subsumed within the faster - growing O ( n ) . Again , this usage disregards some of the formal meaning of the `` = '' symbol , but it does allow one to use the big O notation as a kind of convenient placeholder . Multiple usages ( edit ) In more complicated usage , O ( ... ) can appear in different places in an equation , even several times on each side . For example , the following are true for n → ∞ ( \ displaystyle n \ to \ infty ) ( n + 1 ) 2 = n 2 + O ( n ) ( \ displaystyle ( n + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) = n ^ ( 2 ) + O ( n ) ) ( n + O ( n 1 / 2 ) ) ( n + O ( log n ) ) 2 = n 3 + O ( n 5 / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( n + O ( n ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) ( n + O ( \ log n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = n ^ ( 3 ) + O ( n ^ ( 5 / 2 ) ) ) n O ( 1 ) = O ( e n ) . ( \ displaystyle n ^ ( O ( 1 ) ) = O ( e ^ ( n ) ) . ) The meaning of such statements is as follows : for any functions which satisfy each O ( ... ) on the left side , there are some functions satisfying each O ( ... ) on the right side , such that substituting all these functions into the equation makes the two sides equal . For example , the third equation above means : `` For any function f ( n ) = O ( 1 ) , there is some function g ( n ) = O ( e ) such that n = g ( n ) . '' In terms of the `` set notation '' above , the meaning is that the class of functions represented by the left side is a subset of the class of functions represented by the right side . In this use the `` = '' is a formal symbol that unlike the usual use of `` = '' is not a symmetric relation . Thus for example n = O ( e ) does not imply the false statement O ( e ) = n Typesetting ( edit ) Big O consists of just an uppercase `` O '' . Unlike Greek - named Bachmann -- Landau notations , it needs no special symbol . Yet , commonly used calligraphic variants , like O ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathcal ( O ) ) ) , are available , in LaTeX and derived typesetting systems . Orders of common functions ( edit ) Further information : Time complexity § Table of common time complexities Here is a list of classes of functions that are commonly encountered when analyzing the running time of an algorithm . In each case , c is a positive constant and n increases without bound . The slower - growing functions are generally listed first . Notation Name Example O ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle O ( 1 ) ) constant Determining if a binary number is even or odd ; Calculating ( − 1 ) n ( \ displaystyle ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ; Using a constant - size lookup table O ( log log n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log \ log n ) ) double logarithmic Number of comparisons spent finding an item using interpolation search in a sorted array of uniformly distributed values O ( log n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log n ) ) logarithmic Finding an item in a sorted array with a binary search or a balanced search tree as well as all operations in a Binomial heap O ( ( log n ) c ) ( \ displaystyle O ( ( \ log n ) ^ ( c ) ) ) c > 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle c > 1 ) polylogarithmic Matrix chain ordering can be solved in polylogarithmic time on a parallel random - access machine . O ( n c ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( c ) ) ) 0 < c < 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 0 < c < 1 ) fractional power Searching in a k-d tree O ( n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ) ) linear Finding an item in an unsorted list or in an unsorted array ; adding two n - bit integers by ripple carry O ( n log ∗ n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n \ log ^ ( * ) n ) ) n log - star n Performing triangulation of a simple polygon using Seidel 's algorithm , or the union -- find algorithm . Note that log ∗ ( n ) = ( 0 , if n ≤ 1 1 + log ∗ ( log n ) , if n > 1 ( \ displaystyle \ log ^ ( * ) ( n ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 0 , & ( \ text ( if ) ) n \ leq 1 \ \ 1 + \ log ^ ( * ) ( \ log n ) , & ( \ text ( if ) ) n > 1 \ end ( cases ) ) ) O ( n log n ) = O ( log n ! ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n \ log n ) = O ( \ log n ! ) ) linearithmic , loglinear , or quasilinear Performing a fast Fourier transform ; Fastest possible comparison sort ; heapsort and merge sort O ( n 2 ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) quadratic Multiplying two n - digit numbers by a simple algorithm ; simple sorting algorithms , such as bubble sort , selection sort and insertion sort ; ( worst case ) bound on some usually faster sorting algorithms such as quicksort , Shellsort , and tree sort O ( n c ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( c ) ) ) polynomial or algebraic Tree - adjoining grammar parsing ; maximum matching for bipartite graphs ; finding the determinant with LU decomposition L n ( α , c ) = e ( c + o ( 1 ) ) ( ln n ) α ( ln ln n ) 1 − α ( \ displaystyle L_ ( n ) ( \ alpha , c ) = e ^ ( ( c + o ( 1 ) ) ( \ ln n ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( \ ln \ ln n ) ^ ( 1 - \ alpha ) ) ) 0 < α < 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 0 < \ alpha < 1 ) L - notation or sub-exponential Factoring a number using the quadratic sieve or number field sieve O ( c n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( c ^ ( n ) ) ) c > 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle c > 1 ) exponential Finding the ( exact ) solution to the travelling salesman problem using dynamic programming ; determining if two logical statements are equivalent using brute - force search O ( n ! ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ! ) ) factorial Solving the travelling salesman problem via brute - force search ; generating all unrestricted permutations of a poset ; finding the determinant with Laplace expansion ; enumerating all partitions of a set The statement f ( n ) = O ( n ! ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = O ( n ! ) ) is sometimes weakened to f ( n ) = O ( n n ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = O \ left ( n ^ ( n ) \ right ) ) to derive simpler formulas for asymptotic complexity . For any k > 0 ( \ displaystyle k > 0 ) and c > 0 ( \ displaystyle c > 0 ) , O ( n c ( log n ) k ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( c ) ( \ log n ) ^ ( k ) ) ) is a subset of O ( n c + ε ) ( \ displaystyle O ( n ^ ( c+ \ varepsilon ) ) ) for any ε > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon > 0 ) , so may be considered as a polynomial with some bigger order . Related asymptotic notations ( edit ) Big O is the most commonly used asymptotic notation for comparing functions . Together with some other related notations it forms the family of Bachmann -- Landau notations . Little - O notation ( edit ) `` Little o '' redirects here . For the baseball player , see Omar Vizquel . Intuitively , the assertion `` f ( x ) is o ( g ( x ) ) '' ( read `` f ( x ) is little - o of g ( x ) '' ) means that g ( x ) grows much faster than f ( x ) . Let as before f be a real or complex valued function and g a real valued function , both defined on some unbounded subset of the real positive numbers , such that g ( x ) is strictly positive for all large enough values of x . One writes f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) as x → ∞ ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) ( \ text ( as ) ) x \ to \ infty ) If for every positive constant ε there exists a constant N such that f ( x ) ≤ ε g ( x ) for all x ≥ N . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) \ leq \ varepsilon g ( x ) \ qquad ( \ text ( for all ) ) x \ geq N ~ . ) For example , one has 2 x = o ( x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle 2x = o ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) and 1 / x = o ( 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle 1 / x = o ( 1 ) . ) The difference between the earlier definition for the big - O notation and the present definition of little - o , is that while the former has to be true for at least one constant M , the latter must hold for every positive constant ε , however small . In this way , little - o notation makes a stronger statement than the corresponding big - O notation : every function that is little - o of g is also big - O of g , but not every function that is big - O of g is also little - o of g . For example , 2 x 2 = O ( x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle 2x ^ ( 2 ) = O ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) but 2 x 2 ≠ o ( x 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle 2x ^ ( 2 ) \ neq o ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) . ) As g ( x ) is nonzero , or at least becomes nonzero beyond a certain point , the relation f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) is equivalent to lim x → ∞ f ( x ) g ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) = 0 ) ( and this is in fact how Landau originally defined the little - o notation ) . Little - o respects a number of arithmetic operations . For example , if c is a nonzero constant and f = o ( g ) ( \ displaystyle f = o ( g ) ) then c ⋅ f = o ( g ) ( \ displaystyle c \ cdot f = o ( g ) ) , and if f = o ( F ) ( \ displaystyle f = o ( F ) ) and g = o ( G ) ( \ displaystyle g = o ( G ) ) then f ⋅ g = o ( F ⋅ G ) . ( \ displaystyle f \ cdot g = o ( F \ cdot G ) . ) It also satisfies a transitivity relation : if f = o ( g ) ( \ displaystyle f = o ( g ) ) and g = o ( h ) ( \ displaystyle g = o ( h ) ) then f = o ( h ) . ( \ displaystyle f = o ( h ) . ) Big Omega notation ( edit ) There are two very widespread and incompatible definitions of the statement f ( x ) = Ω ( g ( x ) ) ( x → a ) , ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega ( g ( x ) ) \ ( x \ rightarrow a ) , ) where a is some real number , ∞ , or − ∞ , where f and g are real functions defined in a neighbourhood of a , and where g is positive in this neighbourhood . The first one ( chronologically ) is used in analytic number theory , and the other one in computational complexity theory . When the two subjects meet , this situation is bound to generate confusion . The Hardy -- Littlewood definition ( edit ) In 1914 Godfrey Harold Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood introduced the new symbol Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) , which is defined as follows : f ( x ) = Ω ( g ( x ) ) ( x → ∞ ) ⇔ lim sup x → ∞ f ( x ) g ( x ) > 0 . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega ( g ( x ) ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) \ ; \ Leftrightarrow \ ; \ limsup _ ( x \ to \ infty ) \ left ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) \ right > 0 . ) Thus f ( x ) = Ω ( g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega ( g ( x ) ) ) is the negation of f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = o ( g ( x ) ) ) . In 1916 the same authors introduced the two new symbols Ω R ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( R ) ) and Ω L ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( L ) ) , thus defined : f ( x ) = Ω R ( g ( x ) ) ( x → ∞ ) ⇔ lim sup x → ∞ f ( x ) g ( x ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega _ ( R ) ( g ( x ) ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) \ ; \ Leftrightarrow \ ; \ limsup _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) > 0 ) ; f ( x ) = Ω L ( g ( x ) ) ( x → ∞ ) ⇔ lim inf x → ∞ f ( x ) g ( x ) < 0 . ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega _ ( L ) ( g ( x ) ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) \ ; \ Leftrightarrow \ ; \ liminf _ ( x \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) ) ( g ( x ) ) ) < 0 . ) Although Donald Knuth wrote otherwise , Edmund Landau did use these three symbols , with the same meanings , in 1924 . These Hardy -- Littlewood symbols are prototypes , which after Landau were never used again exactly thus . Ω R ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( R ) ) became Ω + ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( + ) ) , and Ω L ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( L ) ) became Ω − . ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( - ) . ) These three symbols Ω , Ω + , Ω − ( \ displaystyle \ Omega , \ Omega _ ( + ) , \ Omega _ ( - ) ) , as well as f ( x ) = Ω ± ( g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega _ ( \ pm ) ( g ( x ) ) ) ( meaning that f ( x ) = Ω + ( g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega _ ( + ) ( g ( x ) ) ) and f ( x ) = Ω − ( g ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega _ ( - ) ( g ( x ) ) ) are both satisfied ) , are now currently used in analytic number theory . Simple examples ( edit ) We have sin x = Ω ( 1 ) ( x → ∞ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sin x = \ Omega ( 1 ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) , ) and more precisely sin x = Ω ± ( 1 ) ( x → ∞ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sin x = \ Omega _ ( \ pm ) ( 1 ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) . ) We have sin x + 1 = Ω ( 1 ) ( x → ∞ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ sin x + 1 = \ Omega ( 1 ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) , ) and more precisely sin x + 1 = Ω + ( 1 ) ( x → ∞ ) ; ( \ displaystyle \ sin x + 1 = \ Omega _ ( + ) ( 1 ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) ; ) however sin x + 1 ≠ Ω − ( 1 ) ( x → ∞ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sin x + 1 \ not = \ Omega _ ( - ) ( 1 ) \ ( x \ rightarrow \ infty ) . ) The Knuth definition ( edit ) In 1976 Donald Knuth published a paper to justify his use of the Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) - symbol to describe a stronger property . Knuth wrote : `` For all the applications I have seen so far in computer science , a stronger requirement ( ... ) is much more appropriate '' . He defined f ( x ) = Ω ( g ( x ) ) ⇔ g ( x ) = O ( f ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ Omega ( g ( x ) ) \ Leftrightarrow g ( x ) = O ( f ( x ) ) ) with the comment : `` Although I have changed Hardy and Littlewood 's definition of Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) , I feel justified in doing so because their definition is by no means in wide use , and because there are other ways to say what they want to say in the comparatively rare cases when their definition applies '' . Family of Bachmann -- Landau notations ( edit ) Notation Name Description Formal Definition Limit Definition f ( n ) = o ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = o ( g ( n ) ) ) Small O ; Small Oh f is dominated by g asymptotically ∀ k > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 f ( n ) 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) \ ; f ( n ) < k \ cdot g ( n ) ) lim n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( n ) ) ( g ( n ) ) ) = 0 ) f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) ) Big O ; Big Oh ; Big Omicron f ( \ displaystyle f ) is bounded above by g ( up to constant factor ) asymptotically ∃ k > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 f ( n ) ≤ k ⋅ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle \ exists k > 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) \ ; f ( n ) \ leq k \ cdot g ( n ) ) lim sup n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) < ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ limsup _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( \ left f ( n ) \ right ) ( g ( n ) ) ) < \ infty ) f ( n ) = Θ ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = \ Theta ( g ( n ) ) ) Big Theta f is bounded both above and below by g asymptotically ∃ k 1 > 0 ∃ k 2 > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 ( \ displaystyle \ exists k_ ( 1 ) > 0 \ ; \ exists k_ ( 2 ) > 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) ) k 1 ⋅ g ( n ) ≤ f ( n ) ≤ k 2 ⋅ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle k_ ( 1 ) \ cdot g ( n ) \ leq f ( n ) \ leq k_ ( 2 ) \ cdot g ( n ) ) f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) ) and f ( n ) = Ω ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = \ Omega ( g ( n ) ) ) ( Knuth version ) f ( n ) ∼ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) \ sim g ( n ) ) On the order of f is equal to g asymptotically ∀ ε > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 f ( n ) g ( n ) − 1 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ left ( f ( n ) \ over g ( n ) ) - 1 \ right < \ varepsilon ) lim n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( f ( n ) \ over g ( n ) ) = 1 ) f ( n ) = Ω ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = \ Omega ( g ( n ) ) ) Big Omega in number theory ( Hardy -- Littlewood ) f ( \ displaystyle f ) is not dominated by g asymptotically ∃ k > 0 ∀ n 0 ∃ n > n 0 f ( n ) ≥ k ⋅ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle \ exists k > 0 \ ; \ forall n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ exists n > n_ ( 0 ) \ ; f ( n ) \ geq k \ cdot g ( n ) ) lim sup n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ limsup _ ( n \ to \ infty ) \ left ( \ frac ( f ( n ) ) ( g ( n ) ) ) \ right > 0 ) f ( n ) = Ω ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = \ Omega ( g ( n ) ) ) Big Omega in complexity theory ( Knuth ) f is bounded below by g asymptotically ∃ k > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 f ( n ) ≥ k ⋅ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle \ exists k > 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) \ ; f ( n ) \ geq k \ cdot g ( n ) ) lim inf n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) > 0 ( \ displaystyle \ liminf _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( n ) ) ( g ( n ) ) ) > 0 ) f ( n ) = ω ( g ( n ) ) ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = \ omega ( g ( n ) ) ) Small Omega f dominates g asymptotically ∀ k > 0 ∃ n 0 ∀ n > n 0 f ( n ) ≥ k ⋅ g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall k > 0 \ ; \ exists n_ ( 0 ) \ ; \ forall n > n_ ( 0 ) \ f ( n ) \ geq k \ cdot g ( n ) ) lim n → ∞ f ( n ) g ( n ) = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) \ left ( \ frac ( f ( n ) ) ( g ( n ) ) ) \ right = \ infty ) The limit definitions assume g ( n ) ≠ 0 ( \ displaystyle g ( n ) \ neq 0 ) for sufficiently large n . The table is ( partly ) sorted from smallest to largest , in the sense that o , O , Θ , ∼ , ( Knuth 's version of ) Ω , ω on functions correspond to on the real line ( the Hardy - Littlewood version of Ω , however , does n't correspond to any such description ) . Computer science uses the big O , Big Theta Θ , little o , little omega ω and Knuth 's big Omega Ω notations . Analytic number theory often uses the big O , small o , Hardy -- Littlewood 's big Omega Ω ( with or without the + , - or ± subscripts ) and ∼ ( \ displaystyle \ sim ) notations . The small omega ω notation is not used as often in analysis . Use in computer science ( edit ) Further information : Analysis of algorithms Informally , especially in computer science , the Big O notation often is permitted to be somewhat abused to describe an asymptotic tight bound where using Big Theta Θ notation might be more factually appropriate in a given context . For example , when considering a function T ( n ) = 73n + 22n + 58 , all of the following are generally acceptable , but tighter bounds ( i.e. , numbers 2 and 3 below ) are usually strongly preferred over looser bounds ( i.e. , number 1 below ) . T ( n ) = O ( n ) T ( n ) = O ( n ) T ( n ) = Θ ( n ) The equivalent English statements are respectively : T ( n ) grows asymptotically no faster than n T ( n ) grows asymptotically no faster than n T ( n ) grows asymptotically as fast as n . So while all three statements are true , progressively more information is contained in each . In some fields , however , the big O notation ( number 2 in the lists above ) would be used more commonly than the Big Theta notation ( bullets number 3 in the lists above ) . For example , if T ( n ) represents the running time of a newly developed algorithm for input size n , the inventors and users of the algorithm might be more inclined to put an upper asymptotic bound on how long it will take to run without making an explicit statement about the lower asymptotic bound . Other notation ( edit ) In their book Introduction to Algorithms , Cormen , Leiserson , Rivest and Stein consider the set of functions g to which some function f belongs when it satisfies f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) ( n → ∞ ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) ) \ ( n \ rightarrow \ infty ) . ) In a correct notation this set can for instance be called O ( g ) , where O ( g ) = ( f : ( \ displaystyle O ( g ) = \ ( f : ) there exist positive constants c and n 0 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) ) such that 0 ≤ f ( n ) ≤ c g ( n ) ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq f ( n ) \ leq cg ( n ) ) for all n ≥ n 0 ) ( \ displaystyle n \ geq n_ ( 0 ) \ ) ) . The authors state that the use of equality operator ( = ) to denote set membership rather than the set membership operator ( ∈ ) is an abuse of notation , but that doing so has advantages . Inside an equation or inequality , the use of asymptotic notation stands for an anonymous function in the set O ( g ) , which eliminates lower - order terms , and helps to reduce inessential clutter in equations , for example : 2 n 2 + 3 n + 1 = 2 n 2 + O ( n ) . ( \ displaystyle 2n ^ ( 2 ) + 3n + 1 = 2n ^ ( 2 ) + O ( n ) . ) Extensions to the Bachmann -- Landau notations ( edit ) Another notation sometimes used in computer science is Õ ( read soft - O ) : f ( n ) = Õ ( g ( n ) ) is shorthand for f ( n ) = O ( g ( n ) log g ( n ) ) for some k . Essentially , it is big O notation , ignoring logarithmic factors because the growth - rate effects of some other super-logarithmic function indicate a growth - rate explosion for large - sized input parameters that is more important to predicting bad run - time performance than the finer - point effects contributed by the logarithmic - growth factor ( s ) . This notation is often used to obviate the `` nitpicking '' within growth - rates that are stated as too tightly bounded for the matters at hand ( since log n is always o ( n ) for any constant k and any ε > 0 ) . Also the L notation , defined as L n ( α , c ) = e ( c + o ( 1 ) ) ( ln n ) α ( ln ln n ) 1 − α ( \ displaystyle L_ ( n ) ( \ alpha , c ) = e ^ ( ( c + o ( 1 ) ) ( \ ln n ) ^ ( \ alpha ) ( \ ln \ ln n ) ^ ( 1 - \ alpha ) ) ) is convenient for functions that are between polynomial and exponential in terms of ln n ( \ displaystyle \ ln n ) . Generalizations and related usages ( edit ) The generalization to functions taking values in any normed vector space is straightforward ( replacing absolute values by norms ) , where f and g need not take their values in the same space . A generalization to functions g taking values in any topological group is also possible . The `` limiting process '' x → x can also be generalized by introducing an arbitrary filter base , i.e. to directed nets f and g . The o notation can be used to define derivatives and differentiability in quite general spaces , and also ( asymptotical ) equivalence of functions , f ∼ g ⟺ ( f − g ) ∈ o ( g ) ( \ displaystyle f \ sim g \ iff ( f-g ) \ in o ( g ) ) which is an equivalence relation and a more restrictive notion than the relationship `` f is Θ ( g ) '' from above . ( It reduces to lim f / g = 1 if f and g are positive real valued functions . ) For example , 2x is Θ ( x ) , but 2x − x is not o ( x ) . History ( Bachmann -- Landau , Hardy , and Vinogradov notations ) ( edit ) The symbol O was first introduced by number theorist Paul Bachmann in 1894 , in the second volume of his book Analytische Zahlentheorie ( `` analytic number theory '' ) , the first volume of which ( not yet containing big O notation ) was published in 1892 . The number theorist Edmund Landau adopted it , and was thus inspired to introduce in 1909 the notation o ; hence both are now called Landau symbols . These notations were used in applied mathematics during the 1950s for asymptotic analysis . The symbol Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) ( in the sense `` is not an o of '' ) was introduced in 1914 by Hardy and Littlewood . Hardy and Littlewood also introduced in 1918 the symbols Ω R ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( R ) ) ( `` right '' ) and Ω L ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( L ) ) ( `` left '' ) , precursors of the modern symbols Ω + ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( + ) ) ( `` is not smaller than a small o of '' ) and Ω − ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( - ) ) ( `` is not larger than a small o of '' ) . Thus the Omega symbols ( with their original meanings ) are sometimes also referred to as `` Landau symbols '' . This notation Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) became commonly used in number theory at least since the 1950s . In the 1970s the big O was popularized in computer science by Donald Knuth , who introduced the related Theta notation , and proposed a different definition for the Omega notation . Landau never used the Big Theta and small omega symbols . Hardy 's symbols were ( in terms of the modern O notation ) f ≼ g ⟺ f ∈ O ( g ) ( \ displaystyle f \ preccurlyeq g \ iff f \ in O ( g ) ) and f ≺ g ⟺ f ∈ o ( g ) ; ( \ displaystyle f \ prec g \ iff f \ in o ( g ) ; ) ( Hardy however never defined or used the notation ≺ ≺ ( \ displaystyle \ prec \ ! \ ! \ prec ) , nor ≪ ( \ displaystyle \ ll ) , as it has been sometimes reported ) . It should also be noted that Hardy introduces the symbols ≼ ( \ displaystyle \ preccurlyeq ) and ≺ ( \ displaystyle \ prec ) ( as well as some other symbols ) in his 1910 tract `` Orders of Infinity '' , and makes use of it only in three papers ( 1910 -- 1913 ) . In his nearly 400 remaining papers and books he consistently uses the Landau symbols O and o . Hardy 's notation is not used anymore . On the other hand , in the 1930s , the Russian number theorist Ivan Matveyevich Vinogradov introduced his notation ≪ ( \ displaystyle \ ll ) , which has been increasingly used in number theory instead of the O ( \ displaystyle O ) notation . We have f ≪ g ⟺ f ∈ O ( g ) , ( \ displaystyle f \ ll g \ iff f \ in O ( g ) , ) and frequently both notations are used in the same paper . The big - O originally stands for `` order of '' ( `` Ordnung '' , Bachmann 1894 ) , and is thus a Latin letter . Neither Bachmann nor Landau ever call it `` Omicron '' . The symbol was much later on ( 1976 ) viewed by Knuth as a capital omicron , probably in reference to his definition of the symbol Omega . The digit zero should not be used . See also ( edit ) Asymptotic expansion : Approximation of functions generalizing Taylor 's formula Asymptotically optimal algorithm : A phrase frequently used to describe an algorithm that has an upper bound asymptotically within a constant of a lower bound for the problem Big O in probability notation : O , o Limit superior and limit inferior : An explanation of some of the limit notation used in this article Nachbin 's theorem : A precise method of bounding complex analytic functions so that the domain of convergence of integral transforms can be stated Orders of approximation References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bachmann , Paul ( 1894 ) . Analytische Zahlentheorie ( Analytic Number Theory ) ( in German ) . 2 . Leipzig : Teubner . ^ Jump up to : Landau , Edmund ( 1909 ) . Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen ( Handbook on the theory of the distribution of the primes ) ( in German ) . Leipzig : B.G. Teubner . p. 883 . Jump up ^ Mohr , Austin . `` Quantum Computing in Complexity Theory and Theory of Computation '' ( PDF ) . p. 2 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Landau , Edmund ( 1909 ) . Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen ( Handbook on the theory of the distribution of the primes ) ( in German ) . Leipzig : B.G. Teubner . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas H. Cormen et al. , 2001 , Introduction to Algorithms , Second Edition Jump up ^ Cormen , Thomas ; Leiserson , Charles ; Rivest , Ronald ; Stein , Clifford ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( Third ed . ) . MIT . p. 53 . Jump up ^ Howell , Rodney . `` On Asymptotic Notation with Multiple Variables '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ N.G. de Bruijn ( 1958 ) . Asymptotic Methods in Analysis . Amsterdam : North - Holland . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 64221 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Ronald ; Knuth , Donald ; Patashnik , Oren ( 1994 ) . Concrete Mathematics ( 2 ed . ) . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison -- Wesley . p. 446 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 55802 - 9 . Jump up ^ Donald Knuth ( June -- July 1998 ) . `` Teach Calculus with Big O '' ( PDF ) . Notices of the American Mathematical Society . 45 ( 6 ) : 687 . ( Unabridged version ) Jump up ^ Tom ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Big O and related notations in LaTeX '' . texblog . ^ Jump up to : Landau , Edmund ( 1909 ) . Handbuch der Lehre von der Verteilung der Primzahlen ( Handbook on the theory of the distribution of the primes ) ( in German ) . Leipzig : B.G. Teubner . p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Hardy , G.H. ; Littlewood , J.E. ( 1914 ) . `` Some problems of diophantine approximation : Part II . The trigonometrical series associated with the elliptic θ - functions '' . Acta Mathematica. 37 : 225 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02401834 . ^ Jump up to : G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood , `` Contribution to the theory of the Riemann zeta - function and the theory of the distribution of primes '' , Acta Mathematica , vol. 41 , 1916 . ^ Jump up to : Donald Knuth . `` Big Omicron and big Omega and big Theta '' , SIGACT News , Apr. - June 1976 , 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ E. Landau , `` Über die Anzahl der Gitterpunkte in gewissen Bereichen. IV . '' Nachr . Gesell . Wiss . Gött . Math - phys . Kl. 1924 , 137 -- 150 . ^ Jump up to : Aleksandar Ivić . The Riemann zeta - function , chapter 9 . John Wiley & Sons 1985 . Jump up ^ Balcázar , José L. ; Gabarró , Joaquim . `` Nonuniform complexity classes specified by lower and upper bounds '' ( PDF ) . RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications - Informatique Théorique et Applications. 23 ( 2 ) : 180 . ISSN 0988 - 3754 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cucker , Felipe ; Bürgisser , Peter ( 2013 ) . `` A. 1 Big Oh , Little Oh , and Other Comparisons '' . Condition : The Geometry of Numerical Algorithms . Berlin , Heidelberg : Springer . pp. 467 -- 468 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 38896 - 5 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vitányi , Paul ; Meertens , Lambert ( April 1985 ) . `` Big Omega versus the wild functions '' ( PDF ) . ACM SIGACT News . 16 ( 4 ) : 56 -- 59 . doi : 10.1145 / 382242.382835 . Jump up ^ Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2001 ) ( 1990 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press and McGraw - Hill . pp. 41 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Jump up ^ for example it is omitted in : Hildebrand , A.J. `` Asymptotic Notations '' ( PDF ) . Asymptotic Methods in Analysis . Math 595 , Fall 2009 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Cormen ; Charles E. Leiserson ; Ronald L. Rivest ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge / MA : MIT Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0262533058 . When we have only an asymptotic upper bound , we use O - notation . For a given function g ( n ) , we denote by O ( g ( n ) ) ( pronounced `` big - oh of g of n '' or sometimes just `` oh of g of n '' ) the set of functions O ( g ( n ) ) = ( f ( n ) : there exist positive constants c and n such that 0 ≤ f ( n ) ≤ cg ( n ) for all n ≥ n ) Jump up ^ Thomas H. Cormen ; Charles E. Leiserson ; Ronald L. Rivest ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge / MA : MIT Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0262533058 . Because θ ( g ( n ) ) is a set , we could write `` f ( n ) ∈ θ ( g ( n ) ) '' to indicate that f ( n ) is a member of θ ( g ( n ) ) . Instead , we will usually write f ( n ) = θ ( g ( n ) ) to express the same notion . You might be confused because we abuse equality in this way , but we shall see later in this section that doing so has its advantages . Jump up ^ Thomas H. Cormen ; Charles E. Leiserson ; Ronald L. Rivest ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge / MA : MIT Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0262533058 . When the asymptotic notation stands alone ( that is , not within a larger formula ) on the right - hand side of an equation ( or inequality ) , as in n = O ( n2 ) , we have already defined the equal sign to mean set membership : n ∈ O ( n2 ) . In general , however , when asymptotic notation appears in a formula , we interpret it as standing for some anonymous function that we do not care to name . For example , the formula 2n + 3n + 1 = 2n + θ ( n ) means that 2n + 3n + 1 = 2n + f ( n ) , where f ( n ) is some function in the set θ ( n ) . In this case , we let f ( n ) = 3n + 1 , which is indeed in θ ( n ) . Using asymptotic notation in this manner can help eliminate inessential detail and clutter in an equation . Jump up ^ Erdelyi , A. ( 1956 ) . Asymptotic Expansions . ISBN 978 - 0486603186 . Jump up ^ E.C. Titchmarsh , The Theory of the Riemann Zeta - Function ( Oxford ; Clarendon Press , 1951 ) Jump up ^ See for instance `` A new estimate for G ( n ) in Waring 's problem '' ( Russian ) . Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 5 , No 5 - 6 ( 1934 ) , 249 -- 253 . Translated in English in : Selected works / Ivan Matveevič Vinogradov ; prepared by the Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the occasion of his 90th birthday . Springer - Verlag , 1985 . Further reading ( edit ) Hardy , G.H. ( 1910 ) . Orders of Infinity : The ' Infinitärcalcül ' of Paul du Bois - Reymond . Cambridge University Press . Knuth , Donald ( 1997 ) . `` 1.2. 11 : Asymptotic Representations '' . Fundamental Algorithms . The Art of Computer Programming. 1 ( 3rd ed . ) . Addison -- Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 89683 - 4 . Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2001 ) . `` 3.1 : Asymptotic notation '' . Introduction to Algorithms ( 2nd ed . ) . MIT Press and McGraw -- Hill . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Sipser , Michael ( 1997 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Computation . PWS Publishing . pp. 226 -- 228 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 94728 - X . Avigad , Jeremy ; Donnelly , Kevin ( 2004 ) . Formalizing O notation in Isabelle / HOL ( PDF ) . International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 25984 - 8_27 . Black , Paul E. ( 11 March 2005 ) . Black , Paul E. , ed. `` big - O notation '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Black , Paul E. ( 17 December 2004 ) . Black , Paul E. , ed. `` little - o notation '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Black , Paul E. ( 17 December 2004 ) . Black , Paul E. , ed . `` Ω '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Black , Paul E. ( 17 December 2004 ) . Black , Paul E. , ed. `` ω '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . Black , Paul E. ( 17 December 2004 ) . Black , Paul E. , ed . `` Θ '' . Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Retrieved December 16 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Data Structures has a page on the topic of : Big - O Notation Growth of sequences -- OEIS ( Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences ) Wiki Introduction to Asymptotic Notations Landau Symbols Big - O Notation -- What is it good for Big O Notation explained in plain english Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_O_notation&oldid=841146588 '' Categories : Mathematical notation Asymptotic analysis Analysis of algorithms Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 08 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20O%20notation
| 79,140 |
||
which forces attacked the egyptian position at the suez canal
|
Raid on the Suez Canal
|
raid on the suez canal
|
The Raid on the Suez Canal , also known as Actions on the Suez Canal , took place between 26 January and 4 February 1915 after a German - led Ottoman Army force advanced from Southern Palestine to attack the British Empire - protected Suez Canal , before the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I .
|
Substantial Ottoman forces crossed the Sinai peninsula , but their attack failed mainly because of strongly held defences and alert defenders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 2.1 Suez Canal defences 2.2 Attacking force 3 Battle 3.1 3 February 3.1. 1 Tussum and Serapeum 3.1. 2 Ismailia Ferry Post 3.2 4 February 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Citations 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Since its opening in 1869 the Suez Canal had featured prominently in British policy and concerns . Among its great advantages were as a line of communication and also the site for a military base as the well equipped ports at Alexandria and Port Said made the region particularly useful . However , the popularity of the British was in decline in Egypt as the people disliked the occupation and the imposition of a foreign country and alien religion in control of their country . The Convention of Constantinople of 1888 by the European Powers guaranteed freedom of navigation of the Suez Canal . In August 1914 Egypt was defended by 5,000 men in the Force in Egypt . Prelude ( edit ) Abbas Hilmi , the reigning Khedive , who had opposed the British occupation , was out of the country when the war started . When the British declared the Protectorate on 18 December 1914 they deposed Abbas Hilmi and promoted Prince Hussein Kamel as the Sultan of Egypt . The population agreed to these changes while the outcome of the war was unknown and the fighting continued . From 2 August 1914 when the Ottoman armies mobilised , Brigadier General Zekki Pasha commanding the Ottoman Fourth Army at Damascus was planning to attack the Suez Canal , with the support of Djemal Pasha Commander in Chief of Syria and Palestine . Suez and Sinai region 1917 The first hostilities occurred on 20 November when a 20 - man patrol of the Bikanir Camel Corps was attacked at Bir en Nuss 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Qantara by 200 Bedouin . The Bikanir Camel Corps lost more than half their patrol . By December El Arish was occupied by an Ottoman force and the defence of the Suez Canal was organised . There had been a pre-war suggestion that a force of camels could hold Nekhl just to the south and in the centre of the Ottoman Empire and Egyptian frontier . The difficulty of supporting such a force of camels from bases on the western side of the Suez Canal was recognised when the decision was made that `` the obvious line of actual defence of the eastern frontier of Egypt is the Suez Canal . '' Suez Canal defences ( edit ) The 100 miles ( 160 km ) long canal had a railway running along its whole length and was supplied with water from the west , while only brackish wells were to the east . The length of the canal included about 29 miles ( 47 km ) of the Great and Little Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah , which divided the three sectors organised for the defence . These were , Suez to the Bitter Lakes Deversoir to El Ferdan El Ferdan to Port Said , with headquarters and a general reserve at Ismailia while small detachments guarded the Sweet Water Canal and the Zagazig supply depot on the main Ismailia to Cairo road . The northern stretch of the canal was shortened by 20 miles ( 32 km ) by cutting the Canal bank at Port Said on 25 November to flood a portion of the desert which stretched to El Kab . Another major cutting in the Asiatic bank was made on 2 January north of Qantara and minor inundations between Qantara and Ismailia followed . On 15 January 1915 Sector I Headquarters at Suez 30th Indian Brigade ( the 24th and 76th Punjabis , the 126th Baluchistan Infantry and the 2 / 7th Gurkha Rifles ) 1 Squadron Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade 1 Company Bikaner Camel Corps half a company of Sappers and Miners 1 Battery Royal Field Artillery ( RFA ) 1 Indian Field Ambulance These troops were deployed at the Esh Shat , Baluchistan , El Kubri , Gurkha , Shallufa , Geneffe and Suez posts . Sector II Headquarters at Ismailia Old Camp 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade ( the 62nd and 92nd Punjabis and the 2 / 10th Gurkha Rifles ) 28th Indian Brigade ( the 51st Sikhs ( Frontier Force ) and 53rd Sikhs , the 56th Punjabis and the 1 / 5th Gurkha Rifles ) 1 Squadron Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade Bikaner Camel Corps ( less three and a half companies ) Machine Gun Section of Egyptian Camel Corps 1 Brigade of Territorial RFA 1 Battery Indian Mountain Artillery 2 Field Ambulances These troops were deployed at the Deversoir , Serapeum East , Serapeum West , Tussum , Gebel Mariam , Ismailia Ferry and Ismailia Old Camp posts . Sector III Headquarters at Qantara 29th Indian Brigade ( the 14th Sikhs , the 69th and 89th Punjabis and the 1 / 6th Gurkha Rifles ) 1 Battalion 22nd Brigade 1 Squadron Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade half a company of Sappers and Miners 2 Batteries of Territorial Royal Field Artillery ( RFA ) 26th Battery Mountain Artillery Armoured train with half company Indian Infantry Territorial Wireless Section Indian Field Ambulance Detachment of Territorial R.A.M.C. These troops were deployed at the Ballah , Qantara East , Qantara West , El Kab , Tina , Ras El Esh , Salt Works , New Canal Works and Port Said posts . Zagazig Advanced Ordnance Depot was defended by one battalion , 32nd ( Imperial Service ) Brigade Sweet Water Canal and the railway were defended by 1 Troop Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade , a half company of Birkanir Camel Corps and a half company of Indian Infantry Moascar General Reserve was formed by : 31st Indian Brigade ( the 2nd Queen Victoria 's Own Rajput Light Infantry ) , the 27th Punjabis , the 93rd Burma Infantry and the 128th Pioneers 32nd ( Imperial Service ) Brigade ( the 33rd Punjabis , Alwar , Gwalior and Patiala Infantry ) Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade ( less three squadrons and one troop ) 1 Egyptian R.E. Section ( Camels ) 1 Egyptian Mountain Battery 2 Sections Field Artillery with Cavalry Brigade 3 Indian Field Ambulances . This force would be supported by warships located in the Suez Canal and the lakes . Located at these series of posts were trenches with sand bag revetments , protected by barbed wire on the eastern bank of the canal mainly covering ferries with an extensive bridgehead at Ismailia Ferry Post . Three floating bridges were constructed , at Ismailia , Kubri and Qantara . On the western bank trenches were dug at intervals between the posts . These defences were augmented by the presence in the Suez Canal of HMS Swiftsure , HMS Clio , HMS Minerva the armed merchant cruiser HMS Himalaya and HMS Ocean near Qantara , Ballah , Sallufa , Gurka Post and Esh Shatt respectively , with the French protected cruiser D'Entrecasteaux just north of the Great Bitter Lake , the HMS Proserpine at Port Said , the Royal Indian Marine Ship Hardinge south of Lake Timsah and north of Tussum , with the French coastal defence ship Requin in Lake Timsah . The canal was closed each night during the threat . Two battalions of the 32nd ( Imperial Service ) Brigade were deployed north of Lake Timsah to Ballah in Sector II commanded by Brigadier General H.D. Watson with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade and the Otago and Wellington Battalions reinforcing Sector I . To protect their strategic interests , by January 1915 the British had assembled some 70,000 troops in Egypt . Major - General Sir John Maxwell , a veteran of Egypt and Sudan , was commander - in - chief and led mostly British Indian Army divisions , together with the 42nd ( East Lancashire ) Division , local formations and the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. 30,000 of the troops stationed in Egypt manned defences along the Suez Canal . The Ottomans had only three available routes to reach the Suez Canal through the road-less and waterless Sinai Peninsula . A coastal advance that would have water supplies and usable tracks , but would be within range of Royal Navy warships . A central route from Beersheba to Ismailia or a southern track between El Kossaima and the Suez Canal . The central route was chosen as it would provide the Ottoman soldiers with proper tracks to follow once they crossed the canal . Attacking force ( edit ) The Bavarian Colonel Kress von Kressenstein had been appointed Chief of Staff of the VIII Corps , Fourth Army on arrival from Constantinople on 18 November 1914 . The VIII Corps comprised five infantry divisions , the 8th , 10th , 23rd , 25th , and 27th with contingents from Sinai Bedouins , Druzes , Kurds , Mohadjirs , Circassians from Syria and Arabs . These Muslim contingents were to foment revolt against the British in Egypt . In January 1915 Kress von Kressenstein 's force concentrated 20,000 men in southern Palestine with nine field batteries and one battery of 5.9 inch ( 15 cm ) howitzers . Map shows the 3 ways across the Sinai Peninsula from el Aujah This force which was to cross the Sinai comprised the 10th Infantry Division and a cavalry regiment and the first echelon of about 13,000 infantrymen including the 23rd , 25th and 27th Divisions with 1,500 Arabs and eight batteries of field artillery . A second echelon of 12,000 infantrymen was made up of 20th and 23rd Divisions . The plan was for a single infantry division to capture Ismailia and cross the canal before being reinforced by a second infantry division which would be supported on the east bank of the canal by two additional divisions . A further division would be available to reinforce the bridgehead on the west bank of the Suez Canal . The Ottoman Empire constructed a branch railway line from the Jaffa -- Jerusalem railway at Ramleh running south to reach Sileh about 275 miles ( 443 km ) from the Suez Canal during the autumn of 1914 . The 100 miles ( 160 km ) stretch of the railway to Beersheba was opened on 17 October 1915 . By May 1916 it had been extended on to Hafir El Auja then south across the Egyptian frontier , to almost reached the Wadi el Arish in December 1916 when the Battle of Magdhaba was fought . German engineers directed the construction of stone Ashlar bridges and culverts along this railway line built to move large numbers of troops long distances quickly and keep them supplied many miles from base . Ottoman military town of Hafir el Aujah , the Principal Desert Base Any attack on the Suez Canal would require artillery and a bridging train to be dragged across the desert . Two Ottoman divisions plus one more in reserve , with camel and horse units , were ready to depart in mid-January . The advance across the Sinai took ten days , tracked by British aircraft , even though German aircraft stationed in Palestine in turn aided the Ottomans and later flew some bombing missions in support of the main attack . Kress von Kressenstein 's force moved south by rail , continuing on foot via el Auja carrying iron pontoons for crossing and attacking the Suez Canal at Serapeum and Tussum . It was known at Force in Egypt headquarters that the 10th , 23rd and 27th Division had assembled near Beersheba . By 11 January Nekhl had been occupied by a small Ottoman force . On 13 January 1915 it was known to the British that strong columns were passing through el Auja and El Arish . On 25 January one regiment was reported to be approaching Qantara . The next day a force of 6,000 soldiers was reported 25 miles ( 40 km ) east of the Little Bitter Lake at Moiya Harab when defenders at Qantara were fired on by part of the approaching force . On 27 January the El Arish to Qantara road was cut 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) to the east and Baluchistan and Kubri posts were attacked . The force had moved towards the Suez Canal in three echelons ; the main group along the central route with smaller forces on the northern and southern routes . The northern group of about 3,000 men moved via Magdhaba to El Arish and thence along the northern route towards Port Said . The central group of about 6,000 or 7,000 men moved via the water cisterns at Moiya Harab and the wells at Wady um Muksheib and Jifjafa towards Ismailia . This was at the midpoint of the Suez Canal near the vital British railway and water pumping equipment . The main force marched from Beersheba through El Auja and Ibni , between the Maghara and Yelleg hills to Jifjafa and Ismailia . The third group of about 3,000 moved via Nekl southwards towards the town of Suez at the southern end of the Suez Canal . The main force was attacked by aircraft dropping 20 pounds ( 9.1 kg ) bombs . Two smaller flanking columns of this Ottoman force made secondary attacks on 26 and 27 January 1915 near Qantara in the northern sector of the Suez Canal and near the town of Suez in the south . Battle ( edit ) Attacks on the Suez Canal From 31 January the British defenders expected an attack and by 1 February at least 2,500 infantry attackers were 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) east of Serapeum with two guns , another force of 8,000 was at Moiya Harab 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the south east and a third force of 3,000 was at Bir el Mahadat 10 miles ( 16 km ) east north east of El Ferdan . In the rear of these forces were `` considerable forces '' at Bir el Abd 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the Canal , at El Arish and at Nekhl . The Ottoman Expeditionary Force , moving only at night , believed that it had been unnoticed , as scouts had observed British officers playing football , when Ottoman forces already established themselves in a camp 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) east of the Suez Canal . Kress von Kressenstein 's Suez Expeditionary Force arrived at the Canal on 2 February 1915 and the Ottomans succeeded in crossing the Suez Canal about Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915 . By 2 February slight forward movements of the attacking force made it clear the main attack would be on the central sector , to the north or south of Lake Timsah and the armoured train with four platoons of New Zealand infantry and two platoons reinforced the 5th Gurkhas post on the east bank . The 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade ( the 62nd and 92nd Punjabis and the 2 / 10th Gurkha Rifles ) from Sector II , the 2nd Queen Victoria 's Own Rajput Light Infantry , and two platoons of the 128th Pioneers from general reserve at Moascar , the 19th Lancashire Battery RFA ( four 15 - pounders ) , 5th Battery Egyptian Artillery ( four mountain guns and two Maxim guns ) , two sections of the 1st Field Company East Lancashire Royal Engineers and the 137th Indian Field Ambulance were in position between the Great Bitter Lake and Lake Timsah . 3 February ( edit ) Tussum and Serapeum ( edit ) Lake Timsah to Great Bitter Lake Squads of men were seen by the light of the moon at about 04 : 20 on 3 February moving pontoons and rafts towards the Suez Canal . They were fired on by an Egyptian battery , and the 62nd Punjabis along with the 128th Pioneers at Post No. 5 stopped most attempts to get their craft into the water . A further attempt along a stretch of 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) to get pontoons and rafts to the canal was made slightly to the north of the first attempt . Three pontoons loaded with troops crossed the canal under cover of machine gun and rifle fire from the sand dunes on the eastern bank . As they landed on the western bank of the canal all three boat loads of soldiers were attacked and killed , wounded , or captured . As dawn lit the area , the failure of the attempt to cross the canal was complete . At dawn , the Tussum Post was attacked supported by artillery shelling the British positions , the warships in the Canal , and the merchant shipping moored in Lake Timsah . The Hardinge and Requin opened fire on groups of infantry in the desert and an Ottoman trench 200 yards ( 180 m ) south of Tussum Post was caught by enfilade fire from machine guns . A group of about 350 Ottoman soldiers , which occupied British day trenches located to the east and south of the post , was counterattacked during the day by the 92nd Punjabis . About 15 : 30 the trenches were recaptured with 287 casualties or prisoners . At 06 : 00 a second attack was launched , this time by diversions north of the crossing point . The attack was checked by the defending British troops and the gunnery of the British and French ships in the canal . By 3 a.m. the Ottomans ' attack had petered out and failed and a full withdrawal was effected . The thirsty Ottoman troops retreated to Beersheba , free from molestation by British forces . 600 Ottoman soldiers made it to the other side of the canal , but were taken prisoner . By 06 : 30 the commander of the 22nd ( Lucknow ) Brigade ordered a counterattack which began to push Ottoman soldiers of the 73rd and 75th Regiments ( 25th Division ) out of trenches and sandhills south of Tussum Post . Two companies of the 2 / 10th Gurkhas with machine guns moved from Deversoir to Serapeum to join six platoons of the 2nd Queen Victoria 's Own Rajput Light Infantry where they crossed the canal by ferry . Two platoons of the 2nd Queen Victoria 's Own Rajput Light Infantry with two platoons of the 92nd Punjabis from the post on their right began to advance up the east bank towards Tussum . This attack caused the Ottoman soldiers to break and run from hummocks and sandhills before a considerable force consisting of the 74th Regiment ( 25th Division ) with the 28th Regiment ( 10th Division ) following , was seen 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) to the north east supported two batteries . Strongly counterattacked , the two platoons of the 2nd Queen Victoria 's Own Rajput Light Infantry and two platoons of the 92nd Punjabis were halted , losing their commanding officer . However , they were reinforced by the six platoons of the 2 / 10th Gurkhas , and together with fire from the Requin , D'Entrecasteaux , the armed tug Mansourah and Tug Boat 043 the latter two armed with light guns , they brought the Ottoman attack to a standstill about 1,200 yards ( 1,100 m ) from the British front line . Subsequently all the pontoons which could have been used again during the coming night were destroyed by firing two rounds from a torpedo boat 's 3 - pdr gun into each pontoon , and while two pontoons that had been missed were holed by gun cotton charges . Ismailia Ferry Post ( edit ) Another Ottoman force advancing from the south east occupied entrenched positions 800 yards ( 730 m ) from the Canal defences while two of their field batteries went into action to support the infantry attacks along with a 15 - cm howitzer battery which opened fire from out in the desert . The howitzer began to accurately target the Hardinge hitting the ship 's aerial , forward and aft funnels , the fore stokehold , the foredeck gun and steering gear forcing the ship to move out of range to anchor in Lake Timsah . Subsequently the Requin in its role as floating battery became a target of the 15 - cm howitzer which began to inflict damage but at 09 : 00 the location of the Ottoman howitzer was identified 9,200 metres ( 10,100 yd ) away . The ship 's 27.4 cm turret gun was ranged between 9,000 and 9,500 metres ( 9,800 and 10,400 yd ) took out the howitzer with the third round . Infantry fighting virtually ceased from 14 : 00 near Serapeum and Tussum and at 15 : 30 near Ismailia while artillery continued firing . The 11th Indian Division took over command of the front between the Great Bitter Lake and Lake Timsah while the Swiftsure took over from the Hardinge along with the Ocean while the Hardinge replaced the Swiftsure at Qantara . The 7th and 8th Battalions of the 2nd Australian Brigade arrived at Ismailia during the evening . Minor attacks were launched when fire was exchanged by small detachments at El Kubri , El Ferdan while the Clio was targeted by two Ottoman field guns soon after 09 : 00 hitting the ship twice before the field guns were silenced at 10 : 30 . At Qantara a stronger attack between 05 : 00 and 06 : 00 against two pickets of the 89th Punjabis armed with machine guns and rifles was stopped by the barbed wire defenses and heavy fire . Here 36 prisoners were captured and 20 dead found outside the wire , while other casualties were carried away by their comrades . The attacks failed to surprise the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade and the Bikanir Camel Corps who were garrisoning the canal . The Indians stopped von Kressenstein 's force from establishing themselves on the western side of the Suez Canal , suffering casualties of about 150 men . Only two Turkish companies successfully crossed the canal , the rest of the advance party abandoning attempts to cross once the British opened fire . The British then amassed troops at the scene which made another crossing impossible . The Ottomans held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915 , when the commanding officer ordered the retreat . The retreat proceeded `` orderly , first into a camp ten km east of Ismailia '' . 4 February ( edit ) The defending force were surprised to find at dawn on 4 February the Ottoman force had , apart from some snipers , disappeared . Two companies of the 92nd Punjabis advanced north along the east bank to clear the area from Serapeum Post to Tussum . A strong rearguard was encountered at 08 : 40 when a company from each of the 27th , 62nd Punjabis and 128th Pioneers reinforced their attack when 298 prisoners including 52 wounded were captured along with three machine guns . A further 59 were found dead . At noon on 4 February the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade , two infantry battalions and an Indian Mountain Battery marched out from Ismailia Ferry Post . The force saw three to four regiments 7 miles ( 11 km ) north east of Tussum and further to the north another column of infantry were moving eastwards . They returned to the bridgehead having captured 25 prisoners and 70 camels . By the morning of the next day aircraft observed a concentration of forces east of Bir Habeita which was bombed while in the north a column was seen withdrawing through Qatiya . By 10 February the only Ottoman force in the area of the Suez Canal was 400 soldiers at Rigum . British Headquarters estimated German and Ottoman casualties at more than 2,000 , while British losses amounted to 32 killed and 130 wounded . The Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force suffered the loss of some 1,500 men including 716 prisoners . It had been at the end of its supply lines by the time it reached the Suez Canal . This `` forcible reconnaissance '' showed the Staff of Fourth Army the difficulties that would await further expeditions . The opportunity for a British counterattack on the Ottoman force could not be taken advantage of although there were 70,000 troops in Egypt at the time only the Indian infantry brigades were highly trained and the infrastructure necessary to get a large force quickly across the Suez Canal did not exist . The only mounted force available was the Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade and the eight companies of the Birkanir Camel Corps but these were distributed along the Suez Canal defences and unable to concentrate a larger force to attack and capture three divisions of Ottoman infantry . Aftermath ( edit ) 1st Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Bikanir Camel Corps on reconnaissance in Egypt on 14 February 1915 The Ottoman Army maintained advance troops and outposts on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl , with forces at Gaza and Beersheba . Kress von Kressenstein Djemal Pasha 's German Chief - of Staff , commanded mobile units to launch a series of raids and attacks to disrupt traffic on the Suez Canal . By 21 September 30,000 troops were in the vicinity of Beersheba . Early in March Maxwell was asked to prepare a force of about 30,000 Australian and New Zealanders for operations in the Dardanelles in the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force . The landings at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915 began the Gallipoli Campaign during which Egypt supported the fighting as the closest major base . Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kress von Kressenstein claims this force left Beersheba in mid January in `` two echelons . '' ( quoted in Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 34 ) Jump up ^ The actual size of the Ottoman force Kress von Kressenstein lead across the Sinai in January 1915 is difficult to gauge from the numbers provided ; 50,000 became 25,000 then 20,000 and finally between 10,000 and 12,000 . Kress von Kressenstein stated the force was 20,000 strong . ( quoted in Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 34 ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Atlas Tarih , Mısır'ın yeniden fethi hayali : Cemal Paşa ve ordusu , Süveyş Kanalı yolunda , edition February - Mart 2012 , number 11 , page 24 - 25 ( in Turkish ) Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 pp. 23 -- 4 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 8 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 9 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 11 -- 2 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 11 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 17 Jump up ^ German and Ottoman sources in Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 34 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 20 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 24 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 23 , 24 ^ Jump up to : Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 25 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 31 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 31 -- 2 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 32 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 32 -- 3 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 30 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 29 -- 31 ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 34 Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , pp. 69 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : Erickson 2001 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Powles 1922 p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Bruce 2002 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 85 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 23 Jump up ^ First World War - Willmott , H.P. Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , Page 87 Jump up ^ Duguid 1919 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Keogh 1955 , p. 21 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Keogh 1955 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , pp. 26 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : German and Ottoman sources in Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 35 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 , pp. 192 -- 3 Jump up ^ Fals 1930 Vol. 1 p. 37 ^ Jump up to : Liman von Sanders 1919 , p. 60f Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , pp. 70 -- 1 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 38 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 39 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 40 -- 1 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 41 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 41 -- 2 , note p. 42 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 42 -- 3 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 43 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 44 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 45 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 45 -- 6 Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , pp. 20 -- 1 Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , pp. 30 -- 1 Jump up ^ Carver 2003 , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 46 -- 7 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 47 -- 8 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 50 and note Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , pp. 23 -- 4 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 48 -- 9 Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Wavell 1968 , p. 33 -- 4 Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 p. 54 Jump up ^ Falls 1930 Vol. 1 pp. 55 -- 64 References ( edit ) Bruce , Anthony ( 2002 ) . The Last Crusade : The Palestine Campaign in the First World War . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5432 - 2 . Carver , Michael , Field Marshal Lord ( 2003 ) . The National Army Museum Book of the Turkish Front 1914 -- 1918 : The Campaigns at Gallipoli , in Mesopotamia and in Palestine . London : Pan Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 283 - 07347 - 2 . Duguid , Charles Scotty 's Brother ; Department of Repatriation Australia ( 1919 ) . Desert Trail : With the Light Horse Through Sinai to Palestine . Adelaide : W.K. Thomas & Co . OCLC 220067047 . Erickson , Edward J. ( 2001 ) . Ordered to Die : A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War . No. 201 Contributions in Military Studies . Westport Connecticut : Greenwood Press . OCLC 43481698 . Falls , Cyril ; MacMunn , G. ( 1930 ) . Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the Outbreak of War with Germany to June 1917 . Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 1 . London : H.M. Stationery Office . OCLC 610273484 . Keogh , E.G. ; Joan Graham ( 1955 ) . Suez to Aleppo . Melbourne : Directorate of Military Training by Wilkie & Co . OCLC 220029983 . Powles , C. Guy ; A. Wilkie ( 1922 ) . The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine . Official History New Zealand 's Effort in the Great War . Volume III . Auckland : Whitcombe & Tombs . OCLC 2959465 . Wavell , Field Marshal Earl ( 1968 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The Palestine Campaigns '' . In Sheppard , Eric William . A Short History of the British Army ( 4th ed . ) . London : Constable & Co . OCLC 35621223 . External links ( edit ) Australian Light Horse Studies Centre Suez 1915 Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South - West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 23 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Ottoman battles in the 20th century Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) Preveza Tobruk Kywayfia Kunfuda Bay Derna Beirut Rhodes Zanzur Balkan Wars ( 1912 -- 13 ) Sarantaporo Kırcalı ( Kardzhali ) Beşpınar ( Pente Pigadia ) Sorovich Kumanovo Kirk Kilise İşkodra ( Scutari ) Lüleburgaz Edirne ( Adrianople ) Prilep Himara Monastir First Çatalca Varna ( Kaliakra ) Merhamli İmroz ( Elli ) Korytsa Lemnos Bolayır Şarköy Bizani Second Çatalca Edirne ( Adrianople ) First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) Köprüköy ( Bergmann ) Sarikamish Ardahan Suez Canal Naval operations Katya Seddülbayır ( Cape Helles ) Kumkale 1st Arıburnu ( Anzac Cove ) Baby 700 1st Kirte Battle of Dilman 2nd Arıburnu ( 2nd Anzac Cove ) 2nd Kirte No. 3 Post 3rd Arıburnu ( 3rd Anzac Cove ) 3rd Kirte Zığındere Manzikert Kara Killisse Kirte Bağları ( Krithia Vineyard ) Kanlısırt ( Lone Pine ) Anafartalar Conkbayır Sarıbayır Kılıçbayır ( The Nek ) Hill 60 Yusufçuktepe ( Scimitar Hill ) Selman'ı Pak ( Ctesiphon ) 1st Kut Sağ Sahil Erzurum Offensive Wadi Felahiye ( Hanna ) Sabis Trebizond Mecca Erzincan Aqaba Bitlis Romani Bir el Abd Yanbu Magdhaba Rafa Nekhl Bir el Hassana 2nd Kut Samarrah Jebel Hamlin 1st Gaza 2nd Gaza Istabulat Aqaba Ramadi Wadi Musa Beersheba Khuweilfe 3rd Gaza Baghdad Hareira and Sheria Wadi el Hesi Huj Mughar Ridge Ayun Kara Jerusalem Jaffa Jericho Tell ' Asur Khan Baghdadi Hijla 1st Amman Berukin and 1st Arara 2nd Transjordan Abaran Sardarabad Karakilisa Baku Arsuf German Expedition Abu Tellul 2nd Arara Megiddo Tabsor Tulkarm Afulah and Beisan Nazareth Jenin Haifa Samakh Tiberias Irbid Jisr Benat Yakub Kaukab Damascus Kiswe Jisr ed Damieh Sharqat Aleppo Khan Ayash 2nd Amman Haritan For the battles before 1900 see List of battles involving the Ottoman Empire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal&oldid=804146447 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1915 1915 in Egypt Battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign Suez Canal Battles of World War I involving Australia Battles of World War I involving New Zealand Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War I involving British India Battles of World War I involving Indian Princely States Battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire Battles of World War I involving Germany History of the Royal Air Force during World War I January 1915 events February 1915 events Hidden categories : Articles with Turkish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Egypt articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français עברית Norsk Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 01 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid%20on%20the%20Suez%20Canal
| 107,701 |
||
who takes hattrick in both innings of test match
|
A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match .
|
leg spinner Jimmy Matthews
|
List of Test cricket hat - tricks
|
list of test cricket hat - tricks
|
In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick .
|
A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Test%20cricket%20hat-tricks
| 19,131 |
who is the voice of max in flight of the navigator
|
Paul Reubens ( credited as `` Paul Mall '' ) as the voice of Max
|
Paul Reubens
|
Flight of the Navigator
|
flight of the navigator
|
Flight of the Navigator is a 1986 American science fiction adventure film directed by Randal Kleiser and written by Mark H. Baker , Michael Burton and Matt MacManus . The film stars Joey Cramer as David Freeman , a 12 - year - old boy who is abducted by an alien spaceship and finds himself caught in a world that has changed around him .
|
The film 's producers initially sent the project to Walt Disney Pictures in 1984 , but the studio was unable to approve it and it was sent to Producers Sales Organization , which made a deal with Disney to distribute it in the United States . It was partially shot in Fort Lauderdale , Florida and Norway , being a co-production with Norwegian company Viking Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Critical reception 6 Remake 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) On the night of July 4 , 1978 , in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , 12 - year - old David Scott Freeman walks through the woods to pick up his eight - year - old younger brother Jeff from a friend 's house when he accidentally falls into a ravine and is knocked unconscious . When he comes to , he discovers that eight years have passed and the year is now 1986 . While he has not aged at all , his parents are now middle - aged and Jeff is 16 years old . Meanwhile , an alien spaceship crashes through power lines and is promptly confiscated by NASA . David is taken to a hospital for tests where his brainwaves reveal images of the spaceship . Dr. Louis Faraday , who has been studying the spaceship since its arrival , persuades David to come to a NASA research facility for just 48 hours for extra tests , promising him that they can help him learn the truth about what happened to him . There , Faraday discovers that David 's mind is filled with alien technical manuals and star charts covering expanses of the galaxy far exceeding anything humans have recorded . David 's subconscious mind tells the scientists that he was taken to a planet called Phaelon , 560 light years away , in just over 2.2 hours . They realize that David has experienced severe time dilation as a result of having traveled faster than the speed of light , explaining why eight years have passed on Earth , but not for him . David is unable to comprehend what Faraday tells him and flees the room , leaving Faraday muttering that 48 hours will be insufficient to finish his investigation . The next morning , following a telepathic communication from the ship , David secretly boards it and meets its robotic commander called `` Trimaxion Drone Ship '' ( or `` Max '' for short ) , which refers to David as the `` Navigator '' . After they escape from the facility , Max tells David that its mission was to travel across the galaxy , collect biological specimens , take them to Phaelon for analysis , and then return them to their homes . Phaelon 's scientists discovered humans only use 10 % of their brain and , as an experiment , filled the remainder of David 's brain with miscellaneous information . This includes all of the star charts discovered by Phaelon 's astronomers , some of which were shown to the NASA scientists during David 's interrogation . Max then returned him to Earth , but did not take him back to his own time , having determined that a human would be unlikely to survive a trip back in time . Before leaving Earth , Max accidentally crashed the ship , erasing all the computer 's star charts and data . Therefore , Max needs the information in David 's brain to return home . Max programs the ship for a mind transfer , and David is shown the eight remaining alien specimens on board , and bonds with a `` Puckmaren '' , a tiny bat - like alien , that is the last of his kind after a comet destroyed its planet . Max performs the mind transfer on David to reacquire the star charts , but in the process also contracts human emotional attributes , resulting in eccentric behavior . Max and David start bickering while their antics trigger several UFO reports in Tokyo and other cities . Meanwhile , NASA intern Carolyn McAdams contacts David 's family and tells them about his escape in the ship ; as a result , Faraday has the family confined to the house and Carolyn is sent back to the facility . When the ship stops at a gas station in the Florida Keys , David calls Jeff and asks him to send a signal to locate the family 's new home . Jeff sets off fireworks on the rooftop . David and Max arrive near the house , but NASA agents , having tracked the ship 's every move , get there first . Fearing that he would be institutionalized for life if he remains in 1986 , he orders Max to return him to 1978 , regardless of the risk to his life . After the journey back in time , David wakes up in the ravine , walks home , and finds everything as he left it . During the Fourth of July celebration , he watches Max flash across the sky against the backdrop of fireworks while Jeff is surprised to see the Puckmaren in David 's backpack . Cast ( edit ) Joey Cramer as David Freeman Paul Reubens ( credited as `` Paul Mall '' ) as the voice of Max Cliff DeYoung as Bill Freeman Veronica Cartwright as Helen Freeman Matt Adler as Jeff Freeman Albie Whitaker plays eight - year - old Jeff Freeman Sarah Jessica Parker as Carolyn McAdams Howard Hesseman as Dr. Louis Faraday Miguel Ferrer as Troy Jonathan Sanger as Dr. Carr Richard Liberty as Larry Howard Iris Acker as Janet Howard Raymond Forchion as Detective Banks Keri Rogers as Jennifer Bradley Production ( edit ) The Trimaxion Drone Ship was rendered in computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) by Omnibus Computer Animation , under the supervision of Jeff Kleiser , the brother of director Randal Kleiser . Soundtrack ( edit ) The music score for the film was composed by Alan Silvestri . It is distinct from his other scores in being entirely electronically generated , using the Synclavier , one of the first digital multi-track recorders and samplers . Flight of the Navigator Soundtrack album by Alan Silvestri Released 1986 Genre Electronic , film score Theme from `` Flight of the Navigator '' `` Main Title '' `` The Ship Beckons '' `` David in the Woods '' `` Robot Romp '' `` Transporting the Ship '' `` Ship Drop '' `` Have to Help a Friend '' `` The Shadow Universe '' `` Flight '' `` Finale '' `` Star Dancing '' Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mainly positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes rated it a fresh rating of 81 % based on 27 reviews with the consensus : `` Bolstered by impressive special effects and a charming performance from its young star , Flight of the Navigator holds up as a solidly entertaining bit of family - friendly sci - fi . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times said its biggest plus was `` its entirely believable , normal American family . '' The New York Times described it as `` definitely a film most children can enjoy . '' People declared it `` out - of - this - world fun . '' Empire gave it 3 / 5 stars , saying it was `` well - made enough to keep the family happy , but it certainly wo n't challenge them . '' Variety was more critical , announcing that `` instead of creating an eye - opening panorama , Flight of the Navigator looks through the small end of the telescope . '' Dave Kehr gave it 3 stars and described it as `` a new high for Disney . '' Remake ( edit ) In May 2009 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Disney was readying a remake of the film . Brad Copeland was writing the script and Mandeville partners David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would serve as producers . In November 2012 , Disney hired Safety Not Guaranteed 's director Colin Trevorrow and writer / producer Derek Connolly to rewrite the script . In September 2017 , Lionsgate and The Jim Henson Company announced that a reboot of Flight of the Navigator is in pre-production with Joe Henderson from TV 's Lucifer writing the script . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr ( July 30 , 1986 ) . `` ' Flight Of Navigator ' A New High For Disney '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator - 1986 - Joey Cramer , Randal Kleiser - Variety Profiles '' . Variety . July 30 , 1986 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) '' . The Powergrid . Wrap News inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Damon ; Linda Schreyer ( 2008 ) . From Cowboy to Mogul to Monster : The Neverending Story of Film Pioneer Mark Damon . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4343 - 7737 - 1 . Jump up ^ Charles Solomon ( 1987 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Commentary : Computer Graphics Shows Its Stuff '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Martin ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Jeff Kleiser Discusses the Early CGI of Flight of the Navigator '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Film 's end credits Jump up ^ Kevin Thomas ( 1986 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Flight Of Navigator ' Offers A Family Outing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Caryn James ( 1986 - 07 - 30 ) . `` The Screen : ' Flight Of The Navigator ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Scot Haller ; Tom Cunneff ; Ira Hellman ( 1986 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Picks and Pans Review : Flight of the Navigator '' . People . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Flight of the Navigator '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Review : '' Flight of the Navigator `` '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2009 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Disney , Mandeville file new ' Flight ' plan '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow and Derek Connolly to Rewrite FLIGHT OF THE NAVIGATOR Remake ; Trevorrow May Direct '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Flight of the Navigator ' Reboot in Works With ' Lucifer ' Showrunner '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Official website Flight of the Navigator on IMDb Flight of the Navigator at the TCM Movie Database Flight of the Navigator at AllMovie Flight of the Navigator at Box Office Mojo Flight of the Navigator at Rotten Tomatoes hide Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_of_the_Navigator&oldid=846483376 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films American films Norwegian films 1980s adventure films 1980s science fiction films American children 's adventure films American children 's fantasy films American robot films American science fantasy films American science fiction films Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 1978 Films set in 1986 Films set in Florida Films shot in Florida Films shot in Norway Fort Lauderdale , Florida Time travel films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 01 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight%20of%20the%20Navigator
| 324 |
who does alex karev date in grey's anatomy
|
Alex Karev
|
alex karev
|
Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S.
|
Shareholder Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Family Aaron Karev ( brother ) Amber Karev ( sister ) Helen Karev ( mother ) Jimmy Evans ( father , deceased ) Nicky Evans ( half - brother ) Spouse ( s ) Izzie Stevens ( divorced ) Jo Wilson Significant other ( s ) Olivia Harper Addison Montgomery Lexie Grey Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope Callie Torres Lucy Fields Leah Murphy Heather Brooks Relatives Naomi Evans ( step - mother ) Alexander `` Alex '' Michael Karev , M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Justin Chambers . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital . Karev eventually obtained the position of resident , later becoming a pediatric surgical fellow . His relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) formed a focal point of the series . The character is initially disliked by his fellow interns , and is often accused of being brusque and dismissive with his patients and co-workers . As a resident , Karev 's negative attitude , temper and rudeness has occasionally earned the ire of the attendings , with former neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery requesting him on her service as punishment for his rudeness to her and neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , amongst others , throwing him out of their service for his inappropriate comments about patients . He demonstrates profound skill for the specialty which prompts praise from Montgomery and contributes to Karev 's interest in pediatric surgery for the rest of the series . As the character developed , he displayed more empathy for patients and is shown to have a gift for connecting with young children , despite his repeated claims to dislike them . Although Karev and Stevens had an on - off romantic history in previous seasons , it was not until the fifth season that the two formed a lasting relationship . Despite Stevens ' advanced skin cancer , the two marry . Justin Chambers commented on his character 's inability to tell Stevens that he loves her in the beginning of their relationship , saying that Karev has difficulty expressing himself . Though Stevens departs in season 6 , series creator Shonda Rhimes has said that she would like the chance to create closure for both Karev and Stevens . Rhimes later retracted her comments and stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . In the ninth season , Karev befriends intern Jo Wilson . They begin a relationship in the tenth season until their break - up in the twelfth season . However , they get back together again and marry in the fourteenth season . Contents 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) His mother had a mental illness , and his father was often absent , as well as often becoming violent towards Alex and his mother . Alex began wrestling in high school , and eventually physically confronted his father - after this , his father did not return . Alex has a younger brother , Aaron , and a younger sister , Amber ; they were all placed in foster care for 5 years . Though Aaron and Amber only had a few foster families , Alex went through 17 foster families in 5 years before he reunited with his siblings . It is revealed in later seasons that Aaron was diagnosed with schizophrenia and tried to kill Amber . Alex was present when Aaron had to be committed to a psychiatric ward . Alex secured a position in the surgical residency program at Seattle Grace Hospital after graduating from the University of Iowa . He initially makes a poor impression on his fellow interns meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) whom he later taunts when he discovers she used to be a lingerie model . After initial disagreements , Alex reveals to Izzie that his father was a heroin addict who used to beat his mother . He became a wrestler so he could defend his mother , and attended university on a wrestling scholarship . He and Izzie begin a friendship . At the end of the first season , George contracts syphilis from Alex through nurse Olivia Harper , causing animosity between the two . Alex asks Izzie out on a date , but he is thrown by the news that he has failed his medical board exams . Izzie is offended since he pays no attention to her during their date and so informs him that she no longer wants to go out with him . He later freezes during an emergency operation , needing George to take over from him . Alex 's relationship with Izzie is damaged when he experiences erectile dysfunction with her . He goes on to sleep with Olivia again , and is caught by Izzie and they break up . After retaking his exams , Alex manages a pass , and reunites with Izzie after a bomb scare in the hospital . They break up again , however , when Izzie falls for cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette . Alex helps Izzie recover from Denny 's death and advances Izzie but Izzie backs away since she is still in the process of getting over her loss and they remain friends . Alex spends a period of time working under neonatal surgeon Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , and though he is later released to work for plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , he finds his interest returning to Addison 's firm . Addison is attracted to Alex , and the two share a kiss and later sleep together . In the aftermath of a ferry accident , Alex rescues a pregnant woman ( Elizabeth Reaser ) who awakes with amnesia , and grows close to Alex as he helps her forging an identity for herself , picking out the name Ava . After she gives birth to her daughter , Ava 's memory eventually returns , although she tries to hide it from Alex as she had recently left a bad marriage . He convinces her to tell him her true identity , and she reveals herself to be Rebecca Pope . Alex turns her down after realizing she 's married , feeling that he is not good enough for her . Rebecca returns and she and Alex sleep together before she goes back to her husband . Alex has a brief relationship with intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , but chooses to be with Rebecca when she returns and tells him she is pregnant . After Rebecca attempted suicide , Izzie convinces Alex to admit her for psychiatric help due to Rebecca 's hallucinations of her pregnancy . Alex later breaks down in Izzie 's arms , and the two kiss . Later in their relationship , Izzie begins hallucinating about Denny , and uncovers the fact she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) with an estimated chance of 5 % survival . It is revealed that Izzie 's hallucinations of Denny are , in fact , caused by her tumor . Alex is shocked by the news , but finds the strength to stay by her side . Izzie plans a wedding for Meredith and Derek , but when Derek finds Izzie has another inoperable tumor in her brain , they give the wedding to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . Izzie debates whether or not she should undergo a risky surgery to remove her tumor and Alex supports her , but eventually insists that she should have the surgery . Alex performs CPR on Izzie after she flatlines . Izzie regains a heartbeat but is soon fired leaving Alex a Dear John letter and no clue as to her whereabouts . She later returns to the hospital and says to Alex , thinking he had a hand in getting her fired , that she could not forgive him for talking to the Chief . Alex says he could not forgive her either for not giving him the benefit of the doubt and leaving without talking to him first . Alex re-kindles an old flame with Lexie . Alex seems to have recently found that his calling is actually Peds and not Plastics as he had decided in the earlier seasons . Seeing Alex 's ability to handle child patients , Dr. Arizona Robbins shows an interest in mentoring him for that specialization . Alex 's brother Aaron comes to Seattle Grace for surgery , and lots of painful memories resurface because of this . Meredith discovers Alex , along with Aaron and their sister Amber , had been in foster care for five years when their mother could not take care of them . Alex is also served with divorce papers from Izzie . Alex is shot in the hospital by a deceased patient 's husband , but survives with the help of Lexie and Mark . While undergoing treatment , he mistakes Lexie for Izzie . Following the shooting , Lexie has a mental breakdown in front of Alex and he walks away . Dr. Bailey bars Alex from surgery until he has the bullet removed , which he later allows her to do . Alex realizes that his passion lies in Pediatric Surgery . He is further shown to be excellent with children , comforting with a young patient while growing her a new trachea . He immediately gets on the wrong side of new Pediatric attending Stark while Arizona is on leave . Alex then attempts to sleep with virgin April Kepner after visiting his mom in Iowa when his brother was diagnosed schizophrenia . Alex and Meredith perform an emergent surgery on a young boy by themselves during the night shift , dealing with the angry fallout from Stark ( who would not answer his pager ) but gaining the wordless approval of the Chief . Alex is thrilled when Arizona returns from Africa and hopes she will come to work for the hospital again . In the meantime , Alex falls for the new OBGYN attending , Lucy Fields , and they start a relationship after she kisses him . Alex finds out about Meredith sabotaging her Alzheimer 's clinical trial and rats her out in attempt to get Chief Resident . The adoption counselor takes away Zola , the child Meredith wanted to adopt . Realizing his mistake , Alex apologizes to Meredith who forgives him shortly after . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Alex , prepare for their board exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . Though Alex is late for his exam because he had to treat a patient , he ends up passing . Dr. Webber tells him that Johns Hopkins Hospital , which has the top program in the country , has been very impressed with him and has decided to create a position in pediatrics surgery for him and accepts the position . After finding out his decision , his current boss , Dr. Arizona Robbins , yells at him and takes his place on a plane that later crashes . Following the rescue of his colleagues , Robbins ' health deteriorates and amputates her leg . He extends his stay at Seattle Grace until a replacement for Robbins is found , but when he learns that the replacement will send the exchange program to UCLA , he decides not to leave . Karev buys Meredith 's old house from her , and Cristina becomes his roommate . Karev forms a friendship with new intern , Jo Wilson that eventually develops into romantic feelings towards each other . Alex admits his love for Jo , and the two kiss and become a couple . Alex 's estranged father , Jimmy , who he has n't seen in 18 years , is admitted to the ER as a patient . After being discharged , Jimmy plays with his band at a bar , and Alex spends several nights watching his father perform onstage . Unknowing that Alex is his son , Jimmy confides in Alex that he had another family that he has n't seen in years . This made Alex upset and he punched Jimmy at the bar . Once returning home , Alex unleashes his hurt and anger on Jo for having encouraged him to reconnect with his father . His father returns suffering from symptoms of withdrawal and hallucinations of the past where more is revealed about Alex 's childhood . Jimmy tells Alex he knows that he is his son and Alex yells at his dad stating that `` I WAS THE DAD '' . His dad later goes into cardiac arrest and is brought into surgery , fate unknown . Alex kisses Jo at April 's wedding wanting to start a family with her . That night his dad died , due to a mistake by intern , Shane Ross , and Alex is upset . He punches Ross and is later comforted by Meredith . Upon the completion of his fellowship in Pediatric Surgery , Alex is given an offer to work at Dr. Oliver Lebackes ' private practice office , claiming that he will have more flexible hours and `` a big fat paycheck '' . Alex takes this offer happily . Robbins is initially angered by this decision and thinks that Alex is choosing money over substance . Eventually she realizes that he has become a wonderful surgeon and that she is happy to see him go . He later discovers that he is n't happy working at the private practice and expresses a desire to return full - time to Grey Sloan . When Cristina leaves for Switzerland , she leaves Alex her share of the board , including her seat . Alex is fired by Dr. Lebackes when Maggie Pierce accidentally reveals to him that Karev was thinking about leaving the job . Webber recommended Bailey to fill Yang 's board seat after she left , so Bailey and Alex fight over the chair . They both make presentations to the board and eventually Bailey wins , with a unanimous vote in her favor . He is hired back as an attending Peds surgeon and takes over full - time as Arizona pursues a fellowship with Dr. Herman . Alex continues to date Jo and his friendship with Meredith grows stronger than ever , with him taking on the role of her new person . When Derek dies and Meredith runs away , Alex is upset by her leaving without telling him where she went and calls her everyday . Eventually she calls him , tells him she is okay , and to stop calling . When she goes into labor and gives birth to Ellis Shepherd , Alex goes to see her since he is her emergency contact . He brings Meredith and her kids back to her house . She asks to move back in with him in her old house . Alex sells Meredith back the house and he and Jo rent a loft . Alex and Jo continue to struggle with their relationship . Alex wants to settle down , marry Jo , and have kids . However , Jo continues to resist . When Karev proposes to her , Jo tells him she ca n't marry him , so he breaks up with her . Later , Alex realizes that he misses Jo and gets her back . They seem to be doing well for some time , until Alex brings up marriage again and the two fight , as Jo still continues to argue that she can not marry him . Alex storms out , leaving their relationship uncertain . During Owen and Amelia 's wedding , Alex realizes that even though she wo n't marry him , he loves Jo and goes back to her again . However , when he arrives at their loft , he finds Jo highly intoxicated , wearing nothing but her bra and underwear , and surgical intern , Andrew Deluca lying on top of her . Alex assumes that Deluca was attempting to take advantage of Jo while she was inebriated and is filled with rage . He beats Deluca to a pulp with his bare hands . Andrew is badly injured , with his face bruised beyond recognition . He is unconscious and on the verge of dying . Alex realizes what he 's done and quickly rushes Deluca to the hospital . There , the doctors call the police as they struggle to save Andrew and discover who did this to him . Alex lies to everyone and says that he found Andrew in this state and brought him to Grey Sloan . However , Ben Warren is suspicious of Karev . Meredith also quickly realizes that Alex was in fact the one who beat Deluca . She covers for him and the two continue to lie to everyone in the hospital about Alex 's actions . Soon , Karev learns that Andrew was n't doing anything wrong and that he had beaten up a good guy . Meredith decides that even though she loves Alex , she needs to turn him in . She goes to Bailey and tells her the truth . But , when the two rush to the police they find Alex being arrested for aggravated assault , as he had turned himself in . He is taken to jail and Meredith bails him out . While they wait for a trial , Bailey suspends Alex as an attending and makes him work in the clinic . Eventually , Jo finally tells Alex that the reason she could n't marry Alex is because she is already married . Her husband is abusive and so she ran away and changed her name to Jo Wilson so that he would n't find her . Alex realizes that when Jo is called to the stand as a witness in the trial , this information about her past and lack of records under the name Jo Wilson may be revealed , and when the information goes public , her husband may find her . To keep her safe , he decides to take the plea deal without a trial , ensuring that he goes to jail for 2 years . However , when Alex tells Meredith this , she begs him not to and tells him that she ca n't lose him too because she 's already lost everyone else important in her life . Alex struggles to decide whether or not to take the plea deal . Meredith searches for Alex 's case online , to find that the trial had been put off indefinitely . She assumes that he took the plea , and began calling and visiting various local jails to find him . After a full day of searching without finding him , she goes home to sleep , and discovers him sleeping in her bed . He explains he slept there all day . He explains that during his meeting with the D.A. Deluca came in and dropped all charges . Alex was then free to continue being Alex . After returning to work , Alex and Jo try to ignore each other and eventually build up a tolerance of sorts towards each other . Deluca and Alex continue to be at odds , especially when he becomes closer to Jo . However , nothing comes of it and they both keep their distance . At the end of the season , Alex hires an investigator to look for Jo 's abusive husband . The investigator finds him and tells Alex that he will be at a conference . Meredith tells him it 's a horrible idea and that he should n't go , especially considering Jo does n't know about the situation . Alex flies out to the conference with the intention of telling him to get out of her life , no matter the means . When he meets him , Alex decides against confronting him over Jo , avoiding exposing her current identity and location and potentially stopping himself from assaulting someone yet again . He returns to Seattle , leaving the convention early . At the start of season 14 , Alex and Jo start to warm to each other . Jo tells Deluca that she is still in love with Alex . Because Stephanie has left the hospital after an explosion that almost killed her , Jo turns to Warren to confide in . After she tells him her true feelings about whole situation with Alex , Warren tells him that Jo is scared that he might hurt her . Alex goes to Jo and tells her that he could never abuse her like her husband did because he dealt with the same trauma as a kid as his father was abusive . He then tells her that he found her husband . Jo is taken back by this but when Alex tells her that he did n't kill or injure him in anyway , she is relieved and finally trusts him again . They then restart their relationship and Jo is now encouraged to file for divorce against her abusive husband . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Karev as `` honest '' , `` always tells it like it is '' , while also citing his mouth , his punctuality and him being a `` smart - ass '' as his weaknesses . Shonda Rhimes said of Karev : `` I love that we have a character who can do something wonderful but still be a selfish cranky ass about it . Alex gets to be complex in ways most characters do n't because even though he 's got a moral code , his moral code is totally twisted and dark . But he 's essentially good -- deep down inside . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` He has so much going on inside ... you think you 've got him figured out but then he just reveals this whole other side to him . '' `` He is superficial sleazeball who turns out to be a nice guy and a talented doctor with an amazing bedside manner , as well as the budding love interest of Katherine Heigl 's character Isobel . '' DVD Verdict wrote of the character 's development in the fourth season : `` Love him , hate him , or both , Karev speaks his mind , rough edges and all . But ultimately his cold heart seems to be softened by his blossoming relationship with Jane Doe / Ava / Rebecca . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode during which Karev marries Stevens showed how he had grown up : `` Look at him . Standing at the altar and saying those vows like a man . ( ... ) He 's become a man who can step up . And I love him for it . '' Reception ( edit ) Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated ; '' she pointed out that Alex 's personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex begins Grey 's as an arrogant , obnoxious intern who pushes away anyone who tries to care about him . He breaks Izzie 's heart 1,000 times , and then acts surprised when she falls for someone else . He sleeps with any girl who will have him , insults everyone who does n't , and generally enjoys being the hospital asshole . Yet , over the course of 10 seasons Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . '' Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall disapproved of Karev 's flirt with Addison as `` he should take interest in a woman 's speciality and respect his boss without getting in her pants . '' Reviewing the fifth season , Chris Monfette of IGN wrote : `` Alex , who 'd become simply the cast 's angry outcast , was uplifted as his relationship with Izzie became more and more substantial , and his bedside scenes with her toward the end were some of his character 's best material yet . '' On his career path as a Pediatric Surgeon Examiner wrote , `` Despite his rough exterior , Alex has a certain child - like innocence and need for acceptance . He is keen in recognizing these traits in kids , as well . He reaches out to kids on many levels . '' and added , `` Alex has major trust issues . Maybe it was the constant beatings from his father . Or , his mother 's mental illness . Or , being shuffled through 17 foster homes over a 5 year period . Who would n't have issues with a childhood like that ? '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . 2009 - 05 - 07 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Character Bios '' . ABC.com . Jump up ^ `` About.com Interviews Justin Chambers '' . tvfanatic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss vetoes controversial Alex / Izzie plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ABC - Alex Karev bio , archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 , retrieved December 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Shonda on `` Damage Case '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Chambers Biography '' . Yahoo . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) at Amazon Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Break like the wind '' . What 's Alan Watching . Blogpsot . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Karev&oldid=855291138 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from Iowa Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles to be expanded from July 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2012 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Karev
| 28,199 |
||
do you need a passport to go to serbia
|
All European Union citizens Albania Andorra Argentina Australia Bahrain Belarus Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Chile China Costa Rica Cuba Holy See Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Norway New Zealand Oman Peru Qatar Russia San Marino Seychelles Singapore South Korea Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay
|
Visa policy of Serbia
|
visa policy of serbia
|
Visitors to Serbia must obtain a visa from one of the Serbian diplomatic missions unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries .
|
The Government of Serbia , based on bilateral agreements or unilateral decisions , allows citizens of certain countries and territories to visit Serbia for tourism or business purposes without having to obtain a visa . Citizens of other countries have to obtain a visa from the Embassy or Consulate General of the Republic of Serbia in the country of their principal residence . Visa policy of Serbia is similar to the Visa policy of the Schengen Area . Serbia grants visa - free entry to all Schengen Annex II nationalities , except for Antigua and Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Brunei , Colombia , Dominica , El Salvador , Georgia , Grenada , Guatemala , Honduras , Kiribati , Mauritius , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Nicaragua , Palau , Panama , Paraguay , Samoa , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Trinidad and Tobago , Taiwan , Tuvalu , Vanuatu and Venezuela . It also grants visa - free entry to several additional countries -- Bahrain , Belarus , Bolivia , China , Cuba , India , Indonesia , Iran , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Mongolia , Oman , Qatar , Russia , Tunisia and Turkey . In June 2014 , a plan was announced to sign further bilateral agreements on visa liberalization with important trading partners . In May 2015 the list of countries for visa liberalisation was announced -- Qatar , Kuwait , Oman , Bahrain , Venezuela , Panama , Jamaica , Colombia , Paraguay and Guatemala . Second phase should include Armenia , Azerbaijan and Malaysia . In December 2016 it was announced that Serbia plans to remove visa requirements for ordinary passport holders of Armenia , Azerbaijan and Georgia . In August and October 2017 , the Serbian Government unilaterally removed the visa requirements for the passport holders of Iran , India and Indonesia. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visa policy map 2 Visa - free access 2.1 Substitute visas 2.2 Reciprocity 2.3 Diplomatic and official passports 3 General entry requirements for Serbia 4 Visa requirements 4.1 Requirements for tourist / business Visa 4.2 Requirements for temporary residence visa / work visa 4.3 Requirements for permanent residence 5 Obligatory registration 6 Kosovo 7 Visitor statistics 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Serbia Visa - free access ( edit ) Citizens and holders of ordinary passports of the following 78 countries and territories can enter and stay in Serbia without a visa for up to 90 days over six months ( unless otherwise noted ) . If they wish to stay longer , they must apply for a residence permit through the Ministry of Interior : All European Union citizens Albania Andorra Argentina Australia Bahrain Belarus Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Chile China Costa Rica Cuba Holy See Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Liechtenstein Macau Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Norway New Zealand Oman Peru Qatar Russia San Marino Seychelles Singapore South Korea Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Notes ^ Including all classes of British nationality . ^ May enter on a national ID card for the maximal visa - free period . ^ 30 days within any 60 day period . ^ 30 days , for a maximum total stay of 90 days within any 180 day period . ^ 14 days . ^ 90 days for holders of passports endorsed for public affairs . ^ 30 days within one year . ( show ) Date of visa changes This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Unknown : Mexico Dates of ratification of bilateral agreement by Serbia or dates when unilateral decisions were adopted . Implementation dates can be different . Citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro never required visas for Serbia . April 1966 : Tunisia August 1966 : Cuba October 1971 : Costa Rica May 1973 : Chile October 1985 : Bolivia February 1987 : Seychelles November 1989 : Argentina March 1998 : Macedonia December 1999 : Belarus May 2003 : Germany , France , Italy , Netherlands , Belgium , Luxembourg , United Kingdom , Ireland , Spain , Portugal , Greece , Denmark , Sweden , Finland , Austria , Switzerland , Norway , Iceland , Monaco , Liechtenstein , Vatican , Andorra , San Marino , Israel , Cyprus , Malta , Czech Republic , Poland , Slovenia , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Croatia , United States , Canada , Singapore , South Korea , Australia and New Zealand ( unilateral ) June 2007 : Romania ( unilateral ) March 2008 : Russia ( unilateral ) December 2009 : Israel October 2010 : Brazil , Turkey December 2010 : Kazakhstan May 2011 : Japan October 2011 : Albania , Ukraine , Uruguay November 2011 : Hong Kong SAR January 2013 : Macao SAR August 2013 : United Arab Emirates ( unilateral ) May 2014 : Mongolia June 2015 : Moldova , and Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman and Qatar ( unilateral ) September 2016 : Malaysia ( unilateral ) December 2016 : China May 2017 : Peru ( unilateral ) August 2017 : India and Iran ( unilateral ) 14 October 2017 : Indonesia ( unilateral ) Cancelled : Bangladesh : May 1978 - N / A Botswana : January 1985 - January 2003 Iraq : June 1972 - January 2003 Niger : N / A - January 2003 Pakistan : November 1970 - N / A Iran : December 1970 - N / A ( was resumed in 2017 ) India : March 1971 - N / A ( was resumed in 2017 ) Zambia : August 1975 - January 2003 Zimbabwe : June 1985 - January 2003 Substitute visas ( edit ) As of November 2014 valid visa holders and residents of the European Union and Schengen Area member states and the United States can enter Serbia without a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days within 180 days , provided the visa remains valid for the entire length of stay . Reciprocity ( edit ) Serbian citizens can enter without a visa any of the countries whose citizens are granted visa - free access to Serbia except Australia , Bahrain , Bolivia ( grants visa on arrival ) , Canada , Iran ( grants visa on arrival ) , India ( grants electronic visa ) , Ireland , Kuwait ( grants visa on arrival ) , Malaysia , Mexico , New Zealand , Oman ( grants visa on arrival ) , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom and the United States . Diplomatic and official passports ( edit ) Additionally , only holders of diplomatic and official passports of the following countries do not require visas for Serbia for visits up to 90 days ( unless otherwise noted ) : Algeria Armenia Azerbaijan Ecuador Egypt ( diplomatic only ) Georgia Guinea India Indonesia ( 30 days ) North Korea Kyrgyzstan Laos ( 30 days ) Lebanon Morocco Pakistan ( 30 days ) Thailand Venezuela Vietnam UN Laissez - Passer on duty Sovereign Military Order of Malta Serbia signed a visa - free agreements for holders of diplomatic and official passports with Guatemala in November 2016 and Iraq in January 2017 which are yet to be ratified . General entry requirements for Serbia ( edit ) External image Map of border crossings of Serbia The following are general entry requirements for Serbia : Valid passport / travel document ; Valid visa in the passport , if a Serbian visa is required for passport holders of the respective country ; Proof of sufficient funds for staying in Serbia . Sufficient funds are considered to be 50 Euros per day of stay , proved by possession of the appropriate amount of cash , bank statement , traveler 's cheques , credit cards or a letter of guarantee ; Certificate of vaccination or a note that he / she has not contracted a contagious disease despite coming from an area affected by a pandemic , as defined by the information of the Ministry of Health . If underage children are traveling with one of their parents , it is necessary to submit a relevant certified authorization by the other parent ; or if the child is traveling with a third person such authorization is required from both parents or guardian ; It is recommended to have a health insurance for the period of stay in Serbia , covering possible medical costs to the amount of not less than 20,000 Euros . Visa requirements ( edit ) Serbian visa specimen Requirements for tourist / business visa ( edit ) Tourist visa entitles its holder only for tourism trip and visit of relatives and / or friends . Tourist visa holders are prohibited to engage in business or work activities in Serbia . General visa requirements : Valid passport ( passport must be valid at least 90 days from issue date of visa ) Letter of invitation : for a private visit -- invitation letter certified by the relevant authority of the Republic of Serbia for a business visit -- invitation letter by a company in Serbia ; for a tourist trip -- a proof of payment for the trip issued by a travel agency ( voucher or other type of payment receipt ) ; Completed visa application form : ( PDF ) ; Photo ( size 3.5 x4. 5 cm ) ; Return ticket or Itinerary ( copy of Driving License and Insurance if you travel by car ) ; Proof of sufficient funds for staying in Serbia ; Health insurance Visa fee . Visa applications should be submitted to the Embassy or Consulate General of the Republic of Serbia abroad . For the issuance of a transit visa , you should have an entry visa for the country you are entering after the Republic of Serbia . In case a visa is not required for that country , you will be asked to present other documents explaining the purpose of your visit there . Diplomatic - consular mission of the Republic of Serbia reserves the right to request additional documentation . Incomplete applications will not be accepted . For more information regarding the issuance of visa , please contact the nearest diplomatic - consular mission of the Republic of Serbia . Requirements for temporary residence visa / work visa ( edit ) Anyone wishing to live and work in Serbia will be required to apply for a temporary residence permit . To obtain a temporary visa for employment purposes , you will need to secure a job offer from a Serbian company or government department , or a foreign company based in Serbia . The criteria for approval of an employment visa include suitable educational qualifications or work experience , a secured employment contract in Serbia , proof of adequate means of subsistence in Serbia , police confirmation that you have no criminal record , and a satisfactory medical examination . All official documents must be translated into Serbian . Requirements for Permanent residence ( edit ) Permanent residence in Serbia can be acquired on bases of various terms and conditions . Obligatory registration ( edit ) Registration and cancellation of residence or registration of place change form If foreign travelers stay at a hotel during their visit to Serbia , they are not required to register with the police , since the hotel they are staying at will complete the registration on their behalf . When visiting friends or family and staying with them , all foreign visitors are required to register with the Aliens Department of the local MUP in the place of the intended stay , within twenty - four hours of entering the country . At the Department , they will fill in a form ( a sort of a landing card ) made of two parts ( both parts should be filled in ) . The form is processed by the officer in charge and a stamped segment is returned to the applicant . Visitors should always have this certificate on them during the entire stay in the country together with their passport or ( for certain nationals ) ID card . Foreigners who , at the time of registering with the police , know the date of their departure from Serbia , should mention it to the officer processing their registration in order to avoid additional visit to the same police department for de-registration . The registration is free of charge . At passport control at the port of exit , the certificate is collected by the immigration officer . Failing to complete the registration may result in fines . Kosovo ( edit ) Inhabitants of Kosovo , who can prove their Serbian citizenship , can apply for a Serbian passport , which is issued by the Serbian Coordination Directorate . Holders of these passports require a visa for the EU . Until 2008 , UNMIK issued travel documents These documents were recognized by several countries , but is in general refused at borders . It was possible to hold both the Serbian as well as the UNMIK travel document . Serbia did not recognize the validity of the UN issued document . Since 2008 , the government of Kosovo has issued its own passports , superseding the UNMIK travel document . Visitor statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Serbia for tourism ( counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments ) were from the following countries of nationality : ( show ) Country 2016 2015 Bosnia and Herzegovina 100,579 87,397 Bulgaria 88,089 70,891 Turkey 83,676 64,191 Montenegro 77,396 70,861 Croatia 75,732 65,886 Slovenia 74,096 65,754 Germany 63,935 60,886 Greece 61,749 43,869 Macedonia 55,263 43,404 Romania 53,053 44,225 Total 1,281,426 1,132,221 See also ( edit ) Serbia portal Visa requirements for Serbian citizens Visa policy in the European Union Visa policy of Kosovo References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Visa regime that the Republic of Serbia applies to foreign citizens '' . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers Dacic and Ljajic on visa liberalization as an incentive for investment '' . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Serbia : Visa liberalisation process to start for ten countries Jump up ^ http://www.telegraf.rs/english/1595110-visa-liberalization-continues Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://mfa.rs/en/consular-news-from-front-page/115-consular-news/17006-decision-on-visa-exemption-for-the-nationals-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-holders-of-ordinary-passports Jump up ^ `` Visa '' . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Serbia abolishes visas for Indian nationals holding ordinary passport Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ Previous visa - free agreement under different terms were applied in period 1965 ( on duty ) , 1967 ( for tourism ) - 1990 as Yugoslavia and 1990 - 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ ( 19 ) Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ ( 21 ) Jump up ^ ( 22 ) Jump up ^ ( 23 ) Jump up ^ ( 24 ) Jump up ^ ( 25 ) Jump up ^ ( 26 ) Jump up ^ ( 27 ) Jump up ^ ( 28 ) Jump up ^ ( 29 ) Jump up ^ ( 30 ) Jump up ^ ( 31 ) Jump up ^ ( 32 ) Jump up ^ ( 33 ) Jump up ^ ( 34 ) Jump up ^ ( 35 ) Jump up ^ http://mfa.rs/en/consular-news-from-front-page/115-consular-news/17006-decision-on-visa-exemption-for-the-nationals-of-the-republic-of-indonesia-holders-of-ordinary-passports Jump up ^ ( 36 ) Jump up ^ ( 37 ) Jump up ^ ( 38 ) Jump up ^ ( 39 ) Jump up ^ ( 40 ) Jump up ^ ( 41 ) Jump up ^ ( 42 ) Jump up ^ ( 43 ) Jump up ^ ( 44 ) Jump up ^ ( 45 ) Jump up ^ ( 46 ) Jump up ^ ( 47 ) Jump up ^ ( 48 ) Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Serbia in the Portuguese Republic '' . Lisbon.mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consular countries '' . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 49 ) Jump up ^ Serbia , Iraq liberalize visas , establish political communication Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/consular-affairs/entry-serbia/entering-serbia-requirements . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.mfa.gov.rs/en/consular-affairs/entry-serbia/visa-requirements . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Visa Application '' ( PDF ) . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visa Application '' ( PDF ) . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visa Application Form '' ( PDF ) . Mfa.gov.rs . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terms for issuance of authorization for temporary stay '' . Mup.gov.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent stay '' . Mup.gov.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Odeljenje za strance '' . Mup.gov.rs. 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Boravak I Nastanjenje Stranca '' . Mup.gov.rs . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Albanci hoće srpski pasoš - Glas javnosti '' . Glas-javnosti.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo Info Web Portal '' . Ian.org.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UN Mission in Kosovopublisher = Unmikonline.org '' . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Srbija ne priznaje kosovske pasoše '' . Politika.rs . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` B92 - News - UNMIK to stop issuing passports '' . B92 . Retrieved 20 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Foreign tourist arrivals by countries 2016 Jump up ^ Foreign tourist arrivals by countries 2015 External links ( edit ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia ( in English ) ( in Serbian ) Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Visa policies and requirements in the European Union Schengen Area Common Travel Area Special territories Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Policy / Requirements Overseas Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories Visa policy of the French overseas departments and territories Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Candidates Albania Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Serbia&oldid=805125689 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Serbia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Incomplete lists from September 2017 Articles with Serbian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 06 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20policy%20of%20Serbia
| 65,917 |
|
who is nick with on young and the restless
|
Nicholas Newman
|
nicholas newman
|
Nicholas Newman is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . Created and introduced by William J. Bell , he was born onscreen in 1988 as the second child of supercouple characters Victor and Nikki Newman . Portrayed by a set of twins and later two child actors for his first six - year period , the writers of the series decided to rapidly age the character to a teenager in the summer of 1994 . That June , Joshua Morrow began portraying Nick , and has remained in the role to present time . The character was reintroduced with the purpose of developing a relationship with another character , Sharon Collins , who was introduced around the same story arc . The pairing , which yielded three children , Cassie , Noah and Faith Newman , proved popular with viewers . They are regarded as a prominent supercouple by the soap opera media .
|
In 2005 , the character underwent a dramatic change in storyline when the role of Nick and Sharon 's fourteen - year - old daughter Cassie was killed off after a car accident . This led Nick to seek comfort in the arms of another woman , Phyllis Summers , which resulted in an affair . Phyllis became pregnant with Nick 's child , Summer Newman . Nick divorced Sharon and married Phyllis the following year . For years , however , Nick battled between his ongoing feelings with Sharon and Phyllis . His other storylines have included trying to seek independence away from his powerful father as well as multiple other relationships . In 2013 , a storyline regarding Summer 's paternity was visited , centered on speculation that she is actually the daughter of Jack Abbott , Phyllis ' ex-husband . Morrow regards Nick as a `` good dude '' who has a `` fiery '' protective personality , which has developed into a `` more mature '' persona as the character grew . Nick and Morrow gained a significant amount of crazed fan attention and popularity during the late 1990s , considered a long - time fan favorite by TV Guide . The pairing of Nick and Sharon has been met with notable success , listed as one of the genre 's best supercouples by The Huffington Post and SoapNet , among other sources . Morrow 's performance has been met with critical acclaim , having garnered him the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series nomination consecutively from 1996 to 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Nick and Sharon 2.3 Cassie 's death and affair with Phyllis 2.4 Summer 's paternity 3 Storylines 4 Reception 5 Notes and references 6 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) Created and introduced by William J. Bell , the role of Nicholas Newman was born onscreen during the episode dated December 31 , 1988 . The character was portrayed by infant twins Marco and Stefan Flores in 1989 , while child actor Griffin Ledner took over the following year , departing in January 1991 . Child actor John Alden played the role of Nick from 1991 to 1994 . On June 21 , 1994 , the producers of the series decided to rapidly age Nick to a teenager ; ending speculation that another teenage child of Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) would be introduced to the soap opera . The character 's return as a teenager was written as him returning from boarding school after a long duration . Since then , the role has been portrayed by actor Joshua Morrow . Morrow had previously auditioned for the role of `` Dylan '' on another CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful , making it to the final two casting options , but lost the role to Dylan Neal . The network later requested him to read for the part of Nick , which he won . Morrow , who worked in a restaurant prior to debuting on The Young and the Restless , considered his change in profession a `` quantum leap in careers '' . He said that accepting the role was `` a very easy decision '' considering how popular the show was . The Record newspaper described the role as being `` tailor - made '' for Morrow . In 2002 , Morrow signed a new contract with the soap opera that would ensure his portrayal of the role for an additional five years . His contract was considered `` record - breaking '' at the time , as no soap opera contract had exceeded four years prior to this . Upon his contract 's expiration in 2007 , Morrow agreed to an additional five years with The Young and the Restless . He stated he was `` happy to know '' where he was going to be for the next five years , as well as expressing gratitude towards the soap opera for accommodating his living conditions and schedule . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) `` Nick is ready to assume this role in life which can only be achieved by when your father is out of your way . So , I guess those would be three of the top reasons Nick would want to ' stick it ' to Victor '' . Morrow , on Nick suing his father ( 2011 ) Nick is described by the soap opera 's official website as often thinking `` with his heart instead of his head '' . When the teenaged version of Nick debuted on the series in 1994 , he was characterized as a `` frisky '' 16 - year - old `` rich - kid '' , with Morrow being able to `` kick back and relax in typical teenager attire -- jeans , tees , etc '' . Morrow said `` Nick 's eager and fun - loving ... and that 's fun to play '' . Nick also has an `` eye for the ladies '' . In 1999 , Morrow told soap magazine Soap Opera Digest that Nick has a `` fiery personality '' , and `` if you attack him , he 's going to fight back '' . Morrow has insisted that he is not concerned about viewer backlash towards Nick , having stated : `` My job is not to be palatable to the audience . I want to tell a convincing story . I have never been a man in love with two women . I can only imagine what that must be like . '' The actor felt that if he needed to `` look like an ass and a bad guy '' to keep people interested in his portrayal , `` so be it '' . He told Tommy Garrett of Canyon News : `` I 'd rather be playing an imperfect good guy than a boring one . There is a lot of me in Nick , there is not that big of a stretch for me on a daily basis '' . A controversial storyline occurred in 2011 when alongside his sisters Abby Newman ( Marcy Rylan ) and Victoria Abbott ( Amelia Heinle ) , Nick sued his father . Morrow felt that Nick wants to teach Victor a lesson , hoping he will `` appreciate his children more '' . He also stated Nick wants to get respect , as he is n't `` this young and impressionable boy who looks at his father in this hero light anymore . '' By the following year , Morrow opined that Nick is now `` more mature '' with his decision - making , and that `` He 's got a very practical view of the world , and I like that he 's kind of become a steady character on the show '' . He stated that although the part is n't as `` splashy or flashy '' as Adam Newman ( Michael Muhney ) , Nick 's onscreen brother , he `` really '' likes Nick because `` he 's a good dude '' and a `` very supportive '' person . Nick and Sharon ( edit ) Main article : Nick and Sharon Joshua Morrow and Sharon Case ( pictured in 2013 ) portray Nick and Sharon . Since 1994 , Nick , whose love life according to Morrow is `` messy and convoluted '' , has been romantically linked to his high - school sweetheart Sharon Collins ( Sharon Case ) . As teenagers , they dream of eloping , and face major hurdles when Sharon 's ex-boyfriend Matt Clark ( Eddie Cibrian ) exposes Sharon 's teenaged motherhood ( when she gave her baby , fathered by her former boyfriend in Madison , up for adoption ) . Nick , believing Sharon is a virgin , briefly breaks up with her but they reunite . With Matt behind them , they marry in February 1996 and have their first child -- Noah ( Robert Adamson ) -- in 1997 , the year Sharon is reunited with her daughter Cassie ( Camryn Grimes ) . Sharon 's best friend Grace Turner ( Jennifer Gareis ) seduces Nick , triggering another breakup ; Sharon and Nick reunite during a custody battle for Cassie . Of their highly anticipated reunion , former head writer Kay Alden noted that during the previous several months `` there 's been a lot of stop - and - go '' and `` mixed messages '' between the couple , but their feelings were `` definitely clear '' again ; Morrow felt that Nick loved Cassie as much as he loves Noah . However , in 2002 , Sharon has an affair with Diego Guittierez ( Greg Vaughan ) , causing additional martial struggles for the pair . In May 2005 , 14 - year - old Cassie is killed in a car accident . Nick becomes distant from Sharon , and cheats on her with Phyllis Summers ( Michelle Stafford ) . The marriage ends the following year ; Nick marries a pregnant Phyllis , who gives birth to their daughter , Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) . Despite his marriage to Phyllis , Nick remains in love with Sharon , causing the love triangle between Nick , Sharon and Phyllis to reemerge in 2009 . Nick became unable to forget Sharon , who began unraveling in her own life after a recent divorce . Morrow said Sharon `` seems kind of vulnerable and susceptible to people saying things about her . So , Nick feels he has to protect her . '' However , this came at the expense of his marriage to Phyllis which began falling apart . In January 2009 , Nick and Sharon reunite at the Abbott cabin , an affair `` much anticipated '' by viewers . According to Case , Sharon wanted Nick `` more than anyone '' but only if he left Phyllis ; Morrow told TV Guide that although the reunion was `` messy '' , fans `` wanted this for a long time '' , sure that they would become a solid couple again . After another one - night stand Sharon becomes pregnant , briefly lying that Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) -- Sharon 's ex-husband -- is the baby 's father when Summer becomes ill and Phyllis needs Nick . Nick soon finds out , but their daughter Faith is kidnapped at birth by Nick 's brother , Adam Newman ( Michael Muhney ) , and given to Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) . Sharon , believing Faith has died , seduces a guilty Adam . Faith is eventually reunited with her parents , and Adam 's crimes are revealed . Nick and Sharon are briefly engaged in November 2010 , but they break up when she sleeps with Adam and their relationship becomes bitter . Although Case and Morrow believe the couple wo n't `` ever be over '' and `` belong together '' , they are not currently together and may not reunite `` anytime soon '' . Cassie 's death and affair with Phyllis ( edit ) In 2005 , former `` good - girl '' Cassie becomes a rebellious teenager ; Nick and Sharon have a difficult time dealing with her . Cassie has a crush on bad - boy Daniel Romalotti ( Michael Graziadei ) , who is dating Lily Winters ( Christel Khalil ) . One night , against her parents ' wishes she sneaks out to a party . In a ploy to impress a drunken Daniel she attempts to drive him home , despite being underage . The car crashes , leaving them with no memory of the accident . Daniel is thought to have been driving , and is blamed for the accident . A weakened Cassie escapes from the hospital to find Daniel and tell him she was driving ; she is returned to the hospital . During the episode dated May 24 , Cassie dies with Nick and Sharon at her side . Grimes said she did not think Cassie would die , but if it was `` meant to happen , it 's meant to happen '' . The actress found filming her last scenes with Case and Morrow `` ridiculously hard '' . Daniel is cleared of all charges and Nick and Sharon begin Cassie 's Foundation , a movement to prevent teenage drinking and driving . Following her death , the strong relationship between Nick and Sharon changes forever . Weighing in on the `` groundbreaking '' and `` shocking '' plot , Morrow stated , `` As a person who watched Camryn grow up , I was devastated and it was not that difficult to use those feelings in the scenes we had to play . But as an actor , I have to commend our producer and writers at that time because it gave the show a huge new storyline that years later we are still playing out '' . He felt that losing a child gave Nick `` an edge and a change '' that affected him deeply . In 2012 , during a court battle over Newman Enterprises ( the family company ) , Nick tells a judge that Sharon 's mental problems date to Cassie 's death . Luke Kerr of Zap2it referred to this as playing the `` Cassie card '' . Michelle Stafford portrayed Phyllis Summers , whom Nick has an affair with following the death of Cassie , which resulted in the birth of Summer Newman . Nick uses an affair with workmate Phyllis Summers ( Michelle Stafford ) to numb his emotions after Cassie 's tragic death . Phyllis and Nick go their separate ways as he reunites with Sharon , although he marries Phyllis when she becomes pregnant with his child . Their daughter , Summer Newman , is born in December 2006 . Their three - year marriage eventually succumbs to Nick 's ongoing feelings for Sharon , which resulted in an affair and the birth of their daughter , Faith . Nick divorces Phyllis in 2010 . They briefly reunite and remarry in 2012 , although it ends because of Phyllis ' adultery and lies . Morrow stated that `` not many husbands would put up with what he has '' in his marriages to Phyllis . Summer 's paternity ( edit ) For years , it has been speculated that Summer was fathered by Jack , not Nick . When asked about this in 2010 , Morrow stated : `` The way Nick and Summer bond ... Well , it 'll be tough if he reveals he 's not her dad now . But I 'm a betting man and I 'll bet anything that she 's Jack 's baby '' . In 2013 , eighteen - year - old Summer ( Hunter King ) is intent on losing her virginity , and develops an interest for Jack Abbott 's son Kyle Abbott ( Blake Hood ) . Responding to this , head writer Josh Griffith stated that they were `` looking at the possibility of anything '' . A poll run by Daytime Confidential revealed that most audiences believe Summer is the daughter of Jack , with 79 % of votes . In May 2013 , Morrow spoke with Michael Logan of TV Guide , revealing that the question of Summer 's paternity would be visited , as Nick 's `` game - changing deception '' would be uncovered . It later revealed onscreen that Summer may in fact not be his daughter ; the paternity results read only by Nick years ago were inconclusive . Logan called it `` messy development '' , stating that his character may be `` trashed forever '' . According to Morrow , after Cassie 's death , Nick withheld the fact that the results were corrupted because `` he just could n't bear the thought of losing Summer , too '' , but called it `` out of character '' . `` But now he 's freaking out because there 's a good likelihood that Summer and Kyle are brother and sister , '' he stated . Nick later secretly does another test using hair from Summer 's hairbrush , which comes back conclusive . Later that May , Morrow stated during an interview with TV Buzz that Nick would be devastated by the paternity test outcome ; confirming that Summer is in fact Jack 's daughter . He stated that Nick is `` terrified '' of the potential repercussions and the reactions , from Jack , Sharon , Noah , and most importantly Summer . However , months later it was revealed that the paternity test results were actually switched by Nick 's ex-wife Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) , while she was off her bipolar medication , in a ploy to win Nick back , meaning that he is in fact Summer 's biological father after all . Sharon 's secret has yet to be revealed . Speaking of the forthcoming reveal , King stated , `` I 'm very curious as to how they 're going to play it out with Summer . I 'm sure she 's still going to have the close bond that she now has with Jack . '' Storylines ( edit ) Business tycoon Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) and his socialite wife Nikki Newman 's ( Melody Thomas Scott ) marriage deteriorates and they decide to divorce . However , they end up conceiving a child . A son , Nicholas , is born on New Year 's Eve of 1988 . Nick grows up with two prominent men in his life , his father and stepfather Jack Abbott ( Peter Bergman ) . Much like his older sister Victoria Newman ( Amelia Heinle ) , Nick is sent to boarding school at a young age . In 1994 , Nick returns to Genoa City , a typical sixteen - year - old teenager . He briefly dates Amy Wilson ( Julianne Morris ) , but soon falls for her best friend , new resident Sharon Collins ( Sharon Case ) . Nick and Sharon fall deeply in love , as she earns Victor 's love and trust . However , Nikki is outraged , as she thinks Sharon , who is struggling financially , happens to be using Nick to get to the Newman fortune . Nonetheless , the relationship continues to blossom . Nick believes that Sharon is a virgin and agrees to wait for her , however , her ex-boyfriend Matt Clark shows up in town to expose Sharon 's secret . It is revealed that Sharon gave birth to a daughter at age sixteen , which she gave up for adoption . Nick and Sharon briefly split because of this , but soon reunite . They continue to face problems , such as Sharon being raped by Matt . When Matt is nearly shot to death , Nick becomes the main suspect and is sent to jail . He eventually returns home and marries Sharon . She quickly becomes insecure in her marriage and stops using birth control , which results in a pregnancy . Months later , a premature son , Noah Newman , is welcomed . When it is feared that Noah would die at birth , Sharon 's best friend , Grace Turner , tracks down her long - lost daughter , Cassie . However , when Noah lives , Grace attempts to keep Cassie as her own , but soon relinquishes her back to Sharon . Nick develops a bond with Cassie and becomes her father figure . Sharon and Nick 's marriage weakens for months after he cheats on her with a manipulative Grace . However , they soon reunite during a custody battle over Cassie , where they are pronounced her official parents . Matt returns to Genoa City with a reconstructed face , rapes Sharon once more , and is eventually captured . When Sharon ends up pregnant , it is unknown who the father is : Nick or Matt . An argument with Nick causes Sharon to give birth to a stillborn daughter , which is revealed to be Nick 's following her death . Nick and Sharon 's marriage weakens further when they both cheat on each other once more , Nick with Grace and Sharon with the Newman stableman Diego Guittierez ( Greg Vaughan ) . Nick tries to forgive her , but when he witnesses Sharon and Victor kissing , things become harder to mend than ever . Sharon later runs away from town , depressed . When she returns , Nick accepts her and they reunite . However , a man named Cameron Kirsten ( Linden Ashby ) who physically abused her ( after having an affair with her ) followed Sharon to Genoa City , wanting to bed her again . Eventually , Cameron 's schemes are foiled and Sharon and Nick return to their normal life at last . In 2005 , a fourteen - year - old rebellious Cassie is killed in a car accident . Nick closes off his emotions and cheats on Sharon with his Newman Enterprises work friend Phyllis Summers . Phyllis ends up pregnant , with Jack or Nick as possible fathers . The original DNA test to determine the child 's paternity returns inconclusive , but the thought of losing another child leads Nick into lying , and claiming that he is Summer 's father . Nick and Sharon divorce after an eleven - year marriage and he marries Phyllis instead . Their daughter , Summer Newman , is born . Sharon also moves on with her life , marrying Jack , which makes Nick feel uncomfortable . In 2007 , Nick 's flight on the Newman jet crashes and a body is never recovered ; he is presumed dead , devastating his family and Sharon . Six months after being presumed dead , Nick is revealed to be alive , living with amnesia . Upon his return to Genoa City , he believes that Cassie is alive and that he is still married to Sharon and kisses her , intent on winning her back . However , soon his memory returns , and he reunites with Phyllis and Summer . Jack , Phyllis , Nick and Sharon soon start a business venture , creating a new magazine entitled Restless Style . However , the four constantly clash , and Jack and Sharon are driven out of the company . However , Nick and Sharon grow closer . While in Paris searching for a teenage Noah , Nick and Sharon share a kiss on the bridge , which is witnessed by Phyllis . Back in Genoa City , Nick and Sharon are snowed in at the Abbott cabin and end up making love . Their emotional affair continues , and they sleep together a second time three months later . This results in Sharon 's pregnancy . She gives birth to Faith Newman in September 2009 . She is stolen by Nick 's brother Adam Newman at birth , presumed dead for months . Faith is eventually returned to her parents , after Sharon developed a relationship and married a manipulative Adam , unaware of his actions . Nick 's marriage to Phyllis is over by this point . Nick and Sharon grow closer co-parenting Faith and eventually reunite . However , it is short - lived when she sleeps with Adam , unable to shake her deep - rooted feelings for him . Nick , disgusted with her actions , takes full custody of Faith from her when Sharon is unjustly arrested for murder , but continues to support her . Sharon is sentenced to life in prison and skips town , leaving everyone to believe she is dead . Nick begins a relationship with Diane Jenkins ( Maura West ) , who is also developing a courtship with his father , Victor , at the same time . Diane is killed by Nikki in self - defense . Sharon returns and is freed with the help of lawyer Avery Bailey Clark ( Jessica Collins ) . Nick has a short affair with Avery , until he returns to Phyllis . Phyllis becomes pregnant once more , but soon miscarries the child . Nonetheless , Nick still marries her . However , the marriage is short - lived , ending just months later , with Nick moving on to a relationship with Avery . Nick begins a new phase in his life . He decides to end his career as a businessman at Newman Enterprises and open up a club , which he names The Underground . When Summer finds herself attracted to Jack 's son Kyle Abbott ( Blake Hood ) , Nick panics , knowing that Summer may become involved with her biological brother . He has another DNA test performed , which appears to confirm that Nick is not Summer 's biological father . However , in reality , Sharon ( who has stopped taking medication to treat her bipolar disorder ) , altered the results in an attempt to get Nick to return to her . Nick confesses to Summer that Jack is her father . Sharon 's attempts fail , and Nick and Avery become engaged ; Avery misses the wedding after tending to her mentally distraught ex-boyfriend Dylan McAvoy ( Steve Burton ) , and the relationship ends . Nick grows closer with Sharon , who continues to withhold the truth . Sharon 's memories of changing the DNA results are wiped out after she undergoes electroconvulsive therapy to get rid of her `` visions '' of Cassie 's ghost , which in actuality is Mariah Copeland ( Camryn Grimes ) , a Cassie lookalike hired by Victor to haunt Sharon . Reception ( edit ) TV Guide noted Morrow to be one of the soap opera 's longtime fan favorites . In his early years , The Chicago Tribune described the character as a `` heartthrob '' . Also during his early tenure on the series , Liz Wilson of The Record wrote that Morrow is a `` soap opera hunk '' , noting his large group of `` mostly young female fans '' . In July 1995 , more than 12,000 fans of the show attended a `` Men of Y&R '' event , which also featured fellow actors Eddie Cibrian , Shemar Moore and Don Diamont . The event organizer stated that it was a `` mob scene '' , as over 6,000 fans turned up to meet each actor . According to The Augusta Chronicle , by 1999 , `` Wedding proposals , prom invitations and underwear - tossing fans are a part of everyday life for soap opera star Joshua Morrow '' , noting his fans to be `` trembling '' and `` starry - eyed '' in his presence . Nancy Dehart of The Spectator noted that his `` mostly female '' fans `` even seemed to know more about his soap opera life than he did '' , quoting a fan exclaiming , `` He 's so sexy , I 've got 100 pictures of him at home on my walls , '' at another event . Morrow revealed that his fans commonly refer to him as Nick , not Joshua , stating : `` Fans see me everyday as Nick Newman , so I do n't fault them for calling me that ( ... ) It 's important that they do realize it 's pretend , though '' . Michael Fairman of On - Air On - Soaps describes the character of Nick to be `` not - so - upstanding '' , however has lauded Morrow as `` one of the most underrated actors in daytime , who delivers real and honest performances day after day , no matter what the material '' . Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that Nick is `` smooth , suave and did we mention rich ? '' , naming him the `` Newman prince '' . Tommy Garrett of the website Highlight Hollywood has often lauded Morrow 's acting . Garrett stated that he `` makes perfect choice daily as an actor '' and is `` solid as a rock from outer space '' who `` continues to shine '' on screen . In a separate article , Garrett referred to Nick as someone who is occasionally `` out of control '' and `` fights for what he wants '' , stating that `` Morrow is the man in control '' of his storyline , naming him `` even more talented than any of daytime TV 's actors '' . The supercouple pairing of Nick and Sharon has been met with notable popularity among viewers as well as critics . SoapNet placed them on a list of `` Best of 2000s Decade : Couples '' , stating : `` ... They 've been apart since the death of their daughter , Cassie , but we all know that they belong together '' . On a list of `` Greatest Soap Opera Supercouples '' by Kim Potts of The Huffington Post , Nick and Sharon were placed 16th . They are referred to by fans as `` Shick '' , a combination of Sharon and Nick 's names . The couple 's onscreen reunion in 2009 allowed the show 's Nielsen Ratings to rise by an average of 447,000 , capitalizing on their popularity . Nick 's relationship with Phyllis has also gained a fan following , who refer to them as `` Phick '' . Morrow 's performance earned him five Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Younger Actor consecutively from 1996 to 2000 . However , the actor has won two Soap Opera Digest Awards , one for `` Outstanding Younger Newcomer '' in 1996 and another for `` Outstanding Hero '' in 2001 . Amid critical praise for Cassie 's storyline in 2005 , Dan J. Kroll of the website Soap Central noted that it had `` widely been expected '' that Morrow and Case would receive nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress and Actor at the 33rd Daytime Emmy Awards ; however , they were not . Despite this , Grimes was nominated for the Outstanding Younger Actress award . The paternity reveal in which Summer was revealed to be Jack 's daughter was met with a negative response . Sara Bibel of the website Xfinity praised the acting performances delivered , but panned the writing as it `` fell flat '' . Bibel wrote : `` When a secret like this is released into the soap wild , its consequences should ricochet through the town . But this time the impact is minimal '' . Jamey Giddens of Zap2it stated that it was `` sad to see a storyline that started with such huge , game - changing potential devolve into a head - scratching stink bomb '' . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ The second marriage between Nick and Sharon took place from 1995 -- 96 , and the couple re-married in 1996 until their divorced in 2007 . However , they were married consecutively from 1995 -- 2007 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . December 31 , 1988 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicholas Newman Played by Joshua Morrow on The Young and the Restless - Soaps.com '' . She Knows Soaps . She Knows Entertainment . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` SSN '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( March 30 , 1996 ) . `` You Win ! No Third Son for Victor ! '' . Sun - Sentinel . Fort Lauderdale : Tribune Company : 4 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Nicholas Newman '' . Soap Central . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy ( September 2 , 1994 ) . `` Josh Morrow takes ' quantum leap in careers ' '' . Waterloo Region Record . Metroland Media Group : 7 . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( July 2 , 1995 ) . `` Morrow Savors Breakthrough As ` Y&r ' Star '' . Sun - Sentinel . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Novakovich , Lilana ( October 28 , 1994 ) . `` Sunny Josh Morrow steps into a ' tailor - made role ' on Y&R '' . Waterloo Region Record . Metroland Media Group : 8 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( April 21 , 2002 ) . `` Morrow inks `` record - breaking '' deal `` . Soap Central . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` To Morrow more tomorrows with Y&R '' . Soap Central . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Y&R 's Joshua Morrow on Newman vs. Newman verdict & hope for `` Phick '' fans ! `` . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman , Inc . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Newman '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Talking with Y&R 's Joshua and Sharon '' . South Africa : e.tv . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Robert ( June 29 , 1999 ) . `` Sealed with a Kiss ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . pp. 23 -- 25 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Sealed with a Kiss ! '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Joshua Morrow Interview '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Joshua Morrow , Saint Nick Or The Grinch ? Interview '' . Canyon News . Glen Kelly . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McElwain , Julie ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Saint Nick '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . pp. 55 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Updates '' . Star - News . Halifax Media Group . October 1 , 1995 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaking of Soaps : Lorna seeks support on `` Another World '' `` . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . July 1 , 1995 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lynda Hirsch ( Special to the Sun - Sentinel ) ( July 13 , 1995 ) . `` Sally shot ; Luke , Laura reunite '' . ( South Florida Sun - Sentinel Fort Lauderdale ) . p. 4 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mary Ann Cooper ( July 11 , 1998 ) . `` Speaking Of Soaps '' . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mary Ann Cooper ( October 17 , 1998 ) . `` Speaking Of Soaps '' . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soaps : A synopsis of this weeks afternoon dramas '' . The Item . Osteen Publishing Co . March 30 , 2002 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` The stories , the stars , and the big blunders that shaped one fantastic year ! '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hinsey , Carolyn ( daily news staff writer ) . `` Sharon kissed in the Nick of time on ' Young & the Restless ' '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 22 , 2011 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` b '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hinsey , Carolyn . `` ' Y&R 's ' Phyllis does n't like Sharon her man '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Hinsey ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Phyllis writes off Sharon on ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bowe , Jillian ( January 20 , 2009 ) . `` Shick Does the Sheet Shimmy on The Young and the Restless '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2009 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2010 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Young and Restless Recaps -- Y&R Week of December 6 , 2010 '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kontranowski , Liberty . `` Y&R Do You Remember ? : Cassie Newman 's Death '' . About.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candace , Young ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` The Young and the Restless : Soaps.com Catches Up with Camryn Grimes ! - The Young and the Restless News - Soaps.com '' . She Knows Soaps . She Knows Entertainment . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2005 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Tommy ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive Interview , Joshua Morrow '' . Canyon News . Glen Kelly . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Plays the Cassie Card on Y&R ; GH 's One Percent Club Tries to Save Port Charles '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Catch Up on What You Missed : 2006 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Entertainment Television . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scopin ' the soaps ( Detroit Free Dress News ) '' . Detroit Free Press . ( Gannett Company ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Opera Review '' . telegram.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers : Tragedy Strikes on Phick 's Wedding Day ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Is Summer a Newman or an Abbott on The Young and the Restless ? '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Y&R 's Joshua Morrow on if Summer is really Nick 's or Jack 's ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Young and Restless ' Joshua Morrow Speaks Out on Nick 's Game - Changing Deception ! '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : The Young and the Restless ' Joshua Morrow Talks About Nick 's Shocking Daddy Issues '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnert , Deanna ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Q&A : Joshua Morrow talks ' Young and the Restless ' '' . TV Buzz . MSN TV . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Sharon Case Interview -- The Young and the Restless '' . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Paulette . `` Y&R 's Hunter King Dishes on Summer Newman , the Big Reveal , and More ! : Hunter King Talks About Landing the Role of Summer , Who Helped , and What 's Next '' . http://soaps.about.com/ . About.com . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Forman , Ross ( November 20 , 1997 ) . `` Autograph Hound Soap Actor Joshua Morrow Goes After Sports Stars With a Passion '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company : 9 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Liz ( July 8 , 1996 ) . `` Return of blues great , reunion make for enjoyable weekend '' . Waterloo Region Record . Metroland Media Group . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Kathleen ( July 23 , 1995 ) . `` Y&R heart - throbs stir up thousands of screaming fans '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group : 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Soap star greeted by fans '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Morris Communications . May 16 , 1999 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dehart , Nancy ( September 30 , 1996 ) . `` Fans in a lather over teen soap star : Hundreds of Young and Restless fans invaded the Eaton Centre to see and meet star Joshua Morrow '' . The Spectator . Press Holdings : 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Randy Nick Newman is Back on The Hunt on Young and Restless '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` Highlight Hollywood Leading Men Gold Standard '' . Highlight Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( February 16 , 2013 ) . `` Highlight Hollywood 's Leading Men Gold Standard Are Andrew Lincoln And Joshua Morrow , Solid Performers Dealing With High Drama '' . Highlight Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Decade : Couples '' . SoapNet . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim Potts ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Greatest Soap Opera Supercouples '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Y&R 's Sharon Case Interview : `` Shadam '' , `` Sham '' , `` Shick '' & more ! `` . On - Air On - Soaps . Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why `` Y&R '' is So Hot Right Now `` . SoapNet . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Spoilers : Nick And Phyllis Make Love ! '' . Zap2it ( Tribune Media Services ) . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( April 5 , 1996 ) . `` ' Y&R ' leads Emmy nominations '' . Observer -- Reporter . Observer Publishing Company . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 11 , 1998 ) . `` ABC tops Emmy noms '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominees List 1 '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . March 11 , 1999 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Havens , Candace ( May 12 , 2000 ) . `` Lead actress Emmy race too close to call '' . The Union Democrat . Western Communications . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Tommy ( August 16 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Star Joshua Morrow 's Summer Vacation '' . Canyon News . Glen Kelly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Kroll , Dan ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` CBS Dominates Emmy Nominations ; Y&R Tops Overall , GL Tops Acting Noms '' . Soap Central . soapcentral.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' The Young and the Restless ' Paternity Saga Falls Flat '' . Xfinity . Comcast . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Can Stafford and Bergman Keep Y&R 's Paternity Pooper From Being Flushed ? '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Nicholas Newman profile at Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Newman family on The Young and the Restless Main characters : Victor Newman Matt Miller Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Adam Newman Abby Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Reed Hellstrom Faith Newman Johnny Abbott Connor Newman Katie Newman Spouses : Nikki Newman Chelsea Lawson Stitch Rayburn Former : Julia Newman Ashley Abbott Ryan McNeil Cole Howard J.T. Hellstrom Billy Abbott Sharon Newman Phyllis Summers Deceased : Albert Miller Cora Miller Cassie Newman Hope Adams Diane Jenkins Sabrina Costelana Brad Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Newman&oldid=843037029 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional characters introduced in 1988 Fictional business executives Fictional socialites Fictional journalists and media people Fictional businesspeople Fictional bartenders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Română Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 12 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Newman
| 107,702 |
||
when is california high speed rail completion date
|
The CAHSRA was established by an act of the California State Legislature and tasked with presenting a high - speed rail plan to the voters . This plan , Proposition 1A , was presented to and approved by voters in 2008 and included a $9 - billion bond to begin construction on the initial leg of the network . Construction began in 2015 after a groundbreaking ceremony in Fresno . Completion of the initial operating segment between San Jose Diridon Station and Bakersfield is expected in 2027 , and the complete first phase between San Francisco and Anaheim is expected in 2033 . Phase 2 extensions to Sacramento and San Diego are still in the planning stages .
|
California High - Speed Rail
|
california high - speed rail
|
California High - Speed Rail Overview Owner California High - Speed Rail Authority Area served San Francisco Bay Area San Joaquin Valley Southern California Locale California , United States Transit type High - speed rail Number of stations 24 ( total proposed ) Chief executive Brian P. Kelly Website www.hsr.ca.gov Operation Operator ( s ) DB International USA Technical System length c. 520 ( Phase 1 ) 800 + mi ( 1,300 + km ) ( proposed including Phase 2 ) No. of tracks 2 ( 4 in stations ) Track gauge 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge Electrification 25 k V 60 Hz AC overhead line Top speed 220 mph ( 350 km / h ) maximum 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) San Francisco -- San Jose 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) Los Angeles -- Anaheim show System map Legend Sacramento Stockton Modesto Phase 2 Phase 1 San Francisco Downtown Rail Extension Brisbane Light Maintenance Facility Millbrae San Jose IOS Gilroy IOS Pacheco Pass Tunnel Merced IOS Chowchilla wye Madera Fresno River Viaduct San Joaquin River Viaduct Fresno IOS Kings River Viaduct Kings -- Tulare IOS Wasco temporary Kern River Crossing Bakersfield Tehachapi Pass Palmdale San Gabriel Mountains Burbank Los Angeles Norwalk optional Fullerton optional Anaheim Phase 1 Phase 2 El Monte Transit Center option Covina option Pomona option Montclair San Bernardino Moreno Valley / March ARB option Corona option Murrieta option Escondido San Diego Int'l Airport IOS = Initial Operating Segment This diagram : view talk edit California High - Speed Rail ( abbreviated CAHSR or CHSR ) is a high - speed rail system under construction in California in the United States . It is projected to connect the Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center in Anaheim and Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles with the Transbay Transit Center in San Francisco via the Central Valley , providing a one - seat ride between Union Station and San Francisco in 2 hours and 40 minutes . Future extensions are planned to connect to stations to San Diego County via the Inland Empire , and to Sacramento . CAHSR plans to operate on dedicated , grade - separated tracks for the entirety of its route between San Jose and Burbank with speeds of up to 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) , with early ridership projections for the San Francisco to Los Angeles leg at 28.4 million per year . The San Francisco -- San Jose and Los Angeles -- Anaheim sections will be shared with local trains in a `` blended system '' . The project is owned and managed by the state of California through the California High - Speed Rail Authority ( CAHSRA ) . The CAHSRA was established by an act of the California State Legislature and tasked with presenting a high - speed rail plan to the voters . This plan , Proposition 1A , was presented to and approved by voters in 2008 and included a $9 - billion bond to begin construction on the initial leg of the network . Construction began in 2015 after a groundbreaking ceremony in Fresno . Completion of the initial operating segment between San Jose Diridon Station and Bakersfield is expected in 2027 , and the complete first phase between San Francisco and Anaheim is expected in 2033 . Phase 2 extensions to Sacramento and San Diego are still in the planning stages . Contents 1 Route and stations 1.1 Phase 1 1.2 Phase 2 2 History 2.1 Legislative 2.2 Legal 2.3 Construction 3 Speed requirements 4 Rolling stock 4.1 Acquisition 4.2 Specifications 5 Operations 6 Economic projections 6.1 Statewide economic growth and job creation 6.2 Environmental benefits 6.3 Regional benefits 6.4 Ridership and revenue concerns 6.5 Project budget concerns 7 Public opinion and peer review 7.1 Peer Review Group 7.2 Professional studies 7.3 Think tank studies 7.4 Public opinion surveys 8 Related projects 8.1 XpressWest connection to Las Vegas 8.2 Alternative infrastructure proposals 9 Further reading 10 References 11 External links Route and stations ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) San Francisco Millbrae -- SFO San Jose Gilroy Merced Madera Fresno Kings -- Tulare Bakersfield Palmdale Burbank Los Angeles Norwalk / Fullerton Anaheim SGV Montclair San Bernardino Riverside Murrieta Escondido San Diego Modesto Stockton Sacramento Victorville Las Vegas Locations of planned California High - Speed Rail route and stations . Phase I : black ; Phase II : teal . The separate XpressWest system is shown in cyan . Station and route locations are approximate in some cases . Main article : Route of California High - Speed Rail AB 3034 , the authorizing legislation for Proposition 1A ( which was submitted to the voters and approved ) , specified certain route and travel time requirements . Among these were that the route must link downtown San Francisco with Los Angeles and Anaheim , and link the state 's major population centers together `` including Sacramento , the San Francisco Bay Area , the Central Valley , Los Angeles Basin , the Inland Empire , Orange County , and San Diego . '' The first phase of the project must link San Francisco with Los Angeles and Anaheim . Up to 24 stations were authorized for the completed system . This system is scheduled be built in two phases . Phase 1 is to be about 520 miles ( 840 km ) long , and is planned to be completed in 2029 , connecting the downtowns of San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Anaheim using high - speed rail through the Central Valley . In Phase 2 , the route is planned to be extended in the Central Valley north to Sacramento , and from Los Angeles east through the Inland Empire and then south to San Diego . The total system length will be about 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) . Phase 2 has no dates as of yet . On February 18 , 2016 , the Authority released its 2016 Draft Business Plan , which significantly altered its near - term plans for the system implementation . While construction was always intended to begin in the Central Valley , the Initial Operating Section has always had two options : extend from the Central Valley northward toward the Bay Area ( the IOS - North , San Jose to Bakersfield ) , or southward to Southern California ( IOS - South , Merced to San Fernando Valley ) . In the 2012 and 2014 Business Plans the goal was to implement the IOS - South , but a more recent analysis of the funding available and time necessary to bring an IOS online the Authority is now proposing the IOS - North be implemented instead . This is being called the Silicon Valley to Central Valley Line , and it is expected that sufficient funding will be available to bring this segment online by 2025 . The Authority remains committed to pursue additional funding to complete the Phase 1 system by 2029 . The new business plan also reduces the cost of the system from $67.6 billion to $64.2 billion ( in year - of - expenditure dollars ) for Phase 1 ; this includes a savings of $5.5 billion based on actual experience , improved plans , and other feedback , but also an additional $2.1 billion cost for improvements to the Los Angeles to Anaheim corridor . The 2016 Business Plan estimates the cost to completion of the Silicon Valley to Central Valley line is $20.6 billion ( in year - of - expenditure dollars ) . The public had 60 days ( from February 19 , 2016 ) to submit comments on the Draft 2016 Business Plan to the Authority . It was adopted by the Authority in April , and submitted ( by legal requirement ) to the legislature on May 1 , 2016 . The Initial Construction Segment ( ICS ) of high - speed tracks runs from Merced to Bakersfield in the Central Valley . Simultaneously with the ICS construction , there are `` bookend '' and connectivity investments including electrification of the San Francisco Peninsula Corridor used by Caltrain , improvements to tracks and signaling for both Metrolink in the LA area and Caltrain , and better passenger interconnections for Caltrain , Amtrak , and other Northern California rail lines . Phase 1 ( edit ) All stations in this table represent proposed service . Station names in italics are optional stations that may not be constructed . In most cases existing stations will be re-purposed for HSR service , with the exception of completely new stations at Merced , Fresno , Kings -- Tulare , and Bakersfield . Station Location Status Completion Connecting rail services Connecting bus services Notes Transbay Transit Center San Francisco Under construction , connecting tunnel unfunded 2029 ( IOS ) Caltrain ( BART , E Embarcadero , F Market & Wharves , Muni Metro via pedestrian tunnel ) AC Transit , Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , Blue & Gold Fleet , Golden Gate Ferry , Golden Gate Transit , Greyhound , Paratransit Service , Red & White Fleet , San Francisco Bay Ferry , Muni , Chariot Transit , SamTrans , WestCAT Lynx Site map Existing 4th and King Street Station may be used temporarily Millbrae Intermodal Terminal Millbrae Existing , modifications needed 2029 ( IOS ) BART , Caltrain ( AirTrain ( SFO ) via BART ) SamTrans Site map Diridon Station San Jose Existing , modifications needed 2029 ( IOS ) ACE , BART , Caltrain , Capitol Corridor , Coast Starlight , VTA Light Rail Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , California Shuttle Bus , DASH , Highway 17 Express , Monterey - Salinas Transit , RTD , VTA Site map Gilroy Gilroy Planning agreement in place 2029 ( IOS ) Caltrain Monterey - Salinas Transit , San Benito County Express , VTA Site map Merced Merced Planning agreement in place 2029 ( IOS ) San Joaquin ( train ) YARTS Site map Madera near Madera Acres 2029 ( IOS ) San Joaquin ( train ) Fresno Fresno Planning agreement in place 2029 ( IOS ) San Joaquin ( train ) YARTS , Fresno Area Express Site map Kings -- Tulare Regional Station near Hanford 2029 ( IOS ) Bakersfield Bakersfield Planning agreement in place 2029 ( IOS ) San Joaquin ( train ) Kern Transit Site map Palmdale Transportation Center Palmdale Planning agreement in place 2029 Metrolink , XpressWest ( planned ) Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach , AVTA , Santa Clarita Transit , Greyhound Lines LA County Beach Bus ( summer only ) Hollywood Burbank Airport Burbank Planning agreement in place 2029 Metrolink Metro Burbank Los Angeles ( Union Station ) Los Angeles Existing , modifications needed 2029 Coast Starlight , Metro , Metrolink , Pacific Surfliner , Southwest Chief , Sunset Limited , Texas Eagle Antelope Valley Transit Authority , Big Blue Bus , Citadel Outlets Express , DASH , Dodger Stadium Express , FlyAway , Foothill Transit , Greyhound , Metro , Metro Bus Rapid Transit , OC Bus , Santa Clarita Transit , Torrance Transit Union Station Norwalk -- Santa Fe Springs Norwalk Optional , no decision made 2029 Metrolink , Metro ( planned ) Metro Fullerton Fullerton Optional , no decision made 2029 Metrolink , Pacific Surfliner OC Bus Anaheim ( ARTIC Station ) Anaheim Existing , modifications needed 2029 Metrolink , Pacific Surfliner Greyhound , Metro , OC Bus , ART Images Note : The California High - Speed Rail Authority considered a mid-peninsula station in Redwood City , Mountain View , or Palo Alto , but it was removed from the business plan in May 2016 due to low ridership projections , although the possibility was raised of adding one in the future . Phase 2 ( edit ) As of 2015 , the following stations and options are proposed . Existing train stations , if any , are linked . There is often a choice of alignments , some of which may involve the construction of a new station at a different location . Sacramento extension The 110 - mile ( 180 km ) segment from Merced to Sacramento will be built on dedicated HSR tracks and go to : Modesto Stockton Sacramento Proposals for San Jose -- Oakland and Stockton -- Union City lines have been studied , but are not in the Phase 2 plan which was adopted by voters statewide . San Diego extension The 167 - mile ( 269 km ) segment from Los Angeles to San Diego will be built on dedicated HSR tracks and may run to : East San Gabriel Valley ( El Monte , Covina , or Pomona ) Montclair Rancho Cucamonga or Fontana San Bernardino ( San Bernardino Transit Center , or the San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot ) Riverside Corona Murrieta / Temecula Escondido Transit Center San Diego History ( edit ) Main article : History of California High - Speed Rail Legislative ( edit ) In 1996 the California High - Speed Rail Authority ( CHSRA ) was established to begin formal planning in preparation for a ballot measure in 1998 or 2000 . The CHSRA , a state agency run by a board of governors , is required by law to operate without a subsidy , and to connect the state 's major cities in the Bay Area , Central Valley , and Los Angeles Basin . Phase 2 ( which has no timetable yet ) would extend the system northward through the Central Valley to the Sacramento Valley Station in Sacramento , and southward ( through the Inland Empire ) to the San Diego International Airport in San Diego . In 2008 , California voters approved the issuance of $9 billion in bonds for high speed rail in Proposition 1A , a measure to construct the initial segment of the network . On January 28 , 2010 , the White House announced that California would receive $2.25 billion for California High Speed Rail . Over the course of 2010 and 2011 , the federal government awarded the Authority a further $4 billion in high - speed rail funding . In June 2014 state legislators and Governor Jerry Brown agreed to apportion the state 's annual cap - and - trade funds so that 25 % goes to high speed rail . The state 's Legislative Analyst 's Office estimated that cap - and - trade income in 2015 and 2016 could total $3.7 billion , of which $925 million would be allocated to HSR . The LAO 's predictions were proven incorrect in its own revised report dated May 26 , 2016 , `` State auction revenue will be about $1.8 billion in 2015 - 16 '' due to a weak May 2016 auction . On September 30 , 2015 , the Authority posted the names of 30 large firms who were interested in financing , constructing , and operating the California HSR system ... Proposition 1A and other legislation set certain performance standards for the project : Minimum 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) where conditions permit Maximum travel time between SF and LA not to exceed 2 hr 40 min Financially self - sustaining ( operation and maintenance costs fully covered by revenue ) Legal ( edit ) In 2014 , the CHSRA was challenged on its compliance with its statutory obligations under Proposition 1A ( John Tos , Aaron Fukuda , and the Kings County Board of Supervisors v. California High - Speed Rail Authority ) . The case was split into two parts . The ruling in the first was that the requirements for the financing plan , environmental clearances , and construction plans did not need to be secured for the entire project before construction began , but only for each construction segment . The second part considered three Proposition 1A legal requirements : ( 1 ) Can the train travel from Los Angeles ( Union Station ) to San Francisco ( Transbay Terminal ) in two hours and 40 minutes ? ( 2 ) Will the train require an operational subsidy ? ( 3 ) Does the new `` blended system '' approach meet the definition of high - speed rail in Proposition 1A ? Judge Kenny ruled on March 8 , 2016 , that although serious issues were raised , they are not `` ripe for review '' and that ( because this is `` an ongoing , dynamic , changing project '' ) he noted `` the authority may be able to accomplish these objectives at some point in the future . '' This did not preclude the possibility of future legal action against the Authority on these issues . On December 15 , 2014 , the federal Surface Transportation Board determined ( using well - understood preemption rules ) that its approval of the HSR project in August `` categorically preexempts '' lawsuits filed under the California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) . This determination is still being tested in the California courts in a similar case , Friends of Eel River v. North Coast Railroad Authority . Construction ( edit ) On December 2 , 2010 , the Authority Board of Directors voted to begin construction on the first section of the system from Madera to Fresno . Fresno hosted a groundbreaking ceremony on January 6 , 2015 , to mark the commencement of sustained construction activities . In July 2012 , the California legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown approved construction of the high - speed system . Speed requirements ( edit ) According to Proposition 1A , the train must be electric and capable of a sustained operating speed of no less than 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) . There are also a number of travel time benchmarks . The important benchmarks applicable to Phase 1 of the project are : ( 1 ) a maximum nonstop travel time between San Francisco and San Jose of 30 minutes , and ( 2 ) a maximum nonstop travel time between San Jose and Los Angeles of 2 hours and 10 minutes . ( Thus , a nonstop time from San Francisco to Los Angeles in 2 hours and 40 minutes . ) In addition , the time between successive trains must be less than 5 minutes . Maximum nonstop travel times for each corridor must not exceed the following times , according to Proposition 1A : San Francisco - Los Angeles Union Station : 2 hours , 40 minutes Oakland - Los Angeles Union Station : 2 hours , 40 minutes San Francisco - San Jose : 30 minutes San Jose - Los Angeles : 2 hours , 10 minutes San Diego - Los Angeles : 1 hour , 20 minutes Inland Empire - Los Angeles : 30 minutes Sacramento - Los Angeles : 2 hours , 20 minutes There have been some comments by critics ( such as the Due Diligence Report ( 2008 ) ) that the proposed system will not meet the Proposition 1A requirement of downtown San Francisco to Los Angeles travel time of 2 hours and 40 minutes . The Authority 's plan is close to the requirement , but does push the limits of conventional HSR speed . San Francisco to San Jose nonstop over the blended - system trackage at 102 miles per hour ( 164 km / h ) for ( 51 miles ( 82 km ) ) = 30 min . ( note 30 min. is the maximum allowed ) . San Jose to Los Angeles nonstop at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) for ( 417 miles ( 671 km ) or 437 miles ( 703 km ) ) = 1 hr. 54 min. or 1 hr. 59 min . ( note 2 hr. 10 min. is the maximum allowed ) . Even at a slower 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) the times would be 2 hrs. 5 min. or 2 hrs. 11 min . ( Note : since the final SF - LA route has not been adopted , the route length will be between the two numbers given . ) Both the Due Diligence Report ( 2008 ) and Updated Due Diligence Report ( 2013 ) state that no existing high - speed system currently meets the proposed operation speed and safety goals . It notes that the highest cruising HSR speed in the world on production runs is about 200 miles per hour ( 320 km / h ) in France , and this is significantly less than the sustained speed of 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) the CHSRA plan requires . They also note safety concerns in running at top speed through highly populated urban areas such as Fresno . For three years Chinese HSR trains ran at 217 miles per hour ( 349 km / h ) , but the speeds were reduced due to safety concerns and -- mostly -- costs . In fact a Siemens Velaro trainset without any modifications has posted a speed record well in excess of 400 kilometres per hour ( 250 mph ) , though economic considerations keep them limited to 320 kilometres per hour ( 200 mph ) in revenue service . The current trainset specification requires the capability of sustained speeds of 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) . So , ultimately it is up to the trainset manufacturers to meet the Authority 's speed requirement , since the proposed route and speed do meet the Proposition 1A requirements . Rolling stock ( edit ) Artist 's rendering of a TGV - Type California High - Speed Rail trainset with livery ; this type of train is used in all CHSRA materials , but since the exact model of trainset to be acquired is not known , this is only illustrative . Acquisition ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) In January 2015 the California High Speed Rail Authority issued an RFP ( request for proposal ) for rolling stock for complete trains ( known as `` trainsets '' ) . The proposals received will be reviewed so that acceptable bidders can be selected , and then requests for bids will be sent out . The winning bidder will likely not be selected until 2016 . It is estimated that for the entire Phase 1 system up to 95 trainsets might be required . Initially only 16 trainsets are anticipated to be purchased . Trainset expenses , according to the 2014 Business Plan , are planned at $889 million for the IOS ( Initial Operating Segment ) in 2022 , $984 million for the Bay to Basin in 2027 , and $1.4 billion for the completed Phase 1 in 2029 , for a total of $3.276 billion . The new rolling stock bidding has been changed . In February 2015 nine companies formally expressed interest in producing trainsets for the system : Alstom , AnsaldoBreda ( now Hitachi Rail Italy ) , Bombardier Transportation , CSR , Hyundai Rotem , Kawasaki Rail Car , Siemens , Sun Group U.S.A. partnered with CNR Tangshan , and Talgo . Specifications ( edit ) In addition to many other requirements : each trainset will have a sustained continuous speed of 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) ; a maximum testing speed of 242 miles per hour ( 389 km / h ) ; a lifespan of at least 30 years ; a length no longer than about 680 feet ( 210 m ) ; the ability to operate two trainsets as a single `` consist '' ( a long train ) ; have control cabs at both ends of each trainset and the ability to go equally well in either direction ; pass - by noise levels ( 82 feet ( 25 m ) from track ) not to exceed 88 dB at 155 miles per hour ( 249 km / h ) and 96 dB at 220 miles per hour ( 350 km / h ) have at least 450 seats and carry 8 bicycles ; have seating for first class and business class passengers as well as have space for wheelchairs ; have food service similar to airplane - style serving ; allow for use of cellphones , broadband wireless internet access , and onboard entertainment services ; have a train communications network to notify passengers of travel / train / station / time information ; and also have earthquake safety systems for safe stopping and exiting . One specification that is causing some difficulty is the HSR train requirement for a floor height of 50 in . ( 127 cm ) above the rails . This is the international standard for high - speed rail trains , but Caltrain trains have a floor height of only 25 in . ( 63.5 cm ) . ( Metrolink trains have a similar issue . ) In October 2014 Caltrain and the Authority agreed to work together to try to implement `` level - boarding '' on the shared station platforms . The Authority resisted lowering their trainset floor height , but a solution was found with their new EMUs which will feature doors at multiple levels . One set will be compatible with the CHSR platforms . An additional factor for the selection of a model is the Buy America regulation . The FRA has granted a waiver for just two prototypes to be manufactured off - shore before the remaining trainsets ( initially 15 to 20 trains ) would need to be built according to the rules . These were mentioned as a significant reason that Chinese manufacturers dropped out of the XpressWest project with similar technical trainset specifications . Operations ( edit ) In April 2017 , the CHSRA announced it had received five responses to its request for qualifications for the contract to assist with the development and management of the initial phase of the high speed line and be the initial operator . China HSR ETO Consortium : China Railway International , Beijing Railway Administration , China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group , China Railway Corporation DB International US : DB International USA , Deutsche Bahn , Alternate Concepts , HDR FS First Rail Group : Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , FirstGroup , Trenitalia , Rete Ferroviaria Italiana , Centostazioni , Italferr , McKinsey & Company Renfe : Renfe Operadora , Globalvia Inversiones , Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias Stagecoach Group : Stagecoach Group , Coach USA In October 2017 the DB International US consortium was announced as the winner . Economic projections ( edit ) In addition to the direct reduction in travel times the HSR project will produce , there are other anticipated benefits , both general to the state , to the regions the train will pass through , and to the areas immediately around the train stations . Statewide economic growth and job creation ( edit ) In 2009 , the Authority projected that construction of the system will create 450,000 permanent jobs through the new commuters that will use the system , and that the Los Angeles - San Francisco route will generate a net operating revenue of $2.23 billion by 2023 , consistent with the experience of other high - speed intercity operations around the world . The 2012 Economic Impact Analysis Report by Parson Brinkerhoff ( project managers for the Authority ) also indicated substantial economic benefits from high - speed rail . Even Amtrak 's high - speed Acela Express service generates an operating surplus that is used to cover operating expenses of other lines , Amtrak says . Amtrak calculates this in a way which is not equivalent to the way that it determines the costs of other train services , and most of the Acela 's costs for using track and fuel are paid for by Silver Service long distance trains , according to TRAINS Magazine 's Fred Frailey . The 2012 Business Plan also estimates that the Initial Construction Segment ( ICS ) construction will `` generate 20,000 jobs over five years , '' with the Phase 1 system requiring 990,000 job - years over 15 years , averaging 66,000 annually . Environmental benefits ( edit ) According to a fact sheet on the Authority website the environmental benefits of the system include : In 2022 , when the Initial Operating Section ( Merced to the San Fernando Valley ) is up and running , the resulting greenhouse gas reductions will be between 100,000 and 300,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide ( CO ) in the first year . That 's the equivalent of from between 17,700 and 53,000 personal vehicles taken off the road . Between 2022 and 2040 , the cumulative reduction of CO is estimated to be between 5 and 10 million metric tons . By 2040 , the system is estimated to reduce vehicles miles of travel in the state by almost 10 million miles of travel every day ( 16,000,000 km ) . Over a 58 - year period ( from the start of operations in 2022 through 2080 ) , the system is estimated to reduce auto travel on the state 's highways and roads by over 400 billion miles of travel ( 6.4 × 10 km ) . Regional benefits ( edit ) In its 67 - page ruling in May 2015 , the federal Surface Transportation Board noted : `` The current transportation system in the San Joaquin Valley region has not kept pace with the increase in population , economic activity , and tourism ... The interstate highway system , commercial airports , and conventional passenger rail systems serving the intercity market are operating at or near capacity and would require large public investments for maintenance and expansion to meet existing demand and future growth over the next 25 years or beyond . '' Thus , the Board sees the HSR system as providing valuable benefits to the region 's transportation needs . The San Joaquin Valley is also one of the poorest areas of the state . For example , the unemployment rate near the end of 2014 in Fresno County was 2.2 % higher than the statewide average . And , of the five poorest metro areas in the country , three are in the Central Valley . The HSR system has the potential to significantly improve this region and its economy . A large January 2015 report to the CHSRA examined this issue . In addition to jobs and income levels in general , the presence of HSR is expected to benefit the growth in the cities around the HSR stations . It is anticipated that this will help increase population density in those cities and reduce `` development sprawl '' out into surrounding farmlands . Ridership and revenue concerns ( edit ) In May 2015 , the Los Angeles Times published an article by critics on the estimated operational revenue of the system in `` Doing the math on California 's bullet train fares '' . The article raised a number of doubts that the system could be self - supporting , as required by Prop 1A , and ended by quoting Louis Thompson ( chairman of an unnamed state - created review panel ) who said `` We will not know until late in the game how everything will turn out . '' The Due Diligence Report ( 2008 ) projected fewer riders by 2030 than officially estimated : 23.4 to 31.1 million intercity riders a year instead of the 65.5 to 96.5 million forecast by the Authority and later confirmed by an independent peer review . The Authority 's ridership estimates initially were unrealistically high , and have been revised several times using progressively better estimating models , including risk analysis and confidence levels . The 2014 study ( at a 50 % confidence level ) estimated the following ridership / revenue figures : 2022 ( IOS ) : 11.3 million riders / $625 million 2027 ( Bay to Basin ) : 19.1 million riders / $1055.6 million 2029 ( Phase 1 initial ) : 28.4 million riders / $1350.4 million 2040 ( Phase 1 mature ) : 33.1 million riders / $1559.4 million Project budget concerns ( edit ) The project 's cost and scope have long been a source of controversy . The Authority has estimated the project 's year - of - expenditure cost at $68.4 billion ( 2012 estimate ). . In March 2018 , the Authority revised its estimate to $77.3 billion and up to $98.1 billion , and pushed initial service to 2029 , with L.A. to S.F. service in 2033 . The Reason Foundation 's Due Diligence Report ( 2008 ) projected that the final cost for the complete system ( including both Phases I , II and an additional East Bay phase ) would be $65.2 to $81.4 billion ( 2008 ) . Current estimates from the Authority estimate a total cost for Phase 1 of $64.2 billion . The Authority is using Design - Build construction contracts to counter the tendency toward cost over-runs . All of the construction is to be done via `` design - build '' proposals wherein each builder is given leeway in the design and management of construction , but not the ability to run back with contract change orders except for extraordinary problems . The builder is given specifications but also given the freedom to meet them in their own way , plus the ability to modify the construction plans in an expeditious and cost - effective manner . The California Legislative Analyst 's Office published recommendations on May 10 , 2011 , which they said will help the high - speed rail project be developed successfully . They recommended that the California legislature seek flexibility on use of federal funds and then reconsider where construction of the high - speed rail line should start . They also recommended that the California legislature shift responsibility away from the Authority and fund only the administrative tasks of the Authority in the 2011 -- 12 budget . In January 2012 , an independent peer review panel published a report recommending the Legislature not approve issuing $2.7 billion in bonds to fund the project . The panel of experts was created by state law to help safeguard the public 's interest . The report said that moving ahead on the high - speed rail project without credible sources of adequate funding represents a financial risk to California . Prior to the July 2012 vote , State Senator Joe Simitian , ( D - Palo Alto ) , expressed concerns about financing needed to complete the project , asking : `` Is there additional commitment of federal funds ? There is not . Is there additional commitment of private funding ? There is not . Is there a dedicated funding source that we can look to in the coming years ? There is not . '' The lobbying and advocacy group Train Riders Association of California also considers that Bill SB 1029 `` provides no high - speed service for the next decade '' . In July 2014 The World Bank reported that the per kilometer cost of California 's high - speed rail system was $56 million , more than double the average cost of $17 -- 21 million per km of high speed rail in China and more than the $25 -- 39 million per km average for similar projects in Europe . It should be noted , though , that high real estate prices in California and three mountain ranges to cross contribute to the difference . For example , Construction Package 2 - 3 in the farmland of the flat Central Valley works out to $11.4 million per km , although this figure does not include electrification or property values , so it 's roughly comparable internationally . Furthermore , the proposed High Speed 2 in Great Britain is estimated to be more expensive on a per mile basis than the Californian system . As of May 2015 , both construction packages awarded have come in significantly under staff estimates . For example , Construction Package 1 came in 20 % under staff estimates ( $985 million versus $1.2 billion ) , and Construction Package 2 - 3 came in under by 17 % to 28 % ( $1.234567 billion versus $1.5 -- 2 billion ) . In December 2016 , an internal - use - only draft risk assessment produced by the Federal Railroad Administration was delivered to the California Rail Authority which warned that the ICS ( Merced - Bakersfield ) segment could cost as much as $9.5 billion instead of the $6.4 billion originally budgeted , if certain challenges were n't addressed , including delays in environmental planning , lags in processing invoices and failures to acquire needed property . Federal Railroad Administration spokesman Matthew Lehner said that the draft risk assessment `` is a standard oversight tool used on major capital projects -- not just California '' , and he is confident the state can meet its deadline with continued focus and hard work . Concern over the article prompted the Authority to send a letter on January 13 , 2017 to the Legislature that said that the characterization of cost overruns , delays , and potential lapses of funds are not borne out by the facts , and that other key federal findings were ignored . After downplaying risks of cost overruns , in January 2018 the Authority acknowledged that cost estimates for the initial segment had increased to $10.6 billion . Public opinion and peer review ( edit ) There are two types of criticism : the legally established `` peer review '' process that the legislature established for an independent check on the Authority 's planning efforts , and public criticisms by groups , individuals , public agencies , and elected officials . As of the February 2015 conference Bold Bets : California on the Move ? , which is hosted by The Atlantic magazine and Siemens , Dan Richard , the chair of the Authority , warned that not all issues to get the HSR system in place had yet been resolved . Peer review Group ( edit ) The California Legislature established the California High - Speed Rail Peer Review Group to provide independent analysis of the Authority 's business plans and modeling efforts . Their documents are submitted to the Legislature as needed . The most recent critiques are `` Statement of Louis S. Thompson , Chairman , Peer Review Group , to California Assembly Transportation Committee Oversight Hearing '' , March 28 , 2016 , and `` Comment on Revised 2016 Business Plan , April 25 , 2016 . Key points in the 2016 business plan review include : The Group still believes the Southern IOS is superior , but recognizes that the Northern IOS is more financially feasible at this time with limited resources . Future funding sources are still uncertain for meeting projected needs , so there is a critical need for the Legislature to provide future guidance re financing sources and amounts . The lack of connection to downtown San Francisco and downtown Bakersfield will adversely affect ridership and income , especially in the initial startup period . To close these gaps , significant additional funding in the amount of $2.9 billion would be needed . The Authority is suggesting that Federal monies could be obtained for this , although this is very uncertain now . The blended system approach raises some significant issues that need resolution before it is feasible . There are some critical assumptions concerning construction costs , the ability to spend American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funding while it is still available , and the ability to securitize Cap and Trade funding for future use . Professional studies ( edit ) Two peer studies have been made of station siting and design in Europe . Eric Eidlin , an employee of the Federal Transit Administration ( Region 9 , San Francisco ) , in 2015 wrote a study funded by the German Marshall Fund of the United States comparing the structural differences of the three relative to HSR and their historical development . He also focused on the issue of station siting , design , use , and impact on the surrounding community . From this , he developed ten recommendations for CASHRA . Among these are : Develop bold , long - term visions for the HSR corridors and stations . Where possible site HSR stations in central city locations . In rural areas emphasize train speed , in urban areas emphasize transit connectivity . Plan for and encourage the non-transit roles of the HSR stations . Eidlin 's study also notes that in California there has been debate on the disadvantages of the proposed blended service in the urban areas of San Francisco and Los Angeles , including reduced speeds , more operating restraints , and complicated track - sharing agreements . There are some inherent advantages in blended systems that have not received much attention : shorter transfer distances for passengers , and reduced impacts on the neighborhoods . Blended systems are in use in Europe . A July 2015 study by A. Loukaitou - Sideris , D. Peters , and W. Wei of the Mineta Transportation Institute at San Jose State University compared the rail systems of Spain and Germany , and how blended high - speed rail lines have succeeded there . Emphasis was also given to station siting , design , and use . Similarly to Eidlin 's study , they found that the best stations not only provided high connectivity , but they also had a broader role by providing shops and services to community members as well as travelers . Think tank studies ( edit ) Reason Foundation , the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association , and the Citizens Against Government Waste published a study which they named the `` Due Diligence Report '' ( 2008 ) critiquing the project . In 2013 Reason Foundation published an `` Updated Due Diligence Report '' ( 2013 ) . Key elements of the updated critique include : operating train speed higher than any existing HSR system unrealistic ridership projections increasing costs no clear funding plan incorrect assumptions regarding HSR alternatives increasing fare projections This 2013 critique is based on the 2012 Business Plan . Although the 2012 Business Plan has been superseded by the 2016 Business Plan , the critique does include the Blended System approach using commuter tracks in SF and LA . James Fallows in The Atlantic magazine summarized all the public criticisms thus , `` It will cost too much , take too long , use up too much land , go to the wrong places , and in the end wo n't be fast or convenient enough to do that much good anyway . '' Public opinion surveys ( edit ) The Public Policy Institute of California ( PPIC ) March 2016 Statewide Survey indicated that 63 % of Californians think the project is either very important or somewhat important , but costs are an issue . Currently over 50 % favor building the system , but this increases to 66 % if costs could be reduced . Note that the levels of support have generally been similar since the 2012 survey . Support also varies by location ( with the San Francisco Bay Area the highest at 72 % , and lowest in Central Valley at 56 % ) , by race ( Asians 66 % , Latinos 58 % , whites 44 % , and blacks 42 % ) , and age ( declining sharply with increasing age ) . Support also notably varies by political orientation . The percentage of supporters and opponents by party is : Democrat ( supporters 59 % v. opponents 38 % ) , Independent ( supporters 47 % v. opponents 50 % ) , and Republican ( supporters 29 % v. opponents 69 % ) . Dan Richard , chair of the Authority , says in an interview with James Fallows that he believes approval levels will increase when people can start seeing progress , and trains start running on the tracks . Related projects ( edit ) XpressWest connection to Las Vegas ( edit ) XpressWest is a company that since 2007 has been trying to build a high - speed rail line between Southern California and Las Vegas , Nevada , part of the `` Southwest Rail Network '' they hope to create . The rail line would begin in Las Vegas and cross the Mojave Desert stopping in Victorville , California and terminating in Palmdale , California ( where it would connect with the CAHSR line and Metrolink ) . This route would total about 230 miles ( 370 km ) . Lisa Marie Alley , speaking for CAHSRA , said that there have been ongoing discussions concerning allowing the trains to use CAHSRA lines to go further into the Los Angeles area , although no commitments have been made as yet . While many approvals have been obtained for the rail line from Victorville to Las Vegas , the section from Palmdale to Victorville has none as yet . Alternative infrastructure proposals ( edit ) Some have offered the idea that instead of risking the large expenditures of high - speed rail , existing transportation methods should be increased to meet transportation needs . In a report commissioned by the Authority , a comparison was made to the needed infrastructure improvements if high - speed rail were not constructed . According to the report , the cost of building equivalent capacity to the $68.4 billion ( YOE ) Phase 1 Blended plan , in airports and freeways , is estimated to be $119.0 billion ( YOE ) for 4,295 new lane - miles ( 6,912 km ) of highway , plus $38.6 billion ( YOE ) for 115 new airport gates and 4 new runways , for a total estimated cost of $158 billion . `` Hyperloop '' is an alternative system that Elon Musk has championed . He has criticized the high - speed rail project as too expensive and not technologically advanced enough ( trains that are -- according to Musk -- too slow ) . On August 12 , 2013 he released a high - level alpha design for a Hyperloop transit system concept which he claimed would travel over three times as fast and cost less than a tenth of the rail proposal . The following day he announced a plan to construct a demonstration of the concept . Musk 's claims have been subject to significant debate and criticism , in particular that the costs are still unknown and likely understated , the technology is not proven enough for statewide implementation , the route proposed does n't meet the needs of providing statewide transportation , and it does not meet the legal requirements of Proposition 1A and so would require a whole new legal underpinning . A flaw of the hyperloop is that it can carry far fewer passengers per trip compared to HSR . Further reading ( edit ) CHSRA 's 2018 Business Plan describes the latest project goals , financing , and development plans . ( SB 1029 ( enacted in 2012 ) requires the Authority to produce a revised business plan every two years . ) CHSRA 's March 2017 Project Update details the current status of the project . ( SB 1029 also requires that twice a year , on March 1 and November 15 , the Authority provide a project status report . ) James Fallows in The Atlantic magazine wrote a series of 17 articles ( from July 2014 to January 2015 ) about the HSR system which covers many aspects of the system , criticisms of it , and responses to those criticisms . The `` Bold Bets : California on the Move ? '' conference was hosted February 2015 by The Atlantic magazine and Siemens . There were some significant discussions , presentations , and interviews . Dan Richard , chair of the Authority , was interviewed by James Fallows . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ California High - Speed Rail Authority . `` Implementation Plan '' ( PDF ) . pp. 23 , 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM : Traction Power 2x25kV Autotransformer Feed Type Electrification System & System Voltages '' ( PDF ) . HSR.CA.gov . CHSRA . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` KISS Double - Decker Electric Multiple Unit EMU for Peninsula Corridor Joint Powers Board ( CALTRAIN ) , California , USA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Project Vision and Scope '' . California High - Speed Rail Authority . 2008 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ES. 0 Executive Summary : ES. 1 Supplemental Alternatives Analysis Report Results '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draft 2018 Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . California High - Speed Rail Authority . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Nagourney ( 30 July 2018 ) . `` A $100 Billion Train : The Future of California or a Boondoggle ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . The 800 - mile line from Los Angeles to San Francisco is scheduled for completion by 2033 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Business Plan Business Plans California High - Speed Rail Authority '' . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Draft Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . California High Speed Rail Authority . Jump up ^ `` CHSRA Draft Business Plan 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CHRSA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHSRA Draft Business Plan 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CHRSA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Draft 2016 Business Plan , pp. 28 , 55 . Jump up ^ Draft 2016 Business Plan , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` CHSRA Draft Business Plan 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CHRSA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Rail Modernization Programs California High - Speed Rail Authority '' . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Caltrain / California HSR Blended Operations Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Caltrain.com . LTK Engineering Services . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruickshank , Robert ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` CHSRA Proposes Revisions to 2016 Business Plan '' . California High Speed Rail Blog . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.metro.net/riding/dodger-stadium-express/ Jump up ^ Noack , Mark ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` High - speed rail team makes whistle stop in MV '' . Mountain View Voice . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles to San Diego Section '' ( PDF ) . California High Speed Rail . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SB 1420 Senate Bill -- Chaptered '' . ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California High Speed Rail Authority '' . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Proposition 1A , High - Speed Rail Act ( 2008 ) '' . ballotpedia.org . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program : California '' ( Press release ) . The White House . January 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California High - Speed Rail Awarded $715 Million '' ( Press release ) . California High - Speed Rail Authority . October 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Transportation Redirects $1.195 Billion in High - Speed Rail Funds '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . December 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood Announces $2 Billion for High - Speed Intercity Rail Projects to Grow Jobs , Boost U.S. Manufacturing and Transform Travel in America '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . May 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cap - and - Trade Revenue : Likely Much Higher Than Governor 's Budget Assumes '' . ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Alert '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` May 2016 Cap - and - Trade Auction Update '' . www.lao.ca.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` HSR 15 - 02 Request for Expressions of Interest for Delivery of an Initial Operating Segment '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AB 3034 '' . State of California . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California High - Speed Rail Project Chugs Ahead '' . Courthousenews.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Tim ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Farm Bureaus jump into Supreme Court high - speed rail case '' . The Fresno Bee . Jump up ^ `` High - Speed Rail Authority Hosts Official Groundbreaking Ceremony '' ( PDF ) . California High - Speed Rail Authority . January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( July 19 , 2012 ) . `` Governor signs law to make California home to nation 's first truly high - speed rail '' . CNN . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr '' . ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Voter Information Guide - Proposition 1A '' ( PDF ) . California State Legislature. 2008 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Updated Due Diligence Report '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's longest high - speed train to decelerate a bit '' . People 's Daily Online . April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California High Speed Rail Blog '' HSR Trainset Bids Could Create New Domestic Industry `` . Cahsrblog.com . February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Respaut , Robin ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` China may have edge in race to build California 's bullet train '' . News.yahoo.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connecting California : 2014 Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://hsr.ca.gov/docs/Programs/trainsets/EOI_Recieved_for_Trainsets_020915.pdf Jump up ^ `` Aft schedule 1part a : authority tier iii trainsets performance specification '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruickshank , Robert ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Caltrain and CHSRA To Work Together for Level Boarding '' . California High Speed Rail Blog . Jump up ^ Boone , Andrew ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Design of High - Speed Trains Threatens to Diminish Caltrain Capacity '' . Streetsblog San Francisco . Jump up ^ `` In California 's high - speed train efforts , worldwide manufacturers jockey for position '' . The Fresno Bee . December 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` XpressWest , seeking to build U.S. high - speed rail , ends deal with China group '' . Reuters . June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Operators from five countries interested in California high speed rail contract Railway Gazette International April 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ International consortia bid to become California high speed rail early operator Global Rail News April 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ DB consortium selected for California high speed rail consultancy contract Railway Gazette International October 9 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : California High - Speed Rail Authority ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` December 2009 Business Plan Report to the Legislature '' ( PDF ) . pp. 109 -- 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Druce , Paul ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` High speed rail operational surplus '' . Reason & Rail . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Murakami , Jin ; Cervero , Robert ( 2017 ) . `` High - speed rail and economic development : business agglomerations and policy implications '' . High - Speed Rail and Sustainability : Decision - making and the Political Economy of Investment . New York : Routledge , B. Henriguez and E. Deakin , eds . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Yarow , Jay . `` Amtrak Loses $32 Per Passenger '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` California High Speed Rail Authority '' ( PDF ) . ca.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Report : October 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Juliet Williams ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Key green light for California high - speed rail '' . Bakersfield.com . Associated Press . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California High Speed Rail Blog '' HSR : A Pathway Out of Poverty `` . Cahsrblog.com . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California High Speed Rail Blog '' The End of the Beginning `` . Cahsrblog.com . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California High - Speed Rail and the Central Valley Economy : January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` High - speed rail and infill : A great marriage for California '' . sacbee . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vartabedian , Ralph ; Weikel , Dan ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Doing the math on California 's bullet train fares '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Fallows , James ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` California High - Speed Rail -- the Critics ' Case '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Final Report : Independent Peer Review of the California High - Speed Rail Ridership and Revenue Forecasting Process '' ( PDF ) . August 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 9 , 2011 . We are satisfied with the documentation presented in Cambridge Systematics , and conclude that it demonstrates that the model produces results that are reasonable and within expected ranges for the current environmental planning and Business Plan applications of the model . We were very pleased with the content , quality and quantity of the information . Jump up ^ `` California High - Speed Rail 2014 Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Revised 2012 Business Plan '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RALPH VARTABEDIAN ( 9 March 2018 ) . `` Cost for California bullet train system rises to $77.3 billion '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/09/california-bullet-train-costs-soar-to-77-billion-opening-delayed.html Jump up ^ http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/about/business_plans/2016_BusinessPlan.pdf Jump up ^ Fallows , James ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` That Winning Bid for California 's High - Speed Rail : Is It Suspiciously Low ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` High - Speed Rail Is at a Critical Juncture '' . California Legislative Analyst 's Office . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Wyatt ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` High - speed rail should n't be funded , report says '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Judy Lin ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` California High Speed Rail Funding Approved '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tolmach , Richard F. ( August 2012 ) . `` High Speed Bait and Switch : $8 billion bill to produce zero miles of HSR '' . California Rail News . 24 ( 2 ) . Sacramento , CA : TRAC . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Press release ( July 10 , 2014 ) . `` Cost of High Speed Rail in China One Third Lower than in Other Countries '' . The World Bank . Jump up ^ Cruickshank , Robert ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` CHSRA Selects Tutor Perini - Zachry - Parsons Bid for Central Valley Section '' . California High Speed Rail Blog . Jump up ^ California 's bullet train is hurtling toward a multibillion - dollar overrun , a confidential federal report warns ; Los Angeles Times ; Ralph Vartabedian ; January 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ http://hsr.ca.gov/docs/newsroom/2017_Letter_to_Legislature_LA_Times_Article.pdf Jump up ^ Vartabedian , Ralph . `` California bullet train cost surges by $2.8 billion : ' Worst - case scenario has happened ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ TIM SHEEHAN . `` Cost of high - speed rail project in the Valley leaps by $2.8 billion '' . Fresno Bee . Retrieved 22 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Official website : California High Speed Rail Peer Review Group ^ Jump up to : `` Bold Bets : California on the Move ? '' . The Atlantic . February 25 , 2015 . Video of event Jump up ^ `` Making the Most of High - Speed Rail in California : Lessons from France and Germany '' . gmfus.org . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.midwesthsr.org/blended-service Jump up ^ `` Promoting Intermodal Connectivity at California 's High - Speed Rail Stations '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The California High Speed Rail Proposal : A Due Diligence Report '' ( PDF ) . Hsr.ca.gov . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_316MBS.pdf ( p. 20 ) . Jump up ^ Makien , Julie ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` A high - speed rail from L.A. to Las Vegas ? China says it 's partnering with U.S. to build '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of Providing the Equivalent Capacity to High - Speed Rail through Other Modes '' ( PDF ) . April 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . After adjusting the analysis to be more comparable to the costs described in the Business Plan , the total costs of equivalent investment in airports and highways would be $123 - 138 billion ( in 2011 dollars ) to build 4,295 - 4652 lane - miles of highways , 115 gates , and four runways for Phase 1 Blended and Phase 1 Full Build , respectively ... In year - of - expenditure ( YOE ) dollars , the highway and airport costs would be $158 -- 186 billion . Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Revealed : Elon Musk Explains the Hyperloop , the Solar - Powered High - Speed Future of Inter-City Transportation '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hyperloop Alpha '' ( PDF ) . SpaceX . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator '' . Gizmag.com . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ( Musk ) will develop and construct a Hyperloop demonstrator . Jump up ^ `` Experts Raise Doubts Over Elon Musk 's Hyperloop Dream '' . MIT Technology Review . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to California High - Speed Rail . California High - Speed Rail Authority -- official website California State Rail Plan ( 2013 ) -- official document AB 3034 -- official document ( the authorizing legislation for Proposition 1A ) San Jose Mercury News coverage Huffington Post coverage Progressive Railroading coverage The Fresno Bee coverage California High - Speed Rail Stations ( Phase I ) San Francisco Transbay Transit Center Millbrae San José Diridon Gilroy Merced Madera Fresno Kings -- Tulare Regional ( Wasco ) Bakersfield Palmdale Transportation Center Burbank Airport Los Angeles Union Station Norwalk / Santa Fe Springs station ( option ) Fullerton Transportation Center ( option ) Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center Route Caltrain Downtown Rail Extension Electrification Pacheco Pass Tunnel Fresno River Viaduct San Joaquin River Viaduct Kings River Viaduct Tehachapi Pass San Gabriel Mountains Connecting rail Altamont Corridor Express Amtrak Amtrak California Bay Area Rapid Transit Caltrain Los Angeles Metro Rail Metrolink Muni Metro Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority Other California High - Speed Rail Authority History Proposition 1A High - speed rail in the United States Services Acela Express California High - Speed Rail Texas Central Railway Brightline Corridors California Chicago Hub Florida Gateway Project Illinois Keystone Nevada XpressWest New York Northeast Northern New England Ohio Hub Pacific Northwest South Central Southeast High - speed rail Part of rail transport Technologies Conventional Hovertrain Maglev Train Vactrain High - speed trains 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) or more Alstom AGV Avelia Horizon Avelia Liberty AVE Class 100 , 102 , 103 China Railways CRH 2C , 3C , 380A , 380B , 380C , 380D , CR400AF , 400BF ; MTR CRH380A ETR 500 ETR 1000 Eurostar e300 ; e320 ICE 3 KTX - I , II ( Sancheon ) Oaris Shinkansen Series 500 , N700 , E5 , E6 , H5 , L0 AVRIL TGV Sud - Est ( refurbished ) , Atlantique , Réseau , Duplex , POS , 2N2 TCDD HT80000 Thalys PBA , PBKA THSR 700T Transrapid Shanghai Maglev Train Siemens Velaro Bombardier Zefiro 250 -- 299 km / h ( 155 -- 186 mph ) China Railways CRH 1A , 1B , 1E , 2A , 2B , 2E , 5 China Star New Pendolino ICE 1 , 2 RENFE Class 120 , 121 , 130 Sapsan SBB RABe 501 , RABe 503 Shinkansen Series 200 , 300 , 700 , 800 , E2 , E3 , E7 , W7 TCDD HT65000 TGV Sud - Est ( original ) , La Poste V250 200 -- 249 km / h ( 124 -- 155 mph ) Acela Express ACS - 64 Adelante APT AVE Class 101 / Euromed CRH6A ER200 GMB Class 71 ( Flytoget ) HHP - 8 IC4 InterCity 125 InterCity 225 ICE T , TD ICE 4 ( ICx ) Javelin NSB Class 73 NSB Class 74 Pendolino Railjet Regina Shinkansen series 0 , 100 , 400 , E1 , E4 SBB RABDe 500 , RABDe 502 , RABe 502 , Re 460 SC - 44 SCB - 40 SJ 2000 , SJ X40 Z - TER ( Z 21500 ) Sokol Class 800 , Class 801 , Class 802 Talgo XXI Voyager / Meridian X3 Experimental and prototype high - speed trains ( category ) High - speed railway line List of high - speed railway lines By country planned networks in italics Africa Morocco Asia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Malaysia and Singapore ( cancelled ) Philippines Saudi Arabia Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia South America Argentina Brazil Planned high - speed rail by country Railroads of California Common carriers ARZC BJRR BNSF CCT CFNR CORP LAJ LCR MET NVRR NWP OTCR OTR PHL PIR PSRR QRR RPRC SAV SCBG SCMB SDIY SERA SJVR SMV STE TRC UP VCRR YW Passenger carriers ACEX AMTK CDTX BART C&OR CHSRA CTRC CWR DLMS DRR FMWX FRRX GTCX JPBX LACZ MKSR MUNI MUNI ( Metro ) NICX NVRR PLAX RCBT SSR SCAX SCBG SCCT SCRT SDNR SDNX SDTI SERA SMART SYPD WRM YMSP YW Private carriers SCFL SCLC SNBC USAF USG WFS Former carriers ABL AL AMC AMR ATSF BN BP&C CE CPLT CSF&E CPRR CS EUKA FB&SE GN GWR HBL HI LCR MNRR MR NCRR NPC O&E PCR PE PRI PRT SDAE SF&NP SF&NW SFB SJ&E SLR SN SP SPC SRYC SUN TSO VCY VE WCLC WP YSLR See also : List of United States railroads by political division Deutsche Bahn Departments DB Bahn DB Netze DB Schenker Arriva Business areas DB Dienstleistungen DB Fernverkehr DB Netze Energie DB Netze Fahrweg DB Netze Personenbahnhöfe DB Netze Projektbau DB Regio DB Cargo ( pre 2016 : ' DB Schenker Rail ' ) DB Schenker Logistics DB Stadtverkehr DB Station&Service Services Intercity - Express Intercity EuroCity Interregio - Express Regional - Express Regionalbahn S - Bahn Former business areas CityNightLine DB Netz DB Reise & Touristik Former services DB AutoZug City Night Line InterRegio Metropolitan Australia Canberra Metro United Kingdom Arriva Rail London Arriva TrainCare Arriva Trains Wales Arriva UK Trains British Royal Train Chiltern Railways CrossCountry DB Cargo UK Grand Central Great North Western Railway Northern United States California High - Speed Rail History Deutsche Reichsbahn Deutsche Bundesbahn Deutsche Reichsbahn ( East Germany ) Related topics Rail transport in Germany BahnTower Bahn TV BahnCard Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_High-Speed_Rail&oldid=854153124 '' Categories : California High - Speed Rail Deutsche Bahn Electric railways in California High - speed railway lines in the United States Passenger rail transportation in California Proposed railway lines in California 25 kV AC railway electrification Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use mdy dates from September 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20High-Speed%20Rail
| 61,982 |
||
an assessment of tarp assistance to financial institutions
|
Troubled Asset Relief program
|
troubled asset relief program
|
The Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) is a program of the United States government to purchase toxic assets and equity from financial institutions to strengthen its financial sector that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3 , 2008 . It was a component of the government 's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis .
|
The TARP program originally authorized expenditures of $700 billion . The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 created the TARP program . The Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act , signed into law in 2010 , reduced the amount authorized to $475 billion . By October 11 , 2012 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) stated that total disbursements would be $431 billion , and estimated the total cost , including grants for mortgage programs that have not yet been made , would be $24 billion . On December 19 , 2014 , the U.S. Treasury sold its remaining holdings of Ally Financial , essentially ending the program . TARP recovered funds totalling $441.7 billion from $426.4 billion invested , earning a $15.3 billion profit . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Timeline of changes to the TARP program 3 Administrative structure 4 Participation criteria 5 Eligible assets and asset valuation 6 Protection of government investment 7 Expenditures and commitments 8 Participants 9 TARP fraud 10 Similar historical federal banking programs 11 Controversies 12 American Bankers Association 's attempts to expunge the TARP warrants 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Purpose ( edit ) TARP allowed the United States Department of the Treasury to purchase or insure up to $700 billion of `` troubled assets , '' defined as `` ( A ) residential or commercial obligations will be bought , or other instruments that are based on or related to such mortgages , that in each case was originated or issued on or before March 14 , 2008 , the purchase of which the Secretary determines promotes financial market stability ; and ( B ) any other financial instrument that the Secretary , after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market stability , but only upon transmittal of such determination , in writing , to the appropriate committees of Congress . '' In short , this allows the Treasury to purchase illiquid , difficult - to - value assets from banks and other financial institutions . The targeted assets can be collateralized debt obligations , which were sold in a booming market until 2007 , when they were hit by widespread foreclosures on the underlying loans . TARP is intended to improve the liquidity of these assets by purchasing them using secondary market mechanisms , thus allowing participating institutions to stabilize their balance sheets and avoid further losses . TARP does not allow banks to recoup losses already incurred on troubled assets , but officials expect that once trading of these assets resumes , their prices will stabilize and ultimately increase in value , resulting in gains to both participating banks and the Treasury itself . The concept of future gains from troubled assets comes from the hypothesis in the financial industry that these assets are oversold , as only a small percentage of all mortgages are in default , while the relative fall in prices represents losses from a much higher default rate . The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ( EESA ) requires financial institutions selling assets to TARP to issue equity warrants ( a type of security that entitles its holder to purchase shares in the company issuing the security for a specific price ) , or equity or senior debt securities ( for non-publicly listed companies ) to the Treasury . In the case of warrants , the Treasury will only receive warrants for non-voting shares , or will agree not to vote the stock . This measure is designed to protect the government by giving the Treasury the possibility of profiting through its new ownership stakes in these institutions . Ideally , if the financial institutions benefit from government assistance and recover their former strength , the government will also be able to profit from their recovery . Another important goal of TARP is to encourage banks to resume lending again at levels seen before the crisis , both to each other and to consumers and businesses . If TARP can stabilize bank capital ratios , it should theoretically allow them to increase lending instead of hoarding cash to cushion against future unforeseen losses from troubled assets . Increased lending equates to `` loosening '' of credit , which the government hopes will restore order to the financial markets and improve investor confidence in financial institutions and the markets . As banks gain increased lending confidence , the interbank lending interest rates ( the rates at which the banks lend to each other on a short term basis ) should decrease , further facilitating lending . TARP will operate as a `` revolving purchase facility . '' The Treasury will have a set spending limit , $250 billion at the start of the program , with which it will purchase the assets and then either sell them or hold the assets and collect the coupons . The money received from sales and coupons will go back into the pool , facilitating the purchase of more assets . The initial $250 billion can be increased to $350 billion upon the president 's certification to Congress that such an increase is necessary . The remaining $350 billion may be released to the Treasury upon a written report to Congress from the Treasury with details of its plan for the money . Congress then has 15 days to vote to disapprove the increase before the money will be automatically released . The first $350 billion was released on October 3 , 2008 , and Congress voted to approve the release of the second $350 billion on January 15 , 2009 . One way that TARP money is being spent is to support the `` Making Homes Affordable '' plan , which was implemented on March 4 , 2009 , using TARP money by the Department of Treasury . Because `` at risk '' mortgages are defined as `` troubled assets '' under TARP , the Treasury has the power to implement the plan . Generally , it provides refinancing for mortgages held by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac ; during the Federal takeover of these two enterprises , the Federal government provided a $317 billion asset relief , dwarfing the TARP bailout program . Privately held mortgages will be eligible for other incentives , including a favorable loan modification for five years . The authority of the United States Department of the Treasury to establish and manage TARP under a newly created Office of Financial Stability became law October 3 , 2008 , the result of an initial proposal that ultimately was passed by Congress as H.R. 1424 , enacting the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and several other acts . On October 8 , the British announced their bank rescue package consisting of funding , debt guarantees and infusing capital into banks via preferred stock . This model was closely followed by the rest of Europe , as well as the U.S Government , who on the October 14 announced a $250 bn ( £ 143bn ) Capital Purchase Program to buy stakes in a wide variety of banks in an effort to restore confidence in the sector . The money came from the $700 bn Troubled Asset Relief Program . Timeline of changes to the TARP program ( edit ) On October 14 , 2008 , Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson and President Bush separately announced revisions to the TARP program . The Treasury announced their intention to buy senior preferred stock and warrants from the nine largest American banks . To qualify for this program , the Treasury required participating institutions to meet certain criteria , including : `` ( 1 ) ensuring that incentive compensation for senior executives does not encourage unnecessary and excessive risks that threaten the value of the financial institution ; ( 2 ) required clawback of any bonus or incentive compensation paid to a senior executive based on statements of earnings , gains or other criteria that are later proven to be materially inaccurate ; ( 3 ) prohibition on the financial institution from making any golden parachute payment to a senior executive based on the Internal Revenue Code provision ; and ( 4 ) agreement not to deduct for tax purposes executive compensation in excess of $500,000 for each senior executive . '' The Treasury also bought preferred stock and warrants from hundreds of smaller banks , using the first $250 billion allotted to the program . The first allocation of the TARP money was primarily used to buy preferred stock , which is similar to debt in that it gets paid before common equity shareholders . This has led some economists to argue that the plan may be ineffective in inducing banks to lend efficiently . In the original plan presented by Paulson , the government would buy troubled ( toxic ) assets in insolvent banks and then sell them at auction to private investor and / or companies . This plan was scratched when Paulson met with United Kingdom 's Prime Minister Gordon Brown who came to the White House for an international summit on the global credit crisis . Prime Minister Brown , in an attempt to mitigate the credit squeeze in England , planned a package of three measures consisting of funding , debt guarantees and infusing capital into banks via preferred stock . The objective was to directly support banks ' solvency and funding ; in some economists ' view , effectively nationalizing many banks . This plan seemed attractive to the Treasury Secretary in that it was relatively easier and seemingly boosted lending more quickly . The first half of the asset purchases may not be effective in getting banks to lend again because they were reluctant to risk lending as before with low lending standards . To make matters worse , overnight lending to other banks came to a relative halt because banks did not trust each other to be prudent with their money . On November 12 , 2008 , Paulson indicated that reviving the securitization market for consumer credit would be a new priority in the second allotment . On December 19 , 2008 , President Bush used his executive authority to declare that TARP funds could be spent on any program that Paulson , deemed necessary to alleviate the financial crisis . On December 31 , 2008 , the Treasury issued a report reviewing Section 102 , the Troubled Assets Insurance Financing Fund , also known as the `` Asset Guarantee Program . '' The report indicated that the program would likely not be made `` widely available . '' On January 15 , 2009 , the Treasury issued interim final rules for reporting and record keeping requirements under the executive compensation standards of the Capital Purchase Program ( CPP ) . On January 21 , 2009 , the Treasury announced new regulations regarding disclosure and mitigation of conflicts of interest in its TARP contracting . On February 5 , 2009 , the Senate approved changes to the TARP that prohibited firms receiving TARP funds from paying bonuses to their 25 highest - paid employees . The measure was proposed by Christopher Dodd of Connecticut as an amendment to the $900 billion economic stimulus act then waiting to be passed . On February 10 , 2009 , the newly confirmed Secretary of the Treasury Timothy Geithner outlined his plan to use the remaining $300 billion or so in TARP funds . He intended to direct $50 billion towards foreclosure mitigation and use the rest to help fund private investors to buy toxic assets from banks . Nevertheless , this highly anticipated speech coincided with a nearly 5 percent drop in the S&P 500 and was criticized for lacking details . On March 23 , 2009 , Geithner announced a Public - Private Investment Program ( P - PIP ) to buy toxic assets from banks ' balance sheets . The major stock market indexes in the United States rallied on the day of the announcement rising by over six percent with the shares of bank stocks leading the way . P - PIP has two primary programs . The Legacy Loans Program will attempt to buy residential loans from bank 's balance sheets . The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) will provide non-recourse loan guarantees for up to 85 percent of the purchase price of legacy loans . Private sector asset managers and the U.S. Treasury will provide the remaining assets . The second program is called the legacy securities program , which will buy residential mortgage backed securities ( RMBS ) that were originally rated AAA and commercial mortgage - backed securities ( CMBS ) and asset - backed securities ( ABS ) which are rated AAA . The funds will come in many instances in equal parts from the U.S. Treasury 's TARP monies , private investors , and from loans from the Federal Reserve 's Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility ( TALF ) . The initial size of the Public Private Investment Partnership is projected to be $500 billion . Economist and Nobel Prize winner Paul Krugman has been very critical of this program arguing the non-recourse loans lead to a hidden subsidy that will be split by asset managers , banks ' shareholders and creditors . Banking analyst Meredith Whitney argues that banks will not sell bad assets at fair market values because they are reluctant to take asset write downs . Economist Linus Wilson , a frequent commenter on TARP related issues , also points to excessive misinformation and erroneous analysis surrounding the U.S. toxic asset auction plan . Removing toxic assets would also reduce the volatility of banks ' stock prices . This lost volatility will hurt the stock price of distressed banks . Therefore , such banks will only sell toxic assets at above market prices . On April 19 , 2009 , the Obama administration outlined the conversion of Banks Bailouts to Equity Share . Administrative structure ( edit ) See also : Oversight of the Troubled Asset Relief Program The program is run by the Treasury 's new Office of Financial Stability . According to a speech made by Neel Kashkari , the fund will be split into the following administrative units : Mortgage - backed securities purchase program : This team is identifying which troubled assets to purchase , from whom to buy them and which purchase mechanism will best meet our policy objectives . Here , we are designing the detailed auction protocols and will work with vendors to implement the program . Whole loan purchase program : Regional banks are particularly clogged with whole residential mortgage loans . This team is working with bank regulators to identify which types of loans to purchase first , how to value them , and which purchase mechanism will best meet our policy objectives . Insurance program : We are establishing a program to insure troubled assets . We have several innovative ideas on how to structure this program , including how to insure mortgage - backed securities as well as whole loans . At the same time , we recognize that there are likely other good ideas out there that we could benefit from . Accordingly , on Friday we submitted to the Federal Register a public Request for Comment to solicit the best ideas on structuring options . We are requiring responses within fourteen days so we can consider them quickly , and begin designing the program . Equity purchase program : We are designing a standardized program to purchase equity in a broad array of financial institutions . As with the other programs , the equity purchase program will be voluntary and designed with attractive terms to encourage participation from healthy institutions . It will also encourage firms to raise new private capital to complement public capital . Homeownership preservation : When we purchase mortgages and mortgage - backed securities , we will look for every opportunity possible to help homeowners . This goal is consistent with other programs -- such as HOPE NOW -- aimed at working with borrowers , counselors and servicers to keep people in their homes . In this case , we are working with the Department of Housing and Urban Development to maximize these opportunities to help as many homeowners as possible , while also protecting the government . Executive compensation : The law sets out important requirements regarding executive compensation for firms that participate in the TARP . This team is working hard to define the requirements for financial institutions to participate in three possible scenarios : One , an auction purchase of troubled assets ; two , a broad equity or direct purchase program ; and three , a case of an intervention to prevent the impending failure of a systemically significant institution . Compliance : The law establishes important oversight and compliance structures , including establishing an Oversight Board , on - site participation of the General Accounting Office and the creation of a Special Inspector General , with thorough reporting requirements . Eric Thorson is the Inspector General of the US Department of the Treasury and currently is responsible for the oversight of the TARP but has expressed concerns about the difficulty of properly overseeing the complex program in addition to his regular responsibilities . Thorson called oversight of TARP a `` mess '' and later clarified this to say `` The word ' mess ' was a description of the difficulty my office would have in providing the proper level of oversight of the TARP while handling its growing workload , including conducting audits of certain failed banks and thrifts at the same time that efforts are underway to nominate a special inspector general . '' As of November 2008 , Neil Barofsky was nominated as the Special Treasury Department Inspector General with the express role of overseeing the TARP . Barofsky is undergoing senate confirmation hearings from the Senate Finance Committee . The Treasury retained the law firms of Squire , Sanders & Dempsey and Hughes , Hubbard & Reed to assist in the administration of the program . Accounting and internal controls support services have been contracted from PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst and Young under the Federal Supply Schedule . Participation criteria ( edit ) The Act 's criterion for participation states that `` financial institutions '' will be included in TARP if they are `` established and regulated '' under the laws of the United States and if they have `` significant operations '' in the United States . The Treasury will need to define what institutions will be included under the term `` financial institution '' and what will constitute `` significant operations . '' Companies that sell their bad assets to the government must provide warrants so that the government will benefit from future growth of the companies . Certain institutions seem to be guaranteed participation . These include : U.S. banks , U.S. branches of a foreign bank , U.S. savings banks or credit unions , U.S. broker - dealers , U.S. insurance companies , U.S. mutual funds or other U.S. registered investment companies , tax - qualified U.S. employee retirement plans , and bank holding companies . The President is to submit a law to cover government losses on the fund , using `` a small , broad - based fee on all financial institutions . '' To participate in the bailout program , `` ... companies will lose certain tax benefits and , in some cases , must limit executive pay . In addition , the bill limits ' golden parachutes ' and requires that unearned bonuses be returned . '' The fund has an Oversight Board so that the U.S. Treasury can not act in an arbitrary manner . There is also an inspector general to protect against waste , fraud and abuse . CAMELS ratings ( US supervisory ratings used to classify the nation 's 8,500 banks ) are being used by the United States government in response to the global financial crisis of 2008 to help it decide which banks to provide special help for and which to not as part of its capitalization program authorized by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 . It is being used to classify the nation 's 8,500 banks into five categories , where a ranking of 1 means they are most likely to be helped and a 5 most likely to not be helped . Regulators are applying a short list of criteria based on a secret ratings system they use to gauge this . The New York Times states : `` The criteria being used to choose who gets money appears to be setting the stage for consolidation in the industry by favoring those most likely to survive '' because the criteria appears to favor the financially best off banks and banks too big to let fail . Some lawmakers are upset that the capitalization program will end up culling banks in their districts . However , The Wall Street Journal suggested that some lawmakers are actively using TARP to funnel money to weak regional banks in their districts . Academic studies have found that banks and credit unions located in the districts of key Congress members have been more likely to win TARP money . Known aspects of the capitalization program `` suggest that the government may be loosely defining what constitutes healthy institutions . ( ... Banks ) that have been profitable over the last year are the most likely to receive capital . Banks that have lost money over the last year , however , must pass additional tests . ( ... ) They are also asking if a bank has enough capital and reserves to withstand severe losses to its construction loan portfolio , nonperforming loans and other troubled assets . '' Some banks received capital with the understanding the banks would try to find a merger partner . To receive capital under the program banks are also `` required to provide a specific business plan for the next two or three years and explain how they plan to deploy the capital . '' Eligible assets and Asset valuation ( edit ) TARP allows the Treasury to purchase both `` troubled assets '' and any other asset the purchase of which the Treasury determines is `` necessary '' to further economic stability . Troubled assets include real estate and mortgage - related assets and securities based on those assets . This includes both the mortgages themselves and the various financial instruments created by pooling groups of mortgages into one security to be bought on the market . This category probably includes foreclosed properties as well . Real estate and mortgage - related assets ( and securities based on those kinds of assets ) are eligible if they originated ( that is , were created ) or were issued on or before March 14 , 2008 , the date of the Bear Stearns bailout . One of the most difficult issues facing the Treasury in managing TARP is the pricing of the troubled assets . The Treasury must find a way to price extremely complex and sometimes unwieldy instruments for which a market does not exist . In addition , the pricing must strike a balance between efficiently using public funds provided by the government and providing adequate assistance to the financial institutions that need it . The Act encourages the Treasury to design a program using market mechanisms to the extent possible . This has led to the expectation that the Treasury will use a `` reverse auction '' mechanism to price assets . A reverse auction means that bidders ( that is , the potential sellers of the troubled assets ) will place bids with the Treasury for the right to sell a specified type of assets . The sale price will be the lowest price at which the bid will provide the required quantity of the item . Theoretically , the system creates a market price because the bidders will want to sell at the highest price they can get , but they also want to be able to make a sale , so they must set a low enough price to be competitive . The Treasury is required to publish its methods for pricing , purchasing , and valuing troubled assets no later than two days after the purchase of their first asset . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) uses procedures similar to those specified in the Federal Credit Reform Act ( FCRA ) to value assets purchased under the TARP . In a report dated February 6 , 2009 , the Congressional Oversight Panel concluded that the Treasury paid substantially more for the assets it purchased under the TARP than their then - current market value . The COP found the Treasury paid $254 billion , for which it received assets worth approximately $176 billion , for a shortfall of $78 billion . The COP 's valuation analysis assumed that `` securities similar to those issued under the TARP were trading in the capital markets at fair values '' and employed multiple approaches to cross-check and validate the results . The value was estimated for each security as of the time immediately following the announcement by Treasury of its purchase . For example , the COP found that the Treasury bought $25 billion of assets from Citigroup on October 14 , 2008 , however , the actual value was estimated to be $15.5 , creating a 38 percent ( or $9.5 billion ) subsidy . Protection of government Investment ( edit ) Equity stakes The Act requires financial institutions selling assets to TARP to issue equity warrants ( a type of security that entitles its holder to purchase shares in the company issuing the security for a specific price ) , or equity or senior debt securities ( for non-publicly listed companies ) to the Treasury . In the case of warrants , the Treasury will only receive warrants for non-voting shares , or will agree not to vote the stock . This measure is designed to protect the government by giving the Treasury the possibility of profiting through its new ownership stakes in these institutions . Ideally , if the financial institutions benefit from government assistance and recover their former strength , the government will also be able to profit from their recovery . Limits on executive compensation The Act sets some limits on the compensation of the five highest - paid executives at companies that elect to participate significantly in TARP . The Act treats companies that participate through the auction process differently from those that participate through direct sale ( that is , without a bidding process ) . Companies who sell more than $300 million in assets through an auction process are prohibited from signing new `` golden parachute '' contracts ( employment contracts that provide for large payments upon termination ) with any future executives . It will also place a $500,000 limit on annual tax deductions for payment of each executive , as well as a deduction limit on severance benefits for any golden parachutes already in place . Companies in which the Treasury acquires equity because of direct purchases must meet tougher standards to be established by the Treasury . These standards will require the companies to eliminate compensation structures that encourage `` unnecessary and excessive '' risk - taking by executives , provide for claw - back ( forced repayment of bonuses in the event of a post-payment determination that the bonuses were paid on the basis of false data ) of bonuses already paid to senior executives based on financial statements later proven to be inaccurate , and prohibit payment of previously established golden parachutes . Recoupment This provision was a big factor in the eventual passage of the EESA . It gives the government the opportunity to `` be repaid . '' The recoupment provision requires the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to submit a report on TARP 's financial status to Congress five years after its enactment . If TARP has not been able to recoup its outlays through the sale of the assets , the Act requires the President to submit a plan to Congress to recoup the losses from the financial industry . Theoretically , this prevents TARP from adding to the national debt . The use of the term `` financial industry '' in the provision leaves open the possibility that such a plan would involve the entire financial sector rather than only those institutions that availed themselves of TARP . Disclosure and Transparency Though the Treasury will ultimately determine the type and extent of disclosure required for participation in the TARP , it is clear that these requirements will be extensive , particularly with respect to any asset acquired by TARP . It seems certain that institutions who participate in TARP will have to publicly disclose information pertaining to their participation , including the number of assets they sold to TARP , what type of assets were sold , and at what price . More extensive disclosure may be required at the discretion of the Treasury . The Act also seems to give a broad mandate to the Treasury to determine , for each `` type '' of institution that sells assets to TARP , whether the current disclosure and transparency requirements on the sources of the institution 's exposure ( such as off - balance sheet transactions , derivative instruments , and contingent liabilities ) are adequate . If the Treasury finds that a particular institution has not provided sufficient disclosures , it has the power to make recommendations for new disclosure requirements to the institution 's regulators , which will probably include foreign - government regulators for those foreign financial institutions that have `` significant operations '' in the United States . Judicial Review of Treasury Actions The Act provides for judicial review of the actions taken by the Treasury under the EESA . In other words , the Treasury may be taken to court for actions it takes pursuant to the Act . Specifically , Treasury actions may be held unlawful if they involve an abuse of discretion , or are found to be `` arbitrary , capricious ... or not in accordance with law . '' However , a financial institution that sells assets to TARP is can not challenge the Treasury 's actions with respect to that institution 's specific participation in TARP . Expenditures and commitments ( edit ) As of June 30 , 2012 , $467 billion had been allotted , and $416 billion spent , according to a literature review on the TARP . Among the money committed , includes : $204.9 billion to purchase bank equity shares through the Capital Purchase Program $67.8 billion to purchase preferred shares of American International Group ( AIG ) , then among the top 10 US companies , through the program for Systemically Significant Failing Institutions ; $1.4 billion to back any losses that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York might incur under the Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility ; $40 billion in stock purchases of Citigroup and Bank of America ( $20 billion each ) through the Targeted Investment Program ( $40 billion spent ) . All that money had been returned . $5 billion in loan guarantees for Citigroup ( $5 billion ) . The program closed , with no payment made , on 23 December 2009 . $79.7 billion in loans and capital injections to automakers and their financing arms through the Automotive Industry Financing Program . $21.9 billion to buy `` toxic '' mortgage - related securities . $0.6 billion in capital for banks in Community Development Capital Initiative ( CDCI ) for banks serving disadvantaged communities . $45.6 billion for homeowner foreclosure assistance . Only $4.5 billion had been spent at the time . The Congressional Budget Office released a report in January 2009 , reviewing the transactions enacted through the TARP . The CBO found that through December 31 , 2008 , transactions under the TARP totaled $247 billion . According to the CBO 's report , the Treasury had purchased $178 billion in shares of preferred stock and warrants from 214 U.S. financial institutions through its Capital Purchase Program ( CPP ) . This included the purchase of $40 billion of preferred stock in AIG , $25 billion of preferred stock in Citigroup , and $15 billion of preferred stock in Bank of America . The Treasury also agreed to lend $18.4 billion to General Motors and Chrysler . The Treasury , the FDIC and the Federal Reserve have also agreed to guarantee a $306 billion portfolio of assets owned by Citigroup . The CBO also estimated the subsidy cost for transactions under TARP . The subsidy cost is defined as , broadly speaking , the difference between what the Treasury paid for the investments or lent to the firms and the market value of those transactions , where the assets in question were valued using procedures similar to those specified in the Federal Credit Reform Act ( FCRA ) , but adjusting for market risk as specified in the EESA . The CBO estimated that the subsidy cost of the $247 billion in transactions before December 31 , 2008 amounts to $64 billion . As of August 31 , 2015 , TARP is projected to cost approximately $37.3 billion total - significantly less than the $700 billion originally authorized by Congress . The May 2015 report of the TARP to Congress stated that $427.1 billion had been disbursed , total proceeds by 30 April 2015 were $441.8 billion , exceeding disbursements by $14.1 billion , though this included $17.7 billion in non-TARP AIG shares . The report predicted a total net cash outflow of $37.7 billion ( excluding non-TARP AIG shares ) , based on the assumption the TARP housing programs ' ( Hardest Hit Fund , Making Home Affordable and FHA refinancing ) funds are fully taken up . Debt is still outstanding , some of which has been converted to common stock , from just under $125 million down to $7000 . Sums loaned to entities that have gone into , and in some cases emerged from bankruptcy or receivership are provided . Additional sums have been written off , for example Treasury 's original investment of $854 million in Old GM . The May 2015 report also detailed other costs of the program , including $1.157 billion `` for financial agents and legal firms '' $142 million for personnel services , and $303 million for `` other services '' . Participants ( edit ) See also : Supervisory Capital Assessment Program The banks agreeing to receive preferred stock investments from the Treasury include Goldman Sachs Group Inc. , Morgan Stanley , J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. , Bank of America Corp. ( which had just agreed to purchase Merrill Lynch ) , Citigroup Inc. , Wells Fargo & Co. , Bank of New York Mellon and State Street Corp . The Bank of New York Mellon is to serve as master custodian overseeing the fund . The U.S. Treasury maintains an official list of TARP recipients and proceeds to the government on a TARP website . Beneficiaries of TARP include the following : Company Preferred stock purchased ( billions USD ) Assets guaranteed ( billions USD ) Repaid TARP money ( billions USD ) Additional details Citigroup $45 $306 Partial ( $20 ) ; Two allocations : $25 on October 28 , 2008 and $20 in January 2009 . The rest was converted to common equity which was sold by the Treasury Department over time with the final sale taking place in December 2010 at a $12 billion profit . Bank of America $45 $118 Y Two allocations : $25 on October 28 , 2008 , and $20 in January 2009 AIG ( American International Group ) $40 $36 JPMorgan Chase $25 Y October 28 , 2008 Wells Fargo $25 Y October 28 , 2008 GMAC Financial Services ( Ally ) $17.3 Y Total stake has been liquidated with income received of $19.6 billion . Now renamed to Ally Financial . General Motors $13.4 Y Total loan portion repaid with interest to U.S. & Canadian governments as of April 21 , 2010 , ; $2.1 billion in preferred stock and 61 percent common equity share outstanding Goldman Sachs $10 Y October 28 , 2008 Morgan Stanley $10 Y Repaid June 17 , 2009 PNC Financial Services Group $7.579 Y Bought longtime rival National City Corp. within hours of receiving TARP money . Announced on February 2 , 2010 , that it would repay its TARP loan . U.S. Bancorp $6.6 Y Chrysler $4 Y Although Chrysler repaid their loans , the Treasury sold its 6 % stake in the company to Fiat at a $1.3 billion loss . Capital One Financial $3.555 Y Regions Financial Corporation $3.5 Y Repaid April 4 , 2012 American Express $3.389 Y Bank of New York Mellon Corp $2 to $3 Y State Street Corporation $2 to $3 Y Discover Financial $1.23 Y Of these banks , JPMorgan Chase & Co. , Morgan Stanley , American Express Co. , Goldman Sachs Group Inc. , U.S. Bancorp , Capital One Financial Corp. , Bank of New York Mellon Corp. , State Street Corp. , BB&T Corp , Wells Fargo & Co. and Bank of America repaid TARP money . Most banks repaid TARP funds using capital raised from the issuance of equity securities and debt not guaranteed by the federal government . PNC Financial Services , one of the few profitable banks without TARP money , planned on paying their share back by January 2011 , by building up its cash reserves instead of issuing equity securities . However , PNC reversed course on February 2 , 2010 , by issuing $3 billion in shares and $1.5 - 2 billion in senior notes in order to pay its TARP funds back . PNC also raised funds by selling its Global Investment Services division to crosstown rival The Bank of New York Mellon . In a January 2012 , review , it was reported that AIG still owed around $50 billion , GM about $25 billion and Ally about $12 billion . Break even on the first two companies would be at $28.73 a share versus then - current share price of $25.31 and $53.98 versus then - current share price of $24.92 , respectively . Ally was not publicly traded . The 371 banks that still owed money include Regions ( $3.5 billion ) , Zions Bancorporation ( $1.4 billion ) , Synovus Financial Corp. ( $967.9 million ) , Popular , Inc. ( $935 million ) , First BanCorp of San Juan , Puerto Rico ( $400 million ) and M&T Bank Corp. ( $381.5 million ) . TARP fraud ( edit ) To date , some in the financial industry have been accused of not using the loaned dollars for its intended reason . Others further abused investors after the TARP legislation was passed by telling investors their money was invested in the federal TARP financial bailout program and other securities that did not exist . Neil Barofsky , Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program ( SIGTARP ) , told lawmakers , `` Inadequate oversight and insufficient information about what companies are doing with the money leaves the program open to fraud , including conflicts of interest facing fund managers , collusion between participants and vulnerabilities to money laundering . In its October 2011 quarterly report to Congress , SIGTARP reported `` more than 150 ongoing criminal and civil investigations . '' SIGTARP had already achieved criminal convictions of 28 defendants ( 19 had already been sentenced to prison ) , and civil cases naming 37 individuals and 18 corporate / legal entities as defendants . It had recovered $151 million , and prevented $553 million going to Colonial Bank , which failed . The first TARP fraud case was brought by the SEC on January 19 , 2009 , against Nashville - based Gordon Grigg and his firm ProTrust Management . The latest occurred in March 2010 , with the FBI claiming Charles Antonucci , the former president and chief executive of the Park Avenue Bank , made false statements to regulators in an effort to obtain about $11 million from the fund . Similar historical Federal banking programs ( edit ) The nearest parallel action the federal government has taken was in investments made by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) in the 1930s . The RFC , an agency chartered during the Herbert Hoover administration in 1932 , made loans to distressed banks and bought stock in 6,000 banks , totalling $1.3 billion . The New York Times , citing finance experts on October 13 , 2008 , noted that , `` A similar effort these days , in proportion to today 's economy , would be about $200 billion . '' When the economy had stabilized , the government sold its bank stock to private investors or the banks , and is estimated to have received approximately the same amount previously invested . In 1984 , the government took an 80 percent stake in the nation 's then seventh - largest bank Continental Illinois Bank and Trust . Continental Illinois made loans to oil drillers and service companies in Oklahoma and Texas . The government was estimated to have lost $1 billion because of Continental Illinois , which ultimately became part of Bank of America . The $24 billion for the estimated subsidy cost of TARP was less than the government 's cost for the savings and loan crisis of the late 1980s , although the subsidy cost does not include the cost of other `` bailout '' programs ( such as the Federal Reserve 's Maiden Lane Transactions and the Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac ) . The cost of the S&L crisis amounted to 3.2 percent of GDP during the Reagan / Bush era , while the GDP percentage of the TARP cost was estimated at less than 1 percent . Controversies ( edit ) See also : AIG bonus payments controversy , Indiana State Police Pension Trust v. Chrysler , and National City acquisition by PNC The primary purpose of TARP , according to the Federal Reserve , was to stabilize the financial sector by purchasing illiquid assets from banks and other financial institutions . However , the effects of the TARP have been widely debated in large part because the purpose of the fund is not widely understood . A review of investor presentations and conference calls by executives of some two dozen US - based banks by The New York Times found that `` few ( banks ) cited lending as a priority . Further , an overwhelming majority saw the program as a no - strings - attached windfall that could be used to pay down debt , acquire other businesses or invest for the future . '' The article cited several bank chairmen as stating that they viewed the money as available for strategic acquisitions in the future rather than to increase lending to the private sector , whose ability to pay back the loans was suspect . PlainsCapital chairman Alan B. White saw the Bush administration 's cash infusion as `` opportunity capital , '' noting , `` They did n't tell me I had to do anything particular with it . '' Moreover , while TARP funds have been provided to bank holding companies , those holding companies have only used a fraction of such funds to recapitalize their bank subsidiaries . Many analysts speculated TARP funds could be used by stronger banks to buy weaker ones . On October 24 , 2008 , PNC Financial Services received $7.7 billion in TARP funds , then only hours later agreed to buy National City Corp. for $5.58 billion , an amount that was considered a bargain . Despite ongoing speculation that more TARP funds could be used by large - but - weak banks to gobble up small banks , as of October 2009 , no further such takeover had occurred . The Senate Congressional Oversight Panel created to oversee the TARP concluded on January 9 , 2009 : `` In particular , the Panel sees no evidence that the U.S. Treasury has used TARP funds to support the housing market by avoiding preventable foreclosures . '' The panel also concluded that `` Although half the money has not yet been received by the banks , hundreds of billions of dollars have been injected into the marketplace with no demonstrable effects on lending . '' Government officials overseeing the bailout have acknowledged difficulties in tracking the money and in measuring the bailout 's effectiveness . During 2008 , companies that received $295 billion in bailout money had spent $114 million on lobbying and campaign contributions . Banks that received bailout money had compensated their top executives nearly $1.6 billion in 2007 , including salaries , cash bonuses , stock options , and benefits including personal use of company jets and chauffeurs , home security , country club memberships , and professional money management . The Obama administration has promised to set a $500,000 cap on executive pay at companies that receive bailout money , directing banks to tie risk taken to workers ' reward by paying anything further in deferred stock . Graef Crystal , a former compensation consultant and author of `` The Crystal Report on Executive Compensation , '' claimed that the limits on executive pay were `` a joke '' and that `` they 're just allowing companies to defer compensation . '' In November 2011 , a report showed that the sum of the government 's guarantees increased to $7.77 trillion ; however , loans to banks were only a small fraction of that amount . One study found that the typical white - owned bank was about ten times more likely to receive TARP money in the CDCI program than a black - owned bank after controlling for other factors . American Bankers Association 's attempts to Expunge the TARP warrants ( edit ) By March 31 , 2009 , four banks out of over five hundred had returned their preferred stock obligations . None of the publicly traded banks had yet bought back their warrants owned by the U.S. Treasury by March 31 , 2009 . According to the terms of the U.S. Treasury 's investment , the banks returning funds can either negotiate to buy back the warrants at fair market value , or the U.S. Treasury can sell the warrants to third party investors as soon as feasible . Warrants are call options that add to the number of shares of stock outstanding if they are exercised for a profit . The American Bankers Association ( ABA ) has lobbied Congress to cancel the warrants owned by the government , calling them an `` onerous exit fee . '' Yet , if the Capital Purchase Program warrants of Goldman Sachs are representative , then the Capital Purchase Program warrants were worth between $5 - to - $24 billion as of May 1 , 2009 . Canceling the CPP warrants thus amounts to a $5 - to - $24 billion subsidy to the banking industry at government expense . While the ABA wants the CPP warrants to be written off by the government , Goldman Sachs does not hold that view . A representative of Goldman Sachs was quoted as saying `` We think that taxpayers should expect a decent return on their investment and look forward to being able to provide just that when we are permitted to return the TARP money . '' See also ( edit ) 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Corporate welfare Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Financial Crisis Responsibility Fee H.R. 1424 Lemon socialism Liquidity crisis of September 2008 Matthew Pendo NCUA Corporate Stabilization Program Oversight of the Troubled Asset Relief Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBO Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program -- October 2012 '' . Cbo.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : RYAN TRACY , JULIE STEINBERG and TELIS DEMOS ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Bank Bailouts Approach a Final Reckoning '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 28 December 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` CBO The Troubled Asset Relief Program : Report on Transactions Through December 31 , 2008 '' . Cbo.gov. 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Summary of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 United States Senate Committee on Banking , Housing and Urban Affairs . ( Retrieved October 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` True Cost of Fannie , Freddie Bailouts : $317 Billion , CBO Says '' . CNS News . Jump up ^ U.S. Dept. of Treasury , MHA Guidelines Jump up ^ `` Economic rescue swiftly signed into law '' . Google News . AFP . October 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gross , Daniel ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` How the Bailout Is Like a Hedge Fund '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Langley , Paul ( 2015 ) . Liquidity Lost : The Governance of the Global Financial Crisis . Oxford University Press . pp. 82 -- 86 . ISBN 0199683786 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gordon Does Good '' . The New York Times . 12 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HP - 1207 : Treasury Announces TARP Capital Purchase Program Description '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ; Dash , Eric ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Paulson Says Banks Must Deploy New Capital : Drama Behind a $250 Billion Banking Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Common ( Stock ) Sense about Risk - Shifting and Bank Bailouts '' . SSRN.com . December 29 , 2009 . SSRN 1321666 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Debt Overhang and Bank Bailouts '' . SSRN.com . February 2 , 2009 . SSRN 1336288 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Iain Martin ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Gordon Brown and Crisis Lessons Worth Learning '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Secretary Henry M. Paulson , Jr. on Financial Rescue Package and Economic Update '' . Treasury.gov . November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brinsley , John ( November 12 , 2008 ) . `` Paulson Shifts Focus of Rescue to Consumer Lending '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Draft Proposal for Bailout Plan '' . The New York Times . September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress Pursuant to Section 102 of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act '' ( PDF ) . Archive.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` February Oversight Report : February 6 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ ( TARP Conflicts of Interest , Interim Rule , 74 Fed . Reg. 3431 - 3436 TARP Conflicts of Interest , Interim Rule , 74 Fed . Reg. 3431 - 3436 ) Jump up ^ Ferraro , Thomas ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Senate votes to ban executive bonuses '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Deborah ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Market Pans Bank Rescue Plan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; Dash , Eric ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Expands Plan to Buy Banks ' Troubled Assets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET PUBLIC - PRIVATE INVESTMENT PROGRAM '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Treasury . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Geithner plan arithmetic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Whitney : A Bad Bank Wo n't Save Banks '' . businessinsider.com . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Troubling Research on Troubled Assets : Charles Zheng on the U.S. Toxic Asset Auction Plan Econ Journal Watch : auctions , bailout , banking , CMBS , CDOs , EESA , Emergency Economic Stabilization Act , lending , Legacy Loans Program , Legacy Securities Program , mortgages , nonrecourse loans , Public - Private Investment Partnership , PPIP , TALF , Term Asset Lending Facility , Troubled Asset '' . Econjwatch.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Put Problem with Buying Toxic Assets '' . SSRN.com . February 14 , 2009 . SSRN 1343625 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. May Convert Banks ' Bailouts to Equity Share '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury Update on Implementation of Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) before Institute of International '' . Accountability-central.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Eric Thorson . `` Workload , Not TARP , Is a ' Mess ' '' . The Washington Post . November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rucker , Patrick ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Two law firms to help U.S. Treasury dole out aid '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ US Government Accountability Office Report GAO - 09 - 161 : Troubled Asset Relief Program : Additional Actions Needed to Better Ensure Integrity , Accountability , and Transparency . December 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Dash . `` U.S. Said to Be Using Loose Rules in Bank Aid '' . The New York Times . October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paletta , Damian ; Enrich , David . `` Political Interference Seen in Bank Bailout Decisions '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Political Influence and TARP Investments in Credit Unions by Elisabeta Pana , Linus Wilson '' . SSRN . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1698945 . SSRN 1698945 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Political Influence and TARP Investments in Credit Unions by Elisabeta Pana , Linus Wilson : : SSRN '' . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1698945 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus , TARP ( October 19 , 2012 ) . New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online , Forthcoming . Available at SSRN : http://ssrn.com/abstract=2164559 Jump up ^ `` About TARP '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : TARP ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Report to Congress May 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Solomon , Deborah ; Paletta , Damian ; Hilsenrath , Jon ; Lucchetti , Aaron ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` U.S. to Buy Stakes in Nation 's Largest Banks '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bailout : The Rescue Plan & The Largest Recipients '' . The New York Times . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . ( Graphic of proposed bank equity investments ) Jump up ^ `` Beneficiary Banks '' . The New York Times . October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Bank of New York Will Oversee Bailout Fund '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kiel , Paul ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Show Me the TARP Money '' . ProPublica . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citi , Wells Fargo repay 45 billion dollars in bailouts '' . Google News . AFP . December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Treasury gets $12 billion Citi windfall '' . CNN / Fortune . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BofA repays all of government bailout funds '' . MSNBC . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America Finishes TARP Repayment '' . The New York Times . December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AIG sells MetLife equity , repays $6.9 bln to Treasury '' . The Wall Street Journal / MarketWatch . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AP : GM pays back government loans from US , Canada Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . Morgan Stanley . June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sabatini , Patricia ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` PNC to repay bailout money '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` PNC to Repay TARP Money After Sale of Unit '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Repays Outstanding TARP Loans '' . Treasury.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` U.S. loses . 3 billion in exiting Chrysler '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Sparshott , Jeffrey ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Regions Financial Exits TARP '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discover Lifts The TARP '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jay ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Discover to Repay TARP '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Patricia ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` PNC quarterly profits more than double '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ Gordon , Marcy , `` Report : Taxpayers still owed $133 B from bailout '' , Associated Press via Atlanta Journal - Constitution , January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Duthel , Heinz . European Debt Crisis 2011 . Euro Group Portugal , Ireland , Italy , Greece , Spain , and Belgium , 2010 . book . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Tarp Fraud Probes Begin - Daily Brief '' . Portfolio.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIGTARP Quarterly Report to Congress '' ( PDF ) . October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SEC charges financial planner with TARP fraud '' . USA Today . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wei , Lingling ; Bray , Chad ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Bank Chief Accused of TARP Fraud '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Lohr , Steve ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Intervention Is Bold , but Has a Basis in History '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . The article relies on the work of New York University Historian and Economist Richard Sylla for historical estimates . Jump up ^ Deborah Solomon . `` Light At the End of the Bailout Tunnel '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 12 , 2010. ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Current Economic and Financial Conditions '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntire , Mike ( January 17 , 2009 ) . `` Bailout Is a Windfall to Banks , if Not to Borrowers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coates , John C. ; Scharfstein , David S. ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Op - Ed : The Bailout Is Robbing the Banks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How can banks best use TARP funds ? '' . FierceFinance . October 31 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` kdka.com - PNC Financial Services To Buy National City '' . Web.archive.org. 2008 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Accountability for the Troubled Asset Relief Program '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` US officials say tracking bailout money is difficult '' . The Times Of India . January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. bailout recipients spent $114 million on politics '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Business News , Personal Finance and Money News - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; Bajaj , Vikas ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Plans $500,000 Cap on Executive Pay in Bailouts '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Congress Limits CEO Bonuses '' . Washingtonpost.com . February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Bloomberg.com. 2009 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ivry , Bob . `` Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $13 Billion Undisclosed to Congress '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Minority Ownership and TARP Investments by Lucas Puente , Linus Wilson '' . SSRN . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 2247043 . SSRN 2247043 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.sigtarp.gov/Audit%20Reports/Assessing%20Treasury's%20Process%20to%20Sell%20Warrants%20Received%20From%20TARP%20Recipients_May_11_2010.pdf Jump up ^ Damian Paletta ; Deborah Solomon . `` Financial Firms Lobby to Cut Cost of TARP Exit '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldman Sachs Warrants '' . SSRN.com . May 7 , 2009 . SSRN 1400995 . Jump up ^ John Carney . `` Goldman Sachs Is NOT Lobbying to Expunge the TARP Warrants '' . April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Stewart , James B. , `` Eight Days : the battle to save the American financial system '' , The New Yorker magazine , September 21 , 2009 . The report on TARP repayments is available here External links ( edit ) FinancialStability.gov Official website Datasets and Tools for FinancialStability.gov at Data.gov `` Stimulus.org '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . ( Listing of all economic recovery measures , including from the TARP program . ) Ericson , Matthew ; He , Elaine ; Schoenfeld , Amy . `` Tracking the $700 Billion Bailout '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2009 . ( Listing of recipients for funds allocated or distributed under the TARP program . ) Zumbrun , Josh ; et al. ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` The Ownership Society '' . Forbes . New York . Analysis of the injection of Government equity capital into banks . Nomi Prins : `` Obama Banking Too Much on Banks '' -- video report by Democracy Now ! September 15 , 2009 Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. Rothstein Allen Stanford Government entities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Housing Administration Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Housing Finance Board Federal Reserve System Government National Mortgage Association Irish Bank Resolution Corporation National Asset Management Agency Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office of Financial Stability UK Financial Investments Government policy and spending responses Banking and finance stability and reform Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009 Banking ( Special Provisions ) Act 2008 China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summit Commercial Paper Funding Facility Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Irish emergency budget , 2009 Irish budget , 2010 Irish budget , 2011 Irish budget , 2012 Irish budget , 2013 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package Bank stress tests EU U.S. Stimulus and recovery 2008 European Union stimulus plan 2008 -- 09 Keynesian resurgence American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Chinese economic stimulus program Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 Green New Deal Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 National fiscal policy response to the Great Recession Zero interest - rate policy Government interventions , rescues , and acquisitions List of banks acquired or bankrupted during the Great Recession Non-banking Chrysler General Motors Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities Collateralized debt obligations Collateralized mortgage obligations Credit default swaps Mortgage - backed securities Secondary mortgage market Social responses Tea Party protests ( United States ; c. 2009 ) May Day protests ( Europe , Middle East and North Africa , Asia ; 2009 ) Occupy movement ( worldwide ) Related topics 2000s energy crisis Central Asia : 2008 Effects on museums Decline of newspapers World food price crisis European debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 List of countries by public debt U.S. subprime mortgage crisis Background / timeline Background information Impact timeline Causes United States housing bubble / housing market correction Role of credit rating agencies Government policies Impacts Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Great Recession Writedowns Indirect economic effects Responses Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Acquired or bankrupt banks in the late 2000s financial crisis Capital Assistance Program Capital Purchase Program Federal Reserve responses Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Government intervention Homeowners Affordability and Stability Plan Hope Now Alliance Loan modification Public -- Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets Regulatory responses Primary Dealer Credit Facility 2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program Tea Party protests Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility Troubled Asset Relief Program Wall Street reform Related topics Error accounts Financial position of the United States Foreclosure rescue scheme Property derivatives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program&oldid=853804713 '' Categories : Banking in the United States Troubled Asset Relief Program Systemic risk United States Department of the Treasury Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubled%20Asset%20Relief%20Program
| 30,118 |
||
who was responsible for transcribing the declaration of independence into calligraphy
|
Timothy Matlack
|
timothy matlack
|
Timothy Matlack ( May 28 , 1736 -- April 14 , 1826 ) was a brewer and beer bottler who emerged as a popular and powerful leader in the American Revolutionary War . Secretary of Pennsylvania during the war , and a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1780 , he became one of Pennsylvania 's most provocative and influential political figures . Removed from office by his political enemies at the end of the war , he returned to power in the Jeffersonian era .
|
Matlack , who was known for his excellent penmanship , was chosen to write the original United States Declaration of Independence on vellum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Penmanship 3 In popular culture 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Timothy Matlack was born in Haddonfield , New Jersey on May 28 , 1736 , to Elizabeth Martha Burr Haines and Timothy Matlack : a couple that had both lost their first spouses . His grandparents were William Matlack and Mary Hancock ; and Henry Burr and Elizabeth Hudson . His siblings were Sybil , Elizabeth , Titus , Seth , Josiah and White Matlack . His half siblings were Reuben and Mary Haines . His first cousin was the Quaker abolitionist John Woolman . In 1738 , the family moved to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where Timothy attended Friends ' School . He likely studied under Anthony Benezet . In 1749 he was apprenticed to the prosperous Quaker merchant John Reynell . During his period of service Timothy was considered a strong candidate for the Quaker ministry . At the end of his term he married Ellen Yarnall , the daughter of the Quaker minister Mordecai Yarnall . The couple had five children : William , Mordecai , Sibyl , Catharine and Martha . In 1760 Matlack opened a mercantile he called the Case Knife . Two years later he and Owen Biddle purchased the Petty 's Run steel furnace in Trenton , New Jersey . In 1764 , following the failure of his shop , Timothy was disowned by the Quakers . The Quakers complained that he had been `` frequenting company in such a manner as to spend too much of his time from home . '' In 1768 , and again in 1769 , he was confined to debtors ' prison . By this time Timothy Matlack had set up a new business selling bottled beer . In 1769 he opened his own brewery , located near the State House , or Independence Hall . A horse racing enthusiast , in 1770 he pitted his gamecocks against those owned by the New York aristocrat James Delancey in an infamous main . In 1774 Matlack was hired by Charles Thomson , Secretary of the First Continental Congress , to engross the body 's formal address to the King of England . In May , 1775 , he became clerk to the Second Continental Congress and in June he composed George Washington 's commission as General and Commander - in - Chief of the army of the United Colonies . In October Congress elevated Matlack to Storekeeper of Military Supplies . By this time he was also a member of Philadelphia 's Committee of Inspection and Secretary of the Committee of Officers of the city 's three militia battalions . By December he was serving as Secretary to Congress 's Marine Committee , chaired by John Hancock . By January , 1776 , he was Commissary and Clerk - in - Chief of the Committee of Claims . That month Philadelphia added two more battalions to its militia brigade and Timothy Matlack was elected Colonel of the Fifth Battalion of Rifle Rangers . In February he was made an officer of the city 's Committee of Inspection and added to a key policy - making subcommittee . On May 20 , 1776 , Matlack was a principal speaker at a massive town meeting in the State House yard . He was a delegate to the Conference of Committees which met in June to plan for the Convention which would write a new constitution for Pennsylvania . These laws were to form the basis of a new government . That night , Matlack likely attended John Dunlap 's print shop , and printed copies of the declaration were ready by morning . Later that month Matlack engrossed the Declaration of Independence on parchment . Members of Congress began signing that historic document on August 2 . On July 8 , 1776 , Colonel John Nixon read Congress 's declaration of independence to a crowd gathered at the State House . As a leader of the Pennsylvania Convention he was instrumental in drafting the ultra-democratic Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . In the years that followed he was an ardent defender of this frame against such critics as Benjamin Rush , James Wilson and John Dickinson . Newspapers were his primary medium and he signed a number of articles with the pseudonym Tiberius Gracchus . Critics responded with the sobriquet ' Tim Gaff . ' As Secretary to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania , Matlack was one of the most powerful men in the new state during the war years . In 1780 his government passed an Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery , the first law of its kind in the Western Hemisphere . On December 27 , 1776 , following Washington 's victory at Trenton , the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania militia crossed the Delaware River and camped at Burlington . Colonel Timothy Matlack and his 5th Rifle Battalion were part of this expedition . On January 2 , they were involved in the Battle of Assumpink Creek , the second battle of Trenton . On January 3 the militia fought bravely at the Battle of Princeton . Matlack 's force continued to serve in this winter campaign until it dissolved at the end of the month . General Washington credited the Pennsylvania militia for their timely service in this campaign . Other officers commended the Philadelphia force for its manliness and spirit . Copy of the Declaration of Independence . Original document located at the U.S. National Archives in Washington DC . Following the British occupation of Philadelphia General Washington assigned Major General Benedict Arnold to the post of Commandant of Philadelphia . Secretary Matlack learned to despise the man 's presence . Matlack led an investigation of his wrongdoing which triggered a court martial . The court sentenced Arnold to be severely reprimanded by the Commander - in - Chief . Washington said his officer 's behavior had been `` reprehensible . '' Five months later Arnold 's treason at West Point was discovered . In this period , at the height of his power , Matlack was named a trustee ( 1779 -- 1785 ) of the new University of the State of Pennsylvania ( now the University of Pennsylvania ) . He was also a Secretary of the American Philosophical Society . In 1780 , Matlack delivered an address before the Society in which he advocated the institutionalization of agricultural in the interest of national development . `` In our endeavors to promote the interest and happiness of our country , '' Matlack declared , `` let us apply to intelligent husbandmen in every part of the state and collect the real knowledge among us '' and `` arrange it into science '' . Matlack called upon the University of the State of Pennsylvania , as well as other colleges , to foster the development of modern agricultural research and education in America . `` The Star - bespangled Genius of America ... '' he proclaimed , `` points to Agriculture as the stable Foundation of the rising mighty Empire . '' In 1781 , Matlack was among the founders of the Religious Society of Free Quakers , which consisted mostly of Quakers disowned for their support of or participation in the armed conflict with Great Britain during the American war for independence . One of the earliest opponents of slavery in British colonies in America , Matlack felt the Quakers were not moving quickly enough on abolition . Along with Benjamin Franklin , Robert Morris and others , Matlack helped raise a substantial sum of money to construct the Free Quaker Meeting House at the corner of Fifth and Arch streets in downtown Philadelphia , where he and other members of the society , including his brothers Josiah and White , openly worshiped . Matlack has been attributed with the architectural design of the Free Quaker Meeting House and its masonry vaults . He was also hired in 1794 by Philadelphia merchant and politician Anthony Morris to design a late Georgian style mansion in the countryside just outside Philadelphia . The estate is known today as the Highlands . In 1790 , Matlack was commissioned along with Samuel Maclay and John Adlum by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to survey the `` headwaters of the Susquehanna River and the streams of the New Purchase , '' the northwestern portion of the state purchased from the American Indians . They were also charged with exploring a route for a passageway to connect the West Branch with the Allegheny River . Matlack lived at a home , located at present - day 220 - 222 East Orange Street , in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , from 1799 until 1808 during the years that the city of Lancaster was the state capital of Pennsylvania . He worked as a clerk of the Pennsylvania State Senate while residing in the city . He was known for his household garden , which included `` 28 types of peach trees . '' After his death in Holmesburg , Pennsylvania on April 14 , 1826 , Matlack was interred in the Free Quaker Burial Ground on South Fifth Street , Philadelphia . His remains were removed from the Burial Ground in 1905 and reinterred in the Wetherill Cemetery in the current village of Audubon , Matson 's Ford , Montgomery Co. , Pennsylvania , in the Flatlands of the Schuylkill River opposite Valley Forge . Penmanship ( edit ) American Scribe Handwriting in the colonial period was heavily influenced by Europe , in particular by 18th century English writing masters . By the mid-18th century , there were special schools established to teach handwriting techniques , or penmanship . Master penmen like Timothy Matlack were employed to copy official documents such as land deeds , birth and marriage certificates , military commissions , and other legal documents . The development of copperplate engraving allowed for the use of very delicate type faces with many flourishes and curlicues in the script - like letters , which greatly influenced handwriting . Elegant handwriting became a sign of social status . One can readily see these influences in Matlack 's penmanship in the Declaration of Independence . In particular , his use of English Roundhand script stands out . This form of script was executed with a feather quill pen and was actually a form of handwriting . The script is known today as Copperplate . Matlack 's penmanship in the Declaration and other historical documents of the time has inspired a number of modern typefaces , or fonts , such as American Scribe , Declaration Script , Declaration Blackletter , and National Archive . In popular culture ( edit ) Timothy Matlack is mentioned in a riddle in the movie National Treasure . Notes ( edit ) Coelho , Chris . Timothy Matlack : Scribe of the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2013 . Fanelli , Doris Devine , Karie Diethorn and John C. Milley . History of the Portrait Collection , Independence National Historical Park . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society , 2001 . Johnson , Allen and Dumas Malone , eds . Dictionary of American Biography . New York : Charles Scribner & Sons , 1933 , vol 12 , pp 409 -- 410 Landis , Bertha Cochran . Col. Timothy Matlack . Papers read before the Lancaster County Historical Society , Vol . XLII - No. 6 ; Lancaster , PA : 1938 . Stackhouse , A.M. Col. Timothy Matlack , Patriot and Soldier . ( N.p. ) : Privately printed , 1910 . Wetherill , Charles . History of The Religious Society of Friends Called by Some The Free Quakers , in the City of Philadelphia . Philadelphia : Printed for the Society , 1894 Yarnall , John K. Yarnall Family Record in America from 1683 to 1913 . Chicago , Dec. 1913. ; William Wade Hinshaw , Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy , Vol. II - Philadelphia MM records . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coelho , Chris . Timothy Matlack : Scribe of the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2013 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Brubaker , Jack ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` The Scribbler : The man who really wrote the Declaration of Independence '' . ( LNP ) Lancaster Online . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Coelho , Chris Timothy Matlack : Scribe of the Declaration of Independence . Jefferson , NC : McFarland , 2013 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania : A History of the Commonwealth , ( ed . Millegrand Pencak , W. , the Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission , Harrisburg , PA , 2002 , p. 117 ) Jump up ^ Matlack , Timothy . An Oration , delivered March 16 , 1780 : Before the Patron , Vice-presidents and Members of the American Philosophical Society , Held at Philadelphia , for Promoting Useful Knowledge . Philadelphia : Styner and Cist , 1780 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Charles E. Notes on The Free Quaker Meeting House . Washington D.C. : Ross & Perry Inc , 2002 . Jump up ^ Storey , Henry Wilson . `` History of Cambria County , Pennsylvania . '' New York : The Lewis Publishing Company , 1907 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Biography , Timothy Matlack at the University of Pennsylvania Free Quaker Meeting House architectural drawing by Timothy Matlack , Library of Congress VIAF : 60152885 LCCN : n85253407 GND : 129087289 US Congress : M000246 IATH : w64b30fg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Matlack&oldid=817581288 '' Categories : 1730 births 1829 deaths Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania 18th - century American politicians Pennsylvania militiamen in the American Revolution American revolutionaries People of New Jersey in the American Revolution American abolitionists Penmanship American Quakers University of Pennsylvania people Politicians from Philadelphia Politicians from Lancaster , Pennsylvania People from Haddonfield , New Jersey People of colonial New Jersey People of colonial Pennsylvania Businesspeople from Lancaster , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 08 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20Matlack
| 43,422 |
||
who signed the 1914 amalgamation treaty of nigeria
|
Southern Nigeria Protectorate
|
southern nigeria protectorate
|
Southern Nigeria was a British protectorate in the coastal areas of modern - day Nigeria formed in 1900 from the union of the Niger Coast Protectorate with territories chartered by the Royal Niger Company below Lokoja on the Niger River .
|
The Lagos colony was later added in 1906 , and the territory was officially renamed the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria . In 1914 , Southern Nigeria was joined with Northern Nigeria Protectorate to form the single colony of Nigeria . The unification was done for economic reasons rather than political -- Northern Nigeria Protectorate had a budget deficit ; and the colonial administration sought to use the budget surpluses in Southern Nigeria to offset this deficit . Sir Frederick Lugard , who took office as governor of both protectorates in 1912 , was responsible for overseeing the unification , and he became the first governor of the newly united territory . Lugard established several central institutions to anchor the evolving unified structure . A Central Secretariat was instituted at Lagos , which was the seat of government , and the Nigerian Council ( later the Legislative Council ) , was founded to provide a forum for representatives drawn from the provinces . Certain services were integrated across the Northern and Southern Provinces because of their national significance -- military , treasury , audit , posts and telegraphs , railways , survey , medical services , judicial and legal departments -- and brought under the control of the Central Secretariat in Lagos . The process of unification was undermined by the persistence of different regional perspectives on governance between the Northern and Southern Provinces , and by Nigerian nationalists in Lagos . While southern colonial administrators welcomed amalgamation as an opportunity for imperial expansion , their counterparts in the Northern Province believed that it was injurious to the interests of the areas they administered because of their relative backwardness and that it was their duty to resist the advance of southern influences and culture into the north . Southerners , on their part , were not eager to embrace the extension of legislation originally meant for the north to the south . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administration 1.1 Governors 2 Economy 2.1 Colonial economic policy 3 Demography 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Administration ( edit ) Governors ( edit ) From its foundation southern Nigeria was administered by a high commissioner . The first high commissioner was Ralph Moor . When Lagos was amalgamated with the rest of southern Nigeria in 1906 , the then high commissioner Walter Egerton was made into Governor of the territory . When in 1900 the protectorate passed from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office , Ralph Moor became High Commissioner of Southern Nigeria and laid the foundations of the new administration , his health failing , he retired on pension on 1 October 1903 . Egerton became Governor of Lagos Colony , covering most of the Yoruba lands in the southwest of what is now Nigeria , in 1903 . The colonial office wanted to amalgamate the Lagos Colony with the protectorate of Southern Nigeria , and in August 1904 also appointed Egerton as High Commissioner for the Southern Nigeria Protectorate . He held both offices until 28 February 1906 . On that date the two territories were formally united and Egerton was appointed Governor of the new Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria , holding office until 1912 . In the new Southern Nigeria , the old Lagos Colony became the Western Province , and the former Southern Nigerian Protectorate was split into a Central Province with capital at Warri and an Eastern Province with capital at Calabar . When his predecessor in Southern Nigeria , Sir Ralph Denham Rayment Moor , resigned , a large part of the southeast of Nigeria was still outside British control . On taking office , Egerton began a policy of sending out annual pacification patrols , which generally obtained submission through the threat of force without being required to actually use force . When Egerton became Governor of Lagos he enthusiastically endorsed the extension of the Lagos -- Ibadan railway onward to Oshogbo , and the project was approved in November 1904 . Construction began in January 1905 and the line reached Oshogbo in April 1907 . He favored rail over river transport , and pushed to have the railway further extended to Kano by way of Zaria . He also sponsored extensive road construction , building on the legislative foundation laid by his predecessor Moor which enabled use of unpaid local labor . Egerton shared Moor 's views on the damage that was being done to the Cross River trade by the combination of indigenous middlemen and traders based in Calabar . The established traders at first got the Colonial Office to pass rules inhibiting competition from traders willing to set up bases further inland , but with some difficulty Egerton persuaded the officials to reverse their ruling . Egerton was a strong advocate of colonial development . He believed in deficit financing at certain periods of a colony 's growth , which was reflected in his budgets from 1906 to 1912 . He had a constant struggle to obtain approval for these budgets from the colonial office . As early as 1908 , Egerton supported the idea of `` a properly organized Agricultural Department with an energetic and experienced head '' , and the Department of Agriculture came into being in 1910 . Egerton endorsed the development of rubber plantations , a concept familiar to him from his time in Malaya , and arranged for land to be leased for this purpose . This was the foundation of a highly successful industry . He also thought there could be great potential in the tin fields near Bauchi , and thought that if proven a branch line to the tin fields would be justified . Egerton came into conflict with the administration of Northern Nigeria on a number of issues . There was debate over whether Ilorin should be incorporated into Southern Nigeria since the people were Yoruba , or remain in Northern Nigeria since the ruler was Muslim and for some time Ilorin had been subject to the Uthmaniyya Caliphate . There was argument about the administration of duties on goods landed on the coast and carried into Northern Nigeria . And there was dispute over whether railway lines from the north should terminate at Lagos or should take alternative routes to the Niger River and the coast . Egerton had reason on his side in objecting to the proposed line terminating at Baro on the Niger , since navigation southward to the coast was restricted to the high water season , and even then was uncertain . Egerton 's administration imposed policies that tended towards segregation of Europeans and Africans . These included excluding Africans from the West African Medical Service and saying that no European should take orders from an African , which had the effect of ruling out African doctors from serving with the army . Egerton himself did not always approve of these policies , and they were not strictly upheld . The legal relationship between the Lagos government and the Yoruba states of the Lagos Colony was not clear , and it was not until 1908 that Egerton persuaded the Obas to accept the establishment of the Supreme Court in the main towns . In 1912 , Egerton was replaced by Frederick Lugard , who was appointed Governor - General of both Southern and Northern Nigeria with the mandate to unite the two . Egerton was appointed Governor of British Guiana as his next posting , clearly a demotion , which may have been connected to his fights with the Colonial Office officials . Lugard returned to Nigeria as Governor of the two protectorates . His main mission was to complete the amalgamation into one colony . Although controversial in Lagos , where it was opposed by a large section of the political class and the media , the amalgamation did not arouse passion in the rest of the country . From 1914 to 1919 , Lugard was made Governor General of the now combined Colony of Nigeria . Throughout his tenure , Lugard sought strenuously to secure the amelioration of the condition of the native people , among other means by the exclusion , wherever possible , of alcoholic liquors , and by the suppression of slave raiding and slavery . Lugard ran the country with half of each year spent in England , distant from realities in Africa where subordinates had to delay decisions on many matters until he returned , and based his rule on a military system . High - Commissioners and Governors Name Tenure Office Portrait Sir Ralph Moor 1900 -- 1903 High Commissioner of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate Sir Walter Egerton 1903 -- 1912 High Commissioner of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate 1903 -- 1906 Governor of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria 1906 -- 1912 Sir Frederick Lugard 1912 -- 1914 Governor of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria Economy ( edit ) Colonial economic policy ( edit ) The British economic policy for Africa at the time was founded on the belief that if African peoples were brought to embrace European civilisation with its emphasis on law and order their economic resources would be more effectively and thoroughly exploited to the benefit of all . It was optimistically and simplistically believed that the problem of African economic development was largely the problem of law and order ; that once the slave trade was suppressed the chaos and anarchy believed to be the bane of life in Africa would disappear and African endeavour would be channeled to the collection of the national produce of the tropical forest for the satisfaction of European needs . The view came to be held that Africans by themselves were incapable of maintaining law and order to the level needed to bring about the much - desired economic revolution , and that only European rule could do it . It was not enough for the colonial power to impose and maintain law and order though . It was also necessary to promote and develop free movement and natural growth and trade . Also it was the generally accepted assumption that the economic efforts and products of a colony should supplement , rather than compete with or undermine , the economic efforts and products of the metropolitan country . This was a survival of the mercantilist system which had come to grief in the last quarter of the eighteenth century . Revenue and expenditure in £ s Year Revenue Expenditure Surplus / Deficit 1900 535,902 424,257 + 111,645 1901 606,431 564,818 + 41,613 1902 801,737 619,687 + 182,050 1903 760,230 757,953 + 2,277 1904 888,136 863,917 + 24,219 1905 951,748 998,564 - 46,816 1906 1,088,717 1,056,290 + 32,427 1907 1,459,554 1,217,336 + 242,218 1908 1,387,975 1,357,763 + 30,212 1909 1,361,891 1,648,648 - 286,793 1910 1,933,235 1,592,282 + 340,953 1911 1,956,176 1,717,259 + 238,917 1912 2,235,412 2,110,498 + 124,914 1913 2,668,198 2,096,311 + 571,887 Demography ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) See also ( edit ) Postage stamps and postal history of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate Southern Nigeria Government Gazette References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Barkan , Joel D. ; Gboyega , Alex ; Stevens , Mike ( August 2 , 2001 ) . `` State and Local Governance in Nigeria '' . Public Sector and Capacity Building Program : Africa Region . The World Bank . p. 1 . March 6 , 2011 Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 82 . Jump up ^ Worldstatesmen . Jump up ^ Afigbo & Falola 2005 , pp. 229 . Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 58 . Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 148 . Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 169 . Jump up ^ Afigbo & Falola 2005 , pp. 191 . Jump up ^ Afigbo & Falola 2005 , pp. 177 . Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 102 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Falola 2003 , pp. 404 . Jump up ^ Duignan & Gann 1975 , pp. 105 . Jump up ^ Calvert 1910 , pp. 37 . Jump up ^ Afigbo & Falola 2005 , pp. 368 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Geary 1965 , pp. 143 . Jump up ^ Okpewho & Davies 1999 , pp. 414 . Jump up ^ Gann & Duignan 1978 , pp. 304 . Jump up ^ Afigbo & Falola 2005 , pp. 280 . Jump up ^ Carland 1985 , pp. 116 . Jump up ^ The Administration of Nigeria 1900 to 1960 , by I.F. Nicholson , Oxford University Press , 1969 ^ Jump up to : Carland 1985 , p. 104 Bibliography Carland , John M. ( 1985 ) . The Colonial Office and Nigeria , 1898 - 1914 . Hoover Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8141 - 9 . Afigbo , Adiele Eberechukwu ; Falola , Toyin ( 2005 ) . Nigerian history , politics and affairs : the collected essays of Adiele Afigbo . Africa World Press . ISBN 1 - 59221 - 324 - 3 . Calvert , Albert Frederick ( 1910 ) . Nigeria and Its Tin Fields . Forgotten Books . ISBN 1 - 4400 - 5273 - 5 . Carland , John M. ( 1985 ) . The Colonial Office and Nigeria , 1898 -- 1914 . Hoover Press . ISBN 0 - 8179 - 8141 - 1 . Falola , Toyin ( 2003 ) . The foundations of Nigeria : essays in honor of Toyin Falola . Africa World Press . ISBN 1 - 59221 - 120 - 8 . Duignan , Peter ; Gann , Lewis H. ( 1975 ) . Colonialism in Africa , 1870 -- 1960 : The economics of colonialism . CUP Archive . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08641 - 8 . Gann , Lewis H. ; Duignan , Peter ( 1978 ) . The rulers of British Africa , 1870 -- 1914 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 85664 - 771 - 3 . Geary , William Nevill Montgomerie ( 1965 ) ( 1927 ) . Nigeria under British rule . Routledge . ISBN 0714616664 . Okpewho , Isidore ; Davies , Carole Boyce ( 1999 ) . The African diaspora : African origins and New World identities . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33425 - X . `` Nigeria '' . WorldStatesmen . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 25 . Further reading ( edit ) Adiele Afigbo , `` Sir Ralph Moor and the Economic Development of Southern Nigeria , 1896 -- 1903 '' , Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria , 5 / 3 ( 1970 ) , 371 -- 97 Adiele Afigbo , The Warrant Chiefs : Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria , 1891 -- 1929 ( 1972 ) Robert Home , City of Blood Revisited : A New Look at the Benin Expedition of 1897 ( 1982 ) Tekena Tamuno , The Evolution of the Nigerian State : The Southern Phase , 1898 -- 1914 ( 1972 ) J.C. Anene , Southern Nigeria in Transition , 1885 -- 1906 : Theory and Practice in a Colonial Protectorate ( 1966 ) Obaro Ikime , Merchant Prince of the Niger Delta : The Rise and Fall of Nana Olomu , Last Governor of the Benin River ( 1968 ) External links ( edit ) Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Nollywood Colonial era Golden Age Video film era New Wave Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Coordinates : 6 ° 27 ′ 00 '' N 3 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E / 6.4500 ° N 3.4000 ° E / 6.4500 ; 3.4000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate&oldid=804447745 '' Categories : Former monarchies of Africa Former countries in Africa Former protectorates States and territories established in 1900 States and territories disestablished in 1914 Colonial Nigeria British West Africa Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa History of Lagos History of Nigeria Former Nigerian administrative divisions 1900s in Nigeria 1910s in Nigeria 1900 establishments in Nigeria 1914 disestablishments in Nigeria 1900 establishments in the British Empire 1914 disestablishments in the British Empire British colonisation in Africa Former British protectorates Hidden categories : Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from March 2017 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه Català Deutsch Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 01 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Nigeria%20Protectorate
| 107,703 |
||
examples of unitary systems include monarchies oligarchies and dictatorships
|
List of forms of government
|
list of forms of government
|
This can be a natural , temporary result of civil war in a country , when an established state has been destroyed and the region is in a transitional period without definitive leadership . Alternatively , it has been presented as a viable long term choice by individuals known as anarchists who oppose the state and other forms of coercive hierarchies . These individuals typically think people should organize in non-hierarchical , voluntary associations where people voluntarily help each other . There are a variety of forms of anarchy that attempt to avoid the use of coercion , violence , force and authority , while still producing a productive and desirable society .
|
Forms of government by power source ( edit ) Term Description Democracy Democracy , meaning `` rule of the people '' , is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body , such as a parliament . Democracy is sometimes referred to as `` rule of the majority '' . Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do , but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes . Oligarchy Oligarchy , meaning `` rule of the few '' , is a form of power structure in which power rests with a small number of people . These people might be distinguished by nobility , wealth , family ties , education or corporate , religious or military control . Such states are often controlled by families who typically pass their influence from one generation to the next , but inheritance is not a necessary condition for the application of this term . Autocracy Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power ( social and political ) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection ) . Absolute monarchy ( such as Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Oman , Brunei and Swaziland ) and dictatorships ( such as Cuba , China , and North Korea ) are the main modern day forms of autocracy . Types of democracy ( edit ) Further information : Outline of democracy In democracies , large proportions of the population may vote , either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions . Commonly significant in democracies are political parties , which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed . Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems . Note : These categories are not exclusive Term Definition Direct democracy Variant of democracy ; government in which the people represent themselves and vote directly for new laws and public policy . Representative democracy Variant of democracy ; wherein the people or citizens of a country elect representatives to create and implement public policy in place of active participation by the people . Liberal democracy Variant of democracy ; a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism . It is characterised by fair , free , and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons . To define the system in practice , liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century , liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world . A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms : it may be a republic , such as France , Germany , India , Ireland , Italy , Taiwan , or the United States ; or a constitutional monarchy , such as Japan , Spain , or the United Kingdom . It may have a presidential system ( Argentina , Brazil , Mexico , or the United States ) , a semi-presidential system ( France , Portugal , or Taiwan ) , or a parliamentary system ( Australia , Canada , Germany , Ireland , India , Italy , New Zealand , or the United Kingdom ) . Social democracy Variant of democracy ; social democracy rejects the `` either / or '' phobiocratic / polarisation interpretation of capitalism versus socialism . It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of capitalist economy into socialist economy . Social democracy argues that all citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights . These are made up of universal access to public services such as : education , health care , workers ' compensation , public transportation , and other services including child care and care for the elderly . Social democracy is connected with the trade union labour movement and supports collective bargaining rights for workers . Contemporary social democracy advocates freedom from discrimination based on differences of : ability / disability , age , ethnicity , sex , gender , language , race , religion , sexual orientation , and social class . Totalitarian democracy Variant of democracy ; refers to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens , while granted the right to vote , have little or no participation in the decision - making process of the government . Electocracy Variant of democracy ; where citizens are able to vote for their government but can not participate directly in governmental decision making and where the government does not share any power . Demarchy Variant of democracy ; government in which the state is governed by randomly selected decision makers who have been selected by sortition ( lot ) from a broadly inclusive pool of eligible citizens . These groups , sometimes termed `` policy juries '' , `` citizens ' juries '' , or `` consensus conferences '' , deliberately make decisions about public policies in much the same way that juries decide criminal cases . Demarchy , in theory , could overcome some of the functional problems of conventional representative democracy , which is widely subject to manipulation by special interests and a division between professional policymakers ( politicians and lobbyists ) vs. a largely passive , uninvolved and often uninformed electorate . According to Australian philosopher John Burnheim , random selection of policymakers would make it easier for everyday citizens to meaningfully participate , and harder for special interests to corrupt the process . More generally , random selection of decision makers from a larger group is known as sortition ( from the Latin base for lottery ) . The Athenian democracy made much use of sortition , with nearly all government offices filled by lottery ( of full citizens ) rather than by election . Candidates were almost always male , Greek , educated citizens holding a minimum of wealth and status . Types of oligarchy ( edit ) Oligarchicies are societies controlled and organised by a small class of privileged people , with no intervention from the most part of society ; this small elite is defined as sharing some common trait . De jure democratic governments with a de facto oligarchy are ruled by a small group of segregated , powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations . These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally . An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things . An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic . An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers . Some historical examples of oligarchy are the Roman Republic , in which only males of the nobility could run for office and only wealthy males could vote , and the Athenian democracy , which used sortition to elect candidates , almost always male , Greek , educated citizens holding a minimum of land , wealth and status . Some critics of capitalism and / or representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy . Note : These categories are not exclusive Term Definition Aristocracy Rule by the nobility ; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society . Plutocracy Rule by the wealthy ; a system wherein governance is indebted to , dependent upon or heavily influenced by the desires of the rich . Plutocratic influence can alter any form of government . For instance , in a republic , if a significant number of elected representative positions are dependent upon financial support from wealthy sources , it is a plutocratic republic . Kraterocracy Rule by the strong ; a system of governance where those who are strong enough to seize power through physical force , social maneuvering or political cunning . Stratocracy Rule by military service ; a system of governance composed of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity . Citizens with mandatory or voluntary active military service or who have been honorably discharged have the right to govern ( not to be confused with `` military junta '' or `` military dictatorship '' ) . The Spartan city - state is a historical example ; its social system and constitution were completely focused on military training and excellence . Stratocratic ideology often attaches to the honor - oriented timocracy . Timocracy Rule by the honourable ; a system of governance ruled by honorable citizens and property owners . Socrates defines a timocracy as a government ruled by people who love honour and are selected according to the degree of honour they hold in society . This form of timocracy is very similar to meritocracy , in the sense that individuals of outstanding character or faculty are placed in the seat of power . Meritocracy Rule by the meritorious ; a system of governance where groups are selected on the basis of people 's ability , knowledge in a given area , and contributions to society . Technocracy Rule by the educated or technical experts ; a system of governance where people who are skilled or proficient govern in their respective areas of expertise in technology would be in control of all decision making . Doctors , engineers , scientists , professionals and technologists who have knowledge , expertise , or skills would compose the governing body instead of politicians , businessmen and economists . In a technocracy , decision makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skillful they are in their field . Geniocracy Rule by the intelligent ; a system of governance where creativity , innovation , intelligence and wisdom are required for those who wish to govern . Comparable to noocracy . Noocracy Rule by the wise ; a system of governance in which decision making is in the hands of philosophers . ( advocated by Plato ) Theocracy Rule by a religious elite ; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity . The Vatican 's ( see Pope ) , Iran 's ( see Supreme Leader ) , Tibetan government 's ( see Dalai Lama ) , Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies . Kritarchy Rule by various judges , the kritarchs ; a system of governance composed of law enforcement institutions in which the state and the legal systems are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity . The kritarchs , magistrates and other adjudicators have the legal power to legislate and administer the enforcement of government laws in addition to the interposition of laws and the resolution of disputes . ( Not to be confused with `` judiciary '' or `` judicial system '' . ) Somalia , ruled by judges with the tradition of xeer , as well as the Islamic Courts Union , is a historical example . Particracy Rule by a dominant political party ( or parties ) . Ergatocracy Rule by the proletariat , the workers , or the working class . Examples of ergatocracy include communist revolutionaries and rebels which control most of society and create an alternative economy for people and workers . See Dictatorship of the proletariat . Netocracy Rule by social connections ; a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine Wired in the early 1990s . A portmanteau of Internet and aristocracy , netocracy refers to a perceived global upper - class that bases its power on a technological advantage and networking skills , in comparison to what is portrayed as a bourgeoisie of a gradually diminishing importance . The netocracy concept has been compared with Richard Florida 's concept of the creative class . Bard and Söderqvist have also defined an under - class in opposition to the netocracy , which they refer to as the consumtariat . Types of autocracy ( edit ) Autocracies are ruled by a single entity with absolute power , whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control ( except perhaps for implicit threat ) . That entity may be an individual , as in a dictatorship or it may be a group , as in a one - party state . The word despotism means to `` rule in the fashion of despots '' and is often used to describe autocracy . Historical examples of autocracy include the Roman Empire , Soviet Union and Nazi Germany . Term Definition Civilian Dictatorship A dictatorship where power resides in the hands of one single person or polity . That person may be , for example , an absolute monarch or a dictator , but can also be an elected president . The Roman Republic made dictators to lead during times of war ; but the Roman dictators only held power for a small time . In modern times , an autocrat 's rule is one that not stopped by any rules of law , constitutions , or other social and political institutions . After World War II , many governments in Latin America , Asia , and Africa were ruled by autocratic governments . Examples of dictators include : Joseph Stalin , Adolf Hitler , Mao Zedong , Idi Amin , Muammar Gaddafi , and Gamal Abdul Nasser . Military Dictatorship A dictatorship primarily enforced by the military . Military dictators are different from civilian dictators for a number of reasons : their motivations for seizing power , the institutions through which they organize their rule , and the ways in which they leave power . Often viewing itself as saving the nation from the corrupt or myopic civilian politicians , a military dictatorship justifies its position as `` neutral '' arbiters on the basis of their membership within the armed forces . For example , many juntas adopt titles , such as `` National Redemption Council '' , `` Committee of National Restoration '' , or `` National Liberation Committee '' . Military leaders often rule as a junta , selecting one of them as the head . Pejorative attributes ( edit ) Regardless of the form of government , the actual governance may be influenced by sectors with political power which are not part of the formal government . These are terms that highlight certain actions of the governors , such as corruption , demagoguery , or fear mongering that may disrupt the intended way of working of the government if they are widespread enough . Term Definition Bankocracy Rule by banks ; a system of governance with excessive power or influence of banks and other financial authorities on public policy - making . It can also refer to a form of government where financial institutions rule society . Corporatocracy Rule by corporations ; a system of governance where an economic and political system is controlled by corporations or corporate interests . Its use is generally pejorative . Examples include company rule in India and business voters for the City of London Corporation . Nepotocracy Rule by nephews ; favouritism granted to relatives regardless of merit ; a system of governance in which importance is given to the relatives of those already in power , like a nephew ( where the word comes from ) . In such governments even if the relatives are n't qualified they are given positions of authority just because they know someone who already has authority . Pope Alexander VI ( Borgia ) was accused of this . Kakistocracy Rule by the stupid ; a system of governance where the worst or least - qualified citizens govern or dictate policies . Due to human nature being inherently flawed , it has been suggested that every government which has ever existed has been a prime example of kakistocracy . See Idiocracy . Kleptocracy Rule by thieves ; a system of governance where its officials and the ruling class in general pursue personal wealth and political power at the expense of the wider population . In strict terms kleptocracy is not a form of government but a characteristic of a government engaged in such behavior . Examples include Mexico as being considered a `` narcokleptocracy '' , ( narco - state ) since its democratic government is perceived to be corrupted by those who profit from trade in illegal drugs smuggled into the United States and Vladimir Putin 's style of government in the Russian Federation often called mafia state . Ochlocracy Rule by the crowd ; a system of governance where mob rule is government by mob or a mass of people , or the intimidation of legitimate authorities . As a pejorative for majoritarianism , it is akin to the Latin phrase mobile vulgus meaning `` the fickle crowd '' , from which the English term `` mob '' was originally derived in the 1680s . Ochlocratic governments are often a democracy spoiled by demagoguery , `` tyranny of the majority '' and the rule of passion over reason ; such governments can be as oppressive as autocratic tyrants . Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to the modern , informal term `` mobocracy '' . Other attributes ( edit ) Term Definition Anocracy A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions ( as in a normal democracy ) but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power . Examples of anocracies in Africa include the warlords of Somalia and the shared governments in Kenya and Zimbabwe . Anocracies are situated midway between an autocracy and a democracy . The Polity IV dataset recognised anocracy as a category . In that dataset , anocracies are exactly in the middle between autocracies and democracies . Often the word is defined more broadly . For example , a 2010 International Alert publication defined anocracies as `` countries that are neither autocratic nor democratic , most of which are making the risky transition between autocracy and democracy '' . Alert noted that the number of anocracies had increased substantially since the end of the Cold War . Anocracy is not surprisingly the least resilient political system to short - term shocks : it creates the promise but not yet the actuality of an inclusive and effective political economy , and threatens members of the established elite ; and is therefore very vulnerable to disruption and armed violence . Adhocracy Rule by a government based on relatively disorganised principles and institutions as compared to a bureaucracy , its exact opposite . Bureaucracy Rule by a system of governance with many bureaus , administrators , and petty officials Cybersynacy Ruled by a data fed group of secluded individuals that regulates aspects of public and private life using data feeds and technology having no interactivity with the citizens but using `` facts only '' to decide direction . Nomocracy Rule by a government under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right as opposed to one under theocratic systems of government . In a nomocracy , ultimate and final authority ( sovereignty ) exists in the law . Banana republic A politically unstable and kleptocratic government that economically depends upon the exports of a limited resource ( fruits , minerals ) , and usually features a society composed of stratified social classes , such as a great , impoverished ergatocracy and a ruling plutocracy , composed of the aristocracy of business , politics , and the military . In political science , the term banana republic denotes a country dependent upon limited primary - sector productions , which is ruled by a plutocracy who exploit the national economy by means of a politico - economic oligarchy . In American literature , the term banana republic originally denoted the fictional Republic of Anchuria , a servile dictatorship that abetted , or supported for kickbacks , the exploitation of large - scale plantation agriculture , especially banana cultivation . In U.S. politics , the term banana republic is a pejorative political descriptor coined by the American writer O. Henry in Cabbages and Kings ( 1904 ) , a book of thematically related short stories derived from his 1896 -- 1897 residence in Honduras , where he was hiding from U.S. law for bank embezzlement . Band society Rule by a government based on small ( usually family ) unit with a semi-informal hierarchy , with strongest ( either physical strength or strength of character ) as leader . Very much like a pack seen in other animals , such as wolves . Forms of government by ideology ( edit ) By socio - political attributes ( edit ) Term Definition Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , generally a family representing a dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and its head , the monarch , exercises the role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication . In contrast , elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected . Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy . For example , in some elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . There have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Republic A republic ( Latin : res publica ) is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter '' , not the private concern or property of the rulers . The primary positions of power within a republic are not inherited , but are attained through elections expressing the consent of the governed . Such leadership positions are therefore expected to fairly represent the citizen body . It is a form of government under which the head of state is not a monarch . In American English , the definition of a republic can also refer specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body , known elsewhere as a representative democracy ( a democratic republic ) and exercise power according to the rule of law ( a constitutional republic ) . Types of monarchy ( edit ) Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families ( rarely another type of group ) , called the royalty , represents national identity , with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals , called the monarch , who mostly rule kingdoms . The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical ( crowned republic ) to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) to completely despotic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the post of the monarch is inherited , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Term Definition Absolute monarchy A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government . Many nations of Europe during the Middle Ages were absolute monarchies . Modern examples include mainly Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia , UAE , Oman , Brunei and one African country Swaziland . Constitutional monarchy Also called parliamentary monarchy , the monarch 's powers are limited by law or by a formal constitution , usually assigning them to those of the head of state . Many modern developed countries , including the United Kingdom , Norway , Netherlands , Australia , Canada and Japan , are constitutional monarchy systems . Crowned republic A form of government where the monarch ( and family ) is an official ceremonial entity with no political power . The royal family and the monarch are intended to represent the country and may perform speeches or attend an important ceremonial events as a symbolical guide to the people , but hold no actual power in decision - making , appointments , et cetera . Types of republic ( edit ) Rule by a form of government in which the people , or some significant portion of them , have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people . A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch . Montesquieu included both democracies , where all the people have a share in rule , and aristocracies or oligarchies , where only some of the people rule , as republican forms of government . Note : These categories are not exclusive Term Definition Constitutional Republic Republics where there is rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution , and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace ( Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic , though most inhabitants were disenfranchised ) . Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens ( by defining people without the vote as `` non-citizens '' ) . Examples include the United States , South Africa , India , etc . Democratic republic Republics where the running of the country is considered a `` public matter '' ( Latin : res publica ) , not a private concern or property of rulers , and where offices of states are subsequently , directly or indirectly , elected or appointed -- rather than inherited -- where all eligible citizens have an equal say in the local and national decisions that affect their lives . Parliamentary republic Republics , like Germany , India or Singapore , with an elected head of state , but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers , or a head of state akin to a head of government , elected by a parliament . Presidential Republic Republics with an elected head of state , where the head of state is also the head of the government . Examples include United States , Mexico , Brazil , and Indonesia . Federal republic Republics that are a federal union of states or provinces Examples include United States , Argentina , Austria , Brazil , Germany , India , Mexico , Russia , and Switzerland . People 's republic Republics that include countries like China and Vietnam that are de jure governed for and by the people , but with no direct elections . The term People 's Republic is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people 's revolution , like the Republic of China . Islamic Republic Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law . Examples include Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iran . By socio - economic attributes ( edit ) Further information : Economic system Historically , most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies . Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves . Note : These categories are not exclusive Term Definition Tribalism A system based on a small complex society of varying degrees of centralisation that is led by an individual known as a chief . Monarchism A system in which the government is headed by an agreed upon head of the nobility who is known as the monarch , usually in the form of a king or emperor ( but also less commonly a queen or empress ) . in most monarchical systems the position of monarch is one inherited from a previous ruler by bloodline or marriage , but in other cases it may be a position elected by the nobility themsleves , as was the case in the ancient Roman Kingdom and the medieval Holy Roman Empire . Republicanism A system in which the laws and governmental policies of the state are considered a `` public matter '' and decided by the citizens of the society , whoever they may be . Most modern nation - states are examples of republics , but other examples include those of ancient Rome and Athens . Despotism A system in which the laws and resources of a nation are controlled by one individual , usually a monarch or dictator , who holds absolute political power . Examples include the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt and the Roman emperors . ( Often used as a slur by republicans to refer to all monarchical systems , monarchists conversely use the term to refer to systems in which monarchs have overstepped their boundaries , or to refer to some of the more totalitarian republican systems ) Feudalism A system of land ownership and duties common to medieval Europe . Under feudalism , all the land in a kingdom belonged tp the king . However , the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him . These presents of land were called manors . Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals . The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles . The lands of vassals were called fiefs . A similar system is the Iqta , used by medieval Islamic societies of the middle east and north africa . This functioned much like the feudal system but generally had titles that were n't granted to a family dynasty but to individuals at the behest of the sultan and generally only required a tax from the lower classes , instead of military service and / or manual labour like in the feudal system . Colonialism A system in which a native group ( or their lands and resources ) is subjugated by an external political power for their own economic and / or political benefit . Capitalism A system in which the means of production ( machines , tools , factories , etc . ) are owned by private individuals , workers then negotiate with those individuals to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what they produce , usually in the form of capital ( money ) . The owners of the means of production are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers ' labor that is agreed upon by the two parties . The capitalist system is usually accompanied by a Welfare state which plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well - being of its citizens . It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity , equitable distribution of wealth , and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life . Minarchism A variant of capitalism which advocates for the State to exist solely to provide a very small number of services . A popular model of the State proposed by minarchists is known as the night - watchman state , in which the only governmental functions are to protect citizens from aggression , theft , breach of contract , and fraud as defined by property laws , limiting it to three institutions : the military , the police , and courts . Distributism A variant of capitalism which views widespread property ownership as fundamental right ; the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state ( as in state socialism ) , or a few individuals / corporations ( as in what proponents of distributism call `` crony capitalism '' ) Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism , which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative . In contrast , distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole , to our spiritual life , our intellectual life , our family life `` . Socialism A system in which workers , democratically and / or socially own the means of production . The economic framework may be decentralized and self - managed in autonomous economic units , as in libertarian systems , or centrally planned , as in authoritarian systems . Public services such as healthcare and education would be commonly , collectively , and / or state owned . Anarchism A socialist system that advocates self - governed societies based on voluntary institutions . These are often described as stateless societies , although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations . Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable , unnecessary , and / or harmful . Communism A socialist system in which the means of production are commonly owned ( either by the people directly , through the commune , or by a communist state or society ) , and production is undertaken for use , rather than for profit . Communist society is thus , in theory , stateless , classless , moneyless , and democratic -- it is usually regarded as the `` final form '' of a socialist or anarchist society . Totalitarianism A system in which the land and resources of a nation are controlled by a centralised authoritarian state that holds absolute political power , usually under a dictatorship or single political party . Examples include the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany . By geo - cultural attributes ( edit ) Governments can also be categorised based on their size and scope of influence : Term Definition Commune From the Medieval Latin communia . An intentional community of people living together , sharing common interests , often having common values and beliefs , as well as shared property , possessions , resources , and , in some communes , work , income or assets . City - State A sovereign state , also described as a type of small independent country , that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories . Historically , this included cities such as Rome , Athens , Carthage , and the Italian city - states during the Renaissance . Today only a handful of sovereign city - states exist , with some disagreement as to which are city - states . A great deal of consensus exists that the term properly applies currently to Singapore , Monaco , and Vatican City . City states are also sometimes called micro-states which however also includes other configurations of very small countries . National Government The government of a nation - state and is a characteristic of a unitary state . This is the same thing as a federal government which may have distinct powers at various levels authorized or delegated to it by its member states , though the adjective ' central ' is sometimes used to describe it . The structure of central governments varies . Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the central government to governments at a subnational level , such as a regional , state or local level . Based on a broad definition of a basic political system , there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution or other law . Intergovernmental Organisations Also known as international governmental organizations ( IGOs ) : the type of organization most closely associated with the term ' international organization ' , these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states ( referred to as member states ) . Notable examples include the United Nations ( UN ) , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , Council of Europe ( COE ) , International Labour Organization ( ILO ) and International Police Organization ( INTERPOL ) . The UN has used the term `` intergovernmental organization '' instead of `` international organization '' for clarity . World Government The notion of a common political authority for all of humanity , yielding a global government and a single state that exercises authority over the entire Earth . Such a government could come into existence either through violent and compulsory world domination or through peaceful and voluntary supranational union . Forms of government by other attributes ( edit ) By significant constitutional attributes ( edit ) Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types ; others are historically associated with certain types of government . Rule according to higher law ( unwritten ethical principles ) vs. written constitutionalism Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights Androcracy ( patriarchy ) or gynarchy ( matriarchy ) vs. gender quotas , gender equality provision , or silence on the matter By approach to regional autonomy ( edit ) This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty , and the autonomy of regions within the state . Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction . Empire Unitary state Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas . Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy Diverging degrees of sovereignty . Alliance Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Corpus separatum Colony Crown colony Chartered company Dependent territory Occupied territory Occupied zone Mandate Exclusive mandate Military Frontier Neutral zone Colonial dependency Protectorate Vassal state Satellite state Puppet state Thalassocracy Unrecognized state States with limited recognition Separatist movement Government in exile Micronation Provisional government Territorial disputes Non-self - governing territories League of Nations League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution ( powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments ) Theoretical and speculative attributes ( edit ) These currently have no citable real - world examples outside of fiction . Term Definition Corporate republic Theoretical form of government occasionally hypothesised in works of science fiction , though some historical nations such as medieval Florence might be said to have been governed as corporate republics . The colonial megacorporations such as the Dutch East India Company should possibly be considered corporate states , being semi-sovereign with the power to wage war and establish colonies . While retaining some semblance of republican government , a corporate republic would be run primarily like a business , involving a board of directors and executives . Utilities , including hospitals , schools , the military , and the police force , would be privatised . The social welfare function carried out by the state is instead carried out by corporations in the form of benefits to employees . Although corporate republics do not exist officially in the modern world , they are often used in works of fiction or political commentary as a warning of the perceived dangers of unbridled capitalism . In such works , they usually arise when a single , vastly powerful corporation deposes a weak government , over time or in a coup d'état . Some political scientists have also considered state socialist nations to be forms of corporate republics , with the state assuming full control of all economic and political life and establishing a monopoly on everything within national boundaries -- effectively making the state itself amount to a giant corporation . Magocracy Rule by a government with the highest and main authority being either a magician , sage , sorcerer , wizard or witch . This is often similar to a theocratic structured regime and is largely portrayed in fiction and fantasy genre categories . Uniocracy Ruled by a singularity of all human minds connected via some form of technical or non-technical telepathy acting as a form of super computer to make decisions based on shared patterned experiences to deliver fair and accurate decisions to problems as they arrive . Also known as the `` Hive Mind '' principle , it differs from voting in that each person would make a decision while in the `` hive '' the synapses of all minds work together following a longer path of memories to make `` one '' decision . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Decentralism : Where It Came From - Where Is It Going ? . Amazon.com . ISBN 1551642484 . Jump up ^ `` Anarchy . '' Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2004 . The first quoted usage is 1667 Jump up ^ `` Anarchy . '' Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2004 . The first quoted usage is 1552 Jump up ^ `` Anarchy . '' Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2004 . The first quoted usage is 1850 . Jump up ^ `` Better off Stateless : Somalia Before and After Government Collapse '' ( PDF ) . George Mason University . 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anarchy Works by Peter Gelderloos '' . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Noam Chomsky on the history of Anarchy '' . Youtube.com. 2011 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A discussion on what anarchy is , by those that self - identify as anarchists '' . anarchy.net . Archived from the original on 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ernst R. Berndt , ( 1982 ). `` From Technocracy To Net Energy Analysis : Engineers , Economists And Recurring Energy Theories Of Value '' , Studies in Energy and the American Economy , Discussion Paper No. 11 , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Revised September 1982 Jump up ^ Spencer Heath MacCallum ( 1 June 1998 ) A Peaceful Ferment in Somalia . The Independent Institute . Independent.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.pl/books?id=fDozCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29&lpg=PT29&dq=kritarchy+islamic+courts+union&source=bl&ots=qjy9Ak6fSv&sig=7UtilafoduOWcHLTtWJR2YgZOF0&hl=pl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlqryLpovVAhWoFZoKHWlcCYkQ6AEISjAF#v=onepage&q=kritarchy%20islamic%20courts%20union&f=false Jump up ^ Waibl , Elmar ; Herdina , Philip ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Philosophical Terms vol. II -- English - German / Englisch - Deutsch . Walter de Gruyter . p. 33 . ISBN 3110979497 . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corporatocracy '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . / ˌkôrpərəˈtäkrəsē / ... a society or system that is governed or controlled by corporations : Jump up ^ Marshall , Monty G. ; Cole , Benjamin R. ( 1 December 2011 ) . `` Global Report 2011 : Conflict , Governance , and State Fragility '' ( PDF ) . Vienna : Center for Systemic Peace . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Phil ; Baksh , Deborrah ( September 2010 ) . `` Working with the Grain to Change the Grain : Moving Beyond the Millennium Development Goals '' ( PDF ) . London : International Alert . p. 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Richard Alan White ( 1984 ) . The Morass . United States Intervention in Central America . New York : Harper & Row . p. 319 . ISBN 9780060911454 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big - business Greed Killing the Banana ( p . A19 ) '' . The Independent , via The New Zealand Herald . 24 May 2008 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ O. Henry ( 15 December 2009 ) . Cabbages and Kings . MobileReference . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60778 - 412 - 8 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . While he was in Honduras , Porter coined the term ' banana republic ' Jump up ^ Fotopoulos , Takis , The Multidimensional Crisis and Inclusive Democracy . ( Athens : Gordios , 2005 ) . ( English translation of the book with the same title published in Greek ) . Jump up ^ `` Victorian Electronic Democracy : Glossary '' . 28 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Montesquieu , The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) , Bk. II , ch. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Republic '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` republic '' . WordNet 3.0 . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Montesquieu , Spirit of the Laws , Bk. II , ch. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Shiach , Morag ( 2004 ) . Modernism , Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture , 1890 -- 1930 . Cambridge University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83459 - 9 Jump up ^ Zwick , Mark and Louise ( 2004 ) . The Catholic Worker Movement : Intellectual and Spiritual Origins . Paulist Press . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4315 - 3 Jump up ^ Boyle , David ; Simms , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The New Economics . Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 675 - 8 Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ; Younkins , Edward W. ( 2001 ) . Three in One : Essays on Democratic Capitalism , 1976 -- 2000 . Rowman and Littlefield . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1171 - 2 Jump up ^ Storck , Thomas . `` Capitalism and Distributism : two systems at war , '' in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism . Tobias J. Lanz , ed . IHS Press , 2008 . p. 75 Jump up ^ Sinclair , Upton ( 1918 - 01 - 01 ) . Upton Sinclair 's : A Monthly Magazine : for Social Justice , by Peaceful Means If Possible . Socialism , you see , is a bird with two wings . The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production . ' Jump up ^ Schweickart , David . Democratic Socialism . Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice ( 2006 ) : `` Virtually all ( democratic ) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with ' socialism , ' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market , centrally - planned economy ... Some have endorsed the concept of ' market socialism , ' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition , but socializes the means of production , and , in some versions , extends democracy to the workplace . Some hold out for a non-market , participatory economy . All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism . '' Jump up ^ Steele , David Ramsay ( September 1999 ) . From Marx to Mises : Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0875484495 . Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism : an initial phase , with labor vouchers , and a higher phase , with free access . Jump up ^ Busky , Donald F. ( July 20 , 2000 ) . Democratic Socialism : A Global Survey . Praeger . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0275968861 . Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services . The communist slogan , ' From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs ' ( as opposed to ' work ' ) would then rule Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&oldid=818770838 '' Categories : Government Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 13 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20forms%20of%20government
| 23,179 |
||
who wrote the poem that is engraved on the pedestal of the statue of liberty
|
`` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level .
|
Emma Lazarus
|
The New Colossus
|
the new colossus
|
`` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level .
|
Contents 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 . It remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . On the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty , the line `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads in Lazarus 's manuscript `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' since its unveiling in 1903 . The plaque also describes itself as an engraving ; it is actually a casting . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2 , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism , and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias . The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trump aide dismisses Statue of Liberty `` huddled masses '' poem `` . CBS News . CBS News . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=856181496 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Colossus
| 11,816 |
was there a sequel to harry and the hendersons
|
Harry and the Hendersons
|
harry and the hendersons
|
Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow , Melinda Dillon , Don Ameche , David Suchet , Margaret Langrick , Joshua Rudoy , Lainie Kazan , and Kevin Peter Hall . Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer , while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry . It is the story of a Seattle family 's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot , partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest , California and other parts of both the United States and Canada since the late 1960s . The film won an Academy Award for Best Makeup , and inspired a follow - up TV series of the same name . In the United Kingdom , the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons , though the TV series retained the American title . The DVD and all current showings of the movie in the UK now refer to the movie by its original title .
|
In conjunction with the film 's setting , shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I - 90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle 's Wallingford , Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle 's I - 5 corridor . While the film received mixed reviews , it was a box office success , with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Awards 4 Music 4.1 1987 MCA soundtrack album 4.2 2007 Intrada album 5 Home media 6 TV spin - off 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) George Henderson ( John Lithgow ) is returning to his suburban Seattle home with his family from a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains when they hit something with the family Ford Country Squire . George investigates , and discovers to his horror and awe , that they have hit a Sasquatch . Thinking they have killed it , they decide to take the creature home , strapping it to the roof of their car . Meanwhile , a mysterious hunter has been tracking the creature and discovers the Hendersons ' license plate , which fell off when they hit the creature . Later that night , George goes out to the garage to examine the creature and discovers that it is not dead , and has escaped . He hears noises from his kitchen and sees the creature , which has knocked over the fridge looking for food . The family realizes that the creature is friendly and kind . George has a change of heart ; at first he wished to make money from the creature , but now decides to take him back to the wild . Naming the creature `` Harry , '' George tries to lure him into the station wagon , but Harry believes that the Hendersons mean him harm and instead he disappears . Saddened , the family resume their normal lives , but sightings of Harry become more frequent and the media fervor heightens . George tries to find Harry in order to keep him safe . George visits the `` North American Museum of Anthropology '' to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood , an expert on Bigfoot , but is disheartened when he realizes its ramshackle state . Giving his number to the clerk ( Don Ameche ) inside the Museum , George resumes his search for Harry . The hunter from the woods is Jacques LaFleur ( David Suchet ) , a legendary hunter who became obsessed with Bigfoot and has hunted for one ever since becoming a laughingstock . LaFleur tracks down the Hendersons and is closer to finding Harry . After a Harry sighting , George goes into the city to search for him . Meanwhile , the police are dealing with the `` Bigfoot Mania '' by apprehending several local enthusiasts that are hunting Bigfoot , in case the Bigfoot in question is someone dressed in a costume . Following a car chase , George is able to save Harry from LaFleur , and LaFleur is arrested by police officers . When George brings Harry home , he and the Hendersons bury the hunting trophies and pay their respects to the dead animals that were converted into hunting trophies . The next morning , the neighbors notice hair in the Hendersons pool , and Harry is seen being dried off while watching The Addams Family . In jail , LaFleur calls someone and tells him to secure his immediate release because he has a lead on Bigfoot . George calls Dr. Wrightwood from the museum and invites him to dinner to speak about Bigfoot . At dinner , the museum clerk is revealed to be Dr. Wrightwood , having also become a laughingstock . Dr. Wrightwood tells George and the family to give up on Bigfoot , as it has destroyed his life and will destroy theirs , but then he meets Harry , and instantly agrees to take him to safety , away from the city . By this time , LaFleur has been bailed of jail and heads to the Henderson house . George and Harry escape the house with Dr. Wrightwood in his old truck . LaFleur gives chase and eventually catches up with the Henderson family . Fleeing back to the mountains , George tries to make Harry leave , going so far as to hit Harry . Confused and upset , Harry does not leave . LaFleur catches up to them and attacks the Hendersons dog . Harry attacks LaFleur , but George intervenes . Through George 's faith and Harry 's kindness , LaFleur changes his mind and decides that Harry deserves to live peacefully . As the family says goodbye , George thanks Harry for all he has done for the family and tells him to take care of himself . to which Harry replies `` Okay '' ( his first spoken word ) . As Harry leaves , several other Sasquatches appear from their hiding places and also disappear into the wilderness with him , to the amazement of the Hendersons . When Dr. Wrightwood asks LaFleur what he 's going to do next , LaFleur replies , `` I do n't know . There 's always Loch Ness . '' As the two of them laugh at that comment , the Hendersons keep waving goodbye to Harry . Cast ( edit ) John Lithgow as George Henderson Melinda Dillon as Nancy Henderson Margaret Langrick as Sarah Henderson Joshua Rudoy as Ernie Henderson Kevin Peter Hall as Harry ( in - suit performer ) Rick Baker as Harry ( puppeteer ) Tom Hester as Harry ( puppeteer ) Tim Lawrence as Harry ( puppeteer ) Fred Newman as Harry ( voice ) Lainie Kazan as Irene Moffat Don Ameche as Dr. Wallace Wrightwood David Suchet as Jacques LaFleur M. Emmet Walsh as George Henderson Sr . William Dear as Sighting Man Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Box office ( edit ) Harry and the Hendersons opened third behind Beverly Hills Cop II and The Untouchables . It went on to gross $29.7 million at the North American domestic box office and $20.2 million internationally for a total of $49.9 million worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) The response from critics was mixed . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 44 % based on reviews from 18 critics . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards Best Makeup ( Won ) Music ( edit ) Bruce Broughton composed the film 's original score , and co-wrote `` Love Lives On '' with Barry Mann ( music ) , Cynthia Weil ( lyrics ) and Will Jennings ( lyrics ) , performed by Joe Cocker over the end credits ( in place of Broughton 's planned end title cue ) , the soundtrack version of `` Love Lives On '' which has a saxophone solo on a single and later released as a single . MCA Records released a soundtrack album on record and cassette ; in 2007 Intrada Records issued an expanded album , marking the music 's premiere CD release . 1987 mca soundtrack album ( edit ) Side 1 : Love Lives On - Joe Cocker ( 3 : 49 ) Main Title ( 3 : 05 ) Some Dumb Thing ( 2 : 28 ) Irene ! ( 1 : 26 ) Harry In The House ( 4 : 20 ) Harry Takes Off ( 3 : 20 ) Side 2 : Your Feet 's Too Big - Jimmy Walker ; arr . Chris Boardman ( 3 : 15 ) Drawing Harry ( 1 : 49 ) Taking Harry Home ( 2 : 57 ) Foot Prints ( 4 : 19 ) Goodbyes ( 4 : 07 ) `` Harry And The Hendersons '' ( 3 : 28 ) 2007 Intrada album ( edit ) The album begins with the film version of `` Love Lives On , '' which has a flute solo rather than the guitar heard on the single and on the 1987 soundtrack album . Love Lives On - Joe Cocker ( 3 : 51 ) Main Title ( 5 : 41 ) Taking Harry Home ( 4 : 33 ) Harry in the House ( 6 : 22 ) Night Prowler ( 1 : 01 ) Some Dumb Thing ( 3 : 16 ) Irene ! ( 1 : 26 ) Eye To Eye ( 0 : 54 ) Our Little Pet ( 1 : 36 ) Tracking Harry ( 1 : 37 ) Harry Takes Off ( 3 : 19 ) Big Freeway ( 1 : 39 ) Sasquatch ( 1 : 01 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1 : 55 ) Bigfoot Museum ( 0 : 59 ) Planning the Hunt ( 2 : 03 ) Drawing Harry ( 1 : 48 ) Night Pursuit ( 9 : 52 ) First Things First ( 1 : 41 ) Wrightwood Meets Harry ( 1 : 29 ) Bed Pals ( 0 : 43 ) Traffic Jam ! ( 7 : 14 ) Footprints ( 4 : 19 ) Goodbyes ( 4 : 06 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 3 : 27 ) Home media ( edit ) The film was released in January 2011 on DVD entitled Harry and The Hendersons Special Edition . A single - disc Blu - ray of the film was released on March 4 , 2014 . TV spin - off ( edit ) The film had a TV series spin - off , also called Harry and the Hendersons . Kevin Peter Hall reprised Harry until his death in 1991 . After that , Harry was performed by Dawan Scott in 1991 - 1992 and by Brian Steele in 1992 - 1993 . Harry 's vocal effects were provided by Patrick Pinney . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry ` Spinoff Is ` Alf ` For The ` 90s '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cop II Is First Again In Box Office Sales '' . New York Times . 1987 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Harry and the Hendersons '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1987 - 06 - 05 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW BIGFOOT ` HARRY ' TRAVELS A FAMILIAR , GOOEY TRAIL '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 1987 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Harry And The Hendersons Takes Familiar Turns '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards , USA : 1998 '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Harry and the Hendersons '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry and the Hendersons Harry and the Hendersons on IMDb Harry and the Hendersons at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by William Dear Northville Cemetery Massacre ( 1976 ) Elephant Parts ( 1981 ) Timerider : The Adventure of Lyle Swann ( 1982 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) Wild America ( 1997 ) Santa Who ? ( 2000 ) School of Life ( 2005 ) The Foursome ( 2006 ) Simon Says ( 2006 ) The Sandlot : Heading Home ( 2007 ) The Perfect Game ( 2009 ) Free Style ( 2009 ) Mr. Troop Mom ( 2009 ) Politics of Love ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_and_the_Hendersons&oldid=819102532 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s comedy films 1980s fantasy films Amblin Entertainment films American buddy films American fantasy - comedy films American films Bigfoot films Films based on urban legends Films directed by William Dear Films set in Seattle Films set in Washington ( state ) Films shot in Washington ( state ) Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Universal Pictures films Films about animal rights Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department Films scored by Bruce Broughton Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 12 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20and%20the%20Hendersons
| 23,286 |
||
when was it was a good day made
|
`` It Was a Good Day '' Single by Ice Cube from the album The Predator Released February 23 , 1993 Format CD 12 '' Recorded Genre West Coast hip hop gangsta rap Length 4 : 22 Label Priority Songwriter ( s ) Ice Cube , Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley , Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , Chris Jasper Producer ( s ) DJ Pooh Ice Cube singles chronology `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) `` Wicked '' ( 1992 ) `` It Was a Good Day '' ( 1993 ) `` Check Yo Self '' ( 1993 ) Audio sample file help
|
It was a Good Day
|
it was a good day
|
`` It Was a Good Day '' ( aka `` Today Was a Good Day '' ) is a song by American gangsta rapper Ice Cube . It was released in February 1993 as the second single from his third solo album , The Predator . The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart and on the UK Charts at number 27 . It was ranked as the 81st - greatest rap song of all time by About.com and number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . In 2008 , it was ranked number 28 on VH1 's 100 greatest songs of hip hop .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music and reception 3 Games 4 Date of the `` Good Day '' 5 Goodyear response 6 Music video 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Ice Cube originally recorded a demo of the track in his home studio and went on to record the album version in Los Angeles at Echo Sound Studios during 1992 , and it was one of the first ideas for the album sessions . Ice Cube commented on the concept behind the song stating , The inspiration was my life at the time ... I was at the top of the rap game . It was the summer of ' 92 and I was in a hotel room , really in a state of euphoria . I had all the money I had dreamed of . I was in a good frame of mind . And I remember thinking , ' Okay , there 's been the riots , people know I will deal with that . That 's a given . But I rap all this gangsta stuff -- what about all the good days I had ? ' Ice Cube initially went into the studio with a sample of the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and DJ Pooh enhanced the production with bass and vocals . The song has been re-released multiple times , including on Ice Cube 's Greatest Hits album . A remixed version , sampling `` Let 's Do It Again '' by The Staple Singers , appeared on his Bootlegs & B - Sides as well as The N.W.A Legacy , Vol. 1 : 1988 -- 1998 . Music and reception ( edit ) The song ( and the music video ) tell the story of how Ice Cube has a good day in South Central Los Angeles . Throughout the song he enjoys playing basketball , having sex , smoking marijuana ( whether coincidentally or on purpose , the song is 4 : 20 in length ) , getting drunk , going to his friend Short Dog 's house to watch Yo ! MTV Raps and later win at craps and bones , eating fast food at 2 AM , and cruising the streets of South Central undisturbed , free from having `` to use ( his ) AK . '' He even sees the lights on the Goodyear blimp , which Ice Cube says reads `` Ice Cube 's a Pimp '' . The song samples multiple songs , including the Isley Brothers ' `` Footsteps in the Dark '' and `` Sexy Mama '' by The Moments . The song received generally very positive reviews from critics . Blender magazine writer , Michael Odel , stated it contained a `` chilled - out , feel - good vibe '' . AllMusic 's Jason Birchmeier noted that even though it was The Predator 's `` most laid - back moment , ( It ) emits a quiet sense of violent anxiety . '' and went on to say `` It 's a truly beautiful moment , a career highlight for sure . '' Entertainment Weekly mentioned that he rapped over a `` partly melancholy , partly swaggering beat ( and ) glories in good luck , South Central style '' . Vibe magazine described DJ Pooh 's beat as a `` smoothed - out production '' . It reached number 77 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90 's . It was included in About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs , at number 81 . In 2008 , it was ranked number 8 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop . In contrast to the success and popularity of `` It Was a Good Day '' , the sampled song which contributed to its fame did not receive such popularity . `` Footsteps in the Dark '' was released as the B - side to `` Groove with You '' , which did not chart on either the pop or the R&B singles charts . Games ( edit ) The song appears in the video game Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas on the fictional radio station Radio Los Santos . Date of the `` Good Day '' ( edit ) Stand - up comedian Donovan Strain has deduced the day Ice Cube had a ' Good Day ' using clues within the lyrics of the song . Strain claims that , `` The only day where : Yo ! MTV Raps was on air , it was a clear and smogless day in Los Angeles , beepers or pagers were commercially sold , Lakers beat the SuperSonics , and Ice Cube had no filming commitments was January 20 , 1992 . '' Deadspin followed up with some fact checking corroborating the claim . However , bloggers have noted several errors in Strain 's reasoning . For example , `` it is unlikely that Ice Cube got ' a beep from Kim ' for a booty call since the likely Kim , Ice Cube 's fiancée by 1992 , was eight - months pregnant at the time '' . Due to these errors , an alternative date has been calculated by one blogger to have been November 30 , 1988 . Ice Cube , however , has stated that the day described in the song is purely fictional . `` It 's a fictional song , '' Cube explained during an interview with Moviefone about 21 Jump Street . `` It 's basically my interpretation of what a great day would be . Do you know what I 'm saying ? So , you know , it 's a little of this and a little of that . I do n't think you can pinpoint the day . '' Goodyear response ( edit ) In 2014 , Ice Cube agreed to support a crowdfunding campaign started by `` hip - hop loving friends '' who said they wanted to raise and donate $25,000 for the South Central charity `` A Place Called Home '' if the Goodyear Blimp would display the lyrics from the song . After Ice Cube spoke about the campaign on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , Goodyear quickly agreed . Due to the nature of the fundraiser and the organization , the original song lyrics `` Ice Cube 's a pimp '' were altered to display `` It 's a good day '' on the Goodyear Blimp . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by F. Gary Gray and was first aired during March 1993 . At the end of the video , police are depicted surrounding Ice Cube 's house in order to arrest him . It then states `` To Be Continued '' and actually continues in the `` Check Yo Self '' music video . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 78 US Hot R&B Singles 49 US Hot Rap Songs 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Odell ( April 2005 ) . The Greatest Songs Ever ! It Was a Good Day Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Blender . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ It Was a Good Day Lyrics . MTV . Accessed May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ It Was a Good Day sample search The - breaks . Accessed May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jason Birchmeier . The Predator > Overview AllMusic . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Greg Sandow ( November 20 , 1992 ) . The Predator Music Review Entertainment Weekly . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vibe 150 : West Coast Archived October 3 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Vibe . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s . VH1 . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 100 Rap Songs . About.com . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas - Radio Los Santos '' . ign.com . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Murk Avenue Tumblr MurkAve . National Good Day Day Accessed January , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Internet Has Discovered The Exact Day Featured In Ice Cube 's `` It Was A Good Day '' DeadSpin . Jump up ^ Dino Gradoni . `` Sadly , January 20 , 1992 May Not Be Ice Cube 's ' Good Day ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Correction to Murk Avenue : Ice Cube 's ' Good Day ' really was Nov. 30 , 1988 '' . Pandemonium . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice Cube finally resolves ' It Was A Good Day ' theories : ' It 's a fictional song ' '' . EW.com. 2012 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Fenske , Sarah . `` Ice Cube Gets His Name on the Goodyear Blimp ( For Real ) '' . www.laweekly.com . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fenske , Sarah ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Ice Cube Gets His Name on the Goodyear Blimp ( For Real ) '' . L.A. Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Ice Cube -- `` It Was a Good Day '' mvdbase . Accessed May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Album & Song Chart History '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Ice Cube . Jump up ^ `` Ice Cube Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1993 '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : R&B '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . BPI Communications . 105 ( 52 ) : YE - 29 . December 25 , 1993 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in Music : Rap '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . BPI Communications . 105 ( 52 ) : YE - 27 . December 25 , 1993 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Ice Cube -- It Was a Good Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Music video on YouTube Audio on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Ice Cube Studio albums AmeriKKKa 's Most Wanted Death Certificate The Predator Lethal Injection War & Peace Vol. 1 War & Peace Vol. 2 Laugh Now , Cry Later Raw Footage I Am the West Extended plays Kill at Will Compilations Bootlegs & B - Sides Featuring ... Ice Cube Greatest Hits In the Movies The Essentials Singles `` Endangered Species ( Tales from the Darkside ) '' `` Steady Mobbin ' '' `` True to the Game '' `` Wicked '' `` It Was a Good Day '' `` Check Yo Self '' `` Really Doe '' `` You Know How We Do It '' `` Bop Gun ( One Nation ) '' `` The World Is Mine '' `` We Be Clubbin ' '' `` Men of Steel '' `` Pushin ' Weight '' `` Hello '' `` You Can Do It '' `` Until We Rich '' `` $100 Bill Y'all '' `` Why We Thugs '' `` Go to Church '' `` Gangsta Rap Made Me Do It '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` I Rep That West '' `` Sic Them Youngins On ' Em '' Other songs `` No Vaseline '' Related articles Discography N.W.A Westside Connection C.I.A. Da Lench Mob Lench Mob Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Was_a_Good_Day&oldid=832259228 '' Categories : 1993 singles Ice Cube songs Music videos directed by F. Gary Gray Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Songs written by Ice Cube Songs about Los Angeles 1992 songs Song recordings produced by DJ Pooh Priority Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 21 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%20Was%20a%20Good%20Day
| 103,991 |
|
what are the odds of hitting mega millions
|
Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning Normal balls ( pool of 75 ) Mega ball ( pool of 15 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 258,890,850 5 0 $1 million 1 in 18,492,204 $5,000 1 in 739,688 0 $500 1 in 52,835 $50 1 in 10,720 0 $5 1 in 766 $5 1 in 473 $2 1 in 56 0 $1 1 in 21
|
Mega Millions
|
mega millions
|
Mega Millions ( which began as The Big Game in 1996 , which was renamed to The Big Game Mega Millions six years later ) is an American multi-jurisdictional lottery game ; it is offered in 44 states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was in 2002 ( see below . )
|
The minimum Mega Millions advertised jackpot is $15 million , paid in 30 graduated yearly installments , increasing 5 percent each year ( unless the cash option is chosen ; see below for differences by lotteries on cash / annuity choice regulations . ) The jackpot increases when there is no top - prize winner ( see below for information on how the Mega Millions jackpot is funded . ) Reflecting common practice among American lotteries , the jackpot is advertised as a nominal value of annual installments . A cash value option ( the usual choice ) , when chosen by a jackpot winner , pays the approximate present value of the installments . Mega Millions ' current format began on October 19 , 2013 ; its first drawing was three days later . Mega Millions uses a 5 / 75 ( for the white balls ) plus 1 / 15 ( for the `` Mega Ball '' ) double matrix to select its winning numbers . Each game costs one dollar . Of the 46 Mega Millions jurisdictions , all but California offer an option , called Megaplier ( plays with the Megaplier are $2 each ) where non-jackpot prizes are multiplied by 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . The Megaplier was made available to all Mega Millions jurisdictions in January 2011 ; it began as an option available only in Texas . Mega Millions is drawn at 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday and Friday evenings , including holidays . Mega Millions is administered by a consortium of its 12 original lotteries ; the drawings are held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia , supervised by the Georgia Lottery . In the December 17 , 2013 drawing , the current 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format produced its first two jackpot winners , sharing a jackpot worth $648 million ( annuity value ; the cash value was $347,639,485 ) , which is the second highest jackpot in Mega Millions history . The two jackpot - winning tickets were sold in San Jose , California and in Atlanta , Georgia . On October 28 , 2017 , Mega Millions will undergo its most significant format change : plays will be $2 each ( $3 with the Megaplier ) ; each of the 46 Mega Millions members will have the choice to offer players a `` jackpot - only '' option of 2 plays for $3 . The largest jackpot in Mega Millions history was $656 million annuity value ( with a cash option of $474 million ) for the March 30 , 2012 drawing , in which there were three jackpot - winning tickets ; one each in Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland . All three tickets had been claimed by April 18 , with each set of winners choosing the cash option of $158 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball 2 Current and future participating members 2.1 Mega Millions and Powerball 3 History 3.1 The Big Game 3.2 The Big Game Mega Millions 3.3 2010 cross-sell expansion 3.4 October 2013 format change ; current version 3.5 October 2017 format / price point change 3.5. 1 Just the Jackpot option 4 Record jackpots 5 How the drawings are held 6 Versions of ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions 6.1 Megaplier 6.2 Winning and probability 6.3 Payment options 6.4 Claiming prizes 7 Drawings 8 Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) 9 Revenue 10 Miscellany 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Mega Millions lottery tickets from New Jersey ( left ) and New York ; see below for rule variations among the game 's 45 members On October 13 , 2009 , the Mega Millions consortium and Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in American lottery jurisdictions , with the two groups referred to as the `` Mega Power Lottery '' by many users . The expansion occurred on January 31 , 2010 , as 23 Powerball members began selling Mega Millions tickets for their first drawing on February 2 , 2010 ; likewise , 10 Mega Millions members began selling Powerball tickets for their first drawing the next day . Montana ( joining Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 ) was the first jurisdiction to add either game after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska ( March 20 , 2010 ) , Oregon ( March 28 , 2010 ) , Arizona ( April 18 , 2010 ) , Maine ( May 9 , 2010 ) , Colorado and South Dakota ( the latter two on May 16 , 2010 ) also have joined Mega Millions since the expansion . As of January 2016 , there are 46 lotteries offering Mega Millions and Powerball ; Florida joined Mega Millions in May 2013 . ( Puerto Rico , whose lottery began in the 1930s , currently does not offer Mega Millions ) . Before the agreement , the only stores which sold Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers whose business was on a border between jurisdictions which sold competing games . The current Mega Millions format began in October 2013 ; the game will use a different double matrix as of October 2017 . Mega Millions plays will become $2 per game upon the format change ; it is unknown exactly how the `` Megaplier '' will be utilized . Current and future participating members ( edit ) As of April 2017 , both Mega Millions and Powerball are available in 44 states and the District of Columbia ( in blue ) , plus the US Virgin Islands ( not shown ) Powerball replaced Lotto * America in April 1992 ; Mega Millions replaced The Big Game in May 2002 ( see below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions ) . Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Mega Millions lottery tickets from New York , Delaware , and Maryland Lottery Powerball Mega Millions Arizona 000000001994 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1994 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 Arkansas 000000002009 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 2009 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 California 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2013 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 Connecticut 000000001995 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Colorado 000000002001 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2001 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Delaware 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 District of Columbia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Florida 000000002009 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 2009 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2013 Georgia ° 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Idaho 000000001990 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Illinois 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Indiana 000000001990 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Iowa 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kansas ° 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kentucky 000000001991 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1991 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Louisiana 000000001995 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1995 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Maine 000000002004 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2004 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Maryland 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Massachusetts ° 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Michigan 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Minnesota 000000001990 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1990 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Missouri 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Montana 000000001989 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1989 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 Nebraska ° 000000001994 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1994 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 New Hampshire 000000001995 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1995 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New Jersey 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001999 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1999 New Mexico ° 000000001996 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1996 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New York 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 North Carolina 000000002006 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 North Dakota 000000002004 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Ohio ° 000000002010 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2010 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 Oklahoma 000000002006 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2006 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Oregon 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Pennsylvania 000000002002 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Puerto Rico 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2014 Not offered Rhode Island 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Carolina 000000002002 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 2002 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Dakota ° 000000001990 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1990 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Tennessee 000000002004 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2004 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Texas ° 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 US Virgin Islands 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 Vermont 000000002003 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 2003 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Virginia ° 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Washington 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 West Virginia 000000001988 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1988 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wisconsin ° 000000001989 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1989 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wyoming 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 ( both games ) ° These lotteries are planning to offer the Just the Jackpot option as part of the October 2017 format change ; see below . The states of Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada , and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . History ( edit ) The Big game ( edit ) The Big Game logo prior to the Mega Millions name change . Tickets for The Big Game began to be sold in Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , and Virginia on August 31 , 1996 . The Big Game was the brainchild of the then - lottery directors Rebecca Paul ( of the Georgia Lottery ) and Penelope W. Kyle ( of the Virginia Lottery . ) The Big Game initially was drawn weekly , on Friday . The Georgia Lottery was a member of MUSL at the time and wanted to sell both games for the remainder of 1996 ; however , within a few days , Georgia was forcibly removed from MUSL , returning with the 2010 cross-selling expansion . Beginning in January 1999 , jackpot winners were given the option to receive their prize in cash . In May 1999 , New Jersey joined The Big Game , the only jurisdiction to enter as a participant before The Big Game became Mega Millions in 2002 . The Big game Mega Millions ( edit ) The Big Game Mega Millions logo following the addition of the name Mega Millions Ohio and New York joined the consortium on May 15 , 2002 , when the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions , temporarily retaining the old name and the original `` gold ball '' logo . The `` Big Money Ball '' became the `` Mega Ball . '' While the game 's name was altered , the yellow ball in the new Mega Millions logo continued to read `` The Big Game '' until Feb 2003 , after which it was replaced with 6 stars representing the 6 original members of the consortium . The 1st ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was held 2 days later on May 17 . The Mega Millions trademark is owned by the Illinois Lottery . The 1st 3 lotteries to join Mega Millions were Washington ( in Sep 2002 ) , Texas ( in 2003 ) and California ( in 2005 ) ; California was the last addition to Mega Millions before the cross-sell expansion of 2010 . Montana joined Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 , the 1st addition to Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . When Texas joined Mega Millions in 2003 , it began offering an option , initially available only to Texas Lottery players , known as the Megaplier , which was similar to the then - current version of Powerball 's Power Play . The 11 Mega Millions lotteries without Megaplier on the Jan 31 , 2010 cross-selling date gradually added the multiplier option ; by Jan 2011 , all Mega Millions lotteries , except for California , offered the Megaplier . The Texas Lottery owns the trademark to Megaplier . On June 24 , 2005 , to commemorate California joining Mega Millions , that night 's drawing was held in Hollywood , with Carrie Underwood assisting host Glenn Burns for the draw . For the Nov 15 , 2005 drawing , a group called `` The Lucky 7 '' held the only jackpot - winning ticket , purchased in Anaheim , California , winning $315 million . They chose the cash option , splitting $175 million before federal withholdings . This remains the largest prize won by a single Mega Millions ticket . On March 6 , 2007 , the Mega Millions jackpot reached $390 million , which is the record for the 3rd largest jackpot in US history . The jackpot was shared by 2 tickets , both matching the numbers of 16 - 22 - 29 - 39 - 42 and Mega Ball 20 . Both winners chose the cash option , with each share $116,557,083 before withholdings . 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) The New Jersey Lottery , among others , in early 2009 announced it would seek permission to sell Powerball tickets alongside Mega Millions . In October 2009 , an agreement between Mega Millions and MUSL allowed all U.S. lotteries , including New Jersey 's , to offer both games . On January 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions expanded to include the then - 23 MUSL members ; as of that date , 35 jurisdictions were participating in Mega Millions . On the same day , 10 existing Mega Millions - participating lotteries began selling Powerball tickets . Ohio joined Powerball on April 16 , 2010 . On March 1 , 2010 , Montana became the first MUSL member to add Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska became the 37th Mega Millions participating member on March 20 , 2010 , followed by Oregon as the 38th member on March 28 , Arizona as the 39th member on April 18 , and Maine as 40th Mega Millions participant on May 9 , 2010 . Colorado and South Dakota added Mega Millions on May 16 , 2010 , bringing the total to 42 jurisdictions . The most recent additions to Mega Millions were the U.S. Virgin Islands , in October 2010 , and Louisiana in November 2011 . Florida joined Mega Millions on May 15 , 2013 ; the first drawing to include Florida - bought tickets was two days later . Presumably due to their experience with the Power Play option for Powerball , all 23 lotteries joining Mega Millions on January 31 , 2010 immediately offered Megaplier to their players . The Megaplier continues to be drawn by Texas Lottery computers , as California does not offer the multiplier . Montana , offering Powerball before the expansion date , became the 24th lottery to offer the Megaplier , followed by Nebraska ( the 25th ) , Oregon ( the 26th ) , Arizona ( as the 27th ) and Maine ( as the 28th lottery to offer the Megaplier option ) . After Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions , this raised the number of lotteries offering the Megaplier to 37 . Mega Millions tickets bought with the Megaplier option , beginning September 12 , 2010 , automatically won $1 million ( instead of $250,000 ) if the five white balls -- but excluding the Mega Ball -- are matched . On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first Mega Millions participant ( just before the cross-sell expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning ticket for Powerball after joining that game . The ticket was worth over $211 million annuity ( the cash option was chosen ) . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first Powerball member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket after joining Mega Millions , with an annuity jackpot of $12 million . In January 2012 , Mega Millions ' rival Powerball was altered ; among the changes were a price increase of $1 for each play , as a result , a base game costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . At the time , there were no plans to change the price of a Mega Millions play , with or without the Megaplier ( see below for the 2017 format change that includes the base price for a Mega Millions play to be raised to $2 . ) The price increase for playing Powerball was a major factor in Louisiana deciding to pursue joining Mega Millions , as that state 's lottery joined Mega Millions on November 16 , 2011 . October 2013 format change ; current version ( edit ) The final 5 / 56 + 1 / 46 Mega Millions drawing was held on October 18 , 2013 ; that night 's jackpot of $37 million was not won . The first drawing under the current 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format -- which saw the jackpot estimate `` leap '' to $55 million due to the change in the annuity structure -- occurred on October 22 , 2013 . The minimum jackpot is now $15 million , with rollovers of at least $5 million . Second prize ( 5 + 0 ) is now $1 million cash . Players now choose 5 of 75 white ball numbers , and the `` Gold Ball '' number out of 15 . The Megaplier option remained ; it now includes a 5x multiplier . The Megaplier applies to all prizes except the jackpot ; a 5 + 0 play with the Megaplier wins $5 million cash . Former ( through October 18 , 2013 ) and current prize tiers , based on a $1 play : Match 5 + 0 : $250,000 / $1 million Match 4 + MB : $10,000 / $5,000 Match 4 + 0 : $150 / $500 Match 3 + MB : $150 / $50 Match 3 + 0 : $7 / $5 Match 2 + MB : $10 / $5 Match 1 + MB : $3 / $2 Match 0 + MB : $2 / $1 Payouts in California remain pari - mutuel . The current odds of winning or sharing a Mega Millions jackpot 1 in about 258.9 million . The overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 14.71 , including the base $1 prize for a `` Mega Ball '' - only match . Prizes and odds : 5 numbers plus the Mega Ball ( 5 + 1 ) : 1 in 258,890,850 5 numbers but not the Mega Ball ( 5 + 0 ) : 1 in 17,259,390 4 + 1 : 1 in 739,688 4 + 0 : 1 in 52,835 3 + 1 : 1 in 10,720 3 + 0 : 1 in 766 2 + 1 : 1 in 473 1 + 1 : 1 in 56 Mega Ball only : 1 in 21 The odds for winning the $1 prize , 1 in 21 , reflect the possibility of matching at least one of the white balls , as well as the Mega Ball . The overall odds of winning any prize in Mega Millions is 1 in 14.7 , accounting for all nine prize categories . The annuity -- which was 20 annual payments ( no cash option was available ) when The Big Game began -- changed from 26 equal yearly installments to 30 graduated annual payments ( increasing 5 percent yearly ) with the format change on October 19 , 2013 . October 2017 format / price point change ( edit ) On October 28 , 2017 , the price of a Mega Millions play will double , to $2 ( the current price of a Cash4Life , Lucky for Life , or Powerball play . ) The first drawing under the new price point will be October 31 , 2017 . The Mega Millions double matrix will change , from 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 to 5 / 70 + 1 / 25 . The starting jackpot will be raised to $40 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The `` Megaplier '' option ( which will again not be offered in California ) will be retained , with an adjustment to its multipliers . Mega Millions prize tiers effective October 28 , 2017 ( changed amounts in boldface ) for a $2 base play ( except prizes won in California ) : 5 + MB : Jackpot ; starting jackpot raised to $40 million ( annuity value ) 5 + 0 : $1,000,000 4 + MB : $10,000 ( currently $5,000 ) 4 + 0 : $500 ( $500 ) 3 + MB : $200 ( $50 ) 3 + 0 : $10 ( $5 ) 2 + MB : $10 ( $5 ) 1 + MB : $4 ( $2 ) 0 + MB : $2 ( $1 ) The current Mega Millions prize structure allocates roughly 68 percent of the prize pool for the jackpot . The October 2017 format change will increase the jackpot allocation to about 75 percent . Just the jackpot option ( edit ) Each of the 46 Mega Millions participants ( as part of the October 2017 format change ) were given the choice of offering a $3 two - game play ( to be called Just the Jackpot ) . A player choosing this option will not be eligible for any of the eight lower - tier prizes . Ten lotteries , initially , will offer Just the Jackpot : Georgia , Kansas , Massachusetts , Nebraska , New Mexico , Ohio , South Dakota , Texas , Virginia , and Wisconsin as part of the October 2017 Mega Millions format change , although other lotteries are considering adding the option after the format change . It is not known whether a second series of playslips would be printed for lotteries wishing to offer Just the Jackpot after the October 2017 format change . Record jackpots ( edit ) The largest Mega Millions jackpot , advertised as $640 million at the time of the drawing ( annuitized ) or $462 million ( cash value ) , was drawn on March 30 , 2012 . The initial estimate for that drawing ( following the March 27 drawing , which was $363 million annuity ) was $476 million ( later increased to $500 million and again to $540 million ) ; brisk ticket sales pushed the jackpot values , both annuitized ( to $656 million ) and the cash option ( $474 million ) higher . The amount spent on Mega Millions for drawings following its previous jackpot win , on January 24 , 2012 , was at least $1.5 billion . three jackpot - winning tickets had been confirmed ( Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland ) . Mega Millions ' second - largest jackpot , $648 million , was for the December 17 , 2013 drawing . Two winning tickets , one each from California and Georgia , were sold . The holder of the Georgia ticket claimed the next morning ; they selected the cash option , which amounted to $173,819,742.50 before withholdings . The holder of the California ticket claimed on January 3 , 2014 . ( The California ticket holder received an equal share , but potentially a larger cash - option amount , as California lottery winnings are exempt from state income tax ) . '' Mega Millions ' third - largest jackpot , $540 million , was for the July 8 , 2016 drawing . One ticket from Indiana won the jackpot ; the winner chose the cash option . Mega Millions ' fourth - largest jackpot , $414 million , was for the March 18 , 2014 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Florida and Maryland , split the prize ; both sets of winners chose the cash option , splitting $230.9 million ( as noted below , interest rates change , resulting in different ratios between the cash values and annuity values of jackpots ) . Mega Millions ' fifth - largest jackpot annuity value ( $390 million ) was for the March 6 , 2007 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Georgia and New Jersey , won $195 million ( annuity value ) each . The holders of each ticket also chose the cash option . How the drawings are held ( edit ) Two drawing machines are used in each Mega Millions drawing . The model used for Mega Millions is the Criterion II , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . The balls are moved around by means of counter-rotating arms which randomly mix the balls . Individually , the five white balls , several seconds apart , drop through a hole in the bottom of the mixing drum . Versions of ( the Big game ) Mega Millions ( edit ) Versions of The Big Game and Mega Millions have used different matrices : Start Date 5 white balls out of Mega Balls Jackpot odds September 6 , 1996 50 25 1 : 52,969,000 January 13 , 1999 50 36 1 : 76,275,360 May 15 , 2002 52 52 1 : 135,145,920 June 22 , 2005 56 46 1 : 175,711,536 October 19 , 2013 75 15 1 : 258,890,850 October 28 , 2017 70 25 1 : 302,575,350 Megaplier ( edit ) Mega Millions players , in 45 of its 46 jurisdictions , have the option to activate a multiplier , called Megaplier ; it is functionally similar to Powerball 's Power Play . ( Neither Megaplier nor Power Play are offered in California because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' in which the bank can not be `` broken '' , and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken ; only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . ) By doubling the wager in a Mega Millions game ( to $2 ) , players have an opportunity to multiply any non-jackpot prize by 2 , 3 , 4 or 5 . The Megaplier is drawn by the Texas Lottery ( before the cross-sell expansion on January 31 , 2010 , it was the only lottery to offer Megaplier ) , which is drawn by a random number generator ( RNG ) . Megaplier differs from Power Play in that the odds for each Megaplier possibility are not uniform . Megaplier Current odds ( Oct. 19 , 2013 - Oct. 27 , 2017 ) Future odds ( effective Oct. 28 , 2017 ) 2x 1 : 7.5 1 : 3 3x 1 : 3.75 1 : 2.5 4x 1 : 5 1 : 5 5x 1 : 2.5 1 : 15 Megaplier wagers made for drawings from September 12 , 2010 through October 18 , 2013 that won second prize ( then $250,000 ) were automatically elevated to 4x , winning $1 million . This `` guarantee '' did not carry over to the current version of Mega Millions , although the $1 million second prize becomes $5 million if the Megaplier is 5x . Winning and probability ( edit ) Current Mega Millions odds ( beginning October 19 , 2013 ) : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning Normal balls ( pool of 75 ) Mega ball ( pool of 15 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 258,890,850 5 0 $1 million 1 in 18,492,204 $5,000 1 in 739,688 0 $500 1 in 52,835 $50 1 in 10,720 0 $5 1 in 766 $5 1 in 473 $2 1 in 56 0 $1 1 in 21 The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective : The probability of winning the jackpot is 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 ) ; that is : 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 , or 5 ! , and this number is then multiplied by 15 ( 15 possible numbers for the `` Megaball '' ) . Therefore , ( 75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71 ) / ( 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) x 15 = 258,890,850 , which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1 : 258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot . Similarly , the odds for second prize are 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 / 14 ) = 1 : 18,492,204 chance of winning . The overall probability of winning any prize is 1 in 14.7 . If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing , the jackpot will keep increasing , however , the odds will still remain the same . Mega Millions has an `` equal payout '' after it reaches $363 million . This takes into account the smaller prizes and the taxes associated with the payouts . This calculation assumes that the player does not add the `` Megaplier '' as this additional $1 wins 38 cents on average . Additionally , this assumes that the jackpot is never split , which they sometimes are . When considering only the jackpot ( negating smaller prizes and taxes ) , one would have to buy 258.9 million tickets in order to ensure that someone wins ; this allows for profit with a jackpot higher than that amount . Payouts prior to October 18 , 2013 : Matches Prize Approximate probabilityof winning Normal balls ( pool of 56 ) Mega ball ( pool of 46 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 175,711,536 ( C × 46 ) 5 0 $250,000 1 in 3,904,701 ( C × 46 / 45 ) $10,000 1 in 689,065 0 $150 1 in 15,313 $150 1 in 13,781 $10 1 in 844 0 $7 1 in 306 $3 1 in 141 0 $2 1 in 74.8 ( the probability for this prize is not 1 : 46 , because there is the possibility of matching at least one of the `` white '' balls , which decreases the likelihood of matching only the `` Mega Ball '' ) Overall probabilities : 1 in 755 of winning any of the top six prizes , 1 in 40 of winning any prize . In California , prize levels are paid on a parimutuel basis , rather than the fixed lower - tier amounts for winners in other Mega Millions jurisdictions . California 's eight lower - tier Mega Millions prize pools are separate from those shared by the other 45 lotteries . California 's second prize is a `` secondary jackpot '' ; its payout sometimes exceeds $1 million cash , even though California does not offer the Megaplier . Payment options ( edit ) In Georgia , New Jersey and Texas , players must choose , in advance , whether they wish to collect a jackpot in cash or annuity . Georgia and New Jersey winners can change an annuity ticket to cash should they be eligible for a jackpot share ; however , the choice is binding in Texas . If a jackpot prize is not claimed within the respective jurisdiction 's time limit , each of the 46 Mega Millions members get back the money they contributed to that jackpot . Each of the 46 lotteries have rules in regards to unclaimed prizes ; most Mega Millions members set aside unclaimed winnings for educational purposes . In 2007 , a $31 million prize went unclaimed in New York . Many prizes of $250,000 each have been unclaimed , including several in Michigan for 2007 drawings . Claiming prizes ( edit ) Mega Millions winners have either 180 days ( California non-jackpot prizes only ) or one year to claim prizes , including the jackpot ( although some Mega Millions winners lose the right to collect a jackpot in cash if they wait more than 60 days after the drawing ) . The minimum age to purchase a Mega Millions ticket is 18 , except in Arizona , Iowa and Louisiana , where the minimum is 21 , and Nebraska ; its minimum is 19 . Generally ( an exception is Virginia ) , minors can win on tickets received as gifts ; the rules according to each Mega Millions member vary for minors receiving prizes . Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold , and the winner 's residence ( e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan ) . Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California , while New Hampshire , Texas , Tennessee , Florida , Wyoming , South Dakota , and Washington do not have an income tax . On the other hand , some residents of New York City and Yonkers , New York pay three levels of income tax , as these cities levy income taxes . Drawings ( edit ) Drawings are usually held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia . The original host was WSB 's chief meteorologist , Glenn Burns . Currently , most drawings are emceed by the full - time host of Georgia Lottery drawings , John Crow , with Brian Hooker the main substitute host . For larger jackpots , the drawing sometimes is moved to Times Square , with New York Lottery announcer Yolanda Vega co-hosting . Before Jan 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions was the only multi-jurisdictional lottery whose drawings were carried nationally , instead of airing only on stations in participating jurisdictions . Powerball drawings began to air after that date nationally via Chicago - based cable superstation WGN - TV . WGN simulcasts Mega Millions drawings on its national WGN America feed on Tuesdays and Fridays immediately following WGN 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast , with Powerball drawings being aired on Wed and Sat ( though both games ' drawings air a min later than on some other television stations . ) WGN serves as a default carrier of both major games where no local television station carries either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . Powerball drawings were removed from WGN America in late 2014 when it ceased carrying WGN 's newscasts . Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) ( edit ) Cash value ( in millions USD ) Annuity value ( in millions USD ) Drawing date Winner ( s ) Description $474 $656 March 30 , 2012 3 ( MD , KS , IL ) World 's second largest jackpot ( cash or annuity ) $347.7 $648 December 17 , 2013 2 ( CA , GA ) Second - largest annuity value $240 $380 January 4 , 2011 2 ( ID , WA ) $233 $390 March 6 , 2007 2 ( GA , NJ ) $224 $400 March 18 , 2014 2 ( FL , MD ) $210 $336 August 28 , 2009 2 ( CA , NY ) NY winner chose annuity ( the cash / annuity choice made `` when playing '' required per then - NY Lottery rules ) $208.3 $330 August 31 , 2007 4 ( NJ , MD , TX , VA ) $197.5 $326 November 4 , 2014 1 ( NY ) Sold in Middletown , Orange County $202.9 $319 March 25 , 2011 1 ( Albany , NY ) $180 $363 May 9 , 2000 2 ( IL , MI ) Largest The Big Game jackpot Revenue ( edit ) Approximately 50 % of Mega Millions sales is returned to players as prizes ; the remainder is split ( each lottery has different rules regarding these funds ) among retailers , marketing , and operations , as well as the 46 jurisdictions offering the game ; different lotteries uses the proceeds in different ways . Miscellany ( edit ) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 , the legislature in Albany , fearing a monumental loss of revenue , passed legislation the following month , which was signed by then - Gov. George Pataki , which included joining a multi-jurisdictional lottery game . Around the same time , for entirely different reasons , Ohio 's governor also gave the green light to joining a multi-jurisdictional game . Both lotteries opted to join the then - The Big Game , which , at the time , was offered in seven states . The added populations of the two new jurisdictions , in turn , led to a larger double matrix . The first machine continued to hold white 52 balls , while 16 gold balls were added in the second , meaning there were 52 numbers to pick from in both parts of each $1 game . On May 15 , 2002 , the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions ; shortly after , it became just Mega Millions . Except for the 2010 cross-selling expansion , this was the only time The Big Game or Mega Millions simultaneously added more than one member . In 2005 , Mega Millions was the target of a mailing scam . A letter bearing the Mega Millions logo was used in a string of lottery scams designed to trick people into providing personal financial information by cashing bogus checks . The letter , which had been sent to people in several states via standard mail , included a check for what the scammers said was an unclaimed Mega Millions prize . If the check was cashed , it bounced , but not before the bank stamped it with a routing number and personal account information and sent it back to the fraudulent organization , providing them with the recipients ' financial information . A budget impasse due to the 2006 New Jersey Government shutdown led to the temporary closing of its non-essential agencies on July 1 , 2006 . Among the casualties were the Atlantic City casinos and the New Jersey Lottery . Not only were New Jersey 's in - house games ( such as Pick - 6 ) not drawn for about a week , but all New Jersey lottery terminals were shut down , meaning Mega Millions could not be played in New Jersey , even though Mega Millions was drawn as usual . A similar shutdown happened in Minnesota on July 1 , 2011 . Elecia Battle made national headlines in January 2004 when she claimed that she had lost the winning ticket in the December 30 , 2003 Mega Millions drawing . She then filed a lawsuit against the woman who had come forward with the ticket , Rebecca Jemison . Several days later , when confronted with contradictory evidence , she admitted that she had lied . Battle was charged with filing a false police report the following day . As a result of this false report , she was fined $1,000 , ordered to perform 50 hours of community service , and required to compensate the police and courts for various costs incurred . The January 4 , 2011 Mega Millions drawing drew attention for its similarity to `` The Numbers , '' a sequence of six numbers that served as a plot device of the ABC drama series Lost . One such usage involved character Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes playing the sequence in a similar `` Mega Lotto '' game , winning a nine - figure jackpot and subsequently experiencing numerous misfortunes in his personal life . The first three numbers ( 4 , 8 , 15 ) and mega ball ( 42 ) in the Mega Millions drawing matched the first three numbers and the final number ( which Hurley also used as the `` mega ball '' number ) in the Lost sequence . The last two numbers in the Mega Millions drawing did not match the last two numbers that were used in the scene . Those who played `` The Numbers '' , including from quick - picks , won $150 ( $118 in California ) in a non-Megaplier game ; $600 with the multiplier . The 12 original ( before the 2010 cross-sell expansion ) Mega Millions members have each produced at least one Mega Millions jackpot winner . See also ( edit ) Lottery jackpot records Powerball Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions FAQs '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 winning tickets in $636 M Mega Millions drawing - CBS News '' . CBS News with contributions from Associated Press . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic mega-jackpot split by two tickets '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Increases Final Jackpot to $656 M - ABC News '' . Associated Press via ABC News . 2012 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Power Lottery '' . Worldlottery.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions with Megaplier : Maine State Lottery '' . Mainelottery.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` California 's First Mega Millions Jackpot Winners The Lucky Seven -- Claim Prize '' . Mega Millions. 2005 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Jackpot History '' . Megamillions.com. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Face man wins half of record $390 M jackpot '' . Megamillions.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( dead link ) Bicker , Benjamin ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) . `` MegaMillions Lotto Results , Winning Numbers , News & More '' . Lotto-results-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/274243/mega-millions-lottery-tickets-will-go-from-1-to-2/ Mega Millions lottery tickets will go from $1 to $2 ) Jump up ^ Matt Stevens ; Carol J. Williams ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Millions mania leads to disappointment in California '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Winning tickets for Mega Millions jackpot sold in Maryland , Illinois '' . CNN . 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Mega Millions jackpot winner comes forward '' . Georgia Lottery via Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` $324 million winner comes forward in California '' . California Lottery via Mega Millions. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions : : The official Web site of the Missouri Lottery '' . Molottery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Play '' . Mega Millions . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prizes are uniform in all Mega Millions jurisdictions , with the exception of California ( where all prizes , including the jackpot , are pari - mutuel ; payouts are based on sales and the number of winners of each prize tier . ) All other Mega Millions members ' second through ninth prizes are set amounts , although in rare cases they can be reduced . ^ Jump up to : If more than one play wins the jackpot in a given drawing , the prize is divided equally among 5 + 1 plays . Winners have one year to collect a jackpot share ; for other prizes , the deadline also is one year , except in California , where it is 180 days . Other than in and Texas ( see below ) , a jackpot winner has 60 days from either the drawing , or in some jurisdictions , after claiming , to choose cash or annuity . The relative value of actual cash jackpot share fluctuates . Jackpots begin at $15 million ( disbursed in 30 graduated annual payments if the annuity is chosen ) ; the corresponding cash value fluctuates depending on interest rates . Jump up ^ `` ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 '' . Google . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sal Khan . `` Mega Millions Jackpot Probability '' . Khan Academy . Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 5 ) * ( 51 choose 0 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 2 ) * ( 51 choose 3 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 1 ) * ( 51 choose 4 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ Lotto Numbers Jump up ^ `` CA Lottery Regulations '' ( PDF ) . California Lottery. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ kowens ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Calottery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens to Unclaimed Prizes ? '' . Michigan.gov. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Many major U.S. lottery prizes unclaimed '' . UPI.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Michigan.gov , Lottery - Top Unclaimed Prizes Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Drawing Time '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . 11 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesdays and Fridays Jump up ^ `` The Megamillions Jackpot with 321 millions dollars win in New York stats '' . Jump up ^ `` Where does Mega Millions money go after the jackpot ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Logo Officials Warn of Lottery scams '' . ScamFraudAlert. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Women argue over ' lost ' jackpot '' . BBC News . 2004 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Apology For Lottery Claim '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Lottery Tale Costs Her $6,596 '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Jessie et al. ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) . 2 winners for $380 M lottery sold in Wash. , Idaho . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Telemarketing and Telephone Services : Prizes & Sweepstakes on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website New Spin On Sweepstakes Scams on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot May 9 , 2000 -- February 18 , 2006 Succeeded by Powerball Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot March 30 , 2012 -- January 13 , 2016 Succeeded by Powerball ( hide ) Lotteries in the United States US lotteries Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas US Virgin Islands Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) Powerball ( 47 ) Mega Millions ( 46 ) Lucky for Life ( 25 ) Hot Lotto ( 14 ; final drawing to be held October 28 , 2017 ) Cash4Life ( 9 ) MegaHits ( 5 ) 2by2 ( 3 ) Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) All or Nothing ( 2 ) Former multi-state games Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Daily Millions Decades of Dollars Lotto * America ( originally 1988 -- 1992 ; new version to begin November 12 , 2017 ) Lotto South Midwest Millions Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Wild Card Win for Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Millions&oldid=804065795 '' Categories : Georgia Lottery Lottery games in the United States Lottery monopolies Mega Ball lottery games 1996 introductions 1996 in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 14 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega%20Millions
| 4,645 |
|
ok google which is the capital of tamilnadu
|
Tiruchirappalli
|
tiruchirappalli
|
Metropolitan in Tamil Nadu , India Tiruchirappalli Trichy Metropolitan Clockwise from top : Jambukeswarar Temple , Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Our Lady of Lourdes Church , Rockfort , Kaveri river separating Tiruchirappalli from the Srirangam Island , Upper Anaicut Nickname ( s ) : Rockfort city Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Show map of Tamil Nadu Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 10 ° 48 ′ 18 '' N 78 ° 41 ′ 08 '' E / 10.80500 ° N 78.68556 ° E / 10.80500 ; 78.68556 Coordinates : 10 ° 48 ′ 18 '' N 78 ° 41 ′ 08 '' E / 10.80500 ° N 78.68556 ° E / 10.80500 ; 78.68556 Country India State Tamil Nadu District Tiruchirapalli Zone Cauvery Delta Government Type Mayor -- Council Body Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Mayor vacant Area Metropolitan 167.23 km ( 64.57 sq mi ) Metro 198.55 km ( 76.66 sq mi ) Area rank 3 ( State ) Elevation 88 m ( 289 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Metropolitan 916,857 Rank Density 5,500 / km ( 14,000 / sq mi ) Metro 1,022,518 Demonym ( s ) Tiruchiite , Tiruchikaran Languages Official Tamil Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN 620 0xx Telephone code 0431 Vehicle registration TN - 45 , TN - 48 , TN - 81 Website Trichy City Municipal Corporation Tiruchirappalli ( pronunciation ( help info ) ) ( formerly Trichinopoly in English ) , also called Trichy , is a major tier II city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District . Trichy is the fourth largest city in Tamilnadu . It is the fourth largest municipal corporation and the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state . Located 322 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south of Chennai and 374 kilometres ( 232 mi ) north of Kanyakumari , Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of the state . The Cauvery Delta begins 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) west of the city where the Kaveri river splits into two , forming the island of Srirangam , which is now incorporated into the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Occupying 167.23 square kilometres ( 64.57 sq mi ) , the city was home to 916,857 people in 2011 . Tiruchirappalli 's recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC , when it was under the rule of the Cholas . The city has also been ruled by the Pandyas , Pallavas , Mutharaiyars , Vijayanagar Empire , Nayak Dynasty , the Carnatic state and the British . The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the Rockfort , the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval . The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur , capital of the Early Cholas , is now a suburb of Tiruchirappalli . The city played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars ( 1746 -- 1763 ) between the British and the French East India companies . The city is an important educational centre in the state of Tamil Nadu and houses nationally recognised institutions such as Indian Institute of Management ( IIMT ) , Indian Institute of Information Technology ( IIIT ) and National Institute of Technology ( NITT ) . Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) , Golden Rock Railway Workshop , Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli ( OFT ) and Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project ( HAPP ) have their factories in the city . The presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of `` Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India '' . Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar , which was exported in large quantities to the United Kingdom during the 19th century . A major road and railway hub in the state , the city is served by the Tiruchirappalli International Airport ( TRZ ) which operates flights to the Middle East and Southeast town Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early and medieval history 2.2 British rule 2.3 Contemporary and modern history 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Urban structure 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Administration and politics 6 Economy 7 Culture 8 Landmarks 9 Education 10 Sports 11 Media 12 Utility services 13 Transport 14 See also 15 Footnotes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology ( edit ) Telugu scholar C.P. Brown has proposed that Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word Chiruta - palli meaning `` little town '' . Orientalists Henry Yule and Arthur Coke Burnell have speculated that the name may derive from a rock inscription carved in the 16th century in which Tiruchirappalli is written as Tiru - ssila - palli , meaning `` holy - rock - town '' in Tamil . Other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of Tiru - chinna - palli , meaning `` holy little town '' . The Madras Glossary gives the root as Tiruććināppalli or the `` holy ( tiru ) village ( palli ) of the shina ( Cissampelos pareira ) plant '' . Historically , Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as `` Trichinopoly '' . The shortened forms `` Trichy '' or `` Tiruchi '' are used in common parlance and the full name Tiruchirapalli appears in official use by government and quasi-government departments but seldom by the native people . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Tiruchirappalli Early and Medieval History ( edit ) Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Tamil Nadu ; its earliest settlements date back to the second millennium BC . Uraiyur , the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards , is a suburb of present - day Tiruchirappalli . The city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian Ptolemy in his 2nd - century work Geography . The world 's oldest surviving dam , the Kallanai ( Lower Anaicut ) about 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from Uraiyur , was built across the Kaveri River by Karikala Chola in the 2nd century AD . The medieval history of Tiruchirappalli begins with the reign of the Pallava king Mahendravarman I , who ruled over South India in the 6th century AD and constructed the rock - cut cave - temples within the Rockfort . Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century , the city was conquered by the Medieval Cholas , who ruled until the 13th century . After the decline of the Cholas , Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the Pandyas , who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by Malik Kafur , the commander of Allauddin Khilji . The victorious armies of the Delhi Sultanate are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region . The idol of the Hindu god Ranganatha in the temple of Srirangam vanished at about this time and was not recovered and reinstated for more than fifty years . Tiruchirappalli was ruled by the Delhi and Madurai sultanates from 1311 to 1378 , but by the middle of the 14th century the Madurai Sultanate had begun to fall apart . Gradually , the Vijayanagar Empire established supremacy over the northern parts of the kingdom , and Tiruchirappalli was taken by the Vijayanagar prince Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar in 1371 . The Vijayanagar Empire ruled the region from 1378 until the 1530s , and played a prominent role in reviving Hinduism by reconstructing temples and monuments destroyed by the previous Muslim rulers . Following the collapse of the Vijayanagar Empire in the early part of the 16th century , the Madurai Nayak kingdom began to assert its independence . The city flourished during the reign of Vishwanatha Nayak ( c. 1529 -- 1564 ) , who is said to have protected the area by constructing the Teppakulam and building walls around the Srirangam temple . His successor Kumara Krishnappa Nayaka made Tiruchirappalli his capital , and it served as the capital of the Madurai Nayak kingdom from 1616 to 1634 and from 1665 to 1736 . In 1736 the last Madurai Nayak ruler , Meenakshi , committed suicide , and Tiruchirappalli was conquered by Chanda Sahib . He ruled the kingdom from 1736 to 1741 , when he was captured and imprisoned by the Marathas in the siege of Tiruchirappalli ( 1741 ) led by general Raghuji Bhonsle under the orders of Chhattrapati Shahu . Chanda Sahib remained prisoner for about eight years before making his escape from the Maratha Empire . Tiruchirappalli was administered by the Maratha general Murari Rao from 1741 to 1743 , when it was acquired by the Nizam of Hyderabad , who bribed Rao to hand over the city . Nizam appointed Khwaja Abdullah as the ruler and returned to Golkonda . When the Nawab of the Carnatic Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah was dethroned by Chanda Sahib after the Battle of Ambur ( 1749 ) , the former fled to Tiruchirappalli , where he set up his base . The subsequent siege of Tiruchirappalli ( 1751 -- 1752 ) by Chanda Sahib took place during the Second Carnatic War between the British East India Company and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah on one side and Chanda Sahib and the French East India Company on the other . The British were victorious and Wallajah was restored to the throne . During his reign he proposed renaming the city Natharnagar after the Sufi saint Nathar Vali , who is thought to have lived there in the 12th century AD . Tiruchirappalli was invaded by Nanjaraja Wodeyar in 1753 and Hyder Ali of the Mysore kingdom in 1780 , both attacks repulsed by the troops of the British East India Company . A third invasion attempt , by Tipu Sultan -- son of Hyder Ali -- in 1793 , was also unsuccessful ; he was pursued by British forces led by William Medows , who thwarted the attack . British rule ( edit ) The Carnatic kingdom was annexed by the British in July 1801 as a consequence of the discovery of collusion between Tipu Sultan -- an enemy of the British -- and Umdat Ul - Umra , son of Wallajah and the Nawab at the time , during the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War . Trichinopoly was incorporated into the Madras Presidency the same year , and the district of Trichinopoly was formed , with the city of Trichinopoly ( or Tiruchirappalli ) as its capital . During the Company Raj and later the British Raj , Tiruchirappalli emerged as one of the most important cities in India . According to the 1871 Indian census -- the first in British India -- Tiruchirappalli had a population of 76,530 , making it the second largest city in the presidency after the capital of Madras . It was known throughout the British Empire for its unique variety of cheroot , known as the Trichinopoly cigar . Tiruchirappalli was the first headquarters for the newly formed South Indian Railway Company in 1874 until its relocation to Madras in the early 20th century . Trichinopoly during the British Raj The town and fort of Trichinopoly c. 1840 Rockfort and Teppakulam , c. 1860 Contemporary and Modern History ( edit ) Map of Tiruchirappalli town in 1955 Tiruchirappalli played an active role during the pre-independence era ; there were a number of strikes and non-violent protests during the Quit India Movement , notably the South Indian Railway Strike that took place in 1928 . The city was the base for the Vedaranyam salt march initiated by C. Rajagopalachari in parallel with the Dandi March in 1930 . Tiruchirappalli was an epicentre of the anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu when a team of Tamil language supporters gathered and organised a rally from the city to Madras in 1938 . Later in 1965 , Tiruchirappalli was made the base of the `` Madras state Anti-Hindi Conference '' convened by C. Rajagopalachari . The population of Tiruchirappalli continued to grow rapidly , achieving a growth rate of 36.9 % during the period 1941 -- 51 . After independence in 1947 , Tiruchirappalli fell behind other cities such as Salem and Coimbatore in terms of growth . Tiruchirappalli remained a part of Madras State , which was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 . The city underwent extensive economic development in the 1960s with the commissioning of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited . In the early 1980s , M.G. Ramachandran , then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu drafted a plan to move the state 's administrative headquarters to Tiruchirappalli . A satellite town was developed near Navalpattu on the outskirts of the city , but the proposed move was shelved by successive governments . Like much of Tamil Nadu , Tiruchirappalli remains prone to communal tensions based on religion and ethnicity . There have been occasional outbreaks of violence against Sri Lankans . In 2009 , the offices of a Sri Lankan airline were attacked in the city . In September 2012 , two groups of Sri Lankan pilgrims who had visited the Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health in Velankanni and the Poondi Madha Basilica had their buses attacked in Tiruchirappalli by a group of Tamil activists . Owing to a series of terrorist attacks in Indian cities since 2000 , security has been increased at sites such as Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple . Geography and climate ( edit ) See also : Geography of Tiruchirappalli Panorama of Tiruchirappalli showing Cauvery river and the Srirangam island . Aerial photograph of Srirangam island , sandwiched between the rivers Kaveri and Kollidam Tiruchirappalli is situated in central south - eastern India , almost at the geographic centre of the state of Tamil Nadu . The Cauvery Delta begins to form 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) west of the city where the river divides into two streams -- the Kaveri and the Kollidam -- to form the island of Srirangam . By road it is 912 kilometres ( 567 mi ) south of Hyderabad , 322 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south - west of Chennai and 331 kilometres ( 206 mi ) south - east of Bangalore . The topology of Tiruchirappalli is almost flat , with an average elevation of 88 metres ( 289 ft ) . A few isolated hillocks rise above the surface , the highest of which is the Rockfort ; its estimated age of 3,800 million years makes it one of the oldest rocks in the world . Other prominent hillocks include the Golden Rock , Khajamalai , and one each at Uyyakondan Thirumalai and Thiruverumbur . The two major rivers draining Tiruchirappalli are the Kaveri and its tributary the Kollidam , but the city is also drained by the Uyyakondan Channel , Koraiyar and Kudamuritti river channels . The land immediately surrounding the Kaveri River -- which crosses Tiruchirappalli from west to east -- consists of deposits of fertile alluvial soil on which crops such as finger millet and maize are cultivated . Further south , the surface is covered by poor - quality black soil . A belt of Cretaceous rock known as the Trichinopoly Group runs to the north - east of the city , and to the south - east there are layers of archaean rocks , granite and gneiss covered by a thin bed of conglomeratic laterite . The region falls under Seismic Zone III , which is moderately vulnerable to earthquakes . Urban structure ( edit ) Panorama of Tiruchirappalli as seen from the top of the Rockfort . The city of Tiruchirappalli lies on the plains between the Shevaroy Hills to the north and the Palni Hills to the south and south - west . Tiruchirappalli is completely surrounded by agricultural fields . Densely populated industrial and residential areas have recently been built in the northern part of the city , and the southern edge also has residential areas . The older part of Tiruchirappalli , within the Rockfort , is unplanned and congested while the adjoining newer sections are better executed . Many of the old houses in Srirangam were constructed according to the shilpa sastras , the canonical texts of Hindu temple architecture . Climate ( edit ) Tiruchirappalli experiences a tropical savanna climate -- designated `` Aw '' under the Köppen climate classification -- with no major change in temperature between summer and winter . The climate is generally characterised by high temperature and low humidity . With an annual mean temperature of 28.9 ° C ( 84.0 ° F ) and monthly average temperatures ranging between 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) and 32 ° C ( 90 ° F ) , the city is the hottest in the state . The warmest months are from April to June , when the city experiences frequent dust storms . As of November 2013 , the highest temperature ever recorded in Tiruchirappalli was 43.9 ° C ( 111.0 ° F ) , which occurred on 2 May 1896 ; the lowest was observed on 6 February 1884 at 13.9 ° C ( 57.0 ° F ) . The high temperatures in the city have been attributed to the presence of two rivers -- Kaveri and Kollidam -- and the absence of greenery around the city . As Tiruchirappalli is on the Deccan Plateau the days are extremely warm and dry ; evenings are cooler because of cold winds that blow from the south - east . From June to September , the city experiences a moderate climate tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers . Rainfall is heaviest between October and December because of the north - east monsoon winds , and from December to February the climate is cool and moist . The average annual rainfall is 841.9 mm ( 33.15 in ) , slightly lower than the state 's average of 945 mm ( 37.2 in ) . Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season . hide Climate data for Tiruchirappalli Airport ( 1971 -- 2000 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) 42.8 ( 109 ) 43.3 ( 109.9 ) 43.9 ( 111 ) 41.1 ( 106 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 40.6 ( 105.1 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 43.9 ( 111 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 37.5 ( 99.5 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 35.8 ( 96.4 ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 34.2 ( 93.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 21.3 ( 70.3 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 26.8 ( 80.2 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 25.7 ( 78.3 ) 24.8 ( 76.6 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 20.1 ( 68.2 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 20.6 ( 69.1 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 18.0 ( 0.709 ) 6.2 ( 0.244 ) 8.9 ( 0.35 ) 31.4 ( 1.236 ) 61.4 ( 2.417 ) 28.7 ( 1.13 ) 68.3 ( 2.689 ) 70.1 ( 2.76 ) 142.4 ( 5.606 ) 186.1 ( 7.327 ) 150.5 ( 5.925 ) 90.2 ( 3.551 ) 862.0 ( 33.937 ) Average rainy days 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.6 3.6 2.1 3.5 4.6 8.5 8.5 8.0 5.4 47.9 Source : India Meteorological Department ( record high and low up to 2010 ) Demographics ( edit ) Aerial view of Tiruchirapalli Main article : Demographics of Tiruchirappalli show Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1871 76,530 -- 1881 84,449 + 10.3 % 1891 90,609 + 7.3 % 1901 104,721 + 15.6 % 1911 123,512 + 17.9 % 1921 120,422 − 2.5 % 1931 142,843 + 18.6 % 1941 159,566 + 11.7 % 1951 218,921 + 37.2 % 1961 249,862 + 14.1 % 1971 307,400 + 23.0 % 1981 362,045 + 17.8 % 1991 387,223 + 7.0 % 752,066 + 94.2 % 2011 916,857 + 21.9 % Sources : 1871 -- 1901 : 1891 -- 1941 : 1941 -- 1961 : 1961 -- 1991 : 1991 -- 2001 : 2011 : According to the 2011 Indian census , Tiruchirappalli had a population of 847,387 , 9.4 % of whom were under the age of six , living in 214,529 families within the municipal corporation limits . The recorded population density was 5,768 / km ( 14,940 / sq mi ) while the sex ratio was 975 males for every 1,000 females . The Tiruchirappalli urban agglomeration had a population of 1,022,518 , and was ranked the fourth largest in Tamil Nadu and the 53rd in India as of 2011 . The city had an average literacy rate of 91.37 % , significantly higher than the national average of 73.00 % . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 10.48 % and 0.27 % of the population respectively . There were 228,518 people , roughly constituting about 26.96 % of the total population , who lived in slums in the city . The daily floating population of the city was estimated at around 250,000 . The city 's population is predominantly Hindu . Muslims constitute about twenty percent , and there is also a considerable Christian population . Sikhs and Jains are present in smaller numbers . Roman Catholics in Tiruchirappalli are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli while Protestants are affiliated to the Trichy -- Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India . The most widely spoken language is Tamil , but there are significant numbers of Telugu , Gujarati , Kannada , Malayalam and Hindi speakers . Saurashtra is also spoken by some significant minorities . The standard dialect of Tamil spoken is the Central Tamil dialect. There is also a substantial population of Anglo - Indians , and Sri Lankan Tamil migrants , most of whom are housed in refugee camps on the outskirts of the city . Administration and politics ( edit ) See also : Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation Municipality officials Mayor vacant Commissioner N. Ravichandran Deputy Mayor J. Srinivasan Commissioner of Police A. Amalraj Members of Legislative Assembly Tiruchirappalli East Vellamandi N. Natarajan Tiruchirappalli West K.N. Nehru Srirangam S. Valarmathi Thiruverumbur Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi Manachanallur M. Parameshwari Thuraiyur Stalin Kumar Member of Parliament Tiruchirappalli P. Kumar Covering 18 square kilometres ( 6.9 sq mi ) , the municipality of Tiruchirappalli was inaugurated under the Town Improvements Act 1865 on 1 November 1866 ; it originally consisted of two ex-officio and nine nominated members . Council elections were introduced in 1877 and the first chairman was elected in 1889 . The municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation as per the Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Act 1994 by inclusion of the erstwhile Srirangam and Golden Rock municipalities . Covering 167.23 square kilometres ( 64.57 sq mi ) , the municipal corporation comprises 65 wards and four administrative zones ; these are Srirangam , Ariyamangalam , Golden Rock and Abhishekapuram . Headquarters of Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation Council , the legislative body , comprises 65 councillors elected from each of the 65 wards and is headed by a mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor . The executive wing has seven departments -- general administration , revenue , town planning , engineering , public health , information technology and personnel -- and is headed by a City Commissioner . The Commissioner is assisted by two executive engineers for the east and west sections , and Assistant Commissioners for personnel , accounts and revenue departments , a public relations officer , a city engineer , a city health officer and an Assistant Commissioner for each of the four zones . A Local Planning Authority for Tiruchirappalli was created on 5 April 1974 as per the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act of 1971 with the District Collector of Tiruchirappalli as chairman and the Assistant Director of Town and Country Planning as its member secretary . The city of Tiruchirappalli is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by four elected members , one each for the Tiruchirappalli East ( State Assembly Constituency ) , Tiruchirappalli West ( State Assembly Constituency ) , Srirangam and Thiruverumbur constituencies . Jayalalithaa , former chief minister of Tamil Nadu , represented the Srirangam constituency between 2011 and 2015 . Tiruchirappalli is also part of the Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency and once every five years elects a member to the Lok Sabha -- the lower house of the Parliament of India . The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for four terms ( 1957 -- 62 , 1984 -- 89 , 1989 -- 91 and 1991 -- 96 ) , the Communist Party of India ( 1962 -- 67 , 1971 -- 77 and 1977 -- 80 ) and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( 2001 -- 04 , 2009 -- 14 and 2014 -- present ) for three terms each ) and Bharatiya Janata Party ( 1998 -- 99 and 1999 -- 2001 ) for two terms each . Candidates from the Communist Party of India , Tamil Maanila Congress and the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam have won once each . Indian politician Rangarajan Kumaramangalam , who served as the Minister of Power in the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee , was elected to the Lok Sabha from Tiruchirappalli in the 1998 and 1999 elections . Law and order are enforced by the Tamil Nadu police , which for administrative purposes has constituted Tiruchirappalli city as a separate district , divided into 18 zonal offices and units , with a total of 38 police stations . The Tiruchirappalli city police force is headed by a Commissioner of police assisted by Deputy Commissioners . Law and order in suburban areas is enforced by the Tiruchirappalli district police . It has the lowest proportion of rape and murder cases in the state . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Tiruchirappalli A WDS6 locomotive manufactured at the Golden Rock Railway Workshop During British rule , Tiruchirappalli was known for its tanneries , cigar - manufacturing units and oil presses . At its peak , more than 12 million cigars were manufactured and exported annually . Tanned hides and skins from Tiruchirappalli were exported to the United Kingdom . The city has a number of retail and wholesale markets , the most prominent among them being the Gandhi Market , which also serves people from other parts of the district . Other notable markets in the city are the flower bazaar in Srirangam and the mango market at Mambazha Salai . The suburb of Manachanallur is known for its rice mills , where polished Ponni rice is produced . Tiruchirappalli is a major engineering equipment manufacturing and fabrication hub in India . The Golden Rock Railway Workshop , which moved to Tiruchirappalli from Nagapattinam in 1928 , is one of the three railway workshop -- cum -- production units in Tamil Nadu . The workshops produced 650 conventional and low - container flat wagons during 2007 -- 2008 . A high - pressure boiler manufacturing plant was set up by Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) , India 's largest public sector engineering company , in May 1965 . This was followed by a seamless steel plant and a boiler auxiliaries plant . In 2010 , the Tiruchirappalli unit of the company contributed to nearly 30 per cent of its total sales , making it the largest of all units . As of 2011 , the Tiruchirappalli division employed about 10,000 people , and is supported by a number of ancillary industries producing almost 250,000 tonnes ( 250,000,000 kg ) of fabricated materials . These ancillary units together with BHEL contribute nearly 60 per cent of India 's steel fabrication , earning the city the title , `` Energy equipment and fabrication capital of India '' . Other important industries in Tiruchirappalli include Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited ( TDCL ) , which was established at Senthaneerpuram in the former Golden Rock municipality in 1966 . and the Trichy Steel Rolling Mills , which was started as a private limited company on 27 June 1961 . The Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited manufactures rectified spirit , acetaldehyde , acetic acid , acetic anhydride and ethyl acetate . It is one of the biggest private sector distilleries in Tamil Nadu and produced 13.5 megalitres ( 3.0 million imperial gallons ) of spirit alcohol between December 2005 and November 2006 . The Ordnance Factories Board runs a weapons manufacturing unit and a Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project ( HAPP ) facility ; the latter was set up in the late 1980s and comprises a flexible manufacturing system ( FMS ) -- the first of its kind in India . From the late 1980s , a synthetic gem industry was developed in the city ; the gemstones are cut and polished in Tiruchirappalli district and in Pudukottai district . In 1990 , the Indian government launched a scheme to increase employment by boosting the production of American diamonds and training local artisans in semi-automated machinery and technology . The local gem industry was reportedly generating annual revenues of ₹ 100 million ( equivalent to ₹ 420 million or US $6.3 million in 2017 ) by the mid-1990s . Concerns have been raised over the employment of children aged 9 -- 14 in the gem cutting and polishing industry . As a result , in 1996 , Tiruchirappalli district was selected to be involved in the National Child Labour Project and in the running of special schools to educate working children . As of December 2010 , the Tiruchirappalli region annually exports around ₹ 262.1 million ( equivalent to ₹ 420 million or US $6.2 million in 2017 ) of software . The ELCOT IT Park -- the city 's first IT park -- commissioned at a cost of ₹ 600 million ( equivalent to ₹ 960 million or US $14 million in 2017 ) was inaugurated in December 2010 . Set up by the Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu , the park occupies an area of 59.74 hectares ( 147.6 acres ) and constitutes a Special Economic Zone . Culture ( edit ) See also : Tamil culture and Tamil cuisine A Jallikattu match A resident of Tiruchirappalli is generally referred to as a Tiruchiite . Situated at the edge of the Kaveri Delta , the culture of Tiruchirappalli is predominantly Brahminical , prevalent elsewhere in the delta . With a substantial population of students and migrant industrial workers from different parts of India , Tiruchirappalli has a more cosmopolitan outlook than the surrounding countryside . The main festival celebrated in Tiruchirappalli is Pongal , a regional harvest festival celebrated during January . As part of the Pongal celebrations , Jallikattu , a bull - taming village sport played on the last day of the festival , is occasionally held on the outskirts of the city . Aadi Perukku , Samayapuram flower festival , Vaikunta Ekadasi , Srirangam car festival , and the Teppakulam float festival are some of the prominent festivals that are held locally . Bakrid and Eid al - Fitr are also widely celebrated , owing to the substantial number of Muslims in the city . Nationwide festivals such as the Gregorian New Year , Christmas , Deepavali and Holi are also celebrated in Tiruchirappalli . The 12th century Tamil epic Kambaramayanam was first recited at the Ranganathaswamy temple in Srirangam . In 1771 , Rama Natakam , a musical drama written Arunachala Kavi and based on the Ramayana , was also performed there . Tiruchirappalli was home to some of the prominent Carnatic musicians -- including Lalgudi Jayaraman , Srirangam Kannan and A.K.C. Natarajan -- and scholars such as T.S. Murugesan Pillai , Kundalam Rangachariar and K.A.P. Viswanatham . Composers , poets and vocalists such as G. Ramanathan , T.K. Ramamoorthy , Vaali and P. Madhuri , who have made significant contributions to Tamil film music hail from the city . Textile weaving , leather - work and gem cutting are some of the important crafts practised in Tiruchirappalli . Wooden idols of Hindu gods and goddesses are sold at Poompuhar , the crafts emporium run by the Government of Tamil Nadu . The Trichy Travel Federation ( TTF ) was formed on 5 May 2009 to promote Tiruchirappalli as a favourable tourist destination . The federation organises an annual food festival called Suvai . Lack of infrastructure has been a major deterrent to the city 's tourism industry . Landmarks ( edit ) The `` Vellayi Gopuram '' ( white tower ) on the eastern entrance of the Srirangam temple named after a Devadasi Once a part of the Chola kingdom , Tiruchirappalli has a number of exquisitely sculpted temples and fortresses . The Erumbeeswarar Temple has been designated a protected monument by the Archaeological Survey of India . Most of the temples , including the Rockfort temples , the Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam , the Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval , the Samayapuram Mariamman Temple , the Erumbeeswarar Temple , Gneeliwaneswarar Temple at Thiruppaingneeli and the temples in Urayur , are built in the Dravidian style of architecture ; the Ranganathaswamy Temple and Jambukeswarar Temple are often counted among the best examples of this style . The rock - cut cave temples of the Rockfort , along with the gateway and the Erumbeeswarar Temple , are listed as monuments of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India . Trichy at night , as viewed from the Uchchi Pillayar Temple , Rockfort Considered one of the symbols of Tiruchirappalli , the Rockfort is a fortress which stands atop a 273 - foot - high rock . It consists of a set of monolithic rocks accommodating many rock - cut cave temples . Originally built by the Pallavas , it was later reconstructed by the Madurai Nayaks and Vijayanagara rulers . The temple complex has three shrines , two of which are dedicated to Lord Ganesha , one at the foot and the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top , and the Thayumanavar Temple between them . The Thayumanavar temple , the largest of the three , houses a shrine for Pārvatī as well as the main deity . As per a legend , Vayu Bhaghvan and Adiseshan had a dispute to find out who is superior , to prove the superiority adiseshan encircled the Kailasam , Vayu tried to remove this encircle by creating santamarutham ( Twister ) . Because of the santamarutham , eight kodumudigal ( parts ) fell from kailasam into eight different places which are Thirugonamalai ( Trincomalee , Sri Lanka ) , Thirukalahasti , Thiruchiramalai ( Rock fort ) , Thiruenkoimalai , Rajathagiri , Neerthagiri , Ratnagiri , and Swethagiri Thirupangeeli . The Rockfort is visible from almost every part of the city 's north . The Teppakulam at the foot of the Rockfort is surrounded by bazaars . It has a mandapa at its centre . The Ranganathaswamy Temple , dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu , is located on the island of Srirangam . Often cited as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world , it has a perimeter of 4,116 metres ( 13,504 ft ) and occupies 156 acres ( 630,000 m ) . Considered to be among the 108 Divya Desams ( Holy shrines of Lord Vishnu ) , the temple is believed to house the mortal remains of the Vaishnavite saint and philosopher Ramanujacharya . Originally built by the Cholas , the temple was later renovated by the Pandyas , the Hoysalas , the Madurai Nayaks and the Vijayanagar empire between the 9th and 16th centuries AD . There are 21 gopurams ( towers ) , of which the Rajagopuram is 236 feet ( 72 m ) . According to the Limca Book of Records , it was the tallest temple tower in the world until 1999 . St. Mary 's Cathedral The Jambukeswarar Temple at Thiruvanaikkaval and the Erumbeeswarar Temple at Thiruverumbur were built in the rule of the Medieval Cholas . The Jambukeswarar Temple is one of the Pancha Bhoota Stalams dedicated to Lord Shiva ; it is the fifth largest temple complex in Tamil Nadu . The city 's main mosque is the Nadir Shah Mosque or Nathar Shah mosque , which encloses the tomb of the 10th century Muslim saint Nadir Shah . The Christ Church constructed by the German Protestant missionary Christian Friedrich Schwarz in 1766 and the Our Lady of Lourdes Church are noted examples of Gothic Revival architecture in the city . The Chokkanatha Nayak Palace , which houses the Rani Mangammal Mahal , was built by the Madurai Nayaks in the 17th century ; it has now been converted into a museum . The Nawab 's palace , the Railway Heritage Centre , the Upper Anaicut constructed by Sir Arthur Cotton , and the world 's oldest functional dam , the Grand Anaicut , are some of the other important structures in Tiruchirappalli . Education ( edit ) Main article : List of educational institutions in Trichy Tiruchirappalli has been recognised in India as an important educational centre since the time of British rule . St. Joseph 's College , which opened in Nagapattinam in 1846 and transferred to Tiruchirappalli in 1883 , is one of the oldest educational institutions in South India . The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel ( SPG ) college , established in 1883 , is a premium missionary institution in the city . India 's second Nobel laureate , C.V. Raman , was born in Tiruchirappalli . As of 2013 , Tiruchirappalli has 45 arts and science colleges , 40 polytechnic colleges and 13 colleges that offer management education . The St. Joseph 's College , National College , Bishop Heber College , Jamal Mohamed College and the Government Law College are prominent colleges providing higher education in the arts and sciences . There are approximately 35 engineering colleges in and around the city . The National Institutes of Technology , established by the government in 1964 as the Regional Engineering College , has a campus at Thuvakudi on the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli . The Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute was established as a constituent college of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1989 , and the National Research Centre for Banana offer higher education and research in agriculture . The Tiruchirappalli branch of Anna University was established after the bifurcation of Anna University in 2007 . 64 self - financing colleges which offer courses in engineering , architecture , management and computer applications in the districts of Ariyalur , Cuddalore , Nagapattinam , Perambalur , Pudukkottai , Thanjavur and Tiruvarur are affiliated to Anna University . The SRM Group of Colleges established the SRM Institute of Science and Technology at Irungalur near Tiruchirappalli ; this was followed by Chennai Medical College and Hospital in 2007 . A proposal by the group to include the institutions in SRM University is under review by the Ministry of Human Resources Development of the Government of India . The Bharathidasan University was established in Tiruchirappalli in 1982 and controls 104 colleges in Tiruchirappalli district and seven neighbouring districts . The university also runs a management school , the Bharathidasan Institute of Management in the city in collaboration with BHEL . The Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli was set up during the Eleventh Five - Year Plan , along with five other IIMs opened during the 2011 -- 12 academic season . In 2013 , the Ministry of Human Resource Development ( MHRD ) approved Indian Institute of Information Technology ( IIIT ) , and the Tamil Nadu National Law School , modelled on the National Law School of India University , both started their operations in the city . There are 200 higher secondary schools in Tiruchirappalli ; notable ones are the Campion Anglo - Indian Higher Secondary School , St Joseph 's Anglo Indian Girls Higher Secondary School , St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School , Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School , Higher Secondary School for Boys , Srirangam and RSK Higher Secondary School . Notable people who were either born or educated at Tiruchirappalli include scientists C.V. Raman , A.P.J. Abdul Kalam , Sujatha Rangarajan , Vaali , G.N. Ramachandran , and former President of India R. Venkataraman . Sports ( edit ) Synthetic turf hockey ground in the Anna Stadium Hockey and cricket are the most popular sports in Tiruchirappalli . Former Indian hockey goalkeepers Charles Cornelius and Leslie Fernandez ; Rajagopal Sathish who represents the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League ; and Dharmaraj Ravanan who represents Chennai City F.C. in the Indian Super League ; all hail from the city . The Anna Stadium complex is the main venue for sports in the city ; it hosts an indoor stadium and an astro turf hockey ground . The stadium complex also includes a football ground , an athletic track , a swimming pool , a gymnasium , a badminton court and a hostel for the athletes . The Tiruchirappalli District Cricket Association ( TDCA ) is one of the constituents of the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association , and regulates school , college and club cricket in the district . First class cricket matches were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium -- formerly the Khajamalai Stadium . At the association 's golden jubilee celebrations in 2008 -- 09 , plans for the establishment of another cricket stadium and an academy in the outskirts of Tiruchirappalli city were mooted . The Mannarpuram Cricket Academy is one of the noted cricket coaching academies in Tiruchirappalli . Domestic association football , tennis and volleyball tournaments are held in and around the city . Tiruchirappalli hosted the Federation Cup , a knockout - style club football tournament in 1984 and an open chess tournament organised by FIDE in 2006 . Media ( edit ) According to the Registrar of Newspapers in India , more than 100 newspapers have been registered in Tiruchirappalli as of November 2013 . The weekly newspaper Wednesday Review , founded in 1905 , is the first prominent journal to be published in Tiruchirappalli . Among the major English - language newspapers being published in Tiruchirappalli are The Hindu which launched a Tiruchirappalli edition in 2004 , and The New Indian Express , which was publishing in Tiruchirappalli before The Hindu . Some of the important Tamil - language newspapers that publish a Tiruchirappalli edition are Dina Thanthi Dina Mani , Dina Malar , Malai Malar , Dinakaran , Tamil Murasu and Tamil Sudar . The popular Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan launched a local supplement for Tiruchirappalli in 2011 . The first radio transmission station in Tiruchirappalli was opened by All India Radio ( AIR ) on 16 May 1939 . AIR started providing direct - to - home enabled radio broadcasting service from 2006 . In 2007 , the AIR launched Ragam , a separate Carnatic music station , from the city . Apart from the government - owned AIR , private FM radio stations such as Hello FM and Suryan FM broadcast from Tiruchirappalli . Indira Gandhi National Open University 's Gyan Vani started broadcasting from the city in 2008 . Tiruchirappalli 's first campus community radio station was started by Holy Cross College on 22 December 2006 . Television broadcasting from Chennai was started on 15 August 1975 . Satellite television channels have been available since 1991 . Direct - to - home cable television services are provided by DD Direct Plus and various other operators . Utility services ( edit ) Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board ( TNEB ) . Tiruchirappalli is the headquarters of the Trichy region of TNEB . The city and its suburbs form the Trichy Metro Electricity Distribution Circle , which is subdivided into six divisions . A chief distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters at Tennur . Water supply is provided by the Tiruchirappalli City Corporation . The city gets its drinking water supply from the Kaveri River and 1,470 bore wells linked to 60 service reservoirs in and around the city . Four of the six head works from which the city gets its water supply are maintained by the municipal corporation and the rest by other agencies . Pollution has been a major concern in Tiruchirappalli . The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board has set up five stations in the city to check the quality of air . As of 2012 , about 432 tonnes ( 432,000 kg ) of solid waste are produced in the city every day . Solid waste management in the city is handled by the corporation ; places such as the Gandhi Market , Central Bus terminus and the Chathram bus terminus are being monitored by other agencies . The principal landfill is at Ariyamangalam . Waste water management in the Trichy - Srirangam underground drainage ( UGD ) areas is handled by the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board ( TWAD ) and in other areas by the Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation . As of 2013 , there were a total of 40,580 UGD connections maintained by the municipal corporation . The high toxicity of the waste water released by the Trichy Distilleries and Chemicals Limited ( TDCL ) is a major cause of concern for the corporation . The corporation 's annual expenditure for the year 2010 -- 11 was estimated to be ₹ 1,559.4 million ( equivalent to ₹ 2.3 billion or US $34 million in 2017 ) . In 2013 , researchers from Bharathidasan University assessed water quality in the Tiruchirappalli area and concluded that although the quality of the groundwater was suitable for human consumption , the quality of the pond water in the city was `` not fit for human usage , agricultural or industrial purposes '' . Under the National Urban Sanitation Policy , Tiruchirappalli was ranked sixth in India and first in Tamil Nadu on the basis of sanitation for the year 2009 -- 10 . In January 2010 , Tiruchirappalli became the first city in India where open defecation was prevented in all its slums . In a 2016 survey conducted by the Ministry of Urban Development , as a part of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign , Tiruchirappalli was ranked third in the list of cleanest cities in India . Tiruchirappalli comes under the Tiruchi Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited ( BSNL ) , India 's state - owned telecom and internet services provider . There are about 20,000 business telephone subscribers in the city . Both Global System for Mobile Communications ( GSM ) and Code division multiple access ( CDMA ) mobile services are available . BSNL also provides broadband internet services . BSNL began offering wireless internet services with the commencement of Evolution - Data Optimized ( EVDO ) transmission in 2008 . Tiruchirappalli is one of the few cities in India where BSNL 's Caller Line Identification ( CLI ) - based internet service Netone is available . Softnet ( STPI ) , Tata VSNL , Bharti and Reliance are other major broadband internet service providers in the city . Tiruchirappalli has a passport office , the second in Tamil Nadu , which commenced its operations on 23 March 1983 . The office also caters to the needs of seven adjacent districts namely , Karur , Nagappattinam , Perambalur , Pudukkottai , Thanjavur , Ariyalur and Tiruvarur . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Tiruchirappalli Check - in counters at the integrated terminal of Tiruchirappalli International Airport . The most commonly used modes of local transport in Tiruchirappalli are the state government - owned Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation ( TNSTC ) buses , and auto rickshaws . Tiruchirappalli forms a part of the Kumbakonam division of the TNSTC . The city has two major bus termini ; Chatram Bus Stand and Central Bus Stand , both of which operate intercity services and local transport to suburban areas . Tiruchirappalli sits at the confluence of two major National Highways -- NH 45 and NH 67 . NH 45 is one of the most congested highways in south India and carries almost 10,000 lorries on the Tiruchirappalli -- Chennai stretch every night . Other National Highways originating in the city are NH 45B , NH 210 and NH 227 . State highways that start from the city include SH 25 and SH 62 . Tiruchirappalli has 715.85 km ( 444.81 mi ) of road maintained by the municipal corporation . A semi-ring road connecting all the National Highways is being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city . As of 2013 , approximately 328,000 two - wheelers , 93,500 cars and 10,000 public transport vehicles operate within the city limits , apart from the 1,500 inter-city buses that pass through Tiruchirappalli daily . Tiruchirappalli suffers from traffic congestion mainly because of its narrow roads and absence of an integrated bus station . Passenger trains also carry a significant number of passengers from nearby towns . The Great Southern of India Railway Company was established in 1853 with its headquarters at England . In 1859 , the company constructed its first railway line connecting Tiruchirappalli and Nagapattinam . The company merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company with Tiruchirappalli as its headquarters . The city retained the position until 1908 when the company 's headquarters was transferred to Madras . Tiruchirappalli Junction is the second biggest railway station in Tamil Nadu and one of the busiest in India . It constitutes a separate division of the Southern Railway . Tiruchirappalli has rail connectivity with most important cities and towns in India . Other railway stations in the city include Tiruchirappalli Fort , Tiruchirappalli Town , Srirangam , Tiruchirappalli Palakkarai , Golden Rock ( Ponmalai ) , Manjatidal , Thiruverumbur , Uthamar Kovil , and Pichandar Kovil , . Tiruchirappalli is served by Tiruchirappalli International Airport ( IATA : TRZ , ICAO : VOTR ) , 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) from the city centre . The airport handles fivefold more international air traffic than domestic services , making it the only airport in India with this huge variation . It serves as a gateway to immigrants from South - east Asian countries There are regular flights to Chennai , , Mumbai , Delhi , Colombo , Dubai , Kuala Lumpur , and Singapore . The airport handled more than 1 million passengers and 2012 tonnes of cargo during the fiscal year 2013 -- 14 . See also ( edit ) List of people from Tiruchirappalli Classification of Indian cities Kaveri Palam Peruvalla Nallur Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The area of the city was expanded from 146.9 square kilometres ( 56.7 sq mi ) to 167.23 square kilometres ( 64.57 sq mi ) in 2010 , as a result of which the population increased from 847,387 to 916,857 according to the 2011 census . Jump up ^ The official spelling , as per the municipal corporation website is `` Tiruchirappalli '' . However , the spellings Tiruchirapalli , Tiruchchirapalli and Tiruchchirappalli are also widely used . Jump up ^ Madras was renamed as Chennai in 1996 . Jump up ^ As the river beds contain a large amount of silica in the form of sand , heat gets reflected . Jump up ^ The Anglo - Indians are present in significant numbers in and around all Southern Railway divisional headquarters where they are employed . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Census Abstract - Urban Agglomeration '' . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Tiruchirappalli city ... The RockFort City ! '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Baliga 1999 , p. 993 . Jump up ^ Kuppuram 1988 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Om Parkash ( 1989 ) . Directory of Cities and Towns in India ( Dy . Dir. of Census Operations ) . Kar Kripa Publishers . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85414 - 00 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Proceedings of the Commissioner of Municipal Administration '' ( PDF ) . Commissionerate of Municipal Administration . 22 July 2014 . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Search PCA Data by District / SubDistrict / Town / Village Name : Tiruchirappalli ( M Corp . ) '' . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hemingway 1907 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Yule & Burnell 1903 , p. 938 . Jump up ^ Jaques 2007 , p. 1025 . Jump up ^ Brayley - Hodgetts 2008 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Ludden 2004 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Thani Nayagam 1957 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Beck 2006 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Caldwell 1881 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Google ( 3 January 2014 ) . `` Tiruchirappalli '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Pujari , Kolhe & Kumar 2006 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Kuppuram 1988 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Beck 2006 , pp. 42 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Aiyangar 1921 , p. 45 . ^ Jump up to : Aiyangar 1921 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Lal 1967 , pp. 251 -- 252 . ^ Jump up to : Aiyangar 1921 , pp. 112 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Aiyangar 1921 , p. 185 - 188 . Jump up ^ Sastri 1935 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Yunus & Parmar 2003 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Aiyangar 1921 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Sewell 1900 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Sathianathaier 1924 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Hemingway 1907 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway 1926 , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Sathianathaier 1924 , pp. 103 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Amaladass 1988 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Subrahmanian 1977 , pp. 12 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Ramaswami 1984 , pp. 43 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jaques 2007 , pp. 1034 -- 1035 . ^ Jump up to : Subramanian 1928 , p. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Chhabra 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Rose & Newton 1929 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Markovits 2004 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Ramaswami 1984 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Ramaswami 1984 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Bayly 2004 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Muthiah 2008 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brayley - Hodgetts 2008 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fortescue 1902 , pp. 558 -- 559 . Jump up ^ Ingram 1995 , pp. 5 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Ramachandran 2008 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Moore 1878 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan , Deepa H. ( 23 September 2006 ) . `` Destination Puducherry '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Muthiah , S. ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` The railway of the Deep South '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Zaidi 1973 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ South Indian Railway Strike 1928 . Jump up ^ Rengarajan , La . Su. ( 10 April 2005 ) . `` Marathon march '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First anti-Hindi agitation remembered '' . The Hindu . 2 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Baliga 1999 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Rasam 1997 , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Rao 1974 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Bala 1986 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Rajendran , Arumugam & Chandrasekaran 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Iyer , Aruna V. ; Sridhar , Asha V. ( 9 April 2011 ) . `` City of choice '' . The Hindu Property Plus : Coimbatore . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rana 2006 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Ahmed 1980 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiruchi : Key centre for fabrication '' . Business Line . 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mayilvaganan , V. ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` Residents see development , price rise as major election issues '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Muthiah , S. ( 22 May 2011 ) . `` Madras Miscellany '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dash , Jatindra ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` Karunanidhi sets up a forum for Sri Lankan Tamil 's Welface '' . The Hindustan Times , accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forum for Sri Lankan Tamils ' welfare '' . The New Indian Express . 3 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Vasudevan , R. ( 5 September 2012 ) . `` Attacks on Lankan pilgrims in Tamil Nadu : India assures security '' . Asian Tribune . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On way to airport , Sri Lankan pilgrims attacked by mob in Tamil Nadu '' . The Indian Express . 4 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Pilgrimage to Tamil Nadu Ended in Sadness '' . Sunday Observer , accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 10 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Terror threat to temples in Tamil Nadu '' . The Hindustan Times , accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 25 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharma 2000 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Moore 1878 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Google ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Tiruchirappalli '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weather data for Tiruchchirappalli , India '' . Canty and Associates LLC . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Rajendran , Arumugam & Chandrasekaran 2002 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Rajendran , Nuvena ( 14 November 2013 ) . `` Trichy , rich in heritage and history '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ de Bruyn et al. 2008 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Saqaf , Syed Muthahar ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Height of faith : Golden Rock , Rock Fort and Khajamalai '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Encroachments around Sri Erumbeeswarar Temple removed '' . The Hindu . 23 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Menon 2013 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 26 December 2007 ) . `` Water hyacinth hinders free flow in rivers and channels '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ GSI 1865 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Mild tremor jolts Thuraiyur '' . The Times of India . 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Abram 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Superintendent Census Operations 1966 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Ayyar 1920 , p. 453 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Weather & Demography '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchchirappalli , India -- Climate Summary '' . Canty and Associates LLC . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Census of India 1991 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Gokul , R. ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Trichy gears up for a blistering month '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Annesley 1841 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 11 May 2013 ) . `` At 43 degrees , people of Tiruchi virtually get baked '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Baliga 1999 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 '' ( PDF ) . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Suresh , S. `` District Groundwater Brochure Tiruchchirappalli District , Tamil Nadu '' ( PDF ) . Central Ground Water Board , SECR . p. 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan , T. ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Northeast monsoon rain is set to arrive in Tamil Nadu '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchirappalli Climatological Table Period : 1971 -- 2000 '' . India Meteorological Department . Archived from the original on 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Census of India 1941 . Jump up ^ Report 1966 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Malayala Manorama 2007 , p. 707 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter -- 3 ( Literates and Literacy Rate ) '' ( PDF ) . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Census Abstract Data ( Final Population ) '' . Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Click the link `` Primary Census Abstract Data for Slum ( India & States / UTs - Town Level ) ( Excel Format ) '' to download the file in excel format Jump up ^ `` Waterless loos soon in major places in Trichy '' . The Times of India . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Brill 1989 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Hoping to add star power , BJP woos Rajinikanth ahead of Lok Sabha polls '' . The Times of India . 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Governor felicitated '' . The Hindu . 29 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jain Sangh celebrates Mahaveer Jayanthi '' . The Hindu . 17 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diocese of Tiruchirapalli '' . Catholic - Hierarchy . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Provincial Directory : Trichy - Tanjore '' . Anglican Consultative Council . Archived from the original on 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen 1991 , p. 606 . Jump up ^ Ramappa & Singh 1984 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Sriram , V. ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` Gujaratis gave us this temple '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Muthanna 1962 , p. iii . Jump up ^ `` Trichy defers Onam to Oct '' . The Times of India . 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Paranjape 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Thurston 1913 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Steever 2003 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` Language Variation in Tamil '' . Language Information Service . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Deefholts & Acharya 2006 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Rajendran , Nuvena ( 16 December 2012 ) . `` Let them have cake ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Narendra Modi to kick off PM campaign with Haryana rally today '' . Daily News and Analysis . 15 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan Tamil refugees wish for Indian citizenship '' . The Hindu . 3 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporation Worshipful Mayor ProfileCorporation Worshipful Mayor Profile '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corporation Commissioner Profile '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corporation Deputy Mayor Profile '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Commissioner of Police takes charge '' . The Hindu . Special Correspondent. 2017 - 11 - 21 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly '' . National Informatics Centre . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu '' . Government of Tamil Nadu. 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ranking 1867 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Hemingway 1907 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Palanithurai 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Baliga 1999 , p. 1297 . ^ Jump up to : Selvan , Dennis ( 3 February 2013 ) . `` Trichy stakeholders brainstorm on development plans '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five more wards to come under Tiruchi Corporation '' . The Hindu . 7 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About city municipal corporation '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AIADMK supporters stone MLA 's vehicle '' . The Times of India . 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Organizational chart '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchirappalli Local Planning Authority -- An organisation '' . Tiruchirappalli Local Planning Authority . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency map '' . Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Map showing the new assembly constituencies '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 September 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Meera ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` R.K. Nagar bypoll : Jayalalithaa files nomination '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Notification No. 308 / 2009 / EPS '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Sathiya Moorthy , N. ( 30 March 1998 ) . `` Cabinet berth for Kumaramangalam upsets TN BJP '' . Rediff . Archived from the original on 26 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trichy city '' . Tamil Nadu police . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Click on the `` Commissioner Office '' tab to get the name and contact details of police commissioner of Tiruchirappalli city district . Jump up ^ `` Commissioner of Police , Trichirapalli City '' ( PDF ) . Tamil Nadu police . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trichy city district '' . Tamil Nadu police . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 -- Crimes in cities of Tamil Nadu '' ( PDF ) . Tamil Nadu police . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Saqaf , Syed Muthathar ( 28 December 2010 ) . `` Arrival of onions from Maharashtra stabilizes price '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Market to be shifted '' . The Hindu . 1 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trichy a land of tradition '' . Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Balaganessin , M. ( 4 May 2005 ) . `` Bitter fall in mango prices , thanks to huge arrivals '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 17 October 2008 ) . `` Power holiday stifles output of rice mills '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Caplan 2003 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rajaram , P. ( 11 April 2008 ) . `` Golden Rock railway workshop rolls out stainless steel wagon prototype '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Ahmad 2003 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari & Chaturvedi 1997 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bhel Trichy turnover crosses Rs 10,000 crore '' . The Economic Times . 2 April 2010 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Excellence Exhibition to roll out in September '' . The Hindu . 20 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Madras District Gazetteers 1998 , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Madras District Gazetteers 1998 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ United Nations Publications 2010 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Demand No. 37 : Prohibition and Excise '' ( PDF ) . Home , Prohibition and Excise Department . p. 12 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Ordnance Factories : Ordnance Factory Tiruchirapalli '' . Ordnance Factory Board , Defence Ministry , Government of India . Archived from the original on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Radhakrishnan 2008 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Ordnance Factories : Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project '' . Ordnance Factory Board , Defence Ministry , Government of India . Archived from the original on 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan 2007 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ The Small Hands of Slavery 1996 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : The Small Hands of Slavery 1996 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Stanley 2004 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ The Administrator 1996 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Krishnamoorthy , R. ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Software exports from Tiruchi set to rise '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trichy : IT infrastructure to pep up property prices '' . The Economic Times . 10 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchi IT Park commissioned '' . The Hindu . 10 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiruchi gets IT park '' . The Hindu . 10 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : ELCOT to build 50,000 sq. ft. of office space in Tier II cities '' . The Hindu . 19 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Isha yoga classes give breather to Tiruchiites '' . The Hindu . 20 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Subramaniam 1974 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Madhumita ( 9 March 2012 ) . `` Come south , young man , but here be dragons '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajendran , Nuvena ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Trichy , a hub of educational institutions '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Karthikeyan , D. ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` Raging bulls train ahead of jallikattu '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 19 injured in jallikattu held near Tiruchi '' . The Hindu . 8 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Adi Perukku ' celebrated with gaiety , enthusiasm '' . The Hindu . 4 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Selvan , Dennis ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` Samayapuram fest begins in all earnest '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vaikuntha Ekadasi celebrations in Trichy '' . Sify. 17 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Car festival at Srirangam '' . The Hindu . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradnock 1994 , p. 720 . Jump up ^ `` Bakrid celebrated in Trichy with gaiety '' . The Hindu . 10 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rajendran , Nuvena ( 29 July 2012 ) . `` Iftar treat for the city '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` City rings in New Year with glitz '' . The Hindu . 2 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Pramaeshwaran , Prathibha ( 6 November 2004 ) . `` Sweet delicacies '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Explosion of colours ushers in spring early home '' . The Hindu . 21 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Datta 1987 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan 1992 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ `` Music composer Ramamoorthy passes away '' . Deccan Herald . 17 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tributes continue to pour in for Vaali '' . The Indian Express . 19 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ajith Kumar , P.K. ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Sound track record '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Playne , Bond & Wright 1914 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Nicholson 1985 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Trichy Travel Federation '' . The Hindu . 13 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Second edition of food fest in Tiruchi in September '' . The Hindu . 4 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 15 May 2011 ) . `` High expectation in Srirangam constituency after Jayalalithaa victory '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 15 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Travel federation to organise rally tomorrow '' . The Hindu . 14 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Narasimhan , T.A. ( 4 January 2012 ) . `` The legend of Vellayi '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Poetry in stone '' . The Hindu . 22 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/ Jump up ^ Untracht 1997 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ The Indian year book 1939 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Brown 1968 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Urwick 1881 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical List of Monuments -- Tamil Nadu '' . Archaeological Survey of India . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sundararaj 1981 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ http://www.gneelivaneshwarartemple.tnhrce.in/History.html Jump up ^ http://www.divinebrahmanda.com/2015/06/sri-neelakandeswarar-temple.html Jump up ^ de Bruyn , Venkatraman & Bain 2006 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Crocodile in Rockfort temple tank keeps visitors away '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Mittal & Thursby 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary body cleans up Srirangam temple '' . The Hindu . 6 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ayyangar 1908 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Sajnani 2001 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Ayyar 1991 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Ranganatha Swami Temple , Srirangam '' . Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Chand 1987 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Limca Book of Records 1999 , chpt . Tallest temple tower . Jump up ^ Nagaswamy 1982 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Gangoly 1978 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Sivakumar , B. ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` Beggars run over heritage temple '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The journal of the Numismatic Society of India '' . 24 -- 25 . Numismatic Society of India . 1962 : 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Asher 2003 , p. 471 . Jump up ^ Santhanam , Kausalya ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Testimony to a rich past '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway 1900 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchi Rail museum to receive visitors from April '' . The Hindu . Tiruchi. 19 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Hope & Digby 1900 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Hill 2008 , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Burn & Cotton 1908 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ John Murray 1920 , p. 586 . Jump up ^ Selvan , Dennis ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` First rank still eludes education hub '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Herbermann et al. 1913 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Karthikeyan , Hemalatha ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Trichy , not Chennai , preferred for education '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Campus Connect : Tiruchirapalli '' . The Hindu . 27 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth universities yearbook 2003 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Qādirī & Siddiqui 1998 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha debates 2007 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Universities 2006 , p. 636 . Jump up ^ `` Top 75 : Engineering Colleges '' . Outlook India . 22 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Handbook of Universities 2006 , p. 812 . Jump up ^ `` About University '' . Anna University , Coimbatore . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anna university of Technology , Tiruchirappalli -- University Campuses '' . Anna university of Technology Tiruchirappalli . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SRM varsity a step closer to off - campus centre in Tiruchi '' . The Times of India . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Krishnamoorthy , R. ( 16 July 2011 ) . `` Higher education scenario in central region promising '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta & Kumar 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Shifting of Centre of Distance Education begins '' . The Hindu . 5 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Now , IIM - Kashipur , IIM - Trichy '' . The Indian Express . 30 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIM - Trichy to commence operations from June '' . The Times of India . 11 February 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Krishnamoorthy , R. ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` IIIT - Tiruchi to function from BIT campus in 2013 -- 14 '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Law School set up in Tamil Nadu '' . Deccan Herald . 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha debates 1998 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchi 's Anglo - Indian HSS bags top ranks '' . The Hindu . 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's Vestry Anglo - Indian Higher Secondary School '' . The Hindu . 26 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Amarnath & Ghosh 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Westrip & Holroyde 2010 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 2007 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Ramaswamy 2007 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Prasad , G. ( 17 May 2008 ) . `` Bustling with activity '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reporter 's Diary '' . The Hindu . 26 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Prasad , G. ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Veteran hockey players delighted with synthetic turf in Tiruchi '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 30 January 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rajagopal Sathish '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Vignesh , Anuj ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Chennai City want to do it for Tamil Nadu '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Prasad , G. ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Anna Stadium to get astro turf '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` District Umpires '' . Tamil Nadu Cricket Association District Cricket Umpires . Archived from the original on 9 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` District Cricket '' . Tamil Nadu Cricket Association . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru stadium '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First - class matches played on Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Tiruchirapalli '' . CricketArchive . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Prasad , G. ( 21 July 2008 ) . `` A golden year for Tiruchi District Cricket Association '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket is all about confidence and self - belief , says Srikkanth '' . The Hindu . 26 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coaching Academies in Trichy '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy FC posts win '' . The Hindu . 13 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis time in rock city '' . The Hindu . 7 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Prasad , G. ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` Boosting success off the net '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Illustrated Weekly of India 1986 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Trichy International ( FIDE ) Rating Open Chess Tournament 15th June -- 20th June 2006 '' . All India Chess Federation . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publication Place Wise - Registration -- Tamil Nadu '' . Registrar of Newspapers for India . Archived from the original on 18 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . On this page , enter `` Trichy '' , `` Tiruchirapalli '' , `` Tiruchirappalli '' and `` Tiruchi '' in the tab to get the name and other details of the newspapers . Jump up ^ The Feudatory and zemindari India 1933 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Agricultural mechanisation in Asia , Africa and Latin America 2004 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ `` Dhina Thanthi Tiruchi edition Home page '' . Daily Thanthi ( in Tamil ) . Archived from the original on 27 August 1999 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dina Mani e-newspaper Trichy edition '' . Dina Mani . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Benn 's press directory 1978 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` Vikatan celebrates 85th anniversary '' . The Hindu . 3 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Luthra 1986 . Jump up ^ Wireless world 1947 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ `` Three AIR stations to go DTH by mid-year '' . The Hindu . 12 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , R. ( 27 July 2007 ) . `` AIR launches Ragam for DTH audience '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Venkat . `` FM stations in trichy '' . Asiawaves . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Krishnamoorthy , R. ( 7 September 2008 ) . `` Gyan Vani to be on air from Tiruchi in 3 months '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Community radio is best suited for fulfilling information needs of villages '' . The Hindu . 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating a milestone '' . The Hindu . 9 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhatt 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Demonstration of DTH technology '' . The Hindu . 19 December 2004 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Dealers in Tamil Nadu '' . DD News . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Doordarshan '' . Doordarshan . Archived from the original on 22 April 2006 . Retrieved 15 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Strike hits cable TV services '' . The Hindu . 24 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Important Address '' ( PDF ) . Indian Wind Power Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Water supply - Trichy Corporation '' . Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchirappalli shows the way '' ( PDF ) . Wateraid India . 2008 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : SLB 2009 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Gokul , R. ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Blame your vehicle for air pollution '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Preeti ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Trichy City Corporation Tackling waste & sanitation issues '' . Clean India Journal . Archived from the original on 30 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 12 March 2010 ) . `` Corporation to go in for scientific closure of garbage dump '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trichy corporation to impose fine on buildings without drainage link '' . The Times of India . 26 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Environmental health 1991 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` AIADMK , MDMK councillors stage walk - out ; allege neglect of wards '' . The Hindu . 29 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Findings from Bharathidasan University in Environmental Biology Reported '' . Life Science Weekly , accessed via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . 9 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rank of cities on sanitation 2009 -- 10 '' ( PDF ) . National Urban Sanitation Policy . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first city in India where open defecation prevented in all slums '' . Gramalaya. 15 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swachh Survekshan - 2016 -- ranks of 73 cities '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau . 15 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchi BSNL wins award '' . The Hindu . 12 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 August 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial telephone directory released '' . The Hindu . 18 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tamil Nadu / Tiruchi News : In - plant training offered '' . The Hindu . 9 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` List of Cities where BSNL Broadband Service is available ( as on 01.01. 2007 ) '' ( PDF ) . 1 January 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` List of cities where Calling Line Identification ( CLI ) Based Internet Service is available '' . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited . Archived from the original on 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Destination : Trichy '' . Electronics Corporation of India . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ George , Daniel P ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` Passport office to move to swanky premises next week '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regional passport office '' . Trichy passport office . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiruchirapalli Master Plan -- Review '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Town and Country Planning . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gokul , R. ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Trichy Corporation issue ultimatum for removal of auto - rickshaw signboards '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation ( Kumbakonam ) Limited -- RTI Manual '' ( PDF ) . Government of Tamil Nadu. 2005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gokul , R. ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` Chatram bus stand vendors up in arms against midnight closure of shops '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karaikal Port -- Road Connectivity '' . MARG . Archived from the original on 19 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Four - lane highway cuts cost , improves profit '' . The Hindu . 10 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Highways passing through Trichy '' ( PDF ) . National Highways Authority of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bhandari 2009 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ de Bruyn , Bain & Allardice 2010 , p. 351 . Jump up ^ `` State Highways '' ( PDF ) . Highways Department , Government of Tamil Nadu . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Corporation Roads Location '' . Tiruchirappalli City Municipal Corporation . Archived from the original on 16 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` New bypass sanctioned for Tiruchi '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ganesan , S. ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Encroachments constrict Tiruchi 's Vayalur Road from both sides '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Muthiah 2004 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Railway -- Tiruchchirappalli Division '' ( PDF ) . Southern Railway . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency 1877 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Muthiah , S. ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` Integrating transport '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India 's best railway stations '' . Rediff.com. 14 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchchirappalli division '' . Southern Railway . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Computerised ticketing at Palakkarai railway station '' . The Times of India . 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway 1926 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ `` Location Indicators by State '' ( PDF ) . International Civil Aviation Organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiruchirappalli : Technical Information ( Archived ) '' . Airports Authority of India . Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Statistics -- Passengers '' ( PDF ) . Airports Authority of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Proposed Draft Note - Marketing of International airport '' ( PDF ) . Airports Authority of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JET Airways starts Tiruchi - Chennai service '' . The Hindu . 28 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka carrier plans Nepal , Bangladesh flights , Indian frequencies up '' . Lanka Business Online . 7 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Air Asia begins service to Tiruchi '' . The Hindu . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow , Lal Bhadur Shastri Airport Varanasi and Airports at Tiruchirapalli , Mangalore and Coimbatore as International Airports '' . Press Information Bureau . 4 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Statistics -- Freight '' ( PDF ) . Airports Authority of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Abram , David ( 2003 ) . South India : Rough Guide Travel Guides . Rough Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 103 - 6 . The Administrator . Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration . 1996 . Ahmad , Mohd Rizwan ( 1 January 2003 ) . Inflation Accounting Practices in India 's Corporate Sector . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0216 - 3 . Ahmed , Abad ( 1980 ) . Developing effective organizations : a National Seminar on Human Futures and Organizational Change . Shri Ram Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources . Aiyangar , S. Krishnaswami ( 1921 ) . South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders . Asian Educational Services , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 0536 - 7 . Amaladass , Anand ( 1988 ) . Jesuit Presence in Indian History . Gujarat Sahitya Prakash . Amarnath , Nischinta ; Ghosh , Debashish ( 2005 ) . The Voyage to Excellence : The Ascent of 21 Women Leaders of India Inc . Pustak Mahal . ISBN 978 - 81 - 223 - 0904 - 1 . Annesley , James ( 1841 ) . `` Climate of Trichinopoly '' . Researches into the causes , nature , and treatment of the more prevalent diseases of India . London : Longman , Brown , Green , and Longmans . Asher , Frederick M. ( 2003 ) . Art of India : Prehistory to the Present . Encyclopædia Britannica . Ayyangar , C.R. Sreenivasa ( 1908 ) . `` 18 '' . Life and teachings of Sri Ramanujacharya . R. Venkateshwar . Ayyar , P.V. Jagadisa ( 1920 ) . South Indian Shrines . Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co . Ayyar , P.V. Jagadisa ( 1991 ) . South Indian shrines : illustrated . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0151 - 3 . Bala , Raj ( 1 January 1986 ) . Trends in Urbanisation in India , 1901 -- 1981 . Rawat Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7033 - 012 - 7 . Baliga , B.S. ( 1999 ) . Madras District Gazetteers : Tiruchirappalli ( pts. 1 -- 2 ) . Superintendent , Govt . Press . Bayly , Susan ( 2004 ) . Saints , Goddesses and Kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society , 1700 -- 1900 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89103 - 5 . Beck , Elisabeth ( 2006 ) . Pallava Rock Architecture And Sculpture . Sri Aurobindo Institute of Research in Social Sciences , East West Books ( India ) Limited . ISBN 978 - 81 - 88661 - 46 - 6 . Benn 's press directory . 2 . Benn 's Publications Limited . 1978 . Bhandari , Laveesh ( 2009 ) . Indian states at a glance , 2008 -- 09 : Tamil Nadu : performance , facts and figures . Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2347 - 0 . Bhatt , S.C. ( 1994 ) . Satellite invasion of India . Gyan Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 0483 - 5 . Bradnock , Robert W. ( 1994 ) . South Asian Handbook . Trade & Travel Publications . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Brayley - Hodgetts , Jim ( 2008 ) . Madras Matters . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4357 - 0887 - 7 . Brown , Percy ( 1968 ) . Indian Architecture. 1 . D.B. Taraporevala . Burn , R. ; Cotton , J.S. ( 1908 ) . Imperial Gazetteer of India . 24 . Clarendon Press . Caldwell , Robert ( 1881 ) . A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly , in the Presidency of Madras : From the Earliest Period to Its Cession to the English Government in A.D. 1801 . E. Keys , at the Government Press . Caplan , Lionel ( 2003 ) . Children of Colonialism : Anglo - Indians in a Postcolonial World . Berg Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85973 - 632 - 6 . Census Commissioner ( 1941 ) . Census of India , 1941 : Vol 2 . Government of India . Chand , Attar ( 1987 ) . The Great Humanist Ramaswami Venkataraman . Gyan Books . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 0106 - 3 . Chhabra , G.S. ( 2005 ) . Advance Study in the History of Modern India ( Volume - 1 : 1707 -- 1803 ) . Lotus Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89093 - 06 - 8 . Commonwealth universities yearbook. 1 . Association of Commonwealth Universities. 2003 . Datta , Amaresh ( 1987 ) . Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature : A-Devo . Sahitya Akademi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 1803 - 1 . de Bruyn , Pippa de ; Venkatraman , Niloufer ; Bain , Keith ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's India . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 79434 - 9 . de Bruyn , Pippa ; Bain , Keith ; Venkatraman , Niloufer ; Joshi , Shonar ( 2008 ) . Frommer 's India . John Wiley & Sons . de Bruyn , Pippa de ; Bain , Keith ; Allardice , David ( 2010 ) . Frommer 's India . Frommer 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 55610 - 8 . Deefholts , Glenn ; Acharya , Quentine ( 2006 ) . The way we were : Anglo - Indian chronicles . Calcutta Tiljallah Relief Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9754639 - 3 - 2 . Environmental health . 13 . Central Public Health Engineering Research Institute . 1991 . The Feudatory and zemindari India . 13 -- 14 . 1933 . Fortescue , Sir John William ( 1902 ) . A History of the British Army . Macmillan . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Gangoly , Ordhendra Cooman ( 1978 ) . South Indian bronzes . Nababharat Publishers . Gupta , Ameeta ; Kumar , Ashish ( 2006 ) . Handbook of universities . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0607 - 9 . Handbook of Universities . Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 2006 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0608 - 6 . Hemingway , Frederick Ricketts ( 1907 ) . Madras District Gazetteers : Trichinopoly. 1 . Government Press . Herbermann , Charles George ; Pace , Edward Aloysius ; Pallen , Condé Bénoist ; Shahan , Thomas Joseph ; Wynn , John Joseph ( 1913 ) . The Catholic encyclopedia : an international work of reference on the constitution , doctrine , discipline , and history of the Catholic Church . 15 . Encyclopedia Press . Hill , Christopher V. ( 2008 ) . South Asia : An Environmental History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 925 - 2 . Hope , Elizabeth ; Digby , William ( 1900 ) . General Sir Arthur Cotton , his life and work . Hodder & Stoughton . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway . Higginbotham 's . 1900 . Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway ( Incorporated in England ) : Including the Tanjore District Board , Pondicherry , Peralam - Karaikkal , Travancore State , Cochin State , Coimbatore District Board , Tinnevelly - Tiruchendur , and the Nilgiri Railways . Asian Educational Services . 1926 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1889 - 3 . The Illustrated Weekly of India . 1986 . India . Director of Census Operations , Tamil Nadu . Census of India , 1991 : Tamil Nadu . Controller of Publications . India and Indonesia During the Ancient Regime : Essays . Brill Publishers . 1989 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08363 - 9 . The Indian year book . 26 . Bennett , Coleman & Co. 1939 . Ingram , Edward ( 1995 ) . Empire - building and Empire - builders : Twelve Studies . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 4612 - 1 . Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) . Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. 3 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33536 - 5 . Handbook for India , Burma , and Ceylon . John Murray . 1920 . Kenkyūjo , Nōki Sangyō Chōsa ( 2004 ) . Agricultural mechanization in Asia , Africa and Latin America : AMA. 35 -- 37 . Farm Machinery Industrial Research Corp . Kuppuram , G. ( 1988 ) . India through the Ages . 1 . Sundeep Prakashan . Lal , Kishori Saran ( 1967 ) . History of the Khaljis A.D. 1290 -- 1320 . Asia Publishing House . Limca Book of Records . Bisleri Beverages Limited . 1999 . Limca Book of Records . Bisleri Beverages Limited . 2001 . Lok Sabha debates . Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1998 . Lok Sabha debates . Lok Sabha Secretariat. 2007 . Ludden , David E. ( 2004 ) . Capitalism in Asia . Association for Asian Studies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 924304 - 45 - 3 . Luthra , H.R. ( 1986 ) . Indian broadcasting . Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Madras District Gazetteers : Tiruchirappalli ( pt. 1 -- 2 ) . Superintendent , Government Press . 1998 . Maheshwari , R.C. ; Chaturvedi , Pradeep ( 1997 ) . Bio-energy for rural energisation : proceedings of the National Bio-Energy Convention - 95 on Bio-Energy for Rural engergisation , organised by Bio-Energy Society of India , during December 4 -- 15 , 1995 at I.I.T. New Delhi . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 670 - 3 . Manorama Yearbook 2007 . Malayala Manorama. 2007 . Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs , Psychotropic Substances and Their Precursors . United Nations Publications . 2010 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 048082 - 6 . Markovits , Claude ( 2004 ) . A History of Modern India , 1480 -- 1950 . Anthem Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 152 - 2 . Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India . 4 . Geological Survey of India . 1865 . Menon , Indira ( 2013 ) . Rhythms in stone , The Temples of South India . Ambi Knowledge Resource . ISBN 978 - 81 - 903591 - 3 - 9 . Mittal , Sushil ; Thursby , Gene ( 2012 ) . Hindu World . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 60875 - 1 . Moore , Lewis ( 1878 ) . A Manual of the Trichinopoly District in the Presidency of Madras . Government Press . Muthanna , I.M. ( 1962 ) . History of Karnataka : History , Administration & Culture . Usha Press . Muthiah , S. ( 2004 ) . Madras Rediscovered . East West Books ( Madras ) Pvt Ltd . ISBN 81 - 88661 - 24 - 4 . Muthiah , S. ( 2008 ) . Madras , Chennai : A 400 - year Record of the First City of Modern India . Palaniappa Brothers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8379 - 468 - 8 . Nagaswamy , R. ( 1982 ) . Tantric cult of South India . Agam Kala Prakashan . Nicholson , Louis ( 1985 ) . India in luxury . Century . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 0857 - 2 . Palanithurai , Ganapathy ( 2007 ) . A handbook for panchayati raj administration ( Tamil Nadu ) . Concept Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 340 - 3 . Paranjape , Makarand R. ( 2009 ) . Altered Destinations : Self , Society , and Nation in India . Anthem Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 797 - 5 . Playne , Somerset ; Bond , J.W. ; Wright , Arnold ( 1914 ) . Southern India : Its History , People , Commerce , and Industrial Resources . Pujari , R.M. ; Kolhe , Pradeep ; Kumar , N.R. ( 2006 ) . Pride of India : A Glimpse into India 's scientific heritage . Samskrita Bharathi . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87276 - 27 - 2 . Qādirī , Abdullāh Valī Bak̲h̲sh ; Siddiqui , Mohd . Akhtar ( 1998 ) . Education and Muslims in India since Independence . Institute of Objective Studies . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85220 - 52 - 9 . Radhakrishnan , P. ( 2008 ) . Cad / cam / cim . New Age International . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1248 - 2 . Rajagopalan , N. ( 1992 ) . Another Garland : Biographical Dictionary of Carnatic Composers & Musicians , Book II . Carnatic Classicals . Rajendran , S. ; Arumugam , M. ; Chandrasekaran , V.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Potential Use of High Resolution IRS 1 - C Satellite Data and Deletion of Urban Growth in and around of Tiruchirapalli city '' ( PDF ) . Federation Internationale des Geometres . Ramachandran , D.P. ( 2008 ) . Empire 's First Soldiers . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9796174 - 7 - 8 . Ramakrishnan , P. ( 2007 ) . Powder metallurgy : processing for automotive , electrical / electronic and engineering industry ; ( International Conference on Powder Metallurgy for Automotive and Engineering Industry ... at the Renaissance Mumbai Hotel and Convention Centre during Feb. 3 -- 6 , 2005 ) . New Age International . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 2030 - 2 . Ramaswami , N.S. ( 1984 ) . Political history of Carnatic under the Nawabs . Abhinav Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8364 - 1262 - 8 . Ramaswamy , Vijaya ( 2007 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Tamils . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6445 - 0 . Rana , Mahendra Singh ( 1 January 2006 ) . India Votes : Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001 -- 2005 . Sarup & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 647 - 6 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Ranking , J.L. ( 1867 ) . Report upon the military and civil station of Trichinopoly . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 148 - 17268 - 2 . Rao , M.S.A. ( 1974 ) . Urban Sociology in India . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86125 - 296 - 1 . Rasam , Vasanti Pratapchandra ( 1997 ) . Swatantra Party : a political biography . Dattsons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7192 - 033 - 4 . Rural Urban Relationship Committee , India ( 1966 ) . Report . 3 . Government of India , Ministry of Health & Family Planning . Government Press ( 1877 ) . Report on the Administration of the Madras Presidency During the Year 1875 -- 76 . Rose , John Holland ; Newton , Arthur Percival ( 1929 ) . Dodwell , Henry H. , ed . The Cambridge History of the British Empire . CUP Archive . GGKEY : 55QQ9L73P70 . Sajnani , Dr. Manohar ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of tourism resources in India , Volume 2 . Kalpaz Publications . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 014 - 9 . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta ( 1935 ) . The Cōlas . University of Madras . Sathianathaier , R. ( 1924 ) . History of the Nāyaks of Madura . Oxford University Press . Sen , Ajoy Kumar ( 1991 ) . Tourism in India . Modern Book Agency . Sewell , Robert ( 1900 ) . A Forgotten Empire ( Vijayanagar ) . London : Swan Sonnenschein & Co . Sharma , Pradeep ( 2000 ) . Human Geography : The Land . Discovery Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8356 - 290 - 4 . `` SLB Results Workshop '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Urban Development , Government of India . 14 -- 15 December 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . The Small Hands of Slavery : Bonded Child Labor in India . Human Rights Watch . 1996 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56432 - 172 - 5 . `` South Indian Railway Strike '' . Labour Monthly . Communist Party of Great Britain . 10 ( 6 ) . October 1928 . Srinivasan ( 2009 ) . `` Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited '' . Case Studies in Marketing : The Indian Context 4Th Ed . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3543 - 1 . Stanley , Selwyn ( 2004 ) . Social Problems in India . Allied Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7764 - 708 - 2 . Steever , Sanford B. ( 2003 ) . The Dravidian Languages . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10023 - 6 . Subrahmanian , N. ( 1977 ) . History of Tamilnad. 2 . Koodal Publishers . Subramaniam , Kuppu ( 1974 ) . Brahmin priest of Tamil Nadu . Wiley Eastern . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85226 - 848 - 3 . Subramanian , K.R. ( 1928 ) . The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore . Madras : K.R. Subramanian . Sundararaj , T. ( 1981 ) . `` A Historical Sketch of Trichinopoly Rock Fort '' . Journal of Indian History . Dept. of Modern Indian History . 59 : 117 -- 128 . Superintendent Census Operations ( 1966 ) . `` Census of India , 1961 : Madras '' . 9 ( 1 ) . Government of India . Thani Nayagam , Xavier S. ( 1957 ) . Tamil Culture . 6 . Academy of Tamil culture . Thurston , Edgar ( 1913 ) . Provincial Geographies of India Vol 4 : The Madras Presidency with Mysore , Coorg and Associated States . Cambridge University . The Times of India directory and year book including who 's who . Bennett , Coleman & Co. 1954 . Untracht , Oppi ( 1997 ) . Traditional Jewelry of India . Harry N. Abrams , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 3886 - 1 . Urwick , William ( 1881 ) . Indian Pictures . The Religious Tract Society . Westrip , Joyce ; Holroyde , Peggy ( 2010 ) . Colonial Cousins : A Surprising History of Connections Between India and Australia . Wakefield Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86254 - 841 - 1 . Wireless world . 53 . 1947 . Yule , Sir Henry ; Burnell , Arthur Coke ( 1903 ) . `` Trichinopoly '' . Hobson - Jobson : A glossary of colloquial Anglo - Indian words and phrases . J. Murray . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Yunus , Mohammad ; Parmar , Aradhana ( 2003 ) . South Asia : a historical narrative . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579711 - 4 . Zaidi , A. Moin ( 1973 ) . The way out to freedom : an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants . Orientalia ( India ) . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Kempthorne , T.V. ( 5 April 1905 ) . `` A visit to Ceylon and India '' . Otago Witness ( 2664 ) . p. 80 . Molony , J. Chartres ( 1926 ) . `` Trichinopoly and Ootacamund '' . Book of South India . Methuen . pp. 33 -- 50 . Newell , H.A. ( 1920 ) . Trichinopoly : ( The three great temples ) : An Illustrated Guide . Higginbotham 's . Rao , V.N. Hari ( 1948 ) . A history of Trichinopoly and Srirangam . University of Madras . Viji , Chitra ( 13 February 2000 ) . `` Jewel on the Cauvery '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTiruchirappalliat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Trichy travel Federation ( TTF ) Trichy City Trichy Corporation Trichy Local Planning Authority Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 10 ° 48 ′ 18 '' N 78 ° 41 ′ 08 '' E / 10.80500 ° N 78.68556 ° E / 10.80500 ; 78.68556 Tiruchirappalli History Early Cholas Kalabhras Pallavas Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Later Pandyas Invasion of Malik Kafur Madurai Sultanate Vijayanagar Empire Madurai Nayaks Siege of Trichinopoly ( 1741 ) Siege of Trichinopoly ( 1743 ) Second Carnatic War ( Siege of Trichinopoly ( 1751 -- 1752 ) Battle of Golden Rock Battle of Seringham 1928 South Indian Railway Strike World War I Memorial Geography and Architecture Geography of Tiruchirappalli Chokkanatha Nayak Palace Grand Anaicut Srirangam Island Trichinopoly Group Upper Anaicut Zones Abhishekapuram Ariyamangalam Golden Rock Srirangam Neighbourhoods and suburbs Abhishekapuram Alathur Anna Nagar Arasangudy Ariyamangalam Asur Beema Nagar Bikshandarkoil Cantonment Chintamani Crawford Devadhanam Dheeran Nagar Edamalaipatti Pudur Elandapatti Ellakudy Gitapuram Golden Rock Irungalur Kailasapuram Kallakuzhi Kambarasampettai Kandalur Karumandapam Kaveri Nagar Khajamalai Kilakalkandarkottai Kilamullakudy Kiliyur Koothappar Krishnasamudram Kumaravayalur Kumbakudy Kuvalakkudy K.K. Nagar Mambazha Salai Manachanallur Mannarpuram Melur Natarajapuram Navalpattu Palakkarai Panayakurichy Panjapur Pappankurichi Pathalapattai Ponnagar Piratiyur Puthur Raghavendrapuram Samayapuram Sangiliyandapuram Senthaneerpuram Singarathope Srinivasa Nagar Srirangam Tennur Teppakulam Tharanallur Thillai Nagar Thiruvalarsolai Thiruvanaikaval Thiruverumbur Thuvakudi Tollgate Uraiyur Uttamar Kovil Uyyakondan Thirumalai Varahaneri Transport Road Chatram Bus Stand Central Bus Stand Rail Tiruchirappalli railway division ( List of Railway stations ) Tiruchirappalli Monorail ( Proposed ) Air Tiruchirappalli Airport Educational institutions Anna University Chennai -- Regional Office , Tiruchirappalli Bharathidasan Institute of Management Bishop Heber College Government College of Engineering , Srirangam Government Law College , Tiruchirapalli Indian Institute of Information Technology Tiruchirappalli Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli Jamal Mohamed College J.J. College of Engineering and Technology Mookambigai College of Engineering National College , Tiruchirapalli National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli St. Joseph 's College , Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu National Law School Hospitals Ponmalai railway hospital Places of worship Temples Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangam Samayapuram Mariamman Temple Thayumanavar Temple , Rockfort Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple Jambukeswarar Temple , Thiruvanaikaval Sri Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple Uthamar Kovil Subramaniya Swamy Temple , Kumaravayalur Erumbeeswarar Temple , Thiruverumbur Vekkali Amman Temple Panchavarnaswamy Temple Nandrudayan Vinayaka Temple Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple , Srirangam Churches Basilica of the Holy Redeemer Christ Church Our Lady of Lourdes Church Mosques Nadirshah Mosque Sport Anna Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Culture Aadi Perukku Carnatic music Gem cutting Jallikattu Poochoriyal Samayapuram float festival Trichinopoly cigar Vaikunta Ekadashi Central Tamil Economy BHEL Gandhi Market Golden Rock Railway Workshop Golden Rock Shandy Heavy Alloy Penetrator Project OFT Swamy Jewellery Politics Legislative Assembly constituencies Srirangam Thiruverumbur Tiruchirappalli East Tiruchirappalli West Lok Sabha constituencies Tiruchirappalli Other topics : List of people from Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli district District headquarters Tiruchirappalli Country India State Tamil Nadu Region Chola Nadu Divisions Lalgudi Musiri Tiruchirappalli Srirangam Taluks Lalgudi Manachanallur Manapparai Marungapuri Musiri Thottiyam Thuraiyur Srirangam Thiruverumbur Tiruchirappalli West Tiruchirappalli East Revenue blocks Andanallur Lalgudi Manachanallur Manapparai Manikandam Marungapuri Musiri Tattayyangarpettai Thiruverumbur Thottiyam Thuriayur Uppiliyapuram Vaiyampatti Municipal corporations Tiruchirappalli Municipalities Manapparai Thuraiyur Thuvakudi Rivers Kaveri Kollidam History Early Cholas Kalabhras Pallavas Medieval Cholas Later Cholas Later Pandyas Delhi Sultanate Madurai Sultanate Vijayanagar Empire Madurai Nayaks Company Raj British Raj Places of interest Basilica of the Holy Redeemer , Tiruchirapalli Grand Anicut Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple Samayapuram Mariamman Temple Sri Pundarikashan Perumal Temple , Thiruvellarai Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangam Sri Vadivazhagiya Nambi Perumal Temple Siva Temple , Thiruvanaikoil Urayur Educational institutions Universities Anna University , Tiruchirappalli Bharathidasan University National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli Prist University ( Trichy Campus ) SRM University ( Trichy Campus ) Colleges Nehru Memorial College Anna University of Technology , Tiruchirappalli J.J. College of Engineering and Technology M.A.M College of Engineering MAM College of Engineering and Technology Mount Zion College of Engineering and Technology Shivani Institute of Technology Trichy Engineering College Bishop Heber College Jamal Mohamed College National College , Tiruchirapalli Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli Bharathidasan Institute of Management DoMS NIT Trichy JR Polytechnic College K.A.P. Viswanatham Government Medical College Government Law College , Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu National Law School Schools Chellammal Matric . Higher Secondary School , Crawford & Thiruverumbur Campion Anglo - Indian Higher Secondary School Kamala Niketan Montessori School Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School , Golden Rock R.S. Krishnan Higher Secondary School Higher Secondary School for Boys , Srirangam St Johns Vestry Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School St. Joseph 's School , Trichy Cities and towns People Villages Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Allahabad Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad India portal Tamil Nadu portal Trichy portal GND : 4201546 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruchirappalli&oldid=850292126 '' Categories : Tiruchirappalli Ancient Indian cities Cities and towns in Tiruchirappalli district Former capital cities in India Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Tamil - language sources ( ta ) Featured articles Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 23 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli
| 107,704 |
|||
what date did the australian gold rush end
|
Australian gold rushes Gold diggings , Ararat , Victoria , by Edwin Stocqueler , 1854 Date May 1851 -- c. 1914 Location Australia Type Gold rush Theme Significant numbers of workers ( both from other areas within Australia and from overseas ) relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered Cause prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange Outcome Changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants ; Western Australia joined Federation
|
Australian gold rushes
|
australian gold rushes
|
Australian gold rushes Gold diggings , Ararat , Victoria , by Edwin Stocqueler , 1854 Date May 1851 -- c. 1914 Location Australia Type Gold rush Theme Significant numbers of workers ( both from other areas within Australia and from overseas ) relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered Cause prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange Outcome Changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants ; Western Australia joined Federation During the Australian gold rushes , significant numbers of workers ( both from other areas within Australia and from overseas ) relocated to areas in which gold had been discovered . A number of gold finds occurred in Australia prior to 1851 , but only the gold found from 1851 onwards created gold rushes . This is mainly because , prior to 1851 , the colonial government of New South Wales ( Victoria did not become a separate colony until 1 July 1851 ) had suppressed news of gold finds which it believed would reduce the workforce and destabilise the economy . After the California Gold Rush began in 1848 , which caused many people to leave Australia for California to look for gold there , the New South Wales government rethought its position , and sought approval from the Colonial Office in England to allow the exploitation of the mineral resources and also offered rewards for the finding of payable gold . Contents 1 History of discovery 2 Pre-rush gold finds 2.1 1788 : A hoax 2.2 1820 : Blue Mountains , New South Wales 2.3 1823 : Bathurst region , New South Wales 2.4 1834 : Monaro district , New South Wales 2.5 1837 : Segenhoe , New South Wales 2.6 1839 : Bathurst region , New South Wales 2.7 1840 : Lefroy , Tasmania 2.8 1841 -- 1842 : Bathurst and Goulburn regions , New South Wales 2.9 1841 : Pyrenees Ranges and Plenty Ranges , Victoria 2.10 From 1843 : Victoria 2.11 1844 : Bundalong , Victoria 2.12 1845 : Middle Districts , New South Wales 2.13 1846 : Castambul , South Australia 2.14 1847 : Victoria 2.15 1847 : Beaconsfield , Tasmania 2.16 1848 : Wellington , New South Wales 2.17 1848 : Bathurst , New South Wales 2.18 1848 -- 1884 : Pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia 2.19 1848 -- 1850 : Pyrenees Ranges , Victoria 2.20 1849 : Lefroy , Tasmania 2.21 1849 : Woady Yaloak River , Victoria 2.22 1850 : Clunes , Victoria 3 Notable gold finds which started rushes 3.1 February 1851 : Orange , New South Wales 3.2 April 1851 : Castlemaine district and Clunes , Victoria 3.3 June 1851 : Sofala , New South Wales 3.4 June 1851 : Warrandyte , Victoria 3.5 July 1851 : Clunes , Victoria 3.6 July 1851 : Bungonia and other finds , New South Wales 3.7 July 1851 : Castlemaine , Victoria 3.8 August 1851 : Buninyong , Victoria 3.9 August 1851 : Ballarat , Victoria 3.10 September 1851 : Bendigo , Victoria 3.11 Sep -- Dec 1851 : Other finds in New South Wales 3.12 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in New South Wales 3.13 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in Victoria 3.14 1851 -- 1886 : Managa and other finds in Tasmania 3.15 1852 and 1868 : Echunga , South Australia 3.16 1852 -- 1869 : Other finds in Victoria 3.17 1852 -- 1893 : Other finds in New South Wales 3.18 1857 / 8 : Canoona near Rockhampton , Queensland 3.19 1861 -- 1866 : Cape River and other finds in Queensland 3.20 1867 -- 1870 : Gympie and other finds in Queensland 3.21 1868 : Gawler region , South Australia 3.22 1870 -- 1893 : Teetulpa and other finds in South Australia 3.23 1871 -- 1904 : Charters Towers , Palmer River , and other finds in Queensland 3.24 1871 -- 1909 : Pine Creek and other finds in the Northern Territory 3.25 1880 : Mt McDonald , New South Wales 3.26 1885 : Halls Creek in the Kimberley , Western Australia 3.27 1887 -- 1891 : Southern Cross , the Pilbara , and other finds in Western Australia 3.27. 1 1887 The Yilgarn and 1888 Southern Cross 3.27. 2 1888 : The Pilbara 3.27. 3 1891 : Cue 3.28 1892 -- 1899 : Coolgardie , Kalgoorlie , and other finds in Western Australia 3.28. 1 1892 : Coolgardie 3.28. 2 1893 : Kalgoorlie 3.28. 3 1893 : Greenough River 3.28. 4 1893 -- 1899 : Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie 3.29 1906 : Tarnagulla , Victoria 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History of discovery ( edit ) The first gold rush in Australia began in May 1851 after prospector Edward Hargraves claimed to have discovered payable gold near Orange , at a site he called Ophir . Hargraves had been to the Californian goldfields and had learned new gold prospecting techniques such as panning and cradling . Hargraves was offered rewards by the Colony of New South Wales and the Colony of Victoria . Before the end of the year , the gold rush had spread to many other parts of the state where gold had been found , not just to the west , but also to the south and north of Sydney . The Australian gold rushes changed the convict colonies into more progressive cities with the influx of free immigrants . These hopefuls , termed diggers , brought new skills and professions , contributing to a burgeoning economy . The mateship that evolved between these diggers and their collective resistance to authority led to the emergence of a unique national identity . Although not all diggers found riches on the goldfields , many decided to stay and integrate into these communities . In July 1851 , Victoria 's first gold rush began on the Clunes goldfield . In August , the gold rush had spread to include the goldfield at Buninyong ( today a suburb of Ballarat ) 45 km ( 28 m ) away and , by early September 1851 , to the nearby goldfield at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) , followed in early September to the goldfield at Castlemaine ( then known as Forest Creek and the Mount Alexander Goldfield ) and the goldfield at Bendigo ( then known as Bendigo Creek ) in November 1851 . Gold , just as in New South Wales , was also found in many other parts of the state . The Victorian Gold Discovery Committee wrote in 1854 : The discovery of the Victorian Goldfields has converted a remote dependency into a country of world wide fame ; it has attracted a population , extraordinary in number , with unprecedented rapidity ; it has enhanced the value of property to an enormous extent ; it has made this the richest country in the world ; and , in less than three years , it has done for this colony the work of an age , and made its impulses felt in the most distant regions of the earth . Australian gold diggings , by Edwin Stocqueler , c. 1855 When the rush began at Ballarat , diggers discovered it was a prosperous goldfield . Lieutenant - Governor , Charles La Trobe visited the site and watched five men uncover 136 ounces of gold in one day . Mount Alexander was even richer than Ballarat . With gold sitting just under the surface , the shallowness allowed diggers to easily unearth gold nuggets . In 7 months , 2.4 million pounds of gold was transported from Mount Alexander to nearby capital cities . The gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas . Australia 's total population more than tripled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871 . Australia first became a multicultural society during the gold rush period . Between 1852 and 1860 , 290,000 people migrated to Victoria from the British Isles , 15,000 came from other European countries , and 18,000 emigrated from the United States . Non-European immigrants , however , were unwelcome , especially the Chinese . The Chinese were particularly industrious , with techniques that differed widely from the Europeans . This and their physical appearance and fear of the unknown led to them to being persecuted in a racist way that would be regarded as untenable today . In 1855 , 11,493 Chinese arrived in Melbourne . Chinese travelling outside of New South Wales had to obtain special re-entry certificates . In 1855 , Victoria enacted the Chinese Immigration Act 1855 , severely limiting the number of Chinese passengers permitted on an arriving vessel . To evade the new law , many Chinese were landed in the south - east of South Australia and travelled more than 400 km across country to the Victorian goldfields , along tracks which are still evident today . In 1885 , following a call by the Western Australian government for a reward for the first find of payable gold , a discovery was made at Halls Creek , sparking a gold rush in that state . Pre-rush gold finds ( edit ) 1788 : a hoax ( edit ) In August 1788 , convict James Daley reported to several people that he had found gold , `` an inexhaustible source of wealth '' , `` some distance down the harbour ( Port Jackson , Sydney ) '' . On the pretense of showing an officer the position of his gold find , Daley absconded into the bush for a day . For this escapade , Daley was to receive 50 lashes . Still insisting that he had found gold , Daley next produced a specimen of gold ore . Governor Arthur Phillip then ordered Daley to again be taken down the harbour to point out where he had found the gold . Before being taken down the harbour , however , on being warned by an officer that he would be put to death if he attempted to deceive him , Daley confessed that his story about finding gold was `` a falsehood '' . He had manufactured the specimen of gold ore that he had exhibited from a gold guinea and a brass buckle and he produced the remains of the same as proof . For this deception , Daley received 100 lashes . Many convicts , however , continued to believe that Daley had indeed found gold , and that he had only changed his story to keep the place of the gold find to himself . James Daley 's fate was to hang in December that same year ( 1788 ) for breaking and entering and theft . Some convicts who were employed cutting a road over the Blue Mountains were rumoured to have found small pieces of gold in 1815 . 1820 : Blue Mountains , New South Wales ( edit ) F. Stein was a Russian naturalist with the 1819 -- 1821 Bellinhausen expedition to explore the Southern Ocean . Stein claimed to have sighted gold - bearing ore while he was on a 12 - day trip to the Blue Mountains in March 1820 . Many people were sceptical of his claim . 1823 : Bathurst region , New South Wales ( edit ) The first officially recognised gold find in Australia was on 15 February 1823 , by assistant surveyor James McBrien , at Fish River , between Rydal and Bathurst , New South Wales . McBrien noted the date in his field survey book along with , `` At E. ( End of the survey line ) 1 chain 50 links to river and marked a gum tree . At this place I found numerous particles of gold convenient to river . '' 1834 : Monaro District , New South Wales ( edit ) In 1834 with government help , John Lhotsky travelled to the Monaro district of New South Wales and explored its southern mountains . On returning to Sydney in that same year , he exhibited specimens that he had collected that contained gold . 1837 : Segenhoe , New South Wales ( edit ) In 1837 , gold and silver ore was found about 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Segenhoe near Aberdeen . The find was described in the newspapers as the discovery of a gold and silver mine about 30 miles from Thomas Potter Macqueen 's Segenhoe Estate , by a Russian stockman employed in the neighbourhood of the discovery , which was located on Crown land . 1839 : Bathurst region , New South Wales ( edit ) Paweł Strzelecki , geologist and explorer , found small amounts of gold in silicate in 1839 at the Vale of Clwyd near Hartley , a location on the road to Bathurst . 1840 : Lefroy , Tasmania ( edit ) Gold is believed to have been found in Northern Tasmania at The Den ( formerly known as Lefroy or Nine Mile Springs ) near George Town in 1840 by a convict . In the 1880s , this became known as the Lefroy goldfields . 1841 -- 1842 : Bathurst and Goulburn regions , New South Wales ( edit ) The Reverend William Branwhite Clarke found gold on the Coxs River , a location on the road to Bathurst , in 1841 . In 1842 he found gold on the Wollondilly River . In 1843 , Clarke spoke to many people of the abundance of gold likely to be found in the colony of New South Wales . On 9 April 1844 , Clarke exhibited a sample of gold in quartz to Governor Sir George Gipps . In that same year , Clarke showed the sample and spoke of the probable abundance of gold to some members of the New South Wales Legislative Council including Justice Roger Therry , the member for Camden and Joseph Phelps Robinson , then member for the Town of Melbourne . In evidence that Clarke gave before a Select Committee of the NSW Legislative Council in September 1852 , he stated that the subject was not followed up as `` the matter was regarded as one of curiosity only , and considerations of the penal character of the colony kept the subject quiet , as much as the general ignorance of the value of such an indication . '' Towards the end of 1853 , Clarke was given a grant of £ 1000 by the New South Wales government for his services in connection with the discovery of gold . The same amount ( £ 1000 ) was voted by the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee in 1854 . 1841 : Pyrenees Ranges and Plenty Ranges , Victoria ( edit ) Gold was found in Pyrenees Ranges near Clunes and in the Plenty Ranges near Melbourne in 1841 and the gold was sent to Hobart where it was sold . From 1843 : Victoria ( edit ) Beginning in 1843 , gold samples were brought several times into the watchmaker 's shop of T.J. Thomas in Melbourne by `` bushmen '' . The specimens were looked upon as curiosities . 1844 : bundalong , Victoria ( edit ) A shepherd named Smith thought that he had found gold near the Ovens River in 1844 , and reported the matter to Charles La Trobe , who advised him to say nothing about it . 1845 : middle districts , New South Wales ( edit ) On 12 December 1845 , a shepherd walked into the George Street , Sydney shop of goldsmith E.D. Cohen carrying a specimen of gold embedded in quartz for sale , with the gold weighing about four ounces , with the shepherd saying he had been robbed of double as much on his way to town . The shepherd did not disclose where he had found the gold , just that if men were to take engagements with squatters they , in addition to receiving their wages , may also discover a gold mine . 1846 : Castambul , South Australia ( edit ) Gold was found in South Australia and Australia 's first goldmine was established . From the earliest days of the Colony of South Australia men , including Johannes Menge the geologist with the South Australian Company , had been seeking gold . `` Armed with miner 's pick , numberless explorers are to be found prying into the depths of the valleys or climbing the mountain tops . No place is too remote '' . Gold was found in January 1846 by Captain Thomas Terrell at the Victoria Mine near Castambul , in the Adelaide Hills , South Australia , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Adelaide . Some of the gold was made into a brooch sent to Queen Victoria and samples were displayed at the Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace in 1851 . Share prices rose from £ 2 to £ 30 , but soon fell back to £ 3 when no further gold was found . Unfortunately for the investors , and everyone else concerned , the mine 's total gold production never amounted to more than 24 ounces . 1847 : Victoria ( edit ) Gold was found at Port Phillip ( Victoria ) by a shepherd . About April 1847 a shepherd took a sample of ore about the size of an apple , that he believed to be copper , into the jewellery store of Charles Brentani in Collins Street , Melbourne , where the sample was purchased by an employee , Joseph Forrester , a gold and silver smith . The shepherd refused to disclose to Forrester where he had obtained the nugget , but stated that `` there was plenty more of it where it came from '' on the station where he worked about 60 miles ( 96 km ) from Melbourne . The sample was tested by Forrester and found to be 65 per cent virgin gold . A sample of this ore was given to Captain Clinch who took it to Hobart . 1847 : Beaconsfield , Tasmania ( edit ) It is said that John Gardner found gold - bearing quartz in 1847 on Blythe Creek , near Beaconsfield , on the other side of the Tamar River from George Town . 1848 : Wellington , New South Wales ( edit ) Gold was found by a shepherd named McGregor at Mitchells Creek near Wellington , New South Wales , in 1848 on the Montefiore 's squatting run , `` Nanima '' . The Bathurst Free Press noted , on 25 May 1850 , that `` Neither is there any doubt in the fact that Mr M'Gregor found a considerable quantity of the precious metal some years ago , near Mitchell 's Creek , and it is surmised he still gets more in the same locality . '' 1848 : Bathurst , New South Wales ( edit ) William Tipple Smith found gold near Bathurst in 1848 . Smith , a mineralogist and manager of an iron works in New South Wales , had been inspired to look for gold near Bathurst by the ideas of Roderick Murchison , president of the Royal Geographical Society , who in 1844 in his first presidential address , had predicted the existence of gold in Australia 's Great Dividing Range , ideas which were published again in `` The Sydney Morning Herald '' on 28 September 1847 suggesting that gold `` will be found on the western flanks of the dividing ranges '' . Smith sent samples of the gold he found to Murchison . 1848 -- 1884 : pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia ( edit ) Gold was first detected in Western Australia in 1848 in specimens sent for assay to Adelaide from copper and lead deposits found in the bed of the Murchison River , near Northampton , by explorer James Perry Walcott , a member of A.C. Gregory 's party . In 1852 -- 53 rich specimens of gold - bearing stone were found by shepherds and others in the eastern districts , but they were unable afterwards to locate the places where the stone was discovered . The late Hon A.C. Gregory found traces of gold in quartz in the Bowes River in 1854 . In 1861 Mr Panton found near Northam , while shortly afterwards a shepherd brought in rich specimens of auriferous quartz which he had found to the eastward of Northam , but he failed to locate the spot again . Various small finds were made up to 1882 , when Alexander McRae found gold between Cossack and Roebourne , with one nugget weighing upwards of 9 dwt ( 14g ) . Edward Hardman , Government Geologist , found traces of gold in the East Kimberley in 1884 . His report about his finds subsequently led to the discovery of payable gold and the first Western Australian Goldrush . 1848 -- 1850 : Pyrenees Ranges , Victoria ( edit ) Gold was found in the Pyrnees Ranges in 1848 by a shepherd , Thomas Chapman . In December 1848 Chapman came into the jewellery store of Charles Brentani , in Collins Street , Melbourne , with a stone that he had `` held for several months '' . Chapman said that he had found the gold where he worked on Charles Browning Hall ( later Gold Commissioner ) and Edmund McNeill 's station at Daisy Hill ( near Amherst ) in the Pyrennes Ranges . Alexandre Duchene and Joseph Forrester , both working for Charles Brentani , confirmed the stone contained a total of 38 ounces of 90 per cent pure gold , and Brentani 's wife Ann purchased the stone on behalf of her husband . A sample of this ore was given to Captain Clinch who took it to Hobart , Captain White who took it to England , and Charles La Trobe . As a consequence of the gold find by Chapman official printed notices were posted on a number of prominent places in the town ( Melbourne ) proclaiming the fact that gold had been found in Port Phillip ( Victoria ) . The Bertini 's shop was thronged by persons wanting to see the nugget and asking where it had been found . This find sparked a mini-gold - rush with about a hundred men rushing to the site . This could perhaps be categorised as the first , though unofficial , gold rush in Victoria , or perhaps the gold rush that was stamped out . Charles La Trobe quickly put an end to the search for gold in February 1849 by ordering 10 mounted police ( William Dana and Richard McLelland in charge of 8 native troopers ) to ' take possession of the Gold - mine ' , ' prevent any unauthorised occupation of Crown Lands in the neighbourhood ' ( Hall and McNeill 's station was leased from the Crown ) , dismiss the gold - seekers and prevent any further digging at Daisy Hill . The story was then dismissed by some of the press as a hoax . This did not stop people finding gold , however , and in the year 1850 , according to Brentani 's wife Ann , the `` gold came down from the country in all directions '' . She and her husband purchased as much as they could but had difficulty in supplying the money . 1849 : Lefroy , Tasmania ( edit ) The first substantiated find of gold in Tasmania was reported to have been made by a Mr Riva of Launceston , who is stated to have traced gold in slate rocks in the vicinity of The Den ( formerly known as Lefroy or Nine Mile Springs ) near George Town in 1849 . 1849 : woady yaloak River , Victoria ( edit ) The following news item from the `` Geelong Advertiser '' of 10 July 1849 shows the attitude of scepticism towards gold finds that were being brought into towns like Geelong during the pre-goldrush period : GOLD. - A specimen of this valuable mineral was brought into town yesterday , having been picked up in a locality near the Wardy - yallock River . Of the identity of the metal there can be no mistake ; but whether it was really taken from the spot indicated , or intended merely as a hoax or perhaps a swindle , it is quite impossible , at the present moment , to say . The piece exhibited , is of very small size ; but , of course , as in all such instances , the lucky finder can obtain tons from the same spot by the simple mode of stooping down and picking it up . The attitude was completely different just a couple of years later in 1853 after the Victorian goldrushes had begun : Smythe 's Creek , a branch of the Wardy Yallock river , is also attracting its share of the mining population , who are doing tolerably well . One very fine sample of gold has also been received in town during the week from the Wardy Yallock itself , found in the locality where the exploring party of last winter ended their labours . The parcel is small , - only 22 dwts. , but was obtained by one man in a week from very shallow surfacing . 1850 : Clunes , Victoria ( edit ) In March 1850 pastoralist William Campbell found several minute pieces of native gold in quartz on the station of Donald Cameron at Clunes . William Campbell is notable as having been the first member of the electoral district of Loddon of the Victorian Legislative Council from November 1851 to May 1854 . Campbell was in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee as the original discoverer of gold at Clunes . At the time of the find in March 1850 Campbell was in the company of Donald Cameron , Cameron 's superintendent , and a friend . This find was concealed at the time lest it should bring undesirable strangers to the run . Observing , however , the migration of the population of New South Wales and the panic created throughout the whole colony , and especially in Melbourne , and further motivated by a £ 200 reward that had been offered the day previous to anyone who could find payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne , on 10 June 1851 , Campbell addressed a letter to merchant James Graham ( member of Victorian Legislative Council 1853 -- 1854 and 1867 -- 1886 ) stating that within a radius of 15 miles of Burn Bank , on another party 's station , he had procured specimens of gold . Campbell divulged the precise spot where the gold had been found in a letter to Graham dated 5 July 1851 . Prior to this date , however , James Esmond and his party were already at work there mining for gold . This was because Cameron had earlier shown specimens of the gold to George Hermann Bruhn , a German doctor and geologist whose services as an analyst were in great demand . Communication of this knowledge by Hermann to James Esmond was to result in the discovery by Esmond on 1 July 1851 of payable quantities of alluvial gold at Clunes which then resulted in the first Victorian gold rush . Notable gold finds which started rushes ( edit ) Large gold specimen from the Ballarat mines , weight over 150 grams , size 7.4 × 4.4 × 2.3 cm . February 1851 : Orange , New South Wales ( edit ) Edward Hargraves , accompanied by John Lister , found five specks of alluvial gold at Ophir near Orange in February 1851 . Then , in April 1851 , John Lister and William Tom , trained by Edward Hargraves , found 120 grams of gold . This discovery , instigated by Hargraves , led directly to the beginning of the gold rush in New South Wales . This was the first gold rush in Australia and was in full operation by May 1851 , even before it was officially proclaimed on 14 May 1851 , with already an estimated 300 diggers in place by 15 May 1851 . Before 14 May 1851 gold was already flowing from Bathurst to Sydney , an example being when Edward Austin brought to Sydney a nugget of gold worth £ 35 , which had been found in the Bathurst District . In 1872 a large gold and quartz `` Holtermann Nugget '' discovered by the night shift in a mine part owned by Bernhardt Holtermann at Hill End , near Bathurst , New South Wales : the largest specimen of reef gold ever found , 1.5 meters ( 59 inches ) long , weighing 286 kg ( 630 pounds ) , in Hill End , near Bathurst , and with an estimated gold content of 5000 ounces ( 57 kg ) . April 1851 : Castlemaine District and Clunes , Victoria ( edit ) In January 1851 , before Hargraves ' find of gold in February 1851 at Ophir near Orange in New South Wales which started the first Australian gold rush , George Hermann Bruhn had left Melbourne to explore the mineral resources of the countryside of Victoria . On his trek Bruhn found , on a date unknown , indications of gold in quartz about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from Edward Stone Parker 's station at Franklinford ( between Castlemaine and Daylesford ) . After leaving Parker 's station Bruhn arrived at Donald Cameron 's station at Clunes in April 1851 . Cameron showed Bruhn samples of the gold that had been found on his station at Clunes in March 1850 . Bruhn also explored the countryside and found quartz reefs in the vicinity . `` This information he promulgated through the country in the course of his journey . '' One of the people to whom Bruhn communicated this information was James Esmond who was at that time engaged in erecting a building on James Hodgkinson 's station `` Woodstock '' at Lexton about 16 miles ( 25 km ) to the west of Clunes . This then indirectly led to the first gold rush in Victoria from Esmond 's subsequent discovery of payable gold at Clunes in July 1851 . Bruhn also forwarded specimens of gold to Melbourne which were received by the Gold Discovery Committee on 30 June 1851 . Bruhn was in 1854 to receive a £ 500 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee `` in acknowledgment of his services in exploring the country for five or six months , and for diffusing the information of the discovery of gold '' . June 1851 : Sofala , New South Wales ( edit ) Gold was found at the Turon Goldfields at Sofala in June 1851 . June 1851 : Warrandyte , Victoria ( edit ) On 9 June 1851 a reward of £ 200 was offered to the first person to discover payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne . Henry Frencham , then a reporter for The Times , and shortly afterwards for The Argus , was determined to be one of the persons to claim this reward . On 11 June 1851 he formed one of a party of 8 to search for gold north and north - east of Melbourne . Only 2 days later the party had dwindled to two men , Frencham and W.H. Walsh , who found what they thought to be gold at Warrandyte . At 5pm on 13 June 1851 Frencham deposited with the Town Clerk at Melbourne , William Kerr , specimens of gold . The next day the headline in `` The Times '' newspaper was `` Gold Discovery '' . On 24 June 1851 Frencham and Walsh lodged a claim for the reward offered by the Gold Committee for the discovery of a payable goldfield in the Plenty Ranges about 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Melbourne . The claim was not allowed . The specimens were tested by chemists Hood and Sydney Gibbons who could not find a trace of gold , but this may have been because they had little expertise in the area . Even if they had determined that the samples contained gold , however , it was not payable gold . Frencham always claimed to have been the first to find gold in the Plenty Ranges . On 30 June 1851 gold was definitely found about 36 km ( 22 miles ) north - east of Melbourne in the quartz rocks of the Yarra Ranges at Anderson 's Creek , Warrandyte , Victoria by Louis John Michel , William Haberlin , James Furnival , James Melville , James Headon and B. Gruening . This gold was shown at the precise spot where it had been found to Webb Richmond , on behalf of the Gold Discovery Committee , on 5 July , the full particulars of the locality were communicated to the Lieutenant - Governor on 8 July and a sample was brought to Melbourne and exhibited to the Gold Discovery Committee on 16 July . As a result the Gold Discovery Committee were of the opinion that this find was the first publisher of the location of the discovery of a goldfield in the Colony of Victoria . This site was later named as Victoria 's first official gold discovery . Michel and his party were in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee `` as having , at considerable expense , succeeded in discovering and publishing an available goldfield '' . On 1 September 1851 the first gold licences in Victoria were issued to dig for gold in this locality , `` which was previous to their issue on any other Goldfield '' . About 300 people were at work on this goldfield prior to the discovery of Ballarat . July 1851 : Clunes , Victoria ( edit ) On 1 July 1851 Victoria became a separate colony and , on the same day , James Esmond in company with Pugh , Burns and Kelly , found alluvial gold in payable quantities near Donald Cameron 's station on Creswick 's Creek , a tributary of the Loddon , at Clunes , 34 km ( 22m ) north of Ballarat . Esmond and his party found the gold after Esmond had been told by George Hermann Bruhn of the gold that had been found in March 1850 on Cameron 's property at Clunes and that in the vicinity were quartz reefs which were likely to bear gold . Esmond rode into Geelong with a sample of their discovery on 5 July . News of the discovery was published first in the Geelong Advertiser on 7 July and then in Melbourne on 8 July . Gold in the Pyrenees . The long sought treasure is at length found ! Victoria is a gold country , and from Geelong goes forth the first glad tidings of the discovery . Esmonds arrived in Geelong on Saturday with some beautiful specimens of gold , in quartz , and gold - dust in a `` debris '' of the same species of rock . The specimens have been subjected to the most rigid test by Mr Patterson , in the presence of other competent parties , and he pronounced them to be beyond any possibility of doubt pure gold ... The particulars of the precise location , with Esmond 's consent , was published in the Geelong Advertiser on 22 July 1851 . Publication of Esmond 's find started the first official gold rush in Victoria in that same month . By 1 August between 300 and 400 diggers were encamped on the Clunes Goldfield , but soon moved to other fields as news of other gold discoveries spread . Esmond was in 1854 to receive a £ 1,000 reward as `` the first actual producer of alluvial gold for the market '' . July 1851 : bungonia and other finds , New South Wales ( edit ) The following goldfields were discovered in New South Wales during July 1851 : Bungonia ( aka Shoalhaven ) , Hill End , Louisa Creek ( now Hargraves ) near Mudgee Moruya July 1851 : Castlemaine , Victoria ( edit ) A view of the first small village to develop on the Mount Alexander goldfields at Chewton ( then known as Forest Creek ) near Castlemaine in 1852 , painted by Samuel Thomas Gill Another view of the Mount Alexander goldfields in 1852 , painted by Samuel Thomas Gill On 20 July 1851 gold was found near present - day Castlemaine , Victoria ( Mt Alexander Goldfields ) at Specimen Gully in today 's Castlemaine suburb of Barkers Creek . The gold was first found by Christopher Thomas Peters , a shepherd and hut - keeper on the Barker 's Creek , in the service of William Barker . When the gold was shown in the men 's quarters Peters was ridiculed for finding fool 's gold , and the gold was thrown away . Barker did not want his workmen to abandon his sheep , but in August they did just that . John Worley , George Robinson and Robert Keen , also in the employ of Barker as shepherds and a bullock driver , immediately teamed with Peters in working the deposits by panning in Specimen Gully , which they did in relative privacy during the next month . When Barker sacked them and ran them off for trespass , Worley , on behalf of the party `` to prevent them getting in trouble '' , mailed a letter to The Argus ( Melbourne ) dated 1 September 1851 announcing this new goldfield with the precise location of their workings . This letter was published on 8 September 1851 . `` With this obsure notice , rendered still more so by the journalist as ' Western Port ' , were ushered to the world the inexhaustible treasures of Mount Alexander '' , also to become known as the Forest Creek diggings . Within a month there were about 8,000 diggers working the alluvial beds of the creeks near the present day town of Castlemaine , and particularly Forest Creek which runs through the suburb today known as Chewton where the first small township was established . By the end of the year there were about 25,000 on the field . August 1851 : Buninyong , Victoria ( edit ) On 8 August 1851 an auriferous deposit of gold was found 3 kilometres west of Buninyong , Victoria , near Ballarat . The gold was discovered in a gully in the Buninyong ranges , by a resident of Buninyong , Thomas Hiscock . Hiscock communicated the find , with its precise locality , to the editor of the Geelong Advertiser on 10 August . In that same month prospectors began moving from the Clunes to the Buninyong diggings . Hiscock was in 1854 to receive £ 1,000 reward from the Victorian Gold Discovery Committee as the substantial discoverer of the gold deposits of `` superior value '' in the Ballarat area . August 1851 : Ballarat , Victoria ( edit ) On 21 August 1851 gold was found at Ballarat , Victoria in Poverty Point by John Dunlop and James Regan . Ballarat is about 10 km ( 6m ) from Buninyong and upon the same range . John Dunlop and James Regan found their first few ounces of gold while panning in the Canadian Creek after leaving the Buninyong diggings to extend their search for gold . However Henry Frenchman , a newspaperman who in June had claimed , unsuccessfully , the £ 200 reward for finding payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne , had followed them and noticed their work . As a result , they only had the rich Ballarat goldfield to themselves for a week . By early September 1851 what became known as the Ballarat gold rush had begun , as reported from the field by Henry Frencham , then a reporter for the Argus . ( Henry Frencham claimed in his article of 19 September 1851 to have been the first to discover gold at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) `` and make it known to the public '' , a claim he was later to also make about Bendigo , and which resulted in the sitting of a Select Committee of the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1890 . ) In the report of the Committee on the Claims to Original Discovery of the Goldfields of Victoria published in The Argus ( Melbourne ) newspaper of 28 March 1854 , however , a different picture of the discovery of gold at Golden Point at Ballarat is presented . They stated that Regan and Dunlop were one of two parties working at the same time on opposite sides of the ranges forming Golden Point , the other contenders for the first finders of gold at Ballarat being described as `` Mr Brown and his party '' . The committee stated that `` where so many rich deposits were discovered almost simultaneously , within a radius of little more than half a mile , it is difficult to decide to whom is due the actual commencement of the Ballarat diggings . '' They also agreed that the prospectors `` had been attracted there ( Ballarat ) by the discoveries in the neighbourhood of Messrs. Esmonds ( Clunes ) and Hiscock ( Buninyong ) '' and `` by attracting great numbers of diggers to the neighbourhood '' that `` the discovery of Ballarat was but a natural consequence of the discovery of Buninyong '' . in 1858 the `` Welcome Nugget '' weighing 2,217 troy ounces 16 pennyweight . ( 68.98 kg ) found at Bakery Hill at Ballarat by a group of 22 Cornish miners working at the mine of the Red Hill Mining Company . Sketch - map by shepherd William Sandbach , depicting the birth of the Bendigo goldfield , detailing who was there and where their claims and camp sites were . Sandbach believed that fellow worker William Johnson had been the first to find gold at Bendigo in October 1851 . September 1851 : Bendigo , Victoria ( edit ) It has been claimed that Gold was first found at Bendigo , Victoria in September 1851 . The four sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfield are , in no particular order : Stewart Gibson and Frederick Fenton . Stewart Gibson was one of the two brothers who owned / leased the Mount Alexander North Run in 1851 , and Frederick Fenton was the then manager / overseer and later owner . Fenton claimed that he and ( his brother - in - law ) Stewart Gibson had been together when in they found gold in a water - hole near the junction of Bendigo Creek with what later became known as Golden Gully in September 1851 , just before shearing commenced , but they decided at the time to keep it quiet ; one or more of the shepherds living in the hut , named the Bendigo hut , on the Mount Alexander North Run near the junction of Bendigo Creek with what later became known as Golden Gully , a hut that was within yards of `` The Rocks '' . These were James Graham ( alias Ben Hall ) , Benjamin Bannister , and hut - keeper Christian Asquith , and / or a Sydney - born cook / shepherd who visited them at the hut named William Johnson . These men were mentioned in the evidence of many witnesses at the 1890 Select Committee ; one or more of Mrs Margaret Kennedy , Mrs Julia Farrell , and / or Margaret Kennedy 's 9 year old son from her first marriage , John Drane ; and one or both of the husbands of the two women named above . John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy , was shepherd / overseer of the Mount Alexander Run who had a hut named after him on the Bullock Creek at what is today known as Lockwood South , and Patrick Peter Farrell was a self - employed cooper working on the Mount Alexander Run during the shearing season . Farrell gave evidence to the 1890 Select Committee that he had been the first to find gold , and Kennedy made similar claims during his lifetime which were published in his obituary in 1883 . According to the Bendigo Historical Society , it has today , contrary to the findings of the Select Committee of 1890 , become `` generally agreed '' or `` acknowledged '' that gold was found at Bendigo Creek by two married women from the Mount Alexander North Run ( later renamed the Ravenswood Run ) , Margaret Kennedy and Julia Farrell . A monument to this effect was erected by the City Of Greater Bendigo in front of the Senior Citizens Centre at High Street , Golden Square on 28 September 2001 . This acknowledgement is not shared by contemporaneous historians such as Robert Coupe who wrote in his book Australia 's Gold Rushes , first published in 2000 , that `` there are several accounts of the first finds in the Bendigo area '' . Also , as stated by local Bendigo historian Rita Hull : `` For decades many historians have made the bold statement that Margaret Kennedy and her friend Julia Farrrell were the first to find gold at Bendigo Creek , but on what grounds do they make this statement ? '' . On September 1890 , a Select Committee of the Victorian Legislative Assembly began sitting to decide who was the first to discover gold at Bendigo . They stated that there were 12 claimants who had made submissions to being the first to find gold at Bendigo ( this included Mrs Margaret Kennedy , but not Mrs Julia Farrell who was deceased ) , plus the journalist Henry Frencham who claimed to have discovered gold at Bendigo Creek in November 1851 . ( Frencham had previously also claimed to have been the first to have discovered gold at Warrandyte in June 1851 when he , unsuccessfully , claimed the £ 200 reward for finding payable gold within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of Melbourne ; and then he also claimed to be the first to have discovered gold at Ballarat ( then also known as Yuille 's Diggings ) `` and make it known to the public '' in September 1851 . ) According to a Select Committee of the Victorian Parliament , the name of the first discoverer of gold on the Bendigo goldfield is unknown . The Select Committe inquiring into this matter in September and October 1890 examined many witnesses but was unable to decide between the various claimants . They were , however , able to decide that the first gold on the Bendigo goldfields was found in 1851 at `` The Rocks '' area of Bendigo Creek at Golden Square , which is near where today 's Maple Street crosses the Bendigo Creek . As the date of September 1851 , or soon after , and place , at or near `` The Rocks '' on Bendigo Creek , were also mentioned in relation to three other sets of serious contenders for the first finders of gold on what became the Bendigo goldfields , all associated with the Mount Alexander North Run ( later renamed the Ravenswood Run ) . They reasoned that : Many others have also claimed to have been the first to have found gold at Bendigo Creek . Julia Farrell , deceased before the 1890 Select Committee , is never documented to have made this claim . Margaret Kennedy also claimed to have found gold without the help of Julia Farrell whilst accompanied by her 9 year old son John Drane . Both their husbands , John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy and Patrick Peter Farrell are also documented to have claimed to have been the first to have found gold , and were also seen at various times with their wives at the Bendigo Creek by witnesses . When Margaret Kennedy gave evidence before the Select Committee in September 1890 she claimed to alone have found gold near `` The Rocks '' in early September 1851 . She claimed that she had taken her ( 9 year old ) son , John Drane with her to search for gold near `` The Rocks '' after her husband had told her that he had seen gravel there that might bear gold , and that she was joined by her husband in the evenings . She also gave evidence that after finding gold she `` engaged '' Julia Farrell and went back with her to pan for more gold at the same spot , and it was while there that they were seen by a Mr Frencham , he said in November . She confirmed that they had been panning for gold ( also called washing ) with a milk dish , and had been using a quart - pot and a stocking as storage vessels . In the evidence that Margaret Kennedy gave before the Select Committee in September 1890 , Margaret Kennedy claimed that she and Julia Farrell had been secretly panning for gold before Henry Frencham arrived , evidence that was substantiated by others . The Select Committee found `` that Henry Frencham 's claim to be the discoverer of gold at Bendigo has not been sustained '' , but could not make a decision as to whom of the other at least 12 claimants had been first as `` it would be most difficult , if not impossible , to decide that question now '' ... `` at this distance of time from the eventful discovery of gold at Bendigo '' . They concluded that there was `` no doubt that Mrs Kennedy and Mrs Farrell had obtained gold before Henry Frencham arrived on the Bendigo Creek '' , but that Frencham `` was the first to report the discovery of payable gold at Bendigo to the Commissioner at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) '' . ( An event Frencham dated to 28 November 1851 , a date which was , according to Frencham 's own contemporaneous writings , after a number of diggers had already begun prospecting on the Bendigo goldfield. 28 November 1851 was the date on which Frencham had a letter delivered to Chief Commissioner Wright at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) asking for police protection at Bendigo Creek , a request that officially disclosed the new gold - field . Protection was granted and the Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Gold Districts of Buninyong and Mt Alexander , Captain Robert Wintle Home , arrived with three black troopers ( native police ) to set up camp at Bendigo Creek on 8 December . ) In the end , the Select Committee also decided `` that the first place at which gold was discovered on Bendigo was at what is now known as Golden Square , called by the station hands in 1851 `` The Rocks '' , a point about 200 yards to the west of the junction of Golden Gully with the Bendigo Creek . '' ( The straight - line distance is nearer to 650 yards ( 600 metres ) . ) In October 1893 , Alfred Shrapnell Bailes ( 1849 -- 1928 ) , the man who had proposed the Select Committee , who was one of the men who had sat on the Select Committee , and who was chairman of the Select Committee for 6 of the 7 days that it sat , gave an address in Bendigo where he gave his opinion on the matter of who had first found gold at Bendigo . Alfred Shrapnell Bailes , Mayor of Bendigo 1883 -- 84 , and member of the Legislative Council of Victoria 1886 -- 1894 & 1897 -- 1907 , stated that : upon the whole , from evidence which , read with the stations books , can be fairly easily pieced together , it would seem that Asquith , Graham , Johnson and Bannister ( the three shepherds residing at the hut on Bendigo Creek and their shepherd visitor Johnson ) , were the first to discover gold The first group of people digging for gold at the Bendigo Creek in 1851 were people associated with the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run . They included , in no particular order : the shepherd / overseer John `` Happy Jack '' Kennedy ( c1816 - 1883 ) , his wife Margaret Kennedy nee Mcphee ( 1822 -- 1905 ) , and her son 9 year old John Drane ( 1841 -- 1914 ) . They also had with them Margaret 's 3 younger daughters , Mary Ann Drane ( 1844 -- 1919 ) , 7 , Mary Jane Kennedy ( 1849 -- 1948 ) , 2 , and baby Lucy Kennedy ( 1851 -- 1926 ) ; the cooper Patrick Peter Farrell ( c1830 - 1905 ) and his wife Julia Farrell ( c1830 - bef1870 ) ; and , the shepherds employed at the Bendigo Creek , Christian Asquith ( c1799 - 1857 ) , James Graham ( alias Ben Hall ) and Bannister . They were to be joined by others who had been employed elsewhere on the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run than at Bendigo Creek , including cook / shepherd William Johnson ( c1827 - ) , and shepherds James Lister , William Ross , Paddy O'Donnell , William Sandbach ( c1820 - 1895 ) and his brother , Walter Roberts Sandbach ( c1822 - 1905 ) who arrived at the Bendigo Creek to prospect in late November 1851 . They were soon joined by miners from the Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) diggings including the journalist Henry Frencham ( 1816 -- 1897 ) . There is no doubt that Henry Frencham , under the pen - name of `` Bendigo '' , was the first to publicly write anything about gold - mining at Bendigo Creek , with a report about a meeting of miners at Bendigo Creek on 8 and 9 December 1851 , published respectively in the Daily News , Melbourne , date unknown and 13 December 1851 editions of the Geelong Advertiser and The Argus , Melbourne . It was Frencham 's words , published in The Argus of 13 December 1851 that were to begin the Bendigo Goldrush : `` As regards the success of the diggers , it is tolerably certain the majority are doing well , and few making less than half an ounce per man per day . '' In late November 1851 some of the miners at Castlemaine ( Forest Creek ) , having heard of the new discovery of gold , began to move to Bendigo Creek joining those from the Mount Alexander North ( Ravenswood ) Run who were already prospecting there . The beginnings of this gold - mining was reported from the field by Henry Frencham , under the pen - name of `` Bendigo '' , who stated that the new field at Bendigo Creek , which was at first treated as if it were an extension of the Mount Alexander or Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) rush , was already about two weeks old on 8 December 1851 . Frencham reported then about 250 miners on the field ( not counting hut - keepers ) . On 13 December Henry Frencham 's article in The Argus was published announcing to the world that gold was abundant in Bendigo . Just days later , in mid-December 1851 the rush to Bendigo had begun , with a correspondent from Castlemaine for the Geelong Advertiser reported on 16 December 1851 that `` hundreds are on the wing thither ( to Bendigo Creek ) '' . Henry Frencham may not have been the first person to find gold at Bendigo but he was the first person to announce to the authorities ( 28 November 1851 ) and then the world ( `` The Argus '' , 13 December 1851 ) the existence of the Bendigo gold - field . He was also the first person to deliver a quantity of payable gold from the Bendigo gold - field to the authorities when on 28 December 1851 , 3 days after the 603 men , women and children then working the Bendigo gold - field had pooled their food resources for a combined Christmas dinner , Frencham and his partner Robert Atkinson , with Trooper Synott as an escort , delivered 30 lbs of gold that they had mined to Assistant Commissioner Charles J.P. Lydiard at Forest Creek ( Castlemaine ) , the first gold received from Bendigo . Sep -- Dec 1851 : Other finds in New South Wales ( edit ) Araluen , September 1851 ( Araluen & Bells Creek ) Braidwood , October 1851 ( Majors Creek ) Bell 's Point on the Bell River , November 1851 Tuena , November 1851 1851 ( undated ) : Other finds in New South Wales ( edit ) Near Lake George ( Carraway Flat & Black Swamp ) Parshish ( 80 km south of Bathurst ) Oakey Creek near Coolah Monaro Hanging Rock , near Nundle ( northern tablelands ) 1851 ( undated ) : other finds in Victoria ( edit ) Gold was found at Omeo in late 1851 and gold mining continued in the area for many years . Due to the inaccessibility of the area there was only a small Omeo gold rush . 1851 -- 1886 : Managa and other finds in Tasmania ( edit ) Woods Almanac , 1857 , states that gold was possibly found at Fingal ( near Mangana ) in 1851 by the `` Old Major '' who steadily worked at a gully for two to three years guarding his secret . This gold find was probably at Mangana and that there is a gully there known as Major 's Gully . The first payable alluvial gold deposits were reported in Tasmania in 1852 by James Grant at Managa ( then known as The Nook ) and Tower Hill Creek which began the Tasmanian gold - rushes . The first registered gold strike was made by Charles Gould at Tullochgoram near Fingal and Managa and weighed 2 lb 6ozs . Further small finds were reported during the same year in the vicinity of Nine Mile Springs ( Lefroy ) . In 1854 gold was found at Mt . Mary . During 1859 the first quartz mine started operations at Fingal . In the same year James Smith found gold at the River Forth , and Mr. Peter Leete at the Calder , a tributary of the Inglis . Gold was discovered in 1869 at Nine Mile Springs ( Lefroy ) by Samuel Richards . The news of this brought the first big rush to Nine Mile Springs . A township quickly developed beside the present main road from Bell Bay to Bridport , and dozens of miners pegged out claims there and at nearby Back Creek . The first recorded returns from the Mangana goldfields date from 1870 ; Waterhouse , 1871 ; Hellyer , Denison , and Brandy Creek , 1872 ; Lisle , 1878 Gladstone and Cam , 1881 ; Minnow and River Forth , 1882 ; Brauxholme and Mount Victoria , 1883 ; and Mount Lyell , 1886 . 1852 and 1868 : Echunga , South Australia ( edit ) Payable gold was found in May 1852 at Echunga in the Adelaide Hills in South Australia by William Chapman and his mates Thomas Hardiman and Henry Hampton . After returning to his father 's farm from the Victorian goldfields William Chapman had searched the area around Echunga for gold motivated by his mining experience and the £ 1,000 reward being offered by the South Australian government for the first discoverer of payable gold . Chapman , Hardiman and Hampton were later to receive £ 500 of this reward as the required £ 10,000 of gold had not been raised in two months . Within a few days of the announcement of finding gold 80 gold licenses had been issued . Within seven weeks there were about 600 people , including women and children , camped in tents and wattle - and - daub huts in `` Chapman 's Gully '' . A township sprang up in the area as the population grew . Soon there were blacksmiths , butchers and bakers to provide the gold diggers ' needs . Within 6 months 684 licences had been issued . Three police constables were appointed to maintain order and to assist the Gold Commissioner . By August 1852 there were less than 100 gold diggers and the police presence was reduced to two troopers . The gold rush was at its peak for nine months . It was estimated in May 1853 that about £ 18,000 worth of gold , more than 113 kg ( 4,000 oz , 250 lb ) , had been sold in Adelaide between September 1852 and January 1853 , with an additional unknown value sent overseas to England . Despite the sales of gold from Echunga , this goldfield could not compete with the richer fields in Victoria and by 1853 the South Australian goldfields were described as being ' pretty deserted ' . There were further discoveries of gold in the Echunga area made in 1853 , 1854 , 1855 , and 1858 causing minor rushes . There was a major revival of the Echunga fields in 1868 when Thomas Plane and Henry Saunders found gold at Jupiter Creek . Plane and Saunders were to receive rewards of £ 300 and £ 200 respectively . By September 1868 there were about 1,200 people living at the new diggings and tents and huts were scattered throughout the scrub . A township was established with general stores , butchers and refreshment booths . By the end of 1868 though , the alluvial deposits at Echunga were almost exhausted and the population dwindled to several hundred . During 1869 reef mining was introduced and some small mining companies were established but all had gone into liquidation by 1871 . The Echunga goldfields were South Australia 's most productive . By 1900 the estimated gold production was 6,000 kg ( 13,225 lb ) , compared with 680g ( 24oz , 11⁄2lb ) from the Victoria Mine at Castambul . After the revival of the Echunga goldfields in 1868 , prospectors searched the Adelaide Hills for new goldfields . News of a new discovery would set off another rush . Gold was found at many locations including Balhannah , Forest Range , Birdwood , Para Wirra , Mount Pleasant and Woodside . 1852 -- 1869 : Other finds in Victoria ( edit ) Mine shaft at Gulgong , c. 1873 Amherst / Daisy Hill / Talbot , 1852 ( after initial finds in 1848 and 1851 ) Beechworth , 1852 Tarnagulla , 1852 Wedderburn , 1852 Steiglitz , 1853 Maldon , 1853 Homebush near Avoca , 1853 Bright , 1853 Stawell , 1853 Maryborough , 1854 St Arnaud , 1854 Caldonia ( St Andrews ) , 1855 Ararat , 1856 Mansfield , 1855 Chiltern , 1858 Inglewood , 1859 Rutherglen , 1860 Stuart Mill , 1861 Walhalla , 1863 Foster , 1869 1852 -- 1893 : Other finds in New South Wales ( edit ) Adelong , 1852 Sunny Corner , 1854 Rocky River near Uralla , 1856 Broulee , 1857 , on the Araluen Field Mogo , 1858 , on the Araluen Field Kiandra , 1859 Young , 1860 , known at that time as Lambing Flat Nerrigundah 1861 Forbes , 1861 Parkes , 1862 Lucknow near Orange , 1862 Grenfell 1866 In beach sands at Northern Rivers , 1870 Gulgong , 1870 Hillgrove , 1877 Mount Drysdale near Cobar , 1892 Mount McDonald near Wyangala , 1880 Wyalong , 1893 1857 / 8 : Canoona near Rockhampton , Queensland ( edit ) Overpainted albumen print of gold diggers and Aborigines near Rockhampton c. 1860s Gold was found in Queensland near Warwick as early as 1851 , beginning small - scale alluvial gold mining in that state . The first Queensland goldrush did not occur until late 1858 , however , after the discovery of what was rumoured to be payable gold for a large number of men at Canoona near what was to become the town of Rockhampton . According to legend this gold was found at Canoona near Rockhampton by a man named Chappie ( or Chapel ) in July or August 1858 . The gold in the area , however , had first been found north of the Fitroy river on 17 November 1857 by Captain ( later Sir ) Maurice Charles O'Connell , a grandson of William Bligh the former governor of New South Wales , who was Government Resident at Gladstone . Initially worried that his find would be exaggerated O'Connell wrote to the Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands on 25 November 1857 to inform him that he had found `` very promising prospects of gold '' after having some pans of earth washed . Chapel was a flamboyant and extrovert character who in 1858 at the height of the goldrush claimed to have first found the gold . Instead Chapel had been employed by O'Connell as but part of a prospecting party to follow up on O'Connell's initial gold find , a prospecting party which , according to contemporary local pastoralist Colin Archer , `` after pottering about for some six months or more , did discover a gold - field near Canoona , yielding gold in paying quantities for a limited number of men '' . O'Connell was in Sydney in July 1858 when he reported to the Government the success of the measures he had initiated for the development of the goldfield which he had discovered . This first Queensland goldrush resulted in about 15,000 people flocking to this sparsely populated area in the last months of 1858 . This was , however , a small goldfield with only shallow gold deposits and with no where near enough gold to sustain the large number of prospectors . This goldrush was given the name of the ' duffer rush ' as destitute prospectors `` had , in the end , to be rescued by their colonial governments or given charitable treatment by shipping companies '' to return home when they did not strike it rich and had used up all their capital . The authorities had expected violence to break - out and had supplied contingents of mounted and foot police as well as war ships . The New South Wales government ( Queensland was then part of New South Wales ) sent up the `` Iris '' which remained in Keppel Bay during November to preserve the peace . The Victorian government sent up the `` Victoria '' with orders to the captain to bring back all Victorian diggers unable to pay their fares ; they were to work out their passage money on return to Melbourne . O'Connell had reported that `` we have had some trying moments when it seemed as if the weight of a feather would have turned the balance between comparative order and scenes of great violence '' , and according to legend both O'Connel and Chapel were threatened with lynching . 1861 -- 1866 : Cape River and other finds in Queensland ( edit ) In late 1861 the Clermont goldfield was discovered in Central Queensland near Peak Downs , triggering what has ( incorrectly ) been described as one of Queensland 's major gold rushes . Mining extended over a large area , but only a small number of miners was involved . Newspapers of the day , which also warned against a repeat of the Canoona experience of 1858 , at the same time as describing lucrative gold - finds reveal that this was only a small goldrush . The Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser of 3 May 1862 reported that `` a few men have managed to earn a subsistence for some months ... others have gone there and returned unsuccessful '' . The Courier ( Brisbane ) of 5 January 1863 describes `` 40 miners on the diggings at present ... and in the course of a few months there will probably be several hundred miners at work '' . The Courier reported 200 diggers at Peak Downs in July 1863 . The goldfield covering an area of over 1600 square miles ( 4000 km ) was officially declared in August 1863 . The Cornwall Chronicle ( Launceston , Tasmania ) , citing the Ballarat Star , reported about 300 men at work , many of them new chums , in October 1863 . In 1862 , gold was found at Calliope near Gladstone , with the goldfield being officially proclaimed in the next year . The small rush attracted around 800 people by 1864 and after that the population declined as by 1870 the gold deposits were worked out . In 1863 , gold was also found at Canal Creek ( Leyburn ) and some gold - mining began there at that time , but the short - lived goldrush there did not occur until 1871 -- 72 . In 1865 , Richard Daintree discovered 100 km ( 60 miles ) south - west of Charters Towers the Cape River goldfield near Pentland in North Queensland . The Cape River Goldfield which covered an area of over 300 square miles ( 750 km ) was not , however , proclaimed until 4 September 1867 , and by the next year the best of the alluvial gold had petered out . This goldrush attracted Chinese diggers to Queensland for the first time . The Chinese miners at Cape River moved to Richard Daintree 's newly discovered Oaks Goldfield on the Gilbert River in 1869 . The Crocodile Creek ( Bouldercombe Gorge ) field near Rockhampton was also discovered in 1865 . By August 1866 it was reported that there were between 800 and 1,000 men on the field . A new rush took place in March 1867 . By 1868 the best of the alluvial gold had petered out . The enterprising Chinese diggers who arrived in the area , however , were still able to make a success of their gold - mining endeavours . Gold was also found at Morinish near Rockhampton in 1866 with miners working in the area by December 1866 , and a `` new rush '' being described in the newspapers in February 1867 with the population being estimated on the field as 600 . 1867 -- 1870 : Gympie and other finds in Queensland ( edit ) Queensland had plunged into an economic crisis after the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859 . This had led to severe unemployment with a peak in 1866 . Gold was being mined in the state but the number of men involved was only small . On 8 January 1867 the Queensland Government offered a £ 3,000 reward for the discovery of more payable goldfields in the state . As a direct result 1867 saw new goldrushes . More goldfields were discovered near Rockhampton in early 1867 being Ridgelands and Rosewood . The rush to Rosewood was described in May 1867 as having `` over three hundred miners '' . Ridgelands with its few hundred miners was described as `` the most populous gold - field in the colony '' on 5 October 1867 , but it was very soon overtaken and far surpassed by Gympie . The most important discovery in 1867 was later in the year when James Nash discovered gold at Gympie , with the rush under way by November 1867 . J.A. Lewis , Inspector of Police arrived on the Gympie goldfield on 3 November 1867 and wrote on 11 November 1867 : On reaching the diggings I found a population numbering about five hundred , the majority of whom were doing little or nothing in the way of digging for the precious metal . Claims , however , were marked out in all directions , and the ground leading from the gullies where the richest finds have been got was taken up for a considerable distance . I have very little hesitation in stating that two - thirds of the people congregated there had never been on a diggings before , and seemed to be quite at a loss what to do . Very few of them had tents to live in or tools to work with ; and I am afraid that the majority of those had not sufficient money to keep them in food for one week ... From all that I could glean from miners and others , with whom I had an opportunity of speaking , respecting the diggings , I think it very probable that a permanent gold - field will be established at , or in the vicinity of , Gympie Creek ; and if reports - which were in circulation when I left the diggings - to the effect that several prospecting parties had found gold at different points , varying from one to five miles from the township , be correct , there is little doubt but it will be an extensive gold - field , and will absorb a large population within a very short period . The very rich and productive area , which covered only an area of 120 square miles ( 300 km ) , was officially declared the Gympie Goldfield in 1868 . In 1868 the mining shanty town which had quickly grown with tents , many small stores and liquor outlets , and was known as `` Nashville '' , was also renamed Gympie after the Gympie Creek named from the aboriginal name for a local stinging tree . Within months there were 25,000 people on the goldfield . This was the first large goldrush after Canoona in 1858 , and Gympie became ' The Town That Saved Queensland ' from bankruptcy . The Kilkivan Goldfield ( N.W of Gympie ) was also discovered in 1867 with the rush to that area beginning in that same year , and , as was commonly the case , before the goldfield was officially declared in July 1868 . Townsville was opened up in 1868 , the Gilbert River goldfield ( 110 km from Georgetown ) in 1869 , and Etheridge ( Georgetown ) in 1870 . 1868 : Gawler region , South Australia ( edit ) Gold found about 10 km south - east of Gawler in South Australia in 1868 . Gold was found by Job Harris and his partners in Spike Valley near the South Para River . This was unsold Crown Land and was proclaimed an official goldfield with a warden appointed . On the second day there were 40 gold seekers , 1,000 within a week and , within a month , 4,000 licensed and 1,000 unlicensed diggers . Three towns were established nearby with about 6,000 people at their peak . Alluvial gold was easily recovered when the gold was in high concentration . As the alluvial was worked out , companies were formed to extract the gold from the ore with crushers and a mercury process . By 1870 only 50 people remained , although one of the three towns , Barossa , lasted until the 1950s . South of the Barossa goldfield , the Lady Alice Mine in Hamlin Gully , discovered in 1871 by James Goddard , was the first South Australian gold mine to pay a dividend . 1870 -- 1893 : Teetulpa and other finds in South Australia ( edit ) As settlers took up land north of Adelaide , so more goldfields were discovered in South Australia : Ulooloo in 1870 , Waukaringa in 1873 , Teetulpa in 1886 , Wadnaminga in 1888 and Tarcoola in 1893 . Teetulpa , 11 km ( 7 miles ) north of Yunta , was a rich goldfield where more gold was found than anywhere else in South Australia at that time . Teetulpa had the largest number of diggers of any field at any time in the history of South Australian gold discoveries . By the end of 1886 , two months into the rush , there were more than five thousand men on the field . A reporter noted : `` All sorts of people are going -- from lawyers to larrikins ... Yesterday 's train from Adelaide brought a contingent of over 150 ... Many arrived in open trucks ... Local ironmongers and drapers were busy fitting out intending diggers with tents , picks , shovels , rugs , moleskins , etc . '' Good mining at Teetulpa lasted about ten years . For a time it had a bank , shops , hotel , hospital , church and a newspaper . The largest nugget found weighed 30oz ( 850g ) . 1871 -- 1904 : Charters Towers , Palmer River , and other finds in Queensland ( edit ) A significant Queensland goldfield was discovered at Charters Towers on 24 December 1871 by a young 12 - year - old Aboriginal stockman , Jupiter Mosman , and soon moved attention to this area . The goldrush which followed has been argued to be the most important in Queensland 's gold - mining history . This was a reef - mining area with only a small amount of alluvial gold. , and as a result received negative reviews from miners who wanted easier pickings . Nevertheless thousands of men rushed to the field , and a public battery was set up to crush the quartz ore in 1872 . The town of Charters Towers grew to become the second largest town in Queensland during the late 1880s with a population of about 30,000 . In 1872 gold was discovered by James Mulligan on the Palmer River inland from Cooktown . This turned out to contain Queensland 's richest alluvial deposits . After the rush began in 1873 over 20,000 people made their way to the remote goldfield . This was one of the largest rushes experienced in Queensland . The rush lasted approximately 3 years and attracted a large number of Chinese . In 1877 over 18,000 of the residents were Chinese miners . Port Douglas dates from 1873 , and the Hodgkinson river ( west of Cairns ) from 1875 . The celebrated Mount Morgan was first worked in 1882 , Croydon in 1886 , the Starcke river goldfield near the coast 70 km ( 45 miles ) north of Cooktown in 1890 , Coen in 1900 , and Alice River in 1904 . 1871 -- 1909 : Pine Creek and other finds in the Northern Territory ( edit ) Darwin felt the effects of a gold rush at Pine Creek after employees of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line found gold while digging holes for telegraph poles in 1871 . There are numerous deposits of the precious metal at various localities in the Northern Territory , the total yield in 1908 being 8575 ounces ( 243 kg ) , valued at £ 27,512 , of which 1021 ounces ( 29 kg ) were obtained at the Driffield . In June 1909 , a rich find of gold was reported from Tanami ... Steps are being taken to open up this field by sinking wells to provide permanent water , of which there is a great scarcity in the district . A large number of Chinese are engaged in mining in the Territory . In 1908 , out of a total of 824 miners employed , the Chinese numbered 674 . 1880 : Mt McDonald , New South Wales ( edit ) Donald McDonald and his party discovered two gold - rich quartz reefs at Mount McDonald , as they were prospecting the mountain ranges around Wyangala . This find resulted in the establishment of the township of Mt McDonald . By the early 1900s , mining declined and the town slowly faded away . 1885 : Halls Creek in the Kimberley , Western Australia ( edit ) In 1872 the Western Australian Government offered a reward of £ 5,000 for the discovery of the colony 's first payable goldfield . Ten years later , in 1882 , small finds of gold were being made in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , prompting in 1883 the appointment of a Government Geologist . In 1884 Edward Hardman , Government Geologist , published a report that he had found traces of gold throughout the east Kimberley , especially in the area around the present - day town of Halls Creek . On 14 July 1885 , having been prompted by Hardman 's report , Charles Hall and Jack Slattery found payable gold at what they called Halls Creek , in the Kimberleys , Western Australia . After working for a few weeks Hall returned to Derby with 200 ounces of gold and reported his find . Once this discovery became known it prompted the Kimberley Rush , the first gold - rush in Western Australia . It is estimated that as many as 10,000 men joined the rush . On 19 May 1886 the Kimberley Goldfield was officially declared . Thousands of men made their way to the Kimberley from other parts of WA , the eastern colonies , and New Zealand . Most arrived by ship in Derby or Wyndham , and then walked to Halls Creek . Others came overland from the Northern Territory . Most had no previous experience in gold prospecting or of life in the bush . Illness and disease were rife , and when the first warden , C.D. Price , arrived on 3 September 1886 , he found that `` great numbers were stricken down , in a dying condition , helpless , destitute of money , food , or covering , and without mates or friends simply lying down to die '' . A few were lucky enough to locate rich alluvial or reef gold , but most had little or no success . In the early days of the gold rush no records or statistics were recorded for either the arrivals or deaths . Also no - one knows how many died trying to get to Halls Creek across the waterless desert , or how many simply turned back . When men actually arrived at Halls Creek , dysentery , scurvy , sun - stroke and thirst continued to take its toll . The Government applied a gold tax of two shillings and sixpence an ounce . It was a very unpopular levy as gold proved so hard to get . The diggers avoided registering and the Government had a great deal of trouble collecting the tax or statistics of any kind . When the first warden C.D. Price arrived in September 1886 he reported that about 2,000 remained at the diggings . By the end of 1886 the rush had ceased . When in May 1888 the government considered claims for the reward for discovery of the first payable goldfield , it was decided that the Kimberley goldfield , which had proven disappointing , and no reward was paid out as the field had not met the stipulated conditions of a yield of at least 10,000 ounces ( 280 kg ) of gold in a 2 - year period passing through Customs or shipped to England . ( It is estimated that as much as 23,000 ounces ( 650 kg ) of gold was taken from the fields around Halls Creek , but with much leaving the field through the Northern Territory . ) Hardman 's contribution was recognised , however , with a gift of £ 500 to his widow Louisa Hardman . Another £ 500 was given to Charles Hall and his party . 1887 -- 1891 : Southern Cross , the Pilbara , and other finds in Western Australia ( edit ) 1887 the Yilgarn and 1888 Southern Cross ( edit ) 1887 saw the first discovery of gold in what was to be the huge Eastern Goldfields region . Gold - bearing quartz was found near Lake Deborah in the Yilgarn Hills north of what was to become the town of Southern Cross in October 1887 by the party of Harry Francis Anstey . Anstey and his party were prospecting in the area after having heard that a farmer had found a gold nugget in the Yilgarn while sinking a bore . Others in his party were Dick Greaves and Ted Paine , with Ted Paine being the first to see the gold . As a result of this find Anstey and one of his backers George Leake , the then Solicitor - General and future Premier of Western Australia , were in November 1887 granted a 60,000 acre ( 24,280 hectare ) mining concession for prospecting purposes . On 30 December 1887 , after hearing directly from Anstey of the success of his party , Bernard Norbert Colreavy also discovered a gold - bearing quartz reef in the Golden Valley in the Yilgarn Hills , and on 12 January 1888 Colreavy 's fellow party member , H. Huggins , discovered another gold - bearing quartz reef . They soon found and secured another seven more gold - bearing quartz reefs . In May 1888 Michael Toomey and Samuel Faulkner were the first to discover gold - bearing quartz at the site of what became the town of Southern Cross on the Yilgarn Goldfield , about 50 km ( 30 miles ) south - east of the Golden Valley . Party leader Thomas Riseley subsequently crushed and panned the samples that had been taken which confirmed that they had found gold , and Riseley and Toomey then proceeding to peg out their claim on behalf of the Phoenix Prospecting Company . On the news of Anstey 's find the Yilgarn Rush had begun in late 1887 . The excitement of the goldrush intensified in early 1888 with the news of the discovery of Golden Valley ( named for the Golden Wattle that grows there ) by Colreavy and Huggins , and further intensified just a few months later with the news of the discovery of Riseley , Toomey and Faulkner , but the goldfield was not officially proclaimed until 1 October 1888 . In 1892 the Government awarded Anstey £ 500 , and Colreavy and Huggins £ 250 each , for the discovery of the Yilgarn goldfields . The Yilgarn Rush died out when news arrived of the rich discovery of gold to the east at Coolgardie in September 1892 . 1888 : the Pilbara ( edit ) The Pilbara Goldfield was officially declared on the same day as the Yilgarn Goldfield , 1 October 1888 . The government had offered £ 1,000 reward for the first person to find payable gold in the Pilbara . This was shared by three men : explorers Francis Gregory and N.W. Cook , and pastoralist John Withnell . Gregory also discovered gold in a region known as Nullagine Proper in June 1888 and Harry Wells found gold in Marble Bar . As a result the Pilbara Goldfield , which covered an area of 34,880 square miles ( 89,000 km ) , was divided into two districts , Nullagine and Marble Bar . To support the Pilbara Rush the government developed a railway line between Marble Bar and Port Hedland in 1891 . Alluvial gold production started to decline in 1895 , after which mining companies commenced deep - shaft mining . 1891 : Cue ( edit ) Gold was found at Cue in 1891 by Michael Fitzgerald , Edward Heffernan and Tom Cue . This became known as the Murchison Rush . 1892 -- 1899 : Coolgardie , Kalgoorlie , and other finds in Western Australia ( edit ) 1892 : Coolgardie ( edit ) In September 1892 gold was found at Fly Flat ( Coolgardie ) by Arthur Wesley Bayley and William Ford , who next to a quartz - reef obtaining 554 ozs ( 15.7 kg ) of gold in one afternoon with the aid of a tomahawk . On 17 September 1892 Wesley rode the 185 km ( 115 miles ) with this gold into Southern Cross to register their reward - claim for a new find of gold . Within hours had started what was at first called the Gnarlbine Rush . Overnight the miners who were flocked on the Southern Cross diggings moved to the more lucrative Coolgardie Goldfield . The reward - claim for Bayley 's party for discovering the new goldfield was to be granted a 100 - foot ( 30.5 - metre ) deep claim along the line of reef . This claim was said to cover an area of five acres ( 2 hectares ) . On 24 August 1893 , less than a year after Arthur Bayley and William Ford 's discovery of gold at Fly Flat , Coolgardie was declared a town site , with an estimated population of 4,000 ( with many more mining out in the field ) . The Coolgardie goldrush was the beginning of what has been described as `` the greatest gold rush in West Australian history '' . It has also been described as `` the greatest movement of people in Australia 's history '' , but this is an exaggeration . The greatest movement of people in Australia 's history was in the period 1851 to 1861 during the gold - rushes to the Eastern states when the recorded population of Australia rose by 730,484 from 437,665 in 1851 to 1,168,149 in 1861 , as against an increase of 20 % of this amount for Western Australia in the period 1891 to 1901 , a 137,834 increase of recorded population for Western Australia from 46,290 in 1891 to 184,124 in 1901 . 1893 : Kalgoorlie ( edit ) On 17 June 1893 alluvial gold was found near Mount Charlotte , less than 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Coolgardie , at what became the town of Hannan ( Kalgoorlie ) . The announcement of this find by Paddy Hannan only intensified the excitement of the Coolgardie gold - rush , and led to the establishment in Western Australia 's Eastern Goldfields of the twin towns of Kalgoorlie - Boulder . Prior to moving to Western Australia in 1889 to prospect for gold Hannan had prospected at Ballarat in Victoria in the 1860s , Otago in New Zealand in the 1870s , and at Teetulpa ( north of Yunta ) in South Australia in 1886 . The first to find gold at Kalgoorlie were Paddy Hannan and his fellow Irishmen Thomas Flanagan and Daniel Shea . In the morning Flanagan was fetching the horses when he spotted gold on the ground . As others were camping nearby he kicked a bush over it , took careful note of his bearings , and hastened back to tell Hannan and Dan Shea , another Irishman who had joined them . They tarried there until the others had gone , then recovered Flanagan 's gold and found much more ! It was decided one should go back to Southern Cross , the nearest administrative centre , with the gold and seek a reward - claim from the Warden . Tess Thomson in her book Paddy Hannan , A Claim To Fame , reveals that it was Hannan who did so . Thus , Flanagan was the ' finder ' and Hannan , who made the find public , was the ' discoverer ' , for `` dis - cover '' means what it says -- `` to take the cover off '' , in other words `` to reveal ; to make public '' which a finder does not necessarily do . After Hannan registered their reward - claim for a new find of gold with over 100 ounces ( 2.8 kg ) of alluvial gold , an estimated 700 men were prospecting in the area within three days . The reward for Hannan 's party for discovering the best alluvial find ever made in the colony , and without knowing it one of the best reefing fields in the world , was to be granted a six acre ( 2.4 hectare ) mining lease . 1893 : Greenough River ( edit ) Gold was found at Noondamurra Pool on the Greenough River , between Yuna and Mullewa in August 1893 causing a small rush to that area . 1893 -- 1899 : Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie ( edit ) Other rich fields were found in the area around Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in the period 1893 -- 1899 . The population of Coolgardie is estimated to have reached 15,000 at its peak during the goldrush and the town boasted over 26 pubs supplied by 3 breweries , 2 stock exchanges , 14 churches , 6 newspapers , and a courthouse . The population of Kalgoorlie - Boulder is estimated to have reached 30,000 at its peak during the goldrush with over 93 pubs supplied by 8 breweries , a stock exchange , churches , newspapers , and a courthouse . In 1897 Coolgardie was the third largest town in Western Australia after Perth and Fremantle and the largest town in the Western Australian gold - mining districts with a recorded population of 5,008 , while Kalgoorlie - Boulder was the fourth largest town in Western Australia and the second largest in the Western Australian gold - mining districts with an estimated population of 3,400 . ( Kalgoorlie 's recorded population was 2,018 , while numbers for Boulder were not recorded . The estimate of 3,400 for Kalgoorlie - Boulder is based on the proportional numbers in Kalgoorlie and Boulder in the 1901 census . ) The total estimated population for 1897 for the many settlements in the Coolgardie Magisterial Districts ( which included Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie ) was 17,645 ( 14,047 men and 3,598 women ) . Many more people were not residing in residential areas but were out in the field mining . The 1901 census gives a greater idea of the population of the area , and the size of the gold - rush . By 1901 the population of Kalgoorlie - Boulder Municipality had grown to 11,253 ( 6,652 Kalgoorlie , 4,601 Boulder ) making it at that time the third - largest town in Western Australia after Perth and Fremantle and the largest town in the Western Australian gold - mining districts , while that of Coolgardie Municipality had fallen slightly to 4,249 . The total population for the Coolgardie Magisterial Districts ( which included Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie - Boulder ) was 41,816 men , women and children , being : 8,315 in the Coolgardie Magisterial District centred on Coolgardie ; 26,101 in the Coolgardie East Magisterial District centred on Kalgoorlie - Boulder ; 4,710 in the Coolgardie North Magisterial District centred on Menzies ; and 2,690 in the Coolgardie North - East Magisterial District centred on Kanowna . The far - reaching nature of the mining excitement ( in Western Australia ) drew men from all over the world ... People immigrated from Africa and America , Great Britain and Europe , China and India , New Zealand and the South Sea Islands , and from mining centres in Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , and South Australia . A website managed by the National Trust of Australia ( WA ) states : The gold rush transformed the Western Australian economy as gold production soared from 22,806 ounces in 1890 to 1,643,876 ounces in 1900 and this was matched by the fourfold increase in WA 's population from 46,290 in 1890 to 184,124 reported in the 1901 census . 1906 : Tarnagulla , Victoria ( edit ) Gold was rediscovered near Tarnagulla on 6 November 1906 ( Melbourne Cup Day ) , when a miner who had prospected the district for years obtained seven ounces of gold from a shaft nineteen feet deep . With some fairly large nuggets being found soon after , the so - called Poseidon rush , named after the horse that had won the Melbourne Cup that year , set in with `` men of all ranks and professions ... trying their luck on the field '' . Several of the nuggets were unearthed within a few inches of the surface . The largest weighed 953 ounces ( 27 kg ) and two others weighed 703 ( 20 kg ) and 675 ounces ( 19 kg ) respectively . The shallow ground was soon worked out , but operations have given satisfactory results in the deeper alluvial until 1912 . See also ( edit ) Eureka Stockade Buckland Riot Lambing Flat Riots Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Most sources give the date of discovery as 15 February , but a few indicate the date was 16 February instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Keep it quiet ! '' . The Examiner . Launceston , Tasmania. 15 February 1934 . p. 6 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Gold Rush '' . Website . NSW Government . 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Wells ( 5 October 2007 ) . `` The Australian Gold Rush '' . Website . Government of Australia . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : F. Lancelott , Australia As It Is : Its Settlements , Farms. and Gold Fields , Vol. II , Colburn and Co. , London , 1852 cited at Goldfields , NSW : 1852 Archived 20 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! The rush for gold '' . Catalogue . State Library of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Story Retold '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 14 January 1928 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballarat diggings '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 13 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuille 's digging '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Domestic Intelligence -- The Ballarat Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Geelong '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 19 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Council Paper '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 28 March 1854 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Alexander ( Bendigo Creek ) '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 13 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Rush to Victoria '' . Catalogue . State Library of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The immigration rush Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . '' . SBS -- Special Broadcasting Service . Jump up ^ Chinese On The Australian Gold Fields Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jean Gittins. ( 1981 ) . The Diggers From China : The Story of Chinese on the Goldfields . Quartet Books Australia . Melbourne . ISBN 9780908128167 . pg 128 Jump up ^ `` Chinese Immigration Act 1855 ( Vic ) '' . Documenting a Democracy . Museum of Australian Democracy . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese Trek to Gold '' ( PDF ) . Australian Heritage . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lieutenant Colonel David Collins , An account of the English Colony in NSW , Vol 1 , 1804 Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Patricia Clarke ( July 2000 ) . `` Mrs Macquarie 's Earrings '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Official Year Book of Australia . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 1908 . p. 398 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ The Mineral Resources of New South Wales . Archived from the original on 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Lhotsky , John ( 1795 -- 1866 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , 1967 Archived 24 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Stafford , `` The long armn of London : Sir Roderick Murchison and imperial science in Australia '' published in R.W. Home ( ed ) , Australian Science in the Making , 1988 , Cambridge University Press , p. 69 - 101 Jump up ^ Thomas Potter Macqueen Archived 18 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Intelligence '' , The Hobart Town Courier ( Tasmania ) , 11 August 1837 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Western NSW Mining History '' . Website . NSW Mining . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Den on the way to the Lake Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Year Book Australia , 1911 '' , Australian Bureau Of Statistics Archived 5 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Robinson , Joseph Phelps ( 1815 -- 1848 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Archibald Liversidge , The Minerals of New South Wales , Etc. , Cambridge University Press , 1888 , p. 29 - 30 ) Jump up ^ Serle , Percival ( 1949 ) . `` Clarke , William Branwhite '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Sydney : Angus and Robertson . Jump up ^ `` The first native gold in Melbourne '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 30 May 1882 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The first native gold in Melbourne -- To the editor of The Argus '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 31 May 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Extracts -- Gold Mines in the Middle Districts '' , The Courier ( Hobart ) , 24 December 1845 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Maureen M Leadbeater , `` Gold , South Australia 's Early Days '' Archived 8 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Victoria Gold Mine , South Australia Archived 8 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Local -- Gold Ore '' . The Courier . Hobart , Tasmania. 19 May 1847 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia ... Also quoted in Port Phillip Herald , 25 May 1847 ; and `` Colonial News -- Port Phillip -- Gold Ore '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW ) 5 June 1847 Jump up ^ Port Phillip Herald , 27 May 1847 cited in `` Local -- Gold Ore '' . The Courier . Hobart , Tasmania. 9 June 1847 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Also quoted in `` Domestic Intelligence -- Gold '' , Sydney Chronicle 5 June 1847 ; and `` Domestic Intelligence -- Gold '' , Colonial Times ( Hobart , Tas. : 1828 -- 1857 ) , 8 June 1847 ; and `` Colonial News -- Port Phillip -- Gold Ore '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW ) 9 June 1847 ^ Jump up to : `` The First Native Gold in Melbourne '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 25 May 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Wilkie , `` Finding Forrester : The life and death of Joseph Forrester , convict silversmith '' -- an extract from the longer paper `` The Deconstruction of a Convict Past '' , Tasmanian Historical Studies , volume 17 , 2012 , pp. 45 -- 71 . Archived 27 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Companion To Tasmanian History Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wellington '' . Bathurst Free Press . NSW. 25 May 1850 . p. 6 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Aplin . `` Goldrush '' . Atlas of NSW Website . NSW Government . Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geology '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 28 September 1847 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Gregory , A.C. ( 1852 ) . `` The Settlers ' Expedition to the Northward from Perth , under Mr Assistant - Surveyor A.C. Gregory '' . The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society . 22 : 66 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Telegrams '' ( 11,036 ) . Adelaide : South Australian Register . 29 March 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Playford , Phillip & Ruddock , Ian ( 1985 ) . `` Discovery of the Kimberley Goldfield '' . Early Days . 9 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Phillip Playford , `` The Discovery of The East Kinberley Goldfield 1885 '' ( 2005 ) Archived 3 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Amherst or Daisy Hill , Department of Planning and Community Development Archived 10 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Locations mentioned in ' early ' journeys between Sou th Australia and the Victorian goldfields with references to old & modern name Archived 9 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Guarding the Gold Fields ( 1849 -- 1851 ) , Public Record Office Victoria Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Reminiscences in the Life of a Colonial Journalist '' . The Queenslander. 6 February 1875 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Not in Our Day '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 5 October 1934 . p. 8 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 31 Jan 1849 , referenced in the same newspaper of 2 February 1849 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Discovery '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 2 February 1849 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Port Phillip Gazette , 21 February 1849 quoted in `` The Gold Mine Hunt '' . The Moreton Bay Courier . Brisbane. 17 March 1849 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 23 February 1849 quoted in `` The Gold Mine '' . The Moreton Bay Courier . Brisbane. 17 March 1849 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ all concerned being as ' yellow ' as the richest specimen of Pyrenees gold , `` DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 23 February 1849 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The First Gold Sold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 16 May 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Early Gold Discoveries Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 29 May 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Early Discoveries of Gold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 2 June 1882 . p. 6 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` The Early Discoveries of Gold in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 6 June 1882 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Gold '' , Geelong Advertiser ( Vic . ) , 10 July 1849 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Geelong Gold Circular '' , The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 25 April 1853 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Gold in Victoria Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Graham , James ( 1819 -- 1898 ) '' , Australian Dictionary Of Biography , 1972 Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parliament of Victoria Re-Member ( Former Members ) , State Government of Victoria , Retrieved 5 May 2013 Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Birrell , Ralph W. ( 1998 ) . Staking a Claim : Gold and the Development of Victorian Mining Law . Carlton South , Victoria : Melbourne University Press . ISBN 0 - 522 - 84803 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Bathurst '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 14 May 1851 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Bruce Mitchell , `` Hargraves , Edward Hammond ( 1816 -- 1891 ) '' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 4 , 1972 Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field '' . Bell 's Life in Sydney and Sporting Reviewer . NSW. 17 May 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ A4478 Brooch , ' goldfields ' , gold , commissioned by Austin power , maker unknown , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia , c 1855 Archived 23 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . -- Powerhouse Museum Collection : Jump up ^ Heaton , J.H. 1984 , The Bedside Book of Colonial Doings , previously published in 1879 as Australian Dictionary of Dates containing the History of Australasia from 1542 to May 1879 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Burke , Keast ( 1972 ) . `` Holtermann , Bernhardt Otto ( 1838 -- 1885 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 4 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Gold Nuggets / `` The Beyers and Holtermann Nugget '' `` . the-metal-detective.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Heather Holst , `` ES Parker at the Loddon Aboriginal Station '' , 2008 Jump up ^ Gold Trails -- Sofala -- Turon goldfield history , 1851 Archived 12 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cited in `` Geelong Advertiser '' , Monday 16 June 1851 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 49 - 50 Jump up ^ `` First Gold Discovered in Victoria '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 11 November 1935 . p. 8 . Retrieved 1 February 2012 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Gold in the Pyrenees '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 8 July 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Goulburn , The Gold Trail Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Geological sites of NSW -- Hill End Gold Rush Heritage Archived 25 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mudgee District Local History -- Gulgong History P. 1 Archived 10 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mudgee Public School -- History Archived 9 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gold at Moruya '' citing a letter of 1 August 1851 re discovery of gold in July , The Sydney Morning Herald , 8 August 1851 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Domestic Intelligence -- New Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 8 September 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ The Monster Meeting Of Diggers 1851 -- The Story Archived 26 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ballarat Reform League -- Chewton Archived 8 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Griffiths Peter M , `` Three Times Blest A History of Buninyong 1837 -- 1901 '' , Ballarat Historical Society p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Poverty Point Gold Discovery Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Ballarat Archived 2 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` The First Gold Discovery at Bendigo -- Mr. H. Frencham 's Claim '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 12 September 1890 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Although otherwise accurate this newspaper article incorrectly states that Henry Frencham first reported the existence of the Bendigo gold - field to the authorities on 1 December 1851 . His evidence to the 1890 Select Committee was that this report was made on the day after 27 November 1851 , in other words 28 November 1851 . Jump up ^ `` 10097 Model of gold nugget ' Welcome Nugget ' found at Bakery Hill , Victoria , 1858 , plaster , maker unknown , Melbourne , Australia , 1858 -- 1885 -- Powerhouse Museum Collection '' . Powerhousemuseum.com . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Obituary of John Kenedy published in the Stawel newspaper on 13 Feb 1883 : THE LATE MR . JOHN KENNEDY , Who was employed as a shepherd by Mr Fenton , and claimed to be the first discoverer of gold . He used to carry it about in his pocket , and it became black in contact with tobacco . His hut was situated on the site of the Happy Jack Hotel , Lockwood , the hotel being named after him , as he was affectionately known as `` Happy Jack '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The discovery of Bendigo gold - field '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 23 September 1890 . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. 26 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . ^ Jump up to : Discovery Of Gold , Bendigo Historical Society Archived 2 July 2012 at WebCite Jump up ^ review of Bendigo History , Bendigo Historical Society Archived 8 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Australia 's Gold Rushes , Robert Coupe , 2000 , reprinted 2006 & 2012 , New Holland Publishers , pg 22 -- 23 Archived 16 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Robert Coupe , after stating that `` there are several accounts of the first finds in the Bendigo area '' writes about 2 of the stories : `` one story '' that Margaret Kennedy found gold and then went back with a `` woman friend '' and `` some shepherds '' to start prospecting ; and `` another account '' of a speck of gold being found in a rock by a William Johnson who showed the rock to a shepherd by the name of Ben Hall , with the shepherd then `` started looking in earnest '' . The `` one story '' is an amalgamation of the testimony of Margaret Kennedy to the 1890 Select Committee when she claimed to have found gold and then gone back with Julia Farell , and evidence of others who mentioned seeing the shepherds prospecting , either alone or along - side the women . The `` another account '' is from the testimony of the brothers William and Walter Roberts Sandbach who had been employed as shepherds in 1851 . Jump up ^ Note : `` many historians '' can not be substantiated . It is difficult to find a historian who has written that gold was first found at Bendigo by Mrs Margaret Kennedy and Mrs Julia Farrell . Jump up ^ `` The ladies ' claim to fame : the story of Margaret Kennedy & Julia Farrell '' ; author Rita Hull ; published by Rita Hull , Bendigo , 2011 Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . In this book Rita Hull unfortunately documents the wrong Patrick Farrell ( c1826 - 1904 ) and the wrong Mrs Julia Farrell ( 1831 -- 1916 ) . She documents a Mrs Julia Farrell nee Abel who died in 1916 , her husband who died in 1904 , who married in Melbourne in 1848 , and who had 7 children between 1856 and 1866 . Evidence before the 1890 Select Committee was that the Mrs Julia Farrell who panned for gold with Mrs Margaret Kennedy died before 1890 . In fact she died before 1870 when her widowed husband Patrick Peter Farrell , cooper , married a Margaret Dixon at Ballarat ( Victorian Mariage Registration : 1870 , Patrick Peter Farrell , # 3920 -- it is also of interest that a Margaret Kennedy was a witness to this wedding , possibly Mrs. Margaret Kennedy who at that time was living at Buninyong near Ballarat . ) . There is also no evidence that Patrick Peter Farrell , the cooper at Ravenswood Station in 1851 , ever had children . The incorrect Mrs Julia Farrell is found living with her husband , the incorrect Patrick Farrell , pensioner , in the 1903 electoral roll at 48 Harmsworth St , Collingwood , while at the same time the correct Patrick Peter Farrell ( c1830 - 1905 ) , pensioner , is shown living at 21 Wood ( sic -- it should read Hood ) St , Collingwood . In the 1905 electoral roll the wrong Julia Farrell is still living at 48 Harmsworth St ( with her deceased husband also listed as his name had not yet been removed from the electoral roll ) , while Patrick Pater Farrell had moved to 34 Vere Street , Collingwood , where he is also recorded on the 1905 Victorian Directory as Patrick P. Farrell . ( In 1890 Patrick Peter Farrell , cooper , gave his address to the 1890 Select Committee as 544 Canning St , Carlton ; on 7 Nov 1892 he was recorded in the Victorian Rate Book as Patrick P. Farrell , cooper , at 22 Hood St , Collingwood in a house owned by a Henry Farrell ; in 1893 the Victorian Directory records him as Patrick P. Farrell next door at 21 Hood St ; while the 1899 Victorian Referendum records him as a cooper at 21 Hood St . ) Further evidence that the incorrect couple were researched is found in Rita Hull 's book at page 19 . Here she writes about the Julia and Patrick Farrell that she researched living with their daughter at Eaglehawk , near Bendigo , in 1879 and 1884 and having been admitted to Bendigo Goldfields Hospital : Julia Farrell in 1879 , and Patrick Farrell in 1884 . The admission record for this Patrick Farrell on 5 Nov 1884 lists his occupation as drover , not cooper . The correct man , Patrick Peter Farrell , is stated to be a cooper in 1851 , in 1890 at the Select Committee , on the 7 Nov 1892 Victorian Rate Book , and on the 1899 Victorian Referendum . The only time his occupation is shown as anything but a cooper was after he retired when on the 1903 and 1905 electoral rolls he is shown as a pensioner . He was never a drover . The death certificate for Patrick Peter Farrell provides very little detail about his life apart from the fact that he was born in Ireland , and none about his wife Julia . No documentary evidence has been found about his wife , Mrs Julia Farrell ( c1830 - bef1870 ) , apart from that in relation to the 1890 Select Committee . Her death was not recorded . As no marriage was recorded in Australia for Patrick Peter Farrell to Julia they may have married in Ireland . Jump up ^ Henry Frencham Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Report from the Select Committee upon the claims of Henry Frencham as the discoverer of the Bendigo Gold - field ; together with proceedings of the committee , minutes of evidence , and appendixes . Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Printed 23 October 1890 , Victorian Government Printer , Melbourne Jump up ^ Note : Margaret Kennedy , also took her 3 younger daughters with her to prospect for gold : Mary Ann Drane , 7 , and Mary Jane Kennedy , 2 , and baby Lucy Kennedy . They were not mentioned by her as they were unable to assist in the gold prospecting , with 7 year old Mary Ann instead , of necessity , assisting with child - minding of her younger sisters . Other witnesses to the 1890 Select Committee mentioned the children , or noted seeing her son helping out in the gold prospecting . In adulthood Mary Jane Kennedy reported having been on the Bendigo goldfield with her mother . Jump up ^ Letter from Margaret Kennedy to D. Gillies , Premier of Victoria , dated 7 Sep 1890 , State Archives Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 53 Jump up ^ `` Friday , October 24 , 1890 -- The report of the select committee '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 24 October 1890 . p. 5 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Who Found The Gold ! '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. 19 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Although otherwise accurate this newspaper article incorrectly states that : ( 1 ) Margaret Kennedy said that shepherds brought gold back from Buninyong , when she gave evidence that it was her husband who had brought gold back from Buninyong ; and ( 2 ) Patrick Peter Farrell said that he had no money to buy a license , when he only gave evidence that he had no money . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of the Bendigo Gold -- Field , Mr Frencham 's Claim '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 3 October 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Gold at Bendigo , Conclusion of Evidence '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 10 October 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Parliament -- Discovery of the Bendigo Gold - Field '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 24 October 1890 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Social And General -- A select committee of the Legislative Assembly '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 4 November 1890 . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Alfred Shrapnell Bailes Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Pioneers Of Gold Discovery On Bendigo '' , Bendigo Advertiser ( Vic . ) , 28 October 1893 , p. 3 Jump up ^ The evidence of Joshua Norris to the Select Committee of 1890 mentioned Margaret 's 4 children . The children were also mentioned , but not their number , by other witnesses . The death registrations of Margaret Kennedy in 1905 and her husband John Kennedy in 1883 , by the ages then given for their children , suggest that Margaret only had 3 children in 1851 , but this is not supported by an additional two pieces of documentary evidence : ( 1 ) a newspaper article in `` The Argus '' , 1941 ( reference follows ) where Mary Jane was interviewed and gave her age at the time that her mother found gold ( late 1851 ) as being 2 years of age , and not 1 year of age as suggested by her parent 's death registrations ; and , ( 2 ) the Victorian birth registration # 42857 for their daughter Lucy Kennedy for 1852 ( in the name of Lucy Kenny ( sic ) ) which is a record of her baptism on 19 April 1852 and records her date of birth as 9 March 1851 ( and gives her father 's occupation as overseer ) , again disagreeing with the ages shown on her parent 's death registrations that suggest that she was born in 1852 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Discoverer 's Daughter -- Margaret ( sic ) Polglaise '' , The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 14 April 1941 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Her Mother Found Gold '' . The Daily News . Perth. 9 Jul 1948 . p. 5 . Retrieved 31 Jan 2016 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Victorian death registration # 2511 , 1857 -- giving year of death & approximate year of birth . In 1890 Select Committee described as an old man in 1851 . Jump up ^ In 1890 Select Committee described as about 24 years of age in 1851 . Jump up ^ Victorian death registration # 8748 , 1895 -- giving year of death & approximate year of birth . Jump up ^ Death Notice in The Argus , 12 Dec 1905 , pg 1 -- gives his date of death and age at death . Jump up ^ `` Like A River Glorious '' , G.G. Barnett , Wipf & Stock 2002 , pg 10 A story by Edward Oscar Sandbach ( 1872 -- 1939 ) ( Victorian birth registration # 23081 , 1872 & Victorian death registration # 3190 , 1939 ) about his father Walter Roberts Sandbach , the finding of gold at Bendigo in 1851 , and the Bendigo Gold Museum in the early 20th century ( the date 2002 is incorrect , and is possibly corrected to 1902 ) . It is interesting that at this time it was not `` generally agreed '' that gold had been found at Bendigo by Margaret Kenedy & Julia Farrell but that all the various people involved were memorialised at the museum . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Gold at Bendigo -- a letter from William Sandbach one of the first diggers on the Bendigo Goldfield '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 13 September 1890 . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Cited in `` The Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. 12 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Bendigo Creek Diggings '' . Geelong Advertiser . Geelong , Vic. 13 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Bendigo '' . Bendigo Advertiser . Bendigo , Vic. 12 September 1890 . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ State of Victoria Early Postal Cancels ( and History ) Illustrated , Section II : 1851 to 1853 Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Bendigo General History '' , Department of Planning and Community Development , citing from Frank Cusack , `` Bendigo : a History '' , 1973 Archived 10 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Diggings '' . Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer . Geelong , Vic. 22 December 1851 . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 May 2013 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 57 & 61 Jump up ^ Araluen -- Brief History Archived 3 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gold , Gold , Gold -- Majors Creek Archived 25 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal , 15 November 1851 Jump up ^ Omeo District Goldfields -- Notes Archived 10 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Memorandum P.B. Bye , Government Geologist , Director of Mines , Tasmania Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cygnet -- A Brief History -- by Jean Cockerill Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gold Rush Tasmania Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Echunga Gold - Fields '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide , SA : 1839 -- 1900 ) , 30 May 1853 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Jupiter Creek and Chapel Hill Archived 17 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Victoria 's Mining Heritage Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Korong Historical Notes -- Department of Planning and Community Development Archived 10 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ryllis . `` Steiglitz -- A Century on , There 's still Gold Out West '' ( PDF ) . Parks Victoria . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Natural Resources & Environment , `` Historic Gold Mining Sites In The South West Region Of Victoria '' , August 1999 Archived 8 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Department of Natural Resources & Environment , `` Historic Gold Mining Sites In St Andrews Mining Division '' , June 1999 Archived 8 March 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Mansfield '' , The Argus ( Melbourne , Vic. : 1848 -- 1957 ) , 29 March 1856 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Rutherglen History Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stuart Mill -- Northern Grampians Shire Council Archived 23 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gold Trails -- explore Adelong -- Tumut Archived 23 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tumut Shire Council -- Adelong Falls Gold Mill Ruins Archived 1 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gold was first discovered about Mitchell 's Creek in 1852 , and two years afterwards it was somewhat extensively worked as an alluvial field , every watercourse about the place returning payable gold , and in some instances proving very rich . '' The Brisbane Courier . `` A NEW SILVER - FIELD '' . By the Special Reporter of the Sydney Morning Herald , Thursday 6 November 1884 . ^ Jump up to : History & Heritage -- Eurobodalla Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kiandra Historical Society Archived 17 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Young Goldfield , N.S.W. Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nerrigundah Archived 19 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About NSW -- Forbes Archived 16 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Forbes & Parkes Goldfield Archived 4 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Australian Heritage -- Lucknow Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grenfell 's History Archived 27 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The History of Gulgong Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hillgrove Antimony - Gold Mine Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5967737 Jump up ^ `` Colonial News , Moreton Bay '' , The Moreton Bay Courier ( Brisbane , Qld. : 1846 -- 1861 ) , 22 November 1851 , p. 3 Jump up ^ History Of Alluvial Goldmining -- Queensland . Archived 27 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Gold was found near Warwick in 1851 not in 1856 , and predated the find at Port Curtis . Jump up ^ Bird , Early History of Rockhampton , pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Report on the Canoona Goldfields , 1858 -- `` The Fitzroy Diggings '' , 1 November 1858 , The Argus ( Melbourne ) Jump up ^ Colin Archer , Journal , 8 October 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MS 3920 ) Jump up ^ Colin Archer , Journal , 18 November 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MS 3920 ) Jump up ^ O'Connell to McLerie , 21 December 1858 ( Mitchell Library , Sydney , MSS A2483 ) Jump up ^ Bird , Early History of Rockhampton , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lorna McDonald , `` The Rockhampton Delusion : a brief history of the Canoona rush '' published in Queensland Heritage , vol 3 , issue 10 , pp. 28 -- 35 , Oxley Memorial Library Advisory Committee for the Library Board of Queensland , 1979 Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Rockhampton '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 11 November 1861 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Clermont Gold -- Queensland Department of Mines and Energy Archived 21 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Saturday , May 3 , 1862 '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 3 May 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Notes of a Journey in the Leichhardt District '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 5 January 1863 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 15 July 1863 , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Gold Prospecting Locations -- Queensland Archived 3 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Queensland '' , The Cornwall Chronicle ( Launceston , Tas . ) , 11 November 1863 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Gladstone '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 14 April 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` The Calliope Gold Fields '' , The Courier ( Brisbane ) , 2 August 1862 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Brisbane '' , The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser ( NSW ) , 28 October 1862 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Calliope Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Calliope -- Australian Heritage Archived 11 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Leyburn -- Australian Heritage Archived 11 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cape River / Pentland Qld Digital Map Prospecting Pack Archived 14 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sanker , Ian G. Queensland in Brisbane in the 1860s : The Photography of Richard Daintree . Brisbane : Queensland Museum . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cape River Gold - Field '' , The Brisbane Courier , 12 September 1868 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 11 August 1866 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 30 March 1867 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Royal Hotel Bouldercombe Archived 23 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , The Brisbane Courier , 25 December 1866 , p. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Queensland '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide ) , 22 February 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle ( Qld . ) , 15 February 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` TO THE EDITOR OF THE BULLETIN '' . 1 June 1867 . p. 3 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 -- via Trove . Jump up ^ `` Gold - fields Edition of the Rockhampton Bulletin '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 3 October 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Rockhampton '' , Warwick Argus and Tenterfield Chronicle ( Qld . ) , 7 June 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Correspondence '' , Rockhampton Bulletin and Central Queensland Advertiser , 12 October 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Ferguson , John ( 2009 ) . The Gympie Goldfield 1867 -- 2008 . Gympie Regional Council . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 9780646518770 . Jump up ^ `` How I Discovered Gympie -- Mr. James Nash 's Account '' , The Queenslander ( Brisbane ) , 13 October 1917 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` Gympie Creek Gold Fields '' , The Brisbane Courier , 14 November 1867 , p. 2 Jump up ^ A short history of Gympie Archived 13 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Etheridge Shire Archived 15 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Teetulpa Rush '' , The Mercury ( Hobart , Tas . ) , 8 November 1886 , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Charters Towers -- Queensland Heritage Trails Network Archived 10 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charters Towers Tourism Guide Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Charters Towers Story Archived 22 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : A Nation 's Heritage -- Charters Towers Archived 5 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The New Gold - Fields at Charters Towers , Queensland '' , Bendigo Advertiser ( Vic. : 1855 -- 1918 ) , 5 September 1872 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Charters Towers A Swindle ( from the Ballarat Courier , October 16th ) '' , Clarence and Richmond Examiner and New England Advertiser ( Grafton , NSW ) , 5 November 1872 , p. 4 ) Jump up ^ All about Charters Towers Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Gold ! '' . Cairns Museum . Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Gold -- Queensland Historical Atlas Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Katherine , NT Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MACDONALD GOLDFIELD , NEW SOUTH WALES '' . The Argus . Melbourne . 5 October 1881 . p. 10 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ Frank Clune ( 1944 ) . Rolling Down the Lachlan . Moderne Printing Co. pp. 92 -- 116 . ^ Jump up to : `` Halls Creek Travel & Tourism - Halls Creek History '' . www.hallscreektourism.com.au . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Halls Creek Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Oor First Gold Rush '' . Western Argus . Kalgoorlie. 19 May 1931 . p. 29 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` `` , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 5 March 1892 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` The Yilgarn Hills Gold - Fields '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) 16 November 1887 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Yilgarn Hill Goldfields '' , South Australian Register ( Adelaide ) , 16 January 1888 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Latest News from the Yilgarn -- letter of 8 December '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 21 December 1887 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Discovery of gold at Lake Deborah '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 23 November 1887 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of the Yilgarn Goldfields '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 7 September 1889 , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` The Gold Discovery at the Yilgarn Hills '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) , 24 November 1887 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Golden Valley '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 15 September 1888 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Southern Cross -- Western Australia now and then Archived 27 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Geocaching . `` Geocaching - The Official Global GPS Cache Hunt Site '' . geocaching.com . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Southern Cross -- letter of Michael Toomey '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 12 July 1890 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` The Discoverer of Southern Cross -- letter of Thomas Riseley '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 15 July 1890 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` A.J.G. ( Merredin ) '' , Sunday Times ( Perth ) , 5 April 1914 , p. 15S Jump up ^ Non-Indigenous History of the Pilbara Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Murchison Gold Discovery '' . Western Mail . Perth. 25 July 1891 . p. 25 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 -- via National Library of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Bayley 's Reward Claim and its discoverers '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 17 March 1894 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Gnarlbine Rush '' , Bunbury Herald ( WA : 1892 -- 1919 ) , 12 October 1892 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Goldfield Regulations '' , The West Australian ( Perth ) , 22 September 1886 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` The Astern Goldsfields '' , The Inquirer & Commercial News ( Perth ) , 28 July 1893 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : The rush to Coolgardie , 1894 Archived 13 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Southern Cross Archived 5 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Great Goldrush -- Shire of Coolgardie Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Webb , M.A. , Golden Destiny , 1993 , pp. 91 -- 98 Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 1983 ) . `` Hannan , Patrick ( 1840 -- 1925 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography. 9 . Canberra : Australian National University . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tess Thompson , Paddy Hannan : A Claim To Fame , Kalgoorlie , 1993 Jump up ^ David Horsfall , `` Who Discovered Bendigo Gold ? '' , Australian Institute of Genealogical Studies Inc. , Bendigo Area , 2009 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Webb , M&A ( 1993 ) , Golden Destiny , pg 91 -- 98 Jump up ^ `` Hannan 's Reward '' , Kalgoorlie Miner ( WA ) , 7 February 1896 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Reported Discovery Of Gold on the Greenough River '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 26 August 1893 , p. 7 ) Jump up ^ Coolgardie -- West Australian Vista Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kalgoorlie - Boulder -- Western Australia Now and Then Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kalgoorlie W.A. -- Australian Postal History Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Population of Western Australia '' , Western Mail ( Perth ) , 22 April 1898 , p. 23 Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 6 Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 7 Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ HCCDA Document ' WA - 1901 - census_02 ' page 8 Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ W.B. Kimberly , ed. ( 1897 ) . History of West Australia . p. 322 Jump up ^ Poseidon Rush , The Argus ( Melbourne ) , 7 February 1907 , p. 9 Jump up ^ The Poseidon Rush -- Jack Flett Archived 26 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian gold rushes . Audiovisual titles relating to the Australian gold rushes on australianscreen Gold rushes of the 18th , 19th and 20th centuries United States Carolina ( 1800s ) Georgia ( 1829 ) California ( 1848 ) Pike 's Peak ( 1858 ) Black Hills ( 1876 ) Nome ( 1899 ) Fairbanks ( 1902 ) Canada Queen Charlottes ( 1851 ) Fraser Canyon ( 1858 -- 60 ) Blackfoot ( 1860 ) Rock Creek ( 1860 ) Similkameen ( 1860 ) Stikine ( 1861 -- 62 ) Cariboo ( 1861 -- 66 ) Nova Scotia ( 1861 -- 74 , 1896 -- 1903 , 1932 -- 42 ) Wild Horse Creek ( 1863 -- 65 ) Goldstream ( 1863 ) Leechtown ( 1864 -- 65 ) Big Bend ( 1865 ) Peace River Omineca ( 1869 ) Cassiar ( 1871 -- ? ) Cayoosh ( 1884 ) Tulameen ( 1885 -- 86 ) Bridge River ( 1890s -- 1950s ) Klondike ( 1897 -- 1903 ) Golden Cache ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Porcupine ( 1911 ) Australia Victorian ( 1851 ) New South Wales ( 1851 ) Western Australian ( 1880s -- 1890s ) New Zealand Otago ( 1861 -- 63 ) West Coast ( 1864 -- 67 ) Coromandel ( 1860s -- 1870s ) Latin America Ouro Preto , Brazil ( 1750 ) Tierra del Fuego , Argentina ( 1884 ) Serra Pelada , Brazil ( 1980 ) Europe Kildonan , Scotland ( 1869 ) Lapland , Finland ( 1870 ) Africa Witwatersrand , South Africa ( 1886 ) Kakamega , Kenya ( 1930s ) Part of a series on Gold mining Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_gold_rushes&oldid=857047141 '' Categories : 19th century in Australia Australian gold rushes History of mining in Australia Australian folklore History of immigration to Australia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template webcite links Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use Australian English from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 06 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20gold%20rushes
| 15,719 |
||
sword art online fatal bullet japanese release date
|
A game based in Gun Gale Online , Sword Art Online : Fatal Bullet , was released for the PS4 , Xbox One and Windows on February 23 , 2018 .
|
February 23 , 2018
|
Sword Art Online
|
sword art online
|
Sword Art Online ( Japanese : ソード アート ・ オンライン , Hepburn : Sōdo Āto Onrain ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec . The series takes place in the near future and focuses on protagonist Kazuto `` Kirito '' Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki as they play though various virtual reality MMORPG worlds . The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10 , 2009 , with a spin - off series launching in October 2012 . The series has spawned eight manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa . The novels and four of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press .
|
An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures , known simply as Sword Art Online , aired in Japan between July and December 2012 , with television film Sword Art Online : Extra Edition airing on December 31 , 2013 , and a second season , titled Sword Art Online II , airing between July and December 2014 . An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 9 , 2017 . A spin - off anime series titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online premiered in April 2018 , while a third season titled Sword Art Online : Alicization will premiere in October 2018 . A live - action series will be produced by Netflix . Four video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles . Sword Art Online has received widespread commercial success , with the light novels having over 20 million copies sold worldwide . The anime series has received mixed to positive reviews , praised for its animation , musical score , and exploration of the psychological aspects of virtual reality , but criticized for its pacing and writing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Development 3 Media 3.1 Light novels 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 3.4 Music 3.5 Video games 3.6 Live - action series 4 Reception 5 Popular culture 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) See also : List of Sword Art Online characters Setting ( edit ) The light novel series spans several virtual reality worlds , beginning with the titular world of Sword Art Online . Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed , which was initially developed specifically for SAO by Akihiko Kayaba , but was later duplicated for ALO , and later willed to Kirito , who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry . Plot ( edit ) In 2022 , a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( VRMMORPG ) called Sword Art Online ( SAO ) is released . With the NerveGear , a helmet that stimulates the user 's five senses via their brain , players can experience and control their in - game characters with their minds . Both the game and the NerveGear was created by Akihiko Kayaba . On November 6 , 10,000 players log into the SAO 's mainframe cyberspace for the first time , only to discover that they are unable to log out . Kayaba appears and tells the players that they must beat all 100 floors of Aincrad , a steel castle which is the setting of SAO , if they wish to be free . Those who suffer in - game deaths or forcibly remove the NerveGear out - of - game will suffer real - life deaths . One of the players , named Kazuto `` Kirito '' Kirigaya , is one of 1,000 testers in the game 's previous closed beta . With the advantage of previous VR gaming experience and a drive to protect other beta testers from discrimination , he isolates himself from the greater groups and plays the game alone , bearing the mantle of `` beater '' , a portmanteau of `` beta tester '' and `` cheater '' . As the players progress through the game Kirito eventually befriends a young girl named Asuna Yuuki , forming a relationship with and later marrying her in - game . After the duo discover the identity of Kayaba 's secret ID , who was playing as the leader of the guild Asuna joined in , they confront and destroy him , freeing themselves and the other players from the game . In the real world , Kazuto discovers that 300 SAO players , including Asuna , remain trapped in their NerveGear . As he goes to the hospital to see Asuna , he meets Shouzou Yuuki , Asuna 's father , who is asked by an associate of his , Nobuyuki Sugou , to make a decision , which Sugou later reveals to be his marriage with Asuna , angering Kazuto . Several months later , he is informed by Agil , another SAO survivor , that a figure similar to Asuna was spotted on `` The World Tree '' in another VRMMORPG cyberspace called Alfheim Online ( ALO ) . Assisted in - game by his cousin Suguha `` Leafa '' Kirigaya and Yui , a navigation pixie ( originally an AI from SAO ) , he quickly learns that the trapped players in ALO are part of a plan conceived by Sugou to perform illegal experiments on their minds . The goal is to create the perfect mind - control for financial gain and to subjugate Asuna , whom he intends to marry in the real world , to assume control of her family 's corporation . Kirito eventually stops the experiment and rescues the remaining 300 SAO players , foiling Sugou 's plans . Before leaving ALO to see Asuna , Kayaba , who has uploaded his mind to the Internet using an experimental and destructively high - power version of NerveGear at the cost of his life , entrusts Kirito with The Seed -- a package program designed to create virtual worlds . Kazuto eventually reunites with Asuna in the real world and The Seed is released onto the Internet , reviving Aincrad as other VRMMORPGs begin to thrive . Soon after , at the prompting of a government official investigating strange occurrences in VR , Kazuto takes on a job to investigate a series of murders involving another VRMMORPG called Gun Gale Online ( GGO ) , the AmuSphere ( the successor of the NerveGear ) , and a player called Death Gun . Aided by a female player named Shino `` Sinon '' Asada , he participates in a gunfight tournament called the Bullet of Bullets ( BoB ) and discovers the truth behind the murders , which originated with a player who participated in a player - killing guild in SAO . Through his and Sinon 's efforts , two suspects are captured , though the third suspect , Johnny Black , escapes . Kazuto is later recruited to assist in testing an experimental FullDive machine , Soul Translator ( STL ) , which has an interface that is far more realistic and complex than the previous machine he had played to help develop an artificial intelligence for the Ministry of Defense ( MOD ) named A.L.I.C.E. He tests the STL by entering a virtual reality cyberspace created with The Seed package , named UnderWorld ( UW ) . In the UW , the flow of time proceeds a thousand times faster than in the real world , and Kirito 's memories of what happens inside are restricted . However , Black injures Kazuto with suxamethonium chloride . The MOD recovers Kazuto and places him back into the STL to preserve his mind while attempts are made to save him . Development ( edit ) Reki Kawahara wrote the first volume in 2002 as a competition entry for ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Game Novel Prize ( 電撃 ゲーム 小説 大賞 , Dengeki Game Shōsetsu Taishō , now Dengeki Novel Prize ) , but refrained from submitting it as he had exceeded the page limit ; he instead published it as a web novel under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori . Over time , he added three further episodes and several short stories . In 2008 , he participated in the competition again by writing Accel World , this time winning the Grand Prize . Aside from Accel World , he was requested to get his earlier work , Sword Art Online , published by ASCII Media Works . Kawahara agreed and withdrew his web novel versions . For the character protagonist Kirito , Kawahara was asked if Kirito 's personality and character were based on his own ; he answered that he usually does not put aspects of himself into his characters , and jokingly remarked : `` but if I had to say there was a point of similarity between Kirito and myself , it is the fact that neither of us are good at forming parties . We ( both ) tend to play solo in these games a lot . '' Kawahara also noted that the female characters in the story were not based on anyone he knew in the real world , stating : `` I do n't usually make a character , setting , or anything before I start writing . As I write the story , the girls become what they are now . So , somehow , I do n't know exactly , but somehow , my subliminal idea or some hidden emotion creates the characters to be strong and capable . '' Kawahara added that he wrote the series to demonstrate that he views online gaming not as a social ill or escape from real life , but rather decided to show games in a more positive light in his light novels . He noted that `` the character of Asuna I might have created a little too perfectly for Sword Art Online '' . Media ( edit ) Light novels ( edit ) See also : List of Sword Art Online light novels After Kawahara 's request for Sword Art Online to be published was approved , he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series . The first volume was published in print on April 10 , 2009 , and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8 , 2017 . Kawahara also writes the Sword Art Online : Progressive series , which covers Kirito 's adventures on the first few floors of Aincrad . The first volume of Progressive was released on October 10 , 2012 , and four volumes have been released as of December 10 , 2015 . The first volume of a light novel series based on Sword Art Online titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online , written by Keiichi Sigsawa with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi , was published by ASCII Media Works on December 10 , 2014 . An original 100 - page prequel novel to Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale written by Kawahara , titled Hopeful Chant , was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4 -- 10 , 2017 . At their Japan Expo USA panel , Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels ; the first volume was released on April 22 , 2014 . Yen Press later announced their license of the Sword Art Online : Progressive series , which is scheduled for release in 2015 . The novels are also published in China , Taiwan , South Korea , Thailand and Vietnam , with future plans for publications in France , Germany , Italy , Austria , Switzerland and others . There are a number of dōjinshi ( fan works ) written by Kawahara under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori , titled Sword Art Online Material Edition ( ソード アート ・ オンライン ・ マテリアル ・ エディション ) . An 80 - page assemblage of some of the Material Edition volumes was published on February 13 , 2011 ; the latest release is Material Edition volume 19 on May 5 , 2016 . The author has also created some other dōjinshi including Lisbeth Edition , Silica Edition and Pina Edition under cooperation with Kurusu Tatsuya from ponz.info . It is reported that these dōjinshi gain traction from the involvement of the original author in its creation process , as well as from supplying more details on characters from the original work . Manga ( edit ) See also : List of Sword Art Online manga volumes There are ten manga adaptations of the series , all written by Reki Kawahara and published by ASCII Media Works . Sword Art Online : Aincrad ( ソード アート ・ オンライン アイン クラッド ) , illustrated by Tamako Nakamura , was serialized in Dengeki Bunko Magazine between the September 2010 and May 2012 issues . Two tankōbon volumes of Aincrad were released on September 27 , 2012 . A comedy four - panel manga , titled Sword Art Online . ( そ ー ど あー と ☆ おん らい ん . ) and illustrated by Jūsei Minami , began serialization in the September 2010 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . The first volume of Sword Art Online . was released on September 27 , 2012 . A third manga , titled Sword Art Online : Fairy Dance ( ソード アート ・ オンライン フェアリィ ・ ダンス ) and illustrated by Hazuki Tsubasa , began serialization in the May 2012 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . The first volume of Fairy Dance was released on October 27 , 2012 ; the third volume was released on June 27 , 2014 . The Aincrad and Fairy Dance manga have been acquired for release in North America by Yen Press . The first volume of Aincrad was published on March 25 , 2014 . A spin - off manga starring Lisbeth , Silica , and Leafa , titled Sword Art Online : Girls Ops ( ソード アート ・ オンライン ガールズ ・ オプス ) and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō , began serialization in the July 2013 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . Girls Ops was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014 , the first volume of which was released on May 19 , 2015 . A manga adaption of Sword Art Online : Progressive , illustrated by Kiseki Himura , began serialization in the August 2013 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine . The manga ended serialization in the magazine 's May 2014 issue and was transferred to Dengeki G 's Comic starting with the June 2014 issue . The Progressive manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press , with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015 , respectively . A sixth manga , titled Sword Art Online : Phantom Bullet and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada , had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine , with following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa 's Comic Walker website . A seventh manga , titled Sword Art Online : Calibur and illustrated by Shii Kiya , was serialized in Dengeki G 's Comic between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues . A single compilation volume was released on August 10 , 2015 . An eighth manga , titled Sword Art Online : Mother 's Rosario and also by Tsubasa , is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . A ninth manga , an adapatation of Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online , began serialization in the November 2015 issue of Dengeki Maoh . A tenth manga , titled Sword Art Online : Project Alicization and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada , based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series , began serialization in the September 2016 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . Anime ( edit ) See also : List of Sword Art Online episodes and List of Sword Art Online II episodes An anime adaptation of Sword Art Online was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 , along with Reki Kawahara 's other light novel series , Accel World . The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco , animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura . The anime aired on Tokyo MX , tvk , TVS , TVA , RKB , HBC and MBS between July 7 and December 22 , 2012 , and on AT - X , Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates . The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu . The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven . The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America and an English - language dub premiered on Adult Swim 's Toonami from July 27 , 2013 to February 15 , 2014 . The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu - ray sets , with special extras on the BD sets , between August 13 and November 19 , 2013 . Manga Entertainment released the first series on BD / DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013 , whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia and the English - language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7 , 2014 . Sword Art Online has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15 , 2014 . A year - end special , titled Sword Art Online Extra Edition , aired on December 31 , 2013 . The special recapped the previously aired anime series and included some new footage . Extra Edition was streamed worldwide a few hours after its airing in Japan . The two - hour - long special was available on Daisuki worldwide except for French - speaking areas , as well as China and Korea . Daisuki offered subtitles in various languages such as English , Spanish , Portuguese , Italian , and German . English - speaking countries , Mexico , Central and South America could also watch the stream on Crunchyroll . Extra Edition was also simulcast in Korea on Aniplus cable channel and in China on the LeTV streaming website . French - speaking countries could watch on the Wakanim streaming website . The Blu - ray Disc and DVD of Extra Edition was released on April 23 , 2014 in Japan . The limited edition included a Yui character song titled `` Heart Sweet Heart '' by Kanae Itō and an original side story written by Kawahara titled `` Sword Art Online Niji no Hashi '' ( ソード アート ・ オンライン 虹 の 橋 , Sword Art Online Rainbow Bridge ) . At the end of the special , the anime television series was confirmed for a second season , titled Sword Art Online II , which premiered on July 5 , 2014 . The first 14 episodes of the second season is an adaptation of volumes five and six the light novels that cover the Phantom Bullet arc . Episodes 15 to 17 cover the Calibur arc from volume 8 of the novels , with episodes 18 to 24 covering volume 7 of the novels , the Mother 's Rosario arc . Premiere screening events of the second season were held in the United States , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Taiwan , Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4 , 2014 . At Katsucon , it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28 , 2015 . An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of Sword Art Online II premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on March 9 , 2017 . The third season of Sword Art Online , titled Sword Art Online : Alicization and a spin - off anime , titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online , were announced in 2017 . Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online , animated by 3Hz , is due to air in April 2018 . Sword Art Online : Alicization is due to air in October 2018 . Music ( edit ) Yuki Kajiura composed the soundtrack for the Sword Art Online anime , which was later released in the limited edition of the anime 's fourth and seventh Blu - ray and DVD volumes . The first volume of the second season 's soundtrack was bundled with the limited edition of the season 's third and seventh Blu - ray and DVD volumes . The opening theme song for the first 14 episodes of season one is `` Crossing Field '' by LiSA , and the ending theme song is `` Yume Sekai '' ( ユメセカイ , lit . `` Dream World '' ) by Haruka Tomatsu . From episode 15 onward , the opening theme is `` Innocence '' by Eir Aoi and the ending theme is `` Overfly '' by Luna Haruna . The main theme for Sword Art Online : Extra Edition is `` Niji no Oto '' ( 虹 の 音 , Sound of the Rainbow ) by Aoi . For the second season , the first opening theme is `` Ignite '' by Aoi , and the first ending theme is `` Startear '' by Haruna . The second opening theme is `` Courage '' by Tomatsu , and the second ending theme is `` No More Time Machine '' by LiSA , with the third ending theme being `` Shirushi '' ( シルシ ) , also by LiSA . The song `` Catch the Moment '' by LiSA is used as the theme song to Sword Art Online : Ordinal Scale . A number of character songs were included in the Blu - ray and DVD volume releases of the anime . These were collected into two compilation albums : Sword Art Online Song Collection , which included character songs released in the season one volumes , was released on August 27 , 2014 , while Sword Art Online Song Collection II , which included character songs released in the season two volumes , was released on March 22 , 2017 . Video games ( edit ) A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara 's light novels would get video game adaptations . The first Sword Art Online adaptation , titled Sword Art Online : Infinity Moment ( ソード アート ・ オンライン - インフィニティ ・ モーメント - , Sōdo Āto Onrain : Infiniti Mōmento ) , was developed by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation Portable . The game follows an alternate storyline , in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff , and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves . The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14 , 2013 . Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24 , 2014 . Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment takes place in the same alternative storyline as Sword Art Online : Infinity Moment , and it includes all content of `` Floor Clearing '' from that previous game with the addition of new unexplored `` Hollow Area '' of Aincrad . The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game . The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan , topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week . The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles . A digital - only North American , European and Australian release was released in August 2014 . A third video game developed by Artdink and titled Sword Art Online : Lost Song was released in Japan on March 26 , 2015 on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms , with an English version being released in Asia . The game 's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open - world action RPG featuring an original storyline , set within Alfheim Online , where characters are able to fly . The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan , ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week , narrowly behind Bloodborne taking the top spot . A fourth game titled Sword Art Online : Hollow Realization was released in Japan for the PS4 , Vita , and Windows on October 27 , 2016 and worldwide on November 8 , 2016 for the PS4 and Vita . A social network game called Sword Art Online : End World was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28 , 2013 with more than 1 million registered users . Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled Sword Art Online : Code Register launched in 2014 , and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game . Another game called Sword Art Online : Progress Link designed for the Mobage browser game platform on smartphones was released on February 10 , 2015 . In 2016 , Bandai Namco released Sword Art Online : Memory Defrag for Android and iOS . Kirito , Asuna , Leafa , Yuuki and SAO Alternative : Gun Gale Online protagonist LLENN appear in Dengeki Bunko : Fighting Climax , a fighting game by Sega featuring various characters from works published under the Dengeki Bunko imprint . A browser game titled Sword Art Quest and its sequel smartphone game , Sword Art Quest II provide challenges to users to upgrade their characters to receive rewards . There is also a paid Android game titled SAO - Log Out - that users can download and play with characters from the series and obtain wallpapers from it . A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan , but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game . An action role - playing game titled Accel World VS Sword Art Online : Millennium Twilight was announced in October 2016 . The game is a crossover with Accel World , developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita , and Windows via Steam , and was released to western audiences on July 7 , 2017 . Sword Art Online : Memory Defrag , launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment , was released outside of Japan on January 24 , 2017 . This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices . Featuring content from the anime series , Ordinal Scale , and some original shorts written for event characters , players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story , or join up with others online to farm special items , equipment , and materials . Common events include ranked challenges against other players , floor clearing , character introductions and seasonal events . Players have the choice of spending real money to speed - up their progress . A game based in Gun Gale Online , Sword Art Online : Fatal Bullet , was released for the PS4 , Xbox One and Windows on February 23 , 2018 . Live - action series ( edit ) Sword Art Online Based on Sword Art Online by Reki Kawahara Written by Laeta Kalogridis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Laeta Kalogridis David Ellison Dana Goldberg Marcy Ross Production company ( s ) Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Sword Art Online is a planned American live - action television adaptation of Sword Art Online . Skydance Television announced on August 2 , 2016 , that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live - action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara 's Sword Art Online light novel series . Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot , and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison , Dana Goldberg , and Marcy Ross . Skydance has stated their intent to `` fast - track '' the launch of the series , along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a Sword Art Online virtual reality experience . In February 2018 it was reported that the live - action series had been sold to Netflix . Reception ( edit ) According to Oricon , Sword Art Online was the top selling light novel series of 2012 , with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels . It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! rankings , as well as top ten placement in 2011 , 2014 and 2015 . It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan , selling 489,374 copies . Sword Art Online : Progressive sold 321,535 copies in the same time period . As of 2017 , the series has an estimated 20 million copies in print worldwide . Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku hails Sword Art Online as the smartest series in recent years , praising its deep insight on the psychological aspects of virtual reality on the human psyche , its sociological views on creating a realistic economy and society in a massively multiplayer online game setting , and the writing staff 's ability to juggle a wide variety of genres within the series . Eisenbeis particularly noted how the romance between Kirito and Asuna is explored bringing `` definition to exactly what love is like in a virtual world . '' However , at the time of this preliminary review , he had only watched the first 12 episodes of the series . He has since gone on to review the second half of the series , lauding its excellent use of plot twists and praising its well written and believable villain . However , he felt that some of the initial positive aspects of the series were lost in the second half , such as the focus on psychological repercussions and social interactions that could be realistically seen in an online game . Criticism was also levied on the aspect of turning Asuna into a damsel in distress , stating that a female lead as strong as her was `` reduced to nothing but the quest item the male lead is hunting for . '' Eisenbeis closes his review of the series by stating in regards to the two halves , `` Both , however , are enjoyable for what they are . '' Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems , logical gaps , and `` sloppy writing '' . Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the story as struggling `` to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life - or - death danger should have '' , while calling it unwilling to commit to Kirito 's `` lone wolf '' image . DeviceCritique explains that Sword Art Online influences the virtual reality market to grow , and references the Oculus Rift as a prime example of the starting point of virtual reality . It also praises Sword Art Online for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming . Adam Facey of The Muse criticized the series , among others , as being sexist and the female characters as being overly sexualized . Popular culture ( edit ) Kirito has a cameo appearance in episode 8 of the anime series Eromanga Sensei , with Yoshitsugu Matsuoka reprising his role . Steven Spielberg 's 2018 film Ready Player One contains a reference to Sword Art Online . Ernest Cline , the writer of 2011 novel Ready Player One , discussed Sword Art Online in an interview , noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Vol. 1 Aincrad Part 1 ( Eps 1 - 7 ) '' . Madman Entertainment . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online DVD 1 '' . Right Stuf Inc . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Afterword of the first light novel volume Jump up ^ Afterword of the sixth light novel volume ^ Jump up to : Fumio Kunori ( Reki Kawahara ) . `` web novel '' . WordGear ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Frye , Patrick . `` ' Sword Art Online ' Season 2 and 3 : Kawahara Reki talks SAO , ' Accel World ' , anime , and future plans '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kawahara Reki @ Sakura - Con 2013 '' . figure.fm . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kawahara Reki @ Sakura - Con 2013 '' . figure.fm . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン 〈 1 〉 アイン クラッド ( 電撃 文庫 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . ISBN 4048677608 . ASIN 4048677608 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン 16 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン プログレッシブ 1 ( Sword Art Online : Progressive 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . ASIN 4048869779 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン プログレッシブ 4 ( Sword Art Online : Progressive 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kino 's Journey 's Sigsawa Writes Sword Art Online Novel '' . Anime News Network . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 billion Yen and Hopeful Chant announced '' . Crunchyroll . March 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yen Press Adds Sword Art Online , Accel World Light Novels , More Madoka Magica Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Sword Art Online '' Light Novel and Manga Release Details Listed `` . Crunchyroll . September 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yen Press Licenses Akame Ga Kill ! , Sword Art Online : Progressive , Kagerou Daze '' . Anime News Network . June 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Light Novels Have More Than 16.7 Million Copies in Print Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . December 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ofelbe Editions '' . Ofelbe Editions . Facebook . March 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` なんば 店 A ( 全 年齢 向け 同人 誌 ) 九里 史生 先生 の サークル ( WordGear ) 様 による 『 ソード アート ・ オンライン ・ マテリアル ・ エディション 11 』 とらのあな 専売 で 好評 発売 中 ! ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Toranoana . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 大人気 ライトノベル 作者 による 同人 誌 が 遂に とらのあな に 登場 ! サークル ( WordGear ) の 『 ソード アート ・ オンライン マテリアル ・ エディション 総集編 』 を ご 紹介 ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Toranoana . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : 原 作者 执笔 同人 志 发售 ( 图 ) ( in Chinese ) . Ce.cn . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン ピナ ・ エディション ( in Japanese ) . Toranoana . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン アイン クラッド 1 ( Sword Art Online : Aincrad 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン アイン クラッド 2 ( Sword Art Online : Aincrad 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ そ ー ど あー と ☆ おん らい ん. ( 1 ) ( Sword Art Online . ( 1 ) ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン フェアリィ ・ ダンス 1 ( Sword Art Online : Fairy Dance 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ソード アート ・ オンライン フェアリィ ・ ダンス 3 ( Sword Art Online : Fairy Dance 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Inspires Girls Ops Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yen Press Adds Kingdom Hearts Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . November 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sword Art Online : Girls ' Ops , Vol. 1 . Amazon.com . ISBN 031634205X . Jump up ^ `` 電撃 G 's コミック Vol. 1 '' ( Dengeki G 's Comic Vol. 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sword Art Online Progressive , Vol. 1 ( manga ) , Hachette Book Group USA , archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 , retrieved June 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` 電撃 G 's コミック Vol. 3 '' ( Dengeki G 's Comic Vol. 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ソード アート ・ オンライン キャリバー '' ( in Japanese ) . Dengeki Comics . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tsubasa Hazuki 's Sword Art Online : Mother 's Rosary Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ マオウ 10 周年 の 読み切り 祭り に 田中 久仁彦 、 武田 すん ら 、 新 連載 も 一挙 開始 . Natalie ( in Japanese ) . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Gets Project Alicization Manga '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Light Novels About Virtual MMO Get Anime '' . Anime News Network . October 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madoka Magica & . hack 's Kajiura Scores Sword Art Online '' . Anime News Network . March 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online official air dates '' ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online '' . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA Adds Sword Art Online , Blast of Tempest , Magi Anime '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami `` Sword Art Online '' Premiere Scheduled `` . Crunchyroll . June 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online to Air on Toonami Starting in August '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manga To Release Sword Art Online Blu - ray and DVD in December '' . Anime News Network . August 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Entertainment Loads Up On New Anime Acquisitions '' . Madman Entertainment . November 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Anime for your TV screen ! Sword Art Online coming to ABC3 '' . Madman Entertainment . May 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online on Netflix '' . Aniplex USA . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Extra Edition to Air With New Footage '' . Anime News Network . August 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Extra Edition to Stream Worldwide on Daisuki.net '' . Anime News Network . December 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Extra Edition Set to Stream Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray&DVD '' . Aniplex . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Expo to Host Sword Art Online II Premiere Event with Reki Kawahara , abec '' . Anime News Network . May 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : `` Sword Art Online II '' Anime Activated `` . Crunchyroll . December 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online II 's July Premiere , New Visual Unveiled '' . Anime News Network . March 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anime Expo to Host Sword Art Online II Premiere Event with Reki Kawahara , abec '' . Anime News Network . May 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` '' Sword Art Online II '' Worldwide Simulcast Confirmed `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD PREMIERE ソード アート ・ オンライン '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online II English Dub to Run on Toonami '' . Anime News Network . March 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Anime Film Project Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Ordinal Scale Film to Open in 2017 '' . Anime News Network . March 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Movie 's February 18 Date Confirmed in Japan '' . Anime News Network . October 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Ordinal Scale Film Opens in U.S. on March 9 '' . Anime News Network . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Season 3 confirm in Japan '' . Twitter . October 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Alternative : Gun Gale Online Anime Premieres in April '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Reveals Visual , Studio 3Hz '' . Anime News Network . January 31 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Alicization Anime 's 1st Video Reveals Staff , October Premiere '' . Anime News Network . March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 4 巻 '' . Sword Art Online official website ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 4 月 24 日 発売 Blu - ray&DVD 完全 生産 限定 版 第 7 巻 特典 CD 「 Original Soundtrack vol. 2 」 に関して の お詫び '' . Sword Art Online official website ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン II 」 第 3 巻 '' . Sword Art Online official website ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン II 」 第 7 巻 '' . Sword Art Online official website ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA to Sing Sword Art Online Anime 's Opening '' . Anime News Network . June 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Haruka Tomatsu to Perform Sword Art Online Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . May 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eir Aoi Sings Sword Art Online : Extra Edition 's Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online 's 2nd Season Ending Sung by Luna Haruna '' . Anime News Network . August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` THEME SONG PhantomBullet ソード アート ・ オンライン '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online II 's The Next Chapter Trailer Posted in English '' . Anime News Network . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Releases Sword Art Online ED Single `` SHIRUSHI '' `` . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LiSA Performs Theme Song For Sword Art Online Ordinal Scale Film '' . Anime News Network . November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン ソングコレクション 」 '' . Sword Art Online official website ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ソード アート ・ オンライン ソングコレクション II '' ( in Japanese ) . Aniplex . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Accel World , Sword Art Online Light Novels Get Games '' . Anime News Network . October 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` This Week In Sales : Kingdom Hearts HD Falls To Sword Art Online '' . Siliconera . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Infinity Moment Takes Everything You Know About Sword Art Online , and Turns It on Its Head '' . Kotaku. April 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Game to Have 3D Date Movie DVD '' . Anime News Network . October 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment -- Hold Hands With A Heroine And Other Tidbits '' . Siliconera . October 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment '' . Bandai Namco Games . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Sword Art Online History Chart bundled with the May 2014 edition of Dengeki Bunko Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment Includes An HD Version Of Sword Art Online : Infinity Moment '' . Siliconera . May 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment announced for PS Vita '' . Gematsu . October 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Sales : 4 / 21 / 14 -- 4 / 27 / 14 '' . Gematsu. April 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Fragment will have English and Traditional Chinese subtitles in Taiwan '' . Gematsu . March 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Lost Song is developed by Artdink '' . Gematsu . January 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Lost Song dated in Japan '' . Gematsu . October 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Lost Song announced for PS3 , PS Vita '' . Gematsu . October 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Has 3rd Game in Development '' . Anime News Network . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Lost Song screenshots show base city , multiplayer , more '' . Gematsu . November 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ゲーム 最新 作 『 ソード アート ・ オンライン - ロスト ・ ソング - 』 情報 解禁 ! ALO を 舞台 に した アクション RPG '' . ASCII Media Works . October 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Create Sales : 3 / 23 / 15 -- 3 / 29 / 15 '' . Gematsu. April 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ てけ おん ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` 『 SAO ホロウ ・ リアリ ゼーション 』 の 発売 日 が 10 月 27 日 に 決定 ! '' . Dengeki Online . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Hollow Realization announced for PS4 , PS Vita '' . Gematsu . October 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sword Art Online : End World '' Launches in Japan `` . Crunchyroll . March 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SAO Landed on GREE Again on 28th February '' . 2P.com . March 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 累計 登録 者 数 100 万 人 突破 大 感謝 キャンペーン ( in Japanese ) . GREE , Inc . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 『 SAO コード ・ レジスタ 』 300 万 DL 突破 キャンペーン 開始 ! 15 日 より 無料 スカウト に 5 キリト 追加 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . January 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 『 ソード アート ・ オンライン プログレス ・ リンク 』 が サービス 開始 ! ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . February 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sword Art Online : Memory Defrag announced for smartphones '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dengeki Bunko : Fighting Climax Game Pits SAO , Shana Casts Against Each Other '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kirito and Tomoka Featured in Latest `` Dengeki Bunko : Fighting Climax '' Trailer `` . Crunchyroll . February 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yuuki And LLENN From SAO Join Dengeki Bunko : Fighting Climax Ignition '' . Siliconera . December 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online II Bus Tour Hits 7 Countries Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . June 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 「 ソード アート ・ クエスト 」 と は ? 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 第 9 話 先行 カット も アニメ ! アニメ ! ( in Japanese ) . Animeanime.jp . September 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 人気 作品 「 ソード アート ・ オンライン 」 の パズル ゲーム 『 SAO - LOG OUT - ( 電 モバ ) 』 ☆ 可愛い ミニキャラ 達 の パズル を クリア し て 壁紙 を ゲット する の です ! '' ( in Japanese ) . Moedroid . July 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ソード アート ・ オンライン ザ ・ ビギニング Sponsored by IBM '' ( Sword Art Online : The Beginning Sponsored by IBM ) . Kadokawa Corporation . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accel World VS Sword Art Online : Millennium Twilight PS4 , PS Vita Game Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accel World VS . Sword Art Online Deluxe Edition '' . Valve Corporation . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Luster , Joseph ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` '' Accel World VS Sword Art Online '' Arrives with Launch Trailer `` . Crunchyroll . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online : Memory Defrag '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ソード アート ・ オンライン メモリー ・ デフラグ バンダイ ナムコ エンターテインメント 公式 サイト '' ( in Japanese ) . Bandai Namco Games . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright Flyer Studios ( January 24 , 2017 ) . Sword Art Online : Memory Defrag ( in Japanese ) . Bandai Namco Games . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sword Art Online : Fatal Bullet announced for PS4 , Xbox One , and PC '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Japanese Novel and Anime Franchise Sword Art Online Being Adapted as Live - Action TV Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Skydance Media Acquires Global Live - Action Rights To ' Sword Art Online ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sword Art Online ' Live - Action Series Adds ' Lara Croft ' Writers '' . ComicBook . September 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Live - Action Sword Art Online Producer : Series Sold to Netflix , Will Have Asian Lead Actors '' . Anime News Network . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Light Novels in Japan by Series : 2012 '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Light Novels in Japan by Volume : 2012 '' . Anime News Network . December 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! 2011 ( in Japanese ) . Takarajimasha . November 19 , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7966 - 7963 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! 2012 ( in Japanese ) . Takarajimasha . November 19 , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7966 - 8716 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! 2013 ( in Japanese ) . Takarajimasha . November 19 , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 8002 - 0357 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! 2014 ( in Japanese ) . Takarajimasha . November 20 , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 8002 - 1954 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! 2015 ( in Japanese ) . Takarajimasha . November 21 , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 8002 - 3373 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top - Selling Light Novels in Japan by Series : 2016 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . May 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sword Art Online Light Novels Have 20 Million Copies in Print Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sword Art Online Is the Smartest Anime I 've Seen in Years ( And It 's Only Half - Done ) '' . Kotaku . September 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online 's Second Half Is n't Quite as Brilliant as Its First '' . Kotaku . December 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online Blu - Ray 1 - Aincrad Part 1 ( Limited Edition ) '' . Anime News Network . September 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sword Art Online episodes 1 - 6 streaming '' . Anime News Network . August 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oculus Rift VR : One large step into Virtual reality '' . DeviceCritique . March 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Facey , Adam ( July 30 , 2014 ) . `` Sexism in animation : A few thoughts on a disconcerting trend in Japanese anime '' . The Muse . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Eromanga Sensei '' Flame On `` Sword Art Online '' Proves To Be Too Hot For Anime `` . May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One : Complete Easter Egg and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ernest Cline Interview : Ready Player One '' . Screen Rant . March 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sword Art Online . Official North American website Sword Art Online ( light novel ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia ( hide ) Works by Reki Kawahara Accel World Anime Infinite Burst Characters Sword Art Online Novels Manga Episodes Season I Season II Ordinal Scale Characters Kirito Asuna Leafa Sinon Video games Infinity Moment Hollow Fragment Code Register Lost Song Hollow Realization Fatal Bullet Other works The Isolator Book : Reki Kawahara Links to related articles Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi ! light novel rankings No. 1 2005 - 2010 Haruhi Suzumiya ( Nagaru Tanigawa ) ( 2005 ) Zaregoto Series ( Nisio Isin ) ( 2006 ) Spice and Wolf ( Isuna Hasekura ) ( 2007 ) Full Metal Panic ! ( Shoji Gatoh ) ( 2008 ) Book Girl ( Mizuki Nomura ) ( 2009 ) Baka and Test ( Kenji Inoue ) ( 2010 ) 2011 - present A Certain Magical Index ( Kazuma Kamachi ) ( 2011 ) Sword Art Online ( Reki Kawahara ) ( 2012 -- 2013 ) My Youth Romantic Comedy Is Wrong , As I Expected ( Wataru Watari ) ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Ryuo 's Work is Never Done ! ( Shirow Shiratori ) ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Works by A-1 Pictures Television series 2006 -- 2010 Zenmai Zamurai ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Robby & Kerobby ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Big Windup ! ( 2007 ) Persona : Trinity Soul ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode ( 2008 ) Black Butler ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Kannagi : Crazy Shrine Maidens ( 2008 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode 2 ( 2009 ) Valkyria Chronicles ( 2009 ) Fairy Tail ( 2009 -- present ) Sound of the Sky ( 2010 ) Ōkiku Furikabutte ~ Natsu no Taikai - hen ~ ( 2010 ) Working ! ! ( 2010 ) Night Raid 1931 ( 2010 ) Black Butler II ( 2010 ) Occult Academy ( 2010 ) Togainu no Chi ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2015 Fractale ( 2011 ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2011 ) Blue Exorcist ( 2011 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 1000 % ( 2011 ) The Idolmaster ( 2011 ) Working ' ! ! ( 2011 ) Space Brothers ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Tsuritama ( 2012 ) Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) From the New World ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chōsoku Henkei Gyrozetter ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Oreshura ( 2013 ) Vividred Operation ( 2013 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love 2000 % ( 2013 ) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. ( 2013 ) Servant × Service ( 2013 ) Silver Spoon ( 2013 ) Magi : The Kingdom of Magic ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Galilei Donna ( 2013 ) Silver Spoon II ( 2014 ) World Conquest Zvezda Plot ( 2014 ) Nanana 's Buried Treasure ( 2014 ) Aldnoah. Zero ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Sword Art Online II ( 2014 ) Persona 4 : The Golden Animation ( 2014 ) Black Butler : Book of Circus ( 2014 ) Magic Kaito 1412 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Your Lie in April ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2015 ) Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid ( 2015 ) Gunslinger Stratos : The Animation ( 2015 ) Ultimate Otaku Teacher ( 2015 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love Revolutions ( 2015 ) Gate ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Working ! ! ! ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls : 2nd Season ( 2015 ) The Asterisk War ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Subete ga F ni Naru ( 2015 ) 2016 -- present Erased ( 2016 ) Fairy Tail Zero ( 2016 ) Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash ( 2016 ) Ace Attorney ( 2016 ) B - Project : Kodō * Ambitious ( 2016 ) Qualidea Code ( 2016 ) The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War ( 2016 ) Persona 5 : The Animation - The Day Breakers - ( 2016 ) WWW. Working ! ! ( 2016 ) Uta no Prince - sama : Maji Love Legend Star ( 2016 ) Occultic ; Nine ( 2016 ) Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga ( 2017 ) Interviews with Monster Girls ( 2017 ) Granblue Fantasy The Animation ( 2017 ) Eromanga Sensei ( 2017 ) Saekano : How to Raise a Boring Girlfriend Flat ( 2017 ) Fate / Apocrypha ( 2017 ) Blend S ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster SideM ( 2017 ) Record of Grancrest War ( 2018 ) The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments ( 2018 ) Wotakoi : Love is Hard for Otaku ( 2018 ) Sword Art Online : Alicization ( 2018 ) Feature films Welcome to the Space Show ( 2010 ) Fairy Tail the Movie : Phoenix Priestess ( 2012 ) Blue Exorcist : The Movie ( 2012 ) Saint Young Men ( 2013 ) Anohana : The Flower We Saw That Day ( 2013 ) The Idolmaster Movie : Beyond the Brilliant Future ! ( 2014 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 2 Midsummer Knight 's Dream ( 2014 ) Space Brothers # 0 ( 2014 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 3 Falling Down ( 2015 ) The Anthem of the Heart ( 2015 ) Garakowa : Restore the World ( 2016 ) Persona 3 The Movie : # 4 Winter of Rebirth ( 2016 ) Doukyuusei ( 2016 ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) Sword Art Online The Movie : Ordinal Scale ( 2017 ) Fairy Tail : Dragon Cry ( 2017 ) The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie : Prisoners of the Sky ( 2018 ) High School Fleet ( TBA ) OVAs / ONAs Kannagi : Crazy Shrine Maidens ( 2009 ) Birdy the Mighty : Decode - Cipher ( 2009 ) Night Raid 1931 ( 2010 ) Sound of the Sky ( 2010 ) Fairy Tail ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 : The Wound Taken for Someone 's Sake ( 2011 ) The Idolmaster Shiny Festa ( 2012 ) Saint Young Men ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Ore no Imōto ga Konna ni Kawaii Wake ga Nai. ( 2013 ) Sword Art Online : Extra Edition ( 2013 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Moments ( 2015 ) The Idolmaster Cinderella Girls ( 2016 ) Brotherhood : Final Fantasy XV ( 2016 ) Shelter ( 2016 ) Granblue Fantasy : Zankutinzeru Arc ( 2017 ) Video games Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 ( 2008 ) Valkyria Chronicles II ( 2010 ) Phoenix Wright : Ace Attorney − Spirit of Justice ( 2016 ) Radiant Historia : Perfect Chronology ( 2017 ) Layton 's Mystery Journey ( 2017 ) Related CloverWorks Category Toonami programming and soundtracks Toonami ( France ) Toonami ( India ) Former : Toonami ( Asia ) Toonami ( Australia ) Toonami ( UK & Ireland ) Cartoon Network / Kids ' WB era Cartoon Roulette ( composed of Space Ghost ( TV series ) , Birdman and the Galaxy Trio , The Herculoids , Mightor , Shazzan , Teen Force , The Impossibles , and the 1940s Superman cartoons ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ThunderCats Voltron 1998 Beast Wars : Transformers Dragon Ball Z ( Ocean Dub / Funimation Dub ' 99 ) Robotech Sailor Moon ( DiC Dub ' 98 - ' 99 / Cloverway , Inc . Dub ' 00 ) Superfriends 1999 ReBoot Ronin Warriors The Powerpuff Girls 2000 Batman : The Animated Series Blue Submarine No. 6 G - Force : Guardians of Space Gundam Wing Superman : The Animated Series Tenchi in Tokyo Tenchi Muyo ! Tenchi Universe Batman Beyond Cardcaptors Dragon Ball ( Funimation Dub ) Gundam 0080 The 08th MS Team Mobile Suit Gundam Outlaw Star The Big O The New Batman / Superman Adventures Zoids : New Century Zero 2002 G Gundam G.I. Joe He - Man and the Masters of the Universe Samurai Jack Transformers : Armada Zoids : Chaotic Century 2003 Cyborg 009 Dai - Guard Gigantor . hack / / Sign IGPX : Micro Series Justice League Martian Successor Nadesico Neon Genesis Evangelion Rurouni Kenshin Star Wars : Clone Wars SD Gundam Force Yu Yu Hakusho Astro Boy Duel Masters Gundam SEED Jackie Chan Adventures Justice League Unlimited Megas XLR Rave Master Teen Titans Transformers : Energon 2005 Bobobo - bo Bo - bobo Dragon Ball Z ( uncut ) Hot Wheels AcceleRacers D.I.C.E. Dragon Ball GT IGPX Naruto One Piece ( 4Kids dub ) The Batman Transformers : Cybertron Zatch Bell ! 2006 Fantastic Four : World 's Greatest Heroes MÄR Pokémon : Battle Frontier Pokémon Chronicles The Prince of Tennis Wulin Warriors 2007 Yu - Gi - Oh ! GX One Piece ( Funimation dub ) Storm Hawks 2008 Bakugan Battle Brawlers Ben 10 : Alien Force Blue Dragon Adult Swim era 2012 Bleach Deadman Wonderland Casshern Sins Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Ghost in the Shell : S.A.C 2nd GIG Cowboy Bebop Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex Samurai 7 Eureka Seven Sym - Bionic Titan ThunderCats ( 2011 TV series ) Inuyasha Tenchi Muyo ! GXP Naruto ( uncut ) 2013 Soul Eater One Piece ( uncut ) Sword Art Online The Big O ( season 2 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars FLCL ( OVA ) 2014 Space Dandy Naruto : Shippuden ( uncut ) Blue Exorcist Black Lagoon Attack on Titan Beware The Batman Gurren Lagann Hellsing Ultimate Dragon Ball Z Kai ( uncut ) Inuyasha : The Final Act 2015 Kill la Kill Sword Art Online II Michiko & Hatchin Akame ga Kill ! Parasyte - the maxim - 2016 Samurai Champloo Dimension W Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 series ) Gundam : Iron - Blooded Orphans One - Punch Man JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure 2017 Dragon Ball Super Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Gundam Unicorn RE : 0096 Samurai Jack ( revival series ) Sand Whale and Me ( microseries ) Tokyo Ghoul Lupin the 3rd Part IV : The Italian Adventure Tokyo Ghoul √ A JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure : Stardust Crusaders Outlaw Star ( uncut ) Black Clover 2018 My Hero Academia FLCL ( television series ) Portal Category The 5 Network programming ( current and upcoming ) Drama Brillante Mendoza Presents : Amo ( since 2018 ) Sari - Sari on Weekends ( since 2017 ) Anime Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ? ( re-run ; since 2018 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Foreign drama Blindspot ( season 2 ) ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( season 3 ) ( since 2018 ) Supernatural ( season 12 ) ( since 2017 ) The Walking Dead ( season 6 ) ( since 2016 ) Vikings ( season 4 ) ( since 2018 ) Comedy Ridiculousness ( re-run ; since 2018 ) Cartoons All Hail King Julien ( since 2017 ) Doc McStuffins ( re-run ; since 2018 ) Dragons : Race to the Edge ( since 2017 ) Sofia the First ( re-run ; since 2017 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( since 2018 ) News5 Aksyon ( since 2010 ) Aksyon Alert ( since 2010 ) Aksyon sa Tanghali ( since 2014 ) Aksyon Tonite ( since 2014 ) Alagang Kapatid ( since 2015 ) ESPN 5 SportsCenter Philippines ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Attack on Titan ( 2018 ) Breaking Bad ( 2018 ) DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ( 2018 ) Granblue Fantasy The Animation ( 2018 ) The Idolmaster ( 2018 ) The Mysteries of Laura ( 2018 ) Nikita ( season 2 ) ( 2018 ) Once Upon a Time ( season 4 ) ( January 2018 ) Scandal ( season 3 ) ( 2018 ) Smallville ( season 3 ) ( 2018 ) Uta no Prince - Sama Maji Love 1000 % ( 2018 ) Vividred Operation ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sword_Art_Online&oldid=841265112 '' Categories : 2012 anime television series Anime television films 2014 anime television series 2018 anime television series Upcoming anime television series 2009 Japanese novels 2013 video games 2014 Japanese television series endings 2014 video games 2015 video games 2022 in fiction A-1 Pictures Anime and manga based on light novels Aniplex Action anime and manga Adventure anime and manga Artificial intelligence in fiction Assassinations in fiction Brain -- computer interfacing in fiction Death games in fiction Dengeki Bunko Fictional video games God complexes in fiction Japanese adult animated television series Light novels Light novels first published online Martyrdom in fiction Memory erasure and alteration in fiction Mind control in fiction MMORPGs in fiction Novels set in the 2020s Postcyberpunk Science fiction anime and manga Seinen manga Suicide in fiction Sword Art Online Television programs based on light novels Television series set in the 2020s Toonami Video games set in the 2020s Virtual reality in fiction Yen Press titles Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from April 2018 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword%20Art%20Online
| 64,919 |
who plays mon petit in american horror story
|
Jyoti Amge
|
jyoti amge
|
Jyoti Amge Amge in 2011 ( 1993 - 12 - 16 ) 16 December 1993 ( age 24 ) Nagpur , Maharashtra , India Occupation Cook , Entrepreneur Known for World 's smallest living woman Height 2 ft 1 in ( 0.64 m ) Weight 11 lb ( 5 kg ) . Amge being measured by Guinness World Records Jyoti Kisange Amge ( born 16 December 1993 ) is an Indian woman notable for being the world 's smallest living woman according to Guinness World Records . Following Amge 's 18th birthday on 16 December 2011 , she was officially declared the world 's smallest woman by Guinness World Records with a height of 62.8 centimetres ( 2 ft 0.6 in ) . Her restricted height is due to a growth abnormality called primordial dwarfism . Amge was featured in the 2009 documentary entitled Body Shock : Two Foot Tall Teen . She was also a guest participant on Bigg Boss 6 , an Indian television show . On 13 August 2014 , she was cast in the fourth season of American Horror Story : Freak Show as Ma Petite . In 2012 , she met the world 's shortest man , Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal . The pair posed together for the 57th edition of the Guinness World Records 2013 . Contents 1 Media appearances 2 Filmography 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Media appearances ( edit ) Amge , together with Teo Mammucari , co-hosted Lo show dei record in 2012 on the Italian channel Canale 5 . In August 2014 , Amge was cast in American Horror Story : Freak Show ( where she acted the role of `` Ma Petite '' ) which premiered 8 October 2014 . Wax statue of Jyoti Amge . Her wax statue is also present in Celebrity Wax Museum , Lonavala . Filmography ( edit ) List of Films and Television Appearances Year Title Role Notes 2009 Body Shock Herself Episode - Two feet high teen 2012 -- 2013 Bigg Boss 6 Herself Guest appearance 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Ma Petite 12 episodes 2018 Maatharam N / A Short film See also ( edit ) Dwarfism List of the verified shortest people Primordial dwarfism List of people with dwarfism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` New world 's smallest woman : Ten things you need to know about Jyoti Amge '' . Guinness World Records . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Born on 16 December 1993 , in Jaipur Jyoti measures 61.95 cm ( 2 ft ) tall Jump up ^ `` Tiny Teenager Stands Tall Despite Her Height of 23 Inches '' . foxnews.com . Fox News Channel . 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Children 's Health System . `` Definition of primordial dwarfism '' . The Nemours Foundation . The Nemours Foundation . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest man , woman meet for first time '' . foxnews.com. 29 August 2012 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Meet American Horror Story : Freak Show 's Newest Addition : Jyoti Amge , the World 's Smallest Woman ! '' . E !. Retrieved 14 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jyoti Amge . Jyoti Amge on IMDb World 's Smallest Woman , Jyoti Amge , releases the World 's Biggest Book in Jaipur City Rediff Slide Show Sun news article about Jyoti Records Preceded by Madge Bester Shortest Recognized Woman 2011 -- present Current holder WorldCat Identities VIAF : 6075147425863745040000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyoti_Amge&oldid=865979923 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 21st - century Indian actresses Indian television actresses Indian Hindus People with dwarfism Actresses from Nagpur Bigg Boss contestants Hidden categories : Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti%20Amge
| 9,957 |
|||
thoda hai thode ki zaroorat hai serial title song
|
Thoda hai thode ki zaroorat hai
|
thoda hai thode ki zaroorat hai
|
Thoda Hai Thode Ki Zaroorat Hai was an Indian soap opera that aired in 1997 . The director Ravi Rai won numerous awards for the serial , and the series itself won the ' Best Television Serial Drama ' award by Screen Awards in the year 1997 . The story shows how hard it is for us humans to survive the death of our loved ones. * * * Title Song By ' * * KISHORE KUMAR
|
Cast ( edit ) Sachin Khedekar ... Vishal Prajakti Deshmukh ... Kavita Alok Nath Rita Bhaduri as Chandrima bhaduri 's daughter Simone Singh ... Chandni Mahesh Thakur Akshay Anand Masumeh Makhija ... Uma Shruti Ulfat Raju Kher * * * Anupam kher 's brother Nandita Puri ... Neena References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ravi Rai '' . Authorship.com. 2008 - 10 - 28 . Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Dial 100 Crime Patrol Satark Reality and comedy The Drama Company Super Dancer Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Haasil Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoda_Hai_Thode_Ki_Zaroorat_Hai&oldid=814865753 '' Categories : Indian television soap operas Sony Entertainment Television series 1997 Indian television series debuts 1999 Indian television series endings Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 11 : 16 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoda%20Hai%20Thode%20Ki%20Zaroorat%20Hai
| 107,705 |
||
when was first in car navagation system invented
|
Navigation
|
navigation
|
Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another . The field of navigation includes four general categories : land navigation , marine navigation , aeronautic navigation , and space navigation .
|
It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks . All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator 's position compared to known locations or patterns . Navigation , in a broader sense , can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and direction . In this sense , navigation includes orienteering and pedestrian navigation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Etymology 3 Basic concepts 3.1 Latitude 3.2 Longitude 3.3 Loxodrome 4 Modern technique 4.1 Mental navigation checks 4.2 Piloting 4.3 Celestial navigation 4.3. 1 Marine chronometer 4.3. 2 The marine sextant 4.4 Inertial navigation 4.5 Electronic navigation 4.5. 1 Radio navigation 4.5. 2 Radar navigation 4.5. 3 Smartphone navigation 4.5. 4 Satellite navigation 5 Navigation processes 5.1 Ships and similar vessels 5.1. 1 Day 's work in navigation 5.1. 2 Passage planning 5.2 Land navigation 6 Integrated bridge systems 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2010 ) Further information : History of navigation See also : History of geodesy In the European medieval period , navigation was considered part of the set of seven mechanical arts , none of which were used for long voyages across open ocean . Polynesian navigation is probably the earliest form of open ocean navigation , it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like the Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells . Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars , weather , the position of certain wildlife species , or the size of waves to find the path from one island to another . Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the mariner 's astrolabe first occurred in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages . Although land astrolabes were invented in the Hellenistic period and existed in classical antiquity and the Islamic Golden Age , the oldest record of a sea astrolabe is that of Majorcan astronomer Ramon Llull dating from 1295 . The perfecting of this navigation instrument is attributed to Portuguese navigators during early Portuguese discoveries in the Age of Discovery . The earliest known description of how to make and use a sea astrolabe comes from Spanish cosmographer Martín Cortés de Albacar 's Arte de Navegar ( The Art of Navigation ) published in 1551 , based on the principle of the archipendulum used in constructing the Egyptian pyramids . Open - seas navigation using the astrolabe and the compass started during the Age of Discovery in the 15th century . The Portuguese began systematically exploring the Atlantic coast of Africa from 1418 , under the sponsorship of Prince Henry . In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias reached the Indian Ocean by this route . In 1492 the Spanish monarchs funded Christopher Columbus 's expedition to sail west to reach the Indies by crossing the Atlantic , which resulted in the Discovery of America . In 1498 , a Portuguese expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa , opening up direct trade with Asia . Soon , the Portuguese sailed further eastward , to the Spice Islands in 1512 , landing in China one year later . The first circumnavigation of the earth was completed in 1522 with the Magellan - Elcano expedition , a Spanish voyage of discovery led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano after the former 's death in the Philippines in 1521 . The fleet of seven ships sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Southern Spain in 1519 , crossed the Atlantic Ocean and after several stopovers rounded the southern tip of South America . Some ships were lost , but the remaining fleet continued across the Pacific making a number of discoveries including Guam and the Philippines . By then , only two galleons were left from the original seven . The Victoria led by Elcano sailed across the Indian Ocean and north along the coast of Africa , to finally arrive in Spain in 1522 , three years after its departure . The Trinidad sailed east from the Philippines , trying to find a maritime path back to the Americas , but was unsuccessful . The eastward route across the Pacific , also known as the tornaviaje ( return trip ) was only discovered forty years later , when Spanish cosmographer Andrés de Urdaneta sailed from the Philippines , north to parallel 39 ° , and hit the eastward Kuroshio Current which took its galleon across the Pacific . He arrived in Acapulco on October 8 , 1565 . Etymology ( edit ) The term stems from the 1530s , from Latin navigationem ( nom . navigatio ) , from navigatus , pp. of navigare `` to sail , sail over , go by sea , steer a ship , '' from navis `` ship '' and the root of agere `` to drive '' . Basic concepts ( edit ) Map of Earth Longitude ( λ ) Lines of longitude appear vertical with varying curvature in this projection , but are actually halves of great ellipses , with identical radii at a given latitude . Latitude ( φ ) Lines of latitude appear horizontal with varying curvature in this projection ; but are actually circular with different radii . All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a circle of latitude . The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere , and has a latitude of 0 ° . Latitude ( edit ) Further information : Latitude Roughly , the latitude of a place on Earth is its angular distance north or south of the equator . Latitude is usually expressed in degrees ( marked with ° ) ranging from 0 ° at the Equator to 90 ° at the North and South poles . The latitude of the North Pole is 90 ° N , and the latitude of the South Pole is 90 ° S. Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction . The height of Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer , within a degree or so . Longitude ( edit ) Further information : Longitude Similar to latitude , the longitude of a place on Earth is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian or Greenwich meridian . Longitude is usually expressed in degrees ( marked with ° ) ranging from 0 ° at the Greenwich meridian to 180 ° east and west . Sydney , for example , has a longitude of about 151 ° east . New York City has a longitude of 74 ° west . For most of history , mariners struggled to determine longitude . Longitude can be calculated if the precise time of a sighting is known . Lacking that , one can use a sextant to take a lunar distance ( also called the lunar observation , or `` lunar '' for short ) that , with a nautical almanac , can be used to calculate the time at zero longitude ( see Greenwich Mean Time ) . Reliable marine chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the 19th century . For about a hundred years , from about 1767 until about 1850 , mariners lacking a chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine Greenwich time to find their longitude . A mariner with a chronometer could check its reading using a lunar determination of Greenwich time . Loxodrome ( edit ) Further information : Rhumb Line In navigation , a rhumb line ( or loxodrome ) is a line crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle , i.e. a path derived from a defined initial bearing . That is , upon taking an initial bearing , one proceeds along the same bearing , without changing the direction as measured relative to true or magnetic north . Modern technique ( edit ) Most modern navigation relies primarily on positions determined electronically by receivers collecting information from satellites . Most other modern techniques rely on crossing lines of position or LOP . A line of position can refer to two different things , either a line on a chart or a line between the observer and an object in real life . A bearing is a measure of the direction to an object . If the navigator measures the direction in real life , the angle can then be drawn on a nautical chart and the navigator will be on that line on the chart . In addition to bearings , navigators also often measure distances to objects . On the chart , a distance produces a circle or arc of position . Circles , arcs , and hyperbolae of positions are often referred to as lines of position . If the navigator draws two lines of position , and they intersect he must be at that position . A fix is the intersection of two or more LOPs . If only one line of position is available , this may be evaluated against the Dead reckoning position to establish an estimated position . Lines ( or circles ) of position can be derived from a variety of sources : celestial observation ( a short segment of the circle of equal altitude , but generally represented as a line ) , terrestrial range ( natural or man made ) when two charted points are observed to be in line with each other , compass bearing to a charted object , radar range to a charted object , on certain coastlines , a depth sounding from echo sounder or hand lead line . There are some methods seldom used today such as `` dipping a light '' to calculate the geographic range from observer to lighthouse Methods of navigation have changed through history . Each new method has enhanced the mariner 's ability to complete his voyage . One of the most important judgments the navigator must make is the best method to use . Some types of navigation are depicted in the table . Modern navigation methods Illustration Description Application Dead reckoning or DR , in which one advances a prior position using the ship 's course and speed . The new position is called a DR position . It is generally accepted that only course and speed determine the DR position . Correcting the DR position for leeway , current effects , and steering error result in an estimated position or EP . An inertial navigator develops an extremely accurate EP . Used at all times . Pilotage involves navigating in restricted waters with frequent determination of position relative to geographic and hydrographic features . When within sight of land . Celestial navigation involves reducing celestial measurements to lines of position using tables , spherical trigonometry , and almanacs . Used primarily as a backup to satellite and other electronic systems in the open ocean . Electronic navigation covers any method of position fixing using electronic means , including : Radio navigation uses radio waves to determine position by either radio direction finding systems or hyperbolic systems , such as Decca , Omega and LORAN - C . Losing ground to GPS . Radar navigation uses radar to determine the distance from or bearing of objects whose position is known . This process is separate from radar 's use as a collision avoidance system . Primarily when within radar range of land . Satellite navigation uses artificial earth satellite systems , such as GPS , to determine position . Used in all situations . The practice of navigation usually involves a combination of these different methods . Mental navigation checks ( edit ) By mental navigation checks , a pilot or a navigator estimates tracks , distances , and altitudes which will then help the pilot avoid gross navigation errors . Piloting ( edit ) Further information : Pilotage Manual navigation through Dutch airspace Piloting ( also called pilotage ) involves navigating an aircraft by visual reference to landmarks , or a water vessel in restricted waters and fixing its position as precisely as possible at frequent intervals . More so than in other phases of navigation , proper preparation and attention to detail are important . Procedures vary from vessel to vessel , and between military , commercial , and private vessels . A military navigation team will nearly always consist of several people . A military navigator might have bearing takers stationed at the gyro repeaters on the bridge wings for taking simultaneous bearings , while the civilian navigator must often take and plot them himself . While the military navigator will have a bearing book and someone to record entries for each fix , the civilian navigator will simply pilot the bearings on the chart as they are taken and not record them at all . If the ship is equipped with an ECDIS , it is reasonable for the navigator to simply monitor the progress of the ship along the chosen track , visually ensuring that the ship is proceeding as desired , checking the compass , sounder and other indicators only occasionally . If a pilot is aboard , as is often the case in the most restricted of waters , his judgement can generally be relied upon , further easing the workload . But should the ECDIS fail , the navigator will have to rely on his skill in the manual and time - tested procedures . Celestial navigation ( edit ) Main article : Celestial navigation A celestial fix will be at the intersection of two or more circles . Celestial navigation systems are based on observation of the positions of the Sun , Moon , Planets and navigational stars . Such systems are in use as well for terrestrial navigating as for interstellar navigating . By knowing which point on the rotating earth a celestial object is above and measuring its height above the observer 's horizon , the navigator can determine his distance from that subpoint . A nautical almanac and a marine chronometer are used to compute the subpoint on earth a celestial body is over , and a sextant is used to measure the body 's angular height above the horizon . That height can then be used to compute distance from the subpoint to create a circular line of position . A navigator shoots a number of stars in succession to give a series of overlapping lines of position . Where they intersect is the celestial fix . The moon and sun may also be used . The sun can also be used by itself to shoot a succession of lines of position ( best done around local noon ) to determine a position . Marine chronometer ( edit ) Main article : Marine chronometer In order to accurately measure longitude , the precise time of a sextant sighting ( down to the second , if possible ) must be recorded . Each second of error is equivalent to 15 seconds of longitude error , which at the equator is a position error of . 25 of a nautical mile , about the accuracy limit of manual celestial navigation . The spring - driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used aboard ship to provide accurate time for celestial observations . A chronometer differs from a spring - driven watch principally in that it contains a variable lever device to maintain even pressure on the mainspring , and a special balance designed to compensate for temperature variations . A spring - driven chronometer is set approximately to Greenwich mean time ( GMT ) and is not reset until the instrument is overhauled and cleaned , usually at three - year intervals . The difference between GMT and chronometer time is carefully determined and applied as a correction to all chronometer readings . Spring - driven chronometers must be wound at about the same time each day . Quartz crystal marine chronometers have replaced spring - driven chronometers aboard many ships because of their greater accuracy . They are maintained on GMT directly from radio time signals . This eliminates chronometer error and watch error corrections . Should the second hand be in error by a readable amount , it can be reset electrically . The basic element for time generation is a quartz crystal oscillator . The quartz crystal is temperature compensated and is hermetically sealed in an evacuated envelope . A calibrated adjustment capability is provided to adjust for the aging of the crystal . The chronometer is designed to operate for a minimum of 1 year on a single set of batteries . Observations may be timed and ship 's clocks set with a comparing watch , which is set to chronometer time and taken to the bridge wing for recording sight times . In practice , a wrist watch coordinated to the nearest second with the chronometer will be adequate . A stop watch , either spring wound or digital , may also be used for celestial observations . In this case , the watch is started at a known GMT by chronometer , and the elapsed time of each sight added to this to obtain GMT of the sight . All chronometers and watches should be checked regularly with a radio time signal . Times and frequencies of radio time signals are listed in publications such as Radio Navigational Aids . The marine sextant ( edit ) The marine sextant is used to measure the elevation of celestial bodies above the horizon . Further information : Sextant The second critical component of celestial navigation is to measure the angle formed at the observer 's eye between the celestial body and the sensible horizon . The sextant , an optical instrument , is used to perform this function . The sextant consists of two primary assemblies . The frame is a rigid triangular structure with a pivot at the top and a graduated segment of a circle , referred to as the `` arc '' , at the bottom . The second component is the index arm , which is attached to the pivot at the top of the frame . At the bottom is an endless vernier which clamps into teeth on the bottom of the `` arc '' . The optical system consists of two mirrors and , generally , a low power telescope . One mirror , referred to as the `` index mirror '' is fixed to the top of the index arm , over the pivot . As the index arm is moved , this mirror rotates , and the graduated scale on the arc indicates the measured angle ( `` altitude '' ) . The second mirror , referred to as the `` horizon glass '' , is fixed to the front of the frame . One half of the horizon glass is silvered and the other half is clear . Light from the celestial body strikes the index mirror and is reflected to the silvered portion of the horizon glass , then back to the observer 's eye through the telescope . The observer manipulates the index arm so the reflected image of the body in the horizon glass is just resting on the visual horizon , seen through the clear side of the horizon glass . Adjustment of the sextant consists of checking and aligning all the optical elements to eliminate `` index correction '' . Index correction should be checked , using the horizon or more preferably a star , each time the sextant is used . The practice of taking celestial observations from the deck of a rolling ship , often through cloud cover and with a hazy horizon , is by far the most challenging part of celestial navigation . Inertial navigation ( edit ) Further information : Inertial navigation system Inertial navigation system is a dead reckoning type of navigation system that computes its position based on motion sensors . Once the initial latitude and longitude is established , the system receives impulses from motion detectors that measure the acceleration along three or more axes enabling it to continually and accurately calculate the current latitude and longitude . Its advantages over other navigation systems are that , once the starting position is set , it does not require outside information , it is not affected by adverse weather conditions and it can not be detected or jammed . Its disadvantage is that since the current position is calculated solely from previous positions , its errors are cumulative , increasing at a rate roughly proportional to the time since the initial position was input . Inertial navigation systems must therefore be frequently corrected with a location ' fix ' from some other type of navigation system . The US Navy developed a Ships Inertial Navigation System ( SINS ) during the Polaris missile program to ensure a safe , reliable and accurate navigation system for its missile submarines . Inertial navigation systems were in wide use until satellite navigation systems ( GPS ) became available . Inertial Navigation Systems are still in common use on submarines , since GPS reception or other fix sources are not possible while submerged . Electronic navigation ( edit ) Radio navigation ( edit ) Main articles : Radio navigation and Radio direction finder A radio direction finder or RDF is a device for finding the direction to a radio source . Due to radio 's ability to travel very long distances `` over the horizon '' , it makes a particularly good navigation system for ships and aircraft that might be flying at a distance from land . RDFs works by rotating a directional antenna and listening for the direction in which the signal from a known station comes through most strongly . This sort of system was widely used in the 1930s and 1940s . RDF antennas are easy to spot on German World War II aircraft , as loops under the rear section of the fuselage , whereas most US aircraft enclosed the antenna in a small teardrop - shaped fairing . In navigational applications , RDF signals are provided in the form of radio beacons , the radio version of a lighthouse . The signal is typically a simple AM broadcast of a morse code series of letters , which the RDF can tune in to see if the beacon is `` on the air '' . Most modern detectors can also tune in any commercial radio stations , which is particularly useful due to their high power and location near major cities . Decca , OMEGA , and LORAN - C are three similar hyperbolic navigation systems . Decca was a hyperbolic low frequency radio navigation system ( also known as multilateration ) that was first deployed during World War II when the Allied forces needed a system which could be used to achieve accurate landings . As was the case with Loran C , its primary use was for ship navigation in coastal waters . Fishing vessels were major post-war users , but it was also used on aircraft , including a very early ( 1949 ) application of moving - map displays . The system was deployed in the North Sea and was used by helicopters operating to oil platforms . The OMEGA Navigation System was the first truly global radio navigation system for aircraft , operated by the United States in cooperation with six partner nations . OMEGA was developed by the United States Navy for military aviation users . It was approved for development in 1968 and promised a true worldwide oceanic coverage capability with only eight transmitters and the ability to achieve a four - mile ( 6 km ) accuracy when fixing a position . Initially , the system was to be used for navigating nuclear bombers across the North Pole to Russia . Later , it was found useful for submarines. ( 1 ) Due to the success of the Global Positioning System the use of Omega declined during the 1990s , to a point where the cost of operating Omega could no longer be justified . Omega was terminated on September 30 , 1997 and all stations ceased operation . LORAN is a terrestrial navigation system using low frequency radio transmitters that use the time interval between radio signals received from three or more stations to determine the position of a ship or aircraft . The current version of LORAN in common use is LORAN - C , which operates in the low frequency portion of the EM spectrum from 90 to 110 kHz . Many nations are users of the system , including the United States , Japan , and several European countries . Russia uses a nearly exact system in the same frequency range , called CHAYKA . LORAN use is in steep decline , with GPS being the primary replacement . However , there are attempts to enhance and re-popularize LORAN . LORAN signals are less susceptible to interference and can penetrate better into foliage and buildings than GPS signals . Radar navigation ( edit ) Further information : Radar navigation and Doppler radar § navigation Radar ranges and bearings can be very useful navigation . When a vessel is within radar range of land or special radar aids to navigation , the navigator can take distances and angular bearings to charted objects and use these to establish arcs of position and lines of position on a chart . A fix consisting of only radar information is called a radar fix . Types of radar fixes include `` range and bearing to a single object , '' `` two or more bearings , '' `` tangent bearings , '' and `` two or more ranges . '' Parallel indexing is a technique defined by William Burger in the 1957 book The Radar Observer 's Handbook . This technique involves creating a line on the screen that is parallel to the ship 's course , but offset to the left or right by some distance . This parallel line allows the navigator to maintain a given distance away from hazards . Some techniques have been developed for special situations . One , known as the `` contour method , '' involves marking a transparent plastic template on the radar screen and moving it to the chart to fix a position . Another special technique , known as the Franklin Continuous Radar Plot Technique , involves drawing the path a radar object should follow on the radar display if the ship stays on its planned course . During the transit , the navigator can check that the ship is on track by checking that the pip lies on the drawn line . Smartphone navigation ( edit ) In the modern era , smartphones act as personal GPS navigators for any civilian . Satellite navigation ( edit ) Further information : Satellite navigation Global Navigation Satellite System or GNSS is the term for satellite navigation systems that provide positioning with global coverage . A GNSS allow small electronic receivers to determine their location ( longitude , latitude , and altitude ) to within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites . Receivers on the ground with a fixed position can also be used to calculate the precise time as a reference for scientific experiments . As of October 2011 , only the United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and the Russian GLONASS are fully globally operational GNSSs . The European Union 's Galileo positioning system is a next generation GNSS in the initial deployment phase , scheduled to be operational by 2013 . China has indicated it may expand its regional Beidou navigation system into a global system . More than two dozen GPS satellites are in medium Earth orbit , transmitting signals allowing GPS receivers to determine the receiver 's location , speed and direction . Since the first experimental satellite was launched in 1978 , GPS has become an indispensable aid to navigation around the world , and an important tool for map - making and land surveying . GPS also provides a precise time reference used in many applications including scientific study of earthquakes , and synchronization of telecommunications networks . Developed by the United States Department of Defense , GPS is officially named NAVSTAR GPS ( NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System ) . The satellite constellation is managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing . The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US $ 750 million per year , including the replacement of aging satellites , and research and development . Despite this fact , GPS is free for civilian use as a public good . Navigation processes ( edit ) Ships and similar vessels ( edit ) Day 's work in navigation ( edit ) The Day 's work in navigation is a minimal set of tasks consistent with prudent navigation . The definition will vary on military and civilian vessels , and from ship to ship , but takes a form resembling : Maintain a continuous dead reckoning plot . Take two or more star observations at morning twilight for a celestial fix ( prudent to observe 6 stars ) . Morning sun observation . Can be taken on or near prime vertical for longitude , or at any time for a line of position . Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the sun . Computation of the interval to noon , watch time of local apparent noon , and constants for meridian or ex-meridian sights . Noontime meridian or ex-meridian observation of the sun for noon latitude line . Running fix or cross with Venus line for noon fix . Noontime determination the day 's run and day 's set and drift . At least one afternoon sun line , in case the stars are not visible at twilight . Determine compass error by azimuth observation of the sun . Take two or more star observations at evening twilight for a celestial fix ( prudent to observe 6 stars ) . Passage planning ( edit ) Main article : Passage planning Poor passage planning and deviation from the plan can lead to groundings , ship damage and cargo loss . Passage planning or voyage planning is a procedure to develop a complete description of vessel 's voyage from start to finish . The plan includes leaving the dock and harbor area , the en route portion of a voyage , approaching the destination , and mooring . According to international law , a vessel 's captain is legally responsible for passage planning , however on larger vessels , the task will be delegated to the ship 's navigator . Studies show that human error is a factor in 80 percent of navigational accidents and that in many cases the human making the error had access to information that could have prevented the accident . The practice of voyage planning has evolved from penciling lines on nautical charts to a process of risk management . Passage planning consists of four stages : appraisal , planning , execution , and monitoring , which are specified in International Maritime Organization Resolution A. 893 ( 21 ) , Guidelines For Voyage Planning , and these guidelines are reflected in the local laws of IMO signatory countries ( for example , Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ) , and a number of professional books or publications . There are some fifty elements of a comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel . The appraisal stage deals with the collection of information relevant to the proposed voyage as well as ascertaining risks and assessing the key features of the voyage . This will involve considering the type of navigation required e.g. Ice navigation , the region the ship will be passing through and the hydrographic information on the route . In the next stage , the written plan is created . The third stage is the execution of the finalised voyage plan , taking into account any special circumstances which may arise such as changes in the weather , which may require the plan to be reviewed or altered . The final stage of passage planning consists of monitoring the vessel 's progress in relation to the plan and responding to deviations and unforeseen circumstances . Land navigation ( edit ) Navigation for cars and other land - based travel typically uses maps , landmarks , and in recent times computer navigation ( `` satnav '' , short for satellite navigation ) , as well as any means available on water . Computerized navigation commonly relies on GPS for current location information , a navigational map database of roads and navigable routes , and uses algorithms related to the shortest path problem to identify optimal routes . Integrated bridge systems ( edit ) Electronic integrated bridge concepts are driving future navigation system planning . Integrated systems take inputs from various ship sensors , electronically display positioning information , and provide control signals required to maintain a vessel on a preset course . The navigator becomes a system manager , choosing system presets , interpreting system output , and monitoring vessel response . Integrated Bridge System , integrated on an Offshore Service Ship See also ( edit ) Bowditch 's American Practical Navigator Polynesian navigation Position fixing Robot navigation TVMDC Wayfinding Navigation room Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bowditch , 2003 : 799 . ^ Jump up to : Rell Pros - Wellenhof , Bernhard ( 2007 ) . Navigation : Principles of Positioning and Guidances . Springer . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 9783211008287 . Jump up ^ The Ty Pros Companion to Ships and the Sea , Peter Kemp ed. , 1976 ISBN 0 - 586 - 08308 - 1 Jump up ^ Comandante Estácio dos Reis ( 2002 ) . Astrolábios Náuticos . INAPA . ISBN 9727970370 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Swanick , Lois Ann . An Analysis Of Navigational Instruments In The Age Of Exploration : 15th Century To Mid-17th century , MA Thesis , Texas A&M University , December 2005 Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary ^ Jump up to : Bowditch , 2003 : 4 . Jump up ^ Norie , J.W. ( 1828 ) . New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation . London . p. 222 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Norie , J.W. ( 1828 ) . New and Complete Epitome of Practical Navigation . London . p. 221 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Janet ( 1851 ) . An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy ( Ninth ed . ) . p. 295f . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Britten , Frederick James ( 1894 ) . Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work . New York : Spon & Chamberlain . p. 230 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 08 . Chronometers were not regularly supplied to the Royal Navy until about 1825 Jump up ^ Lecky , Squire , Wrinkles in Practical Navigation Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) . `` Chapter XXIV ― departure from Mozambique '' . Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat : in the U.S. sloop - of - war Peacock ... during the years 1832 - 3 - 4 ( Digital ed . ) . Harper & brothers . p. 373 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 ... what I have stated , will serve to show the absolute necessity of having firstrate chronometers , or the lunar observations carefully attended to ; and never omitted to be taken when practicable . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , 2003 : 615 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , 2003 : 614 Jump up ^ Maloney , 2003 : 618 . Jump up ^ Maloney , 2003 : 622 . ^ Jump up to : Bowditch , 2002 : 1 . Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Regulations Part 1 § 1.1 ^ Jump up to : Bowditch , 2002 : 105 . ^ Jump up to : Bowditch , 2002 : 269 . Jump up ^ Maloney , 2003 : 744 . Jump up ^ Bowditch , 2002 : 816 . ^ Jump up to : National Imagery and Mapping Agency , 2001 : 163 . ^ Jump up to : National Imagery and Mapping Agency , 2001 : 169 . Jump up ^ National Imagery and Mapping Agency , 2001 : 164 . ^ Jump up to : National Imagery and Mapping Agency , 2001 : 182 . Jump up ^ GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office Archived 2006 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed December 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Turpin and McEwen , 1980 : 6 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Regulation 34 - Safe Navigation '' . IMO RESOLUTION A. 893 ( 21 ) adopted on 25 November 1999 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ANNEX 24 -- MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning '' . IMO RESOLUTION A. 893 ( 21 ) adopted on 25 November 1999 . Retrieved March 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ANNEX 25 -- MCA Guidance Notes for Voyage Planning '' . IMO RESOLUTION A. 893 ( 21 ) adopted on 25 November 1999 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Cutler , Thomas J. ( December 2003 ) . Dutton 's Nautical Navigation ( 15th ed . ) . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 248 - 3 . Department of the Air Force ( March 2001 ) . Air Navigation ( PDF ) . Department of the Air Force . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 17 . Great Britain Ministry of Defence ( Navy ) ( 1995 ) . Admiralty Manual of Seamanship . The Stationery Office . ISBN 0 - 11 - 772696 - 6 . Bernhard Hofmann - Wellenhof ; K. Legat ; M. Wieser ( 2003 ) . Navigation : principles of positioning and guidance . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 00828 - 7 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Maloney , Elbert S. ( December 2003 ) . Chapman Piloting and Seamanship ( 64th ed . ) . New York , NY : Hearst Communications Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58816 - 089 - 8 . National Imagery and Mapping Agency ( 2001 ) . Publication 1310 : Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual ( 7th ed . ) . Bethesda , MD : U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 03 - 07 . Turpin , Edward A. ; McEwen , William A. ( 1980 ) . Merchant Marine Officers ' Handbook ( 4th ed . ) . Centreville , MD : Cornell Maritime Press . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 056 - X . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) . `` Navigation '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 17 . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1911 ) . `` Pytheas '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 17 . Raol , Jitendra ; Gopal , Ajith ( 2013 ) , Mobile Intelligent Autonomous Systems , CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW Suite 300 , Boca Raton , FL 33487 - 2742 , USA External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navigation . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : Navigation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Navigation . General Concepts about Marine Navigation Lectures in Navigation by Ernest Gallaudet Draper How to navigate with less than a compass or GPS Orienteering History of orienteering List of orienteering events Sport disciplines IOF - governed Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering Ski orienteering Trail orienteering IARU - governed Amateur radio direction finding Fox Oring Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area Other sports Canoe orienteering Car orienteering Mountain marathon Mounted orienteering Rogaining Related Adventure racing Alleycat race Fell running Relay race Transmitter hunting Equipment Event Control point Course Map Personal Compass hand protractor thumb Eye protectors Gaiters Headlamp Exceptions Backpacking GPS Whistle Fundamentals Map orienteering map Navigation cardinal direction resection route choice wayfinding waypoint Racing hiking running walking skiing mountain biking Organisations / lists International Orienteering Federation members List of clubs List of orienteers by country innovators List of events Non-sport related Adventure travel Bicycle touring Climbing Hiking Hunting Location - based game geocaching poker run Scoutcraft orienteering Backpacking wilderness Competitions Foot orienteering World Championships Junior World Cup World Games European Championships Open events O - Ringen Jukola Tiomila Kainuu Orienteering Week Jan Kjellström Festival Ski orienteering World Championships Junior World Cup MTB orienteering World Championships Trail orienteering World Championships WikiProject Satellite navigation systems Operational BDS / BeiDou - 2 / COMPASS DORIS Galileo GLONASS GPS / NavStar IRNSS / NAVIC Historical BDS / BeiDou - 1 Transit Timation Tsiklon GNSS augmentation EGNOS GAGAN GPS C ( retired ) JPALS LAAS MSAS NTRIP QZSS / Michibiki StarFire WAAS Related topics GNSS reflectometry Kalman filter Wavelet GND : 4041457 - 7 NARA : 10644764 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navigation&oldid=842638216 '' Categories : Navigation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from August 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation
| 107,706 |
||
a blastocyst is the stage of embryonic development that consists of
|
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals . It possesses an inner cell mass ( ICM ) which subsequently forms the embryo . The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast . This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid - filled cavity known as the blastocoele . The trophoblast gives rise to the placenta . The name `` blastocyst '' arises from the Greek βλαστός blastos ( `` a sprout '' ) and κύστις kystis ( `` bladder , capsule '' ) .
|
Blastocyst
|
blastocyst
|
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals . It possesses an inner cell mass ( ICM ) which subsequently forms the embryo . The outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the trophoblast . This layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid - filled cavity known as the blastocoele . The trophoblast gives rise to the placenta . The name `` blastocyst '' arises from the Greek βλαστός blastos ( `` a sprout '' ) and κύστις kystis ( `` bladder , capsule '' ) .
|
In humans , blastocyst formation begins about 5 days after fertilization , when a fluid - filled cavity opens up in the morula , a ball consisting of sixteen cells . The blastocyst has a diameter of about 0.1 - 0.2 mm and comprises 200 - 300 cells following rapid cleavage ( cell division ) . After about 1 day ( 5 -- 6 days post-fertilization ) , which is the time usually required to reach the uterus , the blastocyst begins to embed itself into the endometrium of the uterine wall where it will undergo later developmental processes , including gastrulation . Embedding of the blastocyst into the endometrium requires that it hatches from the zona pellucida , which prevents it from adhering to the oviduct as it makes its way to the uterus . The blastocyst is completely embedded in the endometrium only 11 -- 12 days after fertilization . The use of blastocysts in in - vitro fertilization ( IVF ) involves culturing a fertilized egg for five days before implanting it into the uterus . It can be a more viable method of fertility treatment than traditional IVF . The inner cell mass of blastocysts is also a source of embryonic stem cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development cycle 1.1 Blastocyst formation 1.2 Implantation 2 Structure 2.1 Cell specification 3 Clinical implications 3.1 Pregnancy tests 3.2 In vitro fertilization 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Development cycle ( edit ) During human embryogenesis , the blastomeres of the morula continue mitosis and compaction to form the blastula - a hollow sphere of cells surrounding a fluid filled cavity . Approximately 5 -- 6 days after fertilization the blastomeres of the blastula begin to undergo cell differentiation and its structure changes to become the blastocyst . In the uterus the zona pellucida of the blastocyst breaks down allowing it to implant into the uterine wall approximately 6 days after fertilization . Implantation marks the end of the germinal stage of embryogenesis . Early development of the embryo from ovulation through implantation in humans . The blastocyst stage occurs between 5 and 9 days of conception . Blastocyst formation ( edit ) The zygote develops by mitosis , and when it has developed into 16 cells becomes known as the morula . The morula then develops by cavitation to become the blastula . Cellular differentiation then develops the blastula 's cells into two types : trophoblast cells that surround the blastocoel and an inner mass of cells ( the embryoblast ) . This is then known as the blastocyst . The side of the blastocyst where the inner cellular mass ( ICM ) forms is referred to as the animal pole , while the vegetal pole refers to the side opposite this . The outer layer of trophoblast cells resulting from compaction pump sodium ions into blastocyst which cause water to enter through osmosis and form the internal fluid - filled blastocyst cavity ( blastocoel ) . This cavity in addition to cellular specification are both hallmark identities of the blastocyst . Implantation ( edit ) Implantation is critical to the survival and development of the early embryo . It establishes a connection between the mother and the early embryo which will continue through the remainder of the pregnancy . Implantation is made possible through structural changes in both the blastocyst and endometrial wall . The zona pellucida surrounding the blastocyst breaches , referred to as hatching . This removes the constraint on the physical size of the embryonic mass and exposes the outer cells of the blastocyst to the interior of the uterus . Furthermore , hormonal changes in the mother , specifically a peak in luteinizing hormone ( LH ) prepares the endometrium to receive the blastocyst and envelope it . Once bound to the extracellular matrix of the endometrium , trophoblast cells secrete enzymes and other factors to embed the blastocyst into the uterine wall . The enzymes released degrade the endometrial lining , while autocrine growth factors such as human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) and insulin - like growth factor ( IGF ) allow the blastocyst to further invade the endometrium . Implantation in the uterine wall allows for the next step in embryogenesis , gastrulation , which includes formation of the placenta from trophoblastic cells and differentiation of the ICM into the amniotic sac and epiblast . Structure ( edit ) The blastocyst is made up of cells from the inner cell mass and the blastocoel . There are two types of blastomere cells : The inner cell mass , also known as the embryoblast , gives rise to the primitive endoderm and the epiblast . The primitive endoderm develops into the amniotic sac which forms the fluid - filled cavity that the embryo resides in during pregnancy . The epiblast gives rise to the three germ layers of the developing embryo during gastrulation ( endoderm , mesoderm , and ectoderm ) . The trophoblast is a layer of cells forming the outer ring of the blastocyst that combines with the maternal endometrium to form the placenta . Trophoblast cells also secrete factors to make the blastocoel . Cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast , composed of stem cells which give rise to cells comprising the chorionic villi , placenta , and syncytiotrophoblast . Syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast . These cells secrete proteolytic enzymes to break down the endometrial extracellular matrix to allow for implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall . The blastocoel fluid cavity contains amino acids , growth factors , and other necessary molecules for cellular differentiation . Cell specification ( edit ) Multiple processes control cell lineage specification in the blastocyst to produce the trophoblast , epiblast , and primitive endoderm . These processes include : gene expression , cell signaling , cell - cell contact and positional relationships , and epigenetics . Once the ICM has been established within the blastocyst , this cell mass prepares for further specification into the epiblast and primitive endoderm . This process of specification is determined in part by fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) signaling which generates a MAP kinase pathway to alter cellular genomes . Further segregation of blastomeres into the trophoblast and inner cell mass are regulated by the homeodomain protein , Cdx2 . This transcription factor represses the expression of Oct4 and Nanog transcription factors in the trophectoderm . These genomic alterations allow for the progressive specification of both epiblast and primitive endoderm lineages at the end of the blastocyst phase of development preceding gastrulation . Trophoblasts express integrin on their cell surfaces which allow for adhesion to the extracellular matrix of the uterine wall . This interaction allows for implantation and also triggers further specification into the three different cell types , preparing the blastocyst for gastrulation . Clinical Implications ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pregnancy tests ( edit ) Levels of human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by the blastocyst during implantation is the factor measured in a pregnancy test . HCG can be measured in both the blood and urine to determine if a woman is pregnant . More hCG is secreted in a multiple pregnancy . Blood tests of hCG can also be used to check for abnormal pregnancies . In vitro fertilization ( edit ) In vitro fertilization is an alternative to traditional in vivo fertilization for fertilizing an egg with sperm and implanting that embryo into a female 's womb . For many years the embryo was inserted into the uterus two to three days after fertilization . However at this stage of development it is very difficult to predict which embryos will develop best , and several embryos were typically implanted . Several implanted embryos helped to guarantee that there would be a developing fetus but it also led to the development of multiple fetuses . This was a major problem and drawback for using embryos to IVF . A recent breakthrough for in vitro fertilization is the use of blastocysts . A blastocyst would be implanted five to six days after the eggs had been fertilized . After five or six days it is much easier to determine which embryos will result in healthy live births . Knowing which embryos will succeed allows just one blastocyst to be implanted , cutting down dramatically on the health risk and expense of multiple births . Now that the nutrient sources for embryonic and blastocyst development has been determined , it is much easier to give embryos the correct nutrients in order to sustain them into the blastocyst phase . Blastocyst implantation through in vitro fertilization is a painless procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the vagina , guided through the cervix via ultrasound , into the uterus where the blastocysts are inserted into the womb . Blastocysts also offer an advantage because they can be used to genetically test the cells to check for genomic problems . There are enough cells in a blastocyst that a few trophectoderm cells are able to be removed without disturbing the developing blastocyst . These cells can be tested for chromosome aneuploidy using preimplantation genetic screening ( PGS ) . See also ( edit ) Developmental biology Human embryogenesis References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Sherk , Stephanie Dionne ( 2006 ) . `` Prenatal Development '' . Gale Encyclopedia of Children 's Health . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Clinic , Mayo ( 2012 ) . `` Fetal development : The first trimester '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gilbert SF . Developmental Biology . 6th edition . Sunderland ( MA ) : Sinauer Associates ; 2000 . Early Mammalian Development . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10052/ Jump up ^ Zhang , Shuang ; Lin , Haiyan ; Kong , Shuangbo ; Wang , Shumin ; Wang , Hongmei ; Wang , Haibin ; Armant , D. Randall ( 2013 ) . `` Physiological and molecular determinants of embryo implantation '' . Molecular Aspects of Medicine . 34 ( 5 ) : 939 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2012.12. 011 . PMC 4278353 . PMID 23290997 . Jump up ^ Srisuparp , Santha ; Strakova , Zuzana ; Fazleabas , Asgerally T ( 2001 ) . `` The Role of Chorionic Gonadotropin ( CG ) in Blastocyst Implantation '' . Archives of Medical Research . 32 ( 6 ) : 627 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0188 - 4409 ( 01 ) 00330 - 7 . PMID 11750740 . Jump up ^ Scott F. Gilbert ( 15 July 2013 ) . Developmental Biology . Sinauer Associates , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60535 - 173 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schoenwolf , Gary C. , and William J. Larsen . Larsen 's Human Embryology . 4th ed . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier , 2009 . Print . Jump up ^ James , J. L ; Stone , PR ; Chamley , LW ( 2005 ) . `` Cytotrophoblast differentiation in the first trimester of pregnancy : Evidence for separate progenitors of extravillous trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast '' . Reproduction. 130 ( 1 ) : 95 -- 103 . doi : 10.1530 / rep. 1.00723 . PMID 15985635 . Jump up ^ Vićovac , L ; Aplin , JD ( 1996 ) . `` Epithelial - mesenchymal transition during trophoblast differentiation '' . Acta Anatomica. 156 ( 3 ) : 202 -- 16 . doi : 10.1159 / 000147847 . PMID 9124037 . Jump up ^ Gasperowicz , M. ; Natale , D.R.C. ( 2010 ) . `` Establishing Three Blastocyst Lineages -- Then What ? '' . Biology of Reproduction. 84 ( 4 ) : 621 -- 30 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod. 110.085209 . PMID 21123814 . Jump up ^ Yamanaka , Y. ; Lanner , F. ; Rossant , J. ( 2010 ) . `` FGF signal - dependent segregation of primitive endoderm and epiblast in the mouse blastocyst '' . Development . 137 ( 5 ) : 715 -- 24 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 043471 . PMID 20147376 . Jump up ^ Strumpf , D. ; Mao , CA ; Yamanaka , Y ; Ralston , A ; Chawengsaksophak , K ; Beck , F ; Rossant , J ( 2005 ) . `` Cdx2 is required for correct cell fate specification and differentiation of trophectoderm in the mouse blastocyst '' . Development . 132 ( 9 ) : 2093 -- 102 . doi : 10.1242 / dev. 01801 . PMID 15788452 . Jump up ^ C.H. Damsky ; Librach , C ; Lim , KH ; Fitzgerald , ML ; McMaster , MT ; Janatpour , M ; Zhou , Y ; Logan , SK ; Fisher , SJ ( 1994 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Integrin switching regulates normal trophoblast invasion '' . Development . 120 ( 12 ) : 3657 -- 66 . PMID 7529679 . Jump up ^ `` Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ( hCG ) '' . WebMD. 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fong , C.Y. ; Bongso , A. ; Ng , S.C. ; Anandakumar , C. ; Trounson , A. ; Ratnam , S. ( 1997 ) . `` Ongoing normal pregnancy after transfer of zona - free blastocysts : Implications for embryo transfer in the human '' . Human Reproduction. 12 ( 3 ) : 557 -- 60 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 12.3. 557 . PMID 9130759 . External links ( edit ) Blastocyst transfer and fertility treatment Risks of blastocyst transfer Blastocyst photos at different stages of development Diagram at weber.edu Blastocyst Differentiation Diagram ( hide ) Human embryogenesis in the first three weeks Week 1 Fertilization Oocyte activation Zygote Cleavage Blastomere Morula Blastocoele Blastocyst Blastula Inner cell mass Trophoblast Week 2 ( Bilaminar ) Hypoblast Epiblast Week 3 ( Trilaminar ) Germ layers Archenteron / Primitive streak Primitive pit Primitive knot / Blastopore Primitive groove Gastrula Gastrulation Regional specification Embryonic disc Ectoderm Surface ectoderm Neuroectoderm Somatopleuric mesenchyme Neurulation Neural crest Endoderm Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Mesoderm Axial mesoderm Paraxial Somite Somitomere Intermediate Lateral plate Intraembryonic coelom Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme Somatopleuric mesenchyme NDL : 00562770 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blastocyst&oldid=797964834 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Embryology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst
| 102,430 |
|
where did amy go on the only way is essex
|
Amy Childs
|
amy childs
|
Amy Andrea Childs ( born 7 June 1990 ) is an English television personality , model , businesswoman and fashion designer . Childs appeared in the first two series of the ITV2 series The Only Way Is Essex . She had her own reality television programme It 's All About Amy from 2011 to 2012 . Childs came in fourth place in the Channel 5 show Celebrity Big Brother 8 in 2011 . In 2014 , she participated in the Channel 4 show The Jump .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Filmography 2.1 Television 3 References 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Childs was born in Barking , but relocated to Brentwood , Essex . She attended Raphael Independent School where she was Head Girl . She left the school with four GCSE qualifications . Childs became well known in 2010 while appearing in the ITV2 semi-reality programme The Only Way Is Essex . She later signed to Can Associates management agency , the same agency that represented Jordan , Amy 's heroine : `` Jordan is definitely my idol . Her looks , her career , her businesses -- she 's fantastic . '' Childs puts her name to a ghost - written column for New ! magazine and presents a regular fashion segment on ITV1 's This Morning . She has also posed for the fashion magazine Vogue and attended the 2011 ceremony of the British Academy Television Awards , at which The Only Way is Essex received an award . The Sun revealed a list of the richest The Only way is Essex stars current and previous with Amy holding the top spot with £ 1.5 million followed by Mark Wright . In July 2011 , Childs was named Personality of the Year at the National Reality TV Awards . Childs competed in an episode of Let 's Dance for Sport Relief with her cousin and fellow TOWIE star Harry Derbidge in February 2012 . Amy also participated in a celebrity special of The Bank Job on Channel 4 in March 2012 . In 2011 her estimated earnings were £ 2.75 million . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2010 - 11 The Only Way is Essex Herself TV series ( 24 episodes & Christmas special ) 2011 Celebrity Big Brother Housemate Evicted Day 22 - 4th Place 2011 - 12 It 's All About Amy Herself 1 series ( 8 episodes ) 2014 The Jump Competitor 2nd Eliminated - 11th Place References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Amy Andrea Childs -- birthday girl '' . London : Twitter . 7 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : AMy Childs talks TOWIE rivalry and why she quit the Essex show Fabulous . Fabulousmag.co.uk ( 12 November 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Amy Childs Biography , Picture Gallery & Video . heatworld.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Love , Ryan ( 26 July 2011 ) . `` Amy Childs admits nerves over ' This Morning ' debut '' . London : Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Jane ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` AMY Childs has been tipped to top the TOWIE rich list -- by earning more than £ 10MILLION '' . The Sun . London . Jump up ^ `` Reality TV Awards : Apprentice wins three prizes '' . London : BBC . 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ TV 's Top 10 Richest Stars : Eamonn Holmes , Amy Childs , Harry Hill All Make The List ( PHOTOS ) . huffingtonpost.co.uk ( 16 February 2012 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amy Childs . Official website Amy Childs on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Childs&oldid=816036421 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people English businesspeople English columnists English women in business English women writers Participants in British reality television series People from Barking People from Brentwood , Essex Television personalities from London Women columnists Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2014 Use British English from February 2014 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français 한국어 Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 02 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy%20Childs
| 107,707 |
||
when is a supermajority required in the us senate
|
Supermajority
|
supermajority
|
A supermajority , or a qualified majority , is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of one half used for majority .
|
Related concepts regarding alternatives to the majority vote requirement include a majority of the entire membership and a majority of the fixed membership . A supermajority can also be specified based on the entire membership or fixed membership rather than on those present and voting . Parliamentary procedure requires that any action of a deliberative assembly that may alter the rights of a minority has a supermajority requirement , such as a two - thirds vote . Changes to constitutions , especially those with entrenched clauses , commonly require supermajority support in a legislature . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Common supermajorities 2.1 Two - thirds vote 2.2 Three - fifths , or 60 percent 2.3 55 percent 3 Related concepts 3.1 Majority of the entire membership 3.2 Majority of the fixed membership 4 Use in parliamentary procedure 5 Use in governments around the world 5.1 Canada 5.2 Denmark 5.3 European Union 5.3. 1 Council 5.3. 2 Parliament 5.4 India 5.5 International agreements 5.6 Japan 5.7 South Korea 5.8 United Kingdom 5.9 United Nations 5.10 United States 5.10. 1 Federal government 5.10. 2 State government 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) The first known use of a supermajority rule was in the 100s BCE in ancient Rome . Pope Alexander III introduced the use of supermajority rule for papal elections at the Third Lateran Council in 1179 . In the Democratic Party of the United States , the determination of a presidential nominee once required the votes of two - thirds of delegates to the Democratic National Convention . This rule was adopted in the party 's first presidential nominating convention -- the 1832 Democratic National Convention . The two - thirds rule gave southern Democrats an effective veto over any presidential nominee for many years , until the rule 's abolition at the 1936 Democratic National Convention . Common supermajorities ( edit ) Look up supermajority or qualified majority in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A majority vote , or more than half the votes cast , is a common voting basis . Instead of the basis of a majority , a supermajority can be specified using any fraction or percentage which is greater than one - half ( i.e. , 50 % ) . It can also be called a qualified majority . Common supermajorities include three fifths ( 60 % ) , two thirds ( 67 % ) , and three quarters ( 75 % ) . Two - thirds vote ( edit ) A two - thirds vote , when unqualified , means at least two - thirds of the votes cast . This voting basis is equivalent to the number of votes in favor being at least twice the number of votes against . Abstentions and absences are excluded in calculating a two - thirds vote . When unqualified , a two - thirds vote only applies to those present and voting . The two - thirds requirement can be qualified to include the entire membership of a body instead of only those present and voting , but such a requirement must be explicitly stated ( such as `` two - thirds of those members duly elected and sworn '' ) . In this case , abstentions and absences count as votes against the proposal . Alternatively , the voting requirement could be specified as `` two - thirds of those present '' , which has the effect of counting abstentions but not absences as votes against the proposal . For example , say an organization has 150 members and at a meeting , 30 members are present with 25 votes cast . In this case , a `` two - thirds vote '' would be 17 . If the requirement was `` two - thirds of those present '' , that number would be 20 . `` Two - thirds of the entire membership '' would be 100 . Three - fifths , or 60 percent ( edit ) Similar to the use of `` two thirds '' , `` three fifths '' , or 60 percent , could be specified in the voting requirement . This requirement could also be qualified to include the entire membership or to include those present . In 2006 , the Constitution of Florida was amended to require a 60 % majority to pass new constitutional amendments by popular vote . 55 percent ( edit ) For the Montenegrin independence referendum held in 2006 the European Union envoy Miroslav Lajčák proposed independence if a 55 % supermajority of votes are cast in favor with a minimum turnout of 50 % . Such procedure , ultimately accepted by the government of Montenegro , was somewhat criticized as overriding the traditional practice of requiring a two - third supermajority , as practiced in all ex Yugoslav countries before ( including the previous referendum in Montenegro ) . In 2016 , the Constitution of Colorado was amended to require a 55 % majority to pass new constitutional amendments by popular vote . Related concepts ( edit ) Related concepts regarding alternatives to the majority vote requirement include a `` majority of the entire membership '' and a `` majority of the fixed membership '' . Majority of the entire membership ( edit ) A majority of the entire membership is a voting basis that requires that more than half of all the members of a body ( including those absent and those present but not voting ) vote in favor of a proposition in order for it to be passed . In practical terms , it means an absence or an abstention from voting is equivalent to a `` no '' vote . It may be contrasted with a majority vote which only requires more than half of those actually voting to approve a proposition for it to be enacted . An absolute majority may also be the same as a majority of the entire membership , although this usage is not consistent . In addition , a supermajority could be specified in this voting basis , such as a vote of `` two - thirds of the entire membership '' . By way of illustration , in February 2007 the Italian Government fell after it won a vote in the Italian Senate by 158 votes to 136 ( with 24 abstentions ) . The government needed an absolute majority in the 318 member house but fell two votes short of the required 160 when two of its own supporters abstained . Majority of the fixed membership ( edit ) A majority of the fixed membership is based on the total number of the established fixed membership of the deliberative assembly . It is used only when a specific number of seats or memberships is established in the rules governing the organization . A majority of the fixed membership would be different from a majority of the entire membership if there are vacancies . For example , say a board has 12 seats . If the board has the maximum number of members , or 12 members , a majority of the entire membership and a majority of the fixed membership would be 7 members . However , if there are two vacancies ( so that there are only 10 members on the board ) , then a majority of the entire membership would be 6 members ( more than half of 10 ) , but a majority of the fixed membership would still be 7 members . It is possible for organizations that use a majority of the fixed membership to be caught in a stalemate if at least half the membership consists of vacancies , making it impossible to perform any actions until those vacancies are filled . The requirement for a minimum number of members to be present in order to conduct business , called a quorum , may be used to avoid such a possibility . Similar to the voting basis for the entire membership , a supermajority could be specified for this basis , such as a vote of `` two - thirds of the fixed membership '' . Use in parliamentary procedure ( edit ) Parliamentary procedure requires that any action that may alter the rights of a minority has a supermajority requirement . Robert 's Rules of Order states : As a compromise between the rights of the individual and the rights of the assembly , the principle has been established that a two - thirds vote is required to adopt any motion that : ( a ) suspends or modifies a rule of order previously adopted ; ( b ) prevents the introduction of a question for consideration ; ( c ) closes , limits , or extends the limits of debate ; ( d ) closes nominations or the polls , or otherwise limits the freedom of nominating or voting ; or ( e ) takes away membership . This book also states : The vote of a majority of the entire membership is frequently an alternative to a requirement of previous notice , and is required in order to rescind and expunge from the minutes ( see p. 310 ) . Otherwise , prescribing such a requirement is generally unsatisfactory in an assembly of an ordinary society , since it is likely to be impossible to get a majority of the entire membership even to attend a given meeting , although in certain instances it may be appropriate in conventions or in permanent boards where the members are obligated to attend the meetings . Use in governments around the World ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , most constitutional amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of Commons , the Senate and two thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50 percent of the national population . Denmark ( edit ) Article 20 of the Constitution of Denmark states that if the government or parliament wants to cede parts of national sovereignty to an international body such as the European Union or the United Nations , it has to get a five sixths majority in the Folketing ( 150 out of 179 seats ) . If the government or parliament are only able to get a simple majority , they have to hold a referendum on the question . European Union ( edit ) Council ( edit ) Main article : Voting in the Council of the European Union The Council of the European Union uses ' Qualified majority voting ' for the majority of issues brought before the institution . However for matters of extreme importance for individual member states , unanimous voting is implemented . After the accession of Croatia , on 1 July 2013 , at least 260 votes out of a total of 352 by at least 15 member states were required for legislation to be adopted by qualified majority . From 1 July 2013 , the pass condition translated into : At least 15 ( or 18 , if proposal was not made by the Commission ) countries , At least 260 of the total 352 voting weights , At least 313.6 million people represented by the states that vote in favour . Parliament ( edit ) Requirements to reach an absolute majority is a common feature of voting in the European Parliament ( EP ) where under the ordinary legislative procedure the EP is required to act by an absolute majority if it is to either amend or reject proposed legislation . India ( edit ) The Article 368 of the Indian Constitution requires a supermajority of two - thirds of members present and voting in each house of Indian Parliament , subject to at least by a majority of the total membership of each House of Parliament , to amend the constitution . In addition , in matters affecting the states and judiciary , at least one half of all the states need to ratify the amendment . International agreements ( edit ) The Rome Statute may only be amended by a seven - eighths majority of participating states . Japan ( edit ) Amendments to the constitution require a two - thirds majority in both houses of the National Diet and a simple majority in a referendum . South Korea ( edit ) The approval of three - fifths of legislators is required before a bill can be put to a vote in the National Assembly . United Kingdom ( edit ) The British Parliament can be dissolved and an election held before the expiry of its 5 - year term by a vote of two - thirds of the membership of the House of Commons . This is the only supermajority required in the British Constitution . However , Parliament can also be dissolved if the House of Commons passes a motion of no - confidence in the government and no new government wins a motion of confidence within two weeks of the original vote of no - confidence . United Nations ( edit ) The United Nations Security Council requires a supermajority of the fixed membership on substantive matters ( procedural matters require a simple majority of those present and voting ) . According to Article 27 of the United Nations Charter , at least nine of the Security Council 's 15 members ( i.e. , a three - fifths supermajority ) must vote in favor of a draft resolution in order to achieve passage . Specifying the fixed membership has the effect of making abstentions count as votes against -- absences are not normal but would be treated the same way . This is useful for the five permanent members of the Council ( the United States , the Russian Federation , the People 's Republic of China , the United Kingdom , and France ) because a vote against from any one of them constitutes a veto , which can not be overridden . Permanent members who do not support a measure , but are unwilling to be seen to block it against the wishes of the majority of the Council , tend to abstain ; abstentions by veto powers are generally seen by close observers of the UN as the equivalent of not vetoing votes against and have the same impact on the decision of the Security Council . United states ( edit ) Federal government ( edit ) The Constitution of the United States requires supermajorities in order for certain significant actions to occur . Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in one of two ways : a two - thirds supermajority votes of each house of Congress or a convention called by Congress on application of two thirds ( currently 34 ) of the states . Once proposed , the amendment must be ratified by three quarters ( currently 38 ) of the states . Congress may pass bills by simple majority votes . If the president vetoes a bill , Congress may override the veto by a two - thirds supermajority of both houses . A treaty may be ratified by a two - thirds supermajority of the Senate . Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution gives Congress a role to play in the event of a presidential disability . If the vice president and a majority of the president 's cabinet declares that the president is unable to serve in that role , the vice president becomes acting president . Within 21 days of such a declaration ( or , if Congress is in recess when a president is disabled , 21 days after Congress reconvenes ) , Congress must vote by two - thirds supermajorities to continue the disability declaration ; otherwise , such declaration expires after the 21 days and the president would at that time `` resume '' discharging all of the powers and duties of the office . While Section 3 of this amendment ( in which the president declares that they are unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Presidency ) has been invoked three times , Section 4 has yet to be invoked . The House may , by a simple majority vote , impeach a federal official ( such as the president , vice president , or a federal judge ) . Removal from office ( and optional disqualification from any Federal , State or local office ) requires a two - thirds supermajority of the Senate . In 1842 , the House failed to impeach president John Tyler . In 1868 , the Senate fell one vote short of removing president Andrew Johnson following his impeachment . In 1999 , efforts to remove Bill Clinton following his impeachment in 1998 fell just short of a simple majority , and 17 votes short of the two - thirds supermajority . The impeachment procedure was last used in 2010 , when Judge Thomas Porteous was removed from office . Each chamber may expel one of its own members by a two - thirds supermajority vote ; this last happened when the House expelled James Traficant in 2002 . A two - thirds supermajority in the Senate is 67 out of 100 senators , while a two - thirds supermajority in the House is 290 out of 435 representatives . However , since many votes take place without every seat in the House filled and representative participating , it does not often require 67 senators or 290 representatives to achieve this supermajority . Apart from these constitutional requirements , a Senate rule ( except in cases covered by the nuclear option , or of a rule change ) requires an absolute supermajority of three fifths to move to a vote through a cloture motion , which closes debate on a bill or nomination , thus ending a filibuster by a minority of members . In current practice , the mere threat of a filibuster prevents passing almost any measure that has less than three - fifths agreement in the Senate , 60 of the 100 senators if every seat is filled . State government ( edit ) For state legislatures in the United States , Mason 's Manual says , `` A deliberative body can not by its own act or rule require a two - thirds vote to take any action where the constitution or controlling authority requires only a majority vote . To require a two - thirds vote , for example , to take any action would be to give to any number more than one - third of the members the power to defeat the action and amount to a delegation of the powers of the body to a minority . '' Some states require a supermajority for passage of a constitutional amendment or statutory initiative . Many state constitutions allow or require amendments to their own constitutions to be proposed by supermajorities of the state legislature ; these amendments must usually be approved by the voters at one or more subsequent elections . Michigan , for instance , allows the Legislature to propose an amendment to the Michigan Constitution ; it must then be ratified by the voters at the next general election ( unless a special election is called ) . In most states , the state legislature may override a governor 's veto of legislation . In most states , a two - thirds supermajority of both chambers is required . However , in some states ( e.g. , Illinois , Maryland and North Carolina ) , only a three - fifths supermajority is required , while in West Virginia only a normal majority is needed . One common provision of so - called `` taxpayer bill of rights '' laws ( either in state statutes or state constitutions ) is a requirement of a supermajority vote in the state legislature to increases taxes . The National Conference of State Legislatures reported in 2010 that fifteen states required a supermajority vote ( either a three - fifths , two - thirds or three - fourths majority vote in both chambers ) to pass some or all tax increases . Supermajority requirements for tax increases have been criticized as `` deeply flawed '' by a Center on Budget and Policy Priorities report , since such requirements make it difficult to close tax loopholes , empower a minority of legislators , make it difficult to fund transportation infrastructure , and may encourage pork - barrel spending as a trade - off to ensure passage of a tax increase ( see logrolling ) . See also ( edit ) Double majority Minoritarianism Voting in the Council of the European Union -- described the `` qualified majority voting '' requirement in that body References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartzberg , Melissa ( 2013 ) . `` Prelude : Acclamation and Aggregation in the Ancient World - The Origin of Supermajority Rules '' . Counting the Many : The Origins and Limits of Supermajority Rule . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19823 - 3 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schwartzberg ( 2013 ) , pp. 51 , 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Bensel , Richard Franklin ( 2008 ) . Passion and Preferences : William Jennings Bryan and the 1896 Democratic Convention . Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Bruce J. ( 1994 ) . From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt : Federal Policy , Economic Development , and the Transformation of the South , 1938 -- 1980 . Duke University Press . p. 45 ... Jump up ^ See dictionary definition of `` supermajority '' at thefreedictionary.com . `` Qualified majority '' redirects to this definition . ^ Jump up to : Schermers , Henry G. ; Blokker , Niels M. ( 2011 ) . International Institutional Law : Unity Within Diversity ( Fifth Revised ed . ) . Leiden , The Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . pp. 561 -- 563 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 18798 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Robert , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Da Capo Press . p. 401 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82020 - 5 ... Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 5 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert ( 2011 ) , p. 406 . ^ Jump up to : Robert ( 2011 ) , p. 402. p ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 6 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robert ( 2011 ) , p. 403 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Imposition of Distribution and Supermajority Requirements for Citizen - Initiated Constitutional Amendments , Amendment 71 ( 2016 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute majority of members ( European Parliament ) '' . EUAbc.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hooper , John ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Prodi stands down after surprise defeat in senate over US alliance '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert ( 2011 ) , p. 404 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Susannah ; Christensen , Jens Peter ( November 2015 ) . `` 03 - Regeringen '' . Min grundlov - Grundloven med forklaringer ( PDF ) ( 13 ed . ) . Folketingets Kommunikationsenhed . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 87 - 7982 - 172 - 3 . Til vedtagelse af lovforslag herom kræves et flertal på fem sjettedele af Folketingets medlemmer . Opnås et sådant flertal ikke , men dog det til vedtagelse af almindelige lovforslag nødvendige flertal , og opretholder regeringen forslaget , forelægges det folketingsvælgerne til godkendelse eller forkastelse efter de for folkeafstemninger i § 42 fastsatte regler . Jump up ^ http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_1.4.2.html Jump up ^ See Article 294 ( 7 ) of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of Japan '' . japan.kantei.go.jp . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Tyranny of the Minority in South Korea '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ National Conference of State Legislatures ( 2000 ) . Mason 's Manual of Legislative Procedure , 2000 ed. , p. 353 Jump up ^ `` Supermajority Vote Requirements '' . www.ncsl.org . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Article XII § 1 '' . Constitution of Michigan of 1963 . Michigan Legislature . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shanton , Karen ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wrapup of Veto Overrides in States with Veto - Proof Legislatures and Divided Government '' . NCSL Blog . National Conference of State Legislatures . Jump up ^ Friedman , Dan ( 2006 ) . The Maryland State Constitution : A Reference Guide . Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States , No. 41 . Praeger . p. 75 . Jump up ^ Lousin , Ann M. ( 2011 ) . The Illinois State Constitution . Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 119 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina State Constitution '' . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waisanen , Bert ( 2010 ) . `` State Tax and Expenditure Limits -- 2010 '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Jump up ^ Johnson , Nicholas ( April 25 , 2006 ) . `` A Super Bad Idea : Requiring a Two - thirds Legislative Supermajority to Raise Taxes Protects Special Interest Tax Breaks and Gives Budget Veto Power to a Small Minority of Legislators '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Types of majority Single member Plurality Majority Supermajority Double majority Multi-member ( election threshold ) Hare quota Droop quota Imperiali quota Hagenbach - Bischoff quota ( hide ) Parliamentary procedure Major concepts History of parliamentary procedure Principles of parliamentary procedure Deliberative assembly Committee Session Quorum Chair Floor Recognition Motion Second Debate Main motion Order of business Minutes Voting methods in deliberative assemblies Majority Unanimous consent Subsidiary motions Postpone indefinitely Amend Commit Postpone to a certain time Limit or extend limits of debate Previous question Cloture Lay on the table Privileged motions Call for the orders of the day Raise a question of privilege Recess Adjourn Fix the time to which to adjourn Incidental motions Point of order Appeal Suspend the rules Objection to the consideration of a question Division of a question Consideration by paragraph or seriatim Division of the assembly Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls Motions relating to nominations Request to be excused from a duty Requests and inquiries ( Parliamentary inquiry , Request for information , Request for permission to withdraw or modify a motion , Request to read papers , Request for any other privilege ) Motions that bring a question again before the assembly Take from the table Rescind , repeal , annul or amend something previously adopted Discharge a committee Reconsider Legislative procedures Call of the house Hoist Motion to pass on Recall of Parliament Disciplinary procedures Censure Declare the chair vacant Impeach Naming Parliamentary authorities Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( RONR ) The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure ( TSC or Sturgis ) Demeter 's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure Riddick 's Rules of Procedure Mason 's Manual of Legislative Procedure Erskine May : Parliamentary Practice Bourinot 's Rules of Order Beauchesne 's Parliamentary Rules and Forms Morin code Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supermajority&oldid=803665215 '' Categories : Elections Voting theory Majority Hidden categories : Articles that cite the 2000 edition of Mason 's Manual of Legislative Procedure Use mdy dates from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 21 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermajority
| 45,024 |
||
how many countries are there in the world un
|
Membership within the United Nations system divides the 206 listed states into three categories : 193 member states , 2 observer states , and 11 other states . The sovereignty dispute column indicates states whose sovereignty is undisputed ( 191 states ) and states whose sovereignty is disputed ( 15 states , out of which there are 5 member states , 1 observer state and 9 other states ) .
|
206
|
List of sovereign states
|
list of sovereign states
|
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world , with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty . Membership within the United Nations system divides the 206 listed states into three categories : 193 member states , 2 observer states , and 11 other states . The sovereignty dispute column indicates states whose sovereignty is undisputed ( 191 states ) and states whose sovereignty is disputed ( 15 states , out of which there are 5 member states , 1 observer state and 9 other states ) . Compiling a list such as this can be a difficult and controversial process , as there is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations concerning the criteria for statehood . For more information on the criteria used to determine the contents of this list , please see the criteria for inclusion section below . The list is intended to include entities that have been recognized to have de facto status as sovereign states , and inclusion should not be seen as an endorsement of any specific claim to statehood in legal terms . Contents 1 List of states 2 Criteria for inclusion 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography List of states ( edit ) Common and formal names Membership within the UN System Sovereignty dispute Further information on status and recognition of sovereignty A AAA A AAA A AAA ZZZ ↓ UN member states and observer states ↓ A AAA ZZZ ZZZ Abkhazia → Abkhazia A UN member state A None Afghanistan -- Islamic Republic of Afghanistan A UN member state A None Albania -- Republic of Albania A UN member state A None Algeria -- People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria A UN member state A None Andorra -- Principality of Andorra A UN member state A None Andorra is a co-principality in which the office of head of state is jointly held ex officio by the French president and the bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Urgell , who himself is appointed by the Holy See . Angola -- Republic of Angola A UN member state A None Antigua and Barbuda A UN member state A None Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm with 1 autonomous region , Barbuda . Argentina -- Argentine Republic A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and 1 autonomous city . Armenia -- Republic of Armenia A UN member state A None Not recognized by Pakistan . See Armenia -- Pakistan relations and Nagorno - Karabakh conflict . ZZZ Artsakh → Artsakh A UN member state A None Australia -- Commonwealth of Australia A UN member state A None Australia is a Commonwealth realm and a federation of six states and 10 territories . The external territories of Australia are : Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Territory Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Austria -- Republic of Austria A UN member state A None Member of the European Union . Austria is a federation of nine states ( Bundesländer ) . Azerbaijan -- Republic of Azerbaijan A UN member state A None Azerbaijan contains two autonomous regions , Nakhchivan and Nagorno - Karabakh ( Dağlıq Qarabağ ) . The Republic of Artsakh , a de facto state , has been established in the latter . Bahamas , The -- Commonwealth of The Bahamas A UN member state A None The Bahamas is a Commonwealth realm . Bahrain -- Kingdom of Bahrain A UN member state A None Bangladesh -- People 's Republic of Bangladesh A UN member state A None Barbados A UN member state A None Barbados is a Commonwealth realm . Belarus -- Republic of Belarus A UN member state A None Belarus forms the Union State jointly with Russia . Belgium -- Kingdom of Belgium A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Belgium is a federation divided into linguistic communities and regions . Belize A UN member state A None Belize is a Commonwealth realm . Benin -- Republic of Benin A UN member state A None Bhutan -- Kingdom of Bhutan A UN member state A None Bolivia -- Plurinational State of Bolivia A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Bosnia and Herzegovina A UN member state A None Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of two constituent units : Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republika Srpska and Brčko District , a self - governing administrative unit . Botswana -- Republic of Botswana A UN member state A None Brazil -- Federative Republic of Brazil A UN member state A None Member of UNASUL . Brazil is a federation of 26 states and 1 federal district . Brunei -- Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace A UN member state A None Bulgaria -- Republic of Bulgaria A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Burkina Faso A UN member state A None Burma → Myanmar A UN member state A None Burundi -- Republic of Burundi A UN member state A None Cambodia -- Kingdom of Cambodia A UN member state A None Cameroon -- Republic of Cameroon A UN member state A None Canada A UN member state A None Canada is a Commonwealth realm and a federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories . Cape Verde -- Republic of Cabo Verde A UN member state A None Central African Republic A UN member state A None Chad -- Republic of Chad A UN member state A None Chile -- Republic of Chile A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Chile has two `` special territories '' in the Valparaíso Region : Easter Island and Juan Fernández Islands China -- People 's Republic of China A UN member state Partially unrecognized . B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) contains five autonomous regions : Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Xinjiang Tibet Additionally , it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of : Hong Kong Macau China claims , but does not control Taiwan , which is governed by a rival administration ( the Republic of China ) that claims all of China as its territory . China is not recognised by 19 UN member states and the Holy See , which , with the exception of Bhutan , recognise Taiwan instead . China controls part of the territory of Kashmir , which is disputed by India and Pakistan . China , Republic of → Taiwan A UN member state A None Colombia -- Republic of Colombia A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Comoros -- Union of the Comoros A UN member state A None Comoros is a federation of 3 islands . Congo , Democratic Republic of the A UN member state A None Congo , Republic of the A UN member state A None ZZZ Cook Islands → Cook Islands A UN member state A None Costa Rica -- Republic of Costa Rica A UN member state A None Côte d'Ivoire → Ivory Coast A UN member state A None Croatia -- Republic of Croatia A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Cuba -- Republic of Cuba A UN member state A None Cyprus -- Republic of Cyprus A UN member state Not recognized by Turkey Member of the EU . The northeastern part of the island is the de facto state of Northern Cyprus . See Foreign relations of Cyprus and Cyprus dispute . Turkey refers to the Republic of Cyprus government as `` The Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus '' . Czech Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Democratic People 's Republic of Korea → Korea , North A UN member state A None Democratic Republic of the Congo → Congo , Democratic Republic of the A UN member state A None Denmark -- Kingdom of Denmark A UN member state A None Member of the EU . The Kingdom of Denmark includes 2 self - governing territories : Faroe Islands Greenland The continental territory of Denmark , the Faroe Islands , and Greenland form the three constituent countries of the Kingdom . The designation `` Denmark '' can refer either to continental Denmark or to the short name for the entire Kingdom ( e.g. in international organizations ) . The Kingdom of Denmark as a whole is a member of the EU , but EU law does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Also see Greenland Treaty . Djibouti -- Republic of Djibouti A UN member state A None Dominica -- Commonwealth of Dominica A UN member state A None Dominican Republic A UN member state A None East Timor -- Democratic Republic of Timor - Leste A UN member state A None Ecuador -- Republic of Ecuador A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Egypt -- Arab Republic of Egypt A UN member state A None El Salvador -- Republic of El Salvador A UN member state A None Equatorial Guinea -- Republic of Equatorial Guinea A UN member state A None Eritrea -- State of Eritrea A UN member state A None Estonia -- Republic of Estonia A UN member state A None Member of the EU . eSwatini -- Kingdom of Eswatini A UN member state A None Ethiopia -- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia A UN member state A None Ethiopia is a federation of nine regions and two chartered cities . Fiji -- Republic of Fiji A UN member state A None Fiji contains 1 autonomous region , Rotuma . Finland -- Republic of Finland A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Åland is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland . France -- French Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . France contains five overseas regions / departments : French Guiana , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Mayotte , and Réunion . France also includes the overseas territories of : Clipperton Island French Polynesia New Caledonia Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon -- Gabonese Republic A UN member state A None Gambia Gambia , The -- Republic of The Gambia A UN member state A None Georgia A UN member state A None Georgia contains two autonomous republics , Adjara and Abkhazia . In Abkhazia and South Ossetia , de facto states have been formed . Germany -- Federal Republic of Germany A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Germany is a federation of 16 federated states ( Länder ) . Ghana -- Republic of Ghana A UN member state A None Greece -- Hellenic Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Mount Athos is an autonomous part of Greece that is jointly governed by the multinational `` Holy Community '' on the mountain and a civil governor appointed by the Greek government . Grenada A UN member state A None Grenada is a Commonwealth realm . Guatemala -- Republic of Guatemala A UN member state A None Guinea -- Republic of Guinea A UN member state A None Guinea - Bissau -- Republic of Guinea - Bissau A UN member state A None Guyana -- Co-operative Republic of Guyana A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Haiti -- Republic of Haiti A UN member state A None Holy See → Vatican City A UN member state A None Honduras -- Republic of Honduras A UN member state A None Hungary A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Iceland A UN member state A None India -- Republic of India A UN member state A None India is a federation of 29 states and seven union territories . India claims the entire territory of Kashmir as one of its states , but only exercises control over part of it , while the rest is controlled by the People 's Republic of China and Pakistan . Indonesia -- Republic of Indonesia A UN member state A None Indonesia has five provinces with official special autonomy status : Aceh , Jakarta SCR , Yogyakarta SR , Papua , and West Papua . Iran -- Islamic Republic of Iran A UN member state A None Iraq -- Republic of Iraq A UN member state A None Iraq is a federation of 19 governorates , five of which make up the autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan . Ireland A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Israel -- State of Israel A UN member state Partially unrecognized Israel exerts strong control over the territory claimed by Palestine . Israel annexed East Jerusalem , an annexation not recognised by the international community . Israel maintains varying levels of control over the rest of the West Bank , and although Israel no longer has a permanent civilian or military presence in the Gaza Strip , following its unilateral disengagement , it is still considered by some to be the occupying power under international law . Israel is not recognised as a state by 32 UN members ( including most Arab states ) nor by the SADR . Italy -- Italian Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Italy has 5 autonomous regions , with varying levels of autonomy from the central government of Italy , and known officially as `` special status regions '' : Aosta Valley Friuli - Venezia Giulia Sardinia Sicily Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol Ivory Coast -- Republic of Côte d'Ivoire A UN member state A None Jamaica A UN member state A None Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm . Japan A UN member state A None Jordan -- Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan A UN member state A None Kazakhstan -- Republic of Kazakhstan A UN member state A None Kenya -- Republic of Kenya A UN member state A None Kiribati -- Republic of Kiribati A UN member state A None Korea , North -- Democratic People 's Republic of Korea A UN member state B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain North Korea is not recognised by three UN members : France , Japan and South Korea . Korea , South -- Republic of Korea A UN member state B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain South Korea has 1 autonomous region : Jejudo South Korea is not recognised by one UN member : North Korea . ZZZ Kosovo → Kosovo A UN member state A None Kuwait -- State of Kuwait A UN member state A None Kyrgyzstan -- Kyrgyz Republic A UN member state A None Laos -- Lao People 's Democratic Republic A UN member state A None Latvia -- Republic of Latvia A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Lebanon -- Lebanese Republic A UN member state A None Lesotho -- Kingdom of Lesotho A UN member state A None Liberia -- Republic of Liberia A UN member state A None Libya A UN member state A None Liechtenstein -- Principality of Liechtenstein A UN member state A None Lithuania -- Republic of Lithuania A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Luxembourg -- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Macedonia -- Republic of Macedonia A UN member state A None Because of the Macedonia naming dispute , the country is referred to by the UN and a number of states and international organizations as `` the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' . Madagascar -- Republic of Madagascar A UN member state A None Malawi -- Republic of Malawi A UN member state A None Malaysia A UN member state A None Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories . Maldives -- Republic of Maldives A UN member state A None Mali -- Republic of Mali A UN member state A None Malta -- Republic of Malta A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Marshall Islands -- Republic of the Marshall Islands A UN member state A None Under Compact of Free Association with the United States . Mauritania -- Islamic Republic of Mauritania A UN member state A None Mauritius -- Republic of Mauritius A UN member state A None Mauritius has an autonomous island , Rodrigues . Mexico -- United Mexican States A UN member state A None Mexico is a federation of 31 states and one autonomous city . Micronesia -- Federated States of Micronesia A UN member state A None Under Compact of Free Association with the United States . The Federated States of Micronesia is a federation of four states . Moldova -- Republic of Moldova A UN member state A None Moldova has the autonomous regions of Gagauzia and Transnistria , the latter of which has established a de facto state . Monaco -- Principality of Monaco A UN member state A None Mongolia A UN member state A None Montenegro A UN member state A None Morocco -- Kingdom of Morocco A UN member state A None Morocco claims sovereignty over Western Sahara and controls most of it , which is disputed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic . Mozambique -- Republic of Mozambique A UN member state A None Myanmar -- Republic of the Union of Myanmar A UN member state A None ZZZ Nagorno - Karabakh → Artsakh A UN member state A None Namibia -- Republic of Namibia A UN member state A None Nauru -- Republic of Nauru A UN member state A None Nepal -- Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal A UN member state A None Nepal is a federation composed of 14 zones . Netherlands -- Kingdom of the Netherlands A UN member state A None Member of the EU . The Kingdom of the Netherlands includes four areas with substantial autonomy : Aruba Curaçao Netherlands Sint Maarten The continental part of the Netherlands , Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten form the four constituent countries of the Kingdom . Three other territories ( Bonaire , Saba , and Sint Eustatius ) are special municipalities of the continental Netherlands . The designation `` Netherlands '' can refer either to the continental Netherlands or to the short name for the entire Kingdom ( e.g. in international organizations ) . The Kingdom of the Netherlands as a whole is a member of the EU , but EU law applies only to parts within Europe . New Zealand A UN member state A None New Zealand is a Commonwealth realm , and has the dependent territories of : Ross Dependency Tokelau New Zealand has responsibilities for ( but no rights of control over ) two freely associated states : Cook Islands Niue The Cook Islands and Niue have diplomatic relations with 46 and 18 UN members respectively . They have full treaty - making capacity in the UN , and are members of some UN specialized agencies . Nicaragua -- Republic of Nicaragua A UN member state A None Nicaragua contains two autonomous regions , Atlántico Sur and Atlántico Norte . Niger -- Republic of Niger A UN member state A None Nigeria -- Federal Republic of Nigeria A UN member state A None Nigeria is a federation of 36 states and 1 federal territory . ZZZ Niue → Niue A UN member state A None ZZZ Northern Cyprus → Northern Cyprus A UN member state A None North Korea → Korea , North A UN member state A None Norway -- Kingdom of Norway A UN member state A None Svalbard is an integral part of Norway , but has a special status due to the Svalbard Treaty . Jan Mayen is an island that is an integral part of Norway , although unincorporated . Norway has the dependent territories of : Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Oman -- Sultanate of Oman A UN member state A None Pakistan -- Islamic Republic of Pakistan A UN member state A None Pakistan is a federation of four provinces , 1 capital territory , and tribal regions . Pakistan disputes the entire territory of Kashmir with India , and part of it with the People 's Republic of China . It exercises control over certain portions of Kashmir , but has not officially annexed any of it , instead regarding it as a disputed territory . The portions that it controls are divided into two territories , administered separately from Pakistan proper : Azad Kashmir Gilgit Baltistan Azad Kashmir describes itself as a `` self - governing state under Pakistani control '' , while Gilgit - Baltistan is described in its governance order as a group of `` areas '' with self - government . These territories are not usually regarded as sovereign , as they do not fulfill the criteria set out by the declarative theory of statehood ( for example , their current laws do not allow them to engage independently in relations with other states ) . Several state functions of these territories ( such as foreign affairs and defence ) are performed by Pakistan . Palau -- Republic of Palau A UN member state A None Under Compact of Free Association with the United States . Palestine -- State of Palestine A UN observer state ; member of 1 UN specialized agency Partially unrecognized . B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain The declared State of Palestine has received diplomatic recognition from 137 states . The proclaimed state has no agreed territorial borders , or effective control on much of the territory that it proclaimed . The Palestinian National Authority is an interim administrative body formed as a result of the Oslo Accords that exercises limited autonomous jurisdiction within the Palestinian territories . In foreign relations , Palestine is represented by the Palestine Liberation Organization . The State of Palestine is a member state of UNESCO , and an observer state in the UN . Panama -- Republic of Panama A UN member state A None Papua New Guinea -- Independent State of Papua New Guinea A UN member state A None Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm with 1 autonomous region , Bougainville . Paraguay -- Republic of Paraguay A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Peru -- Republic of Peru A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Philippines -- Republic of the Philippines A UN member state A None The Philippines contains one autonomous region , Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Poland -- Republic of Poland A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Portugal -- Portuguese Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Portugal contains two autonomous regions , Azores and Madeira . Pridnestrovie → Transnistria A UN member state A None Qatar -- State of Qatar A UN member state A None Republic of Korea → Korea , South A UN member state A None Republic of the Congo → Congo , Republic of the A UN member state A None Romania A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Russia -- Russian Federation A UN member state A None Russia is officially a federation of 85 federal subjects ( republics , oblasts , krais , autonomous okrugs , federal cities , and an autonomous oblast ) . Several of the federal subjects are ethnic republics . Russia also forms the Union State jointly with Belarus . Rwanda -- Republic of Rwanda A UN member state A None ZZZ Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic → Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic A UN member state A None Saint Kitts and Nevis -- Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis A UN member state A None Saint Kitts and Nevis is a Commonwealth realm and is a federation of two islands , St. Kitts and Nevis . Saint Lucia A UN member state A None Saint Lucia is a Commonwealth realm . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines A UN member state A None Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Commonwealth realm . Samoa -- Independent State of Samoa A UN member state A None San Marino -- Republic of San Marino A UN member state A None São Tomé and Príncipe -- Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe A UN member state A None São Tomé and Príncipe contains 1 autonomous province , Príncipe . Saudi Arabia -- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia A UN member state A None Senegal -- Republic of Senegal A UN member state A None Serbia -- Republic of Serbia A UN member state A None Serbia contains two autonomous regions , Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija . The latter is under the de facto control of the Republic of Kosovo . Seychelles -- Republic of Seychelles A UN member state A None Sierra Leone -- Republic of Sierra Leone A UN member state A None Singapore -- Republic of Singapore A UN member state A None Slovakia -- Slovak Republic A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Slovenia -- Republic of Slovenia A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Solomon Islands A UN member state A None The Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth realm . Somalia -- Federal Republic of Somalia A UN member state A None Somalia has two self - declared autonomous regions : Puntland and Galmudug , while the territory of Somaliland has formed an unrecognised de facto state . ZZZ Somaliland → Somaliland A UN member state A None South Africa -- Republic of South Africa A UN member state A None South Korea → Korea , South A UN member state A None ZZZ South Ossetia → South Ossetia A UN member state A None South Sudan -- Republic of South Sudan A UN member state A None South Sudan is a federation of 28 states . The Abyei Area is a zone with `` special administrative status '' established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005 . It is de-jure a condominium of South Sudan and Sudan , but de facto administered by South Sudan . Spain -- Kingdom of Spain A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 special autonomous cities . Sri Lanka -- Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka A UN member state A None Sudan -- Republic of the Sudan A UN member state A None Sudan is a federation of 18 states . Sudan claims the Abyei Area , which is currently under UN protection and governed by South Sudan . ZZZ Sudan , South → South Sudan A UN member state A None Suriname -- Republic of Suriname A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Swaziland → eSwatini A UN member state A None Sweden -- Kingdom of Sweden A UN member state A None Member of the EU . Switzerland -- Swiss Confederation A UN member state A None Switzerland is a federation of 26 cantons . Syria -- Syrian Arab Republic A UN member state A None The Syrian National Coalition , which is recognized as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people by 20 UN members , has established an interim government to rule rebel controlled territory during the Syrian civil war . Syria has one self - declared autonomous region : Rojava . ZZZ Taiwan ( Republic of China ) → Taiwan A UN member state A None Tajikistan -- Republic of Tajikistan A UN member state A None Tajikistan contains 1 autonomous region , Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province . Tanzania -- United Republic of Tanzania A UN member state A None Tanzania contains 1 autonomous region , Zanzibar . Thailand -- Kingdom of Thailand A UN member state A None The Bahamas → Bahamas , The A UN member state A None The Gambia → Gambia , The A UN member state A None Timor - Leste → East Timor A UN member state A None Togo -- Togolese Republic A UN member state A None Tonga -- Kingdom of Tonga A UN member state A None ZZZ Transnistria → Transnistria A UN member state A None Trinidad and Tobago -- Republic of Trinidad and Tobago A UN member state A None Trinidad and Tobago contains 1 autonomous region , Tobago . Tunisia -- Tunisian Republic A UN member state A None Turkey -- Republic of Turkey A UN member state A None Turkmenistan A UN member state A None Tuvalu A UN member state A None Tuvalu is a Commonwealth realm . Uganda -- Republic of Uganda A UN member state A None Ukraine A UN member state A None Ukraine contains an autonomous republic , Crimea . In 2014 Russia annexed the region along with Sevastopol turning them in one of its federal subjects as Republic of Crimea and city of Sevastopol . United Arab Emirates A UN member state A None The United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates . United Kingdom -- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland A UN member state A None Member of the EU . The United Kingdom is a Commonwealth realm consisting of four constituent countries : England , Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories : Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands British Antarctic Territory The British monarch has direct sovereignty over three self - governing Crown dependencies : Bailiwick of Guernsey Isle of Man Bailiwick of Jersey United States -- United States of America A UN member state A None The United States is a federation of 50 states and 1 federal district with shared sovereignty . The Federal government of the United States has sovereignty over the following inhabited possessions and commonwealths : American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands It also has sovereignty over several uninhabited territories : Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Wake Island It also has sovereignty over the following incorporated territories : Palmyra Atoll Three sovereign states have become associated states of the United States under the Compact of Free Association : Marshall Islands -- Republic of the Marshall Islands Micronesia -- Federated States of Micronesia Palau -- Republic of Palau It also disputes sovereignty over the following territories : Bajo Nuevo Bank Serranilla Bank Uruguay -- Oriental Republic of Uruguay A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Uzbekistan -- Republic of Uzbekistan A UN member state A None Uzbekistan contains 1 autonomous region , Karakalpakstan . Vanuatu -- Republic of Vanuatu A UN member state A None Vatican City -- Vatican City State A UN observer state under the designation of `` Holy See '' ; member of three UN specialized agencies and the IAEA A None Administered by the Holy See , a sovereign entity with diplomatic ties to 183 states -- 180 UN member states , one UN observer state ( Palestine ) , the Cook Islands and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . The Holy See is a member of the IAEA , ITU , UPU , and WIPO and a permanent observer of the UN ( in the category of `` Non-member State '' ) and multiple other UN System organizations . The Vatican City is governed by officials appointed by the Pope , who is the Bishop of the Diocese of Rome and ex officio sovereign of Vatican City . Venezuela -- Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela A UN member state A None Member of the UNASUL . Venezuela is a federation of 23 states , 1 capital district , and federal dependencies . Vietnam -- Socialist Republic of Vietnam A UN member state A None Yemen -- Republic of Yemen A UN member state A None Zambia -- Republic of Zambia A UN member state A None Zimbabwe -- Republic of Zimbabwe A UN member state A None ZZZ ↑ UN member states and observer states ↑ A ZZZ ZZZ ZZZ AB ZZZ ↓ Other states ↓ D AAA ZZZ Abkhazia -- Republic of Abkhazia D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain Recognised by Russia , Nauru , Nicaragua , Venezuela , Artsakh , South Ossetia and Transnistria . Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia . Artsakh -- Republic of Artsakh D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain A de facto independent state , recognized only by Abkhazia , South Ossetia and Transnistria . Claimed in whole by Azerbaijan . Cook Islands D Member of eight UN specialized agencies A None ( See political status ) A state in free association with New Zealand , the Cook Islands maintains diplomatic relations with 49 states . The Cook Islands is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity . It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship . Kosovo -- Republic of Kosovo D Member of two UN specialized agencies B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain Pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 , Kosovo was placed under the administration of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo in 1999 . Kosovo declared independence in 2008 , and it has received diplomatic recognition from 113 UN member states and the Republic of China . Serbia continues to maintain its sovereignty claim over Kosovo . Other UN member states and non UN member states continue to recognise Serbian sovereignty or have taken no position on the question . Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group . The Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory , with limited control in North Kosovo . Niue D Member of five UN specialized agencies A None ( See political status ) A state in free association with New Zealand , Niue maintains diplomatic relations with 20 states . Niue is a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity . It shares a head of state with New Zealand as well as having shared citizenship . Northern Cyprus -- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain Recognised only by Turkey . Under the name `` Turkish Cypriot State '' , it is an observer state of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization . Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain Recognised at some stage by 84 UN member states , 38 of which have since withdrawn or frozen their recognition . It is a founding member of the African Union and the Asian -- African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian -- African Conference . The territories under its control , the so - called Free Zone , are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces . In turn , the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Morocco . Its government resides in exile in Tindouf , Algeria . Somaliland -- Republic of Somaliland D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain A de facto independent state , not diplomatically recognised by any other state , claimed in whole by the Federal Republic of Somalia . South Ossetia -- Republic of South Ossetia -- the State of Alania D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain A de facto independent state , recognised by Russia , Nicaragua , Nauru , Syria , Venezuela , Abkhazia , Artsakh and Transnistria . Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia . Taiwan -- Republic of China DFormer UN member ( as Republic of China , 1945 -- 1971 ) Observer in one UN specialized agency under the name `` Chinese Taipei '' B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain A state competing ( nominally ) for recognition with the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) as the government of China since 1949 . The Republic of China ( ROC ) controls the island of Taiwan and associated islands , Quemoy , Matsu , the Pratas and parts of the Spratly Islands , and has not renounced claims over its annexed territories on the mainland . The ROC is recognised by 16 UN member states and the Holy See as of 21 August 2018 . All these states do not recognise the PRC either . Additionally , one UN member ( Bhutan ) has refrained from recognising either the ROC or the PRC . The territory of the ROC is claimed in whole by the PRC . The ROC participates in international organizations under a variety of pseudonyms , most commonly `` Chinese Taipei '' and in the WTO it has full membership . The ROC was a founding member of the UN and enjoyed membership from 1945 to 1971 , with veto power in the UN Security Council . See China and the United Nations . Transnistria -- Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic D No membership B Claimed by Georgia Claimed by North Korea Claimed by Serbia Claimed by Somalia Claimed by the People 's Republic of China Claimed by the Republic of China Claimed by South Korea Claimed by Azerbaijan Claimed by the Republic of Cyprus Disputed by Israel Claimed by Mauritius Claimed by Morocco Claimed by Moldova Claimed by Mali Claimed by Spain A de facto independent state , recognised only by Abkhazia , Artsakh and South Ossetia . Claimed in whole by Moldova as the Transnistria autonomous territorial unit . ZZZ ↑ Other states ↑ D ZZZ ZZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ Legend `` Membership within the UN System '' column UN Member states UN Observer states Member of a UN Specialized Agency Observer in a UN Specialized Agency No membership in the UN System Legend `` Sovereignty dispute '' column Undisputed sovereignty Sovereignty disputed Criteria for inclusion ( edit ) The dominant customary international law standard of statehood is the declarative theory of statehood , which was codified by the Montevideo Convention of 1933 . The Convention defines the state as a person of international law if it `` possess ( es ) the following qualifications : ( a ) a permanent population ; ( b ) a defined territory ; ( c ) government ; and ( d ) a capacity to enter into relations with the other states '' so long as it was not `` obtained by force whether this consists in the employment of arms , in threatening diplomatic representations , or in any other effective coercive measure '' . Debate exists on the degree to which recognition should be included as a criterion of statehood . The declarative theory of statehood argues that statehood is purely objective and recognition of a state by other states is irrelevant . On the other end of the spectrum , the constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person under international law only if it is recognised as sovereign by other states . For the purposes of this list , included are all states that either : ( a ) consider themselves sovereign ( through a declaration of independence or some other means ) and are often regarded as satisfying the declarative theory of statehood , or ( b ) are recognised as a sovereign state by at least one UN member state Note that in some cases , there is a divergence of opinion over the interpretation of the first point , and whether an entity satisfies it is disputed . Unique political entities which fail to meet the classification of a sovereign state are considered proto - states . On the basis of the above criteria , this list includes the following 206 entities : 203 states recognised by at least one UN member state Two states that satisfy the declarative theory of statehood and are recognised only by non-UN member states : Artsakh , Transnistria One state that satisfies the declarative theory of statehood and is not recognised by any other state : Somaliland The table includes bullets representing entities which are either not sovereign states or have a close association to another sovereign state . It also includes subnational areas where the sovereignty of the titular state is limited by an international agreement . Taken together , these include : States in a free association relationship to another state Two entities controlled by Pakistan which are neither sovereign states , dependent territories , or part of another state : Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan Dependent territories of another state , as well as areas that exhibit many characteristics of dependent territories according to the dependent territory page Subnational entities created by international agreements See also ( edit ) countries portal geography portal international relations portal lists portal ISO 3166 - 1 Adjectivals and demonyms for countries and nations Gallery of country coats of arms Gallery of sovereign state flags List of countries and capitals in native languages List of national capitals in alphabetical order List of country - name etymologies List of dependent territories List of international rankings List of ISO 3166 country codes List of micronations List of rebel groups that control territory List of states with limited recognition List of territorial disputes Sovereign state List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent List of shortest - lived sovereign states List of sovereign states by date of formation Lists of sovereign states by year List of administrative divisions by country Template : Clickable world map Terra nullius Notes ( edit ) ^ This column indicates whether or not a state is a member of the United Nations . It also indicates which non-member states participate in the United Nations System through membership in the International Atomic Energy Agency or one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations . All United Nations members belong to at least one specialized agency and are parties to the statute of the International Court of Justice . ^ This column indicates whether or not a state is the subject of a major sovereignty dispute . Only states whose entire sovereignty is disputed by another state are listed . ^ The member states of the European Union have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative , executive , and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU , which is an example of supranational union . The EU has 28 member states . ^ Information is included on : The extent to which a state 's sovereignty is recognised internationally . More information can be found at List of states with limited recognition , Membership in the European Union , where applicable , Any dependencies , if applicable , which are generally not part of the territory of the sovereign state , federal structure of the state , where applicable . More information can be found at Federated state , Any autonomous areas inside the territory of the sovereign state , Any situations where one person is the Head of State of more than one state , Any governments in exile recognised by at least one state . ^ Commonwealth realms are members of the Commonwealth of Nations in which the head of state is Queen Elizabeth II . The realms are sovereign states ; see Relationship of the realms . ^ For more information on divisions with a high degree of autonomy , see the List of autonomous areas by country . ^ The Argentine Constitution ( Art . 35 ) recognises the following denominations for Argentina : `` United Provinces of the Río de la Plata '' , `` Argentine Republic '' and `` Argentine Confederation '' ; furthermore , it establishes the usage of `` Argentine Nation '' for purposes of legislation . ^ The member states of the Union of South American Nations have transferred part of their sovereignty in the form of legislative , executive , and judicial powers to the institutions of the UNASUL , which is an example of supranational union . The UNASUL has 12 member states . ^ The legal name for Canada is the sole word ; an officially sanctioned , though disused , name is Dominion of Canada ( which includes its legal title ) ; see : Name of Canada , Dominion . ^ The government of Cape Verde uses `` Cabo Verde '' as the English translation since 2013 ^ The People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) is commonly referred to as `` China '' , while the Republic of China ( ROC ) is commonly referred to as `` Taiwan '' . The ROC is also occasionally known diplomatically as Chinese Taipei , along with other names . ^ In 1949 , the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang ( KMT ) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei . The CPC established the PRC . As such , the political status of the ROC and legal status of Taiwan ( alongside the territories under ROC jurisdiction ) are in dispute . In 1971 , the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC and the ROC withdrew from the UN . Most states recognise the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China , and the UN classifies Taiwan as `` Taiwan , Province of China '' . The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states . A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence . ^ See also Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China and Foreign relations of China . ^ More information on more or less federal structures can be found at a List of federations . ^ Also known as Congo - Kinshasa . Formerly referred to as Zaire , its official name from 1971 to 1997 . ^ Also known as Congo - Brazzaville . ^ A simpler official short name has been encouraged by the Czech government , `` Czechia '' . By 2017 , this variant remains uncommon . Nevertheless , this term has been adopted by several companies and organisations , including Google Maps , instead of the term `` Czech Republic '' . See Name of the Czech Republic ^ The government of East Timor uses `` Timor - Leste '' as the English translation . ^ Formerly referred to as the Kingdom of Swaziland , its official name until 2018 . ^ Åland was demilitarised by the Treaty of Paris in 1856 , which was later affirmed by the League of Nations in 1921 , and in a somewhat different context reaffirmed in the treaty on Finland 's admission to the European Union in 1995 . ^ Also known as Guinea - Conakry . ^ While sometimes referred to as the `` Republic of Iceland '' and sometimes its counterpart Lýðveldið Ísland in Icelandic , the official name of the country is simply Iceland . One example of the former is the name of the Constitution of Iceland , which in Icelandic is Stjórnarskrá lýðveldisins Íslands and literally means `` the Constitution of the republic of Iceland '' , but note that `` republic '' is not capitalized . ^ `` Ireland '' is the official name in English . `` Republic of Ireland '' ( the official description in English ) and `` Éire '' ( the official name in Irish ) have sometimes been used unofficially to distinguish the state from the larger island of Ireland ; this is officially deprecated . See names of the Irish state . ^ The government of Ivory Coast uses `` Côte d'Ivoire '' as the English translation ^ Both North Korea and South Korea claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea . See also Foreign relations of North Korea and Foreign relations of South Korea . ^ The country 's official name of Myanmar , adopted in 1989 , has been mixed and controversial , with the former name Burma sometimes being used . See Names of Myanmar . ^ Sovereignty over Kashmir is disputed between India and Pakistan ; smaller parts are disputed by the People 's Republic of China and the Republic of China . Kashmir is divided between India , Pakistan and the PRC . See the List of territorial disputes . ^ Formerly known as Ceylon until 1972 . ^ Formerly known as the Nagorno - Karabakh Republic , its official name from 1991 to 2017 ^ The sovereignty over the Spratly Islands is disputed by China , Taiwan , Vietnam , and in part by Brunei , Malaysia , and the Philippines . Except for Brunei , each of these countries occupies part of the islands ( see List of territorial disputes ) . ^ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is not included , as despite being a sovereign entity it lacks territory and does not claim statehood . Entities considered to be micronations are not included . It is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory . Also omitted from this list are all uncontacted peoples , either who live in societies that can not be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known . References ( edit ) ^ Press Release ORG / 1469 ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` United Nations Member States '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ `` Andorra country profile '' . BBC News . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . ^ Government of Antigua and Barbuda . `` Chapter 44 : The Barbuda Local Government Act '' ( PDF ) . Laws of Antigua and Barbuda . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ `` Pakistan Worldview , Report 21 , Visit to Azerbaijan '' ( PDF ) . Senate of Pakistan Foreign Relations Committee . 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2009 . ^ Nilufer Bakhtiyar : `` For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country '' 13 September 2006 ( 14 : 03 ) -- Today.Az ^ `` Pakistan the only country not recognizing Armenia -- envoy '' . News.Az. 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . We are the only country not recognizing Armenia as a state . ^ Europa , retrieved 28 February 2011 ^ `` Bahamas , The The Commonwealth '' . thecommonwealth.org . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . ^ Stjepanović , Dejan ( 2015 ) . `` Dual Substate Citizenship as Institutional Innovation : The Case of Bosnia 's Brčko District '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 21 ( 4 ) : 382 -- 383 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537113.2015. 1095043 . eISSN 1557 - 2986 . ISSN 1353 - 7113 . OCLC 5927465455 . ^ UNASUR : El camino hacia la integración sudamericana , retrieved 12 August 2018 ^ Tanya Basu ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Cape Verde Gets New Name : 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 8 October 2018 . ^ Constitution of Comoros , Art . 1 . ^ Andreas S. Kakouris ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Cyprus is not at peace with Turkey '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 May 2014 . Turkey stands alone in violation of the will of the international community . It is the only country to recognize the `` TRNC '' and is the only country that does not recognize the Republic of Cyprus and its government . ^ `` Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus '' . Republic of Turkey : Ministry of EU Affairs . 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ `` Rotuma Act '' . Laws of Fiji ( 1978 ed . ) . Suva , Fiji : Government of Fiji. 1927 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . ^ Government of Fiji , Office of the Prime Minister ( 1978 ) . `` Chapter 122 : Rotuma Act '' . Laws of Fiji . University of the South Pacific . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ `` The Gambia profile '' . BBC News . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . ^ Constitution of Greece , Art . 105 . ^ `` Iceland - Culture , History , & People '' . ^ http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/26th-gegn-docs/WP/WP54_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%202011.pdf ^ `` Hvert er formlegt heiti landsins okkar ? '' . ^ Iraqi constitution Archived 18 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive ^ Daly , Mary E. ( January 2007 ) . `` The Irish Free State / Éire / Republic of Ireland / Ireland : `` A Country by Any Other Name '' ? `` . Journal of British Studies . Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies . 46 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 90 . doi : 10.1086 / 508399 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 508399 . ^ `` Basic Law : Jerusalem , Capital of Israel '' . www.knesset.gov.il . ^ `` Disputes : International '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . ^ Gold , Dore ; Institute for Contemporary Affairs ( 26 August 2005 ) . `` Legal Acrobatics : The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still `` Occupied '' Even After Israel Withdraws `` . Jerusalem Issue Brief , Vol. 5 , No. 3 . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ Bell , Abraham ( 28 January 2008 ) . `` International Law and Gaza : The Assault on Israel 's Right to Self - Defense '' . Jerusalem Issue Brief , Vol. 7 , No. 29 . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ `` Address by Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel . 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ Salih , Zak M. ( 17 November 2005 ) . `` Panelists Disagree Over Gaza 's Occupation Status '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ `` Israel : ' Disengagement ' Will Not End Gaza Occupation '' . Human Rights Watch . 29 October 2004 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ `` Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea '' . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . ^ Keun Min . `` Greetings '' . Jeju Special Self - Governing Province . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . ^ `` A / RES / 47 / 225 '' . UN.org. 8 April 1993 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . ^ Federal Foreign Office of Germany ( November 2009 ) . `` Beziehungen zu Deutschland '' . Government of Germany . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . For more information , see Foreign relations of the Cook Islands . ^ China Internet Information Centre ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` Full text of joint communique on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Niue '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ Republic of Nauru Permanent Mission to the United Nations . `` Foreign Affairs '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Constitution of Pakistan , Art . 1 . ^ Aslam , Tasnim ( 11 December 2006 ) . `` ' Pakistan Does Not Claim Kashmir As An Integral Part ... ' '' . Outlook India . The Outlook Group . ^ Williams , Kristen P. ( 2001 ) . Despite nationalist conflicts : theory and practice of maintaining world peace . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 154 -- 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96934 - 9 . ^ Pruthi , R.K. ( 2001 ) . An Encyclopaedic Survey Of Global Terrorism In 21St Century . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 120 -- 121 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1091 - 9 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ http://gbtribune.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/self-governance-order-2009.pdf ^ `` AJ&K History '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . ^ Lansford , Tom ( 2014 - 04 - 08 ) . Political Handbook of the World 2014 . ISBN 9781483333281 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ http://www.ajkassembly.gok.pk/AJK_Interim_Constitution_Act_1974.pdf ^ Palestine Liberation Organization . `` Road For Palestinian Statehood : Recognition and Admission '' . Negotiations Affairs Department . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . ^ See the following on statehood criteria : Mendes , Errol ( 30 March 2010 ) . `` Statehood and Palestine for the purposes of Article 12 ( 3 ) of the ICC Statute '' ( PDF ) . 30 March 2010 : 28 , 33 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 : `` ... the Palestinian State also meets the traditional criteria under the Montevideo Convention ... '' ; `` ... the fact that a majority of states have recognised Palestine as a State should easily fulfill the requisite state practice '' . McKinney , Kathryn M. ( 1994 ) . `` The Legal Effects of the Israeli - PLO Declaration ofPrinciples : Steps Toward Statehood for Palestine '' . Seattle University Law Review . Seattle University . 18 ( 93 ) : 97 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 : `` It is possible , however , to argue for Palestinian statehood based on the constitutive theory '' . McDonald , Avril ( Spring 2009 ) . `` Operation Cast Lead : Drawing the Battle Lines of the Legal Dispute '' . Human Rights Brief . Washington College of Law , Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law . 25 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 : `` Whether one applies the criteria of statehood set out in the Montevideo Convention or the more widely accepted constitutive theory of statehood , Palestine might be considered a state . '' ^ `` Non-member States and Entities '' . United Nations . 29 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . `` Arab States : Palestine '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . ^ `` Statement from UNISFA on the recent spate of attacks in Abyei '' . UNmissions.org. 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ `` Abyei Administration Area Changes Name '' . Gurtong.net. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ `` Bilateral relations of the Holy See '' . Holy See website . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . ^ Абхазия , Южная Осетия и Приднестровье признали независимость друг друга и призвали всех к этому же ( in Russian ) . newsru.com. 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . ^ Ker - Lindsay , James ( 2012 ) . The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession : Preventing the Recognition of Contested States . Oxford University Press . p. 53 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . In addition to the four cases of contested statehood described above , there are three other territories that have unilaterally declared independence and are generally regarded as having met the Montevideo criteria for statehood but have not been recognized by any states : Transnistria , Nagorny Karabakh , and Somaliland . ^ Krüger , Heiko ( 2010 ) . The Nagorno - Karabakh Conflict : A Legal Analysis . Springer . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 11787 - 9 . ^ Nikoghosyan , Hovhannes ( August 2010 ) . `` Kosovo ruling implications for Armenia and Azerbaijan '' . HULIQ.com . Hareyan Publishing , LLC . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ Вице - спикер парламента Абхазии : Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам : `` Абхазия , Южная Осетия , НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой '' , -- сказал вице - спикер парламента Абхазии ... `` ... Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно - Карабахской Республики ... '' -- сказал он . '' ^ `` In detail : The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie '' . Pridnestrovie. 26 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 . ^ Regions and territories : Nagorno - Karabakh ( 17 January 2006 ) . BBC News . Retrieved 17 January 2006 . ^ `` United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo '' . UN . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . ^ The World Factbook Cyprus ( 10 January 2006 ) . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 17 January 2006 . ^ Kreuter , Aaron ( 2010 ) . `` Self - Determination , Sovereignty , and the Failure of States : Somaliland and the Case for Justified Secession '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Journal of International Law . University of Minnesota Law School . 19 : 2 : 380 -- 381 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Considering each of these factors , Somaliland has a colorable argument that it meets the theoretical requirements of statehood ... On these bases , Somaliland appears to have a strong claim to statehood . ^ International Crisis Group ( 23 May 2006 ) . `` Somaliland : Time for African Union leadership '' ( PDF ) . The Africa Report . Groupe Jeune Afrique ( 110 ) : 10 -- 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Mesfin , Berouk ( September 2009 ) . `` The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland '' ( PDF ) . ISS Paper . Institute for Security Studies ( 200 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Arieff , Alexis . `` De Facto Statehood ? The Strange Case of Somaliland '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Affairs . International Affairs Council at Yale ( Spring / Summer 2008 ) : 1 -- 79 . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . ^ `` Somaliland profile '' . BBC News . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . ^ Jansen , Dinah ( 2009 ) . `` The Conflict between Self - Determination and Territorial Integrity : the South Ossetian Paradigm '' . Geopolitics Vs. Global Governance : Reinterpreting International Security . Centre for Foreign Policy Studies , University of Dalhousie : 222 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 896440 - 61 - 3 ^ `` Russia condemned for recognizing rebel regions '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network . 26 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . ^ `` Ma refers to China as ROC territory in magazine interview '' . Taipei Times . 8 October 2008 . ^ Regions and territories : Trans - Dniester ( 13 December 2005 ) . BBC News . Retrieved 17 January 2006 . ^ Hersch Lauterpacht ( 2012 ) . Recognition in International Law . Cambridge University Press . p. 419 . ISBN 9781107609433 . ^ Hahn , Gordon ( 2002 ) . Russia 's Revolution from Above , 1985 -- 2000 : Reform , Transition , and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers . p. 527 . ISBN 978 - 0765800497 . ^ Griffiths , Ryan ( 2016 ) . Age of Secession : The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 85 , 213 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 1107161627 . ^ The following bullets are grouped according to the availability of sources for the two criteria ( ( a ) and / or ( b ) ) . This arrangement is not intended to reflect the relative importance of the two theories . Additional details are discussed in the state 's individual entries . Bibliography ( edit ) Bissio , Roberto Remo , ed. ( 1995 ) . The World : A Third World Guide : 1995 / 96 . Montevideo : Instituto del Tercer Mundo . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85598 - 291 - 1 . OCLC 476299738 . `` Countries or areas , codes and abbreviations '' . Statistics Division , United Nations . 1 April 2010 . Davis , Tim ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` World Countries and States List '' . Timdavis.com.au . `` Geographic Names '' ( PDF ) . Department of Public Information , Cartographic Section , United Nations . 7 September 2000 . `` ISO 3166 - 1 Country names and code elements '' . International Organization for Standardization. 2010 . `` List of countries , territories and currencies '' . Publications Office of the European Union . 4 May 2010 . `` The World Factbook '' . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . World of Information ( Firm ) , and International Chamber of Commerce ( 2003 ) . Middle East Review 2003 / 04 : The Economic and Business Report ( 27th ed . ) . London : Kogan Page . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7494 - 4066 - 4 . OCLC 51992589 . Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Supercontinents Americas Eurasia Islands List of island countries Lists of sovereign states by year AD ( CE ) Current list of sovereign states Centuries 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 19th Years 2nd century 220 6th century 501 502 503 12th century 1143 15th century 1400 1494 1496 16th century 1500 1528 17th century 1620 1648 1660 1661 1662 18th century 1768 1769 1776 1777 1778 1799 1800 19th century 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 Decades 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Ages Classical Late Antiquity Middle BC ( BCE ) Centuries 35th BC 21st BC 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC Ages Copper Bronze Iron Classical States with limited recognition Details concerning international recognition and foreign relations provided by the articles linked in parenthesis UN member states Partially unrecognised Armenia relations China relations Cyprus relations Israel recognition relations North Korea relations South Korea relations UN observer states Partially unrecognised Palestine recognition relations Non-UN member states Recognised by at least one UN member Abkhazia recognition relations Kosovo recognition relations Northern Cyprus relations Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic recognition relations South Ossetia recognition relations Taiwan relations Recognised only by non-UN members Artsakh recognition relations Transnistria recognition relations Unrecognised Somaliland relations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states&oldid=865912445 '' Categories : Lists of countries Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template other archives CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with short description Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles that may contain original research from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 00 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sovereign%20states
| 15,626 |
|
who has won on the pga tour this year
|
2017 PGA Tour
|
2017 pga tour
|
The 2017 PGA Tour is the 102nd season of the PGA Tour , and the 50th since separating from the PGA of America . The season began on October 13 , 2016 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Schedule 1.1 Unofficial events 2 Money leaders 3 Awards 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Schedule ( edit ) The following table lists official events for 2016 -- 17 . Date Tournament Location Winner OWGR points Purse ( $ ) Winner 's share ( $ ) Notes Oct 16 Safeway Open California Brendan Steele ( 2 ) 38 6,000,000 1,080,000 Oct 23 CIMB Classic Malaysia Justin Thomas ( 2 ) 50 7,000,000 1,260,000 Co-sanctioned with the Asian Tour Oct 30 WGC - HSBC Champions China Hideki Matsuyama ( 3 ) 70 9,500,000 1,620,000 World Golf Championships Oct 30 Sanderson Farms Championship Mississippi Cody Gribble ( 1 ) 24 4,200,000 756,000 Alternate event Nov 6 Shriners Hospitals for Children Open Nevada Rod Pampling ( 3 ) 36 6,600,000 1,188,000 Nov 13 OHL Classic at Mayakoba Mexico Pat Perez ( 2 ) 30 7,000,000 1,260,000 Nov 21 RSM Classic Georgia Mackenzie Hughes ( 1 ) 32 6,000,000 1,080,000 Jan 8 SBS Tournament of Champions Hawaii Justin Thomas ( 3 ) 50 6,100,000 1,220,000 Winners - only event Jan 15 Sony Open in Hawaii Hawaii Justin Thomas ( 4 ) 50 6,000,000 1,080,000 Jan 22 CareerBuilder Challenge California Hudson Swafford ( 1 ) 42 5,800,000 1,044,000 Celebrity pro-am Jan 29 Farmers Insurance Open California Jon Rahm ( 1 ) 54 6,700,000 1,206,000 Feb 5 Waste Management Phoenix Open Arizona Hideki Matsuyama ( 4 ) 56 6,700,000 1,206,000 Feb 12 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am California Jordan Spieth ( 9 ) 52 7,200,000 1,296,000 Celebrity pro-am Feb 19 Genesis Open California Dustin Johnson ( 13 ) 66 7,000,000 1,260,000 Feb 26 The Honda Classic Florida Rickie Fowler ( 4 ) 54 6,400,000 1,152,000 Mar 5 WGC - Mexico Championship Mexico Dustin Johnson ( 14 ) 76 9,750,000 1,660,000 World Golf Championships Mar 12 Valspar Championship Florida Adam Hadwin ( 1 ) 48 6,300,000 1,134,000 Mar 19 Arnold Palmer Invitational Florida Marc Leishman ( 2 ) 62 8,700,000 1,566,000 Invitational Mar 26 WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Texas Dustin Johnson ( 15 ) 74 9,750,000 1,660,000 World Golf Championships Mar 26 Puerto Rico Open Puerto Rico D.A. Points ( 3 ) 24 3,000,000 540,000 Alternate event Apr 2 Shell Houston Open Texas Russell Henley ( 3 ) 50 7,000,000 1,260,000 Apr 9 Masters Tournament Georgia Sergio García ( 10 ) 100 11,000,000 1,980,000 Major championship Apr 16 RBC Heritage South Carolina Wesley Bryan ( 1 ) 48 6,500,000 1,170,000 Invitational Apr 23 Valero Texas Open Texas Kevin Chappell ( 1 ) 38 6,200,000 1,116,000 May 1 Zurich Classic of New Orleans Louisiana Jonas Blixt ( 3 ) & Cameron Smith ( 1 ) n / a 7,100,000 1,022,400 ( each ) Team event May 7 Wells Fargo Championship North Carolina Brian Harman ( 2 ) 50 7,500,000 1,350,000 May 14 The Players Championship Florida Kim Si - woo ( 2 ) 80 10,500,000 1,890,000 Flagship event May 21 AT&T Byron Nelson Texas Billy Horschel ( 4 ) 50 7,500,000 1,350,000 May 28 Dean & DeLuca Invitational Texas Kevin Kisner ( 2 ) 50 6,900,000 1,242,000 Invitational Jun 4 The Memorial Tournament Ohio Jason Dufner ( 5 ) 66 8,700,000 1,566,000 Invitational Jun 11 FedEx St. Jude Classic Tennessee Daniel Berger ( 2 ) 38 6,400,000 1,152,000 Jun 18 U.S. Open Wisconsin Brooks Koepka ( 2 ) 100 12,000,000 2,160,000 Major championship Jun 25 Travelers Championship Connecticut Jordan Spieth ( 10 ) 52 6,800,000 1,224,000 Jul 2 Quicken Loans National Maryland Kyle Stanley ( 2 ) 42 7,100,000 1,278,000 Invitational Jul 9 Greenbrier Classic West Virginia Xander Schauffele ( 1 ) 34 7,100,000 1,278,000 Jul 16 John Deere Classic Illinois Bryson DeChambeau ( 1 ) 30 5,600,000 1,008,000 Jul 23 The Open Championship ( British Open ) England Jordan Spieth ( 11 ) 100 10,250,000 1,845,000 Major championship Jul 23 Barbasol Championship Alabama Grayson Murray ( 1 ) 24 3,500,000 630,000 Alternate event Jul 30 RBC Canadian Open Ontario Jhonattan Vegas ( 3 ) 38 6,000,000 1,080,000 Aug 6 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Ohio Hideki Matsuyama ( 5 ) 76 9,750,000 1,660,000 World Golf Championships Aug 6 Barracuda Championship Nevada Chris Stroud ( 1 ) 24 3,300,000 594,000 Alternate event Aug 13 PGA Championship North Carolina Justin Thomas ( 5 ) 100 10,500,000 1,890,000 Major championship Aug 20 Wyndham Championship North Carolina Henrik Stenson ( 6 ) 34 5,800,000 1,044,000 Aug 27 The Northern Trust New York Dustin Johnson ( 16 ) 74 8,750,000 1,575,000 FedEx Cup Playoffs Sep 4 Dell Technologies Championship Massachusetts Justin Thomas ( 6 ) 74 8,750,000 1,575,000 FedEx Cup Playoffs Sep 17 BMW Championship Illinois Marc Leishman ( 3 ) 72 8,750,000 1,575,000 FedEx Cup Playoffs Sep 24 Tour Championship Georgia Xander Schauffele ( 2 ) 60 8,750,000 1,575,000 FedEx Cup Playoffs Jump up ^ Finished on Monday due to darkness . Jump up ^ Playoff held on Monday due to darkness . Unofficial events ( edit ) The following events do not carry FedEx Cup points or official money . Date Tournament Location Winner ( s ) OWGR points Purse ( $ ) Winner 's share ( $ ) Notes Nov 27 World Cup of Golf Australia Denmark Søren Kjeldsen & Thorbjørn Olesen n / a 8,000,000 1,280,000 ( each ) 28 two - man teams Dec 4 Hero World Challenge Bahamas Hideki Matsuyama 46 3,500,000 1,000,000 18 - player field Dec 10 Franklin Templeton Shootout Florida Harris English & Matt Kuchar n / a 3,100,000 385,000 ( each ) 12 two - player teams Jun 19 CVS Health Charity Classic Rhode Island Billy Andrade , Keegan Bradley , & Brooke Henderson n / a 1,500,000 120,000 ( each ) Six three - player teams Oct 1 Presidents Cup New Jersey U.S. Team n / a Two 12 - man teams Money leaders ( edit ) This section shows the final money leaders table . Rank Player Country Events Prize money ( $ ) Justin Thomas United States 25 9,921,560 Jordan Spieth United States 23 9,433,033 Dustin Johnson United States 20 8,732,193 Hideki Matsuyama Japan 22 8,380,570 5 Jon Rahm Spain 23 6,123,248 6 Rickie Fowler United States 21 6,083,197 7 Marc Leishman Australia 25 5,866,391 8 Brooks Koepka United States 24 5,612,397 9 Kevin Kisner United States 28 4,766,936 10 Brian Harman United States 30 4,396,470 There is a full list on the PGA Tour 's website here . Awards ( edit ) Award Winner Country PGA Tour Player of the Year ( Jack Nicklaus Trophy ) Justin Thomas United States PGA Player of the Year Justin Thomas United States Money winner ( Arnold Palmer Award ) Justin Thomas United States Scoring leader ( PGA - Vardon Trophy ) Jordan Spieth United States Scoring leader ( PGA Tour - Byron Nelson Award ) Jordan Spieth United States Rookie of the Year Xander Schauffele United States FedEx Cup Justin Thomas United States See also ( edit ) 2016 in golf 2017 in golf 2017 Web.com Tour 2017 PGA Tour Champions season 2017 European Tour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 -- 17 schedule '' . PGA Tour . June 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official site ( hide ) PGA Tour seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_PGA_Tour&oldid=814622999 '' Categories : PGA Tour seasons 2016 in golf 2017 in golf Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 23 : 10 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20PGA%20Tour
| 107,708 |
||
why can the period of tension between the us and ussr be considered a cold war
|
Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 )
|
cold war ( 1979 - - 85 )
|
Part of a series on the History of the Cold War
|
Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 53 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 62 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 79 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 85 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 91 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography The Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 . With the election of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979 , and United States President Ronald Reagan in 1980 , a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach towards the Soviet Union was marked with the abandonment of détente in favor of the Reagan Doctrine policy of rollback , with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries . During this time the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan following the Saur Revolution in that country , ultimately leading to the deaths of around one million civilians . Mujahideen fighters succeeded in forcing a Soviet military withdrawal in 1989 . In response , US President Jimmy Carter announced a US - led boycott of the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics . In 1984 the Soviets responded with their own boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Tensions increased when the US announced they would deploy Pershing II missiles in West Germany , followed by Reagan 's announcement of the US Strategic Defense Initiative , and were further exacerbated in 1983 when Reagan branded the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' . In April 1983 the United States Navy conducted FleetEx ' 83 , the largest fleet exercise held to date in the North Pacific . The conglomeration of approximately forty ships with 23,000 crewmembers and 300 aircraft , was arguably the most powerful naval armada ever assembled . U.S. aircraft and ships attempted to provoke the Soviets into reacting , allowing U.S. Naval Intelligence to study Soviet radar characteristics , aircraft capabilities , and tactical maneuvers . On April 4 at least six U.S. Navy aircraft flew over one of the Kurile Islands , Zeleny Island , the largest of a set of islets called the Habomai Islands . The Soviets were outraged , and ordered a retaliatory overflight of the Aleutian Islands . The Soviet Union also issued a formal diplomatic note of protest , which accused the United States of repeated penetrations of Soviet airspace . The following September , the civilian airliner Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was downed by Soviet fighter jets over nearby Moneron Island . In November 1983 , NATO conducted a military exercise known as `` Able Archer 83 '' . The realistic simulation of a nuclear attack by NATO forces caused considerable alarm in the USSR , and is regarded by many historians to be the closest the world came to nuclear war since the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 . This period of the Cold War would continue through US President Reagan 's first term ( 1981 -- 1985 ) , through the death of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in 1982 , the brief interim period of Soviet leadership consisting of Yuri Andropov ( 1982 -- 1984 ) , and Konstantin Chernenko ( 1984 -- 1985 ) . This phase in the Cold War concluded with the ascension of reform - minded Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 , who brought a commitment to reduce tensions between the East and West , and bring about major reforms in Soviet society . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rollback strategy 2 Culture and media 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Rollback strategy ( edit ) In 1984 , journalist Nicholas Lemann interviewed Reagan Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and summarized the strategy of the Reagan administration to roll back the Soviet Union : Their society is economically weak , and it lacks the wealth , education , and technology to enter the information age . They have thrown everything into military production , and their society is starting to show terrible stress as a result . They ca n't sustain military production the way we can . Eventually it will break them , and then there will be just one superpower in a safe world -- if , only if , we can keep spending . '' Lemann notes that when he wrote that in 1984 , he thought the Reaganites were living in a fantasy world . But in 2016 , he says , that passage represents `` a fairly uncontroversial description of what Reagan actually did . '' The Reagan strategy also included escalating conflicts the Soviets were involved in , especially the Soviet - Afghan war and the Central American crisis . It included diplomatic moves to persuade Western European governments to host American missiles pointed at the Soviet Union . It included a massive Star Wars spending program to invent space - based antimissile systems that would neutralize Soviet military capability . The strategies were continued until the Revolutions of 1989 . People in the Eastern European satellite states revolted against their dictatorships , and became parliamentary democracies . Russian people ended their communist system in 1991 . Without support from Moscow , many subsidized communist movements in the Asia , Africa , and Latin America virtually collapsed . Culture and media ( edit ) Dozens of the board wargames were published covering both historical and hypothetical conflicts at scales ranging from man - to - man to global thermonuclear war . Historical conflicts include the Falklands War , the Iran -- Iraq War , the invasion of Grenada , and the Angolan Civil War . The vast majority of titles concerned contemporary World War III `` what - if '' scenarios wherein the Cold War turns hot and focused on a presumed Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe . Notable games include Ultimatum ( 1979 ) , The China War ( 1979 ) , NATO Division Commander ( 1980 ) , Fifth Corps series ( 1980 ) , and MechWar 2 ( 1980 ) , Task Force ( 1981 ) , Harpoon ( 1983 ) , Silo 14 ( 1983 ) , Assault series ( 1983 ) , Gulf Strike ( 1983 ) , Firepower ( 1984 ) , The Third World War series ( 1984 ) , Air Cav ( 1985 ) and Main Battle Area ( 1985 ) . In addition , the period witnessed the release of several videogames dealing with the Cold War and Cold War related issues . Examples include Atari 's well - known arcade - game Missile Command ( 1980 ) , the somewhat infamous Raid over Moscow ( 1984 ) , which lets you blast through soviet airdefence and finally destroy Moscow ( hence the name ) , as well as Theatre Europe and Balance of Power ( both 1985 ) , which simulate an all - out conventional , albeit hypothetical , war between the Warsaw Pact forces and NATO troops over control of Central Europe . Some of these games , especially the latter , advise strongly against the use of nuclear weapons , reflecting a widespread fear of nuclear holocaust at the time . Two films released in 1983 , WarGames and The Day After , dealt with potential all - out nuclear war between the US and the Soviet Union . President Reagan was given a private screening of The Day After and was said to be deeply shaken . He revised his posture toward nuclear war in favor of eventual nuclear abolition , at least in part due to his experience watching the film . See also ( edit ) Brezhnev Doctrine History of the Soviet Union ( 1964 -- 1982 ) History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 1991 ) History of the United States ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Reagan Doctrine Timeline of Events in the Cold War Culture during the Cold War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , `` Afghanistan : The Decimation of a People , '' Orbis ( Winter , 1989 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Johnson , p. 55 Jump up ^ Richelson , p. 385 Jump up ^ 1983 : The most dangerous year by Andrew R. Garland , University of Nevada , Las Vegas Jump up ^ Mastny , Vojtech ( January 2009 ) . `` How Able Was `` Able Archer '' ? : Nuclear Trigger and Intelligence in Perspective `` . Journal of Cold War Studies . 11 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 123 . doi : 10.1162 / jcws. 2009.11. 1.108 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , `` Reagan : The Triumph of Tone '' The New York Review of Books 10 March , 2016 Jump up ^ Andrew E. Busch , `` Ronald Reagan and the defeat of the Soviet empire . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.3 ( 1997 ) : 451 - 466 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bodenheimer and Robert Gould . Rollback ! : right - wing power in US foreign policy ( South End Press , 1989 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-weiler/why-ronald-reagan-didnt-r_b_819445.html Jump up ^ Kenneth Roberts , `` Bullying and Bargaining : The United States , Nicaragua , and Conflict Resolution in Central America . '' International Security 15.2 ( 1990 ) : 67 - 102 . Jump up ^ Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 41 -- 42 . Sources ( edit ) Ball , S.J. The Cold War : An International History , 1947 -- 1991 ( 1998 ) , a British perspective Beschloss , Michael , and Strobe Talbott . At the Highest Levels : The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War ( 1993 ) Bialer , Seweryn and Michael Mandelbaum , eds . Gorbachev 's Russia and American Foreign Policy ( 1988 ) . Brzezinski , Zbigniew. Power and Principle : Memoirs of the National Security Adviser , 1977 -- 1981 ( 1983 ) ; Edmonds , Robin . Soviet Foreign Policy : The Brezhnev Years ( 1983 ) Gaddis , John Lewis . Long Peace : Inquiries into the History of the Cold War ( 1987 , 1989 ) Gaddis , John Lewis . The United States and the End of the Cold War : Implications , Reconsiderations , Provocations ( 1992 ) Gaddis , John Lewis and LaFeber , Walter . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 7th ed. ( 1993 ) Gaddis , John Lewis . The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Garthoff , Raymond . The Great Transition : American - Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War ( 1994 ) Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Heuser , Beatrice . `` The Soviet response to the Euromissile crisis , 1982 -- 83 '' , in Leopoldo Nuti ( ed ) : Reheating the Cold War : From Vietnam to Gorbachev , 1975 -- 1985 ( London : Routledge , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 46051 - 4 , pp. 137 -- 149 . Hogan , Michael ed . The End of the Cold War . Its Meaning and Implications ( 1992 ) articles from Diplomatic History online at JSTOR Kyvig , David ed . Reagan and the World ( 1990 ) Matlock , Jack F. Autopsy of an Empire ( 1995 ) by US ambassador to Moscow Mower , A. Glenn Jr . Human Rights and American Foreign Policy : The Carter and Reagan Experiences ( 1987 ) , Powaski , Ronald E. The Cold War : The United States and the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 ( 1998 ) Shultz , George P. Turmoil and Triumph : My Years as Secretary of State ( 1993 ) Sivachev , Nikolai and Nikolai Yakolev , Russia and the United States ( 1979 ) , by Soviet historians Smith , Gaddis . Morality , Reason and Power : American Diplomacy in the Carter Years ( 1986 ) . Westad , Odd Arne The Global Cold War : Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times ( 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 85364 - 8 Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis Syrian Crisis of 1957 Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Bandung Conference Bricker Amendment McCarthyism Operation Gladio Iraqi 14 July Revolution `` We will bury you '' 1960s Congo Crisis Sino - Soviet split 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border Conflict 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War Carnation Revolution Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Iranian Revolution Operation Condor Dirty War Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Invasion of Grenada 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Able Archer 83 Star Wars People Power Revolution Nagorno - Karabakh War Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Revolutions of 1989 Glasnost Perestroika 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Liberal democracy Social democracy White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations Soviet -- US summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation NATO -- Russia relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_War_(1979 -- 85 ) &oldid = 783503548 '' Categories : Cold War by period 1979 in international relations 1980 in international relations 1981 in international relations 1982 in international relations 1983 in international relations 1984 in international relations 1985 in international relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 18 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War%20%281979%25E2%2580%259385%29
| 107,709 |
||
what is the university of miami's mascot
|
Sebastian the Ibis is the official mascot for the University of Miami . He is an anthropomorphized American white ibis with a Miami Hurricanes football jersey , number 0 . Sebastian is the first and only Hispanic - American college mascot and identifies as Cuban .
|
Sebastian the Ibis
|
Sebastian the Ibis
|
sebastian the ibis
|
Sebastian the Ibis is the official mascot for the University of Miami . He is an anthropomorphized American white ibis with a Miami Hurricanes football jersey , number 0 . Sebastian is the first and only Hispanic - American college mascot and identifies as Cuban .
|
History ( edit ) The ibis was chosen as Miami 's unofficial mascot by Nathan Duncan in 1926 when the school 's yearbook chose its name to be `` The Ibis . '' `` Miami adopted a native marsh bird called the Ibis as the official mascot in 1926 . The Ibis is known for its bravery as a hurricane approaches . Folklore maintains that other birds look to the Ibis for leadership . The Ibis uses its instinct to detect danger . It is the last sign of wildlife to take shelter before a hurricane hits , giving warning that danger is imminent . As the storm passes the Ibis is the first to reappear , a sign that clear skies are approaching . '' Sebastian the Ibis The first official mascot for the Miami Hurricanes was a 65 - pound brown and white boxer dog named Hurricane I. Chosen in 1950 , the canine wore a ceremonial orange and green blanket with his name lettered in white . Sebastian was created in August 1957 by Norman A. Whitten , Director of the Student Union at UM , and was used as a homecoming competition entry . The next year , student John Stormont performed at Hurricanes football games dressed up in a makeshift ibis costume . The original costume was made from various materials : armolite insulation for the head , white terry cloth for the body to resemble feathers , ROTC spats for the feet , and toes made from burlap . `` The whole costume took three weeks to complete and cost about $30 '' , Stormont said in a Miami Herald interview . The current costume dates from 1984 . The ibis was originally named `` Icky '' , but was then renamed after San Sebastian Hall ( where Stormont was a resident ) , which became a university dormitory in 1939 . The building , now an apartment building , still stands at the intersection of LeJeune Road and University Drive in Coral Gables . During the first national championship season for the Miami Hurricanes football team , including their 31 - 30 victory over # 1 Nebraska in the Orange Bowl , the Ibis was portrayed by Bill Mooney , a senior at the university , from Orangeburg , NY . This second generation Ibis costume was designed and made by UM alumnus and former Disney artist Randy Jack ( RJ ) Ogren . It was also in the National Championship victory parade riding with Coach Schnellenberger . From 1984 through 1992 , Sebastian was portrayed by John Routh , who also portrayed The Miami Maniac at baseball games , and later Billy the Marlin for the Florida Marlins . Routh created what is now Sebastian 's signature : the C-A-N-E-S cheer , where Sebastian forms the letters with his body . Sebastian was tackled by a group of policemen in 1989 for attempting to put out Chief Osceola 's flaming spear . At the time he was wearing a fireman 's helmet and yellow raincoat and holding a fire extinguisher . When a police officer tried to grab the fire extinguisher he was sprayed in the chest . Sebastian was handcuffed by the other four officers but released when they realized how ridiculous it looked for them to be arresting a bird . Sebastian typically leads the University of Miami football team as it enters the field through the smoke . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' claro que sí ( soy Cubano ) ' '' . Official Instagram comment @ UM_Sebastian . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History University of Miami '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Foxsports.com : Florida State & Miami Traditions Jump up ^ University records Jump up ^ `` For the Birds : former Sebastians flock to first - ever mascot reunion '' . Miami Magazine . Fall 2005 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website University of Miami Located in : Coral Gables , Florida Academics Undergraduate & Graduate : School of Architecture College of Arts and Sciences Business School School of Communication School of Education College of Engineering Frost School of Music School of Nursing and Health Studies Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Graduate : Graduate School Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine School of Law Athletics Hurricanes Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Atlantic Coast Conference Cobb Stadium Florida Cup Mark Light Field at Alex Rodriguez Park Hard Rock Stadium Orange Bowl Sebastian the Ibis Seminole War Canoe Watsco Center Places Jackson Memorial Hospital Jerry Herman Ring Theatre John C. Gifford Arboretum Little Salt Spring Miami Project to Cure Paralysis The Alamo University station Lowe Art Museum People Alumni Faculty Presidents Activities Band of the Hour Iron Arrow Honor Society The Miami Hurricane WVUM 90.5 FM Founded : 1925 Students : 16,848 Endowment : 844.6 million Miami Hurricanes football Venues Orange Bowl ( 1937 -- 2007 ) Hard Rock Stadium ( 2008 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Florida ( Florida Cup ; Seminole War Canoe ) Florida State ( Florida Cup ) Nebraska Virginia Tech Culture & lore Sebastian the Ibis Band of the Hour The U Quarterback U Hail Flutie Catholics vs. Convicts Miami 4 -- 3 defense Wide Right I Wide Right II FIU -- Miami brawl 2011 athletics scandal People Head coaches NFL players Statistical leaders Seasons 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Miami Hurricanes men 's basketball Venues Miami Beach Auditorium ( 1960s -- 1970s ) Knight Center ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Miami Arena ( 1988 -- 2002 ) Watsco Center ( 2003 -- present ) Culture & lore Sebastian the Ibis 2011 athletics scandal 2017 corruption scandal People Head coaches Notable players Seasons 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Miami Hurricanes women 's basketball Venues Miami Beach Auditorium ( 1972 -- 1985 ) Knight Center ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Miami Arena ( 1988 -- 2002 ) Watsco Center ( 2003 -- present ) Culture & lore Sebastian the Ibis People Head coaches Seasons 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Mascots of the Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Baldwin the Eagle ( Boston College ) The Tiger ( Clemson ) Osceola and Renegade ( Florida State ) Cardinal Bird ( Louisville ) Mr. & Mrs. Wuf ( North Carolina State ) Leprechaun ( Notre Dame ) Otto the Orange ( Syracuse ) Demon Deacon ( Wake Forest ) Coastal Division Blue Devil ( Duke ) Buzz & Ramblin ' Wreck ( Georgia Tech ) Sebastian the Ibis ( Miami ) Rameses ( North Carolina ) Roc the Panther ( Pittsburgh ) Cavalier ( Virginia ) HokieBird ( Virginia Tech ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_the_Ibis&oldid=840416861 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference mascots Miami Hurricanes Miami Hurricanes football 1957 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 19 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20the%20Ibis
| 15,877 |
where does the middle east get its name
|
The term `` Middle East '' may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office . However , it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to `` designate the area between Arabia and India '' . During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia , a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game . Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region , but also of its center , the Persian Gulf . He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East , and said that after Egypt 's Suez Canal , it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India . Mahan first used the term in his article `` The Persian Gulf and International Relations '' , published in September 1902 in the National Review , a British journal .
|
may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office|became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to `` designate the area between Arabia and India ''
|
Middle East
|
middle east
|
The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia , Turkey ( both Asian and European ) , and Egypt ( which is mostly in North Africa ) . The corresponding adjective is Middle Eastern and the derived noun is Middle Easterner . The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East ( as opposed to the Far East ) beginning in the early 20th century .
|
Arabs , Turks , Persians , Kurds , and Azeris ( excluding Azerbaijan ) constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population . Minorities of the Middle East include Jews , Baloch , Greeks , Assyrians , and other Arameans , Berbers ( who primarily live in North Africa ) , Circassians ( including Kabardians ) , Copts , Druze , Lurs , Mandaeans , Samaritans , Shabaks , Tats , and Zazas . In the Middle East , there is also a Romani community . European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians , Bosniaks , Crimean Tatars , Franco - Levantines , and Italo - Levantines . Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians , Chinese , Filipinos , Indonesians , Pakistanis , Afghans , and Sub-Saharan Africans . The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times , with the ( geopolitical ) importance of the region being recognized for millennia . Several major religions have their origins in the Middle East , including Judaism , Christianity , and Islam ; the Baha'i faith , Mandaeism , Unitarian Druze , and numerous other belief systems were also established within the region . The Middle East generally has a hot , arid climate , with several major rivers providing irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas such as the Nile Delta in Egypt , the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia , and most of what is known as the Fertile Crescent . Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil , with monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular benefiting economically from petroleum exports . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 1.1 Criticism and usage 1.2 Translations 2 Territories and regions 2.1 Territories and regions usually considered within the Middle East 2.2 Other definitions of the Middle East 3 History 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnic groups 4.2 Migration 4.3 Religions 4.4 Languages 5 Economy 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Terminology The term `` Middle East '' may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office . However , it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to `` designate the area between Arabia and India '' . During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia , a rivalry which would become known as The Great Game . Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region , but also of its center , the Persian Gulf . He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East , and said that after Egypt 's Suez Canal , it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India . Mahan first used the term in his article `` The Persian Gulf and International Relations '' , published in September 1902 in the National Review , a British journal . The Middle East , if I may adopt a term which I have not seen , will some day need its Malta , as well as its Gibraltar ; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf . Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences ; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit , of supply , and in case of disaster , of security . The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise , about Aden , India , and the Persian Gulf . Mahan 's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20 - article series entitled `` The Middle Eastern Question , '' written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol . During this series , Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include `` those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India . '' After the series ended in 1903 , The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term . Until World War II , it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the `` Near East '' , while the `` Far East '' centered on China , and the Middle East then meant the area from Mesopotamia to Burma , namely the area between the Near East and the Far East . In the late 1930s , the British established the Middle East Command , which was based in Cairo , for its military forces in the region . After that time , the term `` Middle East '' gained broader usage in Europe and the United States , with the Middle East Institute founded in Washington , D.C. in 1946 , among other usage . Criticism and usage Play media 1957 American film about the Middle East The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions . Before the First World War , `` Near East '' was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire , while `` Middle East '' referred to Iran , the Caucasus , Afghanistan , Central Asia , and Turkestan . In contrast , `` Far East '' referred to the countries of East Asia ( e.g. China , Japan , Korea , etc . ) With the disappearance of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 , `` Near East '' largely fell out of common use in English , while `` Middle East '' came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the Islamic world . However , the usage `` Near East '' was retained by a variety of academic disciplines , including archaeology and ancient history , where it describes an area identical to the term Middle East , which is not used by these disciplines ( see Ancient Near East ) . The first official use of the term `` Middle East '' by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine , which pertained to the Suez Crisis . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as `` the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east , Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south , plus the Sudan and Ethiopia . '' In 1958 , the State Department explained that the terms `` Near East '' and `` Middle East '' were interchangeable , and defined the region as including only Egypt , Syria , Israel , Lebanon , Jordan , Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar . The Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones , but that now they are synonymous . It instructs : Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story . Mideast is also acceptable , but Middle East is preferred . The term Middle East has also been criticised as Eurocentric ( `` based on a British Western perception '' ) by Hanafi ( 1998 ) . Translations There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages , but since it is a relative description , the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally . In German the term Naher Osten ( Near East ) is still in common use ( nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources , albeit having a distinct meaning ) and in Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok , Bulgarian Близкия Изток , Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok ( meaning Near East in all the four Slavic languages ) remains as the only appropriate term for the region . However , some languages do have `` Middle East '' equivalents , such as the French Moyen - Orient , Swedish Mellanöstern , Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente , and the Italian Medio Oriente . Perhaps because of the influence of the Western press , the Arabic equivalent of Middle East ( Arabic : الشرق الأوسط ash - Sharq al - Awsaṭ ) , has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press , comprehending the same meaning as the term `` Middle East '' in North American and Western European usage . The designation , Mashriq , also from the Arabic root for East , also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant , the eastern part of the Arabic - speaking world ( as opposed to the Maghreb , the western part ) . Even though the term originated in the West , apart from Arabic , other languages of countries of the Middle East also use a translation of it . The Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه ( Khāvar - e miyāneh ) , the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון ( hamizrach hatikhon ) and the Turkish is Orta Doğu . Territories and regions For a more comprehensive list , see List of Middle Eastern countries by population . Territories and regions usually considered within the Middle East Traditionally included within the Middle East are Iran ( Persia ) , Asia Minor , Mesopotamia , the Levant , the Arabian Peninsula , and Egypt . In modern - day - country terms they are these : Country , with flag Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2012 ) Density ( per km2 ) Capital Nominal GDP , bn ( 2012 ) Per capita ( 2012 ) Currency Government Official languages Coat of arms Bahrain 665 1,234,596 1,646.1 Manama $30.355 $26,368 Bahraini dinar Absolute monarchy Arabic Cyprus 9,250 1,088,503 117 Nicosia $22.995 $26,377 Euro Presidential republic Greek , Turkish Egypt 1,010,407 72,798,000 90 Cairo $262.26 $3,179 Egyptian pound Presidential republic Arabic Iran 1,648,195 78,868,711 45 Tehran $548.59 $7,207 Iranian rial Islamic republic Persian Iraq 438,317 33,635,000 73.5 Baghdad $216.04 $6,410 Iraqi dinar Parliamentary republic Arabic , Kurdish Israel 20,770 7,653,600 365.3 Jerusalem $257.62 $33,451 Israeli shekel Parliamentary republic Hebrew , Arabic Jordan 92,300 6,318,677 68.4 Amman $30.98 $4,843 Jordanian dinar Constitutional monarchy Arabic Kuwait 17,820 3,566,437 167.5 Kuwait City $184.54 $48,761 Kuwaiti dinar Constitutional monarchy Arabic Lebanon 10,452 4,228,000 404 Beirut $42.519 $10,425 Lebanese pound Parliamentary republic Arabic Oman 212,460 2,694,094 9.2 Muscat $78.290 $25,356 Omani rial Absolute monarchy Arabic Palestine 6,220 4,260,636 667 Ramallah $6.6 $1,600 Israeli shekel , Jordanian dinar Semi-presidential republic Arabic Qatar 11,437 1,696,563 123.2 Doha $192.40 $104,756 Qatari riyal Absolute monarchy Arabic Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 27,136,977 12 Riyadh $733.95 $25,139 Saudi riyal Absolute monarchy Arabic Syria 185,180 23,695,000 118.3 Damascus n / a n / a Syrian pound Presidential republic Arabic Turkey 783,562 73,722,988 94.1 Ankara $788.04 $10,523 Turkish lira Parliamentary republic Turkish United Arab Emirates 82,880 8,264,070 97 Abu Dhabi $383.79 $43,774 UAE dirham Federal Absolute monarchy Arabic Yemen 527,970 23,580,000 44.7 Sana'a Aden ( provisional ) $35.05 $1,354 Yemeni rial Provisional presidential republic Arabic a . ^ ^ Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel and the actual location of the Knesset , Israeli Supreme Court , and other governmental institutions of Israel . Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine , whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem , which is disputed . b . ^ Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing war . Seat of government moved to Aden . Other definitions of the Middle East Main articles : Near East and Greater Middle East Various concepts are often being paralleled to Middle East , most notably Near East , Fertile Crescent and the Levant . Near East , Levant and Fertile Crescent are geographic concepts , which refer to large sections of the modern defined Middle East , with Near East being the closest to Middle East in its geographic meaning . Due to it primarily being Arabic speaking , the Maghreb region of North Africa is sometimes included . The countries of the South Caucasus -- Armenia , Azerbaijan , and Georgia -- are occasionally included in definitions of the Middle East . The Greater Middle East was a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century , to denote various countries , pertaining to the Muslim world , specifically Iran , Turkey , Afghanistan and Pakistan . Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included . History Main article : History of the Middle East See also : List of modern conflicts in the Middle East This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Western Wall and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem The Kaaba , located in Mecca , Saudi Arabia The Middle East lies at the juncture of Eurasia and Africa and of the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean . It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity , Islam , Judaism , Manichaeism , Yezidi , Druze , Yarsan and Mandeanism , and in Iran , Mithraism , Zoroastrianism , Manicheanism , and the Bahá'í Faith . Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs ; a strategically , economically , politically , culturally , and religiously sensitive area . The world 's earliest civilizations , Mesopotamia ( Sumer , Akkad , Assyria and Babylonia ) and ancient Egypt , originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East . These were followed by the Hittite , Greek and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor , Elam in pre-Iranian Persia , as well as the civilizations of the Levant ( such as Ebla , Ugarit , Canaan , Aramea , Phoenicia and Israel ) , Persian and Median civilizations in Iran , North Africa ( Carthage / Phoenicia ) and the Arabian Peninsula ( Magan , Sheba , Ubar ) . The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire , then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires ( namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires ) , the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire . However , it would be the later Arab Caliphates of the Middle Ages , or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Arab conquest of the region in the 7th century AD , that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic ethnic identity that largely ( but not exclusively ) persists today . The Mongols , the Kingdom of Armenia , the Seljuks , the Safavids , the Ottoman Empire , and the British Empire also dominated the region . The modern Middle East began after World War I , when the Ottoman Empire , which was allied with the Central Powers , was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations , initially under British and French Mandates . Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers , notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s . They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards . In the 20th century , the region 's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance . Mass production of oil began around 1945 , with Saudi Arabia , Iran , Kuwait , Iraq , and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil . Estimated oil reserves , especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran , are some of the highest in the world , and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries . During the Cold War , the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies : NATO and the United States on one side , and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other , as they competed to influence regional allies . Besides the political reasons there was also the `` ideological conflict '' between the two systems . Moreover , as Louise Fawcett argues , among many important areas of contention , or perhaps more accurately of anxiety , were , first , the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region , second , the fact that the region contained some two thirds of the world 's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world ( ... ) Within this contextual framework , the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries , the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites . Demographics Main article : Demographics of the Middle East See also : Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East Ethnic groups Main article : Ethnic groups in the Middle East Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East , followed by Turkic people . Native ethnic groups of the region include , in addition to Arabs , Jews , Arameans , Assyrians , Baloch , Berbers , Copts , Druze , Kurds , Lurs , Mandaeans , Persians , Samaritans , Shabaks , Tats , and Zazas . Migration This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East . For the period between the 1970s and 1990s , the Arab states of the PersianGulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt , Yemen and the countries of the Levant , while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between Franceand the majority of North African states . '' According to the International Organization for Migration , there are 13 million first - generation migrants from Arab nations in the world , of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries . Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development . In 2009 Arab countries received a total of 35.1 billion USD in remittance in - flows and remittances sent to Jordan , Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries . In Somalia , the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora , as many of the best educated Somalis left for Europe , North America and other Middle Eastern countries . Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey , Israel and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics . A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing racial and or religious persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs , Iranians or Turks . Large numbers of Kurds , Jews , Assyrians , Greeks and Armenians as well as many Mandeans have left nations such as Iraq , Iran , Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century . In Iran , many religious minorities such as Christians , Baha'is and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979 . Religions Main article : Religion in the Middle East Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East . Here , Muslim men are prostrating during prayer in a mosque . The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions , many of which originated there . Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East , but other faiths that originated there , such as Judaism and Christianity , are also well represented . Christians represent 40.5 % of Lebanon , where the Lebanese president , half of the cabinet , and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites . There are also important minority religions like the Bahá'í Faith , Yarsanism , Yazidism , Zoroastrianism , Mandaeism , Druze , and Shabakism , and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions , Canaanite religions , Manichaeism , Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects . Languages The five top languages , in terms of numbers of speakers , are Arabic , Persian , Turkish , Kurdish , and Hebrew . Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro - Asiatic language family . Persian and Kurdish belong to the Indo - European language family . Turkish belongs to Turkic language family . About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East . Arabic , with all its dialects , are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East , with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries . Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries . It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro - Asiatic languages . Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken Yemen and Oman . Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans . There is also a Oasis Berber - speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa . It is a non-Semitic Afro - Asiatic language . Persian is the second most spoken language . While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries , the country is one of the region 's largest and most populous . It belongs to the Indo - Iranian branch of the family of Indo - European languages . Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi , Daylami , Kurdish dialects , Semmani , Lurish , amongst many others . The third-most widely spoken language , Turkish , is largely confined to Turkey , which is also one of the region 's largest and most populous countries , but it is present in areas in neighboring countries . It is a member of the Turkic languages , which have their origins in Central Asia . Another Turkic language , Azerbaijani , is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran . Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel , the other being Arabic . Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80 % of Israel 's population , the other 20 % using Arabic . English is commonly taught and used as a second language , especially among the middle and upper classes , in countries such as Egypt , Jordan , Iran , Kurdistan , Iraq , Qatar , Bahrain , United Arab Emirates and Kuwait . It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates . French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon , and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria . Maltese , a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe , is also used by the Franco - Maltese diaspora in Egypt . Armenian and Greek speakers are also to be found in the region . Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora . Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population , because of emigration in the late 1990s . Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel ; news , radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic . Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well . The largest Romanian - speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel , where as of 1995 Romanian is spoken by 5 % of the population . Bengali , Hindi and Urdu is widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries , such as Saudi Arabia ( where 20 -- 25 % of the population is South Asian ) , the United Arab Emirates ( where 50 -- 55 % of the population is South Asian ) , and Qatar , which have large numbers of Pakistani , Bangladeshi and Indian immigrants . Economy This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 ) Main articles : Economy of the Middle East and Middle East economic integration Oil and gas pipelines in the Middle - East Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor ( such as Gaza and Yemen ) to extremely wealthy nations ( such as Qatar and UAE ) . Overall , as of 2007 , according to the CIA World Factbook , all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth . According to the World Bank 's World Development Indicators database published on July 1 , 2009 , the three largest Middle Eastern economies in 2008 were Turkey ( $794,228 ) , Saudi Arabia ( $467,601 ) and Iran ( $385,143 ) in terms of Nominal GDP . Regarding nominal GDP per capita , the highest ranking countries are Qatar ( $93,204 ) , the UAE ( $55,028 ) , Kuwait ( $45,920 ) and Cyprus ( $32,745 ) . Turkey ( $1,028,897 ) , Iran ( $839,438 ) and Saudi Arabia ( $589,531 ) had the largest economies in terms of GDP - PPP . When it comes to per capita ( PPP ) - based income , the highest - ranking countries are Qatar ( $86,008 ) , Kuwait ( $39,915 ) , the UAE ( $38,894 ) , Bahrain ( $34,662 ) and Cyprus ( $29,853 ) . The lowest - ranking country in the Middle East , in terms of per capita income ( PPP ) , is the autonomous Palestinian Authority of Gaza and the West Bank ( $1,100 ) . The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil - related products ( such as Saudi Arabia , the UAE and Kuwait ) , others have a highly diverse economic base ( such as Cyprus , Israel , Turkey and Egypt ) . Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil - related products , agriculture , cotton , cattle , dairy , textiles , leather products , surgical instruments , defence equipment ( guns , ammunition , tanks , submarines , fighter jets , UAVs , and missiles ) . Banking is also an important sector of the economies , especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain . With the exception of Cyprus , Turkey , Egypt , Lebanon and Israel , tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy , in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East . In recent years , however , countries such as the UAE , Bahrain , and Jordan have begun attracting greater number of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism - related restrictive policies . Unemployment is notably high in the Middle East and North Africa region , particularly among young people aged 15 -- 29 , a demographic representing 30 % of the region 's total population . The total regional unemployment rate in 2005 , according to the International Labour Organization , was 13.2 % , and among youth is as high as 25 % , up to 37 % in Morocco and 73 % in Syria . Gallery Abu Dhabi - UAE Amman - Jordan Ankara - Turkey Baghdad - Iraq Beirut - Lebanon Cairo - Egypt Damascus - Syria Doha - Qatar Dubai - UAE Istanbul - Turkey Jerusalem - Israel Kuwait City - Kuwait Manama - Bahrain Mecca - Saudi Arabia Muscat , Oman Ramallah - Palestine Sana'a - Yemen Tabriz - Iran Tehran - Iran Tel Aviv - Israel Play media This video over Central Africa and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . Play media This video over the Sahara Desert and the Middle East was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station . Play media A pass beginning over Turkmenistan , east of the Caspian Sea to south - eastern China , just north - west of Hong Kong . See also Middle East portal Asia portal Africa portal Geography portal Biomedical research in the Middle East Hilly Flanks Maayan ( magazine ) MENA Mental health in the Middle East Middle East Studies Association of North America Middle East Youth Initiative Middle Eastern cuisine Middle Eastern music Orientalism State feminism § Middle East Timeline of Middle Eastern history Notes Jump up ^ Arabic : الشرق الأوسط , translit . Ash - Sharq al - Awsaṭ ; Armenian : Միջին Արեւելք , translit . Miǰin Arevelk ' ; Azerbaijani : Orta Şərq ; Central Kurdish : ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین , Rojhelatî Nawîn ; French : Moyen - Orient ; Georgian : ახლო აღმოსავლეთი ; Greek : Μέση Ανατολή , translit . Mési Anatolí ; Hebrew : המזרח התיכון , translit . Ha'Mizrah Ha'Tihon ; Kurmanji Kurdish : Rojhilata Navîn ; Persian : خاورمیانه , translit . Xāvar - Miāne ; Somali : Bariga Dhexe ; Turkish : Orta Doğu ; Urdu : مشرق وسطی , translit . Maśriq Vosta Jump up ^ In Italian , the expression `` Vicino Oriente '' ( Near East ) was also widely used to refer to Turkey , and Estremo Oriente ( Far East or Extreme East ) to refer to all of Asia east of Middle East Jump up ^ According to the 1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel , at a population of 5,548,523 ( census 1995 ) . References Jump up ^ Population 1971 -- 2010 ( pdf Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . pages 89 ) IEA ( OECD / World Bank ) ( original population ref OECD / World Bank e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57 ) Jump up ^ Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East : An Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Cairo , Michael F. The Gulf : The Bush Presidencies and the Middle East Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . University Press of Kentucky , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0813136721 p xi . Jump up ^ Government Printing Office . History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense : The formative years , 1947 -- 1950 Archived 2015 - 12 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ISBN 978 - 0160876400 p 177 Jump up ^ Kahana , Ephraim . Suwaed , Muhammad . Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Intelligence Archived 2015 - 12 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Scarecrow Press , 13 apr. 2009 ISBN 978 - 0810863026 p xxxi . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Blake & Wagstaff 1988 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Koppes , CR ( 1976 ) . `` Captain Mahan , General Gordon and the origin of the term `` Middle East '' `` . Middle East Studies . 12 : 95 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 00263207608700307 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Bernard ( 1965 ) . The Middle East and the West . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Fromkin , David ( 1989 ) . A Peace to end all Peace . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0857 - 8 . Jump up ^ Melman , Billie , Companion to Travel Writing , Collections Online , 6 The Middle East / Arabia , Cambridge , archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 , retrieved January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Michael A. Guardians of the Persian Gulf : A History of America 's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf , 1833 -- 1992 . New York : The Free Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 923843 - 9 pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Laciner , Dr. Sedat . `` Is There a Place Called ' the Middle East ' ? Archived 2007 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . '' , The Journal of Turkish Weekly , June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Adelson 1995 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Davison , Roderic H. ( 1960 ) . `` Where is the Middle East ? '' . Foreign Affairs . 38 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 20029452 . Jump up ^ Held , Colbert C. ( 2000 ) . Middle East Patterns : Places , Peoples , and Politics . Westview Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 8221 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Near East ' is Mideast , Washington Explains '' . The New York Times . August 14 , 1958 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 25 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Norm . The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law . New York : Basic Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00488 - 1 p. 156 Jump up ^ Hanafi , Hassan . `` The Middle East , in whose world ? ( Primary Reflections ) '' . Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies ( The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies : The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo , 13 -- 16 August 1998 ) . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . ( `` unedited paper as given at the Oslo conference . An updated and edited version has been published in Utvik and Vikør , The Middle East in a Globalized World , Bergen / London 2000 , 1 - 9 . Please quote or refer only to the published article '' ) `` The expression Middle East is an old British label based on a British Western perception of the East divided into middle or near and far '' . see also Shohat , Ella . `` Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia '' . City University of New York . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ewan W. , William Bayne Fisher ( 2000 ) . The Middle East : Geography and Geopolitics . Routledge . pp. 12 -- 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` GDP '' . IMF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita '' . IMF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Novikova , Gayane ( December 2000 ) . `` Armenia and the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . Middle East Review of International Affairs . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Haeri , Safa ( 2004 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Concocting a ' Greater Middle East ' brew '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ottaway , Marina & Carothers , Thomas ( 2004 - 03 - 29 ) , The Greater Middle East Initiative : Off to a False Start Archived 2009 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Policy Brief , Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , 29 , Pages 1 -- 7 Jump up ^ Middle East Archived 2016 - 04 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . What Is The Middle East And What Countries Are Part Of It ? worldatlas.com . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 1999 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Louise , Fawcett . International Relations of the Middle East . ( Oxford University Press , New York , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Hassan , Islam ; Dyer , Paul ( 2017 ) . `` The State of Middle Eastern Youth '' . The Muslim World . 107 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 12 . hdl : 10822 / 1042998 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures ( English ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` World Factbook -- Jordan '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` World Factbook -- Kuwait '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2 '' . Eurojewcong.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Evenimentul Zilei '' . Evz.ro . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ The World Bank : World Economic Indicators Database . GDP ( Nominal ) 2008 . Archived 2009 - 09 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Data for 2008 . Last revised on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Data refer to 2008 . World Economic Outlook Database - October 2009 , International Monetary Fund . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The World Bank : World Economic Indicators Database . GDP ( PPP ) 2008 . Archived 2014 - 02 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Data for 2008 . Last revised on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment Rates Are Highest in the Middle East '' . Progressive Policy Institute . August 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Navtej Dhillon ; Tarek Yousef ( 2007 ) . `` Inclusion : Meeting the 100 Million Youth Challenge '' . Shabab Inclusion . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hilary Silver ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Social Exclusion : Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth '' . Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper . Shabab Inclusion . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Further reading Adelson , Roger ( 1995 ) . London and the Invention of the Middle East : Money , Power , and War , 1902 -- 1922 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06094 - 7 . Anderson , R ; Seibert , R ; Wagner , J. ( 2006 ) . Politics and Change in the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . Barzilai , Gad ; Aharon , Klieman ; Gil , Shidlo ( 1993 ) . The Gulf Crisis and its Global Aftermath . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 080029 . Barzilai , Gad ( 1996 ) . Wars , Internal Conflicts and Political Order . State University of New York Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2943 - 1 . Beaumont , Peter ; Blake , Gerald H ; Wagstaff , J. Malcolm ( 1988 ) . The Middle East : A Geographical Study . David Fulton . ISBN 0 - 470 - 21040 - 0 . Cleveland , William L. , and Martin Bunton . A history of the modern Middle East ( Westview Press , 2016 ) . Cressey , George B. ( 1960 ) . Crossroads : Land and Life in Southwest Asia . Chicago , IL : J.B. Lippincott Co. xiv , 593 p. , ill . with maps and b&w photos . Freedman , Robert O. ( 1991 ) . The Middle East from the Iran - Contra Affair to the Intifada , in series , Contemporary Issues in the Middle East . 1st ed . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . x , 441 p . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2502 - 2 pbk . Goldschmidt , Arthur Jr ( 1999 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0471 - 7 . Halpern , Manfred . Politics of Social Change : In the Middle East and North Africa ( Princeton University Press , 2015 ) . Ismael , Jacqueline S. , Tareq Y . Ismael , and Glenn Perry . Government and politics of the contemporary Middle East : Continuity and change ( Routledge , 2015 ) . Lynch , Marc , ed . The Arab Uprisings Explained : New Contentious Politics in the Middle East ( Columbia University Press , 2014 ) . p. 352 . Palmer , Michael A. ( 1992 ) . Guardians of the Persian Gulf : A History of America 's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf , 1833 -- 1992 . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 923843 - 9 . Reich , Bernard . Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa : a biographical dictionary ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1990 ) . External links Find more aboutMiddle Eastat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Middle East '' dated 2008 - 03 - 28 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles `` Middle East -- Articles by Region '' -- Council on Foreign Relations : `` A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis '' `` Middle East -- Interactive Crisis Guide '' -- Council on Foreign Relations : `` A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis '' Middle East Department University of Chicago Library Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957 : `` The leading information source on business in the Middle East '' -- MEED.com Carboun -- advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East Middle East at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Middle East News from Yahoo ! News Middle East Business , Financial & Industry News -- ArabianBusiness.com Middle East Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Gaza Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria North Syria Federation Turkish occupation of northern Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Cinema Conflicts Cuisine Dance Demography Etiquette Greater Middle East History timeline Music Religion Irreligion Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire BNF : cb11941591f ( data ) LCCN : sh85090501 NARA : 10044399 VIAF : 316747516 Coordinates : 29 ° N 41 ° E / 29 ° N 41 ° E / 29 ; 41 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_East&oldid=843134401 '' Categories : Articles containing Sorani Kurdish - language text Articles containing Kurmanji Kurdish - language text Middle East Geography of Western Asia Regions of Asia Western Asia North Africa Regions of Africa Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Armenian - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Georgian - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Somali - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Urdu - language text Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1995 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ 147 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 03 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20East
| 18,516 |
how many sides do the egyptian pyramids have
|
Egyptian pyramids
|
egyptian pyramids
|
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid - shaped masonry structures located in Egypt .
|
As of November 2008 , sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids . Most were built as tombs for the country 's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods . The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara , northwest of Memphis . The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser ( constructed 2630 BC -- 2611 BC ) which was built during the third dynasty . This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep , and are generally considered to be the world 's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry . The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza , on the outskirts of Cairo . Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built . The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid . It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical development 2 Pyramid symbolism 3 Number and location of pyramids 3.1 Abu Rawash 3.2 Giza 3.3 Zawyet el - Aryan 3.4 Abu Sir 3.5 Saqqara 3.6 Dahshur 3.7 Mazghuna 3.8 Lisht 3.9 Meidum 3.10 Hawara 3.11 el - Lahun 3.12 El - Kurru 3.13 Nuri 3.14 Construction dates 4 Construction techniques 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Historical development The Mastabat al - Fir'aun at Saqqara By the time of the Early Dynastic Period , those with sufficient means were buried in bench - like structures known as mastabas . The second historically - documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep , who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser . Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other , creating an edifice composed of a number of `` steps '' that decreased in size towards its apex . The result was the Pyramid of Djoser , which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens . Such was the importance of Imhotep 's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians . The most prolific pyramid - building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule . It was during this time that the most famous pyramids , the Giza pyramid complex , were built . Over time , as authority became less centralized , the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased , and later pyramids were smaller , less well - built and often hastily constructed . Long after the end of Egypt 's own pyramid - building period , a burst of pyramid - building occurred in what is present - day Sudan , after much of Egypt came under the rule of the kings of Napata . While Napatan rule was brief , ending in 661 BC , Egyptian culture made an indelible impression , and during the later Kingdom of Meroë ( approximately in the period between 300 BCE -- 300 CE ) , this flowered into a full - blown pyramid - building revival , which saw more than two hundred Egyptian - inspired indigenous royal pyramid - tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom 's capital cities . Al - Aziz Uthman ( 1171 -- 1198 ) tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex . He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge . Pyramid symbolism Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile , the outer line indicates the original profile . The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created . The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun , and most pyramids were faced with polished , highly reflective white limestone , in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance . Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence . For example , the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid , and that of Senwosret at el - Lahun was Senwosret is Shining . While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments , there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them . One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of `` resurrection machine . '' The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens . One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky . This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh 's soul directly into the abode of the gods . All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile , which , as the site of the setting sun , was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology . Number and location of pyramids In 1842 , Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids -- see Lepsius list of pyramids -- in which he counted 67 . A great many more have since been discovered . As of November 2008 , 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified . The location of Pyramid 29 , which Lepsius called the `` Headless Pyramid '' , was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius ' survey . It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008 . Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands . If visible at all , they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble . As a consequence , archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures . The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara , mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti . The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass , Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities , on 11 November 2008 . All of Egypt 's pyramids , except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el - Amwat ( or Zawyet el - Mayitin ) , are sited on the west bank of the Nile , and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields . The most important of these are listed geographically , from north to south , below . Abu Rawash Main article : Abu Rawash The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt 's most northerly pyramid ( other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one ) -- the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre , son and successor of Khufu . Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed , but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed , but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure , which would have placed it among the half - dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt . Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone . Quarrying -- which began in Roman times -- has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid 's core . A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation . Giza Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex . Aerial view of Giza pyramid complex Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu ( also known as the `` Great Pyramid '' and the `` Pyramid of Cheops '' ) ; the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre ( or Kephren ) ; the relatively modest - sized Pyramid of Menkaure ( or Mykerinus ) , along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as `` Queen 's pyramids '' ; and the Great Sphinx of Giza . Of the three , only Khafre 's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing , near its apex . This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location , and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction -- it is , in fact , smaller in both height and volume . The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity , and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence . Zawyet el - aryan See also : Zawyet el'Aryan This site , halfway between Giza and Abu Sir , is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids . The northern structure 's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka , while the southern structure , known as the Layer Pyramid , may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba , a close successor of Sekhemkhet . If this attribution is correct , Khaba 's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid . Today it stands around 17 m ( 56 ft ) high ; had it been completed , it is likely to have exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) . Abu Sir Main article : Abusir The Pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir , viewed from the pyramid 's causeway . There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site , which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty . The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty -- perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy . They are smaller than their predecessors , and are built of low - quality local limestone . The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre , which is also the best preserved , Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure . The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre . Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built similar construction techniques , comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing . The largest of these 5th - Dynasty pyramids , the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai , is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m ( 230 ft ) high and then later transformed into a `` true '' pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry . Saqqara Main article : Saqqara The Pyramid of Djoser Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser -- generally identified as the world 's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone -- the Pyramid of Userkaf , the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare , dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt . Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas , which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best - preserved in Egypt . Together with the pyramid of Userkaf , this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts , conducted by Khaemweset , a son of Ramesses II . Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser 's successor Sekhemkhet known as the Buried Pyramid . Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed , it would have been larger than Djoser 's . South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later , smaller pyramids , including those of Pepi I , Isesi , Merenre , Pepi II and Ibi . Most of these are in a poor state of preservation . The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in , or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors . His tomb , which is also sited at south Saqqara , was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex . It is commonly known as the Mastabat al - Fir'aun . A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008 . Believed to be the tomb of Teti 's mother , it currently stands approximately 5 m ( 16 ft ) high , although the original height was closer to 14 m ( 46 ft ) . Dahshur Main article : Dahshur Sneferu 's Red Pyramid This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara , although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base , and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles . The southern Pyramid of Sneferu , commonly known as the Bent Pyramid , is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a `` true '' smooth - sided pyramid from the outset ; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state -- but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid , before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone . As a true smooth - sided structure , the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success -- albeit a unique , visually imposing one ; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact . As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look . Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last -- and most successful -- of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu ; the Red Pyramid is the world 's first successfully completed smooth - sided pyramid . The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt -- after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza . Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Pyramid of Amenemhat III , as well as a number of small , mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids . Mazghuna Main article : Mazghuna Located to the south of Dahshur , several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom , perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu . Lisht Main article : el - Lisht The pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht -- those of Amenemhat I and his son , Senusret I . The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids . One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat 's cousin , Khaba II . The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum , midway between Dahshur and Meidum , and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo , is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy ( the precise location of which remains unknown ) , which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty . Meidum Main article : Meidum The pyramid at Meidum The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu , and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh 's father and predecessor , Huni . However , that attribution is uncertain , as no record of Huni 's name has been found at the site . It was constructed as a step pyramid , and then later converted into the first `` true '' smooth - sided pyramid when the steps were filled in , and an outer casing added . The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times ; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps -- although today only the three uppermost of these remain , giving the structure its odd , tower - like appearance . The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature -- it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way . Hawara Main article : Hawara The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty , and the pyramid he built at Hawarra , near the Faiyum , is believed to post-date the so - called `` Black Pyramid '' built by the same ruler at Dahshur . It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet 's final resting place . El - Lahun Main article : el - Lahun The Pyramid of Senusret II . The pyramid 's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base . The pyramid of Senusret II at el - Lahun is the southernmost royal - tomb pyramid structure in Egypt . Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12 - meter - high natural limestone hill . El - Kurru Main article : El - Kurru Pharaoh Piye 's pyramid at El - Kurru Piye , the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty , built a pyramid at El - Kurru . He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries . Nuri Main article : Nuri Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa 's pyramid at Nuri Taharqa , a legitimate ruler and Pharaoh of Egypt , built his pyramid at Nuri . It was the largest in the area ( North Sudan ) . Construction dates Drawing showing transportation of a colossus . The water poured in the path of the sledge , long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual , but now confirmed as feasible , served to increase the stiffness of the sand , and likely reduced by 50 % the force needed to move the statue . The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here . Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built , his approximate reign , and its location . Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field Djoser c. 2670 BC Saqqara Sneferu c. 2612 -- 2589 BC Dashur Sneferu c. 2612 -- 2589 BC Meidum Khufu c. 2589 -- 2566 BC Giza Djedefre c. 2566 -- 2558 BC Abu Rawash Khafre c. 2558 -- 2532 BC Giza Menkaure c. 2532 -- 2504 BC Giza Userkaf c. 2494 -- 2487 BC Saqqara Sahure c. 2487 -- 2477 BC Abu Sir Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477 -- 2467 BC Abu Sir Nyuserre Ini c. 2416 -- 2392 BC Abu Sir Amenemhat I c. 1991 -- 1962 BC Lisht Senusret I c. 1971 -- 1926 BC Lisht Senusret II c. 1897 -- 1878 BC el - Lahun Amenemhat III c. 1860 -- 1814 BC Hawara Khendjer c. 1764 -- 1759 BC Saqqara Piye c. 721 BC El - Kurru Taharqa c. 664 BC Nuri Construction techniques Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone . The quarried blocks were likely transported to the construction site by wooden sleds , with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction . Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand , helping them stick together . See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Pyramidion Ziggurat Al Ahram , Arabic for `` the pyramids '' , name of Egyptian newspaper List List of Egyptian pyramids List of megalithic sites References Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` In the Shadow of a Long Past , Patiently Awaiting the Future '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Lehner ( 2008 ) . The Complete Pyramids : Solving the Ancient Mysteries . p. 34 . Thames & Hudson . 2008 - 03 - 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28547 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt says has found pyramid built for ancient queen '' . Reuters. 11 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . The pyramid , which Hawass said was the 118th found in Egypt , was uncovered near the world 's oldest pyramid at Saqqara , a burial ground for the rulers of ancient Egypt . ^ Jump up to : Slackman , Michael ( 16 November 2007 ) . `` In the Shadow of a Long Past , Patiently Awaiting the Future '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Deep below the Egyptian desert , archaeologists have found evidence of yet another pyramid , this one constructed 4,300 years ago to store the remains of a pharaoh 's mother . That makes 138 pyramids discovered here so far , and officials say they expect to find more . ^ Jump up to : Michael Ritter ( 2003 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Dating the Pyramids . Retrieved 13 April 2005 Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David ( 2005 ) . A History of Western Architecture ( 4th ed . ) . Laurence King Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 459 - 9 . `` The Great Pyramid ... is still one of the largest structures ever raised by man , its plan twice the size of St. Peter 's in Rome '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Burial customs : mastabas . University College London ( 2001 ) Retrieved 14 April 2005 Jump up ^ `` Early Dynastic burial customs '' . Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Quirke , Stephen ( 2001 ) . The Cult of Ra : Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson , pp. 118 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark . The Complete Pyramids , London : Thames and Hudson ( 1997 ) , p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Toby Wilkinson ( 2004 ) . `` Before the Pyramids '' . Egypt at its Origins . Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams Proceedings of the International Conference `` Origin of the State . Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt '' , Krakow , 28th August - 1st September 2002 . Peeters . p. 1142 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1469 - 8 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . A final echo of earlier practices is seen in the domain established by Djoser to supply his mortuary cult . He called it Hr - sb3 - / mti - pt , `` Horus , the foremost star in the sky '' . We could not wish for a clearer statement of the belief underlying the Step Pyramid : that it was a resurrection machine designed to propel its royal owner , Horus , to the pre-eminent place among the undying stars . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel Nederland '' . Discoverychannel.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080609220846/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080606/ap_on_re_mi_ea/egypt_missing_pyramid%3B_ylt%3DAtJMeqg4khfjCZgFw4P7z5us0NUE . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New Pyramid Found in Egypt : 4,300 - Year - Old Queen 's Tomb '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Kitchen : Rammeside Inscriptions , Translated & Annotated , Translations , Volume II , Blackwell Publishers , ISBN 0 - 631 - 18435 - X , 1996 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Mastaba of Shepseskaf Jump up ^ Allen , James ; Manuelian , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts ( Writings from the Ancient World , No. 23 ) . Brill Academic . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13777 - 6 . Jump up ^ Terrence McCoy ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) . `` The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive pyramid stones without modern technology '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Bibliography Edwards , I.E.S. , The Pyramids of Egypt Penguin Books Ltd ; New edition ( 5 Dec 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013634 - 0 Lehner , Mark , The Complete Pyramids , Thames & Hudson , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 Mendelssohn , Kurt , The Riddle of the Pyramids , Thames & Hudson Ltd ( 6 May 1974 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05015 - 6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramids of Egypt . Ancient Egyptians from BBC History Pyramids World Heritage Site in panographies -- 360 degree interactive imaging The Pyramids of Egypt -- The meaning and construction of the Egyptian pyramids by Egyptologist Professor Nabil S welim . Ancient Authors -- A site that quotes descriptions of the `` Labyrinth '' of Amenemhet III 's pyramid at el - Lahun by various ancient authors . Ancient Egypt -- History & Chronology -- A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia ( Sudan ) . Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Burial customs Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 34 '' N 31 ° 07 ′ 52 '' E / 29.97611 ° N 31.13111 ° E / 29.97611 ; 31.13111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_pyramids&oldid=814940138 '' Categories : Ancient Egyptian pyramids African architecture Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%20pyramids
| 14,400 |
||
what is a description of how closely measurements are to each other
|
Astronomy
|
astronomy
|
Astronomy ( from Greek : ἀστρονομία ) is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena . It applies mathematics , physics , and chemistry , in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution . Objects of interest include planets , moons , stars , galaxies , and comets ; the phenomena include supernova explosions , gamma ray bursts , and cosmic microwave background radiation . More generally , all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earth 's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy . A related but distinct subject , physical cosmology , is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole .
|
Astronomy is one of the oldest of the natural sciences . The early civilizations in recorded history , such as the Babylonians , Greeks , Indians , Egyptians , Nubians , Iranians , Chinese , Maya , and many ancient Indigenous Peoples of The Americas performed methodical observations of the night sky . Historically , astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry , celestial navigation , observational astronomy and the making of calendars , but professional astronomy is now often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics . During the 20th century , the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches . Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects , which is then analyzed using basic principles of physics . Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena . The two fields complement each other , with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain observational results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results . Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs still play an active role , especially in the discovery and observation of transient phenomena . Amateur astronomers have made and contributed to many important astronomical discoveries , such as finding new comets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Use of terms `` astronomy '' and `` astrophysics '' 2 History 2.1 Scientific revolution 3 Observational astronomy 3.1 Radio astronomy 3.2 Infrared astronomy 3.3 Optical astronomy 3.4 Ultraviolet astronomy 3.5 X-ray astronomy 3.6 Gamma - ray astronomy 3.7 Fields not based on the electromagnetic spectrum 3.8 Astrometry and celestial mechanics 4 Theoretical astronomy 5 Specific subfields 5.1 Solar astronomy 5.2 Planetary science 5.3 Stellar astronomy 5.4 Galactic astronomy 5.5 Extragalactic astronomy 5.6 Physical cosmology 6 Interdisciplinary studies 7 Amateur astronomy 8 Unsolved problems in astronomy 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) 19th century Sydney Observatory , Australia ( 1873 ) 19th century Quito Astronomical Observatory is located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito , Ecuador . Astronomy ( from the Greek ἀστρονομία from ἄστρον astron , `` star '' and - νομία - nomia from νόμος nomos , `` law '' or `` culture '' ) means `` law of the stars '' ( or `` culture of the stars '' depending on the translation ) . Astronomy should not be confused with astrology , the belief system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects . Although the two fields share a common origin , they are now entirely distinct . Use of terms `` astronomy '' and `` astrophysics '' ( edit ) Generally , either the term `` astronomy '' or `` astrophysics '' may be used to refer to this subject . Based on strict dictionary definitions , `` astronomy '' refers to `` the study of objects and matter outside the Earth 's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties '' and `` astrophysics '' refers to the branch of astronomy dealing with `` the behavior , physical properties , and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena . '' In some cases , as in the introduction of the introductory textbook The Physical Universe by Frank Shu , `` astronomy '' may be used to describe the qualitative study of the subject , whereas `` astrophysics '' is used to describe the physics - oriented version of the subject . However , since most modern astronomical research deals with subjects related to physics , modern astronomy could actually be called astrophysics . Few fields , such as astrometry , are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics . Various departments in which scientists carry out research on this subject may use `` astronomy '' and `` astrophysics , '' partly depending on whether the department is historically affiliated with a physics department , and many professional astronomers have physics rather than astronomy degrees . Some titles of the leading scientific journals in this field include The Astronomical Journal , The Astrophysical Journal , and Astronomy and Astrophysics . History ( edit ) Main article : History of astronomy Further information : Archaeoastronomy and List of astronomers A celestial map from the 17th century , by the Dutch cartographer Frederik de Wit In early times , astronomy only comprised the observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye . In some locations , early cultures assembled massive artifacts that possibly had some astronomical purpose . In addition to their ceremonial uses , these observatories could be employed to determine the seasons , an important factor in knowing when to plant crops , as well as in understanding the length of the year . Before tools such as the telescope were invented , early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye . As civilizations developed , most notably in Mesopotamia , Greece , Persia , India , China , Egypt , and Central America , astronomical observatories were assembled , and ideas on the nature of the Universe began to be explored . Most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets , a science now referred to as astrometry . From these observations , early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed , and the nature of the Sun , Moon and the Earth in the Universe were explored philosophically . The Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun , the Moon and the stars rotating around it . This is known as the geocentric model of the Universe , or the Ptolemaic system , named after Ptolemy . A particularly important early development was the beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy , which began among the Babylonians , who laid the foundations for the later astronomical traditions that developed in many other civilizations . The Babylonians discovered that lunar eclipses recurred in a repeating cycle known as a saros . Greek equatorial sundial , Alexandria on the Oxus , present - day Afghanistan 3rd -- 2nd century BCE Following the Babylonians , significant advances in astronomy were made in ancient Greece and the Hellenistic world . Greek astronomy is characterized from the start by seeking a rational , physical explanation for celestial phenomena . In the 3rd century BC , Aristarchus of Samos estimated the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , and was the first to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system . In the 2nd century BC , Hipparchus discovered precession , calculated the size and distance of the Moon and invented the earliest known astronomical devices such as the astrolabe . Hipparchus also created a comprehensive catalog of 1020 stars , and most of the constellations of the northern hemisphere derive from Greek astronomy . The Antikythera mechanism ( c. 150 -- 80 BC ) was an early analog computer designed to calculate the location of the Sun , Moon , and planets for a given date . Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century , when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe . During the Middle Ages , astronomy was mostly stagnant in medieval Europe , at least until the 13th century . However , astronomy flourished in the Islamic world and other parts of the world . This led to the emergence of the first astronomical observatories in the Muslim world by the early 9th century . In 964 , the Andromeda Galaxy , the largest galaxy in the Local Group , was discovered by the Persian astronomer Azophi and first described in his Book of Fixed Stars . The SN 1006 supernova , the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event in recorded history , was observed by the Egyptian Arabic astronomer Ali ibn Ridwan and the Chinese astronomers in 1006 . Some of the prominent Islamic ( mostly Persian and Arab ) astronomers who made significant contributions to the science include Al - Battani , Thebit , Azophi , Albumasar , Biruni , Arzachel , Al - Birjandi , and the astronomers of the Maragheh and Samarkand observatories . Astronomers during that time introduced many Arabic names now used for individual stars . It is also believed that the ruins at Great Zimbabwe and Timbuktu may have housed an astronomical observatory . Europeans had previously believed that there had been no astronomical observation in pre-colonial Middle Ages sub-Saharan Africa but modern discoveries show otherwise . The Roman Catholic Church gave more financial and social support to the study of astronomy for over six centuries , from the recovery of ancient learning during the late Middle Ages into the Enlightenment , than any other , and , probably , all other , institutions . Among the Church 's motives was finding the date for Easter . Scientific revolution ( edit ) Galileo 's sketches and observations of the Moon revealed that the surface was mountainous . An astronomical chart from an early scientific manuscript , c. 1000 During the Renaissance , Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system . His work was defended , expanded upon , and corrected by Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler . Galileo used telescopes to enhance his observations . Kepler was the first to devise a system that described correctly the details of the motion of the planets with the Sun at the center . However , Kepler did not succeed in formulating a theory behind the laws he wrote down . It was left to Newton 's invention of celestial dynamics and his law of gravitation to finally explain the motions of the planets . Newton also developed the reflecting telescope . The English astronomer John Flamsteed catalogued over 3000 stars . Further discoveries paralleled the improvements in the size and quality of the telescope . More extensive star catalogues were produced by Lacaille . The astronomer William Herschel made a detailed catalog of nebulosity and clusters , and in 1781 discovered the planet Uranus , the first new planet found . The distance to a star was first announced in 1838 when the parallax of 61 Cygni was measured by Friedrich Bessel . During the 18 -- 19th centuries , the study of the three body problem by Euler , Clairaut , and D'Alembert led to more accurate predictions about the motions of the Moon and planets . This work was further refined by Lagrange and Laplace , allowing the masses of the planets and moons to be estimated from their perturbations . Significant advances in astronomy came about with the introduction of new technology , including the spectroscope and photography . Fraunhofer discovered about 600 bands in the spectrum of the Sun in 1814 -- 15 , which , in 1859 , Kirchhoff ascribed to the presence of different elements . Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth 's own Sun , but with a wide range of temperatures , masses , and sizes . The existence of the Earth 's galaxy , the Milky Way , as a separate group of stars , was only proved in the 20th century , along with the existence of `` external '' galaxies . The observed recession of those galaxies led to the discovery of the expansion of the Universe . Theoretical astronomy led to speculations on the existence of objects such as black holes and neutron stars , which have been used to explain such observed phenomena as quasars , pulsars , blazars , and radio galaxies . Physical cosmology made huge advances during the 20th century , with the model of the Big Bang , which is heavily supported by evidence provided by cosmic microwave background radiation , Hubble 's law , and the cosmological abundances of elements . Space telescopes have enabled measurements in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum normally blocked or blurred by the atmosphere . In February 2016 , it was revealed that the LIGO project had detected evidence of gravitational waves in the previous September . Observational astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Observational astronomy Our main source of information about celestial bodies and other objects is visible light more generally electromagnetic radiation . Observational astronomy may be divided according to the observed region of the electromagnetic spectrum . Some parts of the spectrum can be observed from the Earth 's surface , while other parts are only observable from either high altitudes or outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Specific information on these subfields is given below . Radio astronomy ( edit ) The Very Large Array in New Mexico , an example of a radio telescope Main article : Radio astronomy Radio astronomy uses radiation outside the visible range with wavelengths greater than approximately one millimeter . Radio astronomy is different from most other forms of observational astronomy in that the observed radio waves can be treated as waves rather than as discrete photons . Hence , it is relatively easier to measure both the amplitude and phase of radio waves , whereas this is not as easily done at shorter wavelengths . Although some radio waves are emitted directly by astronomical objects , a product of thermal emission , most of the radio emission that is observed is the result of synchrotron radiation , which is produced when electrons orbit magnetic fields . Additionally , a number of spectral lines produced by interstellar gas , notably the hydrogen spectral line at 21 cm , are observable at radio wavelengths . A wide variety of objects are observable at radio wavelengths , including supernovae , interstellar gas , pulsars , and active galactic nuclei . Infrared astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Infrared astronomy ALMA Observatory is one of the highest observatory sites on Earth . Atacama , Chile . Infrared astronomy is founded on the detection and analysis of infrared radiation , wavelengths longer than red light and outside the range of our vision . The infrared spectrum is useful for studying objects that are too cold to radiate visible light , such as planets , circumstellar disks or nebulae whose light is blocked by dust . The longer wavelengths of infrared can penetrate clouds of dust that block visible light , allowing the observation of young stars embedded in molecular clouds and the cores of galaxies . Observations from the Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE ) have been particularly effective at unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their host star clusters . With the exception of infrared wavelengths close to visible light , such radiation is heavily absorbed by the atmosphere , or masked , as the atmosphere itself produces significant infrared emission . Consequently , infrared observatories have to be located in high , dry places on Earth or in space . Some molecules radiate strongly in the infrared . This allows the study of the chemistry of space ; more specifically it can detect water in comets . Optical astronomy ( edit ) The Subaru Telescope ( left ) and Keck Observatory ( center ) on Mauna Kea , both examples of an observatory that operates at near - infrared and visible wavelengths . The NASA Infrared Telescope Facility ( right ) is an example of a telescope that operates only at near - infrared wavelengths . Main article : Optical astronomy Historically , optical astronomy , also called visible light astronomy , is the oldest form of astronomy . Images of observations were originally drawn by hand . In the late 19th century and most of the 20th century , images were made using photographic equipment . Modern images are made using digital detectors , particularly using charge - coupled devices ( CCDs ) and recorded on modern medium . Although visible light itself extends from approximately 4000 Å to 7000 Å ( 400 nm to 700 nm ) , that same equipment can be used to observe some near - ultraviolet and near - infrared radiation . Ultraviolet astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Ultraviolet astronomy Ultraviolet astronomy employs ultraviolet wavelengths between approximately 100 and 3200 Å ( 10 to 320 nm ) . Light at those wavelengths are absorbed by the Earth 's atmosphere , requiring observations at these wavelengths to be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space . Ultraviolet astronomy is best suited to the study of thermal radiation and spectral emission lines from hot blue stars ( OB stars ) that are very bright in this wave band . This includes the blue stars in other galaxies , which have been the targets of several ultraviolet surveys . Other objects commonly observed in ultraviolet light include planetary nebulae , supernova remnants , and active galactic nuclei . However , as ultraviolet light is easily absorbed by interstellar dust , an adjustment of ultraviolet measurements is necessary . X-ray astronomy ( edit ) Main article : X-ray astronomy X-ray jet made from a supermassive black hole found by NASA 's Chandra X-ray Observatory , made visible by light from the early Universe X-ray astronomy uses X-ray wavelengths . Typically , X-ray radiation is produced by synchrotron emission ( the result of electrons orbiting magnetic field lines ) , thermal emission from thin gases above 10 ( 10 million ) kelvins , and thermal emission from thick gases above 10 Kelvin . Since X-rays are absorbed by the Earth 's atmosphere , all X-ray observations must be performed from high - altitude balloons , rockets , or X-ray astronomy satellites . Notable X-ray sources include X-ray binaries , pulsars , supernova remnants , elliptical galaxies , clusters of galaxies , and active galactic nuclei . Gamma - ray astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray astronomy observes astronomical objects at the shortest wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum . Gamma rays may be observed directly by satellites such as the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory or by specialized telescopes called atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes . The Cherenkov telescopes do not detect the gamma rays directly but instead detect the flashes of visible light produced when gamma rays are absorbed by the Earth 's atmosphere . Most gamma - ray emitting sources are actually gamma - ray bursts , objects which only produce gamma radiation for a few milliseconds to thousands of seconds before fading away . Only 10 % of gamma - ray sources are non-transient sources . These steady gamma - ray emitters include pulsars , neutron stars , and black hole candidates such as active galactic nuclei . Fields not based on the electromagnetic spectrum ( edit ) In addition to electromagnetic radiation , a few other events originating from great distances may be observed from the Earth . In neutrino astronomy , astronomers use heavily shielded underground facilities such as SAGE , GALLEX , and Kamioka II / III for the detection of neutrinos . The vast majority of the neutrinos streaming through the Earth originate from the Sun , but 24 neutrinos were also detected from supernova 1987A . Cosmic rays , which consist of very high energy particles ( atomic nuclei ) that can decay or be absorbed when they enter the Earth 's atmosphere , result in a cascade of secondary particles which can be detected by current observatories . Some future neutrino detectors may also be sensitive to the particles produced when cosmic rays hit the Earth 's atmosphere . Gravitational - wave astronomy is an emerging field of astronomy that employs gravitational - wave detectors to collect observational data about distant massive objects . A few observatories have been constructed , such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory LIGO . LIGO made its first detection on 14 September 2015 , observing gravitational waves from a binary black hole . A second gravitational wave was detected on 26 December 2015 and additional observations should continue but gravitational waves require extremely sensitive instruments . The combination of observations made using electromagnetic radiation , neutrinos or gravitational waves and other complementary information , is known as multi-messenger astronomy . Astrometry and celestial mechanics ( edit ) Main articles : Astrometry and Celestial mechanics Star cluster Pismis 24 with a nebula One of the oldest fields in astronomy , and in all of science , is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects . Historically , accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun , Moon , planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation ( the use of celestial objects to guide navigation ) and in the making of calendars . Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations , and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy , a field known as celestial mechanics . More recently the tracking of near - Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters or potential collisions of the Earth with those objects . The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the Universe . Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars , as their properties can be compared . Measurements of the radial velocity and proper motion motion of stars allows astronomers to plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy . Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of speculated dark matter in the galaxy . During the 1990s , the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting those stars . Theoretical astronomy ( edit ) Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis Supernova nucleosynthesis Cosmic ray spallation Related topics Astrophysics Nuclear fusion R - process S - process Nuclear fission Main article : Theoretical astronomy Theoretical astronomers use several tools including analytical models and computational numerical simulations ; each has its particular advantages . Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving broader insight into the heart of what is going on . Numerical models reveal the existence of phenomena and effects otherwise unobserved . Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models and from the results predict observational consequences of those models . The observation of a phenomenon predicted by a model allows astronomers to select between several alternate or conflicting models as the one best able to describe the phenomena . Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data . In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model 's results , the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data . In some cases , a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model . Phenomena modeled by theoretical astronomers include : stellar dynamics and evolution ; galaxy formation ; large - scale distribution of matter in the Universe ; origin of cosmic rays ; general relativity and physical cosmology , including string cosmology and astroparticle physics . Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole ( astro ) physics and the study of gravitational waves . Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astronomy , now included in the Lambda - CDM model are the Big Bang , Cosmic inflation , dark matter , and fundamental theories of physics . A few examples of this process : Physical process Experimental tool Theoretical model Explains / predicts Gravitation Radio telescopes Self - gravitating system Emergence of a star system Nuclear fusion Spectroscopy Stellar evolution How the stars shine and how metals formed The Big Bang Hubble Space Telescope , COBE Expanding universe Age of the Universe Quantum fluctuations Cosmic inflation Flatness problem Gravitational collapse X-ray astronomy General relativity Black holes at the center of Andromeda galaxy CNO cycle in stars The dominant source of energy for massive star . Dark matter and dark energy are the current leading topics in astronomy , as their discovery and controversy originated during the study of the galaxies . Specific subfields ( edit ) Solar astronomy ( edit ) An ultraviolet image of the Sun 's active photosphere as viewed by the TRACE space telescope . NASA photo Solar observatory Lomnický štít ( Slovakia ) built in 1962 Main article : Sun See also : Solar telescope At a distance of about eight light - minutes , the most frequently studied star is the Sun , a typical main - sequence dwarf star of stellar class G2 V , and about 4.6 billion years ( Gyr ) old . The Sun is not considered a variable star , but it does undergo periodic changes in activity known as the sunspot cycle . This is an 11 - year oscillation in sunspot number . Sunspots are regions of lower - than - average temperatures that are associated with intense magnetic activity . The Sun has steadily increased in luminosity by 40 % since it first became a main - sequence star . The Sun has also undergone periodic changes in luminosity that can have a significant impact on the Earth . The Maunder minimum , for example , is believed to have caused the Little Ice Age phenomenon during the Middle Ages . The visible outer surface of the Sun is called the photosphere . Above this layer is a thin region known as the chromosphere . This is surrounded by a transition region of rapidly increasing temperatures , and finally by the super-heated corona . At the center of the Sun is the core region , a volume of sufficient temperature and pressure for nuclear fusion to occur . Above the core is the radiation zone , where the plasma conveys the energy flux by means of radiation . Above that is the convection zone where the gas material transports energy primarily through physical displacement of the gas known as convection . It is believed that the movement of mass within the convection zone creates the magnetic activity that generates sunspots . A solar wind of plasma particles constantly streams outward from the Sun until , at the outermost limit of the Solar System , it reaches the heliopause . As the solar wind passes the Earth , it interacts with the Earth 's magnetic field ( magnetosphere ) and deflects the solar wind , but traps some creating the Van Allen radiation belts that envelop the Earth . The aurora are created when solar wind particles are guided by the magnetic flux lines into the Earth 's polar regions where the lines the descend into the atmosphere . Planetary Science ( edit ) Main articles : Planetary science and Planetary geology Planetary science is the study of the assemblage of planets , moons , dwarf planets , comets , asteroids , and other bodies orbiting the Sun , as well as extrasolar planets . The Solar System has been relatively well - studied , initially through telescopes and then later by spacecraft . This has provided a good overall understanding of the formation and evolution of this planetary system , although many new discoveries are still being made . The black spot at the top is a dust devil climbing a crater wall on Mars . This moving , swirling column of Martian atmosphere ( comparable to a terrestrial tornado ) created the long , dark streak . NASA image . The Solar System is subdivided into the inner planets , the asteroid belt , and the outer planets . The inner terrestrial planets consist of Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The outer gas giant planets are Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Beyond Neptune lies the Kuiper Belt , and finally the Oort Cloud , which may extend as far as a light - year . The planets were formed 4.6 billion years ago in the protoplanetary disk that surrounded the early Sun . Through a process that included gravitational attraction , collision , and accretion , the disk formed clumps of matter that , with time , became protoplanets . The radiation pressure of the solar wind then expelled most of the unaccreted matter , and only those planets with sufficient mass retained their gaseous atmosphere . The planets continued to sweep up , or eject , the remaining matter during a period of intense bombardment , evidenced by the many impact craters on the Moon . During this period , some of the protoplanets may have collided and one such collision may have formed the Moon . Once a planet reaches sufficient mass , the materials of different densities segregate within , during planetary differentiation . This process can form a stony or metallic core , surrounded by a mantle and an outer crust . The core may include solid and liquid regions , and some planetary cores generate their own magnetic field , which can protect their atmospheres from solar wind stripping . A planet or moon 's interior heat is produced from the collisions that created the body , by the decay of radioactive materials ( e.g. uranium , thorium , and Al ) , or tidal heating caused by interactions with other bodies . Some planets and moons accumulate enough heat to drive geologic processes such as volcanism and tectonics . Those that accumulate or retain an atmosphere can also undergo surface erosion from wind or water . Smaller bodies , without tidal heating , cool more quickly ; and their geological activity ceases with the exception of impact cratering . Stellar astronomy ( edit ) The Ant planetary nebula . Ejecting gas from the dying central star shows symmetrical patterns unlike the chaotic patterns of ordinary explosions . Main article : Star The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the Universe . The astrophysics of stars has been determined through observation and theoretical understanding ; and from computer simulations of the interior . Star formation occurs in dense regions of dust and gas , known as giant molecular clouds . When destabilized , cloud fragments can collapse under the influence of gravity , to form a protostar . A sufficiently dense , and hot , core region will trigger nuclear fusion , thus creating a main - sequence star . Almost all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were created inside the cores of stars . The characteristics of the resulting star depend primarily upon its starting mass . The more massive the star , the greater its luminosity , and the more rapidly it fuses its hydrogen fuel into helium in its core . Over time , this hydrogen fuel is completely converted into helium , and the star begins to evolve . The fusion of helium requires a higher core temperature . A star with a high enough core temperature will push its outer layers outward while increasing its core density . The resulting red giant formed by the expanding outer layers enjoys a brief life span , before the helium fuel in the core is in turn consumed . Very massive stars can also undergo a series of evolutionary phases , as they fuse increasingly heavier elements . The final fate of the star depends on its mass , with stars of mass greater than about eight times the Sun becoming core collapse supernovae ; while smaller stars blow off their outer layers and leave behind the inert core in the form of a white dwarf . The ejection of the outer layers forms a planetary nebulae . The remnant of a supernova is a dense neutron star , or , if the stellar mass was at least three times that of the Sun , a black hole . Closely orbiting binary stars can follow more complex evolutionary paths , such as mass transfer onto a white dwarf companion that can potentially cause a supernova . Planetary nebulae and supernovae distribute the `` metals '' produced in the star by fusion to the interstellar medium ; without them , all new stars ( and their planetary systems ) would be formed from hydrogen and helium alone . See also : Solar astronomy Galactic astronomy ( edit ) Observed structure of the Milky Way 's spiral arms Main article : Galactic astronomy Our solar system orbits within the Milky Way , a barred spiral galaxy that is a prominent member of the Local Group of galaxies . It is a rotating mass of gas , dust , stars and other objects , held together by mutual gravitational attraction . As the Earth is located within the dusty outer arms , there are large portions of the Milky Way that are obscured from view . In the center of the Milky Way is the core , a bar - shaped bulge with what is believed to be a supermassive black hole at its center . This is surrounded by four primary arms that spiral from the core . This is a region of active star formation that contains many younger , population I stars . The disk is surrounded by a spheroid halo of older , population II stars , as well as relatively dense concentrations of stars known as globular clusters . Between the stars lies the interstellar medium , a region of sparse matter . In the densest regions , molecular clouds of molecular hydrogen and other elements create star - forming regions . These begin as a compact pre-stellar core or dark nebulae , which concentrate and collapse ( in volumes determined by the Jeans length ) to form compact protostars . As the more massive stars appear , they transform the cloud into an H II region ( ionized atomic hydrogen ) of glowing gas and plasma . The stellar wind and supernova explosions from these stars eventually cause the cloud to disperse , often leaving behind one or more young open clusters of stars . These clusters gradually disperse , and the stars join the population of the Milky Way . Kinematic studies of matter in the Milky Way and other galaxies have demonstrated that there is more mass than can be accounted for by visible matter . A dark matter halo appears to dominate the mass , although the nature of this dark matter remains undetermined . Extragalactic astronomy ( edit ) This image shows several blue , loop - shaped objects that are multiple images of the same galaxy , duplicated by the gravitational lens effect of the cluster of yellow galaxies near the middle of the photograph . The lens is produced by the cluster 's gravitational field that bends light to magnify and distort the image of a more distant object . Main article : Extragalactic astronomy The study of objects outside our galaxy is a branch of astronomy concerned with the formation and evolution of Galaxies , their morphology ( description ) and classification , the observation of active galaxies , and at a larger scale , the groups and clusters of galaxies . Finally , the latter is important for the understanding of the large - scale structure of the cosmos . Most galaxies are organized into distinct shapes that allow for classification schemes . They are commonly divided into spiral , elliptical and Irregular galaxies . As the name suggests , an elliptical galaxy has the cross-sectional shape of an ellipse . The stars move along random orbits with no preferred direction . These galaxies contain little or no interstellar dust , few star - forming regions , and generally older stars . Elliptical galaxies are more commonly found at the core of galactic clusters , and may have been formed through mergers of large galaxies . A spiral galaxy is organized into a flat , rotating disk , usually with a prominent bulge or bar at the center , and trailing bright arms that spiral outward . The arms are dusty regions of star formation within which massive young stars produce a blue tint . Spiral galaxies are typically surrounded by a halo of older stars . Both the Milky Way and one of our nearest galaxy neighbors , the Andromeda Galaxy , are spiral galaxies . Irregular galaxies are chaotic in appearance , and are neither spiral nor elliptical . About a quarter of all galaxies are irregular , and the peculiar shapes of such galaxies may be the result of gravitational interaction . An active galaxy is a formation that emits a significant amount of its energy from a source other than its stars , dust and gas . It is powered by a compact region at the core , thought to be a super-massive black hole that is emitting radiation from in - falling material . A radio galaxy is an active galaxy that is very luminous in the radio portion of the spectrum , and is emitting immense plumes or lobes of gas . Active galaxies that emit shorter frequency , high - energy radiation include Seyfert galaxies , Quasars , and Blazars . Quasars are believed to be the most consistently luminous objects in the known universe . The large - scale structure of the cosmos is represented by groups and clusters of galaxies . This structure is organized into a hierarchy of groupings , with the largest being the superclusters . The collective matter is formed into filaments and walls , leaving large voids between . Physical cosmology ( edit ) Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Physical cosmology Cosmology ( from the Greek κόσμος ( kosmos ) `` world , universe '' and λόγος ( logos ) `` word , study '' or literally `` logic '' ) could be considered the study of the Universe as a whole . Hubble Extreme Deep Field Observations of the large - scale structure of the Universe , a branch known as physical cosmology , have provided a deep understanding of the formation and evolution of the cosmos . Fundamental to modern cosmology is the well - accepted theory of the big bang , wherein our Universe began at a single point in time , and thereafter expanded over the course of 13.8 billion years to its present condition . The concept of the big bang can be traced back to the discovery of the microwave background radiation in 1965 . In the course of this expansion , the Universe underwent several evolutionary stages . In the very early moments , it is theorized that the Universe experienced a very rapid cosmic inflation , which homogenized the starting conditions . Thereafter , nucleosynthesis produced the elemental abundance of the early Universe . ( See also nucleocosmochronology . ) When the first neutral atoms formed from a sea of primordial ions , space became transparent to radiation , releasing the energy viewed today as the microwave background radiation . The expanding Universe then underwent a Dark Age due to the lack of stellar energy sources . A hierarchical structure of matter began to form from minute variations in the mass density of space . Matter accumulated in the densest regions , forming clouds of gas and the earliest stars , the Population III stars . These massive stars triggered the reionization process and are believed to have created many of the heavy elements in the early Universe , which , through nuclear decay , create lighter elements , allowing the cycle of nucleosynthesis to continue longer . Gravitational aggregations clustered into filaments , leaving voids in the gaps . Gradually , organizations of gas and dust merged to form the first primitive galaxies . Over time , these pulled in more matter , and were often organized into groups and clusters of galaxies , then into larger - scale superclusters . Fundamental to the structure of the Universe is the existence of dark matter and dark energy . These are now thought to be its dominant components , forming 96 % of the mass of the Universe . For this reason , much effort is expended in trying to understand the physics of these components . Interdisciplinary studies ( edit ) Astronomy and astrophysics have developed significant interdisciplinary links with other major scientific fields . Archaeoastronomy is the study of ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context , utilizing archaeological and anthropological evidence . Astrobiology is the study of the advent and evolution of biological systems in the Universe , with particular emphasis on the possibility of non-terrestrial life . Astrostatistics is the application of statistics to astrophysics to the analysis of vast amount of observational astrophysical data . The study of chemicals found in space , including their formation , interaction and destruction , is called astrochemistry . These substances are usually found in molecular clouds , although they may also appear in low temperature stars , brown dwarfs and planets . Cosmochemistry is the study of the chemicals found within the Solar System , including the origins of the elements and variations in the isotope ratios . Both of these fields represent an overlap of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry . As `` forensic astronomy '' , finally , methods from astronomy have been used to solve problems of law and history . Amateur astronomy ( edit ) Main article : Amateur astronomy Amateur astronomers can build their own equipment , and hold star parties and gatherings , such as Stellafane . Astronomy is one of the sciences to which amateurs can contribute the most . Collectively , amateur astronomers observe a variety of celestial objects and phenomena sometimes with equipment that they build themselves . Common targets of amateur astronomers include the Sun , the Moon , planets , stars , comets , meteor showers , and a variety of deep - sky objects such as star clusters , galaxies , and nebulae . Astronomy clubs are located throughout the world and many have programs to help their members set up and complete observational programs including those to observe all the objects in the Messier ( 110 objects ) or Herschel 400 catalogues of points of interest in the night sky . One branch of amateur astronomy , amateur astrophotography , involves the taking of photos of the night sky . Many amateurs like to specialize in the observation of particular objects , types of objects , or types of events which interest them . Most amateurs work at visible wavelengths , but a small minority experiment with wavelengths outside the visible spectrum . This includes the use of infrared filters on conventional telescopes , and also the use of radio telescopes . The pioneer of amateur radio astronomy was Karl Jansky , who started observing the sky at radio wavelengths in the 1930s . A number of amateur astronomers use either homemade telescopes or use radio telescopes which were originally built for astronomy research but which are now available to amateurs ( e.g. the One - Mile Telescope ) . Amateur astronomers continue to make scientific contributions to the field of astronomy and it is one of the few scientific disciplines where amateurs can still make significant contributions . Amateurs can make occultation measurements that are used to refine the orbits of minor planets . They can also discover comets , and perform regular observations of variable stars . Improvements in digital technology have allowed amateurs to make impressive advances in the field of astrophotography . Unsolved problems in astronomy ( edit ) See also : List of unsolved problems in physics Although the scientific discipline of astronomy has made tremendous strides in understanding the nature of the Universe and its contents , there remain some important unanswered questions . Answers to these may require the construction of new ground - and space - based instruments , and possibly new developments in theoretical and experimental physics . What is the origin of the stellar mass spectrum ? That is , why do astronomers observe the same distribution of stellar masses -- the initial mass function -- apparently regardless of the initial conditions ? A deeper understanding of the formation of stars and planets is needed . Is there other life in the Universe ? Especially , is there other intelligent life ? If so , what is the explanation for the Fermi paradox ? The existence of life elsewhere has important scientific and philosophical implications . Is the Solar System normal or atypical ? What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy ? These dominate the evolution and fate of the cosmos , yet their true nature remains unknown . What will be the ultimate fate of the universe ? How did the first galaxies form ? How did supermassive black holes form ? What is creating the ultra-high - energy cosmic rays ? Why is the abundance of lithium in the cosmos four times lower than predicted by the standard Big Bang model ? What really happens beyond the event horizon ? See also ( edit ) Main article : Outline of astronomy Book : Astronomy Airmass Astronomical acronyms Astronomical instruments Astronomy Camp Cosmic distance ladder Cosmogony Glossary of astronomy International Year of Astronomy List of astronomy acronyms List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists Outline of space science Space exploration Stellar collision Universe : The Infinite Frontier ( television series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unsöld , Albrecht ; Baschek , Bodo ( 2001 ) . Classical Astronomy and the Solar System - Introduction . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Unsöld , Albrecht ; Baschek , Bodo ( 2001 ) . Classical Astronomy and the Solar System . pp. 6 -- 9 . Jump up ^ http://www.sydneyobservatory.com.au/ Official Web Site of the Sydney Observatory Jump up ^ http://oaq.epn.edu.ec/ Official Web Site of one of the oldest Observatories in South America , the Quito Astronomical Observatory Jump up ^ Losev A. , ( 2012 ) , ' Astronomy ' or ' astrology ' : a brief history of an apparent confusion , Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage , Vol. 15 , No. 1 , p. 42 - 46 . Jump up ^ Unsöld , Albrecht ; Baschek , Bodo ( 2001 ) . The New Cosmos : An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics . Translated by Brewer , W.D. Berlin , New York : Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67877 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Scharringhausen , B. `` Curious About Astronomy : What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics ? '' . Archived from the original on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Odenwald , Sten . `` Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers : What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics ? '' . astronomycafe.net . The Astronomy Cafe . Archived from the original on 8 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Penn State Erie - School of Science - Astronomy and Astrophysics '' . Archived from the original on 1 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Online '' . Results for `` astronomy '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Online '' . Results for `` astrophysics '' . Retrieved 20 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Shu , F.H. ( 1983 ) . The Physical Universe . Mill Valley , California : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 05 - 9 . Jump up ^ Forbes , 1909 Jump up ^ DeWitt , Richard ( 2010 ) . `` The Ptolemaic System '' . Worldviews : An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science . Chichester , England : Wiley . p. 113 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 9563 - 0 . Jump up ^ Aaboe , A. ( 1974 ) . `` Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 276 ( 1257 ) : 21 -- 42 . Bibcode : 1974RSPTA. 276 ... 21A . JSTOR 74272 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1974.0007 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipses and the Saros '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Krafft , Fritz ( 2009 ) . `` Astronomy '' . In Cancik , Hubert ; Schneider , Helmuth . Brill 's New Pauly . Jump up ^ Berrgren , J.L. ; Nathan Sidoli ( May 2007 ) . `` Aristarchus 's On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon : Greek and Arabic Texts '' . Archive for History of Exact Sciences . 61 ( 3 ) : 213 -- 254 . doi : 10.1007 / s00407 - 006 - 0118 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Hipparchus of Rhodes '' . School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Thurston , H. , Early Astronomy . Springer , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94822 - 8 p. 2 Jump up ^ Marchant , Jo ( 2006 ) . `` In search of lost time '' . Nature . 444 ( 7119 ) : 534 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 534M . PMID 17136067 . doi : 10.1038 / 444534a . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Edward S. ( 1962 ) . `` Review : The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili '' . Isis. 53 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 239 . doi : 10.1086 / 349558 . Jump up ^ Micheau , Francoise . Rashed , Roshdi ; Morelon , Régis , eds . `` The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East '' . Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science . 3 : 992 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Nas , Peter J ( 1993 ) . Urban Symbolism . Brill Academic Publishers . p. 350 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09855 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kepple , George Robert ; Glen W. Sanner ( 1998 ) . The Night Sky Observer 's Guide . 1 . Willmann - Bell , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 943396 - 58 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Arthur ( 1961 ) . A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times Through the 19th Century . New York : Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20210 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57600 - 8 . Jump up ^ McKissack , Pat ; McKissack , Frederick ( 1995 ) . The royal kingdoms of Ghana , Mali , and Songhay : life in medieval Africa . H. Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 4259 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stuart ; Carrington , Damian ( 2002 ) . `` Eclipse brings claim of medieval African observatory '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmic Africa explores Africa 's astronomy '' . Science in Africa . Archived from the original on 3 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 February 2002 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Jarita C. ; Medupe , R. Thebe ; Urama , Johnson O. ( 2008 ) . African Cultural Astronomy . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6638 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Africans studied astronomy in medieval times '' . The Royal Society . 30 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Stenger , Richard `` Star sheds light on African ' Stonehenge ' '' . CNN . 5 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 ... CNN . 5 December 2002 . Retrieved on 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ J.L. Heilbron , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories ( 1999 ) p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Forbes , 1909 , pp. 58 -- 64 Jump up ^ Forbes , 1909 , pp. 49 -- 58 Jump up ^ Chambers , Robert ( 1864 ) Chambers Book of Days Jump up ^ Forbes , 1909 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Forbes , 1909 , pp. 147 -- 150 Jump up ^ Forbes , 1909 , pp. 74 -- 76 Jump up ^ Belkora , Leila ( 2003 ) . Minding the heavens : the story of our discovery of the Milky Way . CRC Press . pp. 1 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7503 - 0730 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Electromagnetic Spectrum '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 5 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , A.N. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Allen 's Astrophysical Quantities . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98746 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` In Search of Space '' . Picture of the Week . European Southern Observatory . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wide - field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission '' . NASA University of California , Berkeley . 30 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Majaess , D. ( 2013 ) . Discovering protostars and their host clusters via WISE , ApSS , 344 , 1 ( VizieR catalog ) Jump up ^ Staff ( 11 September 2003 ) . `` Why infrared astronomy is a hot topic '' . ESA . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Infrared Spectroscopy -- An Overview '' . NASA California Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , P. ( 1997 ) . Philip 's Atlas of the Universe . Great Britain : George Philis Limited . ISBN 0 - 540 - 07465 - 9 . Jump up ^ Penston , Margaret J. ( 14 August 2002 ) . `` The electromagnetic spectrum '' . Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council . Archived from the original on 8 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaisser , Thomas K. ( 1990 ) . Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33931 - 6 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Benjamin P. ; et al. ( LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration ) ( 2016 ) . `` Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 ( 6 ) : 061102 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116f1102A . PMID 26918975 . arXiv : 1602.03837 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.061102 . Jump up ^ Tammann , G.A. ; Thielemann , F.K. ; Trautmann , D. ( 2003 ) . `` Opening new windows in observing the Universe '' . Europhysics News . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration ; Abbott , B. P. ; Abbott , R. ; Abbott , T. D. ; Abernathy , M. R. ; Acernese , F. ; Ackley , K. ; Adams , C. ; Adams , T. ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) . `` GW151226 : Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22 - Solar - Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence '' . Physical Review Letters. 116 ( 24 ) : 241103 . Bibcode : 2016PhRvL. 116x1103A . PMID 27367379 . arXiv : 1606.04855 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 116.241103 . Jump up ^ `` Planning for a bright tomorrow : Prospects for gravitational - wave astronomy with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo '' . LIGO Scientific Collaboration . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Xing , Zhizhong ; Zhou , Shun ( 2011 ) . Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer . p. 313 . ISBN 3642175600 . Extract of page 313 Jump up ^ Calvert , James B. ( 28 March 2003 ) . `` Celestial Mechanics '' . University of Denver . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Precision Astrometry '' . University of Virginia Department of Astronomy . Archived from the original on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Wolszczan , A. ; Frail , D.A. ( 1992 ) . `` A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257 + 12 '' . Nature . 355 ( 6356 ) : 145 -- 147 . Bibcode : 1992Natur. 355 ... 145W . doi : 10.1038 / 355145a0 . Jump up ^ Roth , H. ( 1932 ) . `` A Slowly Contracting or Expanding Fluid Sphere and its Stability '' . Physical Review . 39 ( 3 ) : 525 -- 529 . Bibcode : 1932PhRv ... 39 ... 525R . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 39.525 . Jump up ^ Eddington , A.S. ( 1926 ) . Internal Constitution of the Stars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 33708 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Dark matter '' . NASA . 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . third paragraph , `` There is currently much ongoing research by scientists attempting to discover exactly what this dark matter is '' ^ Jump up to : Johansson , Sverker ( 27 July 2003 ) . `` The Solar FAQ '' . Talk. Origins Archive . Archived from the original on 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Lerner , K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth ( 2006 ) . `` Environmental issues : essential primary sources '' . Thomson Gale . Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Richard W. ( 1997 ) . `` The Once & Future Sun '' . New Vistas in Astronomy . Archived from the original ( lecture notes ) on 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Stern , D.P. ; Peredo , M. ( 28 September 2004 ) . `` The Exploration of the Earth 's Magnetosphere '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 24 August 2006 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Bell III , J.F. ; Campbell , B.A. ; Robinson , M.S. ( 2004 ) . Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences : Manual of Remote Sensing ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Grayzeck , E. ; Williams , D.R. ( 11 May 2006 ) . `` Lunar and Planetary Science '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Montmerle , Thierry ; Augereau , Jean - Charles ; Chaussidon , Marc ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Solar System Formation and Early Evolution : the First 100 Million Years '' . Earth , Moon , and Planets . Springer . 98 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 39 -- 95 . Bibcode : 2006EM&P ... 98 ... 39M . doi : 10.1007 / s11038 - 006 - 9087 - 5 . Jump up ^ Montmerle , 2006 , pp. 87 -- 90 Jump up ^ Beatty , J.K. ; Petersen , C.C. ; Chaikin , A. , eds. ( 1999 ) . The New Solar System . Cambridge press . p. 70edition = 4th . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64587 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harpaz , 1994 , pp. 7 -- 18 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Michael David ( 2004 ) . `` Cloud formation , Evolution and Destruction '' . The Origin of Stars . Imperial College Press . pp. 53 -- 86 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 501 - 5 . Jump up ^ Harpaz , 1994 Jump up ^ Harpaz , 1994 , pp. 173 -- 178 Jump up ^ Harpaz , 1994 , pp. 111 -- 118 Jump up ^ Audouze , Jean ; Israel , Guy , eds. ( 1994 ) . The Cambridge Atlas of Astronomy ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43438 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harpaz , 1994 , pp. 189 -- 210 Jump up ^ Harpaz , 1994 , pp. 245 -- 256 Jump up ^ Ott , Thomas ( 24 August 2006 ) . `` The Galactic Centre '' . Max - Planck - Institut für extraterrestrische Physik . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( 2004 ) . `` Massive stars '' . The Origin of Stars . Imperial College Press . pp. 185 -- 199 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 501 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van den Bergh , Sidney ( 1999 ) . `` The Early History of Dark Matter '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 111 ( 760 ) : 657 -- 660 . Bibcode : 1999PASP ... 111 ... 657V . arXiv : astro - ph / 9904251 . doi : 10.1086 / 316369 . Jump up ^ Keel , Bill ( 1 August 2006 ) . `` Galaxy Classification '' . University of Alabama . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Active Galaxies and Quasars '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Zeilik , Michael ( 2002 ) . Astronomy : The Evolving Universe ( 8th ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80090 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmic Detectives '' . The European Space Agency ( ESA ) . 2013 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Dodelson , Scott ( 2003 ) . Modern cosmology . Academic Press . pp. 1 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 219141 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hinshaw , Gary ( 13 July 2006 ) . `` Cosmology 101 : The Study of the Universe '' . NASA WMAP . Archived from the original on 13 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Dodelson , 2003 , pp. 216 -- 261 Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Clusters and Large - Scale Structure '' . University of Cambridge . Archived from the original on 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Preuss , Paul . `` Dark Energy Fills the Cosmos '' . U.S. Department of Energy , Berkeley Lab . Archived from the original on 11 August 2006 . Retrieved 8 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Mims III , Forrest M. ( 1999 ) . `` Amateur Science -- Strong Tradition , Bright Future '' . Science . 284 ( 5411 ) : 55 -- 56 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284 ... 55M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5411. 55 . Astronomy has traditionally been among the most fertile fields for serious amateurs ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` The American Meteor Society '' . Archived from the original on 22 August 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Lodriguss , Jerry . `` Catching the Light : Astrophotography '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Ghigo , F. ( 7 February 2006 ) . `` Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves '' . National Radio Astronomy Observatory . Archived from the original on 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Amateur Radio Astronomers '' . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The International Occultation Timing Association '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 24 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wilson Award '' . IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams . Archived from the original on 24 October 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American Association of Variable Star Observers '' . AAVSO . Archived from the original on 2 February 2010 . Retrieved 3 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kroupa , Pavel ( 2002 ) . `` The Initial Mass Function of Stars : Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems '' . Science . 295 ( 5552 ) : 82 -- 91 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 295 ... 82K . PMID 11778039 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0201098 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1067524 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Earth : Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe ? '' . Astrobiology Magazine . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Carl . `` The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence '' . Cosmic Search Magazine . Archived from the original on 18 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Physics Questions for the New Century '' . Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 3 February 2006 . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Hinshaw , Gary ( 15 December 2005 ) . `` What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe ? '' . NASA WMAP . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - How did galaxies form ? '' . NASA . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supermassive Black Hole '' . Swinburne University . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillas , A.M. ( September 1984 ) . `` The Origin of Ultra-High - Energy Cosmic Rays '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 22 : 425 -- 444 . Bibcode : 1984ARA&A ... 22 ... 425H . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 22.090184. 002233 . This poses a challenge to these models , because ( ... ) Jump up ^ Howk , J. Christopher ; Lehner , Nicolas ; Fields , Brian D. ; Mathews , Grant J. ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Observation of interstellar lithium in the low - metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud '' . Nature . 489 ( 7414 ) : 121 -- 123 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 489 ... 121H . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 22955622 . arXiv : 1207.3081 . doi : 10.1038 / nature11407 . Jump up ^ Orwig , Jessica ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` What Happens When You Enter A Black Hole ? '' . Business Insider International . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Forbes , George ( 1909 ) . History of Astronomy . London : Plain Label Books . ISBN 1 - 60303 - 159 - 6 . Available at Project Gutenberg , Google books Harpaz , Amos ( 1994 ) . Stellar Evolution . AK Peters , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 012 - 6 . Unsöld , A. ; Baschek , B. ( 2001 ) . The New Cosmos : An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67877 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAstronomyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity NASA / IPAC Extragalactic Database ( NED ) ( NED - Distances ) International Year of Astronomy 2009 IYA2009 Main website Cosmic Journey : A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics Southern Hemisphere Astronomy Celestia Motherlode Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space Kroto , Harry , Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series . Core books and Core journals in Astronomy , from the Smithsonian / NASA Astrophysics Data System A Journey with Fred Hoyle by Wickramasinghe , Chandra . Astronomy books from the History of Science Collection at Linda Hall Library ( hide ) Astronomy Outline History Timeline Astronomer Glossary Astronomy by Manner Amateur Observational Sidewalk Celestial subject Galactic / Extragalactic Local system Solar Method Radio Submillimetre Infrared ( Far - infrared ) Visible - light ( optical ) Ultraviolet X-ray Gamma - ray High - energy Neutrino Gravitational radiation Spherical Culture Australian Aboriginal Babylonian Chechen ( Nakh ) Chinese Egyptian Greek Hebrew Indian Inuit Medieval Islamic Serbian Tibetan Optical telescopes List Category Extremely large telescope Gran Telescopio Canarias Hubble Space Telescope Keck Observatory Large Binocular Telescope Southern African Large Telescope Very Large Telescope Related topics Archaeoastronomy Astrophysics Astrology and astronomy Astrometry Astroparticle physics Photometry Physical cosmology List of astronomers Muslim Russian Women Portals Astronomy Cosmology Solar System Mars Jupiter Uranus Moon Space Spaceflight Star X-ray astronomy Category Commons Portal WikiProject ( hide ) Major subfields of astronomy and astrophysics Astrobiology Astrochemistry Astrometry Cosmochemistry Cosmology Extragalactic astronomy Galactic astronomy Orbital mechanics Physical cosmology Planetary geology Planetary science Solar astronomy Stellar astronomy Natural science Physical science Space science Earth science Life sciences The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Space portal LCCN : sh85009003 GND : 4003311 - 9 NDL : 00572840 NKC : ph114088 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomy&oldid=804954224 '' Categories : Astronomy Physical sciences Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лакку Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Молдовеняскэ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy
| 73,832 |
||
in cold climates pot holes in the spring are most often caused by
|
In areas subject to freezing and thawing , frost heaving can damage a pavement and create openings for water to enter . In the Spring , thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement can not drain past still - frozen lower layers , thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening it .
|
frost heaving
|
Pothole
|
pothole
|
A pothole is a structural failure in a road surface , caused by failure primarily in asphalt pavement due to the presence of water in the underlying soil structure and the presence of traffic passing over the affected area . Introduction of water to the underlying soil structure first weakens the supporting soil . Traffic then fatigues and breaks the poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area . Continued traffic action ejects both asphalt and the underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Costs to the public 2 Formation 3 Prevention 3.1 Survey of pavements 3.2 Drainage 3.3 Preventative maintenance 3.4 Utility cut management 4 Repair 4.1 Materials 4.2 Throw - and - roll repair 4.3 Semi-permanent repair 4.4 Spray - injection repair 4.5 Edge seal repair 4.6 Efficacy of repair methods 5 Reporting 6 Pothole art 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Costs to the public ( edit ) The American Automobile Association estimated in the five years prior to 2016 that 16 million drivers in the United States have suffered damage from potholes to their vehicle including tire punctures , bent wheels , and damaged suspensions with a cost of $3 billion a year . In India , 3,000 people per year are killed in accidents involving potholes . Britain has estimated that the cost of fixing all roads with potholes in the country would cost £ 12 billion . Formation ( edit ) A deep pothole with a nearby patched area on New York City 's Second Avenue According to the US Army Corps of Engineers , pothole formation requires two factors to be present at the same time : water and traffic . Water weakens the soil beneath the pavement while traffic applies the loads that stress the pavement past the breaking point . Potholes form progressively from fatigue of the road surface which can lead to a precursor failure pattern known as crocodile ( or alligator ) cracking . Eventually , chunks of pavement between the fatigue cracks gradually work loose , and may then be plucked or forced out of the surface by continued wheel loads to create a pothole . In areas subject to freezing and thawing , frost heaving can damage a pavement and create openings for water to enter . In the Spring , thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement can not drain past still - frozen lower layers , thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening it . Potholes can grow to several feet in width , though they usually only develop to depths of a few inches . If they become large enough , damage to tires , wheels , and vehicle suspensions is liable to occur . Serious road accidents can occur as a direct result , especially on those roads where vehicle speeds are greater . Potholes may result from four main causes : 1 . Insufficient pavement thickness to support traffic during freeze / thaw periods without localized failures 2 . Insufficient drainage 3 . Failures at utility trenches and castings ( manhole and drain casings ) 4 . Pavement defects and cracks left unmaintained and unsealed so as to admit moisture and compromise the structural integrity of the pavement Crocodile cracking showing moisture seepage , a sign of a weakened soil structure beneath the failed asphalt Detail of pothole , showing presence of water in soil structure , on a road in Montréal , Québec Example of a pothole reappearing on a newly patched roadway , also showing the transition between crocodile cracking and the pothole , with water dried up , in a road on the Isle of Wight Small potholes , showing isolated failures of the pavement and its subsurface structure , in a road in Banbury , UK Potholes on an unpaved road in Sweden Prevention ( edit ) Eaton , et al. cite the following steps to avoid pothole formation in existing pavements : 1 . Surveying of pavements for risk factors 2 . Providing adequate drainage structures 3 . Preventative maintenance 4 . Utility cut management Survey of pavements ( edit ) At - risk pavement are more often local roads with lower structural standards and more complicating factors , like underground utilities , than major arteries . Pavement condition monitoring can lead to timely preventative action . Surveys address pavement distresses , which both diminishes the strength of the asphalt layer and admits water into the pavement , and effective drainage of water from within and around the pavement structure . Drainage ( edit ) Drainage structures , including ditching and storm sewers are essential for removing water from pavements . Avoiding other risk factors with good construction includes well - draining base and sub-base soils that avoid frost action and promote drying of the soil structure . Adequate crowns promote drainage to the sides . Good crack control prevents water penetration into the pavement soil structure . Preventative maintenance ( edit ) Preventative maintenance adds maintaining pavement structural integrity with thickness and continuity to the mix of preventing water penetration and promoting water migration away from the roadway . Utility cut management ( edit ) Eaton , et al. , advocate a permitting process for utility cuts with specifications that avoid loss of structural continuity of pavements and flaws or failures that allow water penetration . Repair ( edit ) Pothole patching methods may be either temporary or semi-permanent . Temporary patching is reserved for weather conditions that are not favorable to a more permanent solution and usually uses a cold mix asphalt patching compound placed in an expedient manner to temporarily restore pavement smoothness . Semi-permanent patching uses more care in reconstructing the perimeter of the failed area to blend with the surrounding pavement and usually employs a hot - mix asphalt fill above replacement of appropriate base materials . The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) offers an overview of best practices which includes several repair techniques ; throw - and - roll , semi-permanent , spray injection , and edge seal . The FHWA suggests the best patching techniques , at times other than winter , are spray injection , throw - and - roll , semi-permanent , or edge seal procedures . In winter , the throw - and - roll technique may be the only available option . The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa offers similar methods for the repair of potholes . Materials ( edit ) Asphaltic patch materials consist of a binder and aggregate that come in two broad categories , hot mix and cold mix . Hot mixes are used by some agencies , they are produced at local asphalt plants . The FHWA manual cites three types of cold mixes , those produced by a local asphalt plant , either 1 ) using the available aggregate and binder or 2 ) according to specifications set by the agency that will use the mix . The third type is a proprietary cold mix , which is manufactured to an advertised standard . Throw - and - roll repair ( edit ) The FHWA manual cites the throw - and - roll method as the most basic method , best used as a temporary repair under conditions when it is difficult to control the placement of material , such as winter - time . It consists of : 1 . Placing the hot or cold patch material into a pothole 2 . Compacting the patch with a vehicle , such as a truck 3 . Achieving a crown on the compacted patch of between 3 and 6 mm This method is widely used due to its simplicity and speed , especially as an expedient method when the material is placed under unfavorable conditions of water or temperature . It can also be employed at times when the pothole is dry and clean with more lasting results . Eaton , et al. , noted that the failure rate of expedient repairs is high and that they can cost as much as five times the cost of properly done repairs . They advocate this type of repair only when weather conditions prevent proper techniques . Researchers from the University of Minnesota , Duluth have tested mixing asphalt with iron ore containing magnetite which is then heated using ferromagnetic resonance ( using microwaves at a specific frequency ) to heat the mixed asphalt . The mixture used a compound of between 1 % and 2 % magnetite . The group discovered that material could be heated for a patch to 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) in approx . ten minutes which then applied a more effective repair and drove out moisture which improved adhesion . Throw - and - roll pothole repair procedure -- material placement Throw - and - roll pothole repair procedure -- compaction of patch Semi-permanent repair ( edit ) The FHWA manual cites the semi-permanent repair method as one of the best for repairing potholes , short of full - depth roadway replacement . It consists of : 1 . Removing water and debris from the pothole 2 . Making clean cuts along the sides of prospective patch area to assure that vertical sides of the repair are in sound pavement ( Eaton , et al. , recommend a bituminous tack coat in the open cavity , prior to placement of patch material . ) 3 . Placing the hot or cold patch mix material 4 . Compacting the patch with a device that is smaller than the patch area , e.g. vibratory rollers or a vibratory plate While this repair procedure provides durable results , it requires more labor and is more equipment - intensive than the throw - and - roll or the spray - injection procedure . Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure -- straightening edges using hand - held pavement saw Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure -- compaction using vibratory - plate compactor Semi-permanent pothole repair procedure -- small vibratory compactor for larger repairs Spray - injection repair ( edit ) The FHWA manual cites the spray - injection procedure as an efficient alternative to semi-permanent repair . It requires specialized equipment , however . It consists of : 1 . Blowing water and debris from the pothole 2 . Spraying a tack coat of binder on the sides and bottom of the pothole 3 . Blowing asphalt and aggregate into the pothole 4 . Covering the patched area with a layer of aggregate This procedure requires no compaction after the cover aggregate has been placed Spray - injection device for pothole repair -- truck and trailer unit in the United States Spray - injection device for pothole repair -- all - in - one repair unit in Montreal , which allows the operator to work from the comfort and safety of the cab Spray - injection device for pothole repair -- all - in - one repair unit in the Czech Republic Edge seal repair ( edit ) The FHWA manual cites the edge seal method as an alternative to the above techniques . It consists of : 1 . Following the `` throw - and - roll '' steps 2 . After the repaired section has dried , placing a ribbon of asphaltic tack material on top of the patch edge , overlapping the pavement and the patch 3 . Placing sand on the tack material to prevent tracking by vehicle tires In this procedure , waiting for any water to dry may require a second visit to place the tack coat . The tack material prevents water from getting through the edge of the patch and helps bond the patch to the surrounding pavement . Efficacy of repair methods ( edit ) An FHWA - sponsored study determined that the `` throw - and - roll technique proved as effective as the semi-permanent procedure when the two procedures were compared directly , using similar materials '' . It also found the throw - and - roll procedure to be generally more cost - effective when using quality materials . It further found that spray - injection repairs were as effective as control patches , depending on the expertise of the equipment operator . Reporting ( edit ) Some jurisdictions offer websites or mobile apps for pothole - reporting . These allow citizens to report potholes and other road hazards , optionally including a photograph and GPS coordinates . It is estimated there are 55 million potholes in the United States . The self - proclaimed pothole capital , Edmonton , Canada reportedly spends $4.8 million on 450,000 potholes annually , as of 2015 . Pothole art ( edit ) Two artists , Jim Bachor of Chicago and Baadal Nanjundaswamy of Bangalore , India , have used artwork as a commentary on potholes by placing mosaics ( depicting ice cream in various manifestations ) or sculpture ( in the form of a crocodile ) in potholes . Elsewhere , activists in Russia used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes , to show their anger about the poor state of the roads . and in Manchester , England a graffiti artist painted obscene images around potholes , which often resulted in their being repaired within 48 hours . See also ( edit ) Asphalt concrete Road surface References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , John S. ; Bellinger , William Y. ( June 2003 ) . `` Distress identification manual for the long - term pavement maintenance program '' ( PDF ) . FHWA - RD - 0 - 031 . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The hole story '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Croll , James G.A. ( January 2009 ) . The role of thermal ratcheting in pavement failures . Transport . 162 ( 3 ed . ) . Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers . pp. 127 -- 140 . doi : 10.1680 / tran. 2009.162. 3.127 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Robert A. ; Joubert , R.H. ; Wright , E.A. ( December 1989 ) . Pothole primer -- A public administrator 's guide to understanding and managing the pothole problem ( PDF ) . Special Report . 81 - 21 . US Army Corps of Engineers -- Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory . p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , T.P. ; Romine , A.R. ( June 1999 ) . Materials and Procedures for Repair of Potholes in Asphalt - Surfaced Pavements -- Manual of Practice ( PDF ) . Strategic Highway Research Program . FHWA - RD - 99 - 168 . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Paige - Green , Phil . `` Potholes -- Repair of Potholes '' ( PDF ) . Council for Scientific and Industrial Research . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Symons , Monte ( November 1999 ) . `` Pothole Repair '' ( PDF ) . Tech Brief . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Reporting potholes '' . Minnesota Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Citizens Connect : Making Boston Beautiful '' . City of Boston . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Harper 's Index '' . Harper 's Magazine . June 1985 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Hingston , Michael ( April 2015 ) . `` Asphalt Nerds The alchemy of pavement in Canada 's pothole capital '' . The Walrus . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Claire ( 2015 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Artist Jim Bachor Fixes Chicago Potholes With Ice Cream Mosaics '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bose , Adrija ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) . `` How A Bengaluru Artist 's ' Crocodile ' In The Middle Of A Busy Road Got A Pothole Fixed '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schreck , Carl ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Russian politicians mocked with guerrilla pothole portraits '' . New East Network . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the man using penises to fill potholes '' . The Telegraph . 2015 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Look up pothole in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potholes . Federal Highway Administration Manual of Practice for Pothole Repair Streets and roadways Types of road Limited - access Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Brazil China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Pakistan Portugal Spain United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express - collector setup Farm - to - market road Highway Link road Two - lane expressway 2 + 1 road 2 + 2 road Parkway Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single - track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number Special route Business route Street hierarchy Toll road Road junctions Interchanges ( grade - separated ) Cloverleaf Diamond Free - flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single - point urban ( SPUI ) Stack Three - level diamond Trumpet Intersections ( at - grade ) 3 - way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T - intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right - in / right - out ( RIRO ) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Traffic circle Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road hazards Aquaplaning Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man 's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Washboarding Washout Whiteout Space and time allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High - occupancy toll lane High - occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts ' dots Cable barrier Cat 's eye ( road ) Concrete step barrier Constant - slope barrier Curb F - Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pothole&oldid=824949161 '' Categories : Road construction Road hazards Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 15 : 30 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothole
| 107,710 |
who sings the song baby come to me
|
`` Baby , Come to Me '' is a classic love ballad written by Rod Temperton ( formerly of Heatwave ) and sung as a duet by Patti Austin and James Ingram .
|
Patti Austin|James Ingram
|
Baby , Come to Me ( Patti Austin and James Ingram song )
|
baby, come to me ( patti austin and james ingram song )
|
`` Baby , Come to Me '' is a classic love ballad written by Rod Temperton ( formerly of Heatwave ) and sung as a duet by Patti Austin and James Ingram .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Covers 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Patti Austin James Ingram The song was performed by Patti Austin and James Ingram , with Michael McDonald contributing background vocals . Produced by Quincy Jones , the song appears on Austin 's 1981 album , Every Home Should Have One . When first released as a single , it charted on the Billboard Hot 100 for just four weeks , peaking at # 73 on May 8 , 1982. . It did , however , reach # 11 in the UK . Later that year , it gained new exposure as the romantic theme song for Luke Spencer , a leading character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital . ABC received so many inquiries about the song that Warner Brothers decided to re-release `` Baby , Come to Me '' as a single . On October 16 , 1982 , the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 . It reached number one on February 19 , 1983 , where it stayed for two weeks , and spent seven months on the Hot 100 . It also hit number one on the Adult Contemporary chart in early 1983 . Covers ( edit ) Among artists who have covered the song are : Shirley Bassey Regina Belle Dalida Laura Fygi Daryl Hall Alexander O'Neal and Cherrelle The Captain and Tennille Stephanie Winslow Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 83 ) Peak position Australia 38 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Canada RPM Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Billboard R&B 9 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position Australia 136 Canada 26 US Billboard Hot 100 8 See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1983 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1982-05-08 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1982-10-16 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1983-02-19 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Patti Austin & James Ingram -- Baby , Come To Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Patti Austin & James Ingram -- Baby , Come To Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Patti Austin & James Ingram -- Baby , Come To Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Patti Austin & James Ingram -- Baby , Come To Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK Official Singles Chart '' , UK Official Charts Company Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 - Billboard Hot 100 '' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Chart - Billboard '' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs Chart - Billboard '' , Billboard Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Patti Austin Studio albums End of a Rainbow Havana Candy Every Home Should Have One Patti Austin The Real Me Love Is Gonna Getcha Live albums Live at the Bottom Line Singles `` Do You Love Me '' `` Every Home Should Have One '' `` Baby , Come to Me '' `` How Do You Keep the Music Playing ? '' Related articles `` It 's the Falling in Love '' The Dude `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' 20 Feet from Stardom Book : Patti Austin James Ingram Albums It 's Your Night Never Felt So Good It 's Real Always You Stand ( In the Light ) Singles `` Just Once '' `` One Hundred Ways '' `` Baby , Come to Me '' `` How Do You Keep the Music Playing ? '' `` Yah Mo B There '' `` What About Me ? '' `` Always '' `` Somewhere Out There '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Man '' `` The Secret Garden ( Sweet Seduction Suite ) '' `` I Do n't Have the Heart '' Book : James Ingram This 1980s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1980s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby,_Come_to_Me_(Patti_Austin_and_James_Ingram_song)&oldid=808904717 '' Categories : 1981 songs 1982 singles 1983 singles James Ingram songs Patti Austin songs Love themes Pop ballads Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Rod Temperton Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Vocal duets 1980s R&B song stubs 1980s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%2C%20Come%20to%20Me%20%28Patti%20Austin%20and%20James%20Ingram%20song%29
| 102,575 |
the chechen republic is located in this region of russia
|
Chechen Republic Чеченская Республика ( Russian ) Нохчийн Республика ( Chechen ) -- Republic -- Flag Coat of arms Anthem : Shatlak 's Song Coordinates : 43 ° 24 ′ N 45 ° 43 ′ E / 43.400 ° N 45.717 ° E / 43.400 ; 45.717 Coordinates : 43 ° 24 ′ N 45 ° 43 ′ E / 43.400 ° N 45.717 ° E / 43.400 ; 45.717 Political status Country Russia Federal district North Caucasian Economic region North Caucasus Established January 10 , 1993 Capital Grozny Government ( as of January 2015 ) Head Ramzan Kadyrov Legislature Parliament Statistics Area ( as of the 2002 Census ) Total 17,300 km ( 6,700 sq mi ) Area rank 75th Urban 32.1 % Population ( January 2016 est . ) Total 1,395,678 Time zone ( s ) MSK ( UTC + 03 : 00 ) ISO 3166 - 2 RU - CE License plates 95 Official languages Russian ; Chechen Official website
|
North Caucasus
|
Chechnya
|
chechnya
|
The Chechen Republic ( / ˈtʃɛtʃɪn / ; Russian : Чече́нская Респу́блика , tr . Chechenskaya Respublika , IPA : ( tɕɪˈtɕɛnskəjə rjɪˈspubljɪkə ) ; Chechen : Нохчийн Республика , Noxçiyn Respublika ) , commonly referred to as Chechnya ( / ˈtʃɛtʃniə / ; Russian : Чечня́ , IPA : ( tɕɪˈtɕnja ) ; Chechen : Нохчийчоь , Noxçiyçö ) , is a federal subject ( a republic ) of Russia .
|
It is located in the North Caucasus , situated in the southernmost part of Eastern Europe , and within 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) of the Caspian Sea . The capital of the republic is the city of Grozny . As of the 2010 Russian Census , the republic was reported to have a population of 1,268,989 people ; however , that number has been questioned by multiple demographers , who think such population growth after two deadly wars is highly implausible . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the Chechen - Ingush ASSR was split into two parts : the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic . The latter proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria , which sought independence . Following the First Chechen War with Russia , Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria . Russian federal control was restored during the Second Chechen War . Since then there has been a systematic reconstruction and rebuilding process , though sporadic fighting continues in the mountains and southern regions of the republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin of Chechnya 's population 1.2 Prehistory 1.3 Early history 1.4 Caucasian Wars 1.5 Independent state 1.6 Soviet rule 1.7 Since 1990 1.8 First Chechen War 1.9 Inter-war period 1.10 Second Chechen War 1.11 Post-war reconstruction and insurgency 2 Geography 2.1 Cities and towns with over 20,000 people 3 Administrative divisions 4 Informal divisions 5 Demographics 5.1 Vital statistics 5.2 Ethnic groups 5.3 Religion 6 Politics 6.1 Regional government 6.2 Separatist government 7 Human rights 7.1 Gay concentration camps , 2017 8 Economy 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Chechnya Origin of Chechnya 's population ( edit ) Main article : Vainakh origin hypotheses According to Leonti Mroveli , the 11th - century Georgian chronicler , the word Caucasian is derived from the Vainakh ancestor Kavkas . According to Professor George Anchabadze of Ilia State University The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus . It is noteworthy , that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli , the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was `` Kavkas '' , hence the name Kavkasians , one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources , signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush . As appears from the above , the Vainakhs , at least by name , are presented as the most `` Caucasian '' people of all the Caucasians ( Caucasus -- Kavkas -- Kavkasians ) in the Georgian historical tradition . American linguist Dr. Johanna Nichols `` has used language to connect the modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent '' and her research suggests that `` farmers of the region were proto - Nakh - Daghestanians . '' Nichols stated : `` The Nakh -- Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilization . '' Dr. Henry Harpending , University of Utah , supports her claims . Prehistory ( edit ) 1855 Atlas Map of Turkey and the North Caucasus . Map of the American cartographer J.H. Colton . Top right corner , Chechnya is labeled as Gelia , with Chechen cities : Grosnaja ( Grozny ) , Basdet and Leshistan cities : Andi , Metiro . People living in prehistoric mountain cave settlements used tools , mastered fire , and used animal skins for warmth and other purposes . Traces of human settlement that date back to 40,000 BC were found near Lake Kezanoi . Cave paintings , artifacts , and other archaeological evidence indicates continuous habitation for some 8,000 years . Early history ( edit ) 10,000 -- 6000 BC Caucasian Epipaleolithic and early Caucasian Neolithic . Introduction of agriculture , irrigation , and the domestication of animals . 6000 -- 4000 BC Caucasian Neolithic . Pottery is known to the region . Old settlements near Ali - Yurt and Magas , discovered in the modern times , revealed tools made out of stone : stone axes , polished stones , stone knives , stones with holes drilled in them , clay dishes etc . Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains . In the mountains there were discovered settlements made out of stone and surrounded by walls ; some of them dated back to 8000 BC . 4000 -- 3000 BC Invention of the wheel ( 3000 BC ) , horseback riding , metal works ( copper , gold , silver , iron ) , dishes , armor , daggers , knives , arrow tips . The artifacts were found near Nasare - Cort , Muzhichi , Ja - E-Bortz ( also known as Surkha - khi ) , Abbey - Gove ( also known as Nazran or Nasare ) 900 -- 1200 AD The kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania ( known from Russian as Царственные Аланы ) . German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people ( Kist ) were the direct descendants from Alania . 1239 AD Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas ( both names known solely from Muslim Arabs ) and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders , nations , and tribes by Batu Khan ( a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan ) `` Magas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan . Historically Magas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built '' -- D.V. Zayats 1300 -- 1400 AD War between the Alans , Tamerlan , Tokhtamysh , and the Battle of the Terek River . The Alan tribes build fortresses , castles , and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders . Part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols . The insurgency against Mongols begins . In 1991 the Jordanian historian Abdul - Ghani Khassan presented the photocopy from old Arabic scripts claiming that Alania was in Chechnya and Ingushetia , and the document from Alanian historian Azdin Vazzar ( 1395 -- 1460 ) who claimed to be from Nokhcho ( Chechen ) tribe of Alania . 1500 AD First Russian involvement in the Caucasus. 1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help from Ivan the Terrible against Vainakh tribes . Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuk 's daughter Maria Temryukovna . Alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders . Chechnya was a nation in the Northern Caucasus that fought against foreign rule continually since the 15th century . The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam , as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment . Caucasian wars ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Caucasian War Imam Shamil of Chechnya and Dagestan surrendering to Russian general Baryatinsky in 1859 ; painting by Aleksey Kivshenko Map of the Caucasian Isthmus by J. Grassl , 1856 As Russia set off for the first time to increase its political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia , Peter I launched the Russo - Persian War ( 1722 -- 1723 ) , in which Russia succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years . Notable in Chechen history , this particular Russo - Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh . As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian - ruled Dagestan , Peter 's forces ran into mountain tribes . Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them , but the Chechens routed them . In 1732 , after Russia already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia , now led by Nader Shah , following the Treaty of Resht , Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen - aul along the Argun River . The Russians were defeated again and withdrew , but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as `` Chechens '' - the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place . The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692 . Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555 , in 1783 the eastern Georgians of Kartl - Kakheti led by Erekle II and Russia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk . According to this treaty , Kartl - Kakheti received protection from Russia , and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran . In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other minority Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey , the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains . The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests , allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom , which viewed Nakh tribes as `` bandits '' . The rebellion was led by Mansur Ushurma , a Chechen Naqshbandi ( Sufi ) sheikh -- with wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes . Mansur hoped to establish a Transcaucasus Islamic state under shari'a law . He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the Ottomans , handed over to Russians , and executed in 1794 . Following the forced ceding of the current territories of Dagestan , most of Azerbaijan , and Georgia by Persia to Russia , following the Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 1813 ) and its outcoming Treaty of Gulistan , Russia significantly widened its foothold in the Caucasus at the expense of Persia . Another successful Caucasus war against Persia several years later , starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the Treaty of Turkmenchay , and a successful war against Ottoman Turkey in 1828 , enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subduing the natives of the North Caucasus . The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim - Avar commander , Imam Shamil , who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 ( see Murid War ) . In 1859 , Shamil was captured by Russians at aul Gunib . Shamil left Boysangur Benoiski , a Chechen with one arm , one eye , and one leg , in charge of command at Gunib . Benoiski broke through the siege and continued to fight Russia for another two years until he was captured and killed by Russians . The Russian tsar hoped that by sparing the life of Shamil , the resistance in the North Caucasus would stop , but it did not . Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands . The Cossacks suffered defeat after defeat and were constantly attacked by mountaineers , who were robbing them of food and weaponry . The tsarists ' regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s . They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire ( see Muhajir ( Caucasus ) ) . It is estimated that about 80 % of Chechens and Ingush left the Caucasus during the deportation . It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare . One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and his comrade - in - arms Ingush abrek Sulom - Beck Sagopshinski . Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys , government mints , and government post-service , mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya . Ingush aul Kek was completely burned when the Ingush refused to hand over Zelimkhan . Zelimkhan was killed at the beginning of the 20th century . The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the Russian Revolution , which saw the Nakh struggle against Anton Denikin and later against the Soviet Union . Independent State ( edit ) On December 21 , 1917 , Ingushetia , Chechnya , and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state : `` United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus '' ( also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus ) which was recognized by major world powers . The capital of the new state was moved to Temir - Khan - Shura ( Dagestan ) . Tapa Tchermoeff , a prominent Chechen statesman , was elected the first prime minister of the state . The second prime minister elected was Vassan - Girey Dzhabagiev , an Ingush statesman , who also was the author of the constitution of the republic in 1917 , and in 1920 he was re-elected for the third term . In 1921 the Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully absorbed it into the Soviet state . The Caucasian war for independence restarted , and the government went into exile . Soviet rule ( edit ) During Soviet rule , Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form Chechen - Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . In the 1930s Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing the Holodomor . As a result , many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen - Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine . Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line ( including heroes of the USSR : Abukhadzhi Idrisov , Khanpasha Nuradilov , Movlid Visaitov ) , and although Nazi German troops were fought to a complete stop at two Chechen - Ingush ASSR cities Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze ( renamed to Vladikavkaz ) after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month ; Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR ( later Kazakhstan ) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60 % of Chechen and Ingush populations perished . American historian Norman Naimark writes : Troops assembled villagers and townspeople , loaded them onto trucks -- many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers , fresh from Lend - Lease deliveries over the Iranian border -- and delivered them at previously designated railheads ... Those who could not be moved were shot ... ( A ) few fighters aside , the entire Chechen and Ingush nations , 496,460 people , were deported from their homeland . The deportation was supposedly justified by the materials prepared by notorious NKVD officer Bogdan Kobulov accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces . Many of the materials were later proved to be fabricated . Even distinguished Red Army officers who fought bravely against Germans ( e.g. the commander of 255th Separate Chechen - Ingush regiment Movlid Visaitov , the first to contact American forces at Elbe river ) were deported . There is a theory that the real reason why Chechens and Ingush were deported is the desire of Russia to attack Turkey , a non-communist country , as Chechens and Ingush could impede such plans . In 2004 , the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of genocide . The territory of the Chechen - Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between Stavropol Krai ( where Grozny Okrug was formed ) , the Dagestan ASSR , the North Ossetian ASSR , and the Georgian SSR . The Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their land after 1956 during de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev when Chechen - Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored but both boundaries and ethnic composition of the territory significantly changed . There were many ( predominantly Russian ) migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union , who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes . The republic lost its Prigorodny District which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian Naursky District and Shelkovskoy District that is considered the homeland for Terek Cossacks . The Russification policies towards Chechens continued after 1956 , with Russian language proficiency required in many aspects of life , and for advancement in the Soviet system . Since 1990 ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Chechnya Prehistory Kura -- Araxes culture Kayakent culture Kharachoi culture Koban culture Ancient Medieval Simsir Early modern `` Ichkerian '' Era Caucasian Imamate Russian Empire Modern Mountain Republic 1917 -- 1920 North Caucasian Emirate 1919 -- 1920 Chechen National Okrug 1920 -- 1922 Chechen Autonomous Oblast 1922 -- 1934 Chechen -- Ingush Aut . Oblast 1934 -- 1936 Chechen -- Ingush ASSR 1936 -- 1944 Grozny Oblast 1944 -- 1957 Chechen -- Ingush ASSR 1957 -- 1991 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991 -- 2000 Chechen Republic 2000 -- present Chechnya portal On November 26 , 1990 , the Supreme Council of Chechen - Ingush ASSR adopted the `` Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen - Ingush Republic '' . This declaration was part of the reorganization of the Soviet Union . This new treaty would have been signed August 22 , 1991 , which would have transformed 15 republic states into more than 80 . The August 19 -- 21 , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt led to the abandonment of this reorganization . With the impending dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , an independence movement , the Chechen National Congress , was formed , led by ex-Soviet Air Force general and new Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev . It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation . This movement was opposed by Boris Yeltsin 's Russian Federation , which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union -- as the Baltic , Central Asian , and other Caucasian States had -- but was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede . It also argued that other republics of Russia , such as Tatarstan , would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right . Finally , it argued that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of Russia and hence its secession would hurt the country 's economy and energy access . In the ensuing decade , the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions , usually fighting unconventionally and forgoing the position held by the several successive Russian governments through the current administration . First Chechen War ( edit ) Main article : First Chechen War A Chechen man prays during the Battle of Grozny . The First Chechen War took place over a two - year period that lasted from 1994 to 1996 , when Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya , which had declared independence in November 1991 . Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in men , weaponry , and air support , the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full - scale battles and insurgency raids . In three months , Russia lost more tanks ( over 1,997 tanks ) in Grozny than during the Battle of Berlin in 1945 . The Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in 1995 shocked the Russian public and led to international condemnation of the Chechen rebels . In April 1996 the first democratically elected president of Chechnya , Dzhokhar Dudayev , was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a satellite phone he was using . The widespread demoralization of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen resistance forces led by Aslan Maskhadov prompted Russian President Boris Yeltsin to declare a ceasefire in 1996 , and sign a peace treaty a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces . Inter-war period ( edit ) Main article : Chechen Republic of Ichkeria After the war , parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov , chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government , for a five - year term . Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing the Russian government to help rebuild the republic , whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed . Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic ; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals . Most of these funds were taken by Chechen authorities and divided between favored warlords . Nearly half a million people ( 40 % of Chechnya 's prewar population ) had been internally displaced and lived in refugee camps or overcrowded villages . There was an economic downturn . Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya . In lieu of the devastated economic structure , kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide , procuring over US $200 million during the three - year independence of the chaotic fledgling state , although victims were rarely killed . In 1998 , 176 people were kidnapped , 90 of whom were released , according to official accounts . President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage - takers , and on October 25 , 1998 , Shadid Bargishev , Chechnya 's top anti-kidnapping official , was killed in a remote - controlled car bombing . Bargishev 's colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive . Political violence and religious extremism , blamed on `` Wahhabism '' , was rife . In 1998 , Grozny authorities declared a state of emergency . Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants , such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes . Second Chechen War ( edit ) Main article : Second Chechen War The War of Dagestan began on August 7 , 1999 , during which the Islamic International Brigade ( IIPB ) began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan in favor of the Shura of Dagestan which sought independence from Russia . In September , a series of apartment bombs that killed around 300 people in several Russian cities , including Moscow , were blamed on the Chechen separatists . Some journalists contested the official explanation , instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya . In response to the bombings , a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War . Much better organized and planned than the first Chechen War , the Russian military took control over most regions . The Russian forces used brutal force , killing 60 Chechen civilians during a mop - up operation in Aldy , Chechnya on February 5 , 2000 . After the re-capture of Grozny in February 2000 , the Ichkerian regime fell apart . Post-war reconstruction and insurgency ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Postage stamp issued in 2009 by the Russian Post dedicated to Chechnya Chechen rebels continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terrorist attacks . In October 2002 , 40 -- 50 Chechen rebels seized a Moscow theater and took about 900 civilians hostage . The crisis ended with 117 hostages and up to 50 rebels dead , mostly due to an unknown aerosol pumped throughout the building by Russian special forces to incapacitate the people inside . In September 2004 , separatist rebels occupied a school in the town of Beslan , North Ossetia , demanding recognition of the independence of Chechnya and a Russian withdrawal . 1,100 people ( including 777 children ) were taken hostage . The attack lasted three days , resulting in the deaths of over 331 people , including 186 children . In response to the increasing terrorism , Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region . Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime . In 2003 , a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy . According to the Chechen government , the referendum passed with 95.5 % of the votes and almost 80 % turnout . The Economist was skeptical of the results , arguing that `` few outside the Kremlin regard the referendum as fair '' . After the 2004 school siege , Russian president Vladimir Putin announced sweeping security and political reforms , sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power . He also vowed to take tougher action against domestic terrorism , including preemptive strikes against Chechen separatists . In 2005 and 2006 , prominent separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev were killed . Since 2007 , Chechnya has been run by Ramzan Kadyrov . Kadyrov 's rule has been characterized by high - level corruption , a poor human rights record , and a growing cult of personality . However , his rule has also seen Chechnya rebuild , with much of Grozny already reconstructed . In April 2009 , Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army . The insurgency in the North Caucasus continued even after this date . The Caucasus Emirate has fully adopted the tenets of being a Salafist - takfiri jihadist group through its strict adherence to upholding tawhid , its obedience to the literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah , and its complete rejection of bid'ah , taqlid , and ijtihad . Chechnya under Kadyrov has also made it to the headlines with the ruthless persecution of gay people . Geography ( edit ) The mountains in the area Sharoi Lake Kezenoyam Situated in the eastern part of the North Caucasus , partially in Eastern Europe , Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory . In the west , it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia , in the north , Stavropol Krai , in the east , Dagestan , and to the south , Georgia . Its capital is Grozny . Area : 15,300 kilometers ( 9,500 mi ) Borders : Internal : Republic of Dagestan ( NE ) Republic of Ingushetia ( W ) Republic of North Ossetia -- Alania ( W ) Stavropol Krai ( NW ) Foreign : Georgia ( S ) Rivers : Terek Sunzha Argun Cities and towns with over 20,000 people ( edit ) Map of Chechen Republic ( Chechnya ) Grozny ( capital ) Shali Urus - Martan Gudermes Argun Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of the Chechen Republic Informal divisions ( edit ) There are no true districts of Chechnya , but many believe that the different dialects of the Chechen language define different districts . The main dialects are : Grozny , also known as the Dzhokhar dialect , is the dialect of people who live in and in some towns around Grozny . Naskhish , a dialect spoken to the northeast of Chechnya . The most notable difference in this dialect is the addition of the letters `` ȯ '' , `` ј '' and `` є '' Day , pronounced like the word ' die ' is spoken in a small section of the south , around and in the town of Day . There are other dialects which are believed to define districts , but because these areas are so isolated , not much research has been done on these areas . Demographics ( edit ) Chechen World War II veterans during celebrations on the 66th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War According to the 2010 Census , the population of the republic is 1,268,989 , up from 1,103,686 recorded in the 2002 Census . As of the 2010 Census , Chechens at 1,206,551 make up 95.3 % of the republic 's population . Other groups include Russians ( 24,382 , or 1.9 % ) , Kumyks ( 12,221 , or 1 % ) , Ingush ( 1,296 or 0.1 % ) and a host of smaller groups , each accounting for less than 0.5 % of the total population . The Armenian community , which used to number around 15,000 in Grozny alone , has dwindled to a few families . The Armenian church of Grozny was demolished in 1930 . The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004 . ( 25.7 in Achkhoi Martan , 19.8 in Groznyy , 17.5 in Kurchaloi , 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno ) . According to the Chechen State Statistical Committee , Chechnya 's population had grown to 1.205 million in January 2006 . At the end of the Soviet era , ethnic Russians ( including Cossacks ) comprised about 23 % of the population ( 269,000 in 1989 ) . According to some Russian sources , from 1991 to 1994 tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity ( mostly Russians , Ukrainians , and Armenians ) left the republic amidst reports of violence and discrimination against the non-Chechen population , as well as widespread lawlessness and ethnic cleansing under the government of Dzhokhar Dudayev . However , regarding this exodus , there is an alternative view . According to the Russian economists Boris Lvin and Andrei Iliaronov , The Chechen authorities are regularly accused of crimes against the population , especially the Russian - speaking people . However , before the current war the emigration of the Russian - speaking population from Chechnya was no more intense than that from Kalmykia , Tuva and Sakha - Yakutia . In Grozny itself there remained a 200,000 strong Russian - speaking population which did not hasten to leave it . The languages used in the Republic are Chechen and Russian . Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or North - central Caucasian language family , which also includes Ingush and Batsb . Some scholars place it in a wider Iberian - Caucasian super-family . Chechnya has one of the youngest populations in the generally aging Russian Federation ; in the early 1990s , it was among the few regions experiencing natural population growth . Since 2002 , Chechnya has experienced a classic post-conflict baby - boom . Chechen demographers in 2008 termed highly implausible the reported overall population growth as infant mortality in Chechnya was said to be 60 percent higher than the Russian average in 2007 and to have risen by 3.9 percent compared with 2006 . Many experts have expressed doubts about the increase from 1.1 million in the 1990s to an estimated nearly 1.3 million in 2010 following two devastating wars that displaced hundreds of thousands of people and virtually eliminated the large ethnic Russian minority in the republic . According to Russian demographer Dmitry Bogoyavlensky , the 2002 census results were clearly manipulated in the North Caucasus : an estimated 800,000 to 1 million non-existent people were added to the actual population of the region . Another Russian demographer , Anatoly Vishnevsky , pointed out that according to the 2002 census , some age groups , like those born in 1950 , appeared to be larger in 2002 than in 1989 . With the 2002 census , Moscow wanted to show there were not too many casualties and that the refugees had returned to Chechnya , while the local authorities wanted to receive more funds and thus needed a higher population to justify their demands . Also , in the multiethnic republics of North Caucasus normally unlike in other parts of Russia , government positions are distributed among the ethnicities according to their ratio in the general population . So ethnicities are zealously guarding their numbers in order not to be outnumbered by others and thereby left with less representation in the government and the local economy . Some 40 percent of newborns had some kind of genetic defect . Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region Vital statistics ( edit ) Source : Russian Federal State Statistics Service Average population ( x 1000 ) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1000 ) Natural change ( per 1000 ) Total fertility rate 2003 1,117 27,774 7,194 20 580 24.9 6.4 18.4 1,133 28,496 6,347 22,149 25.2 5.6 19.5 2005 1,150 28,652 5,857 22,795 24.9 5.1 19.8 2006 1,167 27,989 5,889 22,100 24.0 5.0 18.9 2007 1,187 32,449 5,630 26,819 27.3 4.7 22.6 2008 1,210 35,897 5,447 30,450 29.7 4.5 25.2 2009 1,235 36,523 6,620 29,903 29.6 5.4 24.2 3.43 1,260 37,753 7,042 30,711 30.0 5.6 24.4 3.45 2011 1,289 37,335 6,810 30,525 28.9 5.3 23.6 3.36 2012 1,314 34,385 7,192 27,193 26.2 5.5 20.7 3.08 2013 1,336 32,963 6,581 26,382 24.7 4.9 19.8 2.93 2014 1,358 32,949 6,864 26,085 24.3 5.1 19.2 2.91 2015 1,383 32,057 6,728 25,329 23.2 4.9 18.3 2.80 2016 1,404 29,893 6,630 23,263 21.3 4.7 16.6 2.63 ( e ) 2017 1,425 29,890 6,586 23,304 21.0 4.6 16.4 Note : TFR 2009 -- 12 source . Ethnic groups ( edit ) ( in the territory of modern Chechnya ) Ethnic group 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Chechens 293,298 67.3 % 360,889 58.0 % 238,331 39.7 % 499,962 54.7 % 602,223 60.1 % 715,306 66.0 % 1,031,647 93.5 % 1,206,551 95.3 % Russians 103,271 23.5 % 213,354 34.3 % 296,794 49.4 % 327,701 35.8 % 307,079 30.6 % 269,130 24.8 % 40,645 3.7 % 24,382 1.9 % Kumyks 2,217 0.5 % 3,575 0 , 6 % 6,865 0.8 % 7,808 0.8 % 9,591 0.9 % 8,883 0.8 % 12,221 1.0 % Avars 830 0.2 % 2,906 0.5 % 4,196 0.5 % 4,793 0.5 % 6,035 0.6 % 4,133 0.4 % 4,864 0.4 % Nogays 162 0.0 % 1,302 0.2 % 5,503 0.6 % 6,079 0.6 % 6,885 0.6 % 3,572 0.3 % 3,444 0.3 % Ingushes 798 0.2 % 4,338 0.7 % 3,639 0.6 % 14,543 1.6 % 20,855 2.1 % 25,136 2.3 % 2,914 0.3 % 1,296 0.1 % Ukrainians 11,474 2.6 % 8,614 1.4 % 11,947 2.0 % 11,608 1.3 % 11,334 1.1 % 11,884 1.1 % 829 0.1 % 13,716 1.1 % Armenians 5,978 1.4 % 8,396 1.3 % 12,136 2.0 % 13,948 1.5 % 14,438 1.4 % 14,666 1.4 % 424 0.0 % Others 18,840 4.13 % 18,646 3.0 % 37,550 6.3 % 30,057 3.3 % 27,621 2.8 % 25,800 2.4 % 10,639 1.0 % 2,515 people were registered from administrative databases , and could not declare an ethnicity . It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group . Note that practically all Chechen and Ingush people were deported to Central Asia or killed in 1944 . They were , however , allowed to return to the Northern Caucasus in 1957 by Nikita Khrushchev . See Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush Religion ( edit ) Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny Islam is the predominant religion in Chechnya , practiced by 95 % of those polled in Grozny in 2010 . Chechens are overwhelmingly adherents to the Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam , the republic having converted to Islam between the 16th and the 19th centuries . Due to historical importance , many Chechens are Sufis , of either the Qadiri or Naqshbandi orders . Most of the population follows either the Shafi'i or the Hanafi , schools of jurisprudence , fiqh . The Shafi'i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens , and thus it remains the most practiced . The once - strong Russian minority in Chechnya , mostly Terek Cossacks and estimated as numbering approximately 25,000 in 2012 , are predominantly Russian Orthodox , although presently only one church exists in Grozny . In August 2011 , Archbishop Zosima of Vladikavkaz and Makhachkala performed the first mass baptism ceremony in the history of the Chechen Republic in the Terek River of Naursky District in which 35 citizens of Naursky and Shelkovsky districts were converted to Orthodoxy . On 19 January 2015 , 12 days after the Charlie Hebdo shooting , a march took place in Grozny against the publication of caricatures of the prophet Mohammed . The Chechen Ministry of Interior reported that more than a million people participated , while according to the sources of Caucasian Knot the number was between 350,000 and 500,000 . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Chechnya Since 1990 , the Chechen Republic has had many legal , military , and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities . Today , Chechnya is a relatively stable federal republic , although there is still some separatist movement activity . Its regional constitution entered into effect on April 2 , 2003 , after an all - Chechen referendum was held on March 23 , 2003 . Some Chechens were controlled by regional teips , or clans , despite the existence of pro - and anti-Russian political structures . Regional government ( edit ) Chechnya and Caucasus map The former separatist religious leader ( mufti ) Akhmad Kadyrov , looked upon as a traitor by many separatists , was elected president with 83 % of the vote in an internationally monitored election on October 5 , 2003 . Incidents of ballot stuffing and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) monitors . On May 9 , 2004 , Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a landmine explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade , and Sergey Abramov was appointed to the position of acting prime minister after the incident . However , since 2005 Ramzan Kadyrov ( son of Akhmad Kadyrov ) has been the caretaker prime minister , and in 2007 was appointed as the new president . Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic , with control over a large private militia referred to as the Kadyrovtsy . The militia , which began as his father 's security force , has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch . In 2009 , the US government financed American organization Freedom House included Chechnya in the `` Worst of the Worst '' list of most repressive societies in the world , together with Burma , North Korea , Tibet , and others . Separatist government ( edit ) Shamil Basayev , Chechen militant Islamist and a leader of the Chechen rebel movement Akhmad Kadyrov , former separatist and head of the Chechen Republic , with Russian President Vladimir Putin In addition to the Russian regional government , there was a separatist Ichkeria government that was not recognized by any state ( although members have been given political asylum in European and Arab countries , as well as the United States ) . Ichkeria is / was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . Former president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the Georgian Civil War , recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993 . Diplomatic relations with Ichkeria were also established by the partially recognized Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban government on January 16 , 2000 . This recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001 . However , despite Taliban recognition , there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and Ichkeria -- Maskhadov rejected their recognition , stating that the Taliban were illegitimate . Ichkeria also received vocal support from the Baltic countries , a group of Ukrainian nationalists and Poland ; Estonia once voted to recognize , but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU . The president of this government was Aslan Maskhadov , the Foreign Minister was Ilyas Akhmadov , who was the spokesman for Maskhadov . Aslan Maskhadov had been elected in an internationally monitored election in 1997 for 4 years , which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia . In 2001 he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year ; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government , and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia . Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist - controlled areas of the south at the onset of the Second Chechen War . Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory , and his power was diminished as a result . Russian forces killed Maskhadov on March 8 , 2005 , and the assassination of Maskhadov was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader with whom to conduct peace talks . Akhmed Zakayev , Deputy Prime Minister and a Foreign Minister under Maskhadov , was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in England . He and others chose Abdul Khalim Saidullayev , a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television , to replace Maskhadov following his death . On June 17 , 2006 , it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in a Chechen town Argun . The successor of Saidullayev became Doku Umarov . On October 31 , 2007 , Umarov abolished the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the Caucasian Emirate with himself as its Emir . This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic . Human rights ( edit ) Mass grave in Chechnya ( 2000 ) The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre reports that after hundreds of thousands of ethnic Russians and Chechens fled their homes following inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999 , more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today . On September 1 , 1997 , Criminal Code reportedly being implemented in the Chechen Republic - Ichkeriya , Article 148 punishes `` anal sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or a man and a man '' . For first - and second - time offenders , the punishment is caning . A third conviction leads to the death penalty , which can be carried out in a number of ways including stoning or beheading . Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military . In 2006 Human Rights Watch reported that pro-Russian Chechen forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov , as well as federal police personnel , used torture to get information about separatist forces . `` If you are detained in Chechnya , you face a real and immediate risk of torture . And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable '' , said Holly Cartner , Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch . On February 1 , 2009 , the New York Times released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government . The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov 's inner circle , 27 - year - old Umar Israilov . On July 1 , 2009 , Amnesty International released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the Russian Federation against Chechen citizens . Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults , ranging from kidnapping to torture , while those responsible were never held accountable . This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law , being run into further devastating destabilization . On March 10 , 2011 , Human Rights Watch reported that since Chechenization , the government has pushed for enforced Islamic dress code and other traditions which violently repress women . The president Ramzan Kadyrov is quoted as saying `` I have the right to criticize my wife . She does n't . With us ( in Chechen society ) , a wife is a housewife . A woman should know her place . A woman should give her love to us ( men ) ... She would be ( man 's ) property . And the man is the owner . Here , if a woman does not behave properly , her husband , father , and brother are responsible . According to our tradition , if a woman fools around , her family members kill her ... That 's how it happens , a brother kills his sister or a husband kills his wife ... As a president , I can not allow for them to kill . So , let women not wear shorts ... '' . He has also openly defended honor killings on several occasions . On July 9 , 2017 , Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported that a number of people were subject to an extrajudicial execution on the night of January 26 , 2017 . It published 27 names of the people known to be dead , but stressed that the list is `` not all ( of those killed ) '' ; the newspaper asserted that 50 people may have been killed in the execution . Some of the dead were gay , but not all ; the deaths appeared to have been triggered by the death of a policeman , and according to the author of the report , Elena Milashina , were executed for terrorism . Gay concentration camps , 2017 ( edit ) Main articles : Gay concentration camps in Chechnya and LGBT rights in Chechnya In 2017 , it was reported by Novaya Gazeta and human rights groups that Chechen authorities had allegedly set up concentration camps , one of which is in Argun , where gay men are interrogated and subjected to physical violence . Economy ( edit ) Grozny in 2013 During the war , the Chechen economy fell apart . In 1994 , the separatists planned to introduce a new currency , but that did not happen due to Russian troops re-taking Chechnya in the Second Chechen War . The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000 . According to the New York Times , major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made , and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry , though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced . Chechnya 's unemployment was 67 % in 2006 and fell to 21.5 % in 2014 Total revenues of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 are 59.2 billion rubles . Of these , 48.5 billion rubles are so - called `` gratuitous receipts '' from the federal budget of the Russian Federation . See also ( edit ) Chechnya portal Wildlife of Chechnya References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Decree # 164 Jump up ^ Президент Российской Федерации . Указ No 849 от 13 мая 2000 г . `` О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе '' . Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г . Опубликован : `` Собрание законодательства РФ '' , No 20 , ст. 2112 , 15 мая 2000 г . ( President of the Russian Federation . Decree # 849 of May 13 , 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District . Effective as of May 13 , 2000 . ) . Jump up ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации . No ОК 024 - 95 27 декабря 1995 г . `` Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2 . Экономические районы '' , в ред . Изменения No 5 / 2001 ОКЭР . ( Gosstandart of the Russian Federation . # OK 024 - 95 December 27 , 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2 . Economic Regions , as amended by the Amendment # 5 / 2001 OKER . ) . Jump up ^ Law # 4071 - 1 Jump up ^ Constitution of the Chechen Republic , Article 59.5 Jump up ^ Official website of the Chechen Republic . Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov ( in Russian ) ^ Jump up to : Constitution , Article 5.1 Jump up ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики ( Federal State Statistics Service ) ( 2004 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Территория , число районов , населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации ( Territory , Number of Districts , Inhabited Localities , and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation ) '' . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года ( All - Russia Population Census of 2002 ) ( in Russian ) . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chechen Republic Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service . `` Численность населения Чеченской Республики на 1 января 2014 года '' ( PDF ) . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Правительство Российской Федерации . Федеральный закон No 107 - ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г . `` Об исчислении времени '' , в ред . Федерального закона No 271 - ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г . `` О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон `` Об исчислении времени '' '' . Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования ( 6 августа 2011 г . ) . Опубликован : `` Российская газета '' , No 120 , 6 июня 2011 г . ( Government of the Russian Federation . Federal Law # 107 - FZ of June 31 , 2011 On Calculating Time , as amended by the Federal Law # 271 - FZ of July 03 , 2016 On Amending Federal Law `` On Calculating Time '' . Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication . ) . Jump up ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Chechen Republic , Article 10.1 Jump up ^ Chechnya : The World Atlas Retrieved on April 24 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Russian Federal State Statistics Service ( 2011 ) . `` Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года . Том 1 '' ( 2010 All - Russian Population Census , vol. 1 ) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года ( 2010 All - Russia Population Census ) ( in Russian ) . Federal State Statistics Service . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Fuller ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Preliminary Chechen Census Findings Unveiled '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dzutsev , Valery ( 2010 ) . `` 2010 Census Data is Adjusted to Meet Kremlin Priorities in the North Caucasus '' . 7 ( 207 ) . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The work of Leonti Mroveli : `` The history of the Georgian Kings '' dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD , is included in medieval code of Georgian annals `` Kartlis Tskhovreba '' . Jump up ^ `` Caucasian Knot An Essay On the History of the Vainakh People . On the origin of the Vainakhs '' . Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word -- 4C04B861 - 0826 - 0853BD. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peering Into the Past , With Words '' . ; Bernice Wuethrich , `` Science '' 2000 : Vol. 288 no . 5469 p. 1158 ^ Jump up to : Jaimoukha , Amjad M. ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) . The Chechens : a handbook ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32328 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bernice Wuethrich ( 19 May 2000 ) . `` Peering Into the Past , With Words '' . Science . 288 ( 5469 ) : 1158 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5469. 1158 . ^ Jump up to : N.D. Kodzoev . History of Ingush nation . Jump up ^ `` Ингушетия. Ru Авторские Материалы '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ D.V. Zayats ( 2001 ) . `` Maghas -- `` The Sun City '' -- New Capital of Ingushetia `` . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Аланский историк из чеченцев '' . Chechenews.com . August 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Категория : Мировая история . `` Аланский историк '' . 95live.ru . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tsaroïeva , Mariel ( 2005 ) . Anciennes croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes : peuples du Caucase du Nord ( in French ) . Paris : Maisonneuve et Larose . ISBN 2 - 7068 - 1792 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ilyasov , Lecha ; Ziya Bazhayev Charity Foundation ( 2009 ) . The Diversity of the Chechen Culture : From Historical Roots to the Present ( PDF ) . UNESCO Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . ISBN 978 - 5 - 904549 - 02 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus : From Gazavat to Jihad '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iran at War : 1500 -- 1988 '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ingush People '' . Linguistics.berkeley.edu. 1992 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ John Frederick Baddeley , The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus , London , Curzon Press , 1999 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Imperialism : Development and Crisis '' . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` человек из камня БАЙСАНГУР БЕНОЕВСКИЙ '' . YouTube . 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Cahoon . `` Russian Civil War Polities '' . Worldstatesmen.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Общественное движение ЧЕЧЕНСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПАСЕНИЯ '' . Savechechnya.com . June 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Вассан - Гирей Джабагиев '' . Vainah.info . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Umarova , Amina . `` Chechnya 's Forgotten Children Of The Holodomor '' . Rferl.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Dominic . Russia : Chechnya . Microsoft Encarta 2008 . Microsoft Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Stalin 's deportations '' . BBC News . 2004 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fires of Hatred : Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe , Cambridge , Mass. and London : Harvard University Press , 2001 , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev Time of darkness , Moscow , 2003 , ISBN 5 - 85646 - 097 - 9 , pages 205 -- 206 ( Russian : Яковлев А . Сумерки . Москва : Материк 2003 г . ) Jump up ^ `` DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND IS EVERY MUSLIM 'S DUTY '' . RIA Novosti . Jump up ^ `` Chechnya : European Parliament recognises the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944 '' . Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . Jump up ^ James Hughes . `` The Peace Process in Chechnya '' , contained in Richard Sakwa 's Chechnya : From Past to Future . Page 271 . Jump up ^ `` Book Reviews : ' Chechnya : A Small Victorious War ' & ' Capitalism and Class Struggle in the USSR ' The Socialist Party of Great Britain '' . Worldsocialism.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dual attack ' killed president '' . BBC . 1999 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` F&P RFE / RL Archive '' . www.friends-partners.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chechnya , reference article by Freedom House publications . ^ Jump up to : Alex Goldfarb and Marina Litvinenko . `` Death of a Dissident : The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB . '' Free Press , New York , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5165 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tishkov , Valery . Chechnya : Life in a War - Torn Society . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2004 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2002 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moscow again plans wider war in Dagestan CNN Retrieved on April 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Context of ' September 13 , 1999 : Second Moscow Apartment Bombing Kills 118 ; Chechen Rebels Blamed ' Retrieved on April 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Second Chechnya War -- 1999 -- 2006 Retrieved on April 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Andrew Meier ( 2005 ) Chechnya : To the Heart of a Conflict . New York : W.W. Norton Jump up ^ `` Gas ' killed Moscow hostages ' '' . BBC News . 2002 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow court begins siege claims '' , BBC News , 24 December 2002 Jump up ^ `` Moscow hostage relatives await news '' . BBC NEWS. 27 Oct 2002 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` August 31 , 2006 : Beslan -- Two Years On '' . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved on April 24 , 2013 Jump up ^ Putin meets angry Beslan mothers BBC Retrieved on April 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ The children of Beslan five years on BBC Retrieved on April 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Aris , Ben ( 2003 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Boycott call in Chechen poll ignored '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Economist ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) . `` Putin 's proposition '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ramzan Kadyrov : The warrior king of Chechnya '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Kadyrov 's Power and Cult of Personality Grows '' . The Jamestown Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Russia ' ends Chechnya operation ' '' . BBC News . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Darion Rhodes , Salafist - Takfiri Jihadism : The Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate Jump up ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service ( May 21 , 2004 ) . `` Численность населения России , субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов , районов , городских поселений , сельских населённых пунктов -- районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек '' ( Population of Russia , Its Federal Districts , Federal Subjects , Districts , Urban Localities , Rural Localities -- Administrative Centers , and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ) ( XLS ) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года ( All - Russia Population Census of 2002 ) ( in Russian ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ishkhanyan , Vahan , ArmeniaNow.com . `` The case for Chechnya '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Prague Watchdog : ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Chechnya -- The week in brief : 4 -- 11 Feb , 2008 '' . Reliefweb.int . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ O.P. Orlov ; V.P. Cherkassov . Россия -- Чечня : Цепь ошибок и преступлений ( in Russian ) . Memorial . Jump up ^ Sokolov - Mitrich , Dmitryi . `` Забытый геноцид '' . Izvestia . Retrieved on July 17 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Written by economists Boris Lvin and Andrei Illarionov . Moscow News . Feb 24 -- March 2 , 1995 Jump up ^ Note : This source is written in 1995 ; in the modern day , the Russian population is far less than 200000 Jump up ^ `` Каталог публикаций : : Федеральная служба государственной статистики '' . Gks.ru. 2010 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` НАСЕЛЕНИЕ ЧЕЧНИ '' . Ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Перепись - 2010 : русских становится больше '' . Perepis-2010.ru. 2011 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` В Чечне наблюдается высокая степень религиозной нетерпимости '' ( High degree of religious intolerance observed in Chechnya ) . Caucasus Times poll ( in Russian ) . Caucasus Times . 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/ponars/pm_0388.pdf Jump up ^ McDermott , Roger . `` Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Cechnya '' . Jamestown.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Balzer , Marjorie Mandelstam . Religion and Politics in Russia : A Reader . ISBN 9780765629319 . Jump up ^ Mairbek Vatchagaev ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` The Kremlin 's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Chechnya Weekly , Volume 7 , Issue 34 ( September 8 , 2006 ) Jump up ^ Interfax Information Services Group . `` Chechnya saw the first mass baptism in its today 's history '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` МВД насчитало более миллиона участников митинга в Грозном '' . РБК . Jump up ^ Caucasian Knot , Данные о числе участников митинга в Грозном против карикатур на Мухаммада значительно расходятся , 19 January 2015 Jump up ^ Worst of the Worst : The World 's Most Repressive Societies Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , Freedom House , March 2009 Jump up ^ in 1993 , ex -- President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia recognized Chechnya 's independence ... , Archived August 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Are Chechens in Afghanistan ? -- By Nabi Abdullaev , Dec 14 , 2001 , Moscow Times ^ Jump up to : Kullberg , Anssi . `` The Background of Chechen Independence Movement III : The Secular Movement '' . The Eurasian politician . 1 October 2003 Jump up ^ Kari Takamaa and Martti Koskenneimi . The Finnish Yearbook of International Law . p147 Jump up ^ Kuzio , Taras . `` The Chechen crisis and the ' near abroad ' '' . Central Asian Survey , Volume 14 , Issue 4 1995 , pages 553 -- 572 Jump up ^ `` What is Hidden Behind the Idea of the Caucasian Emirate ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Government efforts help only some IDPs rebuild their lives , IDMC , August 13 , 2007 Archived August 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Amnesty International : Amnesty International working against laws punishing sexual relations between men Archived August 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , September 1 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Chechnya Holds Parliamentary Vote , Morning Edition , NPR , November 28 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch : Chechnya : Research Shows Widespread and Systematic Use of Torture Jump up ^ Chivers , C. J. ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Slain Exile Detailed Cruelty of the Ruler of Chechnya '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Amnesty International : Russian Federation Rule Without Law : Human Rights violations in the North Caucasus , July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch : `` You Dress According to Their Rules '' Enforcement of an Islamic Dress Code for Women in Chechnya , March 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ Interview with Ramzan Kadyrov , Komsomolskaya Pravda , September 24 , 2008 , http://www.kp.ru/daily/24169/380743/ ( accessed December 7 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Chechen President Kadyrov Defends Honor Killings St. Petersburg Times March 3 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Milashina , Elena ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Это была казнь . В ночь на 26 января в Грозном расстреляли десятки людей '' . Novaya Gazeta . Moscow . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who Is Afraid of Navalny , Killings in Chechnya , Trump - Putin Meeting '' . Institute of Modern Russia . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chechnya police arrest 100 suspected gay men , three killed : report '' . The Globe and Mail . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Nick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Chechnya has opened concentration camps for gay men '' . Pink News . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 100 people allegedly sent to ' concentration camps ' for gay men in Chechnya -- Independent.ie '' . Independent.ie . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Расправы над чеченскими геями '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , John ( 2007 ) . Gammer , Moshe ; Lokshina , Tanya ; Thomas , Ray ; Mayer , Mary ; Dunlop , John B. , eds . `` Chechnya : Russia 's ' War on Terror ' or ' War of Terror ' ? '' . Europe - Asia Studies . 59 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 168 . doi : 10.2307 / 20451332 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Andrew E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` Chechnya 's Capital Rises From the Ashes , Atop Hidden Horrors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/Chechnya-Republic-of/Unemployment-rate Sources ( edit ) Президент Чеченской Республики . Указ No 164 от 15 июля 2004 г . `` О государственном гимне Чеченской Республики '' . Вступил в силу после одобрения Государственным Советом Чеченской Республики и официального опубликования . Опубликован : БД `` Консультант - Плюс '' . ( President of the Chechen Republic . Decree # 164 of July 15 , 2004 On the State Anthem of the Chechen Republic . Effective as of after the ratification by the State Council of the Chechen Republic and subsequent official publication . ) . Референдум. 23 марта 2003 г . `` Конституция Чеченской Республики '' , в ред . Конституционного закона No 1 - РКЗ от 30 сентября 2014 г . `` О внесении изменений в Конституцию Чеченской Республики '' . Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования по результатам голосования на референдуме Чеченской Республики . ( Referendum . March 23 , 2003 Constitution of the Chechen Republic , as amended by the Constitutional Law # 1 - RKZ of September 30 , 2014 On Amending the Constitution of the Chechen Republic . Effective as of the day of the official publication in accordance with the results of the referendum of the Chechen Republic . ) . Президент Российской Федерации . Закон No 4071 - 1 от 10 декабря 1992 г . `` О внесении изменений в статью 71 Конституции ( Основного Закона ) Российской Федерации -- России '' . Вступил в силу 10 января 1993 г ... Опубликован : `` Ведомости СНД и ВС РФ '' , No 52 , ст. 3051 , 31 декабря 1992 г . ( President of the Russian Federation . Law # 4071 - 1 of December 10 , 1992 On Amending Article 71 of the Constitution ( Basic Law ) of the Russian Federation -- Russia . Effective as of January 10 , 1993 . ) . Further reading ( edit ) Anderson , Scott . The Man Who Tried to Save the World . ISBN 0 - 385 - 48666 - 9 Babchenko , Arkady . One Soldier 's War In Chechnya . Portobello , London ISBN 978 - 1 - 84627 - 039 - 0 Baiev , Khassan . The Oath : A Surgeon Under Fire . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1404 - 8 Bennigsen - Broxup , Marie . The North Caucasus Barrier : The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 069 - 1 Bird , Chris . To Catch a Tartar : Notes from the Caucasus . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6506 - 5 Bornstein , Yvonne and Ribowsky , Mark . `` Eleven Days of Hell : My True Story Of Kidnapping , Terror , Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue '' AuthorHouse , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4184 - 9302 - 3 . Conrad , Roy . Roy Conrad . Grozny . A few days ... Dunlop , John B. Russia Confronts Chechnya : Roots of a Separatist Conflict ISBN 0 - 521 - 63619 - 1 Evangelista , Mathew . The Chechen Wars : Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union ? . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 2499 - 3 . Gall , Charlotta & de Waal , Thomas . Chechnya : A Small Victorious War . ISBN 0 - 330 - 35075 - 7 Gall , Carlotta , and de Waal , Thomas Chechnya : Calamity in the Caucasus ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3132 - 5 Goltz , Thomas . Chechnya Diary : A War Correspondent 's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya . ME Sharpe ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 312 - 268 - 74 - 2 Hasanov , Zaur . The Man of the Mountains . ISBN 099304445X ( facts based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars ) Khan , Ali . The Chechen Terror : The Play within the Play Khlebnikov , Paul . Razgovor s varvarom ( Interview with a barbarian ) . ISBN 5 - 89935 - 057 - 1 . Lieven , Anatol . Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power ISBN 0 - 300 - 07881 - 1 Mironov , Vyacheslav . Ya byl na etoy voyne . ( I was in this war ) Biblion -- Russkaya Kniga , 2001 . Partial translation available online ( 1 ) . Mironov , Vyacheslav . Vyacheslav Mironov . Assault on Grozny Downtown Mironov , Vyacheslav . Vyacheslav Mironov . I was in that war . Murphy , Paul J. The Wolves of Islam : Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 830 - 7 Oliker , Olga Russia 's Chechen Wars 1994 -- 2000 : Lessons from Urban Combat . ISBN 0 - 8330 - 2998 - 3 . ( A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars . ) Pelton , Robert Young . Hunter Hammer and Heaven , Journeys to Three World 's Gone Mad ( ISBN 1 - 58574 - 416 - 6 ) Politkovskaya , Anna . A Small Corner of Hell : Dispatches from Chechnya ISBN 0 - 226 - 67432 - 0 Rasizade , Alec . Chechnya : the Achilles heel of Russia . = Contemporary Review ( Oxford ) in three parts : 1 ) April 2005 issue , volume 286 , number 1671 , pages 193 -- 197 ; 2 ) May 2005 issue , volume 286 , number 1672 , pages 277 -- 284 ; 3 ) June 2005 issue , volume 286 , number 1673 , pages 327 -- 332 . Seirstad , Asne . The Angel of Grozny . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84408 - 395 - 4 Wood , Tony . Chechnya : The Case For Independence Book review in The Independent , 2007 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chechnya . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chechnya . Official site of the Republic of Chechnya ( in Russian ) Chechnya at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) AlertNet Chechnya and the North Caucasus at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 11 , 2012 ) `` Chechnya 's Hidden War '' . Frontline / World Dispatches . USA : Public Broadcasting Service . 22 March 2010 . ( video ) Islamist Extremism in Chechnya : A Threat to U.S. Homeland ? : Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe , Eurasia , and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs , House of Representatives , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , April 26 , 2013 Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Republics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea Dagestan Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay - Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia - Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty - Mansi Nenets Yamalo - Nenets Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions ( by Ministry of Economic Development ) Military districts ( by Ministry of Defence ) Federal districts ( by President ) Judicial districts ( by law `` On arbitration courts '' ) Countries and regions of the Caucasus Abkhazia Adjara Adygea Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Chechnya Dagestan Georgia Ingushetia Kabardino - Balkaria Karachay - Cherkessia Krasnodar Krai Nakhchivan North Ossetia - Alania South Ossetia Stavropol Krai Partially - recognized states Chechen -- Russian conflict First Chechen War ( 1994 -- 1996 ) War of Dagestan ( 1999 ) Second Chechen War ( 1999 -- 2009 ) War in Ingushetia ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus ( since 2009 ) First Chechen War Battle of Grozny ( November 1994 ) Battle of Dolinskoye Battle of Khankala Battle of Grozny ( 1994 -- 95 ) 1995 Shali cluster bomb attack Samashki massacre Shatoy ambush Battle of Grozny ( August 1996 ) Khasavyurt Accord Russia -- Chechen Peace Treaty Second Chechen War 1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya Battle of Grozny ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Battle for Height 776 Battle of Komsomolskoye 2000 Zhani - Vedeno ambush 2002 Khankala Mi - 26 crash 2004 Nazran raid 2004 raid on Grozny 2005 raid on Nalchik Counter-insurgency operations Guerrilla phase Major attacks 1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 1996 Black Sea hostage crisis MV Avrasya hijacking 1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis 1999 Russian apartment bombings 1999 Dagestan massacre 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis 2002 Grozny truck bombing 2004 Russian aircraft bombings 2004 Beslan school siege Related topics Censorship of Chechnya coverage Crimes and terrorism Mass graves Suicide attacks Assassinations Casualties Aircraft losses International response Politics of Chechnya Chechenpress Kavkaz Center Wars in culture Alexandra ( film ) Angel of Grozny Ant in a Glass Jar Polina Zherebtsova 's Journal The 3 Rooms of Melancholia The Pathologies The Search ( 2014 film ) War ( 2002 film ) Federalists Combatants Russian Federation Armed Forces Ground Forces Ministry of Internal Affairs OMON ODON Internal Troops Federal Security Service Main Intelligence Directorate Special Forces ( Spetsnaz ) Republic of Chechnya Kadyrovtsy Leaders Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev Vladimir Putin Alexander Lebed Pavel Grachev Gennady Troshev Chechnya † Akhmad Kadyrov Alu Alkhanov Ramzan Kadyrov † Dzhabrail Yamadayev † Ruslan Yamadayev † Sulim Yamadayev Separatists Combatants Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Caucasian Front Shariat Jamaat Vilayat Galgaycho Vilayat Nokhchicho Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan Leaders † Dzhokhar Dudayev † Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev † Aslan Maskhadov † Abdul - Halim Sadulayev † Ruslan Gelayev † Shamil Basayev † Arbi Barayev † Salman Raduyev Akhmed Zakayev † Turpal - Ali Atgeriyev † Vakha Arsanov Ilyas Akhmadov † Movsar Barayev † Muslim Atayev † Rasul Makasharipov † Ilyas Gorchkhanov † Rappani Khalilov Mujahideen Combatants Caucasus Emirate Arab Mujahideen Islamic International Brigade Riyad - us Saliheen ISIL -- Caucasus Province Leaders † Magomed Suleimanov † Aliaskhab Kebekov † Dokka Umarov ( POW ) Aslambek Vadalov ( POW ) Ali Taziev † Anzor Astemirov † Supyan Abdullayev Aslan Byutukayev Movladi Udugov † Khuseyn Gakayev ( POW ) Tarkhan Gaziyev † Said Buryatsky † Magomed Vagabov † Rustam Asildarov † Asker Dzhappuyev † Arthur Getagazhev † Ibn al - Khattab † Abu al - Walid † Abu Hafs al - Urduni † Muhannad † Abdulla Kurd NARA : 10046158 NDL : 00617105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&oldid=843533476 '' Categories : 1993 establishments in Russia Chechnya Chechen - speaking countries and territories Islam in Russia North Caucasian Federal District North Caucasus Regions of Europe with multiple official languages States and territories established in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Chechen - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing style editing from February 2014 All articles needing style editing All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 NPOV disputes from February 2016 All NPOV disputes Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2013 Articles with dead external links from March 2014 Articles with Curlie links Use mdy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gagauz Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Лезги لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 ГӀалгӀай 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya
| 90,395 |
andy williams can't take my eyes from you
|
Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You
|
can't take my eyes off you
|
`` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli . The song was among his biggest hits , earning a gold record and reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week , stuck behind `` Windy '' by The Association . It was co-written by Bob Gaudio , a bandmate of Valli 's in The Four Seasons . It was Valli 's biggest solo hit until he hit # 1 in 1974 with `` My Eyes Adored You '' .
|
`` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' has had hundreds of cover versions , many of which have been on the charts in different countries . The song is a staple of television and film soundtracks , even being featured as part of the plot of some films , such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song . Its chorus has also become a popular football chant , with supporters of various teams inserting their club 's name or a popular player 's name into the beat ( for instance , A.S. Roma fans sing `` Francesco Totti , la la , la la la la ! '' ) . The Valli version was also used by NASA as a wake - up song for a mission of the Space Shuttle , on the anniversary of astronaut Christopher Ferguson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Credits 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Notable cover versions 3.1 1967 -- 1969 3.2 1970 -- 1989 3.3 1990 -- 1999 3.4 2000 -- 2009 3.5 2010 -- present 4 References 5 External links Credits ( edit ) The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio . Arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio . The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue , with Bob Crewe producing and Phil Ramone as the engineer . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 18 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box Notable cover versions ( edit ) The song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years , in many countries , under both versions of the title . A few notable examples of cover versions that appeared on the charts : 1967 -- 1969 ( edit ) The Lettermen ( # 7 in 1967 , in a medley with `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ) A version by Andy Williams made it to # 5 on the UK singles chart in 1968 . The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam . This version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song , as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen , which reached # 23 in the UK singles charts . Vicki Carr recorded a cover of the song on her 1967 album It Must Be Him . Nancy Wilson ( # 52 in 1969 ) Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love . The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil , only released on the UK / European version of the album . The Supremes performed the song for the first time in 1969 , in Diana Ross 's last performance on TV with the group , with Mary Wilson on lead A translated version in Swedish was recorded by Anni - Frid Lyngstad ( later of ABBA ) and was released as the B - side to her debut single `` Din '' in 1967 . The recording has also been released on Lyngstad 's compilation albums . 1970 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1970 , Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today . In 1972 , Bobby Darin performed the song on his summer television series , Dean Martin Presents : The Bobby Darin Amusement Company , and this version was included in the 2004 album Aces Back to Back . In 1974 , Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon . In 1975 , Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show . Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976 . In 1978 actors Robert De Niro , Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter . Maureen McGovern ( # 27 on the US Adult Contemporary chart in 1979 ; # 5 Canadian AC in 1980 ) . In 1982 , San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a disco version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands , Belgium , Spain and number four in the United Kingdom . This version was also successful in Japan , receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011 , and is also on games such as Just Dance 4 . In 1987 , Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version and released it as the fourth single from her sophomore album , Why . In 1989 , Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys . 1990 -- 1999 ( edit ) Various versions from 1991 onwards by disco singer Gloria Gaynor . In 1991 , Pet Shop Boys used part of the song on their cover version of U2 's `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which reached # 4 in the U.K. and # 72 in the U.S. In 1992 , Dutch singers Gerard Joling and Tatjana Šimić recorded a duet version of the song ( including a rap segment by Darrell Bell ) , which peaked at # 5 in the Dutch Top 40 charts . In 1993 , the song was recorded by a-ha singer Morten Harket for the soundtrack of the movie Coneheads ( 1993 ) . In 1994 , Russian singer Philipp Kirkorov recorded this song for his album I 'm not a Rafael . In 1995 , Christian rock band Daniel Amos recorded a version of the song on their album Songs of the Heart . In 1996 , Manic Street Preachers recorded a version of the song and used it as the third B - side on their single `` Australia '' , the fourth to be taken from the hit album Everything Must Go . Turkish singer Tuğba Önal covered the song in Turkish , titled `` Gelmezsen Gelme '' and featured the song on her 1997 album Onun Adı Aşk . In 1997 , the pioneering Finnish Grindcore band Xysma covered the song in their later career after transforming into a rock band on their 1997 EP Singles . In 1998 , Lauryn Hill ( # 35 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart and # 2 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1998 and # 8 on the Australian Singles Charts ) . This version was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1999 . In 1999 , Izumi Sakai of the Japanese music unit Zard recorded a version of the song with Yasuharu Konishi . It was included as a miniature bonus CD to the 8th Zard album Eien . The title is altered slightly to `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off Of You '' and a remixed version is included as the second of two tracks . In 1999 , Jatin - Lalit included a Hindi version , `` Haan Haan Yeh Pyar Hai '' , in the film Dillagi . In 1999 , Heath Ledger sang the song in the teen romantic - comedy 10 Things I Hate About You . In 1999 , Denise Richards sang the song in the comedy Drop Dead Gorgeous ( film ) . 2000 -- 2009 ( edit ) In 2000 , Japanese singer Ringo Sheena , for the single `` Tsumi to Batsu '' . In 2000 , Hong Kong singer Leon Lai did a Cantonese version in his album Beijing Station . 2001 , Jimmy Somerville released his version as a single . 2000 , Sheena Easton recorded her version for her album Fabulous . 2001 , British group Muse , for the single `` Dead Star '' / `` In Your World '' . 2002 , Japanese singer Tommy february6 , on her eponymous album . 2002 , American guitarist Ron ' Bumblefoot ' Thal , on his album Uncool . 2003 , Czech duo Těžkej Pokondr recorded a Czech comedy version named Pejzy for their album Kuss . 2003 , italian singer Mina recorded a dance version of the song called Do n't Call Me Baby . In 2004 , Jennifer Peña recorded a Latin version of the song , `` No Hay Nadie Igual Como Tú '' , which reached # 33 on the Latin charts . In 2004 , Bad Manners , for The Ultimate Bad Collection - Crooners . In 2005 , Jamie Kennedy performed a song in the movie , Son of the Mask . In 2005 , Hello Kitty performed a song for Sanrio Puroland 's Yoru wo Tanoshima Night . In 2006 , Barry Manilow including this song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Sixties . The Killers performed this song as an intro to `` Shadowplay '' while on their Sam 's Town Tour in 2006 and 2007 . John Barrowman recorded a cover for his 2008 album Music Music Music . In 2007 , Greek singer Efi Thodi included this song in her album I Love You Baby . In 2008 , Chinese soft rock duet Yu Quan recorded a cover as an EP titled Fall in Love with Your Beauty . In 2008 , Valli 's version of the song was played by NASA as the morning wake - up call for astronaut Christopher Ferguson , in honor of his anniversary while he was on the STS - 126 Space Shuttle mission . 2010 -- present ( edit ) In 2010 , A cappella group Straight No Chaser included a cover of the song on their album With a Twist . In 2010 , Clay Aiken included a cover of the song on his album Tried and True . In 2011 , Japanese R&B singer Misia , included a cover of the song as a B - side to her single `` Kioku '' . The song was later included on her cover album , Misia no Mori : Forest Covers . In 2011 , Taiwanese - American singer - songwriter Joanna Wang , included a cover of the song on her cover album , The Things We Do for Love . 2011 , Stereophonics frontman Kelly Jones sang an acoustic version of the song in tribute to former Wales national football team manager Gary Speed . The song has been an adopted anthem for Welsh football fans during Speed 's playing career with Wales after being used in a BBC Wales promo for the 1994 World Cup qualifying campaign . In 2012 , Sandaime J Soul Brothers , a dance and vocal group from Japan under the same agency as EXILE , cover this song and sing it on their ( 0 ~ ZERO ~ Live Tour ) as `` 君 の 瞳 に 恋し てる - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off of You - '' . In 2013 , Canadian indie band Walk off the Earth recorded an acoustic / beat box version of the song posted on YouTube with Belgian singer / songwriter Selah Sue voicing the chorus . In 2013 , South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation performed a version of this song as part of their Japan 2nd Tour ~ Girls&Peace ~ and 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour - Girls & Peace . In 2013 , Rumba music group Chico & the Gypsies did a Spanish version called `` No Puedo Quitar Mis Ojos De Ti '' on their album Fiesta released mid-2013 . Chico is Jahloul `` Chico '' Bouchikhi , one of the founder members of Gipsy Kings . In 2013 , the vocal harmony group The Overtones covered the song for the official soundtrack of the German movie Buddy , and also included the song on the Christmas and Mother 's Day editions of their 2013 platinum selling album , Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2014 , John Lloyd Young covered the song for the movie Jersey Boys about the band The Four Seasons where he played Frankie Valli . He was also the original performer on the Broadway musical of the same name which premiered in 2005 . In 2015 , Greek singers Antonis Remos and Melina Aslanidou performed the song on a tour . In 2016 , Amanda Lear recorded a new version of the song for her album Let Me Entertain You . Jessie J recorded her version in 2016 , for the French cosmetics brand Make Up For Ever . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . 1967 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . The Billboard book of number 1 hits . p. 398 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Valli - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You / The Trouble With Me ( Vinyl ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , July 15 , 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Musicoutfitters.com '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Love , Andy by Andy Williams , album sleeve , 1967 . New York : Columbia Records CS 9566 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 40 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Engelbert Humperdinck - A Man Without Love ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Du är så underbart rar - recording '' . musicbrainz.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brook Benton - Brook Benton Today ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - lijst van week 24 , 1982 '' . Top40.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 74 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gloria Gaynor - Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - YourDancefloorTV on YouTube . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JAARLIJST 1992 '' . Members.chello.nl . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Coneheads - Original Soundtrack Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lauryn Hill Awards '' . AllMusic. 1975 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` MP3 file '' . Spaceflight.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Sandaime J Soul Brothers LIVE TOUR 2012 `` 0 - Zero - '' ( Blu - ray ) Sandaime J Soul Brothers ( 3JSB ) Blu - ray `` . CDJapan. 2013 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You - Walk off the Earth ( Feat . Selah Sue ) on YouTube Retrieved January 16th , 2013 . Jump up ^ Girls ' Generation Second Japan Arena Tour Set List Retrieved April 5th , 2013 . Jump up ^ 2013 Girls ' Generation World Tour Set List . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Official Frankie Valli Site '' . Retrieved 2010 - 2 - 16 . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics RIAA - Gold & Platinum Searchable Database Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers The Four Seasons Frankie Valli Tommy DeVito Bob Gaudio Nick Massi Charles Calello Joe Long Gerry Polci Albums Sherry & 11 Others ( 1962 ) The 4 Seasons Greetings ( 1962 ) Big Girls Do n't Cry and Twelve Others ( 1963 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Ai n't That a Shame and 11 Others ( 1963 ) Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons ( 1963 ) Dawn ( 1964 ) Rag Doll ( 1964 ) Born to Wonder ( 1964 ) Stay and Other Great Hits ( 1964 ) The 4 Seasons Sing Big Hits by Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... Bob Dylan ( 1965 ) 4 Seasons Entertain You ( 1965 ) Lets Hang On ( 1965 ) Working My Way Back to You ( 1965 ) On Stage with The Four Seasons ( 1965 ) New Gold Hits ( 1967 ) Edizione D'Oro ( Gold Edition ) ( 1968 ) The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette ( 1969 ) Half and Half ( 1970 ) Chameleon ( 1972 ) Who Loves You ( 1975 ) Helicon ( 1977 ) The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons ( 2002 ) Singles `` Bermuda '' `` Sherry '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Walk Like a Man '' `` Ai n't That a Shame '' `` Candy Girl '' `` New Mexican Rose '' `` Dawn ( Go Away ) '' `` Stay '' `` Ronnie '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Save It for Me '' `` Sincerely '' `` Big Man in Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Bye , Bye , Baby ( Baby Goodbye ) '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Girl Come Running '' `` The Sun Ai n't Gonna Shine ( Anymore ) '' `` Let 's Hang On ! '' `` Do n't Think Twice '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' `` Opus 17 ( Do n't You Worry ' bout Me ) '' `` On the Good Ship Lollipop '' `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' `` The Proud One '' `` Tell It to the Rain '' `` Beggin ' '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` C'mon Marianne '' `` Lonesome Road '' `` Watch the Flowers Grow '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' `` My Eyes Adored You '' `` Our Day Will Come '' `` Who Loves You '' `` December , 1963 ( Oh , What a Night ) '' `` Silver Star '' `` Grease '' Related topics Discography Members Albums Songs The Four Lovers The Wonder Who ? Bob Crewe `` Ces soirées - là '' Jersey Boys : Original Broadway Cast Recording Jersey Boys ( musical ) Jersey Boys ( film ) Book : The Four Seasons Jimmy Somerville Discography Studio albums Read My Lips Home Again Compilations The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Comment te dire adieu '' `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Hurt So Good '' `` By Your Side '' `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' `` Johnny Remember Me '' `` Lover Man '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` From This Moment On '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` But Not Tonight '' `` I Was Born This Way '' `` Tell Me Why '' Related articles Bronski Beat The Communards Book Nancy Wilson Albums Like in Love Something Wonderful The Swingin 's Mutual ! Nancy Wilson / Cannonball Adderley Broadway -- My Way Hollywood -- My Way Yesterday 's Love Songs / Today 's Blues Today , Tomorrow , Forever The Nancy Wilson Show ! Tender Loving Care Lush Life Welcome to My Love But Beautiful Love , Nancy A Nancy Wilson Christmas R.S.V.P. ( Rare Songs , Very Personal ) Turned to Blue Songs `` ( You Do n't Know ) How Glad I Am '' `` Uptight ( Everything 's Alright ) '' `` You 've Got Your Troubles '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` She Called Me Baby '' `` Love Wo n't Let Me Wait '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' Related articles Discography Jazz Profiles The Lettermen Tony Butala Bobby Poynton Donovan Tea Studio albums Once Upon a Time ( 1962 ) The Best of The Lettermen ( 1966 ) I Have Dreamed ( 1969 ) Spin Away ( 1972 ) Singles `` The 7th Dawn '' `` Allentown Jail '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Chanson D'Amour '' `` Come Back Silly Girl '' `` Eastward '' `` How Is Julie ? '' `` Hurt So Bad '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Love '' `` Our Winter Love '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Secretly '' `` Shangri - La '' `` She Cried '' `` Silly Boy ( She Does n't Love You ) '' `` Sweet September '' `` Theme from A Summer Place '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` Where or When '' Related Vocal Group Hall of Fame Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Take_My_Eyes_Off_You&oldid=810508450 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1968 singles 1969 singles Songs written by Bob Crewe Songs written by Bob Gaudio Frankie Valli songs The Four Seasons ( band ) songs Jay and the Americans songs Andy Williams songs Lauryn Hill songs Barry Manilow songs The Lettermen songs Nancy Wilson ( jazz singer ) songs Schlager songs Maureen McGovern songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bob Crewe 1967 songs Philips Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 18 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%2527t%20Take%20My%20Eyes%20Off%20You
| 9,896 |
||
when is season 4 of rwby coming out
|
Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 July 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 12 July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 12 October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 12 October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 5 TBA October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) TBA
|
October 22 , 2016
|
List of RWBY episodes
|
list of rwby episodes
|
RWBY is an ongoing American anime - styled web series created by Rooster Teeth Productions . It premiered on July 18 , 2013 on the Rooster Teeth website , and episodes were later uploaded to YouTube and streaming websites such as Crunchyroll . Four seasons , referred to as `` volumes '' , have been released , with a fifth announced to premiere on October 14 , 2017 . Episodes are referred to as `` chapters '' .
|
A side series called World of Remnant was introduced during the release of Volume 2 . The short videos ( 2 - 7 minutes each ) reveal more information about Remnant , the world RWBY takes place in . As of July 2017 , 16 World of Remnant episodes have been released . Volume 2 and 3 each include four episodes , Volume 4 includes eight episodes . The episode `` Aura '' ( Volume 2 ) was released as a DVD / Blu - Ray exclusive and four of the Volume 4 episodes were initially released exclusively to Rooster Teeth 's website . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Trailers 3 Episodes 3.1 Volume 1 ( 2013 ) 3.2 Volume 2 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Volume 3 ( 2015 - 16 ) 3.4 Volume 4 ( 2016 - 17 ) 3.5 Volume 5 ( 2017 -- present ) 4 World of Remnant 4.1 Episodes alongside Volume 2 4.2 Episodes alongside Volume 3 4.3 Episodes alongside Volume 4 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 16 July 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) 12 July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 12 October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) 12 October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) 5 TBA October 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) TBA Trailers ( edit ) Before the premiere of Volume 1 , four trailers were released : the `` Red '' , `` White '' , `` Black '' , and `` Yellow '' trailer , each focusing on one of the series ' protagonists . They are a prelude to the main story and act as an introduction to both the main characters and world of RWBY . No . overall No. in trailer Title Length Release date P1 `` Red Trailer '' 3 : 30 November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) Ruby visits the gravestone of her mother , Summer Rose , on a snowy cliff . Later , when the young girl heads back through the forest , she encounters a pack of Grimm Beowolves in a clearing . Ruby engages the monsters in combat , defeating and killing all of them . P2 `` White Trailer '' 3 : 48 February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) Weiss performs a song in a concert hall . The performance of the song is merged with another scene , in which the white - haired girl engages a giant , white suit of armor in combat . Weiss struggles during the fight and is struck in the head . The strike causes her to bleed heavily around her left eye . Ultimately , she is able to defeat the white armor , and the song ends at the same moment . P3 `` Black Trailer '' 5 : 18 March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) Blake quietly sits on a stone in a forest , where she is approached by Adam . The pair head down a cliff and jump on a train that passes through the forest . Inside the train , guardian robots confront them and declare them intruders . Blake and Adam fight off the armed machines . After the initial fight , Adam sets explosives to blow up the train , which causes Blake to inquire about it 's crew . Adam shows no concern for them . The pair are then confronted by a large spider - like robot . Blake holds off the robot so that Adam can prepare a stronger attack , which destroys the machine . Adam then notices Blake on the wagon ahead . The black - haired girl separates the wagons , leaving her partner behind . P4 `` Yellow Trailer '' 5 : 45 June 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 01 ) Yang rides her motorcycle to a night club . Inside , she approaches the bar and the club owner , Junior . Yang interrogates Junior about the whereabouts of a certain woman , but he tells her that he does n't know anything about this person . Yang backs off and offers to `` kiss and make up '' , but this is revealed to be a trick . The yellow - haired girl knocks Junior down and then has to fight off his armed henchmen , including two young women , Melanie and Miltia . Yang manages to defeat all of them . A reappearing Junior attacks again , but only manages to pull out some of Yang 's hair , causing her to fly into a rage and blast him through a window to the outside . Yang exits the club and runs into a surprised Ruby , who is revealed to be her sister . Episodes ( edit ) Volume 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Volume 1 was released between July 18 and November 7 , 2013 . Chapters premiered to the public Thursdays at 7 pm Central Standard Time ( UTC - 6 ) on the Rooster Teeth website and were released two hours early for `` sponsors '' . They were uploaded to YouTube a week later . Crunchyroll announced on August 16 , 2013 , that RWBY would be simulcast on the video streaming site . No . overall Chapter Title Length Release date `` Ruby Rose '' 12 : 21 July 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 18 ) A narrator explains that mankind has been in a constant struggle with the creatures of darkness , the Grimm . There is a returning dark , which will not be defeated easily again . Another voice muses that victory may come from `` a smaller , more honest soul . '' The robbery of a Dust shop , led by local criminal Roman Torchwick , is prevented by a young girl named Ruby Rose , who wields a scythe as her weapon . While chasing the escaping Torchwick , she is caught up in a fight against him and a female airship pilot . She is saved by a Huntress named Glynda Goodwitch , who , after the criminals escape , takes Ruby with her and introduces her to the headmaster of Beacon Academy , Professor Ozpin . He notes Ruby 's silver eyes and offers her to enroll at Beacon , a school known for training professional Huntsmen and Huntresses . Ruby , two years under the normal age for new students , accepts . She later joins her older sister Yang Xiao Long in transit to their new school . `` The Shining Beacon '' 6 : 15 July 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) Ruby and Yang arrive at Beacon . Yang tries to encourage Ruby to make new friends , but the younger girl ignores her in her excitement over the other student 's weapons . After her sister leaves her alone , Ruby meets other new students : the heiress of the Schnee Dust Company , the world 's most powerful Dust business , Weiss Schnee ; and a mysterious , quiet girl named Blake Belladonna . Weiss is quickly annoyed by Ruby , who causes a minor accident with Weiss ' luggage , and is also provoked by Blake 's criticism of her company 's questionable business methods . Both girls take off , leaving Ruby alone with a boy named Jaune Arc , who seems equally as awkward as Ruby . They have a talk about their weapons before realizing that they do n't know where they are supposed to go . `` The Shining Beacon , Part 2 '' 6 : 39 August 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) Ruby and Jaune manage to be in time for the opening assembly . Yang calls Ruby over to her side , while a red - haired girl silently notices Jaune . Ruby meets Weiss again , who continues to berate her . Professor Ozpin gives a speech , advising the new students to seek knowledge while they train at the Academy . Glynda announces that the initiation will begin the next day . Later , all new students are gathered in the ballroom with their sleeping bags . Ruby laments her troubles with making new friends to Yang , who drags Ruby over to Blake and encourages her to befriend the other girl . Although Blake seems more interested in reading her book , Ruby is able to connect with her over a shared love for reading , as stories of Huntsmen and Huntresses inspired Ruby 's goal to become one herself . Weiss appears once again and an argument about the noise starts . `` The First Step '' 7 : 36 August 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) The next morning , rumours about teams have spread . Nora Valkyrie hopes that she and her long - time best friend Lie Ren can be partners . Yang and Ruby discuss growing up : Yang still hopes that Ruby can find new friends , while Ruby does n't want help growing up and hopes to be on a team with her sister . Weiss has a conversation with Pyrrha Nikos , until both of them are approached flirtingly by Jaune . Weiss calls Jaune a nobody compared to the famous Pyrrha , stopping his efforts . Glynda and Ozpin await the students on top of a cliff above the Emerald Forest . They confirm the rumours and explain that students fight and learn alongside teammates for all four school years . The first person a new student makes eye contact with upon landing in the forest is their `` partner '' , a guaranteed team member . The objective is to find a partner , seek out a relic hidden in a temple and return the relic to the cliff . The biggest challenge on the way are deadly Grimm which roam the forest . 5 5 `` The First Step , Part 2 '' 4 : 30 August 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) The new students ' first task has begun . They land in the forest , and only Jaune needs help from Pyrrha to land safely . Ruby begins her search for Yang while contemplating other possible partners she could be fine with , such as Jaune and Blake . However , Ruby runs into Weiss , who , despite the rules , at first wants to reject Ruby . Because her next alternative would have been Jaune , Weiss eventually returns to an overjoyed Ruby . Pyrrha arrives at Jaune 's location and thus makes herself his partner . Ruby wants to prove her skills to Weiss , who only wants to complete the mission as fast as possible , The younger girl 's speed impresses the heiress , but causes her to lose sight of Ruby . Multiple Grimm Beowolves appear from the bushes , causing Weiss to become nervous and call out to her partner . 6 6 `` The Emerald Forest '' 7 : 14 August 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) The initiation continues . Yang runs into two bear - like Grimm ( Ursa ) , killing one before Blake strikes from behind and kills the second . The eye contact makes Yang and Blake partners . Elsewhere , a nervous Weiss tries to fight off the Beowolves , but a surprise attack from Ruby forces her to redirect her own attack , which starts a forest fire . The two girls hastily retreat , but continue arguing about whose fault all of this is . Meanwhile , Pyrrha discovers that Jaune is a novice , as he does n't know the concept of Aura . She explains that it is the manifestation of one 's soul , can be used by every living being except the Grimm , and that trained warriors can use Aura as a shield and a fighting tool . Pyrrha activates Jaune 's Aura and notices that he has a vast amount of it . Elsewhere , Ren battles and kills a large snake - type Grimm ( King Taijitu ) . Nora suddenly appears beside Ren , making them partners . 7 7 `` The Emerald Forest , Part 2 '' 4 : 47 August 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 29 ) Glynda and Ozpin observe the initiation from the top of the cliff . Glynda expresses doubt in the abilities of some students , such as Jaune , Ren and Nora . Ruby and Weiss are lost somewhere deep in the forest , which causes another heavy argument , this time about how `` perfect '' Weiss is ( not ) . Yang and Blake have located the temple and found the relics : several chess pieces . They pick up a matching set . Jaune and Pyrrha have found a cave that Jaune believes to be the temple , however , it is the lair of a giant scorpion Grimm , a Deathstalker . The Grimm chases Pyrrha out of the cave and into the forest , while Jaune clings to its stinger until he is sent flying by the beast . Meanwhile , Ruby falls from the sky , down towards Yang and Blake at the temple . 8 8 `` Players and Pieces '' 13 : 45 September 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) Ruby and Jaune collide in midair and land in a tree . Yang and Blake watch from the ground . An Ursa stumbles into view , which is slain from behind by Nora , who is trailed by Ren . Pyrrha and the Deathstalker burst out from the trees , while Weiss lets go of the giant bird - like Grimm ( Nevermore ) she and Ruby were clinging to before . All eight students are reunited and , after collecting their relics , have to face the two massive Grimm . Ruby is saved by Weiss , who offers a truce from all the arguing . The students flee , but are eventually forced to turn and fight the Deathstalker and Nevermore . Jaune , Nora , Pyrrha and Ren team up to take down the Deathstalker , while Ruby , Weiss , Blake and Yang combine to kill the Nevermore . Back at Beacon , Ozpin forms the new teams , including Team CRDL , JNPR ( with Jaune as the leader ) and RWBY ( with Ruby as the leader ) . Elsewhere , Torchwick has a phone conversation during which he asks for more men , while White Fang members deliver Dust cases to him . 9 9 `` The Badge and The Burden '' 5 : 31 September 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) The morning after the initiation , a reluctant and sleepy Weiss , Ruby , Blake and Yang redecorate their dorm room . Because of the small space , they create dangerous - looking `` bunk beds '' . The girls then realise that they are almost late for class and rush out of the dorm , as do the members of Team JNPR in the room across the hallway . All of them barely make it in time . Later , Team RWBY is lectured by Professor Peter Port . He talks about Vale ( the kingdom Beacon is a part of ) and the other three kingdoms , who provide safe havens from the Grimm . Port also talks about the purpose of being Huntsmen and Huntresses , before drifting off into a story about his own , `` heroic '' experiences with Grimm . Ruby kids around during class , which once again frustrates Weiss . She proclaims to possess the traits required for being a Huntress , but has to prove this in a fighting test conducted by the professor . 10 10 `` The Badge and The Burden , Part 2 '' 6 : 58 September 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 19 ) Weiss 's fighting challenge is a smaller , boar - like Grimm ( Boarbatusk ) . She struggles and is annoyed by Ruby yelling out advice , which still proves to be helpful to win the fight . After Port dismisses the class , an upset Weiss questions Ruby 's status as team leader . Outside the room , Ozpin approaches Ruby and eases her self - doubts by explaining that making her team leader was no mistake , even though he admits to having made `` more mistakes than any man , woman , or child on the planet '' . He tells Ruby about the `` badge of being a leader '' : she has to perform at her best , because otherwise others will have no reason to follow her . Weiss vents her frustrations to Port , who disagrees with her opinion that she should be team leader , instead advising her to trust Ozpin , stop throwing a tantrum and learn how to follow and support . Weiss considers his words and , later on , gets a hard - working Ruby , who fell asleep studying , a cup of coffee , more or less bringing an end to their little feud . 11 11 `` Jaunedice '' 4 : 50 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) During Glynda 's fighting class , Jaune is clearly outmatched in a sparring match against Team CRDL 's leader , Cardin Winchester , who mocks him and knees him in the stomach . Glynda ends the match because Jaune is low on Aura , advising him to pay more attention to it . She also announces that the Vytal Festival , a huge cultural event during which students from the major Huntsmen Academies will compete in a combat tournament , will take place soon . During a meal , the members of Team RWBY and JNPR sit with each other . Ruby and Pyrrha express concern over Cardin 's bullying of Jaune , who denies that he is being bullied and refuses their help . Cardin and his team have indeed been picking on Jaune and other students , such as the rabbit Faunus Velvet Scarlatina . Pyrrha and Blake refer to other cases , implying that discrimination against people with animal traits ( Faunus ) happens often . The bully Cardin keeps his eyes on Jaune . 12 12 `` Jaunedice , Part 2 '' 7 : 25 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) History teacher Dr. Bartholomew Oobleck conducts a lecture on the `` Faunus War '' fought between humans and Faunus , while also covering the ongoing discrimination against Faunus , which resulted in violence from organisations such as the White Fang . During the lecture , Cardin succeeds in getting Jaune into trouble , but also fails to answer questions correctly . Pyrrha and Blake excel in this class , while also taking exception to Cardin 's blatant racism against Faunus . Oobleck assigns both Jaune and Cardin extra work , but Cardin simply continues with his bullying . Pyrrha wants to help Jaune by training and tutoring him , but he rejects her offer after telling her his secret : Jaune got into Beacon using fake transcripts , as he lacked skill but had the wish to follow in a long family tradition of Huntsmen . He wants to make it on his own , but hurts Pyrrha by making her leave him alone . Cardin overhears the conversation and uses the knowledge to pressure Jaune into doing his bidding . 13 13 `` Forever Fall '' 6 : 09 October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) Nora , Ren and a gloomy Pyrrha worry about Jaune before their field trip to the Forever Fall forest . Even a talk with Ruby , who tries to raise Jaune 's confidence in being a team leader , ca n't lift the boy 's spirits . Cardin has been making him work for him and continues to do so during the field trip , which is overlooked by Glynda . Jaune has to do Team CRDL 's assignments ( gathering a special sap from the trees ) on top of his own . Cardin orders Jaune to execute revenge on Pyrrha , who in Cardin 's mind `` humiliated '' him in class , by throwing sap at her and then releasing wasps to attack her . He threatens to mention Jaune 's secret to the teachers if he should not comply , but Jaune stands up to him and refuses to harm Pyrrha or his other teammates , upsetting Cardin . 14 14 `` Forever Fall , Part 2 '' 6 : 08 October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) Cardin and his team beat up Jaune , who refuses to cooperate with them . Jaune 's Aura activates , heals him and blocks a punch , but only the sudden appearance of a big Ursa Grimm stops the beating . The beast attacks Cardin , while his teammates flee instead of helping him . One of them informs the rest of Team JNPR and Team RWBY . Pyrrha , Weiss , and Ruby rush to help Jaune , while Yang , Blake , Ren and Nora try to find Glynda . The three girls arrive in time to witness Jaune defending his bully , and Pyrrha holds the others back . She silently helps Jaune by using her Semblance , polarity , to move his shield to block the Ursa 's paw swipes , creating an opening for him to cut down the Grimm . Pyrrha asks the other girls to keep all of this a secret , while Jaune orders Cardin to leave his team alone . Later , Jaune apologizes to Pyrrha and asks her to help him train . She accepts the apology and agrees . 15 15 `` The Stray '' 10 : 41 October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) Team RWBY strolls through the city of Vale because Weiss wants to investigate the arriving competition for the Vytal tournament at the docks . Nearby , police officers investigate another Dust robbery and speculate that the White Fang may be responsible . Weiss agrees and shows that she does n't particularly trust Faunus , especially the White Fang , which causes Blake to defend them . Ruby and Yang try to settle the argument . The sudden arrival of a fleeing stowaway , a blonde monkey Faunus named Sun Wukong , leads to Team RWBY chasing him . The chase ends when they literally run into a girl named Penny , who acts weird and overexcited , but tries to create a bond with Ruby . Weiss and Blake resume their argument after bidding Penny goodbye . Weiss defends herself against Blake 's accusations of discrimination by explaining that the White Fang targeted her family and company for years , including assassinations of family friends . Blake lets her emotions get the best of her and accidentally reveals herself as a Faunus and former member of the White Fang . She flees the dorm and only stops to remove her bow and reveal a pair of cat ears . She is then approached by Sun and stays missing for days . 16 16 `` Black and White '' 15 : 30 November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) Blake agrees to explain her past to Sun : she was `` born '' into the White Fang , but left after she noticed that a change in leadership in the once peaceful civil rights movement caused it to become more violent . Ruby and Yang , accompanied by Weiss , search for Blake and , once again , run into Penny , who wants to help . Blake and Sun decide to stake out a new cargo shipment of Dust , and , to Blake 's shock , discover that the White Fang work for Torchwick and are responsible for the incidents . The two have to fight the criminals , but only the arrival of Ruby and the extremely powerful Penny turns the fight in their favour . Only Torchwick manages to escape . When Weiss and Yang arrive , the heiress does n't want an apology from Blake , but makes her promise to share her problems with her teammates from now on . Penny , without anyone noticing , is taken by a man who scolds her for wandering around alone . Ozpin gets an alarming text message from someone named Qrow Branwen . In an after - credits scene , Torchwick is visited by his superior , Cinder Fall , and two of her associates . Volume 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Volume 2 premiered on July 24 , 2014 , following an exclusive screening of Chapter 1 at RTX on July 4 , 2014 . The weekly release date and time for new chapters were the same as for Volume 1 . The Volume concluded on October 30 , 2014 . No . overall Chapter Title Length Original air date 17 `` Best Day Ever '' 14 : 43 July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) Emerald Sustrai and Mercury Black , Cinder 's associates , bicker with each other while they search for a book store in Vale . They confront , corner and eventually kill the Faunus owner of the store , Tukson , a White Fang member who wanted to leave the organisation . Sun prepares his recently arrived teammate Neptune Vasilias for his meeting with Team RWBY . In the dining hall , Ruby presents her plans for a great start into their second semester to Weiss , Blake and Yang . Nora accidentally starts a large - scale food fight between Teams RWBY and JNPR , which Ruby wins for her team . Glynda rectifies the done damage with her telekinesis Semblance . Ozpin stops her from reprimanding the `` children '' , but says that they might not have this role for long anymore . Emerald and Mercury meet up with Torchwick and argue about Tukson , who was Torchwick 's responsibility . Cinder arrives and reprimands all three of them . She also announces that `` phase two '' of her plan will begin . 18 `` Welcome to Beacon '' 13 : 14 July 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) General James Ironwood , head of the Atlas military and Academy , arrives at Beacon with several military airships in tow . Glynda and Ozpin discuss security concerns with him , especially after Qrow 's alarming message . Ozpin is concerned that Ironwood 's small fleet could give the wrong impression in a time of peace . Teams RWBY and JNPR spend time in the library . Jaune flirts with Weiss , but is rebuffed . Sun introduces Neptune , whose flirty approach seems more to Weiss ' liking . Blake acts inattentive and leaves the room . A flashback shows her in a discussion with Ozpin after the incident at the docks , during which she states that she conceals her Faunus identity because she does n't want the attention and discrimination other Faunus get . In the present , Weiss reminds Blake of her promise to share her problems with her team . Blake admits that she fears that they are not ready to stop their enemies . Ruby announces that they will bring the bad guys down , and the team starts to make a plan . Cinder , Emerald and Mercury have infiltrated Beacon as supposed exchange students from Haven Academy . 19 `` A Minor Hiccup '' 12 : 35 August 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) Team RWBY prepares to investigate the enemies , together with Sun and Neptune . They decide to split up : Ruby drags Weiss away from Neptune and takes her to the Cross Continental Transmit ( CCT ) tower so that Weiss can call home and request Schnee Dust Company files on robberies and inconsistencies . Blake and Sun go to spy on a White Fang recruitment rally . Yang , now accompanied by Neptune , wants to ask an `` old friend '' for information . In front of the tower , Ruby and Weiss run into Penny , who ignores and walks away from them , prompting Ruby to follow her . Weiss makes her phone call and gets the information from an employee , but refuses to speak to her father . Ruby catches up to Penny , who drags her away because it is `` not safe to talk here '' . In the city , they witness a public presentation of Atlas battle androids and suits designed to protect the kingdoms , conducted by a hologram of General Ironwood . Two Atlas soldiers spot Penny and chase her and Ruby . On the run , Ruby is nearly hit by a truck , which Penny stops with superhuman strength . The incident allows them to escape , but Penny reveals to a shocked Ruby that she herself is an android . 20 `` Painting The Town ... '' 16 : 19 August 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) Penny explains to Ruby that she is the first synthetic person capable of generating an Aura , created by her `` father '' and General Ironwood . Ruby is calm and accepting , which overjoys Penny . However , the Atlas soldiers catch up , and Penny makes Ruby hide before she disappears with her guards . Yang and Neptune arrive at Junior 's club , where Yang 's return causes a panic . Once again , Junior can not offer much information . Blake and Sun don White Fang masks and infiltrate the recruitment rally . A shocked Blake observes that Torchwick is allowed to speak to the Faunus in attendance , encouraging them to work with him for revenge against mankind . Torchwick unveils a stolen Paladin battle - mech , but also spots Blake and Sun , who have to flee from Torchwick in his Paladin . Blake alerts the others with a scroll call . A highway chase involving the two Faunus , Torchwick 's Paladin and Yang 's motorcycle ensues . Sun and Neptune are hurled off the highway and out of the fight . Ruby and Weiss catch up , and Team RWBY uses team attacks to pressure Torchwick . Yang 's Semblance ( the more damage Yang takes , the more the power of her own attacks increases ) helps her destroy the Paladin . Torchwick is saved by his associate , a girl named Neopolitan , and escapes again . 21 5 `` Extracurricular '' 12 : 41 August 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) Pyrrha wins a four - on - one practice fight against Team CRDL . Glynda wants another volunteer to face Pyrrha , a challenge that Mercury answers . Their fight does n't last long , as Mercury forfeits after Pyrrha subtly uses her Semblance . After class , Sun approaches Blake and asks her to be his date for the upcoming school ball , but she rejects him , stating that she will not attend . In their room , Team RWBY discusses newly gained information : a White Fang operation basis is located somewhere in Vale 's southeast territory , while the city is the primary target for Dust robberies . Blake is dissatisfied and walks out , worrying her teammates . Jaune attempts to serenade Weiss to be his date for the ball , but is rejected . Later , an improved Jaune and Pyrrha train on the roof . Jaune vents his frustration about Weiss , and Pyrrha suggests he should ask someone else out . Jaune refuses and claims that someone popular like Pyrrha could never understand rejection , sarcastically offering to wear a dress if she does n't have a date to the ball . Cinder , Emerald and Mercury discuss the powers of the Academy students , especially Pyrrha 's , which Mercury believes to be dangerous . Cinder assures them that their next move will begin soon . 22 6 `` Burning the Candle '' 13 : 09 September 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) As the school ball approaches , Ruby worries about the sleep - deprived Blake . Jaune asks Ren for advice on asking a girl to the ball . Pyrrha tells Jaune to be honest , although Nora quietly tells Pyrrha to heed her own advice . Later , Jaune is about to ask Weiss , but discovers her asking Neptune , which leaves him crestfallen . Yang confronts Blake and her obsession with stopping Torchwick and the White Fang by telling her a story about her childhood . Ruby 's mother , a Huntress , raised the two girls with their father . One day , she left for a mission and never returned . Yang 's grieving father then confessed to her that Yang 's mother ( Qrow 's sister ) left them right after Yang was born . Yang 's obsession with finding her real mother almost got her and Ruby killed once , which is why Blake should slow down and rest , and not let her obsession control her . Blake refuses , but seems uncertain when Yang asks her to consider the people she cares about . Blake attends the ball , where she shares dances with Yang and Sun . Ruby awkwardly stands on the sidelines until Ozpin approaches her for a chat . Mercury and Emerald arrive in the ballroom . 23 7 `` Dance Dance Infiltration '' 14 : 49 September 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) The ball continues . Ruby and Jaune awkwardly stand on the sidelines , until Ruby reveals that Weiss did not arrive with Neptune , causing Jaune to spring into action . He stops in his tracks when he sees Pyrrha alone and follows her to a balcony . She reveals that no one asked her out because her reputation scares people away , which is why she appreciates Jaune , someone who sees the real her . Pyrrha implies she wanted to be his date for the ball and leaves , right when Neptune arrives . After being confronted by Jaune , Neptune shamefully admits that he ca n't dance and is too desperate to look cool , which is why he rejected Weiss . Jaune makes a decision , encourages Neptune to go after Weiss and changes into a dress to make good on his promise to Pyrrha . Team JNPR perform a synchronized dance number , Neptune approaches Weiss , and Ruby excuses herself from the party . Mercury and Emerald keep an eye on the guests and inform Cinder when Ironwood leaves the ballroom . A disguised Cinder infiltrates the CCT tower , but is soon confronted by Ruby , who noticed a knocked out guard on her way home . A brief fight ends when Cinder flees because Ironwood arrives . Unseen by him , she escapes to the ball , her mission completed : a virus has been planted into the central computer . 24 8 `` Field Trip '' 12 : 13 September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) In Ozpin 's office , Ironwood and Glynda argue about consequences following the CCT tower incident . Ruby arrives to give her eyewitness account : she describes the intruder ( who she did n't recognize ) and links her to Torchwick and the White Fang , casually mentioning a `` base in the southeast '' . Ironwood wants to use his military for investigations , while Glynda and Ozpin argue that they need to move carefully . Weiss , Blake and Yang try to cheer up Ruby , who discovers that their father sent them the family 's pet dog , Zwei , to look after for a while . An announcement from Glynda gathers all first year students , including the exchange students from Shade , Haven and Atlas Academy . Ozpin gives a speech about the end of the `` Great War '' 80 years ago , explaining its reasons and consequences . He also announces the teams ' first missions : shadowing a professional Huntsmen or Huntress on an assignment . Team RWBY volunteers for a mission in the southeast that is off limits for first years . However , Ozpin bends the rules , reasoning that the team would somehow find its way there anyway . Outside , the girls meet Velvet 's Team CFVY , which just returned from an exhausting mission , as well as Team RWBY 's assigned Huntsman : history teacher Dr. Oobleck . 25 9 `` Search and Destroy '' 15 : 49 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) Team JNPR , Sun and Neptune see Team RWBY off when they depart via airship . Oobleck reveals their exact destination : Mountain Glenn , an urban expansion to the kingdom of Vale that was overrun by Grimm shortly after it was built . The desolated ruins could serve as a hideout . Upon their arrival , Oobleck discovers that Zwei was hidden in Ruby 's backpack , but he allows him to stay . Throughout the day , Team RWBY has to fight Grimm while Oobleck analyses the surroundings and his students . He asks Yang , Weiss and Blake why they wish to become Huntresses . Their answers - Yang 's thrill - seeking attitude , the honor of Weiss ' family , and Blake 's hope of stopping the wrongs in the world - do n't satisfy him , leaving the girls unsure of themselves . Later , Oobleck takes Ruby with him to scout a horde of mammoth - like Grimm . He explains that older , bigger Grimm are more intelligent and simply waiting for opportune moments to strike . He also reveals why he is a Huntsman : to pass on knowledge to future generations , and because there 's nothing he 'd rather be . The other girls are troubled by their answers to Oobleck 's questions and reach the conclusion that they do n't know why they want to be Huntresses yet . Ruby takes first watch , and the rest of the team goes to sleep uneasily . 26 10 `` Mountain Glenn '' 12 : 55 October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) At Beacon , Ironwood admits that he is losing trust in Ozpin , while Glynda tries to reassure him that he can have faith in Ozpin 's experience . Weiss , Blake and Yang stay awake and further discuss their motivations . Weiss wishes to change her company and the `` morally grey '' actions of her father for the better . Blake mentions her past with Adam , wondering how she can change the hatred between humans and Faunus , and also admits that she tends to run away when she 's afraid . Yang explains that Ruby is dedicated to helping people , but believes that her desire for adventure is her own primary motivation . Weiss points out that being a Huntress is a job with a duty : protecting people . Oobleck , seemingly asleep , smiles upon hearing this . Yang takes second watch , but Ruby has to go look for Zwei , who ran off . She discovers White Fang members on patrol , but the street collapses under her and she falls into an underground city , where she is subdued by the Faunus and brought before their boss : Torchwick . Zwei , who escaped the cave - in , alerts the others . Oobleck , upon seeing the hole , remembers the underground portion of the city , including sealed tunnels to Vale , which became `` the world 's largest tomb '' after the Grimm attacks . The team prepares to rescue Ruby . 27 11 `` No Brakes '' 16 : 45 October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) Torchwick wants to interrogate Ruby , but the arrival of her teammates and Oobleck helps the girl break free and forces him to order the start of a train on the old railways to Vale . Team RWBY boards the train 's backmost wagon and moves forward , discovering Torchwick 's plan : every wagon has a live bomb on top . The wagons are decoupled , explode and cause cave - ins , giving massive amounts of Grimm the possibility to follow the train to the city of Vale . Oobleck , Ruby and Zwei move forward on top of the train and have to fight Paladins and White Fang members . Weiss , Blake and Yang go through the inside . They are split up by multiple opponents : Yang holds off Neopolitan , but is knocked out and only saved by a masked woman who arrives out of nowhere , scares Neo off , and leaves again through a portal . Weiss loses her fight against a chainsaw - wielding White Fang member . Blake makes it to the first wagon , where she fights and knocks out Torchwick , but has to save Weiss immediately after . Ruby rejoins her team , but Weiss has to shield them with ice Dust as the train crashes through doors and creates an opening into the streets of Vale . The breach allows Grimm to attack civilians , while Team RWBY is still dazed from the impact . 28 12 `` Breach '' 17 : 55 October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) Team JNPR is about to leave for its mission , but suddenly , emergency sirens in the city go off , and they immediately board an airship to Vale . Elsewhere , Emerald and Mercury realise that their plan has started ahead of schedule , but Cinder is not concerned . Team RWBY frantically fights off hordes of Grimm , but help soon arrives : Team JNPR , Sun , Neptune and the Atlas military join the fight . Emerald and Mercury keep up their cover as students and fight as well . Oobleck and Zwei emerge from the tunnels and , lastly , Professor Port and Team CVFY fly in . Velvet and her teammates , leader Coco Adel , Fox Alistair and Yatsuhashi Daichi , clear out the remaining Grimm . Glynda seals the breach with her powers . In the aftermath , Torchwick is arrested . Ozpin is reprimanded by the council of Vale , which appoints Ironwood as head of security for the Vytal Festival . A tired Team RWBY simply decides to go to bed . Ironwood interrogates Torchwick on his ship , but the criminal refuses to testify . Cinder declares the day a success , while Mercury questions the loyalty of the White Fang , which lost many members in the tunnels . Adam Taurus arrives and assures them of his support . In a post-credits scene , Yang encounters the masked woman from the train , who removes her mask to reveal a startling resemblance to Yang . She says that they have a lot to talk about . Volume 3 ( 2015 - 16 ) ( edit ) Volume 3 was confirmed at the Rooster Teeth panel at PAX Prime 2014 , where creator and director Monty Oum stated that he planned to go into development of the next Volume right after he was done with Volume 2 . The release of Volume 3 was postponed because of Oum 's sudden passing in early 2015 . Weeks later , producer Gray Haddock announced that the series would continue , with Volume 3 premiering in 2015 . Chapter 1 was released for `` sponsors '' only on October 24 , 2015 , followed by the release on YouTube the following day . Starting with Volume 3 , the release day for new Chapters was changed from Thursday to Saturday , with a new release time of 10 am CST . Before the release of Chapter 7 , Gray Haddock announced that from this point on , RWBY would be incorporating darker and more mature elements to the story . He advised those responsible `` for a very young viewer '' to watch the episodes before deciding if they want to show them to a child , thus more or less changing the rating for the series . Volume 3 concluded on February 13 , 2016 . No . overall Chapter Title Length Original air date 29 `` Round One '' 17 : 03 October 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) Ruby talks to her mother 's gravestone , mentioning the events of the past months , her new friends and the upcoming Vytal Festival Tournament . She then joins her father , who drops her off at Beacon . Amity Collosseum , the tournament arena , hovers above the school grounds . Port and Oobleck are the announcers and explain the tournament rules , while Team RWBY is engaged in first round , four - on - four combat against Haven 's Team ABRN . They manage a clean sweep of the opposing team . Victorious , the girls visit the festival fair grounds for lunch . Weiss ignores a phone call from her father . Emerald approaches the team to congratulate them , revealing that her team ( her , Mercury ; Cinder and Neo in disguises ) moved on as well . Emerald 's goal is to find out Team RWBY 's doubles round line - up : Weiss and Yang , who could be possible opponents for her and Mercury . During lunch , Weiss ca n't pay for her team because her credit card is declined . Luckily , Team JNPR appears and Pyrrha pays for the meals . Nora is worried about their first match , imagines horror scenarios of them losing , and casually mentions that she and Ren are orphans . The announcers call Team JNPR to the arena , where their match is about to start . 30 `` New Challengers ... '' 14 : 36 October 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 31 ) Team JNPR 's fight against Shade 's Team BRNZ includes a rocky start and some arguing among teammates , but ultimately , Nora manages to take out all four opponents by using her Semblance ( channeling electricity to her muscles , which improves her power levels drastically ) . Another first round match features Team SSSN of Haven , Sun and Neptune 's team , against Shade 's all - female Team NDGO . One half of the fighting terrain is covered in water , which causes Neptune 's fear of water to kick in . In a back - and - forth fight , Team NDGO gains the upper hand in a three - on - two situation , but after Sun finally convinces Neptune to help , the other boy electrifies the water in which all remaining members of NDGO stand , knocking them all out at once . At a bar in Vale , Qrow Branwen watches the tournament matches on a TV while drinking heavily . He is unimpressed by the battles and leaves the bar once an Atlas military airship passes by . Leaving the arena , Weiss also notices the ship and excitedly says that `` she 's here ... '' 31 `` It 's Brawl in the Family '' 16 : 34 November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) Ruby and Weiss race to meet Weiss ' older sister Winter , who arrived with the airship . Weiss is excited , but her sister criticizes her for her tournament fight before inquiring how she has been taking care of herself . Her introduction to Ruby is awkward , and the Schnee sisters leave to spend time together . They are stopped by Qrow , who provokes Winter by expressing disrespect towards the Atlas military . An intense fight ensues , which destroys the courtyard and attracts onlookers , including Mercury , who takes off when he recognizes Qrow . Ruby and Weiss cheer on their respective family member . Ironwood and Ozpin arrive and rebuke the combatants . Glynda fixes the courtyard and the group of adults retreats to Ozpin 's office . Ironwood dismisses Winter , and the remaining adults discuss the threat posed by unknown enemies . Qrow reports that the festival has been infiltrated and argues with Ironwood over the Atlesian military presence in Vale , which also worries Ozpin , who does n't want to worry the citizens . Mercury reports Qrow 's arrival to Cinder , who is unconcerned that he may recognize them . Thanks to the virus she planted into the computers , Cinder hacks into Ironwood 's scroll , which was connected to the main computer . She is able to manipulate tournament match - ups , setting up Mercury and Emerald against Team CFVY 's Coco and Yatsuhashi . 32 `` Lessons Learned '' 14 : 21 November 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 28 ) Emerald and Mercury dominate Coco and Yatsuhashi in their fight . Mercury takes out Yatsuhashi , while Coco has a weird hallucination of her partner ( who was already knocked out ) , allowing Emerald to knock her out as well . Qrow spends time with his nieces , playing video games and telling stories . He notes that Ruby and Yang still have a long way to go and expresses suspicion about the fact that violence and crime in Vale stopped after Torchwick 's arrest . He also mentions his former team , STRQ , which consisted of him and their parents , and advises the girls to keep moving forward if they want to succeed as Huntresses . Weiss and Winter have dinner in a garden . Winter inquires about Weiss ' progress with her Summoning ability , part of the hereditary Schnee family Semblance . Weiss was not able to summon a fallen enemy yet , causing Winter to help her with the training . The sisters talk about their father , and Winter remembers her own experience with being cut off from his money when she joined the military . She details a choice for Weiss : continuing to rely on her father , or exploring Remnant on her own . Winter has to leave soon , and the sisters hug each other goodbye , unaware that Weiss summoned a small white sword . Later , Weiss rejects another call from her father . 33 5 `` Never Miss a Beat '' 13 : 08 December 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 05 ) Penny and her teammate Ciel Soleil win their doubles fight against members of Team CRDL . Ruby congratulates Penny afterwards , and the android girl tells her that she wants to stay at Beacon . Weiss and Yang are up against Atlas ' Team FNKI , which consists of Flynt Coal and Neon Katt , who are nothing like the usual military - trained Atlas students . Both of them confront their opponents verbally before the match : Flynt claims that Weiss ' father ran his father 's small Dust shop out of business , for what the heiress tries to apologize ; while Neon provokes Yang by talking about her `` hair extensions '' and `` top - heavy '' figure . During the fight , Flynt 's Semblance gives him the advantage against Weiss , who prohibits him from attacking Yang from behind by sacrificing herself . However , only Weiss runs out of Aura , but Yang somehow manages to take out both opponents . Team RWBY advances , and Flynt and Neon express respect after the match . Cinder discovers Penny 's structural designs among the data stolen from Ironwood 's scroll and decides to adjust her plan . Qrow and Ozpin talk in the headmaster 's office and discuss a candidate for a role as `` guardian '' : Pyrrha . 34 6 `` Fall '' 18 : 20 December 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 12 ) Pyrrha meets Qrow and Ozpin , who has her recount the fairy tale of the four Maidens . Ozpin claims that the tale is true , and that four powerful women with magical powers over the seasons exist in Remnant . Glynda and Ironwood arrive , and the adults reveal themselves as part of a secret group that protects Remnant from the darkness . They offer Pyrrha to inherit the powers of the Fall Maiden . The adults take Pyrrha to a vault under the school and explain more : Maidens die like normal people , but their powers are usually transferred to the last young woman in a dying Maiden 's thoughts . The current Fall Maiden , Amber , was attacked and part of her power stolen . She is in a coma , kept alive by Atlas technology . The adults fear that Amber 's remaining power , once she dies , could reunite itself with its other half inside her assailant . Their plan is to artificially transfer Amber 's Aura and powers into Pyrrha , although the process could fail or change her . Pyrrha has a few days to make a decision . Eight fighters are left in the tournament . The first one - on - one battle is Yang vs. Mercury . Yang wins , and Mercury seemingly attacks the celebrating Yang from behind . She punches his leg , but is suddenly surrounded by Atlas soldiers . The monitors show a replay of Yang attacking Mercury unprovoked . Yang is confused , the crowd is angry , and because of the massive negative emotions , Grimm outside Vale stir . ( Note : For the fairy tale of the four Maidens , see World of Remnant : `` The Four Maidens '' ( WR8 ) . ) 35 7 `` Beginning of the End '' 17 : 01 January 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) A flashback shows parts of Cinder 's past . She recruits Emerald , a street rat who stole to survive and followed Cinder because she promised her a better life , before searching for Marcus Black . The famous assassin is killed by his son , Mercury , who suffers heavy wounds during their fight to the death . Cinder hires Mercury instead , before she approaches Torchwick in Vale . They also try to recruit Adam Taurus of the White Fang , who refuses a deal with humans . Cinder , Emerald , and Mercury ambush the Fall Maiden , Amber , using Emerald 's Semblance ( creating hallucinations inside people 's heads ) to lure her in . Despite the surprise attack , Amber initially overwhelms her attackers with her elementary Maiden powers . Cinder finally hits her with an arrow to the back and starts to extract her powers , but the process is interrupted by Qrow , whose arrival forces them to retreat . Qrow does n't clearly see the assailants . Cinder then reports to an unseen superior . With her new powers , she returns to Adam and forces him to cooperate . In the present , Emerald , Cinder and Neo fly Mercury out of Amity Collosseum . Mercury was never hurt , because his legs are robotic protheses ; they only wanted to frame Yang ( by using Emerald 's hallucinations on her ) as part of their plan , with which Cinder and Emerald continue . 36 8 `` Destiny '' 17 : 38 January 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 09 ) Ironwood informs Team RWBY that Yang is disqualified from the tournament . Ruby and Weiss support Yang , while Blake hesitates , almost making Yang cry . Blake expresses her trust after Yang repeats her version of the events with conviction . Team JNPR prepares Pyrrha for her tournament fight . The conflicted girl tries to explain her predicament with Ozpin 's offer to Jaune , who supports her when she says she could fulfill her destiny by making a certain choice . The two move very close to each other , but because Pyrrha ca n't explain her situation fully , Jaune says something that causes her to cry and push him away . Pyrrha runs away , and Jaune does n't understand what he did wrong . Qrow visits Yang , who suspects that the woman who saved her on the train could be her mother . Qrow confirms that it was his sister , Raven . He sometimes has contact with his `` dangerous '' twin , but warns Yang that Raven told him that she would only save Yang once . Despite this , Qrow offers help if Yang wants to find her mother . On her way to the arena without her team , Ruby meets Velvet , who remembers that Coco had a similar hallucination as Yang . Ruby becomes suspicious , even more so when she spots Emerald in the arena . Ruby tries to reach her , but is confronted by Mercury in an arena tunnel . Penny vs. Pyrrha is the next match , and Mercury indicates that something bad will happen . 37 9 `` PvP '' 12 : 28 January 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 16 ) Ruby somehow manages to get away from Mercury . Pyrrha and Penny are evenly matched at first , before Penny gains an advantage . Emerald uses her Semblance on Pyrrha , who hallucinates Penny summoning hundreds of swords . Pyrrha uses her own Semblance 's full force to reflect the attack , causing the wires attached to Penny 's swords to brutally tear the android girl apart . Ruby has to witness this and starts crying . Everyone is horrified , but Cinder takes control over the computers to broadcast a speech to the world . She says that `` this is what happens '' when people place their trust in the leaders of the kingdoms and Huntsmen Academies . She uses the incidents with Yang and Pyrrha as examples for Ozpin 's teachings , calls Ironwood a military dictator who occupied another kingdom , and predicts that war is on the horizon . Emerald and Mercury sneak out of the arena . The negative emotions of the people are amplified , causing hordes of Grimm to attack Vale and Beacon . A Nevermore causes a panic at the Collosseum . Ozpin tells Ironwood to use his troops to fight off the invaders . Qrow and Glynda rush to protect the city . Neo breaks Torchwick out of prison , who immediately takes over Ironwood 's flagship and fires at the unsuspecting Atlesian fleet . Adam and the White Fang arrive at Beacon . 38 10 `` Battle of Beacon '' 16 : 35 January 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) The Grimm attack continues . Blake and Weiss are at the fair grounds . They contact Yang , who makes her way out of the dorms . At the Collosseum , the Nevermore attacks the traumatized Pyrrha . Jaune and Ruby come to her rescue . Teams JNPR , SSSN , CFVY , ABRN and FNKI unite to take down the Grimm . Ruby and Jaune try to assure Pyrrha that not she , but the person who gave the speech is responsible for what happened . Port and Oobleck send the students away , but take on more Grimm themselves . Ironwood springs into action . He gives the students the choice to fight or save themselves . Torchwick uploads Cinder 's virus on Ironwood 's flagship , seizing control of Atlesian androids and Paladins on the ground . They also turn on Ironwood and crash his transport ship . The students take a ship to Beacon , while Ruby launches herself towards Ironwood 's ship . Blake and Weiss split up in front of the school . Blake encounters Adam . Cinder and Mercury delightedly broadcast Atlas androids attacking civilians , while Emerald seems sad . Suddenly , a giant Grimm dragon bursts out of Mountain Glenn and flies towards Beacon , spawning more Grimm onto the battlefield . Ozpin finds Pyrrha , who follows him with a confused Jaune closely behind . Cinder observes this , ready to strike . 39 11 `` Heroes and Monsters '' 17 : 21 February 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 06 ) Ruby , on top of Ironwood 's flagship , is confronted by Neo and Torchwick . She loses the fight , but manages to throw Neo off the ship , the girl 's fate remaining unknown . An angry Torchwick gives a hateful speech and beats up Ruby . He is suddenly attacked and eaten by a huge Grimm . The ship starts to crash and Ruby jumps off . A group of students , including Weiss , fight Atlas Paladins on the ground . Ren and Nora are injured . Velvet reveals her Semblance and takes down a Paladin . Weiss summons the sword - arm of a White Knight , taking down another . A third one collapses when the ship crashes , shutting off the mechs . In the city , Qrow , Glynda , and Ironwood , who survived the crash of his transport ship , fight enemies . Qrow saves Ironwood from a Grimm . Adam overpowers his `` love '' Blake , denounces her ideals and intends to punish her for her `` betrayal '' by destroying everything she loves . Yang arrives on the scene and desperately attacks Adam , who stabbed Blake in the stomach . Adam cuts off Yang 's right arm . Blake somehow gets her unconscious partner and herself to safety . In the vault , Ozpin starts the process to transfer Amber 's powers into Pyrrha , who has made her decision . A confused Jaune watches on in worry . Cinder arrives and kills Amber before the process is completed . The Maiden powers go into her . Ozpin orders Jaune and Pyrrha to flee and prepares to fight the new Fall Maiden . 40 12 `` End of the Beginning '' 28 : 05 February 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 13 ) Cinder and Ozpin duel in the vault . Outside , an evacuation takes place . Ruby reaches the others . Blake apologizes in tears to an unsconscious Yang . Sun wants everybody to get to safety . Ren and Nora , both injured , want to search for Jaune and Pyrrha . Ruby and Weiss go instead . Cinder , who beat Ozpin , flies to the top of the tower . Pyrrha kisses Jaune , forcibly sends him to safety and returns to face Cinder . Jaune calls Weiss and Ruby , begging them to rescue Pyrrha , who attacks Cinder . During the fight , the Grimm dragon destroys parts of the tower , cutting off communications . Pyrrha loses and is shot in the heart by Cinder . Ruby , sent up the tower by Weiss ' Semblance , witnesses this and flies into a rage . A white light emanates from her eyes , engulfing Cinder and the dragon . Days later , Ruby wakes up at home . Her father Taiyang reveals that the dragon is `` frozen '' on top of the tower , but other Grimm took over the school grounds . Ruby only remembers everything until Cinder killed Pyrrha . Qrow explains her power : Ruby is a `` silver - eyed warrior '' , just like her mother . These warriors , now nearly extinct , were Grimm 's archenemies since ancient times . Qrow also reveals that Ozpin is missing . He tells Ruby that their only lead is Haven Academy , supposedly Cinder 's school . Ruby talks to a despondent Yang , who reveals that nobody outside of Vale knows what really happened , causing distrust throughout Remnant . Weiss was taken back to Atlas by her father . Blake has run away , deeply upsetting Yang . She bitterly tells Ruby to do `` whatever she wants '' . Time passes . In the winter , Ruby , Jaune , Nora and Ren sneak away to travel to Haven . The narrator , a woman named Salem , reveals herself as the true mastermind behind the Fall of Beacon . She vows to take down Ozpin and `` snuff out '' mankind . In a post-credits scene , Qrow watches Ruby and her friends take off . He has Ozpin 's cane , jumps off a cliff and turns into a crow , following the kids . Volume 4 ( 2016 - 17 ) ( edit ) Volume 4 was officially announced by Gray Haddock on April 1 , 2016 , with the premiere set for Fall 2016 . Before the Volume officially began , the `` Volume 4 Character Short '' was released on October 3 , 2016 , the first `` trailer '' since Volume 1 to include a unique part of the story . Chapter 1 premiered on October 22 , 2016 for Rooster Teeth `` First members '' ( formerly `` sponsors '' ) , 24 hours later for members of the Rooster Teeth website , and one week later for the general public on YouTube . Weekly release day and time were the same as for Volume 3 . This release schedule was continued throughout the Volume , which concluded on February 4 , 2017 . Volume 4 picks up about six to eight months after the Fall of Beacon in Volume 3 's finale , which means that it has been more than one year since the main story began . No . overall Chapter Title Length Release date P5 0 `` Volume 4 Character Short '' 5 : 10 October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) Ruby travels through the night . She notices a small village in the distance , which is under attack by Grimm . Ruby jumps on a Nevermore , slicing its wing off when it flies across in the village . Ruby , once she has landed on the ground , slays a group of Beowolves , displaying an improved use of her Semblance . A gorilla - like Grimm ( Beringel ) causes her more trouble because its hide is too tough for her scythe to cut through . The Beringel dominates parts of their fight , but Ruby is able to defeat it in the end . She receives a scroll - call from the remaining members of Team JNPR , Jaune , Nora and Ren , who inquire about her situation . Ruby asks them to hurry to her side , as more Grimm emerge . Short scenes reveal the remaining members of Team RWBY : Weiss stands at a window at Schnee manor , overlooking Atlas ; Blake stands on a pier , looking across the ocean ; Yang sits outside her home on Patch , pondering her remaining arm . 41 `` The Next Step '' 19 : 51 October 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) In Salem 's castle , the frightened Emerald and Mercury stand behind Cinder , who lost her left eye and voice in her fight with Ruby . A meeting with Salem and three other people , Tyrian Callows , Hazel Rainart and Dr. Arthur Watts , takes place . Watts and Tyrian belittle Cinder for her defeat at the hands of the young `` silver - eyed warrior '' . Salem chastizes them and praises Cinder for her accomplishments , including Ozpin 's death . However , the Fall Maiden must remain by Salem 's side for `` treatment '' , while the other three receive tasks . Their long - term goal is an attack on Haven Academy . The maniac Tyrian is sent to retrieve Ruby . A young boy wakes from a nightmare , heads outside , and starts working on the fields of a farm . Ruby , Nora , Jaune and Ren ( now Team RNJR ) fight a ghost - like , possession - type Grimm ( Geist ) . They manage to defeat it and receive their reward for the paid Hunter job from a nearby village . The village 's blacksmith upgrades Jaune 's armour , sword and shield with metal from Pyrrha 's remaining pieces . The group leaves the village to continue the journey to Haven . Klein Sieben , the Schnee family 's butler , approaches Weiss in her room , telling her that her father wishes to speak to her . 42 `` Remembrance '' 14 : 20 October 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 29 ) On her way to Jacques Schnee 's study , Weiss is approached by her younger brother Whitley . He seems glad that Weiss left her room for a change and warns her that their father is arguing with another man , while their mother is `` drinking in the garden '' . Weiss is surprised by Whitley 's demeanor , who expresses admiration for their older sister Winter , whom he admittedly dislikes , and wishes Weiss good luck . Jacques argues with Ironwood , who has banned Dust exports from Atlas until he is certain that no kingdom declares war . Ironwood leaves when Weiss enters the study . Jacques wants her to perform at a charity event , which he hosts to boost the company image after the Fall of Beacon . Weiss has to agree . Later , Klein manages to cheer her up . Team RNJR reaches Shion , another village . They find it destroyed , the villagers dead . A wounded Huntsman informs them that bandits , followed up by Grimm , are responsible , before he passes away . Ren seems upset and rushes the team to leave . He and Nora seem to recognize a giant hoofprint on the ground . At night , Ruby wakes from a nightmare about Pyrrha 's death . She hears Pyrrha 's voice and finds Jaune practicing swordplay , following instructions from a recording of his deceased partner . Ruby leaves him alone with his grief . 43 `` Of Runaways and Stowaways '' 18 : 17 November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) Blake travels on a passenger boat , seemingly very nervous . After briefly talking with the ship 's captain , Blake removes her bow and tosses it into the ocean . A hooded figure watches her , which she notices later on . The ship is attacked by a sea dragon Grimm . Blake and the cloaked person , Sun , fight the monster and kill it with help from the ship 's captain and crew . Blake is furious with Sun , who followed her after he saw her run off from Beacon . He believes that she hunts the White Fang and offers help . Blake , however , wants to `` sort some things out '' at home , on Menagerie . Sun decides to go with her , which Blake grudgingly allows . At home , Yang flips through television news channels . She turns off the TV when a report about the wanted criminal Adam airs . Taiyang comes home and surprises his daughter with a bionic arm , sent specifically for Yang by Ironwood . Yang is hesitant to try on the arm . While she goes through her daily chores and accidentally breaks a glass , she suffers a flashback of Adam cutting her arm off . A concerned Taiyang watches her while she calms down . In her castle , Salem `` treats '' Cinder . She asks her if she truly killed Ozpin , forcing her to confirm it with her own voice . Salem orders reinforcements to Beacon , as she believes `` the relic '' to still be there . 44 `` Family '' 16 : 28 November 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) Young farmboy Oscar Pine finishes his daily work . Suddenly , he hears Ozpin 's voice . Yang has a nightmare about Adam . She wakes when she hears Port 's and Oobleck 's voices downstairs , who are visiting Taiyang . Yang joins them , but argues with her father about adulthood and the bionic arm . Yang admits to being scared and explains that life with one arm is `` normal '' now . The adults console her , Port offers advice about fear , and Taiyang states that he will be there for her . Later , Yang overhears Port and Oobleck leaving and learns that Taiyang did n't take off after Ruby because he needs to look after Yang , causing her to feel guilty . One morning , Yang attaches the bionic arm . Team RNJR reaches a town called Higanbana . Qrow is shadowing them , killing most of the Grimm on their path . The teenagers stay overnight at an inn . At the nearby tavern , Qrow meets his twin sister , Raven , now the leader of the bandit tribe that raised her and Qrow , who never returned to the `` bunch of murderers '' . The tribe recently attacked Shion village . Raven wants to know if Salem has `` the relic '' , while Qrow asks for information on the Spring Maiden . He criticizes Raven for not caring about her family , especially Yang . Raven replies that Qrow left `` their family '' , the tribe . The argument ends with no one getting an answer and Raven leaving through a portal . 45 5 `` Menagerie '' 12 : 38 December 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 03 ) Blake and Sun arrive in Kuo Kuana , the main city of Menagerie , a huge island governed by the Faunus since the `` Great War '' . Blake explains that two - thirds of Menagerie are dangerous desert , making the `` safe haven '' of the Faunus still too small . Blake nervously approaches her home , the biggest house in the city . She explains that she has n't seen her parents for a long time , but mother Kali and father Ghira are happy and relieved to see her . Blake and Sun have tea with the Belladonnas . Kali likes Sun , while Ghira dislikes the boy . Two representatives of the White Fang , Corsac and Fennec Albain , visit Ghira , Menagerie 's chieftain and the former High Leader of the White Fang . Blake and Sun confront them about the Fall of Beacon . The Albains state that a splinter group under Adam 's lead is responsible , assuring Ghira that the Fang 's High Council does n't support those actions . They offer Blake an opportunity to return to the organisation . Ghira politely has the Albains leave . Blake angrily stomps away . After their visit , Corsac and Fennec agree to inform Adam of Blake 's homecoming . Tyrian , on Ruby 's trail , has reached Higanbana and acquires information from the tavern 's barmaid . 46 6 `` Tipping Point '' 16 : 23 December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) Weiss gives a great performance at the charity concert . Along with her father and brother , she attends the after party . A young man , Henry Marigold , tries to make advances on her , but Weiss has him leave . She overhears people gossiping about the Fall of Beacon . One woman comments with `` good riddance '' , causing the heiress to accuse everyone of only caring about themselves . Jacques orders Weiss to stand down , but she inadvertently summons a Boarbatusk . The summoned beast is gunned down by Ironwood , who refuses to arrest Weiss , stating that she is `` the only one making sense around here . '' Jacques is furious . Team RNJR comes across an abandoned town , seemingly still under construction . After they find a sign with its name , Oniyuri , Ren remembers that it was a settlement founded by rich citizens of Mistral . They were disappointed by the kingdom 's government and hoped to create their own kingdom . Ren 's parents believed in the new foundation . However , Grimm attacked and drove away the people . Before they can leave Oniyuri , Team RNJR is ambushed by Tyrian , who declares his mission to capture Ruby . Tyrian , revealed to be a scorpion Faunus , dominates and knocks down all four teenagers . His scorpion stinger strikes at Ruby , but Qrow arrives in time to block it . 47 7 `` Punished '' 16 : 44 December 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 24 ) Oscar has trouble accepting the fact that he hears Ozpin 's voice in his head . The voice claims that their souls and Aura are merged and proves this by letting Oscar access their shared memories . Ozpin wants Oscar to travel to Haven . Jacques scolds Weiss for the party incident and accuses her of hurting the Schnees ' reputation . Weiss wants to leave Atlas to become a Huntress and reminds him that he married into the family , causing him to slap her across the face . Jacques grounds her until they have an `` agreement '' on her future , believing that Winter 's influence caused this rebellion . He disinherits Weiss and makes Whitley the new heir . After Jacques leaves , Weiss confronts Whitley , who seems happy with the situation . He does n't like his sisters and decided to play by his father 's rules . Weiss cries in her room before getting up with a determined look . A high speed fight ensues between Qrow and Tyrian . Qrow wants Team RNJR to stay back , but Ruby ignores his order multiple times . Qrow and Tyrian are evenly matched , both depleting their Aura . Another intervention from Ruby forces Qrow to protect her . Tyrian uses the opportunity to graze him with his stinger . Ruby cuts off the stinger , which causes Tyrian incredible pain , forcing him into retreat . Qrow , who believes that he is fine , is prepared to answer the teenagers ' questions . 48 8 `` A Much Needed Talk '' 20 : 38 December 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 31 ) Qrow explained the Maidens and the truth behind the Fall of Beacon to Team RNJR , causing an argument with Jaune about Pyrrha 's sacrifice . He explains that Ruby 's silver eyes probably drew Tyrian 's attention towards her , and confesses that he shadowed the team . Qrow also decides to tell them Ozpin 's beliefs about Remnant 's creation . According to Ozpin , Remnant was created in a rivalry between brothers , the gods of light and darkness . The latter created Grimm . Their rivalry ended with a combined creation : humanity , which received four gifts ( the powers of creation , destruction , knowledge and choice ) , which also exist in physical forms until today . The combined power of these `` relics '' would allow their wielder to change the world . Ozpin 's predecessor built the four Huntsmen Academies around the `` relics '' to protect them from both mankind and Salem . Qrow believes that the `` relics '' are Salem 's target , with Haven 's next . Finally , Qrow reveals his Semblance : bringing misfortune to those around him , enemies and friends alike , a power he ca n't control . He refuses more explanations after noticing a raven nearby . The next morning , Qrow passes out from the effects of Tyrian 's venom . Blake is hesitant to speak with Ghira , needing encouragement from Kali . During the talk with Ghira , Blake confesses that she ca n't understand that her parents still love her . She fought with them when they left the White Fang , but can now admit that she made a mistake by staying in the organisation . Ghira reassures her , stressing that she was strong enough to leave in the end , but asks why she left her friends from Beacon . Sun interrupts in this moment . He saw a masked White Fang member in the market and is worried , but Blake is just furious and slaps him . Suddenly , they notice a spy outside and give chase . 49 9 `` Two Steps Forward , Two Steps Back '' 15 : 25 January 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) Taiyang has trained with Yang for several weeks , getting her used to her bionic arm . He advises Yang to think more during battle and not rely on her Semblance too heavily , which cost her an arm . He also talks about Raven , mentioning that he sees positive aspects of her personality in Yang . Yang finally beats Taiyang in a practice fight . Weiss practices her Summoning ability while confined to her room . Whitley interrupts and annoys her to find out if she is planning something . Weiss locks him out , resumes her training and manages to summon a White Knight . She also asks Klein for `` a favor '' . Blake and Sun chase the White Fang spy , corner her on a rooftop , manage to take her scroll and shatter her mask . Blake recognizes the spy as Ilia Amitola , a chameleon Faunus and old acquaintance of hers . Ilia injures Sun , warns Blake that she `` should not have returned '' , and flees without her scroll . Blake calls for help . Team RNJR carries the weakened Qrow . They have to make a choice between two paths : one through the mountains directly to Mistral , but dangerous for Qrow in his condition ; the other around the mountains through a destroyed village called Kuroyuri . Ren desperately wants to avoid Kuroyuri , and Nora suggests that she and Ren could rush ahead through the mountains , while Ruby and Jaune carry Qrow around them . They agree on Nora 's proposal and part ways , not noticing the hoofprint on the ground . 50 10 `` Kuroyuri '' 18 : 54 January 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) Oscar , still dealing with the changes within him , leaves the farm . At a train station , he encounters Hazel , whom Ozpin knows from his past . Hazel seems unaware of who the boy is . Ruby and Jaune carry Qrow through Kuroyuri . Jaune has to reassure Ruby , who blames herself for dragging the others into this situation . In a flashback , a young Lie Ren and his mother , An , await the return of his father , Li . While walking through Kuroyuri , Ren notices boys picking on a girl who seems to live on the streets : Nora . Ren ca n't muster the courage to help her , but Li 's arrival scares them away . Li lectures his son about not taking action . One night , Kuroyuri is under attack from Grimm , lead by a Nuckelavee - like monster . Li wants to get his wife and son to safety , but the roof collapses and buries An . The injured Li carries Ren through the burning village until he collapses . He gives Ren a dagger and pushes him away , sacrificing himself to hold off the Nuckelavee . Ren hides , but notices a crying Nora . Ren 's Semblance activates , calms him down and hides his and Nora 's presence from the monsters . After the Grimm leave , Ren promises Nora that they will `` keep each other safe '' . In the present , Ren and Nora discover a cave , where they find a flag from the destroyed Shion village and several weapons , including an arrow that looks like one of Li 's . Huge hoofprints lead out of the cave . The Nuckelavee still lives , preying on the weak in the region , and is headed towards Ruby and Jaune in Kuroyuri . 51 11 `` Taking Control '' 15 : 37 January 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 28 ) Cinder trains against Grimm , but Salem scolds her for holding back . Tyrian returns , begging for forgiveness for not capturing Ruby . Salem voices her disappointment , causing Tyrian to cry and laugh like a maniac , brutally taking out his anger on a Grimm . Yang spray - paints her bionic arm and prepares her motorcycle , ready to leave . Taiyang asks if she is going after her sister or mother . Yang 's answer is not shown to the viewer . Weiss , with Klein 's help , sneaks out of Schnee manor . On her way , she overhears Jacques and Ironwood , who is worried by reports from his special agent in Mistral , Winter . Ironwood reveals that Atlas ' borders will be closed in a week to protect the citizens . Weiss ' escape continues through a passage from the library . She and Klein have a heartfelt goodbye . Weiss ' new goal is to find Winter in Mistral . The injured Sun wakes , immediately faced with an upset Blake . She confesses that she ran away because she did n't want her friends to get hurt anymore . Blake loves them dearly , but hopes that they will hate her now . Sun argues back that Blake is acting selfish , that her friends fight for her because they want to , and that her shutting them out is what really hurts . Kali and Ghira interrupt , the latter revealing that Ilia 's scroll contained Adam 's plans to overthrow the White Fang leaders and attack Haven . Blake wants to take the White Fang back . A desperate Ren and Nora rush towards Kuroyuri . They reach Ruby , Jaune and Qrow , who are unharmed . However , the Nuckelavee - Grimm emerges now . 52 12 `` No Safe Haven '' 27 : 03 February 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) Team RNJR struggles against the Nuckelavee - Grimm . Jaune at least manages to get Qrow to safety . During the fight , both Nora and Ren , ( who is fighting recklessly ) run out of Aura . Nora saves Ren from another attack and tells him that she wo n't let him get himself killed . She gets through to him , and Team RNJR comes up with a coordinated strategy . It succeeds and Ren executes the Grimm , avenging his parents and the town . Two patrolling military airships from Mistral noticed the battle , land and take Team RNJR to Mistral . Ren and Nora hold hands and lean into each other . Later on , Qrow seems to be on the path to recovery . Ruby watches over him and writes a letter to Yang , in which she apologizes for leaving , talks about the experiences she made during her journey , and states that she misses her family and friends . While she writes the letter , multiple scenes are shown : Weiss bribes the pilot of a cargo ship to smuggle her out of Atlas . Blake muses over banners with the new and old symbol of the White Fang , while Sun watches her . Yang travels towards Mistral by boat and motorcycle , stating that `` you are in so much trouble when I find you '' . Taiyang , who is needed in Vale , stays at home . Jaune remembers Pyrrha , but is comforted by Nora and Ren 's presence . Oscar 's train arrives in Mistral . Ilia reports to Corsac and Fennec Albain . Cinder , watched by Salem and Mercury , attacks an image of Ruby , created by Emerald 's Semblance . Qrow , to Ruby 's relief , wakes up . He will take Team RNJR to Professor Lionheart , headmaster of Haven Academy . Professor Lionheart meets with Watts , their conversation making it obvious that Lionheart knows that Watts works for Salem . In a post-credits scene , Qrow sits in a bar . Oscar arrives , telling him that he would like his cane back . Qrow is n't surprised , smiles and hands Oscar the cane , greeting him with : `` It 's good to see you again , Oz . '' Volume 5 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) At the RTX Austin 2017 event , Rooster Teeth announced that the fifth Volume would premiere on October 14 , 2017 . The episodes will be released to Rooster Teeth FIRST members Saturdays at 10am CT , then to Rooster Teeth registered members 72 hours later , and to the general public the following week . On July 17 , 2017 , Rooster Teeth released the first trailer for the upcoming Volume , the `` Volume 5 Weiss Character Short '' . On September 4 , 2017 , the `` Volume 5 Blake Character Short '' was released . A similar trailer for Yang is expected to be released before the Volume 5 premiere . These Character Shorts , like the original four trailers and the `` Volume 4 Character Short '' , tell unique parts of the story . No . overall Chapter Title Length Release date P6 0 `` Volume 5 Weiss Character Short '' 4 : 03 July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) A younger Weiss , without the scar she later received in the White Trailer , has to fight in the icy courtyard of Schnee manor . Her opponents are multiple white Beowolf Grimm . Weiss kills most of the monsters by using her rapier , glyph Semblance and fire Dust . However , waves of snow push her weapon out of Weiss ' hands , leaving her defenseless . A Beowolf jumps her and she can barely keep it away from her throat . Other creatures join the attack , and Weiss calls out for her sister Winter . The Beowolves , creatures which were summoned by the Semblance of the older Schnee sister , disappear , and the training is over . Winter walks over to Weiss and tells her that she will not always be there to save her litte sister . Weiss promises to get better , but Winter states that she has to if she ever wants to leave . She leaves Weiss alone in the cold . The flashback ends , and present day Weiss wakes on the cargo ship that took her out of Atlas , sighing at the memory . P7 0 `` Volume 5 Blake Character Short '' 4 : 59 September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) In Kuo Kuana , Blake and Sun search for a male Faunus . They corner him , but he flees after briefly attacking them . Blake and Sun are separated during the chase . In a flashback , a younger Blake asks fellow White Fang member Ilia why she joined the organisation . The Chameleon Faunus explains that she grew up as the daughter of Dust mine workers in Mantle . Because she has no apparent animal trait , her parents managed to enroll her in a human school . They wanted Ilia to conceal her Faunus identity , telling her to never change her skin color . Ilia was content with life in Atlas , despite her human friends ' discriminatory attitude towards Faunus . However , her identity was discovered when her ' friends ' laughed about a deadly cave - in in the Dust mines , which killed Faunus workers . Ilia cried , lost control of her emotions and changed her skin color . Blake feels sorry for Ilia , who tells her not to be : she punished the human girls by breaking their teeth . In the present , Ilia intervenes in the chase . She and Blake do n't directly attack each other . Instead , Ilia covers her and the other Faunus ' escape , while Blake apologizes to the arriving Sun for losing their target . P8 0 `` Volume 5 Yang Character Short '' TBA TBA World of Remnant ( edit ) World of Remnant is a series of short special videos detailing recurring story elements in RWBY . Each episode explains details about a specific topic , almost like articles in an encyclopedia . However , the World of Remnant videos are narrated by a character from the show , thus the information given to the viewer can only be considered accurate from the character 's perspective . The first four World of Remnant episodes were released alongside Volume 2 , narrated by Jen Taylor , the `` mysterious narrator '' in Volume 1 's first episode who is later revealed to be the primary antagonist of the series , Salem . The four episodes released alongside Volume 3 were narrated by Shannon McCormick , the voice of Professor Ozpin . The eight episodes released alongside Volume 4 were narrated by Vic Mignogna , who voices Qrow Branwen . Episodes alongside Volume 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Length Original air date WR1 `` Dust '' 2 : 17 August 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) The narrator explains that Dust is a naturally occurring energy propellant that can be triggered by the Aura of humans and Faunus . It is found in four basic forms , but can be combined naturally or artificially to form other , stronger types . Mankind found different ways to harness Dust , for example its usage in technology such as airships or androids . In its raw form , Dust can be dangerous , and only skilled and disciplined people can use it without losing control . The most common use of Dust is in ammunition , advancements in weapon design making it possible that warriors only need to select a cartridge and pull the trigger . However , some individuals still use Dust in an archaic way , such as weaving it into clothing or fusing it with their own body . Dust is part of everyday life , but humanity , according to the narrator , has no understanding of how it came to be or how mankind 's involvement with Dust will change Remnant . WR2 `` Kingdoms '' 1 : 57 September 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) According to the narrator , Remnant is a dangerous place , especially for mankind . Many civilizations have grown and fallen over the years . In the present day , four remain and have withstood the test of time : Atlas on the northern continent , Mistral on the eastern continent , as well as Vacuo in the west and Vale in the east of the continent that covers the west and centre of the world map . These kingdoms mainly survive because of natural barriers and human tenacity . Each kingdom has a governing council to represent the people . The military organisation differs from kingdom to kingdom - some only call on the citizens to serve if necessary , some have a constant organisation . Outside the walls of the kingdoms , roaming nomad tribes and small villages are not uncommon , but most of them disappear after Grimm attacks . The Huntsmen academies , one in each kingdom , have the sole purpose of training the next generation of Huntsmen , who will live and die to protect humanity . The narrator calls the four kingdoms beacons of hope and safe havens from the surrounding darkness . They are the key to mankind 's survival , as long as they stand united . WR3 `` Grimm '' 3 : 36 October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) The narrator explains that the creatures of Grimm are mankind 's greatest foe , a destructive force that appears throughout most of Remnant . No human can remember a time when Grimm were n't around . Ancient cultures believed Grimm to be evil spirits , but further study does n't support this . Continuously , more and more forms of Grimm are discovered . Field observation provides ideas about Grimm 's behavior : the creatures , first and foremost , attack humans and their creations . Conflicts with wildlife are only of a territorial nature . Common belief is that Grimm do n't need to feed , but rather choose to . Also , Grimm are lured towards negative emotion . For example , if panic spreads during a Grimm attack , it would only draw in more creatures . Study of captured Grimm is difficult , as they either break free or die soon . Another complication is the fact that Grimm 's bodies evaporate shortly after their death . The narrator concludes by stating that Grimm are not mindless . While younger Grimm are more reckless , older ones , who managed to survive battles , learn from their experiences and will be more cautious in the future . This natural adaptation makes them more effective killers . WR4 `` Aura '' 2 : 00 December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) ( DVD / Blu - ray ) The narrator states that Huntsmen are considered Remnant 's greatest warriors , thanks in large part to mastering their Aura . Aura is a manifestation of the soul , a life force that runs through every living being ( not : Grimm ) , but only true warriors are able to amplify and control their Aura . Aura is primarily used as a defensive mechanism that covers the wielder in a protective force field and helps them survive otherwise fatal blows . However , a wielder 's Aura reserves will deplete when they receive damage . This process can continue until the reserves are completely exploited and the wielder is left vulnerable . Other ways to use Aura include projecting it into a more tangible form , which is known as a Semblance . The power associated with each wielder 's Semblance is unique . Examples given are superhuman strength or telekinesis . The narrator believes that with enough training and focus , an Aura can turn a warrior into much more than a simple man or woman . ( Note : This episode was a DVD / Blu - Ray exclusive . ) Episodes alongside Volume 3 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Length Original air date WR5 `` Vytal Festival Tournament '' 2 : 40 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Professor Ozpin explains that the four kingdoms of Remnant were at war with each other for many years , a period now known as the `` Great War '' . At the end of the war , humanity 's leaders made peace on the island of Vytal . They constructed the future of modern society by establishing new laws , academies and traditions . The Vytal Festival was created as a celebration of peace between the kingdoms . Every two years , one kingdom will host the festival , open its doors to the world and allow citizens from other kingdoms to learn about its culture . The Vytal Festival Tournament is an important part of the festivities . After the newly formed Huntsmen Academies proved to be a success , the tournament was designed to test the warriors ' strength in a safe , friendly , competitive environment , while also ensuring that every warrior strives to be the best . With time , the tournament grew and needed a new battleground . All four kingdoms put in efforts and created Amity Collosseum , a technical marvel of an arena which is able to travel to all kingdoms of Remnant . Ozpin hopes for a continuation of the established piece , as it has helped humanity on its ascension . WR6 `` Huntsmen '' 2 : 36 November 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 21 ) According to Ozpin , Huntsmen and Huntresses are the best warriors in Remnant . They often , at least in terms of skill , outrank kingdom police and military , but their sole purpose is to combat Grimm . The occupation was established after the Great War , with one academy founded in each kingdom : Beacon Academy in Vale , Haven Academy in Mistral , Shade Academy in Vacuo , and Atlas Academy in Mantle ( now : Atlas ) . The academies recruit graduates from primary combat schools , students who have shown promise and tenacity . New trainees are grouped into teams to ensure the development of communication , empathy and teamwork . Also , during their time in the academies , the students are separated from kingdom allegiance . Once they graduate , Huntsmen and Huntresses are allowed to choose their work and employers , usually via mission boards . Alliances with kingdoms are up to the individual . However , Atlas Academy has come under scrutiny for the indoctrination of military lifestyle upon its students , resulting in pressure to enlist in the Atlas Military 's Special Units after graduation . Ozpin states that regardless of the teaching method , the end result is the same : Huntsmen and Huntresses , ready to make their own paths . Some will stay in a team , others will work alone . But all are expected to serve and protect humanity , never succumbing to the darkness . WR7 `` Cross Continental Transmit System '' 3 : 07 December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) Ozpin believes the Cross Continental Transmit System ( CCTS ) to be the most influential technological advance of mankind . Prior to its invention , long range communication was limited to the boundaries of one kingdom , usually via radio technology . Communication with other kingdoms was restricted to physical delivery of messages , via man or ground - based technology , always in danger of being cut off by Grimm . The concept of relay satellites in Remnant 's orbit could n't be realized , as all know Dust types lose their power outside Remnant 's atmosphere , making spaceflight impossible . Atlas , the leading kingdom in science and technology , developed the CCTS . Its signals and contents ( audio , video , images , text ) are sent and received wirelessly . An entire online web of information exists . Four primary relay towers support the system , each located in a safeguarded area within a kingdom . They also allow wireless communication via `` scrolls '' . Signals become less reliable when a user travels away from the primary tower . Smaller support towers outside the kingdoms are often destroyed by Grimm . Ozpin sees the benefits of the system : digital transmission between kingdoms is possible from both homes and CCT centers , advancing the progression of mankind . He notes the one shortcoming of the system : if one of the main towers is offline , the entire network fails . Ozpin calls this `` an inconvenience during routine maintenance '' and finds the limitations poetic : the people of Remnant speak together or not at all . WR8 `` The Four Maidens '' 7 : 02 January 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 23 ) ( Ozpin tells the tale of the Four Maidens . ) An old wizard lives alone in the woods . One snowy day , he sees a maiden outside , who introduces herself as Winter . She is waiting for her sisters to arrive , sitting in silence . The wizard begins to share the serenity and closes his eyes . When he wakes , he sees another maiden , who calls herself Spring . She is waiting for her sisters . Spring plants seeds in the ground , turning piles of dirt into a beautiful garden . The wizard watches her until he hears the laughter of a third maiden , Summer , who is waiting for her sister . She convinces the wizard to step outside and embrace the world . The wizard and the maidens prepare a feast , just when the fourth sister , Fall , arrives . The wizard invites her , but she asks for his name . He answers that he has lived for centuries , that his story is n't interesting , and that he has nothing to his name . Fall thinks that he has everything , and the wizard realizes that he has everything he needs , thanks to the sisters . He asks them why they decided to help him . Fall replies that they helped because they are able to ; they would do this for anyone . In return for their kindness , the wizard summons his magic and bestows it upon the sisters , arming them with the elements , the very powers of nature . They promise to use their gifts to aid others , like they did with him . The sisters leave , but make a promise : to return every year to visit their friend . ( Note : A shortened version of the tale of the Four Maidens was also told by Pyrrha Nikos ( Vol. 3 , Ch. 6 ) ) Episodes alongside Volume 4 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Length Original air date WR9 `` Vale '' 2 : 23 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) Qrow welcomes the audience to Remnant , a world in which many towns have risen and fallen . Today , the Faunus race holds the island continent of Menagerie , but the four kingdoms ( Vale , Mistral , Atlas , Vacuo ) are the `` sweet spots '' to live in . Vale is located on the northeastern end of the largest continent , Sanus . The kingdom is protected by strong natural barriers : steep mountains in the east and shallow waters on the northwestern coast eliminate many threats and make the kingdom very well guarded . The kingdom consists of Vale , the main city after which it is named , a few smaller cities along the northwest coastline , and the small island of Patch , off the coast across from the capital . To Qrow , Patch is a nice place to raise a family , referring to Ruby and Yang growing up there . Attempts to extend the kingdom of Vale past the mountains have been colossal failures , for example the Mountain Glenn project . According to Qrow , Vale is `` not half bad '' , as regular climate , natural barriers and serious border defences enable its citizens to live their lives instead of fighting for survival . Qrow states that Vale has known peaceful times , but its citizens have become worried after the Fall of Beacon . WR10 `` Mistral '' 2 : 20 October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) Qrow explains that the landmass to the east of Sanus is the second largest continent of Remnant , Anima , on which the kingdom of Mistral is located . Mistral controls the most territory of any kingdom and is home to a wide variety of ecosystems and lifesyles . Its high society is known for fashion , architecture , and theater . The lower class `` has a fame of its own '' : the biggest black market in Remnant is found in Mistral , a place where one can also hire thieves , assassins , and thugs . However , all inhabitants of Mistral have one thing in common : their respect for nature , especially the sea and sky . Qrow states that natural resources have had an impact on Mistral 's culture and technology , starting with the first settlers who found shelter in the wind - carved cliffs , from where they expanded out into the land . A huge problem for the government of Mistral is the kingdom 's sheer size , which enables a lot of traitors and thieves to hide here . While the capital is mostly under control , other cities like Windpath and Kuchinashi are harder to govern . Qrow concludes that there are a lot of places to hide , and that one has to know where to look to find certain people . WR11 `` Atlas '' 3 : 12 October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) Qrow has no high opinion of most of Atlas ' citizens . Atlas is the youngest and arguably most successful kingdom . Before the `` Great War '' , it was known as Mantle , founded by settlers who , for unknown reasons , traveled to the northernmost continent , Solitas . The cold climate and large mountains protected the settlers from Grimm , but also forced them to adapt to survive . They did so by developing advanced technology faster than the rest of Remnant . The `` Great War '' gave Mantle another boost , as new forms of Dust application and weaponry allowed it to expand its territory , as well as Dust mining and research . The territory around the kingdom 's combat school , Alsius , was used to build new facilities . After the war , the school was renamed as Atlas and took in many war veterans . New Dust technologies were used to beef up the school grounds , which expanded fast and helped secure surrounding areas . Later on , the military , labs , research facilities and residential areas moved to Atlas . The new city began to outgrow Mantle , and the decision was made to move the capital , renaming the kingdom as Atlas . According to Qrow , some people call this time `` a golden age of prosperity '' , but to the people left in Mantle , it was `` the coldest winter they ever knew . '' WR12 `` Vacuo '' 2 : 58 October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) To Qrow , Vacuo may have had it harder than the people of Mantle . The kingdom , located at the western end of Sanus , was `` a paradise '' before men destroyed it , creating a barren and desolate wasteland . Vacuo was once an oasis in the surrounding desert , bursting with natural resources , geographical defenses , and the world 's largest deposit of Dust . Many nomads settled there , and Vacuo began to thrive . However , the rest of the world had to adapt to survive , while Vacuo 's society lived a life of complacency . Once the other kingdoms set their eyes on Vacuo 's resources , nobody could stop them . Years of conflict , unrestricted mining and ecological desasters followed . Now , the `` paradise '' is gone : citizens live in makeshift homes , travelling frequently in response to fleeting resources or occasional Grimm attacks . A formal government was established after the `` Great War '' , but the citizens do n't care for its laws . Shade Academy is considered the only source of order . However , Vacuo still exists , and its citizens have a mutual respect for one another , following one unspoken rule : `` If you can survive here , then you 're welcome here . '' Qrow remembers that Ozpin would always say that the four kingdoms are a representation of what mankind is capable of when working together , lamenting that they would need Ozpin now . WR13 5 `` Between Kingdoms '' 3 : 18 November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12T20 ) Qrow explains that areas between kingdoms are mostly populated by Grimm . Trained Huntsmen and Huntresses should be fine on the road , as long as they do n't encounter large packs . There are also small villages and towns throughout the land , inhabited by people who either do n't want to deal with life in the kingdoms , are upset with how the kingdoms are governed , or simply prefer this lifestyle . If a town is founded by `` smart '' people , it can survive the same way the kingdoms do : with natural barriers and strong defenses . Frequent Grimm attacks eradicate most towns without proper defenses after about a year . Another problem are wandering bandits , groups of usually skilled fighters who also prey on convoys . These bandit tribes have a tendency to attack , raid and burn down towns which are at their weakest . Grimm attacks often occur directly after bandit attacks , or the other way around . If townsfolk lived through a bandit attack , the negative emotions caused by the fight attract Grimm . The other way around , raiders appear directly after a Grimm attack . Bandits never stay anywhere for too long because the Grimm threaten them as well . According to Qrow , almost all of Remnant has been mapped , but there are some areas from where nobody has returned alive , places where `` she '' ( Salem ) could possibly be . WR14 6 `` Faunus '' 4 : 40 November 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 26T20 ) Faunus are an important humanoid species . Every Faunus has a single animalistic trait , for example cat ears . Existing at least as long as mankind , Faunus are genetically compatible with humans . The children of a Faunus and a human will always be Faunus . According to Qrow , the history of Faunus and humans is full of conflicts . In ancient times , humans were afraid of Faunus . They avoided them , pushed them out of settlements or brutally hunted them . Humans began to outnumber Faunus at some point , and Faunus saw them as a threat . Humans often exploited Faunus , for example as cheap labor forces . A Grimm attack on a village in Sanus was a first turning point : the two races united to defend their home against their shared enemies . Another milestone was the aftermath of the `` Great War '' : Remnant was desperate for compromises , and one of them involved the Faunus , who were awarded equal rights as citizens and received the island continent of Menagerie to govern for themselves . According to Qrow , this was still a bad deal for the Faunus . Today , Faunus live all over Remnant , but the promised fair treatment varies in quality in different regions . With a lot of Faunus packed together on Menagerie ( their `` safe haven '' ) , conflicts still continue , and the Faunus are organised now - for example in the White Fang . WR15 7 `` Schnee Dust Company '' 4 : 28 December 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 17T20 ) Qrow has a negative opinion on the present day Schnee Dust Company , which has a monopoly on the extremely valuable and important Dust products in Remnant . This was n't always the case : its founder , Nicholas Schnee , son of a Dust miner , was born in Mantle after the end of the `` Great War '' , during the kingdom 's transformative period in which it depended on others for Dust resources . Nicholas worked in the mines , went to combat school and studied . After his father 's death , Nicholas used his small inheritance to fund an expedition for new Dust deposits . He was successful and founded the SDC , which became known for quality , affordability and trust . Nicholas personally oversaw every expedition and expansion . He gained the trust of his men and opened businesses in every kingdom . Nicholas was forced into early retirement , mostly because of health issues following years of working in Dust mines . A man named Jacques Gelé married Nicholas ' daughter , took on the Schnee name and convinced Nicholas that he was the `` right '' successor . Jacques is a `` cunning businessman '' under whose leadership the SDC became more profitable than ever . It dominates the industry , but with questionable methods : cheap labor forces , dangerous working conditions , destroying the competition , company propaganda . In Qrow 's opinion , Jacques Schnee only cares about winning , and with him in charge , the future of the once good Schnee name is uncertain . WR16 8 `` The Great War '' 7 : 20 January 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14T20 ) The `` Great War '' lasted around ten years , preceded by a century full of tension . Mistral had conquered Anima and made an alliance with Mantle , based on exchanges of supplies and technology . An `` incident '' in Mantle led to a decree that abolished the arts and repressed self - expression , an attempt to control the citizens ' emotions to reduce Grimm attacks . Mistral partly complied when Mantle tried to enforce the decree in other kingdoms . This and other issues , such as Mistral and Mantle 's treatment of citizens or maintenance of slavery , caused conflicts with Vale . Mistral wanted to expand at the east coast of Sanus , clashing with settlers from Vale . The king of Vale avoided conflict , but settlers from both sides did n't : a riot turned into the first battle of the `` Great War '' . Mantle supported Mistral and battles started in both Anima and Sanus. Grimm attacked all combatants , sometimes forcing cease - fires between the humans , necessary to deal with the monsters . Vacuo stayed neutral at first , but when Mantle and Mistral attempted to force its leaders to join their side , they supported Vale , fearing the other side 's victory . The war ended with the `` Vacuo campaign '' : Mistral and Mantle attempted to take control of Vacuo 's Dust mines to cut off supplies for their enemies . The king of Vale led the forces of Vale and Vacuo into battle . Armed with crown , sword and sceptre , he decimated enemy forces . The `` deadliest battle of the war '' cost many lives and created the legend of the `` Warrior King '' . In the end , everyone bowed to the king of Vale , who refused to rule over Remnant and established the treaty of Vytal instead . Territories were redistributed , slavery abolished , governments restructured . The last king of Vale founded the Huntsmen academies and gave his most trusted followers command over them . He promised to teach mankind how to fight , but only if they would n't fight against each other . Qrow says that mankind has n't kept its end of the bargain . Home media ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` '' RWBY '' Volume 5 Dated `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rush , Amanda ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` FEATURE : Inside Rooster Teeth 's `` RWBY '' `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RWBY Pre-Show Live Stream '' . Rooster Teeth . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Rooster Teeth Podcast # 227 '' . YouTube . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchroll to simulcast `` RWBY '' `` . August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oum , Monty ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` RWBY Vol 2 will premiere at RTX July 4 -- 6 this year ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hullum , Matt ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monty Oum has passed away '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rooster Teeth The Future of RWBY '' . Rooster Teeth . Jump up ^ Rooster Teeth panel at PAX Prime 2014 . YouTube . August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haddock , Gray . `` Welcome ... TO THE VYTAL FESTIVAL TOURNAMENT '' . Rooster Teeth . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haddock , Gray ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` On RWBY and Viewer Discretion ... '' . Rooster Teeth . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haddock , Gray . `` RT13 Hype -- RT Animation 4 / 1 Announcements '' . Rooster Teeth . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` '' RWBY '' Volume 5 Dated `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bregman , Evan ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` RWBY Windowing '' . roosterteeth.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' # RWBY Volume 5 premieres October 14th ! Three new character shorts to air before premiere ! `` '' . Twitter . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) List of RWBY episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Rooster Teeth List of works produced Productions Shows Red vs. Blue characters specials The Strangerhood characters episodes Rooster Teeth Podcast The Slow Mo Guys RWBY characters episodes Chibi BlazBlue : Cross Tag Battle Ten / Eleven Little Roosters Day 5 Crunch Time Films Lazer Team Lazer Team 2 Blood Fest Events RTX Let 's Play Live Divisions Production - based Rooster Teeth Animation Rooster Teeth Games Channel - based The Know Achievement Hunter Funhaus ScrewAttack Network - based Let 's Play The Roost Personnel Founders Burnie Burns Joel Heyman Matt Hullum Geoff Ramsey Gus Sorola Current staff Barbara Dunkelman Gavin Free Gray Haddock Ashley Jenkins Lindsay Jones Michael Jones Former staff Paul Marino Monty Oum Griffon Ramsey Meg Turney Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_RWBY_episodes&oldid=801279734 '' Categories : RWBY Lists of web series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Episode list using the default LineColor Articles to be expanded from July 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20RWBY%20episodes
| 11,783 |
ind vs eng head to head in t20
|
Opponent Matches Won Lost Tie + Win Tie + Loss No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 15 10 5 0 0 0 66.66 2007 2017 Bangladesh 8 8 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2018 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 8 6 0 0 0 25.00 2007 2017 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 South Africa 13 8 5 0 0 0 61.53 2006 2018 Sri Lanka 16 11 5 0 0 0 68.75 2009 2018 West Indies 8 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 71.42 2016 ICC Associate members Scotland 0 0 0 0 -- 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 Total 99 61 35 0 63.40 2006 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Bangladesh at R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , March 18 , 2018 .
|
Indian cricket Team Records
|
indian cricket team records
|
This page details India national cricket team records .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Head to Head records with other teams 1.1 Overall 1.2 Tests 1.3 ODIs 1.4 T20Is 2 Test records 3 ODI records 4 T20I records 5 See also 6 References Head to head Records with other teams ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Format Span Matches Won Lost Tied Draw / No Result % Won % Loss % Draw Test 1932 -- 2018 522 145 160 216 27.87 30.74 41.37 ODI 1974 -- 2018 939 483 409 7 40 54.11 45.88 -- T20I 2006 -- 2018 99 61 35 61.01 36.59 -- Overall 1932 -- 2018 1560 689 604 9 216 / 42 45.68 40.08 -- Source : ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) Last updated : 15 June 2018 ( Test , ODI , T20 ) † Only applies to Tests . ‡ Only applies to ODIs and T20Is . ¤ Tie matches were considered as half win and half loss . Tests ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied Draw W / L Ratio First Last Afghanistan 0 0 0 - 2018 2018 Australia 94 26 41 26 0.63 1947 2017 Bangladesh 9 7 0 0 - 2000 2017 England 117 25 43 0 49 0.58 1932 2016 Ireland 0 0 0 0 0 - - - New Zealand 57 21 10 0 26 2.10 1955 2016 Pakistan 59 9 12 0 38 0.75 1952 2007 South Africa 36 11 15 0 10 0.73 1992 2018 Sri Lanka 44 20 7 0 17 2.85 1982 2017 West Indies 94 18 30 0 46 0.60 1948 2016 Zimbabwe 11 7 0 3.50 1992 2005 Total 522 145 160 216 0.90 1932 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Afghanistan at M Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore , Only Test , Jun 14 - 15 , 2018 . Odis ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 1988 2017 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 New Zealand 101 51 44 5 53.64 2017 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.60 1978 2017 South Africa 83 34 46 0 42.50 1988 2018 Sri Lanka 158 90 56 11 61.56 1979 2017 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Others Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 2015 Total 939 483 409 7 40 54.11 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at SuperSport Park , Centurion , 16 February 2018 . T20is ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tie + Win Tie + Loss No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 0 100.00 2012 Australia 15 10 5 0 0 0 66.66 2007 2017 Bangladesh 8 8 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2018 England 11 5 6 0 0 0 45.45 2007 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 0 100.00 2009 2009 New Zealand 8 6 0 0 0 25.00 2007 2017 Pakistan 8 6 0 0 81.25 2007 2016 South Africa 13 8 5 0 0 0 61.53 2006 2018 Sri Lanka 16 11 5 0 0 0 68.75 2009 2018 West Indies 8 5 0 0 28.57 2009 2017 Zimbabwe 7 5 0 0 0 71.42 2016 ICC Associate members Scotland 0 0 0 0 -- 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 0 100.00 2016 2016 Total 99 61 35 0 63.40 2006 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v Bangladesh at R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo , March 18 , 2018 . Test records ( edit ) Main article : List of India Test cricket records ODI records ( edit ) Main article : List of India One Day International cricket records T20I records ( edit ) Main article : List of India Twenty20 International cricket records See also ( edit ) List of Cricket records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Records One - Day Internationals Team records Results summary ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / Test matches / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / India / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Twenty20 Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . India national cricket team Test : 1st ODI : 2nd T20I : 3rd Team History of the Indian cricket team Indian national cricket captains Records Head - to - head Test ODI T20I Matches Home tours Away tours Second Test , 2000 -- 01 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Second Test , 2007 -- 08 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy Grounds List of cricket grounds in India International venues Culture Cricket in India Indian spin quartet Key personnel Governing Body : Board of Control for Cricket in India Selection Committee : Indian national cricket selectors Coach : Anil Kumble Captains : Virat Kohli ( Test ) MS Dhoni ( ODI & T20 ) World Cup wins ( 2 ) 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_records&oldid=846368151 '' Categories : India in international cricket Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 18 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20cricket%20team%20records
| 43,169 |
|
location of tigris and euphrates rivers on a map
|
The Tigris and Euphrates , with their tributaries , form a major river system in Western Asia . From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf . The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion , which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and Jordan .
|
Western Asia
|
Tigris -- Euphrates river system
|
tigris - - euphrates river system
|
The Tigris and Euphrates , with their tributaries , form a major river system in Western Asia . From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands of eastern Turkey they flow by / through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf . The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris -- Euphrates ecoregion , which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey , Syria , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and Jordan .
|
From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia , the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq . The rivers flow in a south - easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al - Qurnah to form the Shatt al - Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf . The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region , in which civilization is believed to have first emerged . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 General description 3 Ecological threats 4 Water dispute 5 Conservation 6 In media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates . The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes , swamps , and marshes , all surrounded by desert . The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf . Historically , the area is known as Mesopotamia . As part of the larger Fertile Crescent , it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period , for which reason it is often described as a `` Cradle of Civilization '' . In the 1980s , this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran -- Iraq War raged within its boundaries . The wetlands of Iraq , which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs , were almost completely dried out , and have only recently shown signs of recovery . The Tigris -- Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Iran and Kuwait . Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris -- Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait -- Iraq border . Since the 1960s and in the 1970s , when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest , water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam 's effects on the environment . In addition , Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin , particularly during drought . General description ( edit ) Marsh Arabs poling a mashoof in the marshes of southern Iraq The general climate of the region is subtropical , hot and arid . At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates , Tigris , and Karun Rivers , featuring huge permanent lakes , marshes , and forest . The aquatic vegetation includes reeds , rushes , and papyrus , which support numerous species . Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile . Marshy land is home to water birds , some stopping here while migrating , and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards , snakes , frogs , and fish . Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo , two endemic rodent species , antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals . Ecological threats ( edit ) Play media This visualization shows variations in total water storage from normal , in millimeters , in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins , from January 2003 through December 2009 . Reds represent drier conditions , while blues represent wetter conditions . The effects of the seasons are evident , as is the major drought that hit the region in 2007 . The majority of the water lost was due to reductions in groundwater caused by human activities . Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity . Water and plant life are sparse . Saddam Hussein 's government water - control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers . Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime . The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area 's wildlife populations . There are also inadequate supplies of potable water . The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris -- Euphrates basin and once covered 15 -- 20,000 square kilometers . According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation , between 84 % and 90 % of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s . In 1994 , 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein 's regime -- drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs . Canals , dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes , instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland . After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea , a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland . Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying . The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt - tolerant vegetation ; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils ; 52 native fish species ; the wild boar , red fox , buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat . Water dispute ( edit ) The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq , Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public - works project ( the GAP project ) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams , for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes . Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic , the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq . The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey 's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War . However , the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria . The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans - boundary river flows . Although the drought affected Turkey , Syria and Iran as well , Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows . Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river . Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times , beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water . Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought . To make matters worse , Iraq 's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect . In 2008 , Turkey , Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management . Turkey , Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3 , 2009 , in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris -- Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water - flow - monitoring stations . On September 19 , 2009 , Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m3 / s , but only until October 20 , 2009 . In exchange , Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region . One of Turkey 's last large GAP dams on the Tigris -- the Ilisu Dam -- is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife . Conservation ( edit ) The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia . Their drainage began in the 1950s , to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration . Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s , as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs , a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq . However , with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four - year drought that same year , the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery . The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50 % of pre-1970s levels , with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes . This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this table to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( July 2016 ) Conservation status : critical / endangered Protected area Endemic species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) , Iraq babbler ( Turdoides altirostris ) Threatened species : Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) - endangered Possibly extinct species : Bunn 's short - tailed bandicoot rat ( Nesokia bunnii ) In media ( edit ) Dawn of the World , film , 2008 . Zaman , The Man From The Reeds , film , 2003 See also ( edit ) Wetlands portal Soil salinity Mesopotamian Marshes Shatt al - Arab References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matthew Zentner ( 2012 ) . Design and impact of water treaties : Managing climate change . p. 144 . The Tigris - Euphrates - Shatt al Arab is shared between Iraq , Iran , Syria , Kuwait and Turkey . Jump up ^ `` Lower Tigris & Euphrates '' . feow.org. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mesopotamia ( 2 / 3 / 2003 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Deniz Bozkurt ; Omer Lutfi Sen ( 2012 ) . `` Hydrological response of past and future climate changes in the Euphrates - Tigris Basin '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . The Euphrates - Tigris Basin , covering areas in five countries ( Turkey , Iraq , Syria , Iran and Kuwait ) , is a major water resource of the Middle East . ^ Jump up to : `` Euphrates River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson , McGuire ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Tigris - Euphrates river system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dan Caldwel ( 2011 ) . Vortex of Conflict : U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iraq . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Uzgel I. , 1992 . GÜVENSİZLİK ÜÇGENİ : TÜRKİYE , SURİYE , IRAK VE SU SORUNU , MÜLKİYELİLER BİRLİĞİ DERGİSİ , 162 , p. 47 - 52 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE54M0XG20090523 Turkey lets more water out of dams to Iraq : MP Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20101231233038/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5giDgd3ukLR8UcfziUQcNToKyM_tw Turkey to up Euphrates flow to Iraq Jump up ^ Iraqi Marshlands : Steady Progress to Recovery Archived 2011 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( UNEP ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tigris -- Euphrates river system Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mesopotamia ( Middle East ) . Persian Gulf image BBC : Iraq marshes ' recovery ' in doubt ' Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre - / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B ( PPNB ) Hassuna / Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Ur III Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto - Armenian Sumerian Urartian Culture / Society Architecture Art Cuneiform script Akkadian literature Sumerian literature Music Religion Archaeology Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell Portal Palearctic flooded grasslands and savannas Amur meadow steppe China , Russia Bohai Sea saline meadow China Nenjiang River grassland China Nile Delta flooded savanna Egypt Saharan halophytics Algeria , Egypt , Mauritania , Tunisia , Western Sahara Tigris -- Euphrates alluvial salt marsh Iraq , Iran Ussuri - Wusuli meadow and forest meadow China , Russia Yellow Sea saline meadow China Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigris -- Euphrates_river_system&oldid = 846727973 '' Categories : Euphrates Tigris River Flooded grasslands and savannas Ecoregions of Asia Wetlands of Iraq Grasslands of Iraq Grasslands of Iran Environment of Iraq Environment of Iran Mesopotamia Shatt al - Arab basin Swamps of Asia Wetlands of Iran Palearctic ecoregions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2012 Articles needing cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from July 2016 Iraq articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Español Esperanto فارسی Français Norsk nynorsk Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris%25E2%2580%2593Euphrates%20river%20system
| 965 |
when is the new young sheldon coming out
|
Young Sheldon Genre Comedy Created by Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Starring Iain Armitage Zoe Perry Lance Barber Montana Jordan Raegan Revord Jim Parsons Annie Potts Narrated by Jim Parsons Opening theme `` Mighty Little Man '' by Steve Burns Composer ( s ) John Debney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Molaro Jim Parsons Todd Spiewak Jon Favreau Producer ( s ) Timothy Marx Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Chuck Lorre Productions Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows The Big Bang Theory External links Website www.cbs.com/shows/young-sheldon/
|
September 25 , 2017
|
Young Sheldon
|
young sheldon
|
Young Sheldon ( stylized as young Sheldon ) is an American television sitcom on CBS created by Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro . The series is a spin - off prequel to The Big Bang Theory and follows the character Sheldon Cooper at the age of 9 , living with his family in East Texas and going to high school . Iain Armitage stars as young Sheldon , alongside Zoe Perry , Lance Barber , Montana Jordan , Raegan Revord , and Annie Potts . Jim Parsons , who portrays the adult Sheldon Cooper on The Big Bang Theory , narrates the series and serves as an executive producer .
|
Development of the prequel series began in November 2016 , from an initial idea that Parsons passed along to The Big Bang Theory producers . The following March , Armitage and Perry were cast , and the series was ordered by CBS . The series premiered as a special preview on September 25 , 2017 and two days later , CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes . On November 2 , 2017 , new episodes began airing weekly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas and tries to fit in the world around him while his family and friends attempt to deal with his unique intellectual capabilities and social challenges . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Iain Armitage as Sheldon Cooper , a 9 - year - old genius with a `` once - in - a-generation mind capable of advanced mathematics and science '' . Zoe Perry as Mary Cooper , Sheldon 's mother . Lance Barber as George Cooper Sr. , Sheldon 's father , who coaches football at Sheldon 's high school . Barber had previously played Jimmy Speckerman , who bullied Leonard Hofstadter at high school , in one episode of The Big Bang Theory , which Barber said confused some viewers seeing him as George Cooper . Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr. , Sheldon 's older brother . Raegan Revord as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister . Jim Parsons as the voice of Sheldon Cooper , who narrates the series as the older , present - day version of the character . Annie Potts as Meemaw , Sheldon 's grandmother . Recurring ( edit ) Wyatt McClure as Billy Sparks , the son of a neighbor to the Cooper family . Ryan Phuong as Tam , Sheldon 's Vietnamese - American friend and classmate . Matt Hobby as Jeff Hodgkins , the pastor at the Cooper family 's church . Valerie Mahaffey as Ms. Victoria MacElroy , Sheldon 's homeroom teacher at high school . Brian Stepanek as Mr. Givens , one of the Sheldon 's teachers at high school . Danielle Pinnock as Ms. Evelyn Ingram , one of the Sheldon 's teachers at high school . Notable guests ( edit ) Bob Newhart as Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton , a scientist and Sheldon 's favorite television host Ray Liotta as Vincent Elon Musk as himself Billy Gardell as Herschel Sparks , Billy 's father Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Jon Favreau Chuck Lorre & Steve Molaro September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15551 17.21 Sheldon Cooper , a 9 - year - old genius , begins his first day of high school in the ninth grade with his older brother , George `` Georgie '' Cooper Jr . Having shown more skills than a typical child his age , he skipped several grades . On his first day , he questions his teachers and informs students of their rule - breaking . He tries to find his place in the new school and Georgie must deal with having a much younger sibling in his class . `` Rockets , Communists , and the Dewey Decimal System '' Michael Zinberg Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15552 12.66 Sheldon learns that his mother is worried about his not having any friends . He therefore gets a copy of How to Win Friends and Influence People from the school library and tries its methods on various students and teachers without success . He eventually meets a Vietnamese American boy named Tam who shares many of his interests . His mother is so happy that she insists that Sheldon invite the boy home for dinner , and lifts the ban on Sheldon 's model rocketry hobby . The dinner turns out to be awkward , and the boys ' launch attempt goes out of control just as FBI agents arrive to ask Sheldon why he was trying to buy uranium . `` Poker , Faith , and Eggs '' Michael Zinberg Story by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15553 12.39 Sheldon debates the relationship between religion and science with his family 's pastor . Billy Sparks brings some eggs for Missy . George suffers a mild heart attack , so Mary takes him to the hospital after calling Meemaw to watch the children . While she is sleeping , Georgie `` borrows '' her car and takes the other children to see their father . In the hospital chapel , Sheldon prays to Blaise Pascal for his father 's recovery . When he does recover , Sheldon briefly doubts his atheism . When Sheldon gets into another debate with his pastor , George pretends to have heart trouble in order to get his family out of the church service . `` A Therapist , a Comic Book , and a Breakfast Sausage '' Jaffar Mahmood Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Rob Ulin & Dave Bickel November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15554 11.83 Sheldon chokes on a sausage and becomes fearful of solid food . His parents take him to a psychotherapist who does not inspire confidence , but whose waiting room does have comic books , which Sheldon had previously dismissed as childish . He wanders away to a comic book store , where he finds the courage to resume eating . Meemaw babysits Missy and Georgie and comforts them on their feelings of being invisible because of Sheldon 's quirks taking most of their parents ' attention . 5 `` A Solar Calculator , a Game Ball , and a Cheerleader 's Bosom '' Chris Koch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Damir Konjicija & Dario Konjicija November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T12. 15555 11.43 Sheldon uses sports analytics to help his school 's football team , coached by his father , win games , but becomes too popular for his taste as a result . Georgie struggles with his father neglecting him in favor of spending time with Sheldon . Missy and Tam , however , revel in Sheldon 's new popularity . Meemaw also asks for his advice for her sports bets . Sheldon gets a B+ on a math test from his exhaustion after accompanying Tam to a party and decides he can not keep helping the team . He also gives Meemaw bad advice . George begins ignoring Sheldon again and reconciles with Georgie . 6 `` A Patch , a Modem , and a Zantac ® '' Don Scardino Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Anthony Gioe & Nick Mandernach November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15556 12.11 Sheldon 's science class gets a visit from a NASA engineer , who does not take his idea about VTVL technology seriously , so Sheldon is determined to show him up . He does the calculations himself and mails his notebook to NASA . Frustration from receiving no reply gives Sheldon a stress ulcer , so George drives the family to the Johnson Space Center and demands that the engineer listen to Sheldon 's idea . The engineer admits that it is theoretically valid , but that the technology required to implement it is still a long way off . Sheldon is satisfied and leaves . A flashforward shows the successful SpaceX CRS - 8 mission , followed by SpaceX founder Elon Musk looking over Sheldon 's old notebook , then hiding it in a desk drawer . 7 `` A Brisket , Voodoo , and Cannonball Run '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Nick Bakay Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15557 12.49 Meemaw 's disdain for George emerges when she refuses to give him her brisket recipe . George later complains that Mary always takes her mother 's side . As payback for George secretly searching her home for it , Meemaw gives him a fake recipe which requires him to go to great lengths to get the ingredients . After George spends 14 hours cooking in vain , he tries to ban her from the household . When Georgie and Missy fear their parents might divorce over this , Sheldon remembers that Meemaw told him the recipe when he was 23 months old , so he threatens to reveal it unless the two of them make up . George says he is more bothered by the fact that she never thought he was good enough for her daughter . He acknowledges being a disappointment when they first met , but believes he has grown since then . Meemaw pretends to accept him as a worthy son - in - law . After she leaves , George gets the recipe from Sheldon . 8 `` Cape Canaveral , Schrödinger 's Cat , and Cyndi Lauper 's Hair '' Howie Deutch Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : David Bickel December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) TBA 11.64 George takes the boys to Florida to see a Space Shuttle launch , but it gets rained out . Still , Sheldon enjoys the trip and becomes closer to his father . Meanwhile , Meemaw , Mary and Missy go to a beauty salon . 9 `` Spock , Kirk , and Testicular Hernia '' Peter Lauer Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro December 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) TBA TBD 10 `` An Eagle Feather , a String Bean , and an Eskimo '' Rebecca Asher Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro Teleplay by : Rob Ulin & David Bickel January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) TBA TBD 11 `` Demons , Sunday School , and Prime Numbers '' TBA TBA January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon Cooper as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by The Big Bang Theory creators Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro , with The Big Bang Theory co-creator Bill Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Jim Parsons ( who portrays the older Sheldon on The Big Bang Theory ) , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series , which was created by Lorre and Molaro . Jon Favreau directed and executive produced the pilot . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . Casting ( edit ) In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . Lance Barber stars as George Cooper Sr. , Sheldon 's father ; he had previously appeared in one episode of The Big Bang Theory . Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper Jr. , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . In July 2017 , Annie Potts was cast as Meemaw , Sheldon 's grandmother . Release ( edit ) Young Sheldon began airing weekly episodes on CBS from November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It premiered as a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 25 , 2017 3.8 / 13 17.21 1.7 5.25 5.5 22.46 `` Rockets , Communists , and the Dewey Decimal System '' November 2 , 2017 2.2 / 8 12.66 3.89 3.3 16.74 `` Poker , Faith , and Eggs '' November 9 , 2017 2.2 / 8 12.39 1.2 4.07 3.4 16.47 `` A Therapist , a Comic Book , and a Breakfast Sausage '' November 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 11.83 1.2 3.54 3.2 15.37 5 `` A Solar Calculator , a Game Ball , and a Cheerleader 's Bosom '' November 23 , 2017 2.6 / 11 11.43 1.3 4.10 3.9 15.53 6 `` A Patch , a Modem , and a Zantac '' November 30 , 2017 2.1 / 8 12.11 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` A Brisket , Voodoo and Cannonball Run '' December 7 , 2017 2.2 / 8 12.49 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Cape Canaveral , Schrödinger 's Cat , and Cyndi Lauper 's Hair '' December 14 , 2017 2.0 / 8 11.64 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.75 / 10 based on 34 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Young Sheldon 's appealing cast and relatable themes bring a fresh -- and overall enjoyable -- perspective to its central character 's familiar story . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The series ' premise , as conveyed by a May 2017 trailer , gained favorable comparisons to the 1990s sitcom Smart Guy from HuffPost . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' Gets Full - Season Order From CBS After Strong Debut '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Sheldon interview : Lance Barber on playing Sheldon 's father George Cooper Sr '' . CarterMatt . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' Taps Annie Potts to Play Key ' Big Bang Theory ' Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Young Sheldon books Mike and Molly star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # YS109 ) `` Spock , Kirk , and Testicular Hernia '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # YS110 ) `` An Eagle Feather , a String Bean , and an Eskimo '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - young sheldon on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference 1.08 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Young Sheldon : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young Sheldon : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sheldon From ' Big Bang Theory ' Looks Very Different In ' Young Sheldon ' Trailer '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Young Sheldon on IMDb Vanity Cards Archive for Young Sheldon The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Wisdom of the Crowd ( since 2017 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Television series created by Chuck Lorre Frannie 's Turn ( 1992 ) Grace Under Fire ( 1993 -- 98 ) Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) Dharma & Greg ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2003 -- 15 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2007 -- present ) Mom ( 2013 -- present ) Disjointed ( 2017 -- present ) Young Sheldon ( 2017 -- present ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Sheldon&oldid=816225618 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2017 American television series debuts American television sitcoms CBS network shows Cultural depictions of scientists English - language television programs Nerd culture Physics in fiction Prequel television series Single - camera television sitcoms Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series created by Chuck Lorre Television shows set in Texas Television series set in 1989 The Big Bang Theory Works about children Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 01 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Sheldon
| 7,998 |
who was president when the civil war started
|
The American Civil War ( commonly known as the Civil War in the United States ) was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America , who advocated for states ' rights to travel with slave attendants in the Americas or abolished tariffs on cotton and imports .
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
American Civil War
|
american civil war
|
Union victory
|
Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast The American Civil War ( commonly known as the Civil War in the United States ) was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America , who advocated for states ' rights to travel with slave attendants in the Americas or abolished tariffs on cotton and imports . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states , the lower Cotton States , individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South , while most slave states remained in the Union . The Confederacy grew to include eleven states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although Britain and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal , including the border states where slavery was legal , were known as the Union or the North . The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox , on April 9 , 1865 , but Lincoln was shot 6 days later , followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead , a higher number than the number of American military deaths in all other wars combined . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems , railroads , mills and houses . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude to war 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.6 National elections 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Civil War commemoration 7.4 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Prelude to War In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won many Southern leaders felt that disunion had become their only option , because they thought that they were losing representation , which would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war , in large measure , to protect southern society , and slavery was an integral part of it . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . It increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . New Orleans , the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills , shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North , South and Border states Protectionism Historically , southern slave - holding states , because of their low cost manual labor , had little perceived need for mechanization , and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation . Northern states , which had heavily invested in their still - nascent manufacturing , could not compete with the full - fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return . Thus , northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade . The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth , and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . National elections Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812 , the people of the United States grew in the sense that their country was a national republic based on the belief that all people had inalienable political liberty and personal rights which could serve as an important example to the rest of the world . Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire , the division and redivision of the Latin American political map , and the British - French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences , all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation - state . In the world of 19th century self - made Americans , growing in prosperity , population and expanding westward , `` freedom '' could mean personal liberty or property rights . The unresolved difference would cause failure -- first in their political institutions , then in their civil life together . Nationalism and honor Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. President ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people of the United States had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining the republic , based on the people 's vote . The people must now show : `` ... successful maintenance ( of the Republic ) against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it . It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion ; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets ; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided , there can be no successful appeal back to bullets ; that there can be no successful appeal , except to ballots themselves , at succeeding elections . Such will be a great lesson of peace ; teaching men that what they can not take by an election , neither can they take it by a war ... '' Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and , even , secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the ' slaveholding states ' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` ... was intended to be perpetual , '' but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` ... enumerated powers granted to Congress . '' One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. Marshals and Judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia and North Carolina . In Lincoln 's inaugural address , he stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward who at that time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , and Fort Taylor , and in the cockpit of secession , Charleston , South Carolina 's Fort Sumter . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting April 20 , 1861 , to support the Government at Washington 's equestrian statue in Union Square NYC Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state . ( See also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and by fire rafts . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862 . In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater For more details on this topic , see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater For more details on this topic , see Western Theater of the American Civil War . While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi For more details on Missouri in the Civil War , see Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % negligible Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % negligible Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % negligible Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could only continue to fight the war as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederates army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction Era of the United States Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . Beardian historiography The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 , US ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2012 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest Battles of the American Civil War Naval bibliography of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Hispanic Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Italian Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade , Union -- of the American Civil War Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Infantry in the American Civil War Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slaves and the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' References Notes Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There . '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Total number that served ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13th 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13th 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 - 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Chauncey H. Cooke a Private in Company G 25th Wisconsin wrote in January , 1863 : I have no heart in this war if the slaves can not go free . Our cause is nobler even than the Revolution , for they fought for their own freedom , while we fight for that of another race . Walter S. Poor entered the war a private on 4 / 27 / 1861 at New York City , NY . In Company B 10th NY Infantry . On 3 / 29 / 1864 he was commissioned into Field & Staff NC Union 2nd Infantry where he rose in rank to Lieutenant - Colonel . He wrote in 1861 - 1862 : If the doom of slavery is not sealed by the war , I shall curse the day I entered the Army , or lifted a finger in the preservation of the Union , Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Sergeant William F. Pippey of Company H 29th Massachusetts , discharged as a 2nd Lieutenant for disability in 1863 wrote in 1862 : If anyone thinks this Army is fighting to free the Negro , they are terribly mistaken . Brevet Brig - General Charles Sheils Wainwright while a Major in the 1st NY Light Artillery in 1861 - 1862 said , If Lincoln caves in to the Black Republicans and makes this an abolition war , I for one will be sorry I ever lent a hand to it . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? . '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 73 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived 2004 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Russell McClintock ( 2008 ) . Lincoln and the Decision for War : The Northern Response to Secession . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 254 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3188 - 5 . Provides details of support across the North . Online preview . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( 3 Dec 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . PMID 22512048 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . JSTOR 2204926 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . External links Find more aboutAmerican Civil Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata American Civil War at DMOZ Civil War photos at the National Archives View images from the Civil War Photographs Collection at the Library of Congress Civil War Trust Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons , personal papers , pamphlets , maps , paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College . Civil War 150 Washington Post interactive website on the 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War . Civil War in the American South -- An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries ( ASERL ) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War - era items -- books , pamphlets , broadsides , letters , maps , personal papers , and manuscripts -- held at ASERL member libraries The Civil War -- site with 7,000 pages , including the complete run of Harper 's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War The short film A HOUSE DIVIDED ( 1960 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Civil War Living History Reenactments ( videos ) West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles `` American Civil World '' maps at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Civil War Manuscripts Articles related to the American Civil War ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Foreign countries in the American Civil War Australia Bahamas Canada France Hawaii Mexico Morocco Prussia Russia San Marino Thailand United Kingdom Foreign soldiers Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal GND : 4136055 - 2 SELIBR : 155276 NDL : 00568022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War&oldid=804949402 '' Categories : American Civil War Rebellions in the United States Conflicts in 1861 Conflicts in 1862 Conflicts in 1863 Conflicts in 1864 Conflicts in 1865 19th - century conflicts Wars involving the United States 1860s in the United States Wars of independence Internal wars of the United States 1860s conflicts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2016 Use American English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 02 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Civil%20War
| 4,152 |
how long is it since liverpool won the league
|
First Division Winners ( 18 ) : 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 Second Division Winners ( 4 ) : 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1904 -- 05 , 1961 -- 62 Lancashire League Winners ( 1 ) : 1892 -- 93
|
1989 -- 90
|
Liverpool F.C.
|
liverpool f. c.
|
Liverpool Football Club ( / ˈlɪvərpuːl / ) is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won 5 European Cups , 3 UEFA Cups , 3 UEFA Super Cups , 18 League titles , 7 FA Cups , 8 League Cups , and 15 FA Community Shields .
|
Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to 11 League titles and seven European trophies . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 . Liverpool was the ninth highest - earning football club in the world in 2016 -- 17 , with an annual revenue of € 424.2 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at $1.492 billion . The club has long - standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people -- mostly Italians and Juventus fans -- dying , after which English clubs were given a five - year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all - red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Colours and badge 3 Stadium 4 Support 4.1 Rivalries 5 Ownership and finances 6 Liverpool in popular culture 7 Players 7.1 First - team squad 7.2 Out on loan 7.3 Reserves and Academy 7.4 Former players 7.5 Player records 7.6 Club captains 7.7 Player of the Season 8 Club officials 9 Honours 9.1 Domestic 9.1. 1 League 9.1. 2 Cups 9.1. 3 Friendly 9.2 European 9.3 Doubles and Trebles 10 Notes 11 See also 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Independent websites History Main articles : 1892 -- 1959 , 1959 -- 85 , and 1985 -- present John Houlding , the founder of Liverpool F.C. Liverpool F.C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding , club president and owner of the land at Anfield . After eight years at the stadium , Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892 and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play at Anfield . Originally named `` Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd '' ( Everton Athletic for short ) , the club became Liverpool F.C. in March 1892 and gained official recognition three months later , after The Football Association refused to recognise the club as Everton . The team won the Lancashire League in its début season , and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893 -- 94 season . After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division , which it won in 1901 and again in 1906 . Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914 , losing 1 -- 0 to Burnley . It won consecutive League championships in 1922 and 1923 , but did not win another trophy until the 1946 -- 47 season , when the club won the First Division for a fifth time under the control of ex-West Ham Utd centre half George Kay . Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950 , playing against Arsenal . The club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953 -- 54 season . Soon after Liverpool lost 2 -- 1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958 -- 59 FA Cup , Bill Shankly was appointed manager . Upon his arrival he released 24 players and converted a boot storage room at Anfield into a room where the coaches could discuss strategy ; here , Shankly and other `` Boot Room '' members Joe Fagan , Reuben Bennett , and Bob Paisley began reshaping the team . Statue of Bill Shankly outside Anfield . Shankly won promotion to the First Division and the club 's first league title since 1947 . The club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964 , for the first time in 17 years . In 1965 , the club won its first FA Cup . In 1966 , the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners ' Cup final . Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972 -- 73 season , and the FA Cup again a year later . Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant , Bob Paisley . In 1976 , Paisley 's second season as manager , the club won another League and UEFA Cup double . The following season , the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time , but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final . Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979 . During Paisley 's nine seasons as manager Liverpool won 21 trophies , including three European Cups , a UEFA Cup , six League titles and three consecutive League Cups ; the only domestic trophy he did not win was the FA Cup . Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant , Joe Fagan . Liverpool won the League , League Cup and European Cup in Fagan 's first season , becoming the first English side to win three trophies in a season . Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985 , against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium . Before kick - off , Liverpool fans breached a fence which separated the two groups of supporters , and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 fans , mostly Italians . The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster . The match was played in spite of protests by both managers , and Liverpool lost 1 -- 0 to Juventus . As a result of the tragedy , English clubs were banned from participating in European competition for five years ; Liverpool received a ten - year ban , which was later reduced to six years . Fourteen Liverpool fans received convictions for involuntary manslaughter . The Hillsborough memorial , which is engraved with the names of the 96 people who died in the Hillsborough disaster . Fagan had announced his retirement just before the disaster and Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player - manager . During his tenure , the club won another three League Championships and two FA Cups , including a League and Cup `` Double '' in the 1985 -- 86 season . Liverpool 's success was overshadowed by the Hillsborough disaster : in an FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest on 15 April 1989 , hundreds of Liverpool fans were crushed against perimeter fencing . Ninety - four fans died that day ; the 95th victim died in hospital from his injuries four days later and the 96th died nearly four years later , without regaining consciousness . After the Hillsborough disaster there was a government review of stadium safety . The resulting Taylor Report paved the way for legislation that required top - division teams to have all - seater stadiums . The report ruled that the main reason for the disaster was overcrowding due to a failure of police control . Liverpool was involved in the closest finish to a league season during the 1988 -- 89 season . Liverpool finished equal with Arsenal on both points and goal difference , but lost the title on total goals scored when Arsenal scored the final goal in the last minute of the season . Dalglish cited the Hillsborough disaster and its repercussions as the reason for his resignation in 1991 ; he was replaced by former player Graeme Souness . Under his leadership Liverpool won the 1992 FA Cup Final , but their league performances slumped , with two consecutive sixth - place finishes , eventually resulting in his dismissal in January 1994 . Souness was replaced by Roy Evans , and Liverpool went on to win the 1995 Football League Cup Final . While they made some title challenges under Evans , third - place finishes in 1996 and 1998 were the best they could manage , and so Gérard Houllier was appointed co-manager in the 1998 -- 99 season , and became the sole manager in November 1998 after Evans resigned . In 2001 , Houllier 's second full season in charge , Liverpool won a `` Treble '' : the FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup . Houllier underwent major heart surgery during the 2001 -- 02 season and Liverpool finished second in the League , behind Arsenal . They won a further League Cup in 2003 , but failed to mount a title challenge in the two seasons that followed . The European Champion Clubs ' Cup trophy won by Liverpool for a fifth time in 2005 Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez at the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Despite finishing fifth in Benítez 's first season , Liverpool won the 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League , beating A.C. Milan 3 -- 2 in a penalty shootout after the match ended with a score of 3 -- 3 . The following season , Liverpool finished third in the Premier League and won the 2006 FA Cup Final , beating West Ham United in a penalty shootout after the match finished 3 -- 3 . American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks became the owners of the club during the 2006 -- 07 season , in a deal which valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218.9 million . The club reached the 2007 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan , as it had in 2005 , but lost 2 -- 1 . During the 2008 -- 09 season Liverpool achieved 86 points , its highest Premier League points total , and finished as runners up to Manchester United . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Liverpool finished seventh in the Premier League and failed to qualify for the Champions League . Benítez subsequently left by mutual consent and was replaced by Fulham manager Roy Hodgson . At the start of the 2010 -- 11 season Liverpool was on the verge of bankruptcy and the club 's creditors asked the High Court to allow the sale of the club , overruling the wishes of Hicks and Gillett . John W. Henry , owner of the Boston Red Sox and of Fenway Sports Group , bid successfully for the club and took ownership in October 2010 . Poor results during the start of that season led to Hodgson leaving the club by mutual consent and former player and manager Kenny Dalglish taking over . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Liverpool secured a record 8th League Cup success and reached the FA Cup final , but finished in eighth position , the worst league finish in 18 years ; this led to the sacking of Dalglish . He was replaced by Brendan Rodgers , whose Liverpool team in the 2013 -- 14 season mounted an unexpected title charge to finish second behind champions Manchester City and subsequently return to the Champions League , scoring 101 goals in the process , the most since the 106 scored in the 1895 -- 96 season . Following a disappointing 2014 -- 15 season , where Liverpool finished sixth in the league , and a poor start to the following campaign , Rodgers was sacked in October 2015 . He was replaced by Jürgen Klopp , who in his first season at Liverpool , took the club to the finals of both the Football League Cup and UEFA Europa League , finishing as runner - up in both competitions . Colours and badge Liverpool 's home colours worn from 1892 to 1896 For much of Liverpool 's history its home colours have been all red , but when the club was founded its kit was more like the contemporary Everton kit . The blue and white quartered shirts were used until 1894 , when the club adopted the city 's colour of red . The city 's symbol of the liver bird was adopted as the club 's badge in 1901 , although it was not incorporated into the kit until 1955 . Liverpool continued to wear red shirts and white shorts until 1964 , when manager Bill Shankly decided to change to an all red strip . Liverpool played in all red for the first time against Anderlecht , as Ian St. John recalled in his autobiography : He ( Shankly ) thought the colour scheme would carry psychological impact -- red for danger , red for power . He came into the dressing room one day and threw a pair of red shorts to Ronnie Yeats . `` Get into those shorts and let 's see how you look '' , he said . `` Christ , Ronnie , you look awesome , terrifying . You look 7ft tall . '' `` Why not go the whole hog , boss ? '' I suggested . `` Why not wear red socks ? Let 's go out all in red . '' Shankly approved and an iconic kit was born . The Liverpool away strip has more often than not been all yellow or white shirts and black shorts , but there have been several exceptions . An all grey kit was introduced in 1987 , which was used until the 1991 -- 92 centenary season , when it was replaced by a combination of green shirts and white shorts . After various colour combinations in the 1990s , including gold and navy , bright yellow , black and grey , and ecru , the club alternated between yellow and white away kits until the 2008 -- 09 season , when it re-introduced the grey kit . A third kit is designed for European away matches , though it is also worn in domestic away matches on occasions when the current away kit clashes with a team 's home kit . Between 2012 -- 15 , the kits were designed by Warrior Sports , who became the club 's kit providers at the start of the 2012 -- 13 season . In February 2015 , Warrior 's parent company New Balance announced it would be entering the global football market , with teams sponsored by Warrior now being outfitted by New Balance . The only other branded shirts worn by the club were made by Umbro until 1985 , when they were replaced by Adidas , who produced the kits until 1996 when Reebok took over . They produced the kits for ten years before Adidas made the kits from 2006 to 2012 . A version of Liverpool 's Crest as depicted on the Shankly Gates Liverpool was the first English professional club to have a sponsor 's logo on its shirts , after agreeing a deal with Hitachi in 1979 . Since then the club has been sponsored by Crown Paints , Candy , Carlsberg and Standard Chartered Bank . The contract with Carlsberg , which was signed in 1992 , was the longest - lasting agreement in English top - flight football . The association with Carlsberg ended at the start of the 2010 -- 11 season , when Standard Chartered Bank became the club 's sponsor . The Liverpool badge is based on the city 's liver bird , which in the past had been placed inside a shield . In 1992 , to commemorate the centennial of the club , a new badge was commissioned , including a representation of the Shankly Gates . The next year twin flames were added at either side , symbolic of the Hillsborough memorial outside Anfield , where an eternal flame burns in memory of those who died in the Hillsborough disaster . In 2012 , Warrior Sports ' first Liverpool kit removed the shield and gates , returning the badge to what had adorned Liverpool shirts in the 1970s ; the flames were moved to the back collar of the shirt , surrounding the number 96 for the number who died at Hillsborough . Stadium Main article : Anfield For information on Liverpool 's abandoned proposed new stadium , see Stanley Park Stadium . Anfield , home of Liverpool F.C. Anfield was built in 1884 on land adjacent to Stanley Park . It was originally used by Everton before the club moved to Goodison Park after a dispute over rent with Anfield owner John Houlding . Left with an empty ground , Houlding founded Liverpool in 1892 and the club has played at Anfield ever since . The capacity of the stadium at the time was 20,000 , although only 100 spectators attended Liverpool 's first match at Anfield . The Kop was built in 1906 due to the high turnout for matches and was called the Oakfield Road Embankment initially . Its first game was on 1 September 1906 when the home side beat Stoke City 1 -- 0 . In 1906 the banked stand at one end of the ground was formally renamed the Spion Kop after a hill in KwaZulu - Natal . The hill was the site of the Battle of Spion Kop in the Second Boer War , where over 300 men of the Lancashire Regiment died , many of them from Liverpool . At its peak , the stand could hold 28,000 spectators and was one of the largest single - tier stands in the world . Many stadia in England had stands named after Spion Kop , but Anfield 's was the largest of them at the time ; it could hold more supporters than some entire football grounds . Anfield could accommodate more than 60,000 supporters at its peak , and had a capacity of 55,000 until the 1990s . The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Liverpool to convert Anfield to an all - seater stadium in time for the 1993 -- 94 season , reducing the capacity to 45,276 . The findings of the Taylor Report precipitated the redevelopment of the Kemlyn Road Stand , which was rebuilt in 1992 , coinciding with the centenary of the club , and was known as the Centenary Stand until 2017 when it was renamed the Kenny Dalglish Stand . An extra tier was added to the Anfield Road end in 1998 , which further increased the capacity of the ground but gave rise to problems when it was opened . A series of support poles and stanchions were inserted to give extra stability to the top tier of the stand after movement of the tier was reported at the start of the 1999 -- 2000 season . Because of restrictions on expanding the capacity at Anfield , Liverpool announced plans to move to the proposed Stanley Park Stadium in May 2002 . Planning permission was granted in July 2004 , and in September 2006 , Liverpool City Council agreed to grant Liverpool a 999 - year lease on the proposed site . Following the takeover of the club by George Gillett and Tom Hicks in February 2007 , the proposed stadium was redesigned . The new design was approved by the Council in November 2007 . The stadium was scheduled to open in August 2011 and would hold 60,000 spectators , with HKS , Inc. contracted to build the stadium . Construction was halted in August 2008 , as Gillett and Hicks had difficulty in financing the £ 300 million needed for the development . In October 2012 , BBC Sport reported that Fenway Sports Group , the new owners of Liverpool FC , had decided to redevelop their current home at Anfield stadium , rather than building a new stadium in Stanley Park . As part of the redevelopment the capacity of Anfield was to increase from 45,276 to approximately 60,000 and would cost approximately £ 150m . When construction was completed on the new Main stand the capacity of Anfield was increased to 54,074 . This £ 100 million expansion added a third tier to the stand . This was all part of a £ 260 million project to improve the Anfield area . Jurgen Klopp the manager at the time described the stand as `` impressive . '' Support Kopites in The Kop Stand Liverpool is one of the best supported clubs in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised Club of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Liverpool fans often refer to themselves as Kopites , a reference to the fans who once stood , and now sit , on the Kop at Anfield . In 2008 a group of fans decided to form a splinter club , A.F.C. Liverpool , to play matches for fans who had been priced out of watching Premier League football . The song `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' , originally from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel and later recorded by Liverpool musicians Gerry & The Pacemakers , is the club 's anthem and has been sung by the Anfield crowd since the early 1960s . It has since gained popularity among fans of other clubs around the world . The song 's title adorns the top of the Shankly Gates , which were unveiled on 2 August 1982 in memory of former manager Bill Shankly . The `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' portion of the Shankly Gates is also reproduced on the club 's crest . The Shankly Gates , erected in honour of former manager Bill Shankly The club 's supporters have been involved in two stadium disasters . The first was the 1985 Heysel Stadium disaster , in which 39 Juventus supporters were killed . They were confined to a corner by Liverpool fans who had charged in their direction ; the weight of the cornered fans caused a wall to collapse . UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool supporters , and banned all English clubs from European competition for five years . Liverpool was banned for an additional year , preventing it from participating in the 1990 -- 91 European Cup , even though it won the League in 1990 . Twenty - seven fans were arrested on suspicion of manslaughter and were extradited to Belgium in 1987 to face trial . In 1989 , after a five - month trial in Belgium , 14 Liverpool fans were given three - year sentences for involuntary manslaughter ; half of the terms were suspended . The second disaster took place during an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield , on 15 April 1989 . Ninety - six Liverpool fans died as a consequence of overcrowding at the Leppings Lane end , in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster . In the following days The Sun newspaper published an article entitled `` The Truth '' , in which it claimed that Liverpool fans had robbed the dead and had urinated on and attacked the police . Subsequent investigations proved the allegations false , leading to a boycott of the newspaper by Liverpool fans across the city and elsewhere ; many still refuse to buy The Sun more than 20 years later . Many support organisations were set up in the wake of the disaster , such as the Hillsborough Justice Campaign , which represents bereaved families , survivors and supporters in their efforts to secure justice . Rivalries Main articles : Merseyside derby and Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry The Merseyside derby at Anfield in 2006 Liverpool 's longest - established rivalry is with fellow Liverpool team Everton , against whom they contest the Merseyside derby . The rivalry stems from Liverpool 's formation and the dispute with Everton officials and the then owners of Anfield . The Merseyside derby is one of the few local derbies which do not enforce fan segregation , and hence has been known as the `` friendly derby '' . Since the mid-1980s , the rivalry has intensified both on and off the field and , since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 , the Merseyside derby has had more players sent off than any other Premier League game . It has been referred to as `` the most ill - disciplined and explosive fixture in the Premier League '' . Liverpool 's rivalry with Manchester United stems from the cities ' competition in the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century . The two clubs alternated as champions between 1964 and 1967 , and Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup in 1968 , followed by Liverpool 's four European Cup victories . Despite the 38 league titles and eight European Cups between them the two rivals have rarely been successful at the same time -- Liverpool 's run of titles in the 1970s and 1980s coincided with Manchester United 's 26 - year title drought , and United 's success in the Premier League - era has likewise coincided with Liverpool 's ongoing drought , and the two clubs have finished first and second in the league only five times . Nonetheless , former Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson said in 2002 , `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch '' , and the last player to be transferred between the two clubs was Phil Chisnall , who moved to Liverpool from Manchester United in 1964 . Ownership and finances John W. Henry of Fenway Sports Group , the parent company of Liverpool As the owner of Anfield and founder of Liverpool , John Houlding was the club 's first chairman , a position he held from its founding in 1892 until 1904 . John McKenna took over as chairman after Houlding 's departure . McKenna subsequently became President of the Football League . The chairmanship changed hands many times before John Smith , whose father was a shareholder of the club , took up the role in 1973 . He oversaw the most successful period in Liverpool 's history before stepping down in 1990 . His successor was Noel White who became chairman in 1990 . In August 1991 David Moores , whose family had owned the club for more than 50 years became chairman . His uncle John Moores was also a shareholder at Liverpool and was chairman of Everton from 1961 to 1973 . Moores owned 51 percent of the club , and in 2004 expressed his willingness to consider a bid for his shares in Liverpool . Moores eventually sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks on 6 February 2007 . The deal valued the club and its outstanding debts at £ 218.9 million . The pair paid £ 5,000 per share , or £ 174.1 m for the total shareholding and £ 44.8 m to cover the club 's debts . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the fans ' lack of support for them , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . In May 2010 , accounts were released showing the holding company of the club to be £ 350m in debt ( due to leveraged takeover ) with losses of £ 55m , causing auditor KPMG to qualify its audit opinion . The group 's creditors , including the Royal Bank of Scotland , took Gillett and Hicks to court to force them to allow the board to proceed with the sale of the club , the major asset of the holding company . A High Court judge , Mr Justice Floyd , ruled in favour of the creditors and paved the way for the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group ( formerly New England Sports Ventures ) , although Gillett and Hicks still had the option to appeal . Liverpool was sold to Fenway Sports Group on 15 October 2010 for £ 300m . Liverpool has been described as a global brand ; a 2010 report valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £ 141m , an increase of £ 5m on the previous year . Liverpool was given a brand rating of AA ( Very Strong ) . In April 2010 business magazine Forbes ranked Liverpool as the sixth most valuable football team in the world , behind Manchester United , Real Madrid , Arsenal , Barcelona and Bayern Munich ; they valued the club at $822 m ( £ 532m ) , excluding debt . Accountants Deloitte ranked Liverpool eighth in the Deloitte Football Money League , which ranks the world 's football clubs in terms of revenue . Liverpool 's income in the 2009 -- 10 season was € 225.3 m . Liverpool in popular culture Because of its successful history , Liverpool is often featured when football is depicted in British culture and has appeared in a number of media firsts . The club appeared in the first edition of the BBC 's Match of the Day , which screened highlights of its match against Arsenal at Anfield on 22 August 1964 . The first football match to be televised in colour was between Liverpool and West Ham United , broadcast live in March 1967 . Liverpool fans featured in the Pink Floyd song `` Fearless '' , in which they sang excerpts from `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . To mark the club 's appearance in the 1988 FA Cup Final , Liverpool released a song known as the `` Anfield Rap '' , featuring John Barnes and other members of the squad . A documentary drama on the Hillsborough disaster , written by Jimmy McGovern , was screened in 1996 . It featured Christopher Eccleston as Trevor Hicks , whose story is the focus of the script . Hicks , who lost two teenage daughters in the disaster , went on to campaign for safer stadiums and helped to form the Hillsborough Families Support Group . Liverpool featured in the film The 51st State ( also known as Formula 51 ) , in which ex-hitman Felix DeSouza ( Robert Carlyle ) is a keen supporter of the team and the last scene takes place at a match between Liverpool and Manchester United . The club was featured in a children 's television show called Scully ; the plot revolved around a young boy , Francis Scully , who tried to gain a trial match with Liverpool . The show featured prominent Liverpool players of the time such as Kenny Dalglish . Players First - team squad As of 31 January 2018 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player GK Loris Karius DF Nathaniel Clyne DF Virgil van Dijk 5 MF Georginio Wijnaldum 6 DF Dejan Lovren 7 MF James Milner ( vice-captain ) 9 FW Roberto Firmino 11 FW Mohamed Salah 12 DF Joe Gomez 14 MF Jordan Henderson ( captain ) 17 DF Ragnar Klavan 18 DF Alberto Moreno 19 FW Sadio Mané No . Position Player 20 MF Adam Lallana 21 MF Alex Oxlade - Chamberlain 22 GK Simon Mignolet 23 MF Emre Can 26 DF Andrew Robertson 28 FW Danny Ings 29 FW Dominic Solanke 32 DF Joël Matip 34 GK Ádám Bogdán 52 GK Danny Ward 58 MF Ben Woodburn 66 DF Trent Alexander - Arnold Out on loan Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality . No . Position Player 15 FW Daniel Sturridge ( at West Brom for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 16 MF Marko Grujić ( at Cardiff City for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 27 FW Divock Origi ( at Wolfsburg for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 38 DF Jon Flanagan ( at Bolton Wanderers for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 40 MF Ryan Kent ( at Bristol City for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 50 MF Lazar Marković ( at Anderlecht for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 53 MF Ovie Ejaria ( at Sunderland for the 2017 -- 18 season ) No . Position Player 54 MF Sheyi Ojo ( at Fulham for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 56 DF Connor Randall ( at Heart of Midlothian for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 59 MF Harry Wilson ( at Hull City for the 2017 -- 18 season ) 68 MF Pedro Chirivella ( at Willem II for the 2017 -- 18 season ) -- MF Allan ( at Apollon Limassol for the 2017 -- 18 season ) -- FW Taiwo Awoniyi ( at Mouscron for the 2017 -- 18 season ) Reserves and Academy Further information on the academy squads : Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Academy squads Former players Further information : List of Liverpool F.C. players , List of Liverpool F.C. players ( 25 -- 99 appearances ) , List of Liverpool F.C. players ( fewer than 25 appearances ) , and Category : Liverpool F.C. players Player records For player records , see List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics . Club Captains Since the establishment of the club in 1892 , 45 players have been club captain of Liverpool F.C. Andrew Hannah became the first captain of the club after Liverpool separated from Everton and formed its own club . Initially Alex Raisbeck , who was club captain from 1899 to 1909 , was the longest serving captain before being overtaken by Steven Gerrard who served 12 seasons as Liverpool captain starting from the 2003 -- 04 season . The present captain is Jordan Henderson , who replaced Gerrard in the 2015 -- 16 season following Gerrard 's move to LA Galaxy . Name Period Andrew Hannah 1892 -- 1895 Jimmy Ross 1895 -- 1897 John McCartney 1897 -- 1898 Harry Storer 1898 -- 1899 Alex Raisbeck 1899 -- 1909 Arthur Goddard 1909 -- 1912 Ephraim Longworth 1912 -- 1913 Harry Lowe 1913 -- 1915 Donald McKinlay 1919 -- 1920 Ephraim Longworth 1920 -- 1921 Donald McKinlay 1921 -- 1928 Tom Bromilow 1928 -- 1929 James Jackson 1929 -- 1930 Tom Morrison 1930 -- 1931 Tom Bradshaw 1931 -- 1934 Name Period Tom Cooper 1934 -- 1939 Matt Busby 1939 -- 1940 Willie Fagan 1945 -- 1947 Jack Balmer 1947 -- 1950 Phil Taylor 1950 -- 1953 Bill Jones 1953 -- 1954 Laurie Hughes 1954 -- 1955 Billy Liddell 1955 -- 1958 Johnny Wheeler 1958 -- 1959 Ronnie Moran 1959 -- 1960 Dick White 1960 -- 1961 Ron Yeats 1961 -- 1970 Tommy Smith 1970 -- 1973 Emlyn Hughes 1973 -- 1978 Phil Thompson 1978 -- 1981 Name Period Graeme Souness 1982 -- 1984 Phil Neal 1984 -- 1985 Alan Hansen 1985 -- 1988 Ronnie Whelan 1988 -- 1989 Alan Hansen 1989 -- 1990 Ronnie Whelan 1990 -- 1991 Steve Nicol 1990 -- 1991 Mark Wright 1991 -- 1993 Ian Rush 1993 -- 1996 John Barnes 1996 -- 1997 Paul Ince 1997 -- 1999 Jamie Redknapp 1999 -- 2002 Sami Hyypiä 2001 -- 2003 Steven Gerrard 2003 -- 2015 Jordan Henderson 2015 -- Player of the Season Steven Gerrard , four - time winner of the award Luis Suárez , two - time winner of the award Season Name Nationality Position Notes Ref . 2001 -- 02 Hyypiä , Sami Sami Hyypiä Finland 2 ! Defender 2002 -- 03 Murphy , Danny Danny Murphy England 3 ! Midfielder 2003 -- 04 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard England 3 ! Midfielder 2004 -- 05 Carragher , Jamie Jamie Carragher England 2 ! Defender Steven Gerrard was also chosen by the fans as their Player of the Season 2005 -- 06 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) England 3 ! Midfielder Also won PFA Players ' Player of the Year 2006 -- 07 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 3 ) England 3 ! Midfielder 2007 -- 08 Torres , Fernando Fernando Torres Spain 4 ! Forward 2008 -- 09 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard ( 4 ) England 3 ! Midfielder Also won FWA Footballer of the Year 2009 -- 10 Reina , Pepe Pepe Reina Spain 1 ! Goalkeeper 2010 -- 11 Leiva , Lucas Lucas Leiva Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2011 -- 12 Škrtel , Martin Martin Škrtel Slovakia 2 ! Defender 2012 -- 13 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez Uruguay 4 ! Forward 2013 -- 14 Suárez , Luis Luis Suárez ( 2 ) Uruguay 4 ! Forward Also won PFA Players ' Player of the Year , Premier League Player of the Season and FWA Footballer of the Year 2014 -- 15 Coutinho , Philippe Philippe Coutinho Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2015 -- 16 Coutinho , Philippe Philippe Coutinho ( 2 ) Brazil 3 ! Midfielder 2016 -- 17 Mané , Sadio Sadio Mané Senegal 3 ! Forward 2017 -- 18 Salah , Mohamed Mohamed Salah Egypt 3 ! Forward Also won PFA Players ' Player of the Year , PFA Fans ' Player of the Year , Premier League Player of the Season and FWA Footballer of the Year Club officials Owner : Fenway Sports Group Honorary life president : David Moores Ambassadors : Ian Rush , Robbie Fowler , Gary McAllister , Michael Owen Liverpool Football Club and Athletic Grounds Limited Principal owner : John W. Henry Chairman : Tom Werner Vice-chairman : David Ginsberg Chief executive officer : Peter Moore Chief commercial officer : Billy Hogan Chief financial officer : Philip Nash Liverpool Football Club Directors : John W. Henry , Tom Werner , David Ginsberg , Michael Gordon , Michael Egan Non-Executive Director : Kenny Dalglish Operations director : Andrew Parkinson Chief groundsman : Dave McCulloch Stadium manager : Ged Poynton Director of communications : Susan Black Chief media officer : Matthew Baxter Director of scouting : Dave Fallows Chief scout : Barry Hunter Director of technical performance : Michael Edwards Coaching and medical staff See also : List of Liverpool F.C. managers See also : Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Staff Manager : Jürgen Klopp First assistant coach : Željko Buvač Second assistant coach : Peter Krawietz Academy Director : Alex Inglethorpe Under 23s coach : Neil Critchley Under 18s coach : Steven Gerrard Head of fitness and conditioning : Andreas Kornmayer First - team goalkeeping coach : John Achterberg Head of physiotherapy : Team doctor : Andrew Massey Rehab fitness coach : Jordan Milsom Masseurs : Paul Small , Sylvan Richardson Kit management co-ordinators : Lee Radcliffe , Graham Carter Sports science consultant : Barry Drust Consultant nutritionist : Mona Nemmer Strength & rehabilitation assistant : David Rydings Physiotherapists : Matt Konopinski , Ruben Pons , Scott McAuley , Richie Partridge Sports therapist : Pedro Philippou Performance analyst : James French Scouting and recruitment analyst : Kyle Wallbanks Honours Further information : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons For honours won by Reserves and Academy teams , see Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy § Honours . Replicas of the four European Cups Liverpool won from 1977 to 1984 on display in the club 's museum Liverpool 's first trophy was the Lancashire League , which it won in the club 's first season . In 1901 , the club won its first League title , while its first success in the FA Cup was in 1965 . In terms of the number of trophies won , Liverpool 's most successful decade was the 1980s , when the club won six League titles , two FA Cups , four League Cups , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) and two European Cups . The club has accumulated more top - flight wins and points than any other English team . Liverpool also has the highest average league finishing position ( 3.3 ) for the 50 - year period to 2015 and second - highest average league finishing position for the period 1900 -- 1999 after Arsenal , with an average league placing of 8.7 . Liverpool has won the European Cup , UEFA 's premier club competition , five times , an English record and only surpassed by Real Madrid and A.C. Milan . Liverpool 's fifth European Cup win , in 2005 , meant that the club was awarded the trophy permanently and was also awarded a multiple - winner badge . Liverpool also hold the English record of three wins in the UEFA Cup , UEFA 's secondary club competition . Domestic League First Division Winners ( 18 ) : 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 Second Division Winners ( 4 ) : 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1904 -- 05 , 1961 -- 62 Lancashire League Winners ( 1 ) : 1892 -- 93 Cups FA Cup Winners ( 7 ) : 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 Football League Cup Winners ( 8 ) : 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 ( record ) FA Charity / Community Shield Winners ( 15 ) : 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 ( * shared ) Sheriff of London Charity Shield : Winners ( 1 ) : 1906 Football League Super Cup Winners ( 1 ) : 1985 -- 86 Friendly Football League 100th Championship Challenge Winners ( 1 ) : 1999 European European Cup / UEFA Champions League Winners ( 5 ) : 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 UEFA Cup Winners ( 3 ) : 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 European Super Cup / UEFA Super Cup Winners ( 3 ) : 1977 , 2001 , 2005 Doubles and trebles Doubles : League and FA Cup : 1 1985 -- 86 League and League Cup : 2 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 European Double ( League and European Cup ) : 1 1976 -- 77 League and UEFA Cup : 2 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 League Cup and European Cup : 1 1980 -- 81 Trebles League , League Cup and European Cup : 1 1983 -- 84 FA Cup , League Cup and UEFA Cup : 1 2000 -- 01 Especially short competitions , such as the FA Community Shield and the UEFA Super Cup , are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble . English football portal Merseyside portal Association football portal Notes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Doubles won in conjunction with the treble , such as a FA Cup and League Cup double in 2001 , are not included in the Doubles section . Citations Jump up ^ `` Happy birthday LFC ? Not quite yet ... '' Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Liverpool F.C. was born on 3 June 1892 . It was at John Houlding 's house in Anfield Road that he and his closest friends left from Everton FC , formed a new club . Jump up ^ Liverpool . `` New Anfield capacity confirmed as 54,074 '' . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deloitte Football Money League 2018 '' . Deloitte . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Graham 1985 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 / 66 : Stan the man for Dortmund '' . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Pead 1986 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Cox , Russell & Vamplew 2002 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day -- 29 May 1985 : Fans die in Heysel rioting '' . BBC . 29 May 1985 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day -- 15 April 1989 : Soccer fans crushed at Hillsborough '' . BBC . 15 April 1989 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Pithers , Malcolm ( 22 December 1993 ) . `` Hillsborough victim died ' accidentally ' : Coroner says withdrawal of treatment not to blame '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A hard lesson to learn '' . BBC . 15 April 1999 . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Jason ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` The night Football was reborn '' . The Observer . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . p. 227 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier acclaims Euro triumph '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2001 . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Houllier ' satisfactory ' after surgery '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2001 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AC Milan 3 -- 3 Liverpool ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 25 May 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 3 -- 3 West Ham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US pair agree Liverpool takeover '' . BBC Sport. 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 23 May 2007 ) . `` AC Milan 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's top - flight record '' . LFC History . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Benitez leaves Liverpool : club statement '' . The Daily Telegraph . 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool appoint Hodgson '' . Liverpool F.C. 1 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 15 October 2010 ) . `` Liverpool FC finally has a new owner after ' win on penalties ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Hodgson exits and Kenny Dalglish takes over '' . BBC Sport. 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bensch , Bob ; Panja , Tariq ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Liverpool Fires Dalglish After Worst League Finish in 18 Years '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Ingham ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Kenny Dalglish sacked as Liverpool manager '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers to ' fight for his life ' '' . BBC . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Liverpool : Premier League near - miss offers hope for the future '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goals '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 13 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brendan Rodgers : Liverpool boss sacked after Merseyside derby '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Liverpool : Jurgen Klopp confirmed as manager on £ 15m Anfield deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 3 Sevilla '' . BBC . 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical LFC Kits '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ St. John , Ian ( 9 October 2005 ) . `` Shankly : the hero who let me down '' . The Times . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` LFC and Warrior announcement '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` New Balance Challenges Nike And Adidas With Entry into Global Soccer Market '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Crilly 2007 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Dart , James ; Mark Tinklin ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Has a streaker ever scored ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Javier ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Carlsberg and Liverpool might part ways '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool and Standard Chartered announce sponsorship deal '' . Standard Chartered Bank . 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool kit launch sparks anger among Hillsborough families '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Leo . The pocket book of Liverpool . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Pearce , James ( 23 August 2006 ) . `` How Kop tuned into glory days '' . Liverpool Echo . Archived from the original on 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Club Directory '' . Premier League Handbook Season 2010 / 11 ( PDF ) . Premier League . 2010 . p. 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool unveil new stadium '' . BBC Sport. 17 May 2002 . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Hornby , Mike ( 31 July 2004 ) . `` Reds stadium gets go - ahead '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 12 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool get go - ahead on stadium '' . BBC Sport. 8 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's stadium move granted '' . BBC . 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool stadium ' will be built ' '' . BBC Sport. 17 September 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Liverpool to redevelop Anfield instead of building on Stanley Park '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 's new Main Stand boosts Anfield capacity to 54,000 '' . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Tour 2011 '' . Liverpool F.C. 27 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield giants never walk alone '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 11 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ George , Ricky ( 18 March 2008 ) . `` Liverpool fans form a club in their price range '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ McKie , David ( 31 May 1985 ) . `` Thatcher set to demand FA ban on games in Europe '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Heysel disaster '' . BBC . 29 May 2000 . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 : Liverpool fans to stand trial in Belgium '' . BBC . 9 September 1987 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 4 April 2005 ) . `` The witnesses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remembers Heysel '' . BBC . 29 May 2000 . Retrieved 24 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 11 July 2004 ) . `` The city that eclipsed the Sun '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Burrell , Ian ( 8 July 2004 ) . `` An own goal ? Rooney caught in crossfire between ' The Sun ' and an unforgiving city '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsbrough Family Support Group '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Classic : Everton - Liverpool '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 11 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 24 January 2009 ) . `` Liverpool and Everton no longer play the ' friendly derby ' as fans become more vitriolic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 7 February 2010 ) . `` Liverpool 1 Everton 0 : match report '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Michael ( 12 December 2014 ) . `` Man Utd vs. Liverpool is close to a classic rivalry , but lacks major drama '' . ESPN FC . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool VS Manchester United : Red rivalry on England 's north - west '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Richard ( 13 December 2014 ) . `` Manchester United -- Liverpool remains English football 's No. 1 rivalry '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` The greatest challenge of Sir Alex Ferguson 's career is almost over '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ; Scott Murray ( 10 May 2000 ) . `` Knowledge Unlimited '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Liversedge 1991 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Reade 2009 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Narayana , Nagesh ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Factbox Soccer who owns Liverpool Football Club '' . Reuters . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` US business duo at Liverpool helm '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Liverpool braced for takeover bid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool appoint Martin Broughton as chairman to oversee sale of club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Auditors cast doubt on future of Liverpool after losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover to go ahead as owners lose case '' . ESPN . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover completed by US company NESV '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool '' . Forbes . 21 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` Real Madrid top football rich list for sixth year '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` The Hillsborough Tragedy '' . BBC . 16 June 2000 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer Barnes for rap return '' . BBC . 3 March 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hillsborough 's Sad Legacy '' . BBC . 14 April 1999 . Retrieved 23 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 18 October 2002 ) . `` Formula 51 '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Scully '' . BBC . 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` First team '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 29 January 2018 ) . `` Daniel Sturridge completes loan move to West Brom '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` Grujic joins Cardiff on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Divock Origi joins Wolfsburg on season - long loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Jon Flanagan joins Bolton Wanderers on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` Ryan Kent seals Bristol City loan deal '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Lazar Markovic moves to Anderlecht on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Ejaria completes Sunderland loan move '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Sheyi Ojo joins Fulham on season - long loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Connor Randall makes loan move to Hearts '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Harry Wilson signs new deal and joins Hull on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Chirivella joins Willem II on season - long loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Allan joins Apollon Limassol on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Taiwo Awoniyi moves to Royal Excel Mouscron on loan '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captains for Liverpool FC since 1892 '' . Liverpool F.C. 29 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Henderson appointed new Liverpool Captain '' . 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard : LA Galaxy confirm deal for Liverpool captain '' . BBC Sport. 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Paul ( 13 May 2002 ) . `` We speak to YOUR Player of the Season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Paul ( 7 May 2003 ) . `` Murphy named Reds Player of the Season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard delighted with Player of the Year vote '' . Liverpool F.C. 21 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Steve ( 4 May 2005 ) . `` Carra wins . tv player of the season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Paul ( 23 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Official : LFC Player of the Season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard voted fans ' player of the season '' . Liverpool F.C. 26 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Paul ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` Vote result : LFC Player of the Season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` LFC Player of the Season : Steven Gerrard '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jimmy ( 11 May 2010 ) . `` Reina crowned Player of 09 -- 10 '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Lucas scoops 2010 -- 11 award '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Skrtel named LFC Player of Season '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Your player of the season revealed '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Suarez wins another season award '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Phil wins four prizes at Players ' Awards '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quartet of accolades for Philippe Coutinho at LFC Players ' Awards '' . Liverpool FC . Retrieved 12 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Sadio Mane takes top prizes at LFC Players ' Awards '' . Liverpool FC . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Chris ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Mohamed Salah takes top prizes at LFC Players ' Awards '' . Liverpool FC . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Owen becomes LFC international ambassador '' . 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Liverpool Football Club & Athletic Grounds Limited '' . Premier League . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Hogan joins Liverpool FC '' . Liverpool F.C. 24 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LFC appoint Ops Director '' . BBC . 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LFC appoint Ops Director '' . Liverpool F.C. 4 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LFC appoints director of communications '' . Liverpool F.C. 18 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LFC appoint new digital media and TV chief '' . Liverpool F.C. 4 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearce , James ( 2 July 2015 ) . `` Liverpool FC 's transfer committee -- who did what to bring new signings to Anfield '' . Liverpool Echo . Jump up ^ `` Steven Gerrard appointed Liverpool under - 18s manager and makes promise to club 's fans '' . Metro DMG Media . 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly 1988 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Pietarinen , Heikki ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` England -- First Level All - Time Tables 1888 / 89 - 2009 / 10 '' . Rec . Sport . Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lead Manchester United , Arsenal , Everton and Tottenham in Ultimate League '' . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Guy ( 17 December 1999 ) . `` How consistency and caution made Arsenal England 's greatest team of the 20th century '' . The Independent . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Keogh , Frank ( 26 May 2005 ) . `` Why it was the greatest cup final '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games for the 1998 - 1999 season - LFChistory - Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . www.lfchistory.net . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 July 2010 . See also List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics List of Liverpool F.C. players List of Liverpool F.C. seasons List of Liverpool F.C. managers Merseyside derby Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry References Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years with the Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liverpool FC . Wikinews has news related to : Liverpool F.C. Official website Independent websites LFCHistory.net Statistics website Liverpool F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news -- Recent results and fixtures Liverpool at Sky Sports Liverpool at Premier League Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs `` Anfield Rap '' `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. Liverpool The Boot Room Fenway Sports Group Liverpool L.F.C. Respect 4 All Spice Boys Spion Kop Superleague Formula team 1915 British football betting scandal Book Category WikiProject Links to related articles Liverpool F.C. Board Principal Owner John W Henry Chairman Tom Werner Vice-Chairman David Ginsberg Chief executive officer Peter Moore Directors Michael Gordon Philip Nash Jeffrey Vinik President ( Honorary Lifetime ) David Moores Former Directors Martin Broughton George Gillett Tom Hicks Rick Parry Christian Purslow Noel White John Smith Terry Smith Keith Clayton Jules Burns Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Clubs 2018 -- 19 Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Bournemouth Burnley Cardiff City Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon ( defunct ) Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Goal of the Season Playmaker of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Category European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners European Cup 1950s 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid 1960s 1960 -- 61 : Benfica 1961 -- 62 : Benfica 1962 -- 63 : Milan 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid 1966 -- 67 : Celtic 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United 1968 -- 69 : Milan 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord 1970s 1970 -- 71 : Ajax 1971 -- 72 : Ajax 1972 -- 73 : Ajax 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest 1980s 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool 1984 -- 85 : Juventus 1985 -- 86 : Steaua București 1986 -- 87 : Porto 1987 -- 88 : PSV 1988 -- 89 : Milan 1989 -- 90 : Milan 1990s 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona UEFA Champions League 1990s 1992 -- 93 : Marseille 1993 -- 94 : Milan 1994 -- 95 : Ajax 1995 -- 96 : Juventus 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid 2000s 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid 2002 -- 03 : Milan 2003 -- 04 : Porto 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona 2006 -- 07 : Milan 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale 2010s 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid 2017 -- 18 : Real Madrid Finals Winning managers Winning players UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners UEFA Cup 1971 -- 72 : Tottenham Hotspur 1972 -- 73 : Liverpool 1973 -- 74 : Feyenoord 1974 -- 75 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1975 -- 76 : Liverpool 1976 -- 77 : Juventus 1977 -- 78 : PSV 1978 -- 79 : Borussia Mönchengladbach 1979 -- 80 : Eintracht Frankfurt 1980 -- 81 : Ipswich Town 1981 -- 82 : IFK Göteborg 1982 -- 83 : Anderlecht 1983 -- 84 : Tottenham Hotspur 1984 -- 85 : Real Madrid 1985 -- 86 : Real Madrid 1986 -- 87 : IFK Göteborg 1987 -- 88 : Bayer Leverkusen 1988 -- 89 : Napoli 1989 -- 90 : Juventus 1990 -- 91 : Internazionale 1991 -- 92 : Ajax 1992 -- 93 : Juventus 1993 -- 94 : Internazionale 1994 -- 95 : Parma 1995 -- 96 : Bayern Munich 1996 -- 97 : Schalke 04 1997 -- 98 : Internazionale 1998 -- 99 : Parma 1999 -- 2000 : Galatasaray 2000 -- 01 : Liverpool 2001 -- 02 : Feyenoord 2002 -- 03 : Porto 2003 -- 04 : Valencia 2004 -- 05 : CSKA Moscow 2005 -- 06 : Sevilla 2006 -- 07 : Sevilla 2007 -- 08 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2008 -- 09 : Shakhtar Donetsk UEFA Europa League 2009 -- 10 : Atlético Madrid 2010 -- 11 : Porto 2011 -- 12 : Atlético Madrid 2012 -- 13 : Chelsea 2013 -- 14 : Sevilla 2014 -- 15 : Sevilla 2015 -- 16 : Sevilla 2016 -- 17 : Manchester United 2017 -- 18 : Atlético Madrid UEFA Super Cup winners UCL vs. CWC 1973 : Ajax 1975 : Dynamo Kyiv 1976 : Anderlecht 1977 : Liverpool 1978 : Anderlecht 1979 : Nottingham Forest 1980 : Valencia 1982 : Aston Villa 1983 : Aberdeen 1984 : Juventus 1986 : Steaua București 1987 : Porto 1988 : Mechelen 1989 : Milan 1990 : Milan 1991 : Manchester United 1992 : Barcelona 1993 : Parma 1994 : Milan 1995 : Ajax 1996 : Juventus 1997 : Barcelona 1998 : Chelsea 1999 : Lazio UCL vs. UEL 2000 : Galatasaray 2001 : Liverpool 2002 : Real Madrid 2003 : Milan 2004 : Valencia 2005 : Liverpool 2006 : Sevilla 2007 : Milan 2008 : Zenit St. Petersburg 2009 : Barcelona 2010 : Atlético Madrid 2011 : Barcelona 2012 : Atlético Madrid 2013 : Bayern Munich 2014 : Real Madrid 2015 : Barcelona 2016 : Real Madrid 2017 : Real Madrid Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Ajax Barcelona Bayern Munich Borussia Dortmund Internazionale Juventus Liverpool Manchester United Marseille Milan Paris Saint - Germain Porto PSV Eindhoven Real Madrid 2002 -- 2008 Arsenal Bayer Leverkusen Lyon Valencia Fenway Sports Group Based in Boston , Massachusetts , USA Owners John W. Henry Tom Werner Sports teams Boston Red Sox ( MLB ) Liverpool F.C. ( Premier League ) Roush Fenway Racing † ( NASCAR ) ( 50 % ) Salem Red Sox † ( Carolina League ) Sports venues Anfield Fenway Park Sports channels New England Sports Network ( 80 % ) † - These properties are owned by NESV through the Fenway Sports Group subsidiary . All other listed properties are directly owned by NESV . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C.&oldid=843445633 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Football clubs in England 1892 establishments in England Association football clubs established in 1892 EFL Cup winners Lancashire League ( football ) Former Football League clubs FA Cup winners G - 14 clubs Multi-sport clubs in the United Kingdom Premier League clubs UEFA Champions League winning clubs UEFA Cup winning clubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from September 2016 Use British English from September 2012 Football team templates which use short name parameter Articles with hCards Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Acèh አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 粵語 中文 92 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20F.C.
| 4,917 |
who sang do you want to know a secret by the beatles
|
Do You Want to Know a Secret
|
do you want to know a secret
|
`` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' is a song by English rock group the Beatles from the 1963 album Please Please Me , sung by George Harrison . In the United States , it was the first top ten song to feature Harrison as a lead singer , reaching No. 2 on the Billboard chart in 1964 as a single released by Vee - Jay , VJ 587 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Single release 4 Personnel 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Charts 5.2 Certifications 6 The Billy J. Kramer version 6.1 Chart performance 7 Other covers 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' , written in autumn 1962 , was primarily composed by John Lennon but credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The 1963 version by Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas ( a UK no . 2 ) credited the composition to `` McCartney - Lennon '' . The song was inspired by `` I 'm Wishing '' , a tune from Walt Disney 's 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs which Lennon 's mother , Julia Lennon , would sing to him as a child . The first two lines of the song in Disney 's movie ( `` Want to know a secret ? Promise not to tell ? '' ) come right after the opening lyrics ( `` You 'll never know how much I really love you ... You 'll never know how much I really care ... '' ) . McCartney has said it was a `` 50 -- 50 collaboration written to order '' , i.e. , for Harrison to sing , but Lennon , who always claimed the song as his own , explained in a 1980 interview that he had realized as soon as he had finished writing the song that it best suited Harrison . Recording ( edit ) In 1980 , Lennon said that he gave `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' to Harrison to sing because `` it only had three notes and he was n't the best singer in the world '' , but added `` he has improved a lot since then . '' The song was recorded as part of their marathon ten - hour recording session on 11 February 1963 along with nine other songs for Please Please Me . Harrison sang two songs on Please Please Me -- this song by Lennon -- McCartney and `` Chains '' by Goffin / King . `` Do n't Bother Me '' would be Harrison 's debut composition and appeared on the Beatles ' next UK album With The Beatles . Single release ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' was released a year later as a single by Vee - Jay in the United States on 23 March 1964 , reaching the number two spot behind another Beatles song , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' in Billboard , reaching number three on the Cash Box chart , but reaching number one for two weeks in the chart published by the Teletheatre Research Institute . In the U.S. , it was the most successful Beatles song on which Harrison sang lead vocal until `` Something '' peaked at # 1 as part of a double - sided number one hit with `` Come Together '' in 1969 . Personnel ( edit ) George Harrison -- lead vocals , lead guitar John Lennon -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals Paul McCartney -- bass , backing vocals Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion Engineered by Norman Smith Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position German Media Control Singles Chart 34 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone The Billy J. Kramer version ( edit ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' Single by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas from the album Little Children B - side `` I 'll Be on My Way '' ( Lennon -- McCartney ) Released 26 April 1963 Format 45 RPM Recorded 1963 Genre Pop , beat Length 2 : 01 Label Parlophone ( UK ) Imperial ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas singles chronology `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' ( 1963 ) `` Bad to Me '' ( 1963 ) `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' ( 1963 ) `` Bad to Me '' ( 1963 ) The Beatles ' version was never released as a single in the UK , where a cover version by Billy J. Kramer with the Dakotas ( released b / w `` I 'll Be on My Way '' , Parlophone R5023 , 26 April 1963 ) reached number two in the Record Retailer chart , and hit number one in the NME chart ( used by Radio Luxembourg ) and the BBC 's Pick of the Pops chart , which were more widely recognised at the time . It appeared on his album , Little Children . It reached number eight in the Irish Singles Chart . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position United Kingdom ( Record Retailer ) United Kingdom ( NME ) Other covers ( edit ) Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1964 album The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits . The song reached the No. 1 position on Billboard in 1981 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom in a cover version by Stars on 45 as part of a medley . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . The Beatles : All These Years , Volume One -- Tune In . Crown Archetype , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 , pp. 733 - 734 Jump up ^ Distant Melody 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark . The Beatles : All These Years , Volume One -- Tune In . Crown Archetype , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 8305 - 3 , p. 873 Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Do You Want To Know A Secret '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts '' ( Enter `` Beatles '' in the search box ) ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Beatles . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Do You Want To Know a Secret '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Calkin 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History Details : Billy J. Kramer & the Dakotas '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rees , Lazell & Osborne 1995 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Lindsay Planer . `` The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits - The Chipmunks Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . References ( edit ) Calkin , Graham ( 2009 ) . `` Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' . Graham Calkin 's Beatles Pages . Retrieved 30 November 2009 . Rees , Dafydd ; Lazell , Barry ; Osborne , Roger ( 1995 ) . 40 Years of `` NME '' Charts ( 2nd ed . ) . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 0829 - 2 . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) '' . Distant Melody. 2007 . Retrieved 3 January 2007 . Harry , Bill . The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Please Please Me Alan W. Pollack 's Notes on `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' Please Please Me Songs Side one `` I Saw Her Standing There '' `` Misery '' `` Anna ( Go to Him ) '' `` Chains '' `` Boys '' `` Ask Me Why '' `` Please Please Me '' Side two `` Love Me Do '' `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' `` A Taste of Honey '' `` There 's a Place '' `` Twist and Shout '' Outtakes `` Tip of My Tongue '' `` Hold Me Tight '' `` Bésame Mucho '' Related articles The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Want_to_Know_a_Secret&oldid=796951190 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1963 singles 1964 singles The Beatles songs Billy J. Kramer songs Pop ballads Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Vee - Jay Records singles Songs published by Northern Songs 1963 songs Parlophone singles Imperial Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 01 : 50 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20You%20Want%20to%20Know%20a%20Secret
| 20,043 |
||
when does bree find out that george killed rex
|
That 's Good , that 's Bad ( Desperate Housewives )
|
that's good, that's bad ( desperate housewives )
|
`` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' is the 32nd episode of the ABC television series , Desperate Housewives . The episode was the ninth episode for the show 's second season . The episode was written by Kevin Murphy and was directed by Larry Shaw . It originally aired on Sunday , November 27 , 2005 . Due to time constraints , the opening credits were cut .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Series continuity 4 Title reference 5 International titles Plot ( edit ) Bree Van De Kamp has always been the envy of most suburban housewives much due to the fact of her elegant dinner parties . At these treasured events , Bree will always treat her guests as though they were part of her family between the size of food portions , alcohol consumption and the excellent conversations . As she hosts yet another not very different party for an upcoming charity ball , the dinner is interrupted by George singing into a karaoke machine outside . When Bree comes out to tell him to stop , he refuses which causes Bree to sink to drastic measures . She tells her guests who look concerned to return to their seats as Bree takes care of what is going on outside . George continues to sing and Bree pulls out her shotgun and shoots at the speaker . George is immediately stopped by Bree 's action and the guests listen in horror as a gunshot is heard . The following day , Bree is stalked by George who wants to rekindle their engagement . Bree asks him to leave and drives off in her car . While visiting Dr. Goldfine in the hospital , Bree discovers that George may be his attacker . Bree takes no time in calling the police who begin to search George 's home for evidence . When George comes home from the grocery shopping , he is shocked to find a police squad who are searching George 's home . George drops his groceries in horror and calls Bree . Bree refuses to answer causing George to leave a very worrisome message . Bree finally picks up the phone to tell George that she knows that he attacked Dr. Goldfine . George hangs up and runs away hoping the police will not catch him . Later George checks into a hotel where Bree is co-chairing a charity event . George sends a message down with the bell hop informing Bree that he is attempting suicide ( by drug overdose ) and if she really loves him she will come up and save him . Bree calls Detective Barton who tells her that there is evidence that George poisoned and killed Rex . On the way up to George 's room , Bree breaks down in the elevator and pulls the emergency stop button . When she finally calms down , Bree walks to George 's room where she demands answers . She tells George she knows what he did to Dr. Goldfine but poisoning Rex was a true blow . George denies both accusations but says that whatever he does , he does for her . George warns Bree that he is in peril and needs help . Bree assures him that she has called an ambulance ( when in reality she has not ) and quietly waits until George dies . Carlos is a new man after having been paroled , when Gabrielle discovers his letters to a nun , Sister Mary Bernard , who helped push up his parole case . At first Gabrielle thinks it is a nice idea that he has become more faithful but when she gets a look of Carlos 's nun friend she immediately balks claiming she is `` young and hot '' . Carlos assures Gabrielle that their relationship is platonic and that Sister Mary is helping him become a more spiritual person . Gabrielle wants to make sure that Carlos is doing just that when she invites Sister Mary over the following day for lunch . There Sister Mary explains her ministry and how Carlos is becoming more moral and spiritual through their ministry . When Carlos tells Sister that he would like to donate his car to her charity , Gabrielle becomes offended since she will have to share her Aston Martin . Carlos also tells Gabrielle that her shopping privileges will be cut down as well . While Carlos goes to look for the deed to his car , Gabrielle excuses herself from the dining room . Gabrielle manages to stall Carlos by seducing him . The two make love with Sister downstairs . Gabrielle returns downstairs to tell Sister Mary that they had an enjoyable lunch , but Carlos will not be giving up his car and that she should back off . Sister Mary tells Gabrielle that she has no intentions of leaving since Carlos is still prone to violence and crime . Sister Mary advises Gabrielle and Carlos to get an annulment . Gabrielle asks Sister Mary , `` What kind of nun are you ? '' and gives Sister Mary a threat that she will bring her down if she comes between Gabrielle and Carlos . Sister Mary tells her that if she wants to give a threat she will have to do better than that . After an unsuccessful pitch to Nina and Ed , Lynette is forced to go back to the drawing board with her idea . When she forgets something from her office , she quickly returns to find Stu , the receptionist and Nina kissing and having sex . As Nina looks up she sees Lynette spying on her telling her to watch out . The following morning while getting the coffee , Lynette advises Nina that sleeping with the help can get her fired . Nina offers Lynette a variety of options in order for her not to tell Ed . Lynette refuses each of them and asks that she only be nicer when it comes to her work attitude . When Nina fires Stu , Lynette automatically assumes it was because of their consensual affair . Lynette then decides to invite Stu over to her home for tea . Lynette talks about their affair and how Nina can get fired if Ed found out what happened . Stu would also be entitled to money if he takes the case to court . Stu decides that he will definitely talk to Ed the following day . The following day , Lynette walks in to work to find Ed firing several of her co-workers including Nina . Ed tells her that Stu was going to file a sexual harassment lawsuit against the firm if the firm did not settle . As a result of this , a majority of the workers must be fired in order for the accounts to remain stable . Ed likes Lynette and decides to elevate her to Vice President of Accounts . Nina congratulates Lynette but tells her to `` say goodbye to her kids '' since she will probably never see them anymore . Susan meets her father , Addison Prudy who owns a hardware store . Susan decides at first not to tell Addison who she really is since she did not want to shock him . Instead she decides to fill out an application for a job but when he sees that she is overqualified he thinks his wife put her up to this . Susan quickly tells him that she is his daughter and explains to him the situation . Addison leaves for his store room and collapses . Susan quickly calls 911 . At the hospital , Addison explains to Susan that he had given Sophie money years prior and told her to keep their affair private . Addison tells Susan she is going to have to leave since his wife and children are coming and that Susan is not considered part of his family . Susan understands this and does not expect a lot , she just wants a father figure . The two are interrupted by Addison 's wife , Carol who introduces herself and asks who Susan is . Susan explains to Carol that she is Addison 's guardian angel since she was a customer in the store when he collapsed . She gave him CPR and called an ambulance . Carol thanks her for her noble deed . Susan then kisses her father on the cheek and whispers in his ear that she is not giving up . Cast ( edit ) Although credited , Betty Applewhite ( Alfre Woodard ) , Paul Young ( Mark Moses ) , Tom Scavo ( Doug Savant ) , Zach Young ( Cody Kasch ) , Karl Mayer ( Richard Burgi ) , Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) , Andrew Van De Kamp ( Shawn Pyfrom ) , Danielle Van De Kamp ( Joy Lauren ) , Matthew Applewhite ( Mehcad Brooks ) , Caleb Applewhite ( NaShawn Kearse ) , Preston Scavo ( Brent Kinsman ) , Porter Scavo ( Shane Kinsman ) , and Parker Scavo ( Zane Huett ) do not appear in this episode . Series continuity ( edit ) Final episode featuring Roger Bart as George , although Bart would return as George , albeit in a flashback in the season two finale , Remember . What happens to the Applewhites in the next episode , Coming Home , was originally supposed to happen in this episode , but they reshot the scenes featuring Page Kennedy with NaShawn Kearse so they delayed it for the next episode . Title reference ( edit ) The episode title That 's Good , That 's Bad is a song in the Mary Rodgers musical , Hot Spot . Stephen Sondheim is given cowriting credit for this song 's music and lyrics . International titles ( edit ) French : La Nonne , la brune et l'ex - truand ( The Nun , the Brunette and the Ex-Gangster ) German : Die Guten und die Bösen ( The Good Guys and the Bad Guys ) Italian : Il Bene E Il Male ( The Good And The Bad ) Hungarian : A jó , a rossz és a többiek ( The Goods , the Bads and the others ) Polish : To dobre , to złe ( That 's Good , That 's Bad ) ( hide ) Desperate Housewives episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Ah , But Underneath '' `` Pretty Little Picture '' `` Who 's That Woman ? '' `` Come In , Stranger '' `` Running to Stand Still '' `` Anything You Can Do '' `` Guilty '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Come Back to Me '' `` Move On '' `` Every Day a Little Death '' `` Your Fault '' `` Love Is in the Air '' `` Impossible '' `` The Ladies Who Lunch '' `` There Wo n't Be Trumpets '' `` Children Will Listen '' `` Live Alone and Like It '' `` Fear No More '' `` Sunday in the Park with George '' `` Goodbye for Now '' `` One Wonderful Day '' Season 2 `` Next '' `` You Could Drive a Person Crazy '' `` You 'll Never Get Away from Me '' `` My Heart Belongs to Daddy '' `` They Asked Me Why I Believe in You '' `` I Wish I Could Forget You '' `` Color and Light '' `` The Sun Wo n't Set '' `` That 's Good , That 's Bad '' `` Coming Home '' `` One More Kiss '' `` We 're Gonna Be All Right '' `` There 's Something About a War '' `` Silly People '' `` Thank You So Much '' `` There Is No Other Way '' `` Could I Leave You ? '' `` Everybody Says Do n't '' `` Do n't Look at Me '' `` It Was n't Meant to Happen '' `` I Know Things Now '' `` No One Is Alone '' `` Remember '' Season 3 `` Listen to the Rain on the Roof '' `` It Takes Two '' `` A Weekend in the Country '' `` Like It Was '' `` Nice She Ai n't '' `` Sweetheart , I Have to Confess '' `` Bang '' `` Children and Art '' `` Beautiful Girls '' `` The Miracle Song '' `` No Fits , No Fights , No Feuds '' `` Not While I 'm Around '' `` Come Play wiz Me '' `` I Remember That '' `` The Little Things You Do Together '' `` My Husband , the Pig '' `` Dress Big '' `` Liaisons '' `` God , That 's Good '' `` Gossip '' `` Into the Woods '' `` What Would We Do Without You ? '' `` Getting Married Today '' Season 4 `` Now You Know '' `` Smiles of a Summer Night '' `` The Game '' `` If There 's Anything I Ca n't Stand '' `` Art Is n't Easy '' `` Now I Know , Do n't Be Scared '' `` You Ca n't Judge a Book By Its Cover '' `` Distant Past '' `` Something 's Coming '' `` Welcome to Kanagawa '' `` Sunday '' `` In Buddy 's Eyes '' `` Hello , Little Girl '' `` Opening Doors '' `` Mother Said '' `` The Gun Song '' `` Free '' Season 5 `` You 're Gonna Love Tomorrow '' `` We 're So Happy You 're So Happy '' `` Kids Ai n't Like Everybody Else '' `` Back in Business '' `` Mirror , Mirror '' `` There 's Always a Woman '' `` What More Do I Need ? '' `` City on Fire '' `` Me and My Town '' `` A Vision 's Just a Vision '' `` Home Is the Place '' `` Connect ! Connect ! '' `` The Best Thing That Ever Could Have Happened '' `` Mama Spent Money When She Had None '' `` In a World Where the Kings Are Employers '' `` Crime Does n't Pay '' `` The Story of Lucy and Jessie '' `` A Spark . To Pierce the Dark . '' `` Look into Their Eyes and You See What They Know '' `` Rose 's Turn '' `` Bargaining '' `` Marry Me a Little '' `` Everybody Says Do n't '' `` If It 's Only In Your Head '' Season 6 `` Nice Is Different Than Good '' `` Being Alive '' `` Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover '' `` The God - Why - Do n't - You - Love - Me Blues '' `` Everybody Ought to Have a Maid '' `` Do n't Walk on the Grass '' `` Careful the Things You Say '' `` The Coffee Cup '' `` Would I Think of Suicide ? '' `` Boom Crunch '' `` If ... '' `` You Gotta Get a Gimmick '' `` How About a Friendly Shrink ? '' `` The Glamorous Life '' `` Lovely '' `` The Chase '' `` Chromolume No. 7 '' `` My Two Young Men '' `` We All Deserve to Die '' `` Epiphany '' `` A Little Night Music '' `` The Ballad of Booth '' `` I Guess This Is Goodbye '' Season 7 `` Remember Paul ? '' `` You Must Meet My Wife '' `` Truly Content '' `` The Thing That Counts Is What 's Inside '' `` Let Me Entertain You '' `` Excited and Scared '' `` A Humiliating Business '' `` Sorry Grateful '' `` Pleasant Little Kingdom '' `` Down the Block There 's a Riot '' `` Assassins '' `` Where Do I Belong '' `` I 'm Still Here '' `` Flashback '' `` Farewell Letter '' `` Searching '' `` Everything 's Different , Nothing 's Changed '' `` Moments in the Woods '' `` The Lies Ill - Concealed '' `` I 'll Swallow Poison on Sunday '' `` Then I Really Got Scared '' `` And Lots of Security ... '' `` Come on Over for Dinner '' Season 8 `` Secrets That I Never Want to Know '' `` Making the Connection '' `` Watch While I Revise the World '' `` School of Hard Knocks '' `` The Art of Making Art '' `` Witch 's Lament '' `` Always in Control '' `` Suspicion Song '' `` Putting It Together '' `` What 's to Discuss , Old Friend '' `` Who Can Say What 's True ? '' `` What 's the Good of Being Good '' `` Is This What You Call Love ? '' `` Get Out of My Life '' `` She Needs Me '' `` You Take for Granted '' `` Women and Death '' `` Any Moment '' `` With So Little to Be Sure Of '' `` Lost My Power '' `` The People Will Hear '' `` Give Me the Blame '' `` Finishing the Hat '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_Good,_That%27s_Bad_(Desperate_Housewives)&oldid=784758896 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives ( season 2 ) episodes 2005 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2014 All articles lacking sources Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2017 , at 22 : 16 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%2527s%20Good%2C%20That%2527s%20Bad%20%28Desperate%20Housewives%29
| 52,837 |
||
what are the hours for alcohol sales in indiana
|
Alcohol Laws of Indiana
|
alcohol laws of indiana
|
Until 2018 , Indiana was one of nearly a dozen U.S. states to ban all Sunday alcohol sales outside of bars and restaurants . That ban was repealed when Senate Bill 1 was signed by Gov. Eric Holcomb on February 28 , 2018 . Effective March 4 , 2018 , convenience stores , grocers , and liquor stores may sell alcohol from 12 : 00 PM to 8 : 00 PM on Sundays .
|
Effective July 4 , 2010 , beer sold in microbreweries may be sold on Sundays pursuant to Senate Bill 75 . The sales must take place where the brewing is done . However , off - site sales may take place in trade shows and similar back door events . The sales limit is two cases per person , or 576 ounces . In Indiana , alcohol may be sold only to those 21 years of age or older during the hours 7 a.m. to 3 a.m. Establishments that sell beverages by the `` drink '' must have food service for 25 persons at a minimum ( hot soups , hot sandwiches , coffee , milk , and soft drinks ) available at all times . It is unlawful for establishments to provide discounts on alcohol to certain customers or at certain times of day ( e.g. , during `` happy hour '' ) that are not available to everyone . Sale or serving of alcoholic beverages from 3 a.m. Christmas Day until 7 a.m. December 26 was banned until HB 1542 was passed in 2015 . Indiana is not an alcoholic beverage control state . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor in Indiana . See also ( edit ) U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state Alcohol laws of the United States by state Alcohol monopoly Three - tier ( alcohol distribution ) Dry county Category : State alcohol agencies of the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitchell , Dawn ; King , Robert ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Cheers : The curious history of alcohol sales in Indiana '' . Indy Star . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2018/02/28/its-official-you-can-now-buy-alcohol-stores-sunday-indiana/380719002/ Jump up ^ `` Indiana Code Title 7.1 . Alcohol and Tobacco IN CODE § 7.1 - 2 - 5 - 17 FindLaw '' . Findlaw . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ISEP : Rules & Laws '' . IN.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana ban on Christmas Day alcohol sales lifted '' . indystar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Indiana&oldid=855114613 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Indiana law Food and drink in Indiana Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20laws%20of%20Indiana
| 10,204 |
||
what is the overall nuclear fusion reaction in the sun briefly describe the proton-proton chain
|
Proton -- proton chain reaction
|
proton - - proton chain reaction
|
The proton -- proton chain reaction is one of the two ( known ) sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium . It dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller . ( The other reaction is the CNO cycle , a catalytic cycle , which theoretical models suggest is the dominant source of energy in stars more massive than about 1.3 times the mass of the Sun . )
|
In general , proton -- proton fusion can occur only if the kinetic energy ( i.e. temperature ) of the protons is high enough to overcome their mutual electrostatic or Coulomb repulsion . In the Sun , deuterium - producing events are rare . Diprotons are the much more common result of proton - proton reactions within the star , and diprotons almost immediately decay back into two protons . Since the conversion of hydrogen to helium is slow , the complete conversion of the hydrogen in the core of the Sun is calculated to take more than 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( ten billion ) years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the theory 2 The proton - proton chain reaction 2.1 The P-P I branch 2.2 The P-P II branch 2.3 The P-P III branch 2.4 The P-P IV ( Hep ) branch 2.5 Energy release 3 The PEP reaction 4 See also 5 References History of the theory ( edit ) The theory that proton -- proton reactions are the basic principle by which the Sun and other stars burn was advocated by Arthur Eddington in the 1920s . At the time , the temperature of the Sun was considered to be too low to overcome the Coulomb barrier . After the development of quantum mechanics , it was discovered that tunneling of the wavefunctions of the protons through the repulsive barrier allows for fusion at a lower temperature than the classical prediction . Even so , it was unclear how proton -- proton fusion might proceed , because the most obvious product , helium - 2 ( diproton ) , is unstable and almost instantly dissociates back into two protons . In 1939 , Hans Bethe proposed that one of the protons could decay by beta emission into a neutron via the weak interaction during the brief moment of fusion , making deuterium a vital product in the chain . This idea was part of the body of work in stellar nucleosynthesis for which Bethe won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 . The proton - proton chain reaction ( edit ) The first step involves the fusion of two 1 nuclei ( protons ) into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . It is a two - stage process ; first , two protons fuse to form a diproton : 1 + → 2He followed by the beta - plus decay of the diproton to deuterium : 2 2He → + e + + ν with the overall formula : 1 + → + e + + ν + 6986672914124540000 ♠ 0.42 MeV This first step is extremely slow because the positron emission of the diproton to deuterium is extremely rare ( the vast majority of the time , the diproton decays back into hydrogen - 1 through proton emission ) . This is because the emission of the positron is brought about by the weak nuclear force , which is immensely weaker than the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force . The half - life of a proton in the core of the Sun before it is involved in a successful proton - proton fusion is estimated to be about one billion years , even at the extreme pressures and temperatures found there . The positron emitted by the decay by beta emission usually annihilates immediately with an electron . Their mass - energies plus their kinetic energy is carried off by two gamma rays ( photons ) with the mass - energy of 511 keV ( thousand electron - volts ) apiece . e − + e + → 2 γ + 6987163422001674000 ♠ 1.02 MeV After it is formed , the deuterium produced in the first stage can fuse with another proton to produce the light isotope of helium , 3 He : + → 2He + γ + 6987879594891363000 ♠ 5.49 MeV This process , mediated by the strong nuclear force rather than the weak force , is extremely fast by comparison to the first step . It is estimated that , under the conditions in the Sun 's core , each newly created deuterium nucleus exists for only about four seconds before it is converted to He - 3 . From here there are four possible paths to generate 4 He . In p-p I , helium - 4 is produced by fusing two helium - 3 nuclei ; the p-p II and p-p III branches fuse 3 He with pre-existing 4 He to form beryllium - 7 , which undergoes further reactions to produce two helium - 4 nuclei . In the Sun , the helium - 3 produced in these reactions exists for only about 400 years before it is converted into helium - 4 . In the Sun , 4 He synthesis via branch p-p I occurs with a frequency of 83.30 percent , p-p II with 16.68 percent , and p-p III with 0.02 percent . There is also the extremely rare p-p IV branch . Other even - rarer reactions may occur . The rate of these reactions is very low due to very small cross-sections , or because the number of reacting particles is so low that any reactions that might happen are statistically insignificant . This is partly why no mass - 5 or mass - 8 elements are seen . While the reactions that would produce them , such as a proton + helium - 4 producing lithium - 5 , or two helium - 4 nuclei coming together to form beryllium - 8 , may actually happen , these elements are not detected because there are no stable isotopes of atomic masses 5 or 8 ; the resulting products immediately decay into their initial reactants . The overall reaction is : 4p → 4 He + 2e + 2ν The P-P I branch ( edit ) 2He + 2He → 2He + 2 1 + 6988206039896228199 ♠ 12.86 MeV The complete p-p I chain reaction releases a net energy of 6988428293818504840 ♠ 26.732 MeV . Two percent of this energy is lost to the neutrinos that are produced . The p-p I branch is dominant at temperatures of 10 to 7007140000000000000 ♠ 14 MK . Below 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 MK , the P-P chain does not produce much 4 He . The p-p II branch ( edit ) Proton -- proton II chain reaction See also : lithium burning 2He + 2He → 7 4Be + γ 7 4Be + e − → 7 3Li + ν + 6987137947395530700 ♠ 0.861 MeV / 6986613633594520999 ♠ 0.383 MeV 7 3Li + → 2 4 2He The P-P II branch is dominant at temperatures of 14 to 7007230000000000000 ♠ 23 MK . Note that the energies in the equation above are not the energy released by the reaction . Rather , they are the energies of the neutrinos that are produced by the reaction . 90 percent of the neutrinos produced in the reaction of 7 Be to 7 Li carry an energy of 6987137947395530700 ♠ 0.861 MeV , while the remaining 10 percent carry 6986613633594520999 ♠ 0.383 MeV . The difference is whether the lithium - 7 produced is in the ground state or an excited ( metastable ) state , respectively . The p-p III branch ( edit ) Proton -- proton III chain reaction 2He + 2He → 7 4Be + γ 7 4Be + → 8 5B + γ 8 5B → 8 4Be + e + + ν 8 4Be → 2 4 2He The P-P III chain is dominant if the temperature exceeds 7007230000000000000 ♠ 23 MK . The p-p III chain is not a major source of energy in the Sun ( only 0.11 percent ) , but it was very important in the solar neutrino problem because it generates very high energy neutrinos ( up to 6988225266014072200 ♠ 14.06 MeV ) . The p-p IV ( hep ) branch ( edit ) This reaction is predicted theoretically , but it has never been observed due to its rarity ( about 6993300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 ppm in the Sun ) . In this reaction , helium - 3 captures a proton directly to give helium - 4 , with an even higher possible neutrino energy ( up to 18.8 MeV ) . 2He + → 2He + e + + ν + 6988301209179556000 ♠ 18.8 MeV Energy release ( edit ) Comparing the mass of the final helium - 4 atom with the masses of the four protons reveals that 0.7 percent of the mass of the original protons has been lost . This mass has been converted into energy , in the form of gamma rays and neutrinos released during each of the individual reactions . The total energy yield of one whole chain is 6988428261774975100 ♠ 26.73 MeV . Energy released as gamma rays will interact with electrons and protons and heat the interior of the Sun . Also kinetic energy of fusion products ( e.g. of the two protons and the 4 2He from the p-p I reaction ) increases the temperature of plasma in the Sun . This heating supports the Sun and prevents it from collapsing under its own weight . Neutrinos do not interact significantly with matter and therefore do not help support the Sun against gravitational collapse . Their energy is lost : the neutrinos in the p-p I , p-p II , and p-p III chains carry away 2.0 % , 4.0 % , and 28.3 % of the energy in those reactions , respectively . The pep reaction ( edit ) Proton -- proton and electron - capture chain reactions in a star Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep ( proton -- electron -- proton ) reaction ( electron capture ) : 1 + e − + → + ν In the Sun , the frequency ratio of the pep reaction versus the p-p reaction is 1 : 400 . However , the neutrinos released by the pep reaction are far more energetic : while neutrinos produced in the first step of the p-p reaction range in energy up to 6986672914124540000 ♠ 0.42 MeV , the pep reaction produces sharp - energy - line neutrinos of 6987230713414127999 ♠ 1.44 MeV . Detection of solar neutrinos from this reaction were reported by the Borexino collaboration in 2012 . Both the pep and p-p reactions can be seen as two different Feynman representations of the same basic interaction , where the electron passes to the right side of the reaction as an antielectron . This is represented in the figure of proton -- proton and electron - capture chain reactions in a star , available at the NDM'06 web site . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proton - proton chain reaction . Triple - alpha process CNO cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Proton - Proton Chain . Jump up ^ Ishfaq Ahmad , The Nucleus , 1 : 42 , 59 , ( 1971 ) , The Proton type - nuclear fission reaction . Jump up ^ Kenneth S. Krane , Introductory Nuclear Physics , Wiley , 1987 , p. 537 . Jump up ^ Hans A. Bethe , Physical Review 55 : 103 , 434 ( 1939 ) ; cited in Donald D. Clayton , Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis , The University of Chicago Press , 1983 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ This time and the two other times above come from : Byrne , J. Neutrons , Nuclei , and Matter , Dover Publications , Mineola , NY , 2011 , ISBN 0486482383 , p 8 . Jump up ^ Adelberger , Eric G. ; et al. ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Solar fusion cross sections . II . The pp chain and CNO cycles '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 83 ( 1 ) : 201 . arXiv : 1004.2318 . Bibcode : 2011RvMP ... 83 ... 195A . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 83.195 . Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Francis . An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics . Jump up ^ Burbidge , E. ; Burbidge , G. ; Fowler , William ; Hoyle , F. ( 1 October 1957 ) . `` Synthesis of the Elements in Stars '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 650 . Bibcode : 1957RvMP ... 29 ... 547B . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 29.547 . This value excludes the 2 % neutrino energy loss . Jump up ^ Claus E. Rolfs and William S. Rodney , Cauldrons in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press , 1988 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Bellini , G. ; et al. ( 2 February 2012 ) . `` First Evidence of pep Solar Neutrinos by Direct Detection in Borexino '' . Physical Review Letters. 108 ( 5 ) : 051302 . arXiv : 1110.3230 . Bibcode : 2012PhRvL. 108e1302B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 108.051302 . PMID 22400925 . Jump up ^ Int'l Conference on Neutrino and Dark Matter , Thursday 07 Sept 2006 , http://indico.lal.in2p3.fr/getFile.py/access?contribId=s16t1&sessionId=s16&resId=1&materialId=0&confId=a05162 Session 14 . ( hide ) Nuclear processes Radioactive decay Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma radiation Cluster decay Double beta decay Double electron capture Internal conversion Isomeric transition Neutron emission Positron emission Proton emission Spontaneous fission Stellar nucleosynthesis Deuterium fusion Lithium burning pp - chain CNO cycle α process Triple - α C burning Ne burning O burning Si burning R - process S - process P - process Rp - process Other processes Photodisintegration Photofission Capture Electron capture Neutron capture Exchange ( n-p ) reaction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton -- proton_chain_reaction&oldid = 810120982 '' Categories : Proton Nuclear fusion Stellar physics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages using old Template : SimpleNuclide link syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 13 : 09 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%25E2%2580%2593proton%20chain%20reaction
| 88,613 |
||
when did north korea start competing in the winter olympics
|
North Korea ( Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964 , appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year . Eight years later in 1972 , the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games . Since then , the nation has appeared in every Summer Games , except when North Korea joined the Soviet - led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics , and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul , South Korea .
|
1964
|
North Korea at the Olympics
|
north korea at the olympics
|
The Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( commonly known as North Korea ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964 . The National Olympic Committee for North Korea is the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , and was created in 1953 and recognized in 1957 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 List of medalists 3.1 Summer Olympics 3.2 Winter Olympics 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Works cited 6 External links History ( edit ) North Korea ( Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1964 , appearing only in the Winter Olympic Games that year . Eight years later in 1972 , the nation first participated at the Summer Olympic Games . Since then , the nation has appeared in every Summer Games , except when North Korea joined the Soviet - led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics , and when they boycotted the 1988 Games in Seoul , South Korea . North Korea 's attendance at the Winter Games has been sporadic ; eight of the last thirteen Games have included a North Korean team . During the 1998 - 2007 Sunshine Policy era , North Korea and South Korea symbolically marched as one team at the opening ceremonies of the 2000 and 2004 Olympics , but competed separately . In 2010 a team competed at the Winter Olympics in Vancouver . North Korea sent 22 athletes to compete in five sports at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics in South Korea in February 2018 . As in 2000 and 2004 , North and South Korean athletes marched together at the opening ceremonies . A unified women 's ice hockey team included players from both North and South Korea . North Korean athletes also competed in alpine skiing , figure skating , short track speed skating and cross-country skiing . Alongside the 22 athletes , North Korea sent a delegation of 400 supporters to the 2018 games . This delegation , led by North Korea 's ceremonial head of state Kim Yong - nam , included cheerleaders , taekwondo practitioners and an orchestra . North Korean athletes have won a total of 56 medals , two of which were won at the Winter Games . Given its poor economy and small size , North Korea 's performance is relatively successful . However , government funding plays a major role in Korea 's success . Elite athletes often enjoy highly - developed facilities and luxurious lifestyles , compared with their peers . Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1912 -- 1936 as part of Japan ( JPN ) 1948 -- 1968 did not participate 1972 Munich 5 1976 Montreal 0 1980 Moscow 0 5 1984 Los Angeles boycotted 1988 Seoul boycotted 1992 Barcelona 0 5 9 1996 Atlanta 5 2000 Sydney 0 2004 Athens 0 5 2008 Beijing 6 2012 London 0 6 2016 Rio de Janeiro 7 2020 Tokyo future event 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles Total 16 16 22 54 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1928 -- 1936 as part of Japan ( JPN ) 1948 -- 1960 did not participate 1964 Innsbruck 0 0 1968 Grenoble did not participate 1972 Sapporo 0 0 0 0 1976 Innsbruck did not participate 1980 Lake Placid did not participate 1984 Sarajevo 0 0 0 0 1988 Calgary 0 0 0 0 1992 Albertville 0 0 1994 Lillehammer did not participate 1998 Nagano 0 0 0 0 2002 Salt Lake City did not participate 2006 Turin 0 0 0 0 2010 Vancouver 0 0 0 0 2014 Sochi did not participate 2018 Pyeongchang 0 0 0 0 2022 Beijing future event Total 0 Medals by summer sport ( edit ) Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Weightlifting 5 8 17 Wrestling 5 10 Boxing 8 Judo 8 Gymnastics 0 0 Shooting 0 Table tennis 0 Volleyball 0 0 Total 16 16 22 54 Medals by winter sport ( edit ) Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Speed skating 0 0 Short track speed skating 0 0 Total 0 List of medalists ( edit ) Summer Olympics ( edit ) Medal Name Games Sport Event 01 ! Gold Ri Ho - jun 1972 Munich Shooting Mixed 50 metre rifle , prone 02 ! Silver Kim U-gil 1972 Munich Boxing Men 's light flyweight 03 ! Bronze Kim Yong - ik 1972 Munich Judo Men 's 63 kg 03 ! Bronze Ri Chun - ok Kim Myong - suk Kim Zung - bok Kang Ok - sun Kim Yeun - ja Hwang He - suk Jang Ok - rim Paek Myong - suk Ryom Chun - ja Kim Su - dae Jong Ok - jin 1972 Munich Volleyball Women 's tournament 03 ! Bronze Kim Gwong - hyong 1972 Munich Wrestling Men 's freestyle 52 kg 01 ! Gold Gu Yong - ju 1976 Montreal Boxing Men 's bantamweight 02 ! Silver Ri Byong - uk 1976 Montreal Boxing Men 's light flyweight 02 ! Silver Ho Bong - chol 1980 Moscow Weightlifting Men 's 52 kg 02 ! Silver Jang Se - hong 1980 Moscow Wrestling Men 's freestyle 48 kg 02 ! Silver Li Ho - pyong 1980 Moscow Wrestling Men 's freestyle 57 kg 03 ! Bronze Ri Byong - uk 1980 Moscow Boxing Men 's light flyweight 03 ! Bronze Han Gyong - si 1980 Moscow Weightlifting Men 's 52 kg 01 ! Gold Choi Chol - su 1992 Barcelona Boxing Men 's flyweight 01 ! Gold Pae Gil - su 1992 Barcelona Gymnastics Men 's pommel horse 01 ! Gold Kim Il 1992 Barcelona Wrestling Men 's freestyle 48 kg 01 ! Gold Ri Hak - son 1992 Barcelona Wrestling Men 's freestyle 52 kg 03 ! Bronze Ri Gwang - sik 1992 Barcelona Boxing Men 's bantamweight 03 ! Bronze Ri Pun - hui Yu Sun - bok 1992 Barcelona Table tennis Women 's doubles 03 ! Bronze Ri Pun - hui 1992 Barcelona Table tennis Women 's singles 03 ! Bronze Kim Myong - nam 1992 Barcelona Weightlifting Men 's 75 kg 03 ! Bronze Kim Yong - sik 1992 Barcelona Wrestling Men 's freestyle 57 kg 01 ! Gold Kye Sun - hui 1996 Atlanta Judo Women 's 48 kg 01 ! Gold Kim Il 1996 Atlanta Wrestling Men 's freestyle 48 kg 02 ! Silver Kim Myong - nam 1996 Atlanta Weightlifting Men 's 70 kg 03 ! Bronze Jon Chol - ho 1996 Atlanta Weightlifting Men 's 76 kg 03 ! Bronze Ri Yong - sam 1996 Atlanta Wrestling Men 's freestyle 57 kg 02 ! Silver Ri Song - hui 2000 Sydney Weightlifting Women 's 58 kg 03 ! Bronze Kim Un-chol 2000 Sydney Boxing Men 's light flyweight 03 ! Bronze Kye Sun - hui 2000 Sydney Judo Women 's 52 kg 03 ! Bronze Kang Yong - gyun 2000 Sydney Wrestling Men 's Greco - Roman 54 kg 02 ! Silver Kim Song - guk 2004 Athens Boxing Men 's featherweight 02 ! Silver Kye Sun - hui 2004 Athens Judo Women 's lightweight 02 ! Silver Kim Hyang - mi 2004 Athens Table tennis Women 's singles 02 ! Silver Ri Song - Hui 2004 Athens Weightlifting Women 's 58 kg 03 ! Bronze Kim Jong - su 2004 Athens Shooting Men 's 50 metre pistol 01 ! Gold Hong Un-jong 2008 Beijing Gymnastics Women 's vault 01 ! Gold Pak Hyon - suk 2008 Beijing Weightlifting Women 's 63 kg 02 ! Silver An Kum - ae 2008 Beijing Judo Women 's lightweight 02 ! Silver O Jong - ae 2008 Beijing Weightlifting Women 's 58 kg 03 ! Bronze Pak Chol - min 2008 Beijing Judo Men 's lightweight 03 ! Bronze Won Ok - im 2008 Beijing Judo Women 's lightweight 01 ! Gold Om Yun - chol 2012 London Weightlifting Men 's 56 kg 01 ! Gold An Kum - ae 2012 London Judo Women 's 52 kg 01 ! Gold Kim Un-guk 2012 London Weightlifting Men 's 62 kg 01 ! Gold Rim Jong - sim 2012 London Weightlifting Women 's 69 kg 03 ! Bronze Ryang Chun - hwa 2012 London Weightlifting Women 's 48 kg 03 ! Bronze Yang Kyong - il 2012 London Wrestling Men 's freestyle 55 kg 01 ! Gold Rim Jong - sim 2016 Rio de Janeiro Weightlifting Women 's 75 kg 01 ! Gold Ri Se - gwang 2016 Rio de Janeiro Gymnastics Men 's vault 02 ! Silver Om Yun - chol 2016 Rio de Janeiro Weightlifting Men 's 56 kg 02 ! Silver Choe Hyo - sim 2016 Rio de Janeiro Weightlifting Women 's 63 kg 02 ! Silver Kim Kuk - hyang 2016 Rio de Janeiro Weightlifting Women 's + 75 kg 03 ! Bronze Kim Song - guk 2016 Rio de Janeiro Shooting Men 's 50 m pistol 03 ! Bronze Kim Song - i 2016 Rio de Janeiro Table tennis Women 's singles Winter Olympics ( edit ) Medal Name Games Sport Event 02 ! Silver Han Pil - Hwa 1964 Innsbruck Speed skating Women 's 3000 metres 03 ! Bronze Hwang Ok - Sil 1992 Albertville Short track speed skating Women 's 500 metres See also ( edit ) North Korea portal Olympics portal List of flag bearers for North Korea at the Olympics North Korea at the Paralympics Sport in North Korea Category : Olympic competitors for North Korea References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Adam ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Why the Olympics matter when it comes to North Korea '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ North Korea Handbook 2002 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : North Korea will send 22 athletes to Pyeongchang '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` North Korea at the Winter Olympics : All you need to know '' . BBC News . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Works cited ( edit ) Yonhap News Agency ( 2002 ) . North Korea Handbook . Seoul : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 3523 - 5 . External links ( edit ) `` Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists -- North Korea '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` North Korea '' . Sports-Reference.com . Taylor , Adam ( 10 August 2016 ) . `` The Olympics are tough for all athletes . For North Koreans , they 're worse '' . Washington Post . Nations that have competed at the Olympic Games Nations at the Summer Olympics Nations at the Winter Olympics tropical nations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo DR Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Summer Winter Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Korea ( unified ) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand East Timor Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Summer Winter Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Winter Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Other Independent Olympians Refugee Olympic Team Historical Australasia Bohemia British West Indies Republic of China Czechoslovakia East Germany Mixed teams Netherlands Antilles North Borneo North Yemen Rhodesia Russian Empire Saar Serbia and Montenegro South Yemen Soviet Union Unified Team United Team of Germany West Germany Yugoslavia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea_at_the_Olympics&oldid=833319197 '' Categories : North Korea at the Olympics National sports teams of North Korea Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 54 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Korea%20at%20the%20Olympics
| 5,151 |
when does avengers infinity war come out in japan
|
Avengers : Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $2.046 billion
|
Avengers : Infinity War
|
avengers : infinity war
|
`` Infinity War '' redirects here . For the 1992 comic book storyline , see The Infinity War . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Avengers : Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $2.046 billion Avengers : Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Benedict Cumberbatch , Don Cheadle , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , Danai Gurira , Letitia Wright , Dave Bautista , Zoe Saldana , Josh Brolin , and Chris Pratt . In the film , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all - powerful Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely had signed on to write the script for the film , which drew inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 Infinity comic . In 2016 , Marvel shortened the title to Avengers : Infinity War . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films . The production lasted until July 2017 , shooting back - to - back with an untitled direct sequel . Additional filming took place in Scotland , England , the Downtown Atlanta area , and New York City . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in IMAX and 3D . The film received praise for the performances of the cast ( particularly Brolin 's ) and the emotional weight of the story , as well as the visual effects and action sequences . It was the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide , breaking numerous box office records and becoming the highest - grossing film of 2018 , as well as the fourth - highest - grossing film of all time and in the United States and Canada . The currently untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Having acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar , Thanos and his lieutenants -- Ebony Maw , Cull Obsidian , Proxima Midnight , and Corvus Glaive -- intercept a spaceship carrying the last survivors of Asgard . As they extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract , Thanos subdues Thor , overpowers Hulk , and kills Loki . Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed . Thanos departs with his lieutenants and obliterates the ship . Hulk crash - lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City , reverting to Bruce Banner . He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos ' plan to kill half of all life in the universe ; in response , Strange recruits Tony Stark . Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange , drawing the attention of Peter Parker . Maw captures Strange , but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment . Stark and Parker pursue Maw 's spaceship , Banner contacts Steve Rogers , and Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum . In Edinburgh , Midnight and Glaive ambush Wanda Maximoff and Vision in order to retrieve the Mind Stone in Vision 's forehead . Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , and Sam Wilson rescue them and take shelter with James Rhodes and Banner at the Avengers Compound . Vision offers to sacrifice himself by having Maximoff destroy the Mind Stone to keep Thanos from retrieving it . Rogers suggests they travel to Wakanda , which he believes has the resources to remove the stone without destroying Vision . The Guardians of the Galaxy respond to a distress call from the Asgardian ship and rescue Thor , who surmises Thanos seeks the Reality Stone , which is in the possession of the Collector on Knowhere . Rocket and Groot accompany Thor to Nidavellir , where they and Eitri create a battle - axe capable of killing Thanos . On Knowhere , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , and Mantis find Thanos with the Reality Stone already in his possession . Thanos kidnaps Gamora , his adoptive daughter , who reveals the location of the Soul Stone to save her captive adoptive sister Nebula from torture . Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir , where Red Skull , keeper of the Soul Stone , informs him the stone can only be retrieved by sacrificing someone he loves . Thanos reluctantly kills Gamora , earning the stone . Nebula escapes captivity and asks the remaining Guardians to meet her on Thanos ' destroyed homeworld , Titan . Stark and Parker kill Maw and rescue Strange . Landing on Titan , they meet Quill , Drax , and Mantis . The group forms a plan to remove Thanos ' Infinity Gauntlet after Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures , seeing only one in which Thanos loses . Thanos arrives , justifying his plans as necessary to ensure the survival of a universe threatened by overpopulation . The group subdues him until Nebula deduces that Thanos has killed Gamora . Enraged , Quill attacks him , allowing Thanos to break the group 's hold and overpower them . Stark is seriously wounded by Thanos , but is spared after Strange surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos . In Wakanda , Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos ' army invades . The Avengers , alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces , mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision . Banner , unable to transform into the Hulk , fights in Stark 's Hulkbuster armor . Thor , Rocket , and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers ; Midnight , Obsidian , and Glaive are killed and their army is routed . Thanos arrives and despite Maximoff 's attempt to destroy the Mind Stone , removes it from Vision 's head , killing him . Thor severely wounds Thanos , but Thanos activates the completed Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away . Half of all life across the universe disintegrates , including Barnes , T'Challa , Groot , Maximoff , Wilson , Mantis , Drax , Quill , Strange , and Parker , as well as Maria Hill and Nick Fury ; the latter is able to transmit a signal first . Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner , M'Baku , Okoye , Rhodes , Rocket , Rogers , Romanoff , and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield . Meanwhile , Thanos watches a sunrise on another planet . Cast Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader and benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making . Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark `` senses this greater threat approaching , so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe '' . Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films , with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3 , although this was not reflected in the final film . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the king of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Joe Russo stated that Thor 's storyline picks up after the events of Thor : Ragnarok , which finds him in a `` very profound ... very interesting place '' with `` real emotional motivation '' . At the recommendation of Hemsworth , writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely consulted Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi and screenwriter Eric Pearson to help carry over the comedic and tragic elements of the re-toned Thor from that film . Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker , after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers , and also tries to `` impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is '' . Joe Russo felt the Hulk refusing to appear for much of the film was only partially because he was scared , but also because he realizes that `` Banner only wants Hulk for fighting . I think he 's had enough of saving Banner 's ass . '' Russo added that this was `` really reflective of the journey from Ragnarok ... ( where ) these two characters are constantly in conflict with each other over control . '' Banner 's appearance in the film continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor : Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel , with the difference between Hulk and Banner `` starting to blur a little bit '' . Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five - year - old . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A fugitive superhero and leader of a faction of Avengers . A World War II veteran , he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Joe Russo said after the events of Captain America : Civil War , Rogers struggles with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others . The character embodies the `` spirit '' of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film , and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy , a member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said that Romanoff 's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America : Civil War has been `` a dark time . I would n't say that my character has been particularly hopeful , but I think she 's hardened even more than she probably was before . '' Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange : A former neurosurgeon who , after a car accident that led to a journey of healing , discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions , and became a Master of the Mystic Arts . Markus and McFeely described Strange as `` ( ending ) up being the reasonable adult in the room '' with the `` widest perspective available '' due to the film 's stakes . Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch 's stand - in until the latter completed filming on The Current War . At that point , Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen . Julian `` JayFunk '' Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger - tutting movements . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : A colonel in the U.S. Air Force and Avenger who operates the War Machine armor . Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War , Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again , although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury . Cheadle believed that Rhodes is `` negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team '' . He also explained that Rhodes ' relationship with Stark `` deepened '' from his accident , saying , `` I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way . But again , he 's always had my back in a way that only he could really have . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager and Stark 's protegé who received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. , Ultron , and the Mind Stone . Anthony Russo called Vision `` a living MacGuffin . Obviously , that raises the stakes because Vision 's life is in danger , and his life is in conflict with Thanos ' goals , so something 's got to give . '' Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat , using a specially designed wing pack . Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War . Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : An enhanced assassin and Rogers ' ally and best friend , who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II . Barnes , who formerly went by Winter Soldier , is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda , who helped remove his Hydra programming . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Peter Dinklage as Eitri : King of the Dwarves of Nidavellir , and weaponsmith , based on the Norse mythological dwarf of the same name . Benedict Wong as Wong : One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts , tasked with protecting some of Kamar - Taj 's most valuable relics and books . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family . At the end of each day of filming , Bautista would have to sit in a sauna to remove his makeup . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians , who is an orphan from an alien world and raised by Thanos , seeking redemption for her past crimes . Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora . Vin Diesel as Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid . Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film , in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot , and said the character is `` coming of age , so you 'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after '' . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically - engineered raccoon - based bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Sean Gunn was again the stand - in for Rocket during filming , with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's fiancée and the CEO of Stark Industries . Downey felt that `` Pepper remains the heart of the ( Iron Man ) story '' , which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark . Downey continued that `` we wanted to get back to that reality . Not just for them , but let 's really see how that can add to the something - worth - fighting - for of it all . '' Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : One of the Elders of the Universe , who is an obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species of all manner in the galaxy . Josh Brolin as Thanos : An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all six of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality , wanting to `` re-balance the universe '' . Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated , which led to the destruction of his home moon Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again , and also said `` you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of '' the film . McFeely shared this sentiment , describing the film as his `` hero journey '' in addition to being the film 's protagonist , stating , `` Part of that is the things that ( mean ) the most to him . We wanted to show that . It was n't just power ; it was n't just an ideal ; it was people . '' Brolin likened Thanos to `` the Quasimodo of this time '' and the novel Perfume , since Thanos was born deformed and considered a `` freak '' on Titan , while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times , which Brolin felt helped `` to emotionalize the whole thing '' . Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character . Thanos does not wear armor for most of the film , which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones . In addition to voicing for the character , Brolin performed motion capture on set . Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child , and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt described his role in the film as `` a cameo ... you get to be a little more vibrant ; a little more irreverent ; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be '' . Additionally , several other actors reprise their MCU roles : Danai Gurira as Okoye , the head of the Dora Milaje ; Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri ; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross , the U.S. Secretary of State ; Kerry Condon as the voice of Stark 's A.I. F.R.I.D.A.Y. ; Winston Duke as M'Baku , the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe the Jabari ; Florence Kasumba as Ayo , a member of the Dora Milaje ; Jacob Batalon as Parker 's friend Ned ; Isabella Amara as Parker 's classmate Sally ; Tiffany Espensen as Parker 's classmate Cindy ; and Ethan Dizon as Parker 's classmate Tiny . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , the former director and deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D , respectively , in the film 's post-credits scene . Thanos ' henchmen , known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the `` Children of Thanos '' , include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian , Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Ebony Maw , Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight , and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive . The foursome provided voices and motion - capture performances on set for their characters . As Coon was pregnant during filming , she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion - capture , with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing - in and providing the rest on set . Ross Marquand portrays Johann Schmidt / Red Skull , the `` Stonekeeper '' and former Nazi commander of Hydra during World War II . Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving , who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America : The First Avenger . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as Parker 's school bus driver , while screenwriter Stephen McFeely cameos as Secretary Ross 's aide . Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , voices an Asgardian distress caller in an uncredited cameo . David Cross was invited to make a cameo appearance as Tobias Fünke , his character from the sitcom Arrested Development , which the Russo brothers had previously worked on ; this was prevented by a scheduling conflict , but Fünke still appears in the film as a specimen in the Collector 's collection , played by an uncredited extra . Jon Favreau was to reprise his role as Happy Hogan , but his scene did not make the theatrical cut of the film . Production Main article : Production of Avengers : Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part sequel to Avengers : Age of Ultron , titled Avengers : Infinity War . Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with Part 2 scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers : Infinity War , with back - to - back filming expected to begin in 2016 . The same month , Kevin Feige said that the Infinity War films would be two distinct films `` because they ( have ) such shared elements , it felt appropriate ... to ( subtitle the films ) like that . But I would n't call it one story that 's cut in half . I would say it 's going to be two distinct movies . '' By May 2015 , Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film , which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 `` The Infinity Gauntlet '' comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 `` Infinity '' comic . Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films , with Thanos `` on a smash - and - grab ( to acquire the Infinity Stones ) , and everybody 's trying to catch up the whole movie '' . In May 2016 , the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films , to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two , with Joe stating , `` The intention is we will change ( the titles ) , we just have n't come up with ( them ) yet . '' That July , Marvel revealed the film 's title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Principal photography began on January 23 , 2017 , under the working title Mary Lou , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with Trent Opaloch as director of photography . Infinity War , along with its sequel , were shot using IMAX / Arri 2D cameras , thus marking the first time that a Hollywood feature film was shot entirely with IMAX digital cameras . In early February , Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the film . Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017 . The filming occurred in Edinburgh , Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands , with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld . Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham , England in early May 2017 . In late June 2017 , filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta , as well as Atlanta 's Central Park in early July , before moving to Queens , New York in the middle of the month . Filming concluded on July 14 , 2017 . For the film 's final scene , where Thanos emerges healed in a nipa hut , the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions , a studio based in Thailand , to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao , Philippines . Later in July 2017 , Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot `` in the next few months '' . In early March 2018 , Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27 , 2018 , to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets . Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic , Framestore , Method Studios , Weta Digital , Double Negative , Cinesite , Digital Domain , Rise , Lola VFX , and Perception . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Music Main article : Avengers : Infinity War ( soundtrack ) In June 2016 , Alan Silvestri , who composed the score for The Avengers , was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel . Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 , and concluded in late March . Silvestri felt working on the film `` was a really different experience than anything I 'd done before , especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone '' . Ludwig Göransson 's theme from Black Panther is also used in the film . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27 , 2018 , with a release on physical formats following on May 18 . Two versions were released , a regular and deluxe edition , with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks . Release Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 , screening also at the adjacent El Capitan Theatre and Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . It was released in most countries worldwide , including the United States , on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 , and was shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens . In the United States , the film opened in 4,474 theaters , 408 of which were IMAX ; this was the widest release for a Disney title ever and the second - widest ever after Despicable Me 3 's 4,529 theaters . Three of AMC Theatres ' locations screened the film for 24 hours straight , with 53 of their locations having showtimes at either 2 am or 3 am to accommodate demand . In India , the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film , opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages . The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries . It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 in the United States . The Chinese release of the film , which opened on May 11 , 2018 , was originally scheduled to end on June 10 , 2018 , but was granted a `` rare '' extension of 30 days , to end on July 9 , 2018 . Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film 's press tour in early April , ahead of the film 's Los Angeles premiere . The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked . Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was `` highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters '' . Ahead of the United States release , AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando , Florida aired an eleven - MCU film marathon beginning on April 25 , leading to a screening of Infinity War . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles also had a similar marathon ahead of the film 's release . Marketing From left to right : Kevin Feige , Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In May 2017 , Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization . A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit . A life - sized statue of Thanos , created by Legacy Effects , was on display at D23 Expo 2017 , alongside statues of the Black Order / `` Children of Thanos '' : Corvus Glaive , Proxima Midnight , Ebony Maw , and Cull Obsidian . Additionally , Feige , Joe Russo , Downey , Brolin , Bettany , Olsen , Klementieff , Gillan , Bautista , Cheadle , Mackie , Cumberbatch , Stan , Holland , Boseman , Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films , along with footage from Infinity War . The footage , which was screened exclusively for the panel , received strong audience reaction , with fans `` literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played '' . Julia Alexander of Polygon commented , `` to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement , but that 's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon . Seeing Spider - Man in the same movie as Iron Man , Thor , Star - Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to -- and the one we 've always wanted to see . For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen ... it was impossible to not feel emotional . '' CinemaBlend 's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him `` literally shaking '' , with the film looking `` like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created '' , concluding `` the hype ( for the film ) most definitely feels very , very real '' . Haleigh Foutch for Collider said , `` It looks dark and dramatic , and utterly epic . It 's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here ... to pay off a decade 's worth of narrative and world - building . While it 's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage , it certainly looks like that gamble paid off . '' The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International . Due to the two convention presentations , Avengers : Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the third-most during that time period behind Thor : Ragnarok and Justice League , according to comScore and its PreAct service . Infinity War stayed in third the following week , with over 41,000 new social media conversations , behind Ragnarok and It . By the week of October 16 , Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations . To promote the release of the film 's first trailer , Marvel released `` a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers '' since Iron Man , `` paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers '' . The first trailer for Avengers : Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29 , 2017 . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The trailer promises , in many ways , exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect ... '' but `` the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully , deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch , from one set of Avengers to a newer group . '' Scott Mendelson writing , for Forbes , noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year , it was `` damn impressive . Moreover , it uses Nick Fury 's big ' Avengers Initiative ' speech , along with Alan Silvestri 's Avengers theme , to excellent effect . '' Conversely to Mendelson , Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes , feeling the `` two could n't be more different '' . She noted how the convention footage ( `` meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation '' ) was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok , and `` ( i ) t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up ( Infinity War ) '' because `` Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor : Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's success to excite fans , and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself . '' Conversely , the trailer ( `` designed to explain what 's about to happen , teasing it out with additional background '' ) heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda , which Alexander said could not have been done earlier , without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context . Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube , but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331 . The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours , becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period , surpassing the record of It . In January 2018 , Marvel Comics published a two - issue prequel comic titled Avengers : Infinity War Prelude , which serves as a bridge between Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Infinity War . A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII . The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl , according to comScore and United Talent Agency ; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook . On February 27 , 2018 , Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel : The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3 . The week - long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness . If their collective posts reached 1 million likes , Marvel said they would make a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children 's Foundation . Additionally , Disney planned to donate 10 % of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make - A-Wish Foundation , up to $50,000 . Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight . A second trailer was released on March 16 , 2018 , which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having `` special - effects - heavy villains , or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline '' , but felt the trailer made her realize `` that I 'm actually looking forward to seeing ( the characters of the MCU ) get to know each other '' . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for character interactions , noting the trailer `` suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies '' . He continued , `` It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover - style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this , like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention . But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space , so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos . '' The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours , the third-most viewed trailer in that time period , behind the first trailer for the film and It , while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 128 million views ) . A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies '' , and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU '' . Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca - Cola , Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service , the Infiniti QX50 ( which is also featured in the film ) , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , Yoplait , Synchrony Bank , American Airlines , and Stand Up to Cancer . The partners created television commercials `` inspired by or featuring the film 's characters and themes '' , interactive digital initiatives , and robust in - store presences at numerous retailers . Duracell , Unilever , Quaker Oats Company , Chevron , and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets . Coca - Cola , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film , with Synchrony implementing a `` Save Like a Hero '' campaign , and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth . In the United Kingdom , OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones . Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million , the largest for any Marvel film , with Coca - Cola contributing an estimated $40 million . Home media Avengers : Infinity War was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31 , 2018 , and is scheduled to be released on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on August 14 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The digital release also features a roundtable discussion between MCU directors the Russos , Jon Favreau , Joss Whedon , James Gunn , Ryan Coogler , Peyton Reed , and Taika Waititi . Reception Box Office Main article : List of box office records set by Avengers : Infinity War As of August 12 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War has grossed $678.4 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.367 billion in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2.046 billion . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing MCU film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . Its worldwide opening weekend of $640.5 million is the biggest of all time , beating The Fate of the Furious ' $541.9 million . It crossed the $1 billion threshold at the worldwide box office in 11 days , becoming the fastest film to reach the milestone , eclipsing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' record of 12 days . Also in its second weekend , Infinity War passed $13.5 million from 4DX screens , which was the all - time record for the format . On June 12 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War passed the $2 billion mark at the worldwide box office , becoming the fourth film to cross that milestone after Avatar , Titanic , and The Force Awakens . Crossing the mark in 48 days was the second fastest to that point , after Avatar 's 47 - day record . With $140 million worldwide from IMAX , the film is the third - largest worldwide in the format , behind Avatar and The Force Awakens , and the largest gross for a Marvel film . In May 2018 , two weeks after its release , Deadline Hollywood deduced the film had already broken even , and estimated its net profit would be around $600 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Pre-sale ticket records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018 . Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24 - hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours , surpassing the record from Black Panther . Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month . Within 72 hours , the film generated the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres . AMC noted that Infinity War 's advance ticket sales were 257.6 % ahead of Black Panther 's , 751.5 % ahead of Captain America : Civil War , and 1,106.5 % ahead of Avengers : Age of Ultron during the same time frame . Two weeks before its release , Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe , and had become the company 's top April release . It was also on pace to become the top superhero film , with Fandango 's Erik Davis noting , `` Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it 's pacing to break records , the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie . '' A week before the film released , The Wall Street Journal noted the film had sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets , behind only Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , with Fandango reporting that more than 2,500 showtimes had sold out . On Atom Tickets , Infinity War had the most pre-sale volume , selling 7 % higher than The Last Jedi and 250 % higher than Black Panther at the same point in their sales . Atom also reported that ticket sales for Infinity War were doubling daily the week of its release , the fastest rate of increase the service has seen for any MCU title . United States and Canada Avengers : Infinity War earned $106.7 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $39 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $258.2 million . The Thursday night preview earning was the best for an MCU film ( beating Avengers : Age of Ultron 's $27.6 million ) and the fourth - best of all time , behind The Force Awakens ( $57 million ) , The Last Jedi ( $45 million ) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . Fandango reported that $14 million of the $39 million came from ticket pre-sales from the company . The opening day gross was the second - best ever , behind The Force Awakens ' $119.1 million , its Saturday gross of $83 million was the best - ever Saturday gross , beating Jurassic World 's $69.6 million , and its Sunday gross of $69.2 million was the best - ever , beating The Force Awakens ' $60.5 million . The total weekend gross became highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , beating The Force Awakens ' $248 million . IMAX contributed $22.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best opening for a Marvel film in the format and the third - biggest opening , behind The Force Awakens ( $30 million ) and The Last Jedi ( $24.7 million ) . AMC reported that the film had the highest Friday and Saturday box office gross for a single title in the company 's history , while Fandango reported that approximately $84 million worth of tickets were sold through the service , approximately 30 % , which was the largest share of the weekend box office for any film in the company 's history . Avengers : Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend , which was the highest grossing Monday in April , beating Furious 7 ( $14 million ) , and the second - best Monday gross for an MCU film , after Black Panther ( $40.1 million ) . The next day , it earned $23.5 million , which was the highest grossing Tuesday for an MCU film , beating Black Panther ( $20.8 million ) , and the highest grossing Tuesday in May , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) . It also tied The Force Awakens for the fastest to reach $300 million at five days . The film remained number one in its second weekend , earning $115.5 million , which was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) . Infinity War also surpassed $400 million in the weekend , doing so in nine days , becoming the second fastest film to reach that mark , again after The Force Awakens 's eight days . In its third weekend , Infinity War remained number one at the box office , and became the second - fastest film to surpass $500 million , doing so in 15 days ( behind The Force Awakens 's 10 days ) . The weekend also saw its total domestic IMAX gross become $48.1 million , which was the highest for any MCU film . The film 's fourth weekend saw it come in second , behind Deadpool 2 , and in its fifth it finished third behind Solo : A Star Wars Story and Deadpool 2 . By May 23 , Infinity War surpassed $600 million , becoming the second - fastest film to do so in 26 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . It remained in the top ten through its ninth weekend . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , and the second highest - grossing superhero film . The film is projected to gross $650 -- 675 million for its total final domestic gross . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $382.7 million from 52 markets , opening number one in all , and became the number two opening internationally , behind The Fate of the Furious ( $444.2 million ) . IMAX contributed $18.5 million , which was the best opening outside of the US , Canada , and China , surpassing The Force Awakens ( $17.5 million ) . All - time opening weekend records were set in South Korea ( $39.2 million ) , Mexico ( $25.4 million ) , Brazil ( $19.1 million ) , India ( for a Western release , $18.6 million ) , the Philippines ( $12.5 million ) , Thailand ( $10 million ) , Indonesia ( $9.6 million ) , Malaysia , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Central America , Peru , Chile , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa , with many also setting opening day records . Australia opened with $6.7 million , which was the second biggest opening day of all time , behind The Force Awakens ; it went on to have the second - highest opening weekend ever , with $23.2 million . France 's opening day gross of $3.9 million was the highest ever for the month of April and the largest ever for an MCU film , while the same amount in Italy was the third - highest opening day and biggest superhero and Disney opening ever . France went on to earn $17.7 million , the biggest superhero opening in the market . Denmark , Finland , Norway , Portugal , and Sweden had the best opening for a superhero film . The United Kingdom earned $8.9 million , which was the biggest MCU opening day and third highest opening day for a Disney film ; it would go on to earn $41.4 million for the weekend , which was the third - highest of all time and the second - highest Disney opening . The United Kingdom also had the highest grossing Saturday ever . Argentina had the second highest opening day of all time , while Germany had the best superhero film opening day of all time , ultimately earning $14.7 million , which was the best superhero opening ever . Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Hungary , the Middle East , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine also broke superhero film records . Japan had the second - biggest opening for an MCU film with $9 million . Avengers : Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend . The $4.9 million opening day in Russia was the biggest of all time . Infinity War was also the first film in Russia to sell more than 1 million tickets in a single day , and went on to gross $17.6 million in the market , a new opening weekend record . IMAX contributed $2.2 million in the market , which was also an opening weekend record . In its third weekend , the film remained number one in a majority of its markets . Infinity War opened in China to $200 million ( RMB 1.266 billion ) , which was the second highest opening weekend in local currency behind The Fate of the Furious ( $184 million and RMB 1.352 million ) . IMAX contributed $20.5 million , which was the third - largest opening in China . Infinity War also broke China 's pre-sale record of 400 million yuan ( $63 million ) . In India , Infinity War became the first Hollywood film to earn over ₹ 2 billion net ( $29.7 million ) , and also became the highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom . In its sixth weekend , the film became the highest grossing MCU film in Japan with $33 million . The film became the highest grossing release ever in Brazil , Indonesia , the Philippines , Central America , Bolivia , Venezuela , Latin America as a region , Mexico , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Malaysia , Singapore , India ( for a Western release ) , Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand ( for a Western release ) , and Mongolia , the second - highest in the Asia - Pacific region ( for a Western release ) , Hong Kong , and South Korea ( for a Western release ) and the third - highest in China ( for a Western release ) . It is also the highest - grossing superhero film in Belgium , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , the Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom . As of June 17 , 2018 , the film 's top markets are China ( $373.4 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $95.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $92.8 million ) . The film is the third highest - grossing film of all time in territories outside the United States and Canada . Critical response Josh Brolin 's performance as Thanos was praised by many critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating based on 338 reviews , and an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Avengers : Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet , and the result is a thrilling , emotionally resonant blockbuster that ( mostly ) realizes its gargantuan ambitions . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87 % overall positive score and a 68 % `` definite recommend '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the writers ' and directors ' ability to balance the large cast of characters , saying , `` ... writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely and directors Anthony and Joe Russo , under the supervision of Marvel Films maestro Kevin Feige , acknowledge the traffic jam of egos and play it for laughs '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety concurred , stating , `` Infinity War is a brashly entertaining jamboree , structured to show off each hero or heroine and give them just enough to do , and to update their mythologies without making it all feel like homework . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film is `` too much of a good thing '' and wrote , `` The Russo brothers have clearly never learned the concept that less is more . They 've used the premise of an Avengers reunion to put on a fireworks explosion of action and laughs that wo n't quit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called it Marvel 's `` biggest and most ambitious movie yet '' , but concluded `` it 's certainly not the best . However , there 's plenty of action , humor and heart -- and some genuinely effective dramatic moments . '' Roeper went on to praise the film 's cast and Josh Brolin in particular , whom he called `` the film 's most interesting performance '' . Gleiberman called Brolin 's motion capture performance `` supremely effective '' and said , `` Brolin infuses Thanos with his slit - eyed manipulative glower , so that the evil in this movie never feels less than personal . '' McCarthy wrote , `` Brolin 's calm , considered reading of the character bestows this conquering beast with an unexpectedly resonant emotional dimension , making him much more than a thick stick figure of a supervillain . '' McCarthy also praised the film 's action sequences , saying `` Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences , even if the question of who 's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could - Mighty - Mouse - beat - up - Superman ? quality . '' Gleiberman called the scale of the action , `` astonishing '' , and Travers wrote , `` Avengers : Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air , feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time , aching for a closure that never comes ... at least not yet . '' Josh Spiegel , also of The Hollywood Reporter , said the film takes `` a cue from the ending of The Empire Strikes Back in its super-sized finale ; this is the equivalent of Han Solo frozen in the carbonite , on steroids . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times criticized the film 's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` Considered on its own , as a single , nearly 2 - hour - 40 - minute movie , Avengers : Infinity War makes very little sense '' , but conceded that it `` was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation '' . Richard Brody of The New Yorker agreed , stating , `` The insubstantiality of the film is n't due to the infinite yet flimsy malleability of C.G.I. gimmickry but , instead , to the dispersion of its drama throughout the many cinematic installations set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time said , `` ( It ) is n't really a beginning , but more of a middle or an end with a new piece of yarn attached . You need to have seen and internalized every one of the previous 18 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies to fully get it . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` brisk , propulsive , occasionally rousing and borderline - gutsy continuation of a saga that finally and sensibly seems to be drawing to a close '' , but called its ultimate bid for catharsis `` unsuccessful '' , saying , `` Not even the threat of universal annihilation , it seems , will keep this assembly line from chugging ahead with its signature polished , mechanized efficiency . '' Scott also criticized the action sequences , calling them `` tedious and predictable '' and writing , `` The noisy , bloated spectacles of combat were surely the most expensive parts of the movie , but the money seems less like an imaginative tool than a substitute for genuine imagination . '' Likewise , Zacharek said , `` There 's no pacing in Avengers : Infinity War . It 's all sensation and no pulse . Everything is big , all of the time . '' Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Teaser `` Balance '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Original Score `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Movie Avengers : Infinity War Nominated Best Villain Josh Brolin Nominated Best Fight Scarlett Johansson , Danai Gurira , Elizabeth Olsen vs. Carrie Coon Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Avengers : Infinity War Won Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Nominated Robert Downey Jr . Won Tom Holland Nominated Choice Action Movie Actress Elizabeth Olsen Nominated Scarlett Johansson Won Zoe Saldana Nominated Choice Movie Villian Josh Brolin Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pratt and Zoe Saldana Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Mark Ruffalo Nominated Sequel Main article : Untitled Avengers film An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , with the Russos returning to direct , and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay . Notes Jump up ^ Identified off - screen to be a message to Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel . References Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War : ' The Russo Brothers on Action , Tone , and Movies That Influenced the MCU Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Marches Toward $600 M Profit ; How The Russo Brothers Mapped Out The Marvel Hit '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sylt , Christian ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Reveals Financial Muscle Of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Officially Lands Biggest Box Office Opening of All Time '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hornshaw , Phil ; Owen , Phil ; Lincoln , Ross A. ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` How Will ' Captain Marvel ' Play into That Wild ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ending ? '' . TheWrap.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Downey Jr . To Return As Marvel 's Iron Man '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Behold Iron Man 's new armor in Avengers : Infinity War -- Robert Downey Jr. says he 'll need it '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Hemsworth Reveals the 3 Marvel Movies Left on His Contract '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm Star - Lord And Thor in Avengers : Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers ' Writers Tweaked ' Infinity War ' for James Gunn '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Avengers : Infinity War as new heroes unite -- and others will end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Watch : All Of Your Marvel Phase 3 Questions Answered By Marvel Head Kevin Feige '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Ruffalo Promises Epic Arc For Hulk Across Thor 3 and Infinity War '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Allison ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo on The Avengers Coming to Wakanda '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Real Reason Why Hulk Wo n't Fight In Avengers : Infinity War , According To The Russo Brothers '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Apparently Mark Ruffalo And Kevin Feige Have Planned A Special Trilogy for the Hulk '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russo , Joe ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in store for Captain America now ? '' . Quora . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TNF Preview , WR / CB Matchups , DFS Outlook '' . ESPN Fantasy Focus Football ( Podcast ) . ESPN . October 12 , 2017 . Event occurs at 1 : 19 : 40 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . via Gerber , Sean ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Russo : Steve Rogers is n't Nomad in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Marvel Studios News . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Halle Berry , Jamie Dornan , Chris Evans , Gael García Bernal , Samuel L. Jackson , Scarlett Johansson , Dakota Johnson , Kate Mckinnon , Shirley Maclaine , Hailee Steinfeld Will Be Presenters on Oscars ® Stage '' . Academy Awards . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War -- Black Panther Actor Starts Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Avengers : Infinity War as new heroes unite -- and others will end -- page 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , George ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch 's Doctor Strange CONFIRMED for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Daily Express . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` How ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Writers Crafted Its Ambitious Ending '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` This Cumberbatch body - double is basically a Cumber - twin '' . Page Six ( New York Daily News ) . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Benedict Cumberbatch Arrives on Avengers : Infinity War Set '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers , Guardians of the Galaxy assemble at D23 to celebrate Marvel , tease Infinity War '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter . `` Don Cheadle Talks ' Avengers : Infinity War ' and Rhodey 's Reluctance to Suit Up as War Machine ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donn , Emily ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Black Panther Director Explains T'Challa's Powers '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers 3 ' Gets Official Title With Temp Name Hung On ' Avengers 4 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Frank ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Anthony Mackie Says FALCON Wo n't Die '' . Screen Geek . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Actor Sebastian Stan to Star in Thriller ' We Have Always Lived in the Castle ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Babbage , Rachel ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` Loki to appear in Thor : Ragnarok and both parts of Avengers : Infinity War '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Peter Dinklage Is Definitely in Avengers : Infinity War , But Who 's He Playing ? '' . io9 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joana ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War -- A Guide to all the Cameos and Surprising Bit Parts '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Benedict Wong Confirmed For Avengers Infinity War '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War adds Mantis from Guardians of the Galaxy 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Pauline ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bautista , Dave ( @ DaveBautista ) ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Welp ! ! ! That makes 3 of us ! And I start filming tomorrow ! 😱 # MarvelShroudofSecrecy 😖 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Getting Drax 's Makeup Off Is A Huge Chore , According To Tom Holland '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Gamora Confirmed for Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Faces a Crisis of Imagination '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Vin Diesel : Groot & Hulk Must ' Get Down ' in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gerrad ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` James Gunn explains Groot 's age difference in Guardians 2 vs. Infinity War footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` Terry Notary on going ape in ' The Square ' and playing teen Groot in ' Avengers ' ; plus , an exclusive clip '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Sean ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Gunn Shares from the Avengers : Infinity War Set '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gunn , James ( @ jamesgunn ) ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` He 's not a stand - in . He 's motion reference . We use Sean 's acting and expressions for Rocket . And yes he 's doing that '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War ' : Gwyneth Paltrow Lets Some Pepper Potts Spoilers Slip '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Collector Confirmed For ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Announced For 2018 -- 19 in Two Parts '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Synopsis Released '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Behind the scenes of Avengers : Infinity War as new heroes unite -- and others will end -- page 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Infinity War : Thanos Wants To ' Rebalance The Universe ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Thanos Is the ' Main Character ' in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Says Kevin Feige '' . Collider . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Josh Brolin says there is heart within the murderous Thanos of Avengers : Infinity War '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Brolin on Playing Thanos and Referencing ' The Godfather ' in ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph Jammer ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos Or Cable : Which Does Josh Brolin Prefer Playing ? '' . Latino Review Media . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Director Explains Thanos ' More ' Casual , ' ' Spiritual ' Costume '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Jenna ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Josh Brolin on Playing Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Superhero Hype ! . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniell , Mark ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' It 's going to be messy ' : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' stars promise crying in the theatre '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's Danai Gurira Starring In ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Adds Another Black Panther Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` The biggest cameos and surprise appearances in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beresford , Jack ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` 8 incredible Irish connections to Avengers : Infinity War '' . The Irish Post . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tom ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Breakdown : Everything We Spotted in the First Trailer '' . Gizmodo UK . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco , Eric ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Star Wants Ned to Become a Villain '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Isabella Amara Talks About Her Casting in Spider - Man : Homecoming & Confirms Avengers : Infinity War Appearance '' . Black Film . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liberty University Graduate Earns Credit on Marvel 's Latest ' Avengers ' Film '' . Markets Insider. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dizon , Ethan ( @ Ethan_Dizon ) ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` It has begun ... So happy to be a part of # AvengersInfinityWar as @ SpiderManMovie 's friend , Tiny . Watch the new trailer today ! Thank you @ MarvelStudios for the incredible opportunity . # chess # SpiderManHomecoming # MarvelStudios '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War : That End Credits Scene , Explained '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Luke Y. ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Children of Thanos ( Black Order ) Were Just Unveiled at D23 '' . Nerdist Industries . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Skull Island ' : Kong Motion - Capture Actor on Sequel Plans and Seeking Andy Serkis ' Blessing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huwav ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Fargo 's Carrie Coon to play crucial Avengers : Infinity War villain '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Berry ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Vaughan - Lawlor confirms role in Avengers : Infinity War '' . DublinLive . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pante , Corey ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` This ' Infinity War ' Villain Is So Much More Than Thanos ' Henchman '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Esienberg , Eric ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` We Know Who Is Playing Corvus Glaive in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Coon Joins ' Avengers : Infinity War ' as Villain '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Carrie Coon did n't know Avengers : Infinity War would have so much to do with The Leftovers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burgos , Danielle ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos ' Female Villain In ' Infinity War ' Has A Complex History -- And An Emmy - Nominated Actor in Her Shoes '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War spoiler talk : Let 's explore the surprise keeper of the Soul Stone '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Hidden ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Cameo You Missed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deen , Sarah ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Thor director Kenneth Branagh had a secret cameo in Avengers : Infinity War '' . Metro . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Russo Brothers Tried to Get David Cross for That ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Easter Egg '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Blu - Ray Will Feature The Return of Happy Hogan , Gag Reel and More '' . SyFy Wire . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel Announces Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Inhumans , Avengers : Infinity War Films , Cap & Thor 3 Subtitles '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's The Avengers Head into an Infinity War '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Joe & Anthony Russo to Direct 2 - Part Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Russo Brothers to Direct ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Parts 1 and 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alex ; Horowitz , Josh ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Movie Future : Here 's Everything You Need To Know Through ... Phase 4 ? '' . MTV . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Mark ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely to Write Marvel 's 2 - Part ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Reveal Marvel Comic Influences on ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Russo Brothers Confirm : ' Avengers : Infinity War 1 And 2 ' Will Be Retitled '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Surprise : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Wo n't Be Split Into 2 Movies '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War And Sequel Set To Begin Filming Monday '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Working Title Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange IMAX Preview Teases a Marvel Cinematic Multiverse '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Directors on Landing Spider - Man , ' Infinity War ' Shooting Schedule '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Avengers : Infinity War ' to be Shot Entirely With Imax / Arri 2D Camera '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donohoe , Graeme ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` New £ 400m Marvel blockbuster Avengers : Infinity War to be shot in Glasgow and Edinburgh '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beers , Roy ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel - lous new film hit for Cumbernauld '' . Cumbernauld News . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Love , Nicola ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers in Edinburgh : Why Scotland is n't just filming location for Marvel blockbuster -- it 's a plot point '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connor , Rachel ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Durham Cathedral transformed for filming of Marvel 's Avenger : Infinity War '' . The Northern Echo . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Returns to NYC ... Sort Of '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Charles ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` More ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Set Pics Show Doctor Strange and Scott Lang Coming Together '' . MCU Exchange . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 -- via Just Jared . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Is Filming In Queens Next Week '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War has wrapped filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , that ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Scene is in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . April 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collider Videos ( July 24 , 2017 ) . Avengers : Infinity War Will Be the Longest MCU Movie Yet , Says Director Joe Russo . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 28 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War release date moves up a week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Release Date Moves Up One Week to April '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Russel ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic expands with move to Holborn '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man -- Homecoming : Dominik Zimmerle -- VFX Supervisor -- Trixter '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' and ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Visual Effects Houses Method and Iloura Join Forces '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War '' . Art of VFX . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War is the second most expensive film ever made '' . The Daily Telegraph . April 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers Composer Alan Silvestri To Return For Infinity War '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Alan Silvestri Receives Icon Honor at BMI Film , TV and Visual Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Composer Had Tough Time With One Scene in Particular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. April 26 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Celebrates Lack of Egos at ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show on Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' All - Time Opening Record Even Higher With $258 M+ Domestic , $640 M+ WW -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War expected to release in 2000 screens in India , unprecedented for any Hollywood film '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Secures Rare China Release Extension As It Nears $2 B WW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Ask Fans Not to Spoil ' Infinity War ' ; Say the True Plot Is a Secret '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AMC Theaters Will Host 12 - Film Marvel Marathon Ahead of ' Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` RDJ Offers Avengers : Infinity War Set Visit '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Thanos Fully Revealed in D23 Expo Photo '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' -- Blockbuster First Trailer Brings D23 to Its Feet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's first trailer proves the Marvel we 've dreamt of for a decade is real '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Avengers : Infinity War Debuts Footage At D23 , And We Are Still Shaking '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` We Saw the First ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Footage and It Is Nuts '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Bonnie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : ' Black Panther , ' ' Infinity War ' blew us away at the Marvel panel '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Tops Social Media Buzz for Second Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Teases ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer With 10 - Year Retrospective '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Explosive First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Begins a Sad Goodbye for Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Teases An Epic MCU Finale '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer is different from earlier SDCC footage -- and much better '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer explodes with action '' . CNET . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Captain America 's ' Infinity War ' Beard Was Most Popular Part of Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Prelude Comic Reveals Updated Logo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Markus , Tucker Chet ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Universe Unites For Children 's Charities '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer assembles Marvel 's mightiest heroes '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer reminds me why I like Marvel movies '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Most Exciting Promise of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Nabs Third - Biggest Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Burj Khalifa starts countdown for ' Avengers : Infinity War ' release '' . Khaleej Times . April 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` This Week in Marvel Games : Thanos Descends Upon Marvel Games With ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers : Infinity War crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos Is Getting a Book ( Corrected ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Will Be Marvel 's Biggest Promo Campaign Yet '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Blu - ray , 4K , and Digital - HD Details Confirmed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soars to $2 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crosses $1 B in Record Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $2 Billion Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $68 M Overseas Bow ; What Clipped The Falcon 's Wings ? -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $200 M China Bow To Cross $1 B Overseas ; # 5 WW Release Ever On $1.6 B+ -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Breaks a Pre-Sales Record in Just Six Hours '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Shatters Black Panther 's Advance Ticket Sales Record '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Beating ' Black Panther ' to Set New Presales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' on Track for Heroic Opening '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Posts April Monday Record With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ties ' Force Awakens ' As Fastest Title To $300 M , Will Make Another $100 M+ This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Nabs 2nd - Best Tuesday For R - Rated Pic ; ' Infinity War ' 2nd - Fastest To $600 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ocean 's 8 ' Steals Franchise Record With $41.5 M Opening -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's Record Global Bow Rockets To $641 M ; Overseas Open Lifts To $383 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $179 M In 3 Days Overseas ; Record Global Bow In Sight '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Actuals : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Snaps Domestic ( $257.7 M ) & Global ( $640.4 M ) Opening Records In Historic Debut '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Lights Up $900 M+ At Global Box Office On Way To $1 B Speed Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ZX , ZX ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' pockets 800 mln yuan on 2nd day in China '' . Xinhua News Agency . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhowal , Tiasa ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Box Office Collection Day 12 -- First Hollywood Film To Make Over 200 Crore In India '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Rockets To China 's 3rd Biggest Opening Day ; Swings Past ' Jungle Book ' As India 's Top Hollywood Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Scruffy With $115 M Overseas To Date ; ' Deadpool 2 ' Retakes # 1 & Nears $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews : It 's Both Amazing and Exhausting '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Review : All - Star Marvel Team - Up Is Superhero Pile - Up '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' unites Stark and Star - Lord in a massive Marvel mashup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Avengers : Infinity War ' May Feel Unsatisfying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : It 's Marvel 's Universe . We Just Live in It '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Reviewed : The Latest Marvel Movie Is a Two - and - a-Half - Hour Ad for All the Previous Marvel Movies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Checks All the Boxes . That 's Exactly What 's Wrong With It '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : a rousing Marvel mash - up , or a truly epic tease ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Infinity War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avengers : Infinity War . Official website Avengers : Infinity War on IMDb Avengers : Infinity War at AllMovie Avengers : Infinity War Films directed by Anthony and Joe Russo Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) You , Me and Dupree ( 2006 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Avengers Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Initial members Ant - Man Captain America Hulk Iron Man Thor Wasp Antagonists Organizations A.I.M. Black Order Chitauri Circus of Crime Enclave H.A.M.M.E.R. Hydra Kree Legion of the Unliving Lethal Legion Maggia Masters of Evil Secret Empire Sinister Six Skeleton Crew Skrulls Sons of the Serpent Squadron Sinister Squadron Supreme U-Foes Wrecking Crew Zodiac Individuals Ares Baron Von Strucker Baron Zemo Heinrich Zemo Helmut Zemo Blood Brothers Collector Count Nefaria Crossbones Doctor Doom Enchantress Galactus Grandmaster Graviton Grim Reaper Immortus Hood Kang Korvac Leader Loki Magneto Mandarin MODOK Norman Osborn Ronan the Accuser Red Skull Space Phantom Super-Adaptoid Super-Skrull Taskmaster Thanos Ultron Whirlwind Headquarters Avengers Mansion Avengers Tower Equipment Avengers Quinjet Variations A-Force A-Next Agents of Atlas Avengers A.I. Avengers Academy Dark Avengers Force Works Great Lakes Avengers Mighty Avengers New Avengers Members Secret Avengers Ultimates Members Uncanny Avengers U.S. Avengers West Coast Avengers Members Young Avengers In other media TV The Avengers : United They Stand The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Avengers Assemble Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers Film Marvel Animated Features Marvel 's The Avengers accolades soundtrack Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Avengers : Age of Ultron soundtrack Avengers : Infinity War soundtrack production box office records Untitled Avengers film production Video games Avengers in Galactic Storm Captain America and The Avengers Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes Marvel : Avengers Alliance Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth Lego Marvel 's Avengers Marvel Avengers Academy Related articles List of Avengers titles Justice League Category Book Screenplays by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely The Life and Death of Peter Sellers ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Untitled Avengers film ( 2019 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Ant - Man and the Wasp Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics Franchises Ant - Man Ant - Man Ant - Man and the Wasp Avengers The Avengers Avengers : Age of Ultron Avengers : Infinity War Untitled Avengers film production Blade Blade Blade II Blade : Trinity Captain America Captain America ( serial ) Captain America ( 1990 ) Captain America : The First Avenger Captain America : The Winter Soldier Captain America : Civil War Daredevil Daredevil Elektra Deadpool Deadpool Deadpool 2 Fantastic Four The Fantastic Four ( 1994 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) Ghost Rider Ghost Rider Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Hulk Hulk The Incredible Hulk Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man 3 Punisher The Punisher ( 1989 ) The Punisher ( 2004 ) Punisher : War Zone Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Spider - Man : Far From Home Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Spider - Man in film Films The Amazing Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1977 ) Spider - Man Strikes Back ( 1978 ) Spider - Man : The Dragon 's Challenge ( 1981 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 1978 ) Spider - Man Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Accolades The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Far From Home ( 2019 ) Animated Spider - Man : Into the Spider - Verse ( 2018 ) Soundtracks Music from and Inspired by Spider - Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Songs `` Hero '' `` What We 're All About '' Spider - Man theme song `` Vindicated '' `` We Are '' `` Meant to Live '' `` Web of Night '' `` Najane Kyun '' `` Signal Fire '' `` It 's On Again '' Video games Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 Spider - Man : Friend or Foe The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Spider - Man pinball The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Fan films Spider - Man ( 1969 ) Spider - Man Versus Kraven the Hunter ( 1974 ) Viva Spider - Man ( 1989 ) The Green Goblin 's Last Stand ( 1992 ) Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story ( 2015 ) Miscellaneous Venom ( film ) Spider - Man : The New Animated Series The Spectacular Spider - Man Lego Spider - Man List of Spider - Man films cast members Book Category Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avengers:_Infinity_War&oldid=854752146 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s heist films 2010s superhero films 2018 3D films Alien invasions in films American heist films American science fantasy films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Apocalyptic films Avengers ( film series ) Crossover films Filicide in fiction Films about extraterrestrial life Films directed by Anthony and Joe Russo Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 2018 Films set in a fictional African country Films set in Edinburgh Films set in New York ( state ) Films set in New York City Films set on fictional planets Films set in Wakanda Films shot at Pinewood Atlanta Studios Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in County Durham Films shot in Edinburgh Films shot in Glasgow Films shot in Highland ( council area ) Films shot in New York City Films shot in the Philippines Films using computer - generated imagery Genocide in fiction IMAX films Intergalactic travel in fiction Marvel Cinematic Universe films Films about mass murder Nanotechnology in fiction Motion capture in film Purges murder in fiction Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Sequel films Titan ( moon ) in film Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description Use mdy dates from April 2018 Use list - defined references from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers%3A%20Infinity%20War
| 6,038 |
||
what were the social problems hidden during pax romana
|
Pax Romana
|
pax romana
|
Pax Romana ( Latin for the `` ( Peace in Rome ) '' ) was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century . During this time , the Roman empire reached its peak land mass area and its population grew up to 70 million people . Since it was established by Augustus , it is sometimes called Pax Augusta . Its span was approximately 206 years ( 27 BC to AD 180 ) , from the time of Augustus becoming emperor to the death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Analogous peaces 2.1 In fiction 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) Fresco of a relaxed seated woman from Stabiae , 1st century AD The Pax Romana is said to have been a `` miracle '' because prior to it there had never been peace for so many centuries in a given period of history . However , Walter Goffart wrote : `` The volume of the Cambridge Ancient History for the years A.D. 70 -- 192 is called ' The Imperial Peace ' , but peace is not what one finds in its pages '' . Arthur M. Eckstein writes that the period must be seen in contrast to the much more frequent warfare in the Roman Republic in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC . Eckstein also notes that the incipient Pax Romana appeared during the Republic , and that its temporal span varied with geographical region as well : `` Although the standard textbook dates for the Pax Romana , the famous `` Roman Peace '' in the Mediterranean , are 31 BC to AD 250 , the fact is that the Roman Peace was emerging in large regions of the Mediterranean at a much earlier date : Sicily after 210 ( BC ) ; peninsular Italy after 200 ( BC ) ; the Po Valley after 190 ( BC ) ; most of Spain after 133 ( BC ) ; North Africa after 100 ( BC ) ; and for ever longer stretches of time in the Greek East . '' The first known record of the term Pax Romana appears in a writing by Seneca the Younger in 55 AD . The concept was highly influential , and the subject of theories and attempts to copy it in subsequent ages . Arnaldo Momigliano noted that `` Pax Romana is a simple formula for propaganda , but a difficult subject for research . '' In fact , the `` Pax Romana '' was broken by the First Jewish -- Roman War , the Kitos War ( also in Judea , 115 -- 117 ) , the Bar Kokhba Revolt ( also known as the Third Jewish -- Roman War ) , the Roman -- Parthian War of 58 -- 63 , Trajan 's Roman -- Parthian War of 113 , the Dacian Wars , various battles with Germanic tribes , including the Teutoburg Forest , and Boudica 's war in Britain in AD 60 or 61 . The Pax Romana began when Octavian ( Augustus ) defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium on 2 September 31 BC and became the Roman emperor . He became princeps , or first citizen . Lacking a good precedent of successful one - man rule , Augustus created a junta of the greatest military magnates and stood as the front man . By binding together these leading magnates in a coalition , he eliminated the prospect of civil war . The Pax Romana was not immediate , despite the end of the civil wars , because fighting continued in Hispania and in the Alps . Nevertheless , Augustus closed the Gates of Janus ( a ceremony indicating that Rome was at peace ) three times , first in 29 BC and again in 25 BC . The third closure is undocumented , but Inez Scott Ryberg ( 1949 ) and Gaius Stern ( 2006 ) have persuasively dated the third closure to 13 BC with the commissioning of the Ara Pacis . At the time of the Ludi Saeculares in 17 BC the concept of Peace was publicized , and in 13 BC was proclaimed when Augustus and Agrippa jointly returned from pacifying the provinces . The order to construct the Ara Pacis was no doubt part of this announcement . Augustus faced a problem making peace an acceptable mode of life for the Romans , who had been at war with one power or another continuously for 200 years . Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war , but the rare situation which existed when all opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist . Augustus ' challenge was to persuade Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war . Augustus succeeded by means of skillful propaganda . Subsequent emperors followed his lead , sometimes producing lavish ceremonies to close the Gates of Janus , issuing coins with Pax on the reverse , and patronizing literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana . After Augustus died in 14 AD many other Roman emperors ruled during this time . The last five emperors of the Pax Romana were considered the `` Five Good Emperors '' . Analogous peaces ( edit ) See also : List of periods of regional peace The prominence of the concept of the Pax Romana led to historians coining variants of the term to describe other systems of relative peace that have been established , attempted , or argued to have existed . Some variants include : Pax Americana Pax Britannica Pax Europaea Pax Hispanica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Sinica Pax Khazarica Pax Syriana Pax Islamica Pax Sovietica More generically , the concept has been referred to as pax imperia , ( sometimes spelled as pax imperium ) meaning imperial peace , or -- less literally -- hegemonic peace . Raymond Aron notes that imperial peace -- peace achieved through hegemony -- sometimes , but not always -- can become civil peace . As an example , the German Empire 's imperial peace of 1871 ( over its internal components like Saxony ) slowly evolved into the later German state . As a counter-example , the imperial peace of Alexander the Great 's empire dissolved because the Greek city states maintained their political identity and more importantly , embrios of their own armed forces . Aron notes that during the Pax Romana , the Jewish war was a reminder that the overlapping of the imperial institutions over the local ones did not erase them and the overlap was a source of tension and flare - ups . Aron summarizes that , `` In other words , imperial peace becomes civil peace insofar as the memory of the previously independent political units are effaced , insofar as individuals within a pacified zone feel themselves less united to the traditional or local community and more to the conquering state . '' The concept of Pax Romana was highly influential , and attempts to imitate it occurred in the Byzantine Empire , and in the Christian West , where it morphed into the Peace and Truce of God ( pax Dei and treuga Dei ) . A theoretician of the imperial peace during the Middle Ages was Dante Aligheri . Dante 's works on the topic were analyzed at the beginning of the 20th century by William Mitchell Ramsay in the book The Imperial Peace ; An Ideal in European History ( 1913 ) . In fiction ( edit ) Isaac Asimov 's fictional Galactic Empire and Foundation series refer to Pax Trantorica and Pax Imperium . Pax Soprana is the sixth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos . In Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic , Reim 's Peace is the Reim Empire 's version of Pax Romana , established about 200 years prior to the series by Empress Scherazade . Reim is a nation based on the Roman Empire . In Fallout : New Vegas Caesar aims to use his Roman - style army to create a new Pax Romana across the wasteland . First episode of season 4 of Gotham is known as `` Pax Penguina '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pax Romana '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pax Romana '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Walter Goffart ( 1989 ) . Rome 's Fall and After . Hambledon Press . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Eckstein ( 2011 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Conceptualizing Roman Imperial Expansion under the Republic : An Introduction '' . In Nathan Rosenstein and Robert Morstein - Marx . A Companion to the Roman Republic . John Wiley & Sons . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 5720 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1942 ) . `` The Peace of the Ara Pacis '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . 5 : 228 -- 231 . doi : 10.2307 / 750454 . JSTOR 750454 . Jump up ^ Davis , Paul K. ( 1999 ) . 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present : The World 's Major Battles and How They Shaped History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 1 - 5760 - 7075 - 1 . Jump up ^ Augustus states in Res Gestae 13 that he closed the Gates three times , a fact documented by many other historians ( See Gates of Janus ) . Jump up ^ Scott Ryberg , Inez ( 1949 ) . `` The Procession of the Ara Pacis '' . Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome . 19 : 77 , 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 4238621 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Gaius ( 2010 ) ( 2006 ) . Women , children , and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae : A study of Augustus ' vision of a new world order in 13 BCE . ProQuest . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 83411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Ronald Syme had suggested a later date ( but Rome was then at war ) . Jump up ^ Tatah Mentan ( 2010 ) . The State in Africa : An Analysis of Impacts of Historical Trajectories of Global Capitalist Expansion and Domination in the Continent . African Books Collective . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 9956 - 616 - 12 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hyo - Dong Lee ( 2013 ) . Spirit , Qi , and the Multitude : A Comparative Theology for the Democracy of Creation . Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 5501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ross ( 2004 ) . Conrad and Empire . University of Missouri Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1518 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Raymond Aron ( 2003 ) . Peace and War : A Theory of International Relations . Transaction Publishers . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0504 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : David Gress ( 1985 ) . Peace and Survival : West Germany , The Peace Movement & European Security . Hoover Press . pp. 96 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 8093 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ali Parchami ( 2009 ) . Hegemonic Peace and Empire : The Pax Romana , Britannica and Americana . Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 00704 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Brown Scott ( 2002 ) ( 1939 ) . Law , the State , and the International Community . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 178 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The imperial peace ; an ideal in European history '' . Internet Archive . External links ( edit ) United Nations of Roma Victrix History : Pax Romana Pax Romana Discussion group Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction Films Periods of regional and relative peace Contemporary Pax Americana Pax Europaea Pax Praetoriana Pax Sinica Historical Pax Assyriaca Pax Britannica Pax Dei Pax Hispanica Pax Islamica Pax Khazarica Pax Minoica Pax Mongolica Pax Ottomana Pax Praetoriana Pax Romana Pax Sinica Pax Sovietica Pax Sumerica Pax Syriana Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pax_Romana&oldid=809843430 '' Categories : Pax Foreign relations of Ancient Rome History of the Roman Empire 1st century BC in international relations 1st century in international relations 2nd century in international relations Augustus 1st century BC in the Roman Empire 1st century in the Roman Empire 2nd century in the Roman Empire Latin political phrases Ancient international relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 20 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%20Romana
| 39,393 |
||
who played gomer pyle on full metal jacket
|
Vincent D'Onofrio
|
vincent d'onofrio
|
Vincent Philip D'Onofrio ( / dəˈnɒfrioʊ / ; born June 30 , 1959 ) is an American actor , producer , and singer .
|
He is known for his roles as Private Leonard Lawrence ( `` Gomer Pyle '' ) in Stanley Kubrick 's war film Full Metal Jacket ( 1987 ) , Wilson Fisk in the Netflix series Daredevil , Det . Robert Goren in Law & Order : Criminal Intent , Edgar / the Bug in Men in Black ( 1997 ) , and Vic Hoskins in Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Among other honors , D'Onofrio is a Saturn Award winner and an Emmy Award nominee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting and filmmaking 2.2 Music 2.3 Other work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Audio 4.4 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) D'Onofrio was born in the Bensonhurst neighborhood of Brooklyn , New York City . He is of Italian descent , with ancestors from Sicily . His parents , Gennaro ( Gene ) D'Onofrio , an interior designer and theater - production assistant , and Phyllis , a server and restaurant manager , met while Gene was stationed in Hawaii with the U.S. Air Force . In 1956 , they had their first child , Antoinette . She was followed by Elizabeth ( 1957 ) , now an actress and drama coach residing in Fort Myers Beach , Florida , then by Vincent . He was raised in Hawaii and Colorado in his younger years . D'Onofrio's parents divorced when he was young ; his mother later married George Meyer . Thus , D'Onofrio became step - brother to Meyer 's children from a previous marriage ( Meyer 's son , Guy , and daughter , Connie ) . The family moved to the Hialeah , Florida , area . D'Onofrio , a shy boy who spent `` a lot of time in my room , staying in my head , '' later became interested in magic and sleight of hand , tricks he learned from Cuban entertainers who owned a small magic shop . In his teens , he worked backstage in set building and sound production at a number of community theaters run by his father . He graduated from Hialeah - Miami Lakes Senior High School . Career ( edit ) Acting and Filmmaking ( edit ) After graduating from high school , D'Onofrio started to appear in front of the curtain . During an 18 - month stint at the University of Colorado in Boulder , Colorado , he was involved with small , community - theater productions . He later studied method acting at the American Stanislavsky Theater and the Actors Studio , under coaches Sonia Moore and Sharon Chatten , which landed him his first paid role in Off - Broadway 's This Property Is Condemned . He went on to appear in a number of their productions , including Of Mice and Men and Sexual Perversity in Chicago . D'Onofrio continued his career by performing in many New York University student productions while also working as a bouncer at the Hard Rock Cafe , a bodyguard for Robert Plant and Yul Brynner and a deliveryman . In 1984 , he made his Broadway debut as Nick Rizzoli in Open Admissions . In 2012 , D'Onofrio returned to teach at the Lee Strasberg Theater & Film Institute where his daughter is a student . In 1986 , D'Onofrio took on the role often considered the defining moment in his acting career , as Pvt . Leonard Lawrence , an overweight , clumsy Marine recruit in the movie Full Metal Jacket . On a tip from friend Matthew Modine , D'Onofrio was urged to send audition tapes to director Stanley Kubrick , in England . Four tapes later D'Onofrio landed the role . Originally , the character of Pvt. Lawrence had been written as a `` skinny ignorant redneck '' ; however , Kubrick believed the role would have more impact if the character were big and clumsy . D'Onofrio gained 70 lb ( 32 kg ) for the role , bringing his weight to 280 lb ( 130 kg ) . This remains the record for most weight gained by an actor for a movie , surpassing Robert De Niro 's accumulation of 60 lb ( 27 kg ) for the filming of Raging Bull ( 1980 ) . While filming an obstacle course scene for the movie , D'Onofrio injured his left knee , compounded by the excessive weight , which required surgical reconstruction . After filming of Full Metal Jacket was completed , having lost nearly all the weight gained for the movie in just nine months , D'Onofrio went on to play Dawson , the owner of Dawson 's Garage in Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) . D'Onofrio appears in only one scene near the end of the film , but his small role attracted attention because of his sexy physique ( in complete contrast to the overweight character he played in Full Metal Jacket ) and long blond hair ( a wig ) which causes Sara , the film 's youngest character , to mistakenly believe he is the Norse God Thor , the comic - book superhero she idolizes . In 1988 , D'Onofrio was cast in another supporting role in the film Mystic Pizza , playing the fiancé of Lili Taylor 's character . In the movie , which was Julia Roberts ' breakout film , he was billed under his full name `` Vincent Phillip D'Onofrio . '' D'Onofrio continued to play a wide variety of minor or supporting roles , including the father of a saint in Nancy Savoca 's Household Saints ( 1993 ) , director Orson Welles in Tim Burton 's Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , farmer Edgar and the evil `` Bug '' that possesses him from Men in Black ( 1997 ) , Yippie founder Abbie Hoffman in Steal This Movie ! ( 2000 ) , a man who claims to be from the future in Happy Accidents ( 2000 ) , and the serial killer Carl Stargher , opposite Jennifer Lopez 's character in The Cell ( 2000 ) . In 1992 , he appeared in Robert Altman 's The Player , as an aspiring screenwriter whom Tim Robbins ' studio executive character accidentally kills . In 1997 , D'Onofrio made a move to television and received an Emmy nomination for his appearance as John Lange , the doomed victim in the Homicide : Life on the Street episode `` Subway . '' In 1999 , he turned down a role in The Sopranos . D'Onofrio portrayed leftist radical Abbie Hoffman in Steal This Movie in 2000 , also starring Janeane Garofalo as his wife . In 2001 , he took on what became his longest and perhaps best known role as Det . Robert Goren on the NBC / USA Network television show Law & Order : Criminal Intent . In 2003 , it was reported that D'Onofrio and Joe Pantoliano had begun work on a small film titled Little Victories , about a 12 - year - old boy whose perceptions of the world are forever changed when his gangster uncle comes to live with him . According to a television interview with Pantoliano , the film was not completed and went into turnaround because of a failure to raise the funds necessary for production . In November 2005 , D'Onofrio won Best Actor at the Stockholm International Film Festival for his role as Mike Cobb in the independent film Thumbsucker . In 2006 , he appeared in The Break - Up , starring Jennifer Aniston and Vince Vaughn , playing Vaughn 's eccentric brother . He and Vaughn had appeared together in two previous films , The Cell ( 2000 ) , wherein Vaughn played an FBI agent pursuing D'Onofrio's character , and Thumbsucker ( 2005 ) . On March 1 , 2008 , D'Onofrio made a cameo appearance in a presidential election - related sketch in a Saturday Night Live episode as his character Det . Robert Goren . In the sketch , he interrogates Hillary Clinton ( played by Amy Poehler ) . His entrance to and exit from the skit are punctuated by the Law & Order `` dun - DUN '' sound . In 2009 , it was announced that D'Onofrio would be leaving Law & Order : Criminal Intent in the spring of 2010 , with his last appearance occurring in the two - part , Season 9 premiere . He was replaced by Jeff Goldblum , but after a drop in ratings , D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe agreed to return for a 10th ( and final ) season of the show . In the same year , he appeared in the Oscar - winning short The New Tenants . Over the next few years D'Onofrio co-starred in films such as : Staten Island ( 2009 ) , Brooklyn 's Finest ( 2010 ) , Kill the Irishman ( 2011 ) , Crackers ( 2011 ) , American Falls ( 2012 ) , Fire with Fire ( 2012 ) , and Ass Backwards ( 2013 ) . In 2011 , he began work on the Jennifer Lynch 2012 film Chained ( previously titled Rabbit ) in which he portrays Bob , a serial killer who kidnaps a young boy , Rabbit , and makes him his protégé . When he becomes older , Rabbit must decide whether to follow in the footsteps of his captor or plan his escape . The film shot in areas in and around Regina and Moose Jaw in Saskatchewan . On May 1 , 2012 , due to `` explicit violence '' the movie was given an NC - 17 rating by the MPAA , despite an appeal by Jennifer Lynch , and the distributor , with scenes cut to maximize theater exposure and distribution . No stranger to the NC - 17 ratings , Lynch , who responded to the ruling a day later also saw cuts made to her movie Boxing Helena . In July 2012 , a press release from Anchor Bay announced that the movie would be released on Blu - ray and DVD on October 2 , 2012 and would include the deleted scene , involving a throat being cut , which caused the NC - 17 rating . On September 14 , 2011 , it was announced that D'Onofrio would star alongside Ethan Hawke in a new NBC show , Blue Tilt , named after the harmful psychological effects homicide detectives experience after constantly dealing with horrific crimes . D'Onofrio and Hawke had worked together in the films The Newton Boys , Staten Island , Brooklyn 's Finest and Sinister . The hour - long cop drama , in which D'Onofrio would play ' Sonny ' , was to follow the main characters ' attempts to balance their careers with family life . Writer Chris Brancato , fresh from Season 10 of Law and Order : Criminal Intent , was brought on board to pen the episodes . Filming of the pilot episode was set to start in February , 2012 . On March 27 , 2012 , a tweet from Kevin Dunigan , the co-creator and developer of the pilot , revealed that NBC had shelved the project because it did not have enough `` pop to attract viewers . '' In 2013 , D'Onofrio co-starred in the movie Escape Plan , filmed in New Orleans , also starring Sylvester Stallone , Arnold Schwarzenegger , and 50 Cent . D'Onofrio portrayed Lester Clark , deputy director of the Prisons Bureau . On April 30 , 2012 , the short film Crackers , starring D'Onofrio as Gus , won a People 's Choice Award at the Fort Myers Beach Film Festival . The festival , which had been dormant for six years , was rekindled and partly organized by Vincent 's sister , Elizabeth D'Onofrio . Fresh from his role in Jennifer Lynch 's Chained , it was announced on August 11 , 2012 , that D'Onofrio would star in her upcoming film A Fall From Grace . The film tells the story of Detective Michael Tabb , to be played by Tim Roth as he investigates the murders of young girls burned and washing ashore along the Mississippi River . A further upcoming Lynch project , The Monster Next Door , will also star D'Onofrio . Also in November , filming began on the Vidhu Vinod Chopra movie , Broken Horses , which focused on gang warfare around the border between the United States and Mexico . D'Onofrio starred alongside Chris Marquette and Anton Yelchin . Supporting actors included Thomas Jane , Val Kilmer , Hayden Christensen , Ben Foster and Sean Patrick Flanery . D'Onofrio co-starred in the film drama The Judge ( 2014 ) , with Robert Downey , Jr. , Robert Duvall , Billy Bob Thornton , and Jeremy Strong . D'Onofrio played Duvall 's character 's eldest son ( Downey 's character 's older brother ) . D'Onofrio's other projects included a role in Supreme Ruler with Marcia Gay Harden and Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Eric Bogosian 's Mall which he co-wrote with his former Law & Order : Criminal Intent co-star , and Pawn Shop Chronicles , which co-stars Matt Dillon , Brendan Fraser , Elijah Wood , and Thomas Jane ( who previously worked with D'Onofrio in The Velocity of Gary ) . In 2015 , D'Onofrio appeared as Wilson Fisk in the first season of Daredevil . D'Onofrio has also had success behind the camera , producing The Whole Wide World ( 1996 ) , Guy ( 1997 ) ; executive producing The Velocity of Gary ( 1998 ) and Steal This Movie ( 2000 ) . In 2005 he directed and starred in the short film Five Minutes , Mr. Welles ( 2005 ) , which represented a culmination of D'Onofrio's desire to improve on his performance as Welles in Ed Wood , which in spite of D'Onofrio's striking physical resemblance to the actor and director , reportedly left director Tim Burton underwhelmed . Burton decided to procure the services of voiceover artist Maurice LaMarche due to being known for his excellent imitation of Welles ' voice to produce a more dramatically effective rendering of the character 's dialogue . Disappointed with his performance , having been given only two weeks notice to prepare for the role , D'Onofrio wrote , produced , directed , and starred in the short in answer to the critics and himself . The film depicts D'Onofrio as Welles preparing for his role in The Third Man . In 2008 , he returned to directing with the feature - length musical slasher Do n't Go in the Woods ( 2010 ) , written by his friend Joe Vinciguerra , featuring a score by Sam Bisbee , and starring various unknown actors hand - picked by D'Onofrio . It follows an indie rock band who venture into the woods to write new music , only to meet a crazed murderer ( Tim Lajcik ) . The movie , shot in 13 days in the woods behind D'Onofrio's home near Kingston , New York , had a budget of $100,000 and played at numerous festivals throughout 2009 and 2010 . Initially slated for national release in December 2011 , the film opened to limited theaters on January 13 , 2012 and was released on DVD on June 12 , 2012 . He also portrayed Vic Hoskins in the action adventure film Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . He played Jack Horne in Antoine Fuqua 's 2016 remake of The Magnificent Seven . Music ( edit ) On October 27 , 2009 , D'Onofrio made his musical debut , appearing in character as comedic country singer George Geronimo Gerkie at Joe 's Pub in New York City . He appeared as Gerkie again at New York 's Hammerstein Ballroom on December 6 , 2009 , during Matt Pinfield 's Holiday Extravaganza Show and at the premiere of his movie Do n't Go in the Woods at Joe 's Pub on May 28 , 2010 . A fourth concert was held at the pub on July 22 , 2010 with proceeds from the event going to the Utah Meth Cops project . On November 11 , 2011 , while teaching students at the Tribeca Flashpoint Media Arts Academy , D'Onofrio discussed plans for further concerts , and a George Gerkie documentary which is to be filmed by ' Ultrasuede : In Search of Halston ' director , Whitney Smith . In September 2011 , Australian Hip - Hop band , The Funkoars , released an album titled The Quickening , featuring the song `` Being Vincent D'Onofrio '' , homage to D'Onofrio's career , and his work on Law and Order : Criminal Intent . In February 2012 , the band announced their upcoming `` Being Vincent D'Onofrio Tour 2012 '' with artwork featuring D'Onofrio's face in place of the band members ' . In 2014 , D'Onofrio released two songs as part of an avant - garde spoken word project with multi-instrumentalist and composer , Dana Lyn . The first single , `` I 'm a Hamster '' , gathered attention on social media . The full album was made available for purchase in March , 2015 , on the band 's website . Other work ( edit ) Vincent D'Onofrio at a fundraiser in Utah for the Meth Cops Project for which he is the spokesperson In 1998 , D'Onofrio , with his father Gene and sister Elizabeth , founded the RiverRun International Film Festival in Winston - Salem , North Carolina . In 2003 , former film producer and Dean of the School of Filmmaking at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts , Dale Pollock , took over the festival and moved it from Brevard , North Carolina to Winston - Salem . Annually , the festival showcases the best films offered from the independent and international industry as well as those from student filmmakers . In 2008 , alongside his sister , Toni , D'Onofrio began hosting events to raise money for the Utah Meth Cops Project . He served as the project 's spokesperson from 2009 -- 2012 . In the fall of 2011 , D'Onofrio became a member of the Advisory Board for the Woodstock Film Festival , which holds an annual event for independent films . Other members of the board include Griffin Dunne , Ethan Hawke , and Aidan Quinn . In February 2011 , D'Onofrio became a public face of the gun control debate , appearing in an ad by the Citizens Crime Commission of New York City urging a ban on large - capacity ammunition magazines . On August 9 , 2012 , it was announced that D'Onofrio had been chosen to narrate the documentary , Heroes Behind The Badge ( 2012 ) . The film follows four fallen officers and the impact their deaths have had on their families , colleagues , and communities . The proceeds are benefitting a memorial museum being built in Washington , D.C. A longtime supporter of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial , D'Onofrio has been the spokesperson for the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund and Museum since 2010 . A follow up to the documentary , subtitled Sacrifice and Survival , was released in the fall of 2013 . On November 13 , 2012 , D'Onofrio joined the cast of the Off - Broadway production Clive , alongside Brooks Ashmanskas and Zoe Kazan . Produced by Jonathan Marc Sherman and directed by Ethan Hawke , the play , based on Baal by Bertolt Brecht , officially opened at The New Group at Theatre Row on February 7 , 2013 . Personal life ( edit ) Vincent D'Onofrio with wife Carin van der Donk at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City for the premiere of Speed Racer In the early 1990s , D'Onofrio was in a relationship with actress Greta Scacchi , with whom he starred in several films during that period ( including The Player and Fires Within ) . The couple had one daughter ( born 1992 ) . On March 22 , 1997 , D'Onofrio married Dutch model Carin van der Donk , and the couple had a son ( born 1999 ) . The couple split in the early 2000s , but reconciled and had a second son ( born 2008 ) . On November 10 , 2004 , D'Onofrio collapsed on the set of Law & Order : Criminal Intent . He collapsed again at home a few days later , and after further testing was diagnosed with exhaustion . The cause of his exhaustion was explained later as his 14 - hour days filming Criminal Intent , coupled with the filming of his short film Five Minutes , Mr. Welles during the show 's hiatus . During an interview in January 2012 , D'Onofrio discussed his frustration with conflicting reports on his current marital status , including inaccuracies on Internet Movie Database . He has stated that , despite some reports , he is currently married . He and his family reside in a townhouse in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The First Turn - On ! Lobotomy Troma film 1984 It Do n't Pay to Be an Honest Citizen Bennie Full Metal Jacket Pvt . Leonard `` Gomer Pyle '' Lawrence Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor Adventures in Babysitting Dawson Mystic Pizza Bill Montijo 1989 Signs of Life Daryl Monahan 1989 The Blood of Heroes Young Gar Released as `` Salute of the Jugger '' outside the USA 1991 Crooked Hearts Charley 1991 Dying Young Gordon 1991 Fires Within Sam 1991 Naked Tango Cholo 1991 JFK Bill Newman 1992 The Player David Kahane 1992 Salt on Our Skin Gavin 1993 Being Human Priest 1993 Household Saints Joseph Santangelo Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead 1993 Mr. Wonderful Dominic 1994 Ed Wood Orson Welles Voice dubbed by Maurice LaMarche 1994 The Investigator Ephraim McDougall Short film 1994 Imaginary Crimes Mr. Webster 1995 Stuart Saves His Family Donnie 1995 Strange Days Burton Steckler 1995 Hotel Paradise The Naked Stranger The Whole Wide World Robert E. Howard Also producer Golden Space Needle Award for Best Actor Lone Star Film & Television Award for Best Actor 2nd -- National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor The Winner Philip Feeling Minnesota Sam Clayton Good Luck Tony `` Ole '' Olezniak 1997 Boys Life 2 Tony Randozza Segment : `` Nunzio 's Second Cousin '' 1997 Men in Black Edgar Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Science Fiction 1997 Guy Guy Also producer 1998 The Newton Boys Dock Newton 1998 Claire Dolan Elton Garrett 1998 The Velocity of Gary Valentino Also executive producer 1999 Spanish Judges Max 1999 The Thirteenth Floor Jason Whitney / Jerry Ashton 2000 Happy Accidents Sam Deed 2000 Steal This Movie ! Abbie Hoffman Also executive producer 2000 The Cell Carl Rudolph Stargher Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Science Fiction Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Villain Chelsea Walls Frank 2002 Impostor Hathaway 2002 Bark ! Malcolm 2002 The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys Father Casey 2002 The Salton Sea Pooh - Bear 2005 Thumbsucker Mike Cobb Stockholm Film Festival Award for Best Actor 2005 Five Minutes , Mr. Welles Orson Welles Short film ; also writer , director and producer 2006 The Break - Up Dennis Grobowski 2008 The Narrows Vinny Manadoro Nashville Film Festival Award for Best Actor 2008 Cadillac Records Mississippi DJ Uncredited 2009 Ipso facto -- Executive producer 2009 Staten Island Parmie Tarzo 2009 The New Tenants Jan Short film Zaritsas : Russian Women in New York -- Executive producer Do n't Go in the Woods -- Writer and director Brooklyn 's Finest Bobby `` Carlo '' Powers 2011 Kill the Irishman John Nardi 2011 Crackers Gus Short film 2012 Chained Bob Sitges Film Festival Award for Best Actor 2012 American Falls Detective Foster Short film 2012 Fire with Fire David Hagan 2012 Sinister Professor Jonas Uncredited 2013 Ass Backwards Bruce West 2013 Charlie Countryman Bill 2013 Chlorine Roger 2013 Pawn Shop Chronicles Alton 2013 Escape Plan Lester Clark 2014 The Unlicensed Therapist The Unlicensed Therapist Short film 2014 Mall Danny Also producer 2014 The Judge Glen Palmer 2014 Lennon or McCartney Himself Short documentary film ; interview clip 2015 Run All Night Detective Harding 2015 Broken Horses Julius Hench 2015 Jurassic World Vic Hoskins Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain 2016 Pelé : Birth of a Legend Vicente Feola 2016 In Dubious Battle London 2016 The Magnificent Seven Jack Horne 2017 Rings Galen Burke 2017 CHiPs Ray `` The Ringleader '' Kurtz 2018 Death Wish Frank Kersey Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 -- 1987 The Equalizer Thomas Marley / Davy Baylor 2 episodes Miami Vice Leon Wolf Episode : `` The Afternoon Plane '' 1997 Homicide : Life on the Street John Lange Episode : `` Subway '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series 1998 The Taking of Pelham One Two Three Mr. Blue Television film 1998 -- 2000 Men in Black : The Series Bugs ( voice ) 3 episodes 1999 That Championship Season Phil Romano Television film 2001 -- 2011 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Det . Robert Goren 141 episodes Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Drama ( 2005 ) 2002 Sherlock : Case of Evil Moriarty Television film 2002 The Red Sneakers Mercado Television film 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Eric / The Judge ( voices ) 2 episodes 2015 -- 2016 ; 2018 - present Daredevil Wilson Fisk / Kingpin 14 episodes Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television Nominated -- EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series 2017 Emerald City Frank Morgan / The Wizard of Oz 10 episodes 2017 BoJack Horseman Himself ( voice ) Episode : `` See Mr. Peanutbutter Run '' 2017 Ghost Wars Father Dan Carpenter Main Audio ( edit ) Mr. Laughs : A Look Behind The Curtain , ( 2008 ) as narrator , autobiographical documentary based on the life of comedian , Sal Richards . Man on the Ledge , ( October , 2010 ) Radio play . Heroes Behind The Badge , narrator , documentary ( Fall , 2012 ) Like Father , Like Son and ' Ram King , ( October , 2012 ) Tales From Beyond The Pale Live Radio Play performed live at Dixon Place in NYC . Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role 2005 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Det . Robert Goren 2015 Lego Jurassic World Hoskins 2016 Dishonored 2 Duke Luca Abele , Armando References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Otto , Jeff ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` Interview : Vincent D'Onofrio '' . IGN . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mason , Dave ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` ' Criminal Intent ' detective to face personal trauma '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vincent D'Onofrio takes oddness to a new high '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . October 14 , 2000 . p . D6 -- via Google News . ^ Jump up to : Wollman Rusoff , Jane ( August 31 , 2000 ) . `` Shy Star Of ' Steal ' -- Playing Hoffman Has n't Made Vincent D'onofrio Better At Social Politics '' . Chicago Tribune . Entertainment News Service . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Teddie ( 10 January 2005 ) . `` He 's said to be the greatest character actor in the world '' . The Herald . republished at Lawandorder-fr.com . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio profile '' . ZoomInfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio bio with school information '' . Monstersandcritics.com . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Chatten , Acting Coach '' . Sharonchatten.com . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio '' . Gawker . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2013 . During his early days as an actor in the city , he paid the bills as a bouncer at the Hard Rock Café and made do with parts in NYU student films '' Jump up ^ Open Admissions at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio's Acting for Film and TV class '' . The Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute . March 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Leslie ( July 10 , 1987 ) . `` The Trauma of Being a Kubrick Marine '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Finds 70 - pound Weight Gain For ' Full Metal Jacket ' A Heavy Load '' . Chicago Tribune . July 24 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : Greenleaf , Cat ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Talk Stoop '' . NBC New York . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' SNL ' Writer Narrows the Gap Between Politics and Farce '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio departing ' Law & Order : Criminal Intent '' . Zap 2 It . September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : CI ' returns to USA '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` No Reprieve for Law & Order : CI : ' It Was a Good Series Finale , ' Says USA Network Boss '' . Tvline.com . Jump up ^ `` indieWIRE 's Project of the Day : Civil Rights Era Motel Drama `` American Falls '' `` . Indiewire.com . November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CA ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Scary movie shot in Moose Jaw '' . Moose Jaw Times . Jump up ^ `` MPAA upholds NC - 17 rating on Jennifer Lynch 's ' Chained ' '' . Los Angeles Times . May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MPAA : Director to recut ' Chained ' , but asks why she needs to '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anchor Bay Press Release -- Chained '' . Hometheaterforum.com . September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ethan Hawke And Vince D'Onofrio To Star In NBC Crime Drama Written By Chris Brancato '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Capone interviews Vincent D'Onofrio about his directing debut , the horror - musical DON 'T GO IN THE WOODS '' . Aintitcool.com . Jump up ^ @ TiltedBlue ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Sad news . NBC has unofficially put Blue Tilt on the shelf for now '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Kroll , Justin ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` D'Onofrio , 50 Cent enter ' The Tomb ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on ' The Tomb ' '' . Collider.com . Jump up ^ `` The Winners at the Fort Myers Film Festival '' . HolidayTripper.com. 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ horrorbug ( August 11 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lynch announces cast of ' Falling from Grace ' '' . Horrorbug.com . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lynch Interview on directing Chained & Vincent D'Onofrio '' . YouTube . August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chopra 's Broken Horses starts shooting with D'Onofrio '' . screendaily.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Broken - Horses - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr. 's ' The Judge ' Gets a Fall 2014 Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Marcia Gay Harden , Brian Geraghty , Vincent D'Onofrio , Jeffrey Dean Morgan Set For Supreme Ruler '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Pictures from the set of `` Mall '' `` . Linkin Park World News . February 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Dillon , Brendan Fraser , Elijah Wood , Vincent D'Onofrio Join Wayne Kramer 's ' Pawn Shop Chronicles ' '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Vincent D'Onofrio is Wilson Fisk on Marvel 's Daredevil on Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Five Minutes , Mr Welles on YouTube Jump up ^ Do n't Go In the Woods on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Acting in a Film : It Could Happen to You '' . The New York Times . May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tribeca Films to Release Movies During Festival '' . Indiewire . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Go in the Woods Release Dates '' . Coveringmedia.com . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Vincent D'Onofrio as Vic Hoskins '' . dreadcentral.com . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio presents The George Gerkie Cowboy Experience featuring Laura Cantrell , Joe Vinciguerra & special guest Sam Bisbee at Joe 's Pub '' . Gotham Jazz . Jump up ^ `` Utah Detox official website '' . Utah-detox.org . Jump up ^ Vincent D'Onofrio visits Tribeca Flashpoint on Vimeo Jump up ^ The Funkoars -- Being Vincent D'Onofrio on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Being Vincent D'Onofrio Tour 2012 '' . The Funkoars . Jump up ^ `` RiverRun International Film Festival history '' . RiverRun Film . July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the RiverRun Festival '' . RiverRun Film . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio Support Detox Program for Meth Cops '' . Policemag.com . July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vincent D'Onofrio supporting Meth Cops Project on YouTube Jump up ^ Morgan , Emiley ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Actor Helps ' sell ' detox program '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ `` Woodstock Film Festival Advisory Board '' . Woodstock Film Festival . Jump up ^ NYC Crime Commission D'Onofrio Ban Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Actor Vincent D'Onofrio urges the public to ban the sale of high capacity magazines in a new political ad '' . CNN . July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio to narrate Heroes Behind the Badge Documentary '' . Policeone.com . August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Honorable Michael Chertoff , Actors Richard Belzer and Vincent D'Onofrio and Others Headline the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial 's 20th Anniversary Gala '' . NLEOMF.org . October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heroes Behind The Badge : Sacrifice & Survival - Documentary - Official HD Trailer on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Brooks Ashmanskas , Vincent D'Onofrio and Zoe Kazan Will Join Ethan Hawke in Off - Broadway 's Clive '' . Playbill . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Marianne ( 28 November 1999 ) . `` Trainspotting , I 'd love to do that ... '' The Guardian . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Her daughter 's father is the actor Vincent D'Onofrio , with whom Scacchi had a four - year relationship that ended acrimoniously not long after the baby , Leila , was born . Jump up ^ `` Vincent D'Onofrio Biography ( 1960 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Jump up ^ Davlin , Darren ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Going , going Goren '' . Perth Now . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . D'Onofrio also has a son Elias , 5 , the product of his now - dissolved marriage to Carin van der Donk . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Intent 's Vincent D'Onofrio Welcomes a Son '' . People . February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lasswell , Mark ( December 25 , 2004 ) . `` An Exhausting Season For an Implacable TV Cop '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` My New York : Vincent D'Onofrio '' . The New York Post . 13 March 2011 . He and his wife and their two kids , Elias , 11 , and Luka , 3 , needed more space so they moved up north to Stuy Town . ' It 's the first time in a long time I 've lived above 14th Street . ' Jump up ^ Falkner , Scott ( 22 December 2014 ) . `` Lennon or McCartney ? New Documentary Asks 550 Celebrities Their Preference -- See Their Answers '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Haag , James ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` Article on `` Mr. Laughs -- A Look Behind the Curtain '' `` . Sachem.patch.com . Jump up ^ Maggio , Joe ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Tales from Beyond the Pale : Man on the Ledge '' . Talesfrombeyondthepale.com . Jump up ^ `` Heroes Behind the Badge '' . Heroes Behind the Badge . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Intent : Official Site '' . USA Network.com . September 7 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vincent D'Onofrio . Official NBC Biography of Vincent D'Onofrio Vincent D'Onofrio on IMDb Awards and achievements Seattle International Film Festival Preceded by Kevin Spacey for The Usual Suspects Best Actor for The Whole Wide World Succeeded by Brendan Fraser for Still Breathing Saturn Awards Preceded by Brent Spiner for Star Trek : First Contact Best Supporting Actor for Men in Black 1997 Succeeded by Ian McKellen for Apt Pupil Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Marty Feldman ( 1974 / 75 ) Jay Robinson ( 1976 ) Alec Guinness ( 1977 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1978 ) Arte Johnson ( 1979 ) Scatman Crothers ( 1980 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1981 ) Richard Lynch ( 1982 ) John Lithgow ( 1983 ) Tracey Walter ( 1984 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1985 ) Bill Paxton ( 1986 ) Richard Dawson ( 1987 ) Robert Loggia ( 1988 ) Thomas F. Wilson ( 1989 / 90 ) William Sadler ( 1991 ) Robin Williams ( 1992 ) Lance Henriksen ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Brent Spiner ( 1996 ) Vincent D'Onofrio ( 1997 ) Ian McKellen ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Ian McKellen ( 2001 ) Andy Serkis ( 2002 ) Sean Astin ( 2003 ) David Carradine ( 2004 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Stephen Lang ( 2009 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2010 ) Andy Serkis ( 2011 ) Clark Gregg ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Richard Armitage ( 2014 ) Adam Driver ( 2015 ) John Goodman ( 2016 ) VIAF : 85682580 LCCN : n87914320 ISNI : 0000 0001 0921 8151 GND : 114196516 SUDOC : 060312262 BNF : cb14011614h ( data ) BIBSYS : 36825 BNE : XX1174073 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_D%27Onofrio&oldid=809443135 '' Categories : 1959 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male singers American singers American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American people of Italian descent American people of Sicilian descent Living people Male actors from New York City Male actors of Italian descent Musicians from Brooklyn People from Bensonhurst , Brooklyn Hidden categories : Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Use mdy dates from November 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20D%2527Onofrio
| 12,341 |
||
where was the first ever bitcoin atm machine installed
|
On October 29 , 2013 , a Robocoin machine opened in the Waves coffee shop in downtown Vancouver , Canada . This machine is understood to be the world 's first publicly available bitcoin machine . Robocoin ceased operations in January 2016 . Some Robocoin machines have since then been converted to run other software . The first machine in the United States went online on February 18 , 2014 , in a cigar bar in Albuquerque , New Mexico . It was removed 30 days later . In late 2013 , The D Casino install the first Bitcoin ATM in a casino in Las Vegas . A New Zealand bitcoin machine operator announced in 2014 they had to shut - down operations due to interference with banks . In 2014 a former Robocoin operator in the UK hacked its bitcoin ATMs to run on software from rival manufacturer Lamassu .
|
in the Waves coffee shop in downtown Vancouver , Canada
|
Bitcoin ATM
|
bitcoin atm
|
A bitcoin ATM is an internet machine that allows a person to exchange bitcoins and cash . Some Bitcoin ATMs offer bi-directional functionality ; these machines enable both the purchase of Bitcoin as well as the redemption of Bitcoin for cash . In some cases , Bitcoin ATM providers require users to have an existing account in order to transact on the machine .
|
Bitcoin machines are not ATMs in the traditional sense and probably use the wording ATM as a neologism . Bitcoin kiosks are machines which are connected to the Internet , allowing the insertion of cash in exchange for bitcoins given as a paper receipt or by moving money to a public key on the blockchain . They look like traditional ATMs , but Bitcoin kiosks do not connect to a bank account and instead connect the user directly to a Bitcoin exchange . According to an advisory issued by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau , `` they may also charge high transaction fees -- media reports describe transaction fees as high as 7 % and exchange rates $50 over rates you could get elsewhere '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Money muling 2 History 2.1 Canada 2.2 United States 2.3 Kosovo 3 Compliance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Money muling ( edit ) Main article : Money mule Bitcoin ATMs were reported by Brian Krebs in 2016 to be rising in popularity for money muling , a type of money laundering where money is moved out of banks to extorters . History ( edit ) On October 29 , 2013 , a Robocoin machine opened in the Waves coffee shop in downtown Vancouver , Canada . This machine is understood to be the world 's first publicly available bitcoin machine . Robocoin ceased operations in January 2016 . Some Robocoin machines have since then been converted to run other software . The first machine in the United States went online on February 18 , 2014 , in a cigar bar in Albuquerque , New Mexico . It was removed 30 days later . In late 2013 , The D Casino install the first Bitcoin ATM in a casino in Las Vegas . A New Zealand bitcoin machine operator announced in 2014 they had to shut - down operations due to interference with banks . In 2014 a former Robocoin operator in the UK hacked its bitcoin ATMs to run on software from rival manufacturer Lamassu . Canada ( edit ) Bitcoin machines are not yet regulated in Canada , however regulations have been officially proposed for all bitcoin exchangers . In February , 2014 , the Canadian Finance Minister mentioned plans to introduce anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regulations for virtual currencies such as Bitcoin . United States ( edit ) According to Coin ATM Radar , there are more than 800 Bitcoin ATMs in the United States as of 2017 , with small shop owners earning a reported $300 a month for rental space . Transactions fees for ATM use are approximately 16 percent , while online transaction fees run about 7.5 percent . Kosovo ( edit ) The machine is operated by the Albvision Group , the publication reported , adding that it has been placed in the center of Pristina , the capital and largest city of Kosovo . Founded in 2000 in Kosovo with 54 employees currently , the group provides professional and strategic services , operating in sectors such as information and security systems , banking , energy , and telecommunications . According to Coinatmradar , the machine is located at `` Qyteza Pejton , Str . Lorenc Antoni 31 , Prishtina , Kosovo . '' The Bitcoin ATM news came shortly after the Central Bank of Kosovo issued a statement warning citizens about the use of digital currencies in the country. Some commercial banks , such as TEB Bank and Raiffeisen Bank , have also declared that they do not deal with digital currencies , according to the news portal Fol Drejt ! Ilirjana Tahiraj of Raiffeisen Bank told the publication that the bank does not accept bitcoin transfers . In 2017 , Kosovo imported equipment worth 800,000 euros which went towards the production or assembly of bitcoin mining devices , according to Kosovo Customs spokesperson Adriatik Stavileci . In a press release distributed in Kosovo and Albania on July 17 , the company said that Tirana and Skopje will be the next two destinations where these kinds of ATMs will be placed . Compliance ( edit ) Bitcoin ATM operators need to adjust the limits on deposits and withdrawals according to AML / KYC standards applicable in the jurisdiction where their ATMs are placed . In some countries / states this requires a money transmitter license . See also ( edit ) Digital currency Litecoins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Risks to consumers posed by virtual currencies '' ( PDF ) . Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . August 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Krebs ( September 29 , 2016 ) , `` ' Money Mule ' Gangs Turn to Bitcoin ATMs '' , Krebs on Security ( blog ) Jump up ^ Wagner , Kurt . `` World 's First Bitcoin ATM Opens In Vancouver , Canada '' . Mashable . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Stan . `` Former ATM Maker Robocoin Ends Bitcoin Services '' . CoinDesk . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Pete . `` Robocoin Policy Change Ignites Fears Over Centralisation '' . CoinDesk . Retrieved 8 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon . `` Bitcoin ATM goes live in Albuquerque , more coming to Austin and Seattle '' . Ars Technica . Ars Technica . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bitcoin ATM yanked after brief debut '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Matt Villano . `` Why Bitcoin Is Poised To Win Big In Las Vegas Fast Company Business + Innovation '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Bitcoin ATM Operator Runs into Issues With Banks , Shuts Down '' . Newsbtc.com. 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Robocoin Operator Hacks ATM to Run Lamassu Software '' . Coindesk.com. 2014 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FINTRAC Advisory regarding Money Services Businesses dealing in virtual currency '' . Fintrac-canafe.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Bitcoin Survey '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bray , Hiawatha ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Instant bitcoins -- at a price '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://news.bitcoin.com/kosovo-first-bitcoin-atm-central-banks-warning/ Jump up ^ https://coinatmradar.com/city/783/bitcoin-atm-pirstina/ Jump up ^ https://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bitcoin-atm-challenges-law-on-its-use-07-19-2017 Jump up ^ `` Bitcoin Law : What US businesses need to know '' . CoinDesk.com. 2013 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know about Bitcoin ATM Regulation - Bitcoin ATM - Coinoutlet '' . Coinoutletatm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bitcoin ATMs at Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Bitcoin ( ₿ ) History Legal status People Gavin Andresen Andreas Antonopoulos Adam Back Wences Casares Raj Chowdhury Hal Finney Satoshi Nakamoto Charlie Shrem Amir Taaki Ross Ulbricht Roger Ver Winklevoss twins Erik Voorhees Marc Andreessen Mark Karpelès Vitalik Buterin Tim Draper Patrick Byrne Groups List of bitcoin companies List of bitcoin organizations Technologies Bitcoin network Blockchain Colored coins Cryptocurrency Cryptocurrency tumbler ECDSA Initial coin offering Lightning Network P2P POW Segregated Witness SHA - 2 Software clients Bitcoin Classic Bitcoin Core Bitcoin Unlimited Bitcoin XT Exchanges ANX Bitfinex Bitstamp BTC China CEX.IO Coinbase ( GDAX ) Coinfloor Coins.ph Gatecoin Huobi Kraken LocalBitcoins OKCoin QuadrigaCX Defunct Buttercoin Mt . Gox BitInstant BTC - e Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bitcoin_ATM&oldid=798419249 '' Categories : Bitcoin Computer - related introductions in 2013 Automated teller machines Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from July 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2014 North America - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin%20ATM
| 107,711 |
is it legal to carry a gun in new hampshire
|
Since 22 February 2017 , New Hampshire is a constitutional carry state , requiring no license to open carry or concealed carry a firearm in public . Concealed carry permits are still issued for purposes of reciprocity with other states .
|
Gun laws in New Hampshire
|
gun laws in new hampshire
|
Gun laws in New Hampshire regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of New Hampshire in the United States .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Concealed and open carry 3 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 14 Firearm registration ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Owner license required ? No No Carry license required ? No No NHRS XII § 159 : 6 Constitutional carry legal as of February 22 , 2017 . Licenses remain available on a Shall - Issue basis for reciprocity purposes . Open carry ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 6 NHRS XVIII § 207 : 7 Handgun open carry without license . Loaded long guns prohibited from motor vehicles . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes NHRS XII § 159 : 26 Includes knives . NFA weapons restricted ? No No Peaceable Journey laws ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? No No Concealed and open carry ( edit ) Since 22 February 2017 , New Hampshire is a constitutional carry state , requiring no license to open carry or concealed carry a firearm in public . Concealed carry permits are still issued for purposes of reciprocity with other states . The New Hampshire license is issued for carry of a `` pistol or revolver , '' and is not a license to carry `` weapons '' as exists in some other states . The New Hampshire license is issued by the local mayor , selectmen , or police department at a cost of $10 for residents , and by the New Hampshire State Police at a cost of $100 for non-residents ( changed from $20 on July 1 , 2009 ) . The term of issue of the license is five years . Turn around time is generally one to two weeks , with fourteen days being the maximum time allowed by law . New Hampshire has no laws restricting the age at which a person may possess and carry firearms . On June 2 , 2016 , the New Hampshire Supreme Court , in Bach v. New Hampshire Dept. of Safety , No. 2014 -- 0721 , 2016 WL 3086130 , threw out a rule imposed by concealed carry permit issuing authorities that had required non-residents to have a permit to carry issued by the state in which they resided . The basis for invalidating such rule was that it denied a New Hampshire non-resident permit to residents of jurisdictions that are effectively No - Issue , such as New Jersey , California , Hawaii , and others . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` State Gun Laws : New Hampshire '' , National Rifle Association -- Institute for Legislative Action . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire State Law Summary '' , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Statues -- Chapter 159 : Pistols and Revolvers '' . Gencourt.us . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA New Hampshire : Governor Sununu Signs Constitutional / Permitless Carry Bill Into Law ! '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pro-Gun New Hampshire - Frequently Asked Questions about NH Gun Laws Archived 2012 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire State Police -- Permits and Licensing FAQs '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire '' . OpenCarry.org. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Age to Purchase & Possess in New Hampshire Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence '' . smartgunlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire Statutes -- Chapter 159 : Pistols and Revolvers '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_New_Hampshire&oldid=807129373 '' Categories : New Hampshire law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20laws%20in%20New%20Hampshire
| 70,236 |
|
what is arma international and what is the intent of the generally accepted recordkeeping principles
|
Generally Accepted recordkeeping principles
|
generally accepted recordkeeping principles
|
The Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles ( The Principles ) , were created by ARMA International as a common set of principles that describe the conditions under which business records and related information should be maintained .
|
Contents 1 The Principles 2 ARMA International Maturity Model for Information Governance 2.1 A Picture of Effective Information Governance 2.2 How to Use the Maturity Model 3 See also 4 References The principles ( edit ) The eight principles are designed to identify the major hallmarks of effective Information governance , but do not follow a numerical hierarchy of importance . Principle of Accountability Principle of Transparency Principle of Integrity Principle of Protection Principle of Compliance Principle of Availability Principle of Retention Principle of Disposition The list of principles can be recalled with the help of the Mnemonic `` A TIP CARD , '' which serves a dual purpose as it implies the principles are tips for effective recordkeeping . ARMA International maturity model for information governance ( edit ) Information is one of the most vital , strategic assets organizations possess . They depend on information to develop products and services , make critical strategic decisions , protect property rights , propel marketing , manage projects , process transactions , service customers , and generate revenues . This critical information is contained in the organizations ' business records . It has not always been easy to describe what `` good recordkeeping '' looks like . Yet , this question gains in importance as regulators , shareholders , and customers are increasingly concerned about the business practices of organizations . ARMA International recognized that a clear statement of `` Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles ® '' ( The Principles ) would guide : CEOs in determining how to protect their organizations in the use of information assets ; Legislators in crafting legislation meant to hold organizations accountable ; and Records management professionals in designing comprehensive and effective records management programs . The principles identify the critical hallmarks of information governance , which Gartner describes as an accountability framework that `` includes the processes , roles , standards , and metrics that ensure the effective and efficient use of information in enabling an organization to achieve its goals . '' As such , they apply to all sizes of organizations , in all types of industries , and in both the private and public sectors . Multi-national organizations can also use the Principles to establish consistent practices across a variety of business units . A picture of effective information governance ( edit ) The Maturity Model for Information Governance begins to paint a more complete picture of what effective information governance looks like . It is based on the eight principles as well as a foundation of standards , best practices , and legal / regulatory requirements . The maturity model goes beyond a mere statement of the principles by beginning to define characteristics of various levels of recordkeeping programs . For each principle , the maturity model associates various characteristics that are typical for each of the five levels in the model : Level 1 ( Sub-standard ) : This level describes an environment where recordkeeping concerns are either not addressed at all , or are addressed in a very ad hoc manner . Organizations that identify primarily with these descriptions should be concerned that their programs will not meet legal or regulatory scrutiny . Level 2 ( In Development ) : This level describes an environment where there is a developing recognition that recordkeeping affects the organization , and that the organization may benefit from a more defined information governance program . However , in Level 2 , the organization is still vulnerable to legal or regulatory scrutiny since practices are ill - defined and still largely ad hoc in nature . Level 3 ( Essential ) : This level describes the essential or minimum requirements that must be addressed in order to meet the organization 's legal and regulatory requirements . Level 3 is characterized by defined policies and procedures , and more specific decisions taken to improve recordkeeping . However , organizations that identify primarily with Level 3 descriptions may still be missing significant opportunities for streamlining business and controlling costs . Level 4 ( Proactive ) : This level describes an organization that is initiating information governance program improvements throughout its business operations . Information governance issues and considerations are integrated into business decisions on a routine basis , and the organization easily meets its legal and regulatory requirements . Organizations that identify primarily with these descriptions should begin to consider the business benefits of information availability in transforming their organizations globally . Level 5 ( Transformational ) : This level describes an organization that has integrated information governance into its overall corporate infrastructure and business processes to such an extent that compliance with the program requirements is routine . These organizations have recognized that effective information governance plays a critical role in cost containment , competitive advantage , and client service . How to use the maturity model ( edit ) The Information Governance Maturity Model will assist an organization in conducting a preliminary evaluation of its recordkeeping programs and practices . Thoughtful consideration of the organization 's practices should allow users to make an initial determination of the maturity of their organization 's information governance . Initially , it is not unusual for an organization to be at differing levels of maturity for the eight principles . It is also important to note that the maturity model represents an initial evaluation . In order to be most effective , a more in - depth analysis of organizational policies and practices may be necessary . The maturity model will be most useful to leaders who wish to achieve the maximum benefit from their information governance practices . Effective information governance requires a continuous focus . But in order to get started , organizations can look to the steps below : Identify the gaps between the organization 's current practices and the desirable level of maturity for each principle . Assess the risk ( s ) to the organization , based on the biggest gaps . Determine whether additional information and analysis is necessary . Develop priorities and assign accountability for further development of the program . See also ( edit ) ARMA International Records management References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.arma.org/principles Jump up ^ http://www.arma.org/principles Jump up ^ http://www.arma.org/gprinciples Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generally_Accepted_Recordkeeping_Principles&oldid=720174273 '' Categories : Business documents Standards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 May 2016 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally%20Accepted%20Recordkeeping%20Principles
| 107,712 |
||
how many chapters does the gospel of john have
|
The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections : a prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 18 ) , a Book of Signs ( 1 : 19 -- 12 : 50 ) , a Book of Glory ( 13 : 1 -- 20 : 31 ) , and an epilogue ( 21 ) . The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ) , and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses , culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of Jesus as `` my lord and my God '' -- the same title ( dominus et deus ) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian .
|
21
|
Gospel of John
|
gospel of john
|
The Gospel According to John ( Greek : Τὸ κατὰ Ἰωάννην εὐαγγέλιον , translit . Tò katà Iōánnēn euangélion ; also called the Gospel of John , the Fourth Gospel , or simply John ) is one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament . It traditionally appears fourth , after the Synoptic Gospels of Matthew , Mark , and Luke .
|
Although the Gospel of John is anonymous , Christian tradition historically has attributed it to John the Apostle , son of Zebedee and one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . The gospel is so closely related in style and content to the three surviving Johannine epistles that commentators treat the four books , along with the Book of Revelation , as a single corpus of Johannine literature , albeit not necessarily written by the same author . C.K. Barrett , and later Raymond E. Brown , suggested that a tradition developed around the `` Johannine Community '' , and that this tradition gave rise to the gospel . The discovery of a large number of papyrus fragments of manuscripts with Johannine themes has led more scholars to recognize that the texts were among the most influential in the early Church . The discourses contained with this gospel seem to be concerned with issues of the church -- synagogue debate at the time of composition . It is notable that in John , the community appears to define itself primarily in contrast to Judaism , rather than as part of a wider Christian community . Though Christianity started as a movement within Judaism , it gradually separated from Judaism because of mutual opposition between the two religions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 1.1 Prologue 1.2 Book of Signs 1.3 Book of Glory 1.4 Epilogue 2 Composition and setting 2.1 Authorship , date , and origin 2.2 Sources 2.3 Historical reliability 2.4 Textual history and position in the New Testament 3 Theology 3.1 Christology 3.1. 1 Jesus ' divine role 3.1. 2 Logos 3.2 Cross 3.3 Sacraments 3.3. 1 Frequency of allusion 3.3. 2 Importance to the evangelist 3.4 Individualism 3.5 John the Baptist 3.6 Gnostic elements 4 Comparison with the synoptics 4.1 Material 4.2 Theological emphasis 4.3 Chronology 4.4 Literary style 4.5 Discrepancies 5 Representations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Footnotes 7.3 Bibliography 7.4 Further reading 8 External links Structure and content ( edit ) The Gospel of John can be divided into four sections : a prologue ( 1 : 1 -- 18 ) , a Book of Signs ( 1 : 19 -- 12 : 50 ) , a Book of Glory ( 13 : 1 -- 20 : 31 ) , and an epilogue ( 21 ) . The structure is highly schematic : there are seven `` signs '' culminating in the raising of Lazarus ( foreshadowing the resurrection of Jesus ) , and seven `` I am '' sayings and discourses , culminating in Thomas 's proclamation of Jesus as `` my lord and my God '' -- the same title ( dominus et deus ) claimed by Roman Emperor Domitian . Prologue ( edit ) Main article : Prologue to John Jesus is placed in his cosmic setting as the Logos made flesh who reveals God and gives salvation to believers ; John the Baptist , Andrew , and Nathanael bear witness to him as the Lamb of God , the Son of God , and the Christ . Book of signs ( edit ) Main article : Book of Signs The narrative of Jesus ' public ministry , beginning with the introduction of the first disciples of Jesus . It consists of seven miracles , or `` signs '' , interspersed with long dialogues , discourses , `` Amen , amen '' sayings , and `` I Am '' sayings , culminating with the raising of Lazarus from the dead . In John it is this , and not the cleansing of the Temple , that prompts the authorities to have Jesus executed . The seven signs consist of Jesus ' miracle at the wedding at Cana , his healing the royal official 's son , his healing the paralytic at Bethesda , his feeding the 5,000 , his walking on water , his healing the man born blind , and his raising Lazarus from the dead . Other incidents recounted in this segment of the gospel include the cleansing of the Temple ; Jesus ' conversation with the Pharisee Nicodemus , wherein he explains the importance of spiritual rebirth ; his conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well , wherein he gives the Water of Life Discourse ; the Bread of Life Discourse , which prompted many of his disciples to leave ; the Woman Taken in Adultery ; Jesus ' claims to be the Light of the World ; Jesus ' answer to Pilate ; the Good Shepherd pericope ; Jesus ' rejection by the Jews ; the Jesus wept ; the plot to kill Jesus ; the anointing of Jesus ; Jesus ' triumphal entry into Jerusalem ; the prediction of the glorification of the Son of Man ; and the prediction of the Last Judgment . Book of Glory ( edit ) Jesus giving the Farewell Discourse to his 11 remaining disciples , from the Maestà of Duccio , 1308 -- 1311 . The narrative of Jesus ' Passion , Resurrection , and post-Resurrection appearances . The Passion narrative opens with an account of the Last Supper that differs significantly from that found in the synoptics , with Jesus washing the disciples ' feet instead of ushering in a new covenant of his body and blood . This is followed by Jesus ' Farewell Discourse , an account of his betrayal , arrest , trial , death , burial , post-Resurrection appearances , and final commission for his followers . It also includes Peter 's denial , the institution of the New Commandment and the New Covenant , the promise of the Paraclete , the allegory of the True Vine , the High Priestly Prayer , the ut omnes unum sint , the What is truth ? , Jesus ' mocking and crowning with thorns , the Ecce homo , the discovery of the empty tomb , the noli me tangere , the Great Commission , and the incredulity of Thomas . The section ends with a conclusion on the purpose of the gospel : `` that ( the reader ) may believe that Jesus is the Christ , the Son of God , and that believing you may have life in his name . '' Epilogue ( edit ) Main article : John 21 The narrative of Jesus ' post-Resurrection appearance to his disciples by the lake , the miraculous catch of fish , the prophecy of the crucifixion of Peter , the restoration of Peter , and the fate of the Beloved Disciple . A majority of scholars believes this chapter to be an addition to the gospel . Composition and setting ( edit ) Authorship , date , and origin ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The Gospel of John is anonymous . Traditionally , Christians have identified the author as `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' mentioned in John 21 : 24 , who is understood to be John son of Zebedee , one of Jesus ' Twelve Apostles . These identifications , however , are rejected by many modern biblical scholars . Nevertheless , the author of the fourth Gospel is sometimes called John the Evangelist , often out of convenience since the definitive name of the author is still debated . John is usually dated to AD 90 -- 110 . It arose in a Jewish Christian community in the process of breaking from the Jewish synagogue . Scholars believe that the text went through two to three redactions , or `` editions '' , before reaching its current form . John , which regularly describes Jesus ' opponents simply as `` the Jews '' , is more consistently hostile to `` the Jews '' than any other body of New Testament writing . Historian and former Roman Catholic priest James Carroll states : `` The climax of this movement comes in chapter 8 of John , when Jesus is portrayed as denouncing ' the Jews ' who were gathered at the Temple as the offspring of Satan . '' In John 8 : 44 Jesus tells the Jews : `` You are of your father the devil , and the desires of your father you will do . He was a murderer from the beginning , and he stood not in the truth ; because truth is not in him . '' In 8 : 38 and 11 : 53 , `` the Jews '' are depicted as wishing to kill Jesus . However , Carroll cautions that this and similar statements in the Gospel of Matthew and the 1 Thessalonians should be viewed as `` evidence not of Jew hatred but of sectarian conflicts among Jews '' in the early years of the Christian church . As noted by New Testament scholar Obrey M. Hendricks , Jr. : `` Although its scathing portrayal of the Jews has opened John to charges of anti-Semitism , a careful reading reveals ' the Jews ' to be a class designation , not a religious or ethnic grouping ; rather than denoting adherents to Judaism in general , the term primarily refers to the hereditary Temple religious authorities . '' In later centuries , John was used to support anti-Semitic polemics , but the author of the gospel regarded himself as a Jew , championed Jesus and his followers as Jews , and probably wrote for a largely Jewish community . Sources ( edit ) Rudolf Bultmann , in a seminal work published in 1941 , argued that John 's sources were a hypothetical `` Signs Gospel '' listing Christ 's miracles , a revelation discourse , and a passion narrative . Bultmann 's work , combined with that of other scholars ( the work of Raymond E. Brown was particularly influential in the English - speaking world ) , led to a scholarly consensus in the second half of the 20th century that the Gospel of John was independent of Matthew , Mark , and Luke , known as the synoptic gospels . This agreement broke down in the last decade of the century , and there are now many scholars who believe that John did know the synoptics , especially Mark , while the hypothesis of a `` signs '' source has been increasingly undermined . But theories of either complete independence of or complete dependence on the synoptics are largely rejected in current scholarship : on the one hand , elements such as distinctive Johannine language , the lengthy discourses , and the prologue on the Logos , are clearly unique to John ; on the other , John clearly shares a multitude of episodes with the other three . The most important sources used by the evangelist were the Jewish scriptures ( the Tanakh , more or less identical with the Christian Old Testament ) , probably in the Greek translation . John quotes from them directly , references important figures from them , and uses narratives from them as the basis for several of the discourses . But the author was also familiar with non-Jewish sources : the Logos of the prologue ( the Word that is with God from the beginning of creation ) derives from both the Jewish concept of Lady Wisdom and from the Greek philosophers , while John 6 alludes not only to the exodus but also to Greco - Roman mystery cults , while John 4 alludes to Samaritan messianic beliefs . Historical Reliability ( edit ) Further information : Historicity of the Bible Chapters 19 and 21 of John hint that `` the Disciple whom Jesus loved '' , or `` the Beloved Disciple '' , was an eyewitness to Jesus ' ministry , but the majority of scholars are cautious of accepting this at face value . With the exception of the `` Johannine Thunderbolt '' passages , the teachings of Jesus found in the synoptic gospels are very different from those recorded in John , and since the 19th century some scholars have argued that these discourses in Johannine style are less likely to be historical , and more likely to have been written for theological purposes . Scholars usually agree that John is not entirely without historical value . It has become generally accepted that certain sayings in John are as old or older than their synoptic counterparts . His representation of the topography around Jerusalem is often superior to that of the synoptics , his testimony that Jesus was executed before , rather than on , Passover , might well be more accurate , and his presentation of Jesus in the garden and the prior meeting held by the Jewish authorities are possibly more historically plausible than their synoptic parallels . Textual History and position in the New Testament ( edit ) Further information : Biblical manuscript The Rylands Papyrus is perhaps the earliest New Testament fragment ; dated from its handwriting to about 125 . Rylands Library Papyrus P52 , a Greek papyrus fragment with John 18 : 31 -- 33 on one side and 18 : 37 -- 38 on the other , commonly dated to the first half of the 2nd century , is the oldest New Testament manuscript known . A substantially complete text of John exists from the beginning of the 3rd century at the latest , so that the textual evidence for this gospel is commonly accepted as both earlier and more reliable than that for any other . John stands fourth in the standard ordering of the gospels , after Matthew , Mark and Luke . Theology ( edit ) Christology ( edit ) Further information : Christology The Gospel of John presents a `` high Christology , '' depicting Jesus as divine , and yet , according to some interpretations , subordinate to the one God . However , in his Summa Theologiae , Thomas Aquinas flatly rejects any denial of equality among the persons of the Trinity , including denials based on Johannine passages . John 's gospel gives more focus to the relationship of the Son to the Father than the synoptics , as seen in chapter 17 of the gospel . Jesus ' divine role ( edit ) In the synoptics , Jesus speaks often about the Kingdom of God ; his own divine role is obscured ( see Messianic Secret ) . In John , Jesus talks openly about his divine role . He echoes the Father 's own statement of identity , i.e. `` I Am Who I Am '' , with several `` I Am '' declarations that also identify him with symbols of major significance . He says `` I am '' : `` the bread of life '' `` the light of the world '' `` the gate for the sheep '' `` the good shepherd '' `` the resurrection and the life '' `` the way and the truth and the life '' and `` the true vine '' Logos ( edit ) Main article : Logos ( Christianity ) In the prologue , John identifies Jesus as the Logos ( Word ) . In Ancient Greek philosophy , the term logos meant the principle of cosmic reason . In this sense , it was similar to the Hebrew concept of Wisdom , God 's companion and intimate helper in creation . The Hellenistic Jewish philosopher Philo merged these two themes when he described the Logos as God 's creator of and mediator with the material world . The evangelist adapted Philo 's description of the Logos , applying it to Jesus , the incarnation of the Logos . The opening verse of John is translated as `` the Word was with God and the Word was God '' in all `` orthodox '' English Bibles . There are alternative views . The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah 's Witnesses has `` The Word was with God , and the Word was a god . '' The Scholars Version of the gospel , developed by the Jesus Seminar , loosely translates the phrase as `` The Logos was what God was , '' offered as a better representation of the original meaning of the evangelist . Cross ( edit ) The portrayal of Jesus ' death in John is unique among the four Gospels . It does not appear to rely on the kinds of atonement theology indicative of vicarious sacrifice ( cf . Mk 10 : 45 , Rom 3 : 25 ) but rather presents the death of Jesus as his glorification and return to the father . Likewise , the three `` passion predictions '' of the Synoptic Gospels ( Mk 8 : 31 , 9 : 31 , 10 : 33 -- 34 and pars . ) are replaced instead in John with three instances of Jesus explaining how he will be exalted or `` lifted up '' ( Jn 3 : 14 , 8 : 28 , 12 : 32 ) . The verb for `` lifted up '' reflects the double entendre at work in John 's theology of the cross , for Jesus is both physically elevated from the earth at the crucifixion but also , at the same time , exalted and glorified . Sacraments ( edit ) Further information : Sacrament Among the most controversial areas of interpretation of John is its sacramental theology . Scholars ' views have fallen along a wide spectrum ranging from anti-sacramental and non-sacramental , to sacramental , to ultra-sacramental and hyper - sacramental . Scholars disagree both on whether and how frequently John refers to the sacraments at all , and on the degree of importance he places upon them . Individual scholars ' answers to one of these questions do not always correspond to their answer to the other . Frequency of allusion ( edit ) According to Rudolf Bultmann , there are three sacramental allusions : one to baptism ( 3 : 5 ) , one to the Eucharist ( 6 : 51 -- 58 ) , and one to both ( 19 : 34 ) . He believed these passages to be later interpolations , though most scholars now reject this assessment . Some scholars on the weaker - sacramental side of the spectrum deny that there are any sacramental allusions in these passages or in the gospel as a whole , while others see sacramental symbolism applied to other subjects in these and other passages . Oscar Cullmann and Bruce Vawter , a Protestant and a Catholic respectively , and both on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum , have found sacramental allusions in most chapters . Cullmann found references to baptism and the Eucharist throughout the gospel , and Vawter found additional references to matrimony in 2 : 1 -- 11 , anointing of the sick in 12 : 1 -- 11 , and penance in 20 : 22 -- 23 . Towards the center of the spectrum , Raymond Brown is more cautious than Cullmann and Vawter but more lenient than Bultmann and his school , identifying several passages as containing sacramental allusions and rating them according to his assessment of their degree of certainty . Importance to the evangelist ( edit ) Most scholars on the stronger - sacramental end of the spectrum assess the sacraments as being of great importance to the evangelist . However , perhaps counterintuitively , some scholars who find fewer sacramental references , such as Udo Schnelle , view the references that they find as highly important as well . Schnelle in particular views John 's sacramentalism as a counter to Docetist anti-sacramentalism . On the other hand , though he agrees that there are anti-Docetic passages , James Dunn views the absence of a Eucharistic institution narrative as evidence for an anti-sacramentalism in John , meant to warn against a conception of eternal life as dependent on physical ritual . Individualism ( edit ) In comparison to the synoptic gospels , the Fourth Gospel is markedly individualistic , in the sense that it places emphasis more on the individual 's relation to Jesus than on the corporate nature of the Church . This is largely accomplished through the consistently singular grammatical structure of various aphoristic sayings of Jesus throughout the gospel . According to Richard Bauckham , emphasis on believers coming into a new group upon their conversion is conspicuously absent from John . There is also a theme of `` personal coinherence '' , that is , the intimate personal relationship between the believer and Jesus in which the believer `` abides '' in Jesus and Jesus in the believer . According to C.F.D. Moule , the individualistic tendencies of the Fourth Gospel could potentially give rise to a realized eschatology achieved on the level of the individual believer ; this realized eschatology is not , however , to replace `` orthodox '' , futurist eschatological expectations , but is to be `` only ( their ) correlative . '' Some have argued that the Beloved Disciple is meant to be all followers of Jesus , inviting all into such a personal relationship with Christ . Beyond this , the emphasis on the individual 's relationship with Jesus in the Gospel has suggested its usefulness for contemplation on the life of Christ . John the Baptist ( edit ) Further information : John the Baptist John 's account of the Baptist is different from that of the synoptic gospels . In this gospel , John is not called `` the Baptist . '' The Baptist 's ministry overlaps with that of Jesus ; his baptism of Jesus is not explicitly mentioned , but his witness to Jesus is unambiguous . The evangelist almost certainly knew the story of John 's baptism of Jesus and he makes a vital theological use of it . He subordinates the Baptist to Jesus , perhaps in response to members of the Baptist 's sect who regarded the Jesus movement as an offshoot of their movement . In John 's gospel , Jesus and his disciples go to Judea early in Jesus ' ministry before John the Baptist was imprisoned and executed by Herod . He leads a ministry of baptism larger than John 's own . The Jesus Seminar rated this account as black , containing no historically accurate information . According to the biblical historians at the Jesus Seminar , John likely had a larger presence in the public mind than Jesus . Gnostic elements ( edit ) Further information : Christian Gnosticism Although not commonly understood as Gnostic , many scholars , including Bultmann , have forcefully argued that the Gospel of John has elements in common with Gnosticism . Christian Gnosticism did not fully develop until the mid-2nd century , and so 2nd - century Proto - Orthodox Christians concentrated much effort in examining and refuting it . To say John 's gospel contained elements of Gnosticism is to assume that Gnosticism had developed to a level that required the author to respond to it . Bultmann , for example , argued that the opening theme of the Gospel of John , the pre-existing Logos , was actually a Gnostic theme . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown have argued that the pre-existing Logos theme arises from the more ancient Jewish writings in the eighth chapter of the Book of Proverbs , and was fully developed as a theme in Hellenistic Judaism by Philo Judaeus . Comparisons to Gnosticism are based not in what the author says , but in the language he uses to say it , notably , use of the concepts of Logos and Light . Other scholars , e.g. Raymond E. Brown , have argued that the ancient Jewish Qumran community also used the concept of Light versus Darkness . The arguments of Bultmann and his school were seriously compromised by the mid-20th - century discoveries of the Nag Hammadi library of genuine Gnostic writings ( which are dissimilar to the Gospel of John ) as well as the Qumran library of Jewish writings ( which are often similar to the Gospel of John ) . Gnostics read John but interpreted it differently from the way non-Gnostics did . Gnosticism taught that salvation came from gnosis , secret knowledge , and Gnostics did not see Jesus as a savior but a revealer of knowledge . Barnabas Lindars asserts that the gospel teaches that salvation can only be achieved through revealed wisdom , specifically belief in ( literally belief into ) Jesus . Raymond Brown contends that `` The Johannine picture of a savior who came from an alien world above , who said that neither he nor those who accepted him were of this world , and who promised to return to take them to a heavenly dwelling could be fitted into the gnostic world picture ( even if God 's love for the world in 3 : 16 could not ) . '' It has been suggested that similarities between John 's gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature . Comparison with the synoptics ( edit ) The Gospel of John is significantly different from the synoptic gospels , with major variations in material , theological emphasis , chronology , and literary style . There are also some discrepancies between John and the synoptics , some amounting to contradictions . Material ( edit ) John lacks scenes from the synoptics such as Jesus ' baptism , the calling of the Twelve , exorcisms , parables , the Transfiguration , and the Last Supper . Conversely , it includes scenes not found in the synoptics , including Jesus turning water into wine at the wedding at Cana , the resurrection of Lazarus , Jesus washing the feet of his disciples , and multiple visits to Jerusalem . In the fourth gospel , Jesus ' mother Mary , while frequently mentioned , is never identified by name . John does assert that Jesus was known as the `` son of Joseph '' in 6 : 42 . For John , Jesus ' town of origin is irrelevant , for he comes from beyond this world , from God the Father . While John makes no direct mention of Jesus ' baptism , he does quote John the Baptist 's description of the descent of the Holy Spirit as a dove , as happens at Jesus ' baptism in the synoptics . Major synoptic speeches of Jesus are absent , including the Sermon on the Mount and the Olivet Discourse , and the exorcisms of demons are never mentioned as in the synoptics . John never lists all of the Twelve Disciples and names at least one disciple , Nathanael , whose name is not found in the synoptics . Thomas is given a personality beyond a mere name , described as `` Doubting Thomas '' . Theological emphasis ( edit ) Jesus is identified with the Word ( `` Logos '' ) , and the Word is identified with theos ( `` god '' in Greek ) ; no such identification is made in the synoptics . In Mark , Jesus urges his disciples to keep his divinity secret , but in John he is very open in discussing it , even referring to himself as `` I AM '' , the title God gives himself in Exodus at his self - revelation to Moses . In the synoptics the chief theme is the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Heaven ( the latter specifically in Matthew ) , while John 's theme is Jesus as the source of eternal life and the Kingdom is only mentioned twice . In contrast to the synoptic expectation of the Kingdom ( using the term parousia , meaning `` coming '' ) , John presents a more individualistic , realized eschatology . Chronology ( edit ) In the synoptics , the ministry of Jesus takes a single year , but in John it takes three , as evidenced by references to three Passovers . Events are not all in the same order : the date of the crucifixion is different , as is the time of Jesus ' anointing in Bethany , and the cleansing of the temple occurs in the beginning of Jesus ' ministry rather than near its end . Literary style ( edit ) In the synoptics , quotations from Jesus are usually in the form of short , pithy sayings ; in John , longer quotations are often given . The vocabulary is also different , and filled with theological import : in John , Jesus does not work `` miracles '' ( Greek : δῠνάμεις , translit . dynámeis , sing . δύνᾰμῐς , dýnamis ) , but `` signs '' ( Greek : σημεῖᾰ , translit . sēmeia , sing . σημεῖον , sēmeion ) which unveil his divine identity . Most scholars consider John not to contain any parables . Rather it contains metaphorical stories or allegories , such as those of the Good Shepherd and of the True Vine , in which each individual element corresponds to a specific person , group , or thing . Some scholars , however , find some such parables as the short story of the childbearing woman ( 16 : 21 ) or the dying grain ( 12 : 24 ) . Discrepancies ( edit ) According to the synoptics , the arrest of Jesus was a reaction to the cleansing of the temple , while according to John it was triggered by the raising of Lazarus . The Pharisees , portrayed as more uniformly legalistic and opposed to Jesus in the synoptic gospels , are instead portrayed as sharply divided ; they debate frequently in John 's accounts . Some , such as Nicodemus , even go so far as to be at least partially sympathetic to Jesus . This is believed to be a more accurate historical depiction of the Pharisees , who made debate one of the tenets of their system of belief . Representations ( edit ) Bede translating the Gospel of John on his deathbed , by James Doyle Penrose , 1902 . The gospel has been depicted in live narrations and dramatized in productions , skits , plays , and Passion Plays , as well as in film . The most recent such portrayal is the 2014 film ' The Gospel of John ' , directed by David Batty and narrated by David Harewood and Brian Cox , with Selva Rasalingam as Jesus . The 2003 film The Gospel of John , was directed by Philip Saville , narrated by Christopher Plummer , with Henry Ian Cusick as Jesus . Parts of the gospel have been set to music . One such setting is Steve Warner 's power anthem `` Come and See '' , written for the 20th anniversary of the Alliance for Catholic Education and including lyrical fragments taken from the Book of Signs . Additionally , some composers have made settings of the Passion as portrayed in the gospel , most notably the one composed by Johann Sebastian Bach , although some verses are borrowed from Matthew . See also ( edit ) Chronology of Jesus Free Grace theology Gospel harmony Last Gospel Egerton Gospel List of Bible verses not included in modern translations List of Gospels Textual variants in the Gospel of John References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 479 : `` Most scholars believe that the same person wrote all three documents but that he is not to be identified with either the apostle John or the author of the Gospel . '' Jump up ^ The use of first person plural in John , specially in the letters , is the base of these theories . Barrett quotes on that sense Robinson , who in 1965 asserted `` the gospel is composed in Judea and under the pressure of controversy with `` the jews '' ( sic ) of that area . But in its present form it is an appeal to those outside the Church , to win to the faith that Greek speaking Diaspora Judaism to which the author now finds himself belonging `` . Jump up ^ Chilton & Neusner 2006 , p. 5 : `` by their own word what they ( the writers of the New Testament ) set forth in the New Testament must qualify as a Judaism ... ( T ) o distinguish between the religious world of the New Testament and an alien Judaism denies the authors of the New Testament books their most fiercely held claim and renders incomprehensible much of what they said . '' Jump up ^ The resurrection itself is not detailed in the gospel , though it is entailed from the post-resurrection appearances . Jump up ^ For the circumstances which led to the formation of the tradition , and the reasons why the majority of modern scholars reject it , see Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , pp. 41 -- 42 . For arguments in support of the tradition , see Craig , Blomberg ( 2009 ) . Jesus and the Gospels . pp. 197 -- 98 . Jump up ^ For the reasons behind this , see Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 Jump up ^ For details see Dunn 1992 , p. 183 Jump up ^ The term Johannine Thunderbolt refers to the Q source -- derived logion in Matthew 11 : 25 -- 27 and Luke 10 : 21 -- 22 . The phrase was coined by Karl von Hase in an 1823 -- 24 lecture series entitled Geschichte Jesu : `` ... wie ein Aerolith aus dem johanneischen Himmel gefallen ... '' ( `` ... a meteorite fallen from the Johannine sky ... '' ) Jump up ^ Additionally , Aquinas cites the Athanasian Creed , the first ecumenical creed to explicitly outline the Trinitarian doctrine ; the Creed maintains the co-majesty , co-eternality , co-equality of the persons of the Trinity . Jump up ^ That is , the New International Version , Today 's New International Version , the New American Standard Bible , the New American Bible , the New American Bible Revised Edition , the Amplified Bible , the New Living Translation , the Douay -- Rheims Bible , the King James Version , Young 's Literal Translation , the Darby Translation , and the Wycliffe New Testament , to name a few . Jump up ^ Bauckham ( 2015 ) contrasts John 's consistent use of the third person singular ( `` The one who ... '' ; `` If anyone ... '' ; `` Everyone who ... '' ; `` Whoever ... '' ; `` No one ... '' ) with the alternative third person plural constructions he could have used instead ( `` Those who ... '' ; `` '' All those who ... `` ; etc . ) . He also notes that the sole exception occurs in the prologue , serving a narrative purpose , whereas the later aphorisms serve a `` paraenetic function '' . Jump up ^ See John 6 : 56 , 10 : 14 -- 15 , 10 : 38 , and 14 : 10 , 17 , 20 , and 23 . Jump up ^ Realized eschatology is a Christian eschatological theory popularized by C.H. Dodd ( 1884 -- 1973 ) . It holds that the eschatological passages in the New Testament do not refer to future events , but instead to the ministry of Jesus and his lasting legacy . In other words , it holds that Christian eschatological expectations have already been realized or fulfilled . Jump up ^ See Zimmermann 2015 , pp. 333 -- 60 . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 1966 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2009 . Jump up ^ De Santos Otero 1993 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Köstenberger , Kellum & Quarles 2009 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards 2015 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 . Jump up ^ Bauckham 2007 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ John 21 : 24 Jump up ^ Lindars , Edwards & Court 2000 , p. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2015 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2004 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , pp. 182 -- 83 , 195 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Hendricks 2007 . Jump up ^ Senior 1991 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1992 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Porter 2015 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Reinhartz 2011 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2007 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Denaux 1992 , pp. 113 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 57 , 70 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Metzger & Ehrman 1985 , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Summa Theologiae , Part I , Question XLII . Jump up ^ Athanasian Creed at New Advent . ^ Jump up to : Harris 2006 , pp. 302 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , pp. 365 -- 440 . Jump up ^ Robert Kysar , `` John : The Maverick Gospel '' ( Louisville : Westminster John Knox ) , 1976 , pp. 49 -- 54 ^ Jump up to : Bauckham 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moule 1962 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shea , SJ , Henry J. ( Summer 2017 ) . `` The Beloved Disciple and the Spiritual Exercises '' . Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits. 49 , no . 2 . ^ Jump up to : Cross & Livingstone 2005 . Jump up ^ Barrett 1978 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Funk & Jesus Seminar 1998 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Olson 1999 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kysar 2005 , pp. 88ff . Jump up ^ Brown 1997 . Jump up ^ Van den Broek & Vermaseren 1981 , pp. 467ff . Jump up ^ Combs 1987 . Jump up ^ Most 2005 , pp. 121ff . Jump up ^ Skarsaune 2008 , pp. 247ff . Jump up ^ Lindars 1990 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ John 17 : 14 Jump up ^ John 14 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Brown 1997 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Kovacs 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Burge 2014 , pp. 236 -- 37 . ^ Jump up to : Funk , Hoover & Jesus Seminar 1993 , pp. 1 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Williamson 2004 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Michaels 1971 , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2008 . Jump up ^ Pagels 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2006 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Walvoord , John F. ( 1985 ) . The Bible Knowledge Commentary . Wheaton , IL : Victor Books . p. 313 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 2005 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Pillar New Testament Commentary : The Gospel According to John . Grand Rapids , MI : Wm . B. Eardmans Publishing Co. p. 117 . Jump up ^ Moule 1962 , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Sander 2015 . Jump up ^ Ladd & Hagner 1993 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barry 1911 . Jump up ^ Neusner 2003 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 2005 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambrose , Z . Philip ( 2005 ) . `` BWV 245 '' . J.S. Bach : The Extant Texts of the Vocal Works in English Translations with Commentary. 2 . Translated by Ambrose , Z . Philip . Xlibris Corp . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4134 - 4600 - 5 . Barrett , C.K. ( 1978 ) . The Gospel According to St. John : An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22180 - 5 . Barry , William ( 1911 ) . `` Parables '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 11 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Bauckham , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Testimony of the Beloved Disciple : Narrative , History , and Theology in the Gospel of John . Baker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 3485 - 5 . -- -- ( 2015 ) . Gospel of Glory : Major Themes in Johannine Theology . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 2708 - 9 . Blomberg , Craig ( 2011 ) . The Historical Reliability of John 's Gospel . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3871 - 6 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1966 ) . The Gospel According to John , Volume 1 . Anchor Bible series . 29 . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 01517 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . New York : Anchor Bible . ISBN 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burge , Gary M. ( 2014 ) . `` Gospel of John '' . In Evans , Craig A . The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 72224 - 3 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Carroll , James ( 2001 ) . Constantine 's Sword : The Church and the Jews : A History . Houghton Mifflin . p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77927 - 9 . Carson , D.A. ; Moo , Douglas J. ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . HarperCollins Christian Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 53955 - 1 . Chilton , Bruce ; Neusner , Jacob ( 2006 ) . Judaism in the New Testament : Practices and Beliefs . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 81497 - 8 . Combs , William W. ( 1987 ) . `` Nag Hammadi , Gnosticism and New Testament Interpretation '' . Grace Theological Journal . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 212 . Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` John , Gospel of St . '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Denaux , Adelbert ( 1992 ) . `` The Q - Logion Mt 11 , 27 / Lk 10 , 22 and the Gospel of John '' . In Denaux , Adelbert . John and the Synoptics . Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium. 101 . Leuven University Press . pp. 113 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6186 - 498 - 1 . Dunn , James D.G. , ed. ( 1992 ) . Jews and Christians : The Parting of the Ways -- A.D. 70 to 135 . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Alexander , Philip S. ( 1992 ) . ' The Parting of the Ways ' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 1992 ) . The Question of Anti-Semitism in the New Testament Writings of the Period . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4498 - 9 . Edwards , Ruth B. ( 2015 ) . Discovering John : Content , Interpretation , Reception . Discovering Biblical Texts . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7240 - 1 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2004 ) . The New Testament : A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings . New York : Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515462 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 073817 - 4 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus , Interrupted . HarperOne . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117393 - 6 . Fredriksen , Paula ( 2008 ) . From Jesus to Christ : The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16410 - 7 . Funk , Robert W. ; Hoover , Roy W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1993 ) . The Five Gospels : The Search for the Authentic Words of Jesus . Polebridge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944344 - 57 - 6 . Funk , Robert W. ; Jesus Seminar ( 1998 ) . The Acts of Jesus : The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus . HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 062978 - 6 . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2006 ) . Understanding the Bible ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 296548 - 3 . Hendricks , Obrey M. , Jr. ( 2007 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Coogan , Michael D. ; Brettler , Marc Z. ; Newsom , Carol A. ; Perkins , Pheme . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( 3rd ed . ) . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59856 - 032 - 9 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) . How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God ? : Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2861 - 3 . Köstenberger , Andreas J. ; Kellum , Leonard Scott ; Quarles , Charles L. ( 2009 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville : B&H Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 . Kovacs , Judith L. ( 1995 ) . `` Now Shall the Ruler of This World Be Driven Out : Jesus ' Death as Cosmic Battle in John 12 : 20 -- 36 '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 114 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 47 . doi : 10.2307 / 3266937 . JSTOR 3266937 . Kysar , Robert ( 2005 ) . Voyages with John : Charting the Fourth Gospel . Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932792 - 43 - 0 . Kysar , Robert ( 2007 ) . `` The Dehistoricizing of the Gospel of John '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 1 : Critical Appraisals of Critical Views . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 293 - 0 . Ladd , George Eldon ; Hagner , Donald Alfred ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 5 . Lincoln , Andrew ( 2005 ) . Gospel According to St John : Black 's New Testament Commentaries . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 8822 - 9 . Lindars , Barnabas ( 1990 ) . John . New Testament Guides. 4 . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 255 - 4 . Lindars , Barnabas ; Edwards , Ruth ; Court , John M. ( 2000 ) . The Johannine Literature . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84127 - 081 - 4 . Metzger , B.M. ; Ehrman , B.D. ( 1985 ) . The Text of New Testament . Рипол Классик . ISBN 978 - 5 - 88500 - 901 - 0 . Michaels , J. Ramsey ( 1971 ) . `` Verification of Jesus ' Self - Revelation in His passion and Resurrection ( 18 : 1 -- 21 : 25 ) '' . The Gospel of John . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4674 - 2330 - 4 . Most , Glenn W. ( 2005 ) . Doubting Thomas . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01914 - 0 . Moule , C.F.D. ( July 1962 ) . `` The Individualism of the Fourth Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum ,. 5 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1560025 . JSTOR 1560025 . Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . Invitation to the Talmud : A Teaching Book . South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism. 169 . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59244 - 155 - 6 . Olson , Roger E. ( 1999 ) . The Story of Christian Theology : Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform . Downers Grove , Illinois : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1505 - 0 . De Santos Otero , Aurelio ( 1993 ) . Los Evangelios Apocrifos ( The Apochryphal Gospels ) . Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos ( in Spanish ) . 148 ( 9th ed . ) . Madrid . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7914 - 044 - 1 . Pagels , Elaine H. ( 2003 ) . Beyond Belief : The Secret Gospel of Thomas . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50156 - 8 . Porter , Stanley E. ( 2015 ) . John , His Gospel , and Jesus : In Pursuit of the Johannine Voice . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 7170 - 1 . Van den Broek , Roelof ; Vermaseren , Maarten Jozef ( 1981 ) . Studies in Gnosticism and Hellenistic Religions . Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain. 91 . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 06376 - 1 . Reinhartz , Adele ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Levine , Amy - Jill ; Brettler , Marc Z . The Jewish Annotated New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 992706 - 7 . Sanders , E.P. ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192822 - 7 . Senior , Donald ( 1991 ) . The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of John . Passion of Jesus Series . 4 . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5462 - 0 . Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 0863 - 8 . Thompson , Marianne Maye ( 2006 ) . `` The Gospel According to John '' . In Barton , Stephen C. The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels . Cambridge Companions to Religion . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80766 - 1 . Williamson , Lamar , Jr. ( 2004 ) . Preaching the Gospel of John : Proclaiming the Living Word . Louisville : Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22533 - 9 . Witherington , Ben ( 2004 ) . The New Testament Story . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2765 - 4 . Zimmermann , Ruben ( 2015 ) . Puzzling the Parables of Jesus : Methods and Interpretation . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 6532 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1965 ) . `` Does the New Testament call Jesus God ? '' . Theological Studies . 26 : 545 -- 73 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1979 ) . The Community of the Beloved Disciple . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 2174 - 8 . Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . The Gospel According to John . Pillar New Testament Commentary Series . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3683 - 0 . Culpepper , R. Alan ( 1983 ) . Anatomy of the Fourth Gospel : A Study in Literary Design . Minneapolis : Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2068 - 4 . Dodd , C.H. ( 1968 - 05 - 01 ) . The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09517 - 4 . Estes , Douglas ( 2008 ) . The Temporal Mechanics of the Fourth Gospel : A Theory of Hermeneutical Relativity in the Gospel of John ( BIS 92 ) . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16598 - 4 . Fonck , Leopold ( 1910 ) . `` Gospel of St. John '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 8 . New York : Robert Appleton . Hamid - Khani , Saeed ( 2000 ) . Revelation and Concealment of Christ : A Theological Inquiry into the Elusive Language of the Fourth Gospel ( WUNT 120 ) . Tubingen : Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 147138 - 4 . Hill , Charles E. ( 2006 ) . The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 929144 - 1 . Jensen , Robin M. ( October 2002 ) . The Two Faces of Jesus . Bible Review . p. 42 . M'Cheyne , Robert Murray ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) . Bethany : Discovering Christ 's Love in Times of Suffering When Heaven Seems Silent ( A Study of John 12 ) . Diggory Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84685 - 702 - 7 . Morris , Leon ( 1995 ) . The Gospel According to St. John . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2504 - 9 . Robinson , John A.T. ( 1990 ) . Redating the New Testament . Trinity Press International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 334 - 02300 - 5 . OL 9427964M . Sander , Emilie T. ( 2015 ) . `` Biblical Literature : The Fourth Gospel : The Gospel According to John '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Sloyan , Gerard Stephen ( 2006 ) . What are They Saying about John ? . What Are They Saying about ... ? series ( Revised ed . ) . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 4337 - 5 . Smith , D. Moody ( 2010 ) . `` Jesus Tradition in the Gospel of John '' . In Holmén , Tom ; Porter , Stanley E. Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16372 - 0 . Thatcher , Tom , ed. ( 2007 ) . What We Have Heard from the Beginning : The Past , Present and Future of Johannine Studies . Waco : Baylor University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60258 - 010 - 7 . Thatcher , Tom ( 2009 ) . `` Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel : Phase Two of the John , Jesus , and History Project '' . In Anderson , Paul N. ; Just , Felix ; Thatcher , Tom . John , Jesus , and History , Volume 2 : Aspects of Historicity in the Fourth Gospel . Society of Biblical Literature Symposium series . 44 . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1589833929 . Theissen , Gerd ( 2011 ) . The New Testament : A Literary History . Translated by Maloney , Linda M. Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 9785 - 3 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 1996 ) . `` The Historical Jesus and the Johannine Christ '' . In Smith , Dwight Moody ; Culpepper , R. Alan ; Black , Carl Clifton . Exploring the Gospel of John : In Honor of D. Moody Smith . Old Testament Library . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22083 - 9 . Thompson , Marianne Meye ( 2011 ) . `` John '' . In Fee , Gordon D. ; Hubbard , Robert L. , Jr . The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3823 - 0 . Vermes , Geza ( 2004 ) . The Authentic Gospel of Jesus . Penguin UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 191260 - 8 . Wansbrough , Henry ( 2015 ) . Introducing the New Testament . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 65670 - 4 . White , L. Michael ( 2010 ) . Scripting Jesus : The Gospels in Rewrite. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 198537 - 9 . A Brief Introduction to the Gospel According to John Gospel According to John , Encyclopædia Britannica Online . A textual commentary on the Gospel of John Detailed text ; critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 376 pages ; archived on 4 March 2016 ) John Rylands papyrus : text , translation , illustration and a bibliography of the discussion John , Gospel of St. in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica -- collected comments ; archived 4 April 2006 Conflicts Between the Gospel of John & the Remaining Three ( synoptic ) Gospels on ReligiousTolerance.com . John Henry Bernard , Alan Hugh McNeile , A critical and exegetical commentary on the Gospel according to St. John , Continuum International Publishing Group , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Online translations of the Gospel of John : Over 200 versions in over 70 languages at Bible Gateway The Unbound Bible from Biola University David Robert Palmer , Translation from the Greek Text of the Gospel with textual variants The Egerton Gospel text ; compare with Gospel of John Gospel of John Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Luke New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Acts of the Apostles Portals Access related topics Religion portal Christianity portal Bible portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list ) New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book ( hide ) Gospel of John Bible John 1 1 : 1 Book of Signs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Book of Glory 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Epilogue : 21 Places Ænon Bethabara Bethany Bethsaida Cana Capernaum Galilee Jacob 's Well Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Kidron Samaria Sea of Galilee Solomon 's Porch Sychar People Andrew Annas Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mother of Jesus Lazarus Malchus Martha Mary Magdalene Mary , sister of Martha Nathanael Nicodemus Philip Pontius Pilate Simon of Cyrene Simon Peter Simon the Leper Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin `` I AM '' sayings Bread of Life Light of the World Gate for the Sheep Good Shepherd Resurrectio et Vita Via et Veritas et Vita True Vine Other Events Bread of Life Discourse Crucifixion of Jesus Ecce homo Farewell Discourse Feast of Dedication Feeding the 5000 Foot washing Healing a blind man Healing a paralytic Healing a sick son Jesus wept Last Supper Marriage at Cana Noli me tangere Raising of Lazarus That they all may be one Ut unum sint Via et veritas et vita Walking on water Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Luke ( chapter 24 ) Acts of the Apostles ( chapter 1 ) → VIAF : 57145910123927021804 LCCN : n79060414 GND : 4028700 - 2 SELIBR : 269323 SUDOC : 112017258 BNF : cb12008265h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_John&oldid=809280676 '' Categories : Catharism Gospel of John Johannine literature Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Papiamentu Plattdüütsch Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 04 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel%20of%20John
| 25,010 |
who dies in the new maze runner movie
|
Maze Runner : the Death Cure
|
maze runner : the death cure
|
Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin , based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Dexter Darden , Nathalie Emmanuel , Giancarlo Esposito , Aidan Gillen , Walton Goggins , Ki Hong Lee , Jacob Lofland , Katherine McNamara , Barry Pepper , Will Poulter , Rosa Salazar , and Patricia Clarkson .
|
Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film 's release for January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX , allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $283 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Thomas , Newt , and Frypan are the last of the free `` Gladers '' immune to the Flare virus that has ravaged the world 's population . They and The Right Arm resistance conduct a rescue operation where they retrieve other Immunes from a train , which is owned by WCKD , an organization responsible for capturing and experimenting on immune children . They discover that Minho , their remaining Glader friend whom WCKD had captured , was not on that train , which is headed to `` The Last City '' , WCKD 's base of operations . Against the orders of Vince , leader of The Right Arm , the three leave their camp to rescue Minho , who is being tortured by WCKD in hopes of developing a cure for the virus . Heading for the Last City , the group is attacked by Cranks , humans infected with the Flare . However , they are saved by Jorge and Brenda , who join them . The group makes it to the wall of the Last City , which protects the city from Cranks . Outside the wall , people are rallying in protest to be let into the city . When WCKD opens fire at the protesters , the group is captured by a contingent of masked men and are taken to a hideout . One of the masked men is revealed to be Gally , who has survived Minho 's attack at the end of The Maze Runner . Gally takes them to see Lawrence , a rebellion leader for those outside the walls , who helps them enter the Last City through a secret entrance . Gally leads Thomas and Newt through to the city and , spotting Teresa , Gally tells Thomas that she can get them into WCKD headquarters . Newt then confides to Thomas that he is infected . Promising to cure him , the three capture Teresa . Thomas , Newt , and Gally escort Teresa inside WCKD headquarters and toward the location of the Immunes . Gally looks after the Immune children and stays to find a serum that slows the Flare , while Thomas , Newt , and Teresa go to find Minho . They are discovered and chased by Janson . Teresa lets them escape to find Minho before rushing to do a blood test on Thomas ' blood , which she obtained when removing trackers from the Gladers . Having delivered the Immune children and the serum to Brenda , Gally returns to WCKD headquarters to find Thomas . Brenda is forced to flee with the Immune children to avoid capture . Thomas and Newt reunite with Minho in the medical wing . Teresa discovers that Thomas ' blood can cure the Flare . She shares her discovery with WCKD 's leader , Ava Paige , both agreeing that they must find Thomas . Brenda and the Immune children escape WCKD with Frypan 's help . Meanwhile , Lawrence rallies his rebels outside the city before blowing a hole in the city wall , sacrificing himself to allow his allies and the infected people to storm the city . Gally finds Thomas , Minho , and Newt . Newt , sending Minho and Gally ahead to get the serum from Brenda , gives Thomas a pendant before passing out . Teresa transmits her voice throughout the city , telling Thomas that his blood can save Newt if he will only return to WCKD . Newt , nearly consumed by the Flare , regains consciousness and attacks Thomas , while begging Thomas to kill him . When Thomas will not , Newt -- left with no other option -- stabs himself . Thomas makes his way back to WCKD and confronts Ava . However , she is killed by Janson , who is infected by the Flare . Janson knocks Thomas out and drags him to a lab where Teresa is ready to extract his blood . However , he reveals that he is only truly interested in curing himself , which results in Teresa turning on him . After a fight , Janson is killed , allowing Thomas and Teresa to escape to the rooftop , where Teresa gives Thomas a vial with the cure . Their allies suddenly appear in an aircraft : Thomas makes it aboard , but Teresa dies when the headquarters collapses in on itself . The group reunites with the rest of the Immunes and The Right Arm , escaping to a safe haven , where the remaining population can live in safety . There , Thomas discovers that the pendant Newt gave him had a note in it . Still traumatized by his friends ' deaths , he reads the note , in which Newt tells him to look after everyone . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Katherine McNamara as Sonya Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film premiered on January 26 , 2018 in theatres and IMAX . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of March 25 , 2018 , Maze Runner : The Death Cure has grossed $57.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $226.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $284 million , against a production budget of $62 million . In the United States and Canada , The Death Cure was released alongside the wide expansion of Hostiles , and was expected to gross around $20 million from 3,786 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $1.5 million from Thursday night previews , in between the $1.1 million made by the first film and $1.7 million by the second , and $8.4 million on its first day . It ended up opening to $24.2 million , down from the previous film but still finishing atop the box office . In its second weekend the film dropped 58 % to $10.2 million , finishing second behind Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . A week prior to its North American release , the film debuted in South Korea , Australia and Taiwan , grossing $15.1 million over its opening weekend . During the first two weeks of international release , the film dominated the international box office taking $62.6 and $35.2 million respectively , and outpacing the two previous films . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 144 reviews , and an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure may offer closure to fans of the franchise , but for anyone who has n't already been hooked , this bloated final installment is best left unseen . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Home Media ( edit ) The Death Cure will be released on Blu - Ray and DVD on April 24 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE ( 2018 ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Defy Media ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks -- E ! '' . E !. April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Big day today . Shot two scenes in 7 hours ( that 's a short day for me ) . Also prelit a set for tomorrow . Then watched dailies ... Pretty stuff '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ wesball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Gallagher , Brian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Maze Runner 3 : Death Cure Gets Delayed Yet Again '' . Movieweb . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Races Toward $20 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Dominates With $62.6 Million Internationally '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sprints to $35 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure DVD '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=833199270 '' Categories : 2018 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films American survival films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2018 Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 56 . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze%20Runner%3A%20The%20Death%20Cure
| 41 |
||
when was the guns and roses riot in st louis
|
The Riverport Riot was a riot which took place on July 2 , 1991 at the Riverport Amphitheatre ( now named Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre ) in Maryland Heights , Missouri ( near St. Louis ) during a concert by the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It is also known as the `` Rocket Queen Riot '' .
|
July 2 , 1991
|
Riverport riot
|
riverport riot
|
The Riverport Riot was a riot which took place on July 2 , 1991 at the Riverport Amphitheatre ( now named Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre ) in Maryland Heights , Missouri ( near St. Louis ) during a concert by the American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It is also known as the `` Rocket Queen Riot '' .
|
During the band 's performance of `` Rocket Queen '' , the 15th song in the set ( counting drum and guitar solos ) , lead singer Axl Rose , in the middle of the chorus , pointed out a fan who was taking still pictures of the show , saying `` ... Hey , take that ! Take that ! Now , get that guy and take that ! '' When security was unable to deal with the person , Rose decided to confiscate the camera himself , saying `` I 'll take it , god damn it ! '' and then jumped into the audience and tackled the person . After taking the camera , striking members of the audience and the security team , and being pulled out of the audience by crew members , Rose grabbed his microphone and said `` Well , thanks to the lame - ass security , I 'm going home ! '' , slammed his microphone on the stage and left . The sound the microphone made sounded to some fans like a gunshot . After Rose left , lead guitarist Slash quickly told the audience , `` He just smashed the microphone . We 're out of here . '' This infuriated the audience , setting off a three - hour riot in which dozens of people were injured . The footage was captured by Robert John , who was documenting the entire tour for the band . Rose was charged with having incited the riot , but police were unable to arrest him until almost a year later , as the band went overseas to continue the tour . Charges were filed against Rose but a judge ruled that he did not directly incite the riot . Rose later stated that the Guns N ' Roses security team had made four separate requests to the venue 's security staff to remove the camera , each of which were ignored , as well as that other members of the band had reported being hit by bottles from the audience and that the venue 's security had not been very strict altogether , allowing weapons into the arena and refusing to enforce a drinking limit . Consequently , Use Your Illusion I and II 's artwork featured a message in the ' Thank You ' section of the album : `` Fuck You , St. Louis ! '' The band did not play in the city again until July 27 , 2017 as part of the Not in This Lifetime ... Tour . 1990s portal Criminal justice portal Missouri portal Rock music portal External links ( edit ) YouTube video of Axl Rose jumping into the crowd , confiscating the camera , and leaving the stage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McKagan , Duff ( 4 October 2011 ) . It 's So Easy : And Other Lies . New York : Simon and Schuster . pp. 186 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 0663 - 8 . Jump up ^ Davis , Stephen ( 26 August 2008 ) . Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses . New York : Penguin Publishing Group . pp. 290 -- 292 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 3928 - 9 . Jump up ^ Here Today ... Gone To Hell ! - Guns N ' Roses History Jump up ^ GNR return to ST . Louis Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Izzy Stradlin Tracii Guns Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands BulletBoys The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Johnny Crash Kings of Chaos L.A. Guns Love Spit Love Metallica Neurotic Outsiders Nine Inch Nails Praxis The Psychedelic Furs Road Crew Slash 's Snakepit Velvet Revolver Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverport_Riot&oldid=799959069 '' Categories : 1991 in Missouri 1991 in music 1991 riots Guns N ' Roses History of St. Louis County , Missouri Music riots Riots and civil disorder in Missouri Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverport%20Riot
| 107,713 |
who was heading the indian army during bangladesh war of 1971
|
The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government .
|
General Sam Manekshaw
|
Indo - Pakistani war of 1971
|
indo - pakistani war of 1971
|
Western Front :
|
India -- Pakistan border Line of Control Arabian Sea Result Decisive Indian victory . Eastern front : Surrender of East Pakistan military command . Western front : Unilateral Ceasefire . Territorial changes Eastern Front : Independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh Western Front : Indian forces captured around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) land in the West but returned it in the Simla Agreement as a gesture of goodwill . Belligerents India Provisional Bangladesh Pakistan East Pakistan Commanders and leaders V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Jagjivan Ram ( Defence Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen G.G. Bewoor ( GOC - in - C , Southern Command ) Lt. Gen K.P. Candeth ( GOC - in - C , Western Command ) Lt. Gen Manohar Lal ( GOC - in - C , Northern Command ) Lt. Gen Premindra Bhagat ( GOC - in - C , Central Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Lt. Gen T.N. Raina ( GOC - in - C , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sartaj Singh ( GOC - in - C , XV Corps ) Lt. Gen Karan Singh ( GOC - in - C , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Depinder Singh ( GOC - in - C , XII Corps ) MajGen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) MajGen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) MajGen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir , Military Operations ) Adm S.M. Nanda ( Chief of Naval Staff ) VAdm S.N. Kohli ( Cdr . Western Naval Command ) ACM Pratap C. Lal ( Chief of Air Staff ) Rameshwar Kao ( Director of RAW ) Tajuddin Ahmad ( PM Provisional Government ) Col. M.A.G. Osmani ( Commander , Mukti Bahini ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Gul Hassan Khan ( Chief of General Staff ) Lt. Gen Abdul Ali Malik ( Commander , I Corps ) Lt. Gen Tikka Khan ( Commander , II Corps ) Lt. Gen Sher Khan ( Commander , IV Corps ) MGen Iftikhar Janjua † ( GOC , 23rd Infantry Division ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) VAdm Muzaffar Hassan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Navy ) RAdm Rashid Ahmed ( COS , Navy NHQ ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) RAdm M.A.K. Lodhi ( Cdr , Western Naval Command ) RAdm Leslie Norman ( Commander , Pakistan Marines ) AM Abdul Rahim Khan ( Cdr - in - Chief , Air Force ) AVM P.D. Callaghan ( Chief Ins , Pakistan Air Force ) Air Cdre Inamul Haq ( Cdr Eastern Air Command ) Gp. Capt . Z.A. Khan ( COS , Air AHQ Dhaka ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Strength Indian Armed Forces : 500,000 Mukti Bahini : 175,000 Total : 675,000 Pakistan Armed Forces : 365,000 Casualties and losses 2,500 -- 3,843 killed . 1 Naval aircraft Damage to western Indian airfields . Pakistani claims 130 IAF Aircraft Indian claims 45 IAF Aircraft ( Supported by Neutral assessments ) Neutral claims 45 IAF Aircraft 9,000 killed 25,000 wounded 97,368 captured 2 Destroyers 1 Minesweeper 1 Submarine 3 Patrol vessels 7 Gunboats Pakistani main port Karachi facilities damaged / fuel tanks destroyed Pakistani airfields damaged and cratered Pakistani claims 42 PAF Aircraft Indian claims 94 PAF Aircraft Neutral claims 75 PAF Aircraft Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Garibpur Gazipur Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Naval War Simla Agreement Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh . Indo - Pakistani conflicts Kashmir conflict War of 1947 War of 1965 War of 1971 Siachen conflict Kargil War 2001 -- 02 standoff 2008 standoff Border skirmishes 2011 2013 2014 -- 15 2016 -- present confrontation The Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the liberation war in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 to the fall of Dacca ( Dhaka ) on 16 December 1971 . The war began with preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations that led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces . Lasting just 13 days , it is one of the shortest wars in history . During the war , Indian and Pakistani militaries simultaneously clashed on the eastern and western front and ended the war after the Eastern Command of Pakistan military signed the Instrument of Surrender on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka , marking the formation of East Pakistan as the new nation of Bangladesh . Officially , East Pakistan had earlier called for its secession from the unity of Pakistan on 26 March 1971 . Approximately 90,000 to 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoners by the Indian Army which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces , including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan . The remaining 10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians , either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . It is estimated that between 300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians were killed in Bangladesh . As a result of the conflict , a further eight to ten million people fled the country to seek refuge in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation War 3 India 's official engagement with Pakistan 3.1 Objective 3.2 Naval hostilities 3.3 Air operations 3.4 Indian attacks on Pakistan 3.5 Ground operations 3.6 Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan 4 Foreign reaction and involvement 4.1 United States and Soviet Union 4.2 China and Iran 5 Aftermath 5.1 India 5.2 Pakistan 5.3 Bangladesh 6 Impact 6.1 Pakistan : War Enquiry Commission and War prisoners 6.2 India : Indo - Pakistani Summits 6.3 Bangladesh : International Crimes Tribunal 7 Long - term consequences 8 Timeline 9 Military awards 9.1 Battle honours 9.2 Gallantry awards 10 Civilian awards 11 Dramatization 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Background Main articles : Cable 1971 , Admiral Ahsan Mission , Bangladesh Liberation War , Mukti Bahini , 1971 Bangladesh atrocities , Timeline of Bangladesh Liberation War , and 1971 Bangladesh genocide The Indo - Pakistani conflict was sparked by the armed liberation struggle that was taking place in East Pakistan between the dominant Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis over the issue of right to governance and the constitution . The political tensions between East Bengal and West Pakistan had its origin in the times of the creation of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India by the United Kingdom in 1947 , the popular language movement in 1950 , mass riots in East Bengal in 1964 , and eventually massive protests in 1969 that eventually led to the resignation of President Ayub Khan who invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over the central government . The geographical distance between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan was vast as East Pakistan was over ~ 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) away , which greatly hampered any attempt to integrate the Bengali culture with the cultures of West Pakistan . To overcome the Bengali domination and prevent them from their right to form the central government in Islamabad , the controversial One Unit program was promulgated which established the two wings of East and West Pakistan but such efforts were met with great opposition from the West Pakistanis . This made it difficult to effectively govern both wings . In 1969 , President Yahya Khan announced the first general elections and he disestablished the status of West Pakistan as a single province in 1970 in order to restore it to its original heterogeneous status comprising four provinces as defined at the time of establishment of Pakistan in 1947 . In addition , there were also religious and racial tensions between Bengalis and the multi-ethnic West Pakistanis as Bengalis looked different from the dominant West Pakistanis . The general elections , held in 1970 , resulted in East Pakistan 's Awami League gaining 167 out of 169 seats for the East Pakistan Legislative Assembly and a near - absolute majority in the 313 - seat National Assembly while the vote in West Pakistan was mostly won by the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party . The Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stressed his political position by presenting his Six Points and endorsing the Bengalis ' right to govern . The Awami League 's election success caused many West Pakistanis to fear that it would allow the Bengalis to draft the constitution based on the six - points and liberalism . To resolve the crisis , the Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission was formed to provide insightful recommendations and its finding were met with favourable reviews from the Awami League , the Pakistan Peoples Party , and the Pakistan Muslim League as well as from the President Yahya Khan . Maps shows Pakistan and East Pakistan. Distance between East and Pakistan laid 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) of Indian territory . However , the mission was not supported by the elements in the National Security Council and was subsequently vetoed . After Zulfikar Ali Bhutto , the chairman of Pakistan Peoples Party , endorsed the veto and subsequently refused to yield the premiership of Pakistan to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the Awami League called for general strikes in the country . President Yahya Khan postponed the inauguration of the National Assembly and this caused a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan . In reaction , Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for the general strikes that eventually shutdown the government and the dissidents in East began targeting the ethnic Bihari community which had supported West Pakistan . In early March 1971 , approximately ~ 300 Biharis were slaughtered in rioting by Bengali mobs in Chittagong alone . The Government of Pakistan used the `` Bihari massacre ' '' to justify its deployment of the military in East Pakistan on 25 March when it initiated its military crackdown . President Yahya Khan then called on the military , which was overwhelming led by West Pakistanis , to suppress dissent in the East after accepting the resignation of Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the chief of staff of the East - Pakistani military . Mass arrests of dissidents began and after several days of strikes and non-cooperation movement , the Pakistani military led by Tikka Khan cracked down on Dhaka on the night of 25 March 1971 . The Awami League was outlawed by the government and many of its members and sympathizers took refuge in Eastern India . Mujib was arrested on the night of 25 / 26 March 1971 at about 1 : 30 am ( as per Radio Pakistan 's news on 29 March 1971 ) and taken to West Pakistan . The next action carried out was Operation Searchlight followed by Operation Barisal , in an attempt to kill the intellectual elite of the east . On 26 March 1971 , Major Ziaur Rahman of Pakistan Army declared the independence of Bangladesh on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In April , the exiled Awami League leaders formed a government - in - exile in Baidyanathtala of Meherpur . The East Pakistan Rifles , Bengali officers in Pakistan 's army , navy , and marines , defected to the rebellion after taking refuge in different parts of India . The Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini or Bangladesh Force consisting of Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Oniyomito Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the retired colonel Mohammad Ataul Gani Osmani India 's involvement in Bangladesh Liberation war Main articles : 1971 East Pakistan genocide , Terrorism in Pakistan , and Anti-Pakistan sentiment After the resignations of Admiral S.M. Ahsan and Lieutenant - General Yaqub Ali Khan , the media correspondents began airing reports of Pakistani military 's widespread genocide against their Bengali citizens , that was particularly aimed at the minority Bengali Hindu population which led to approximately ~ 10 million people seeking refuge in the neighboring states of Eastern India . The Indian government opened the East Pakistan -- India border to allow the Bengali refugees to take safe shelter , with state governments of West Bengal , Bihar , Assam , Meghalaya and Tripura establishing the refugee camps alongside the border . The resulting flood of impoverished East Pakistani refugees placed an intolerable strain on India 's already overburdened economy . After the war , the Pakistan army 's generals in East held each other responsible for the committed atrocities but most burden laid to Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan who earned the notoriety from his actions as his role as governor of the East ; he was called the `` Butcher of Bengal '' because of the widespread atrocities committed under his responsibility . Unlike his contemporary Yaqub who was a pacifist and knew well of the limits of force , Tikka was known as `` soldier known for his eager use of force '' to settle his differences . Confessing at the hearings of War Enquiry Commission , Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi reportedly comment on his actions and noted : `` On the night between 25 / 26 March 1971 , ( General ) Tikka struck . Peaceful night was turned into a time of wailing , crying and burning . ( General ) Tikka let loose everything at his disposal as if raiding an enemy , not dealing with his own misguided and misled people . The military action was a display of stark cruelty more merciless than the massacres at Bukhara and Baghdad by Chengiz Khan and Halaku Khan ... ( General ) Tikka ... resorted to the killing of civilians and a scorched earth policy . His orders to his troops were : `` I want the land not the people ... '' . '' Major - General Rao Farman had written in his table diary : `` Green land of East Pakistan will be painted red . It was painted red by Bengali blood . '' However , Major - General Rao Farman had forcefully denied writing that comment and laid all responsibility to Tikka while confessing at the War Enquiry Commission in 1974 . The Indian government repeatedly appealed to the international community , but failing to elicit any response despite the External Affairs minister Swaran Singh meeting with foreign ministers of other countries . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on 27 March 1971 expressed full support of her government for the independence struggle of the people of East Pakistan and concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees , it was economical to go to war against Pakistan . On 28 April 1971 , the Gandhi cabinet had ordered the Chief of the Army Staff General Sam Manekshaw to `` Go into East Pakistan '' . Defected East Pakistan military 's officers and the elements of Indian Research and Analysis Wing ( RAW ) immediately started using the Indian refugee camps for recruitment and training of Mukti Bahini guerrillas that were to be trained against Pakistan . In 1971 , there was a strong wave of Indian - supported Bangladeshi nationalism in the East . The situation became violent and the systematic targeted killings of unarmed multi-ethic Pakistanis living in East started . Vehicle bombings on government secretariats became a normal narrative in east with high - profile assassinations of number of those Bengali politicians who were loyal to Pakistan became common in the East . According to Jussi Hanhimäki , Finnish historian of terrorism , the Bengali terrorism in East is somewhat `` a forgotten episode of annals of terrorism . '' The Hamoodur Rahman Commission endorsed the claims of Bengali terrorism when it critically penned that the ill - treatment of families of multi-ethnic Pakistanis led to the Pakistani military soldiers reacted violently in order to restore the writ of the government . The news media 's mood in Pakistan had also turned increasingly jingoistic and militaristic against East Pakistan and India when the Pakistani news media reported the complexity of the situation in the East , though the reactions from Pakistan 's news media pundits were mixed . By the end of September 1971 , an organised propaganda campaign , possibly orchestrated by elements within the Government of Pakistan , resulted in stickers proclaiming Crush India becoming a standard feature on the rear windows of vehicles in Rawalpindi , Islamabad and Lahore and soon spread to the rest of West Pakistan . By October , other stickers proclaimed Hang the Traitor in an apparent reference to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . By the first week of December , the conservative print media outlets in the country had published `` Jihad '' related materials to boost the recruitment in the military . India 's official engagement with Pakistan Objective Illustration showing military units and troop movements during operations in the Eastern sector of the war . By the end of April 1971 , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had asked the Indian army chief General Sam Manekshaw if he was ready to go to war with Pakistan . According to Manekshaw 's own personal account , he refused , citing the onset of monsoon season in East Pakistan and also the fact that the army tanks were in the process of being refitted . He claimed that he offered to resign , which Indira Gandhi declined . He then said he could guarantee victory if she would allow him to prepare for the conflict on his terms , and set a date for it and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi accepted his conditions . In reality , Indira Gandhi was well aware of the difficulties of a hasty military action but she needed to get the military 's views to satisfy her hawkish colleagues and the public opinion , which were critical of India 's restraint . By November 1971 , the war seemed inevitable and the Soviet Union had reportedly warned Pakistan against the war which they termed as `` suicidal course for Pakistan 's unity . '' Throughout November 1971 , there were thousands of people led by conservative Pakistani politicians who marched in Lahore and across Pakistan , calling for Pakistan to Crush India . India responded by starting a massive buildup of Indian army on the western borders and the Indian army waited until December , when the drier ground would make for easier operations and Himalayan passes would be closed by snow , preventing any Chinese intervention . On 23 November , President Yahya Khan declared a state of emergency in all of Pakistan and told his people to prepare for war . On the evening of 3 December , at about 5 : 40 pm , the Pakistan Air Force ( PAF ) launched surprise pre-emptive strikes on eleven airfields in north - western India , including Agra , which was 300 miles ( 480 km ) from the border . At the time of this attack the Taj Mahal was camouflaged with a forest of twigs and leaves and draped with burlap because its marble glowed like a white beacon in the moonlight . This preemptive strike known as Operation Chengiz Khan was inspired by the success of Israeli Operation Focus in the Arab -- Israeli Six Day War but , unlike the Israeli attack on Arab airbases in 1967 which involved a large number of Israeli planes , Pakistan flew no more than 50 planes to India . In an address to the nation on radio that same evening , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi held that the air strikes were a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes that very night . These air strikes were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning . This marked the official start of the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi ordered the immediate mobilisation of troops and launched a full - scale invasion of Pakistan . This involved Indian forces in a massive coordinated air , sea , and land assaults on Pakistan from all fronts . The main Indian objective on the Eastern front was to capture Dacca and on the western front was to prevent Pakistan from entering Indian soil . There was no Indian intention of conducting any major offensive into Pakistan to dismember it into different states . Naval hostilities Main article : Indo - Pakistani Naval War of 1971 Pakistan 's PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India , making it the first submarine casualty in the waters around the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the 1965 war , the Pakistan Navy was ill - prepared for the naval conflict with India and the Navy NHQ staffers and commanders knew very well that the Navy was ill - prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality . The Pakistan Navy was in no condition of fighting an offensive war in deep sea against the Indian Navy and the Pakistan Navy was in no condition to mount serious defence against Indian Navy 's seaborne encroachment . In the western theatre of the war , the Indian Navy 's Western Naval Command under the Vice Admiral S.N. Kohli , successfully launched a surprise attack on Karachi port on the night of 4 / 5 December 1971 under codename : Trident . The naval attack involving the Soviet - built Osa missile boats sank the Pakistan Navy 's destroyer PNS Khyber and minesweeper PNS Muhafiz while PNS Shah Jahan was also badly damaged . In retaliation , the Pakistan Navy submarines , Hangor , Mangro , and Shushuk , began their operations to seek out the major Indian warships . Pakistani naval sources reported that ~ 720 Pakistani sailors were killed or wounded , and Pakistan lost reserve fuel and many commercial ships , thus crippling the Pakistan Navy 's further involvement in the conflict . On 9 December 1971 , Hangor reportedly sank INS Khukri , inflicting 194 Indian casualties , and this attack was the first submarine kill since World War II . The sinking of INS Khurki was followed by another attack on Karachi port on the night of 8 / 9 December 1971 under codename : Python . A squadron of Indian Navy 's Osa missile boats approached the Karachi port and launched series of Soviet - acquired Styx missiles that resulted in further destruction of reserve fuel tanks and the sinking of three Pakistani merchant ships as well as foreign ships docked in Karachi . The Pakistan Air Force did not attack the Indian Navy ships and confusion remains the next day when the civilian pilots of Pakistan International , acting as reconnaissance war pilots , misidentified PNS Zulfiqar and the air force attacked its own warship , inflicting major damages to warship and killing several officers on board . In the eastern theatre of the war , the Indian Eastern Naval Command , under Vice Admiral Nilakanta Krishnan , completely isolated East Pakistan by a naval blockade in the Bay of Bengal , trapping the Eastern Pakistan Navy and eight foreign merchant ships in their ports . From 4 December onwards , the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant was deployed , and its Sea Hawk fighter - bombers attacked many coastal towns in East Pakistan including Chittagong and Cox 's Bazaar . Pakistan countered the threat by sending the submarine PNS Ghazi , which sank en route under mysterious circumstances off Visakhapatnam 's coast . Due to high number of defections , the Navy relied on deploying the Pakistan Marines led by Rear Admiral Leslie Mungavin where they had conducted riverine operations against the Indian Army but they too had suffered major losses that was taken in complete surprise , mainly due to their lack of understanding of expeditionary warfare and the wet terrain of East Pakistan . Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches an Alize aircraft The damage inflicted on the Pakistan Navy stood at 7 gunboats , 1 minesweeper , 1 submarine , 2 destroyers , 3 patrol crafts belonging to the coast guard , 18 cargo , supply and communication vessels , and large - scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi . Three merchant navy ships -- Anwar Baksh , Pasni and Madhumathi -- and ten smaller vessels were captured . Around ~ 1900 personnel were lost , while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in Dacca . According to one Pakistan scholar , Tariq Ali , Pakistan lost half its navy in the war . Air operations Main article : East Pakistan Air Operations , 1971 After the sneak attack , the PAF adopted a defensive stance in response to the Indian retaliation and as the war progressed , the Indian Air Force continued to battle the PAF over conflict zones but the number of sorties flown by the PAF decreased day -- by -- day . The Indian Air Force flew 4,000 sorties while the PAF offered little in retaliation , partly because of the paucity of non-Bengali technical personnel . This lack of retaliation has also been attributed to the deliberate decision of the PAF 's Air AHQ to cut its losses as it had already incurred huge losses in the conflict in the liberation war in the East . The PAF avoided making contacts with the Indian Navy after the Indian Navy raided the port of Karachi twice but the PAF did retaliate by bombing Okha harbour , destroying the fuel tanks used by the boats that had attacked . In the East , No. 14 Squadron Tail Choppers under Squadron Leader PQ Mehdi , who was taken as POW , was destroyed , putting the Dhaka air defense out of commission and resulting in Indian air superiority in the East . At the end of the war , PAF pilots made successful daring escapes from East Pakistan to neighboring Burma and many PAF personnel had already left the East for Burma on their own luck before Dacca was overrun by the Indian military in December 1971 . Indian attacks on Pakistan As Indian Army tightened its grip in the East Pakistan , the Indian Air Force continued with its pressing attacks against Pakistan as the campaign developed into a series of daylight anti-airfield , anti-radar , and close - support attacks by fighter jets , with night attacks against airfields and strategic targets by B - 57s and C - 130 by Pakistan and Canberras and An - 12s of India . The PAF deployed the F - 6s mainly on defensive combat air patrol missions over their own bases , but without the preferential air superiority , the PAF was unable to conduct effective offensive operations and its attacks were largely ineffective . The Indian Air Force 's raids destroyed one USAF and one UN in Dacca while the Canada 's RCAF DHC - 4 Caribou was also destroyed in Islamabad , alongside with the USAF 's Beech U-8 owned by the US military 's liaison chief Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager . Sporadic raids by the Indian air force continued against PAF forward air bases in Pakistan until the end of the war and interdiction and close - support operations were maintained . The PAF played a more limited part in the operations and were reinforced by F - 104s from Jordan , Mirages from an unidentified Middle Eastern ally ( remains unknown ) and by F - 86s from Saudi Arabia . Their arrival helped camouflage the extent of PAF losses and the Libyan F - 5s were reportedly deployed to Sargodha AFB , perhaps as a potential training unit to prepare Pakistani pilots for an influx of more F - 5s from Saudi Arabia . The IAF was able to conduct a wide range of missions -- troop support ; air combat ; deep penetration strikes ; para-dropping behind enemy lines ; feints to draw enemy fighters away from the actual target ; bombing and reconnaissance . The PAF , which was solely focused on air combat , was blown out of the subcontinent 's skies within the first week of the war . Those PAF aircraft that survived took refuge at Iranian air bases or in concrete bunkers , refusing to offer a fight . Hostilities officially ended at 14 : 30 GMT on 17 December , after the fall of Dacca on 15 December and India claimed large gains of territory in Pakistan ( although pre-war boundaries were recognised after the war ) , and the independence of Pakistan 's East Wing as Bangladesh was confirmed . India flew 1,978 sorties in the East and about 4,000 in Pakistan , while the PAF flew about 30 and 2,840 at both front . More than 80 percent of IAF sorties were close - support and interdiction and about 45 IAF aircraft were lost . Pakistan lost 75 aircraft , not including any F - 6s , Mirage IIIs , or the six Jordanian F - 104s which failed to return to their donors . The imbalance in air losses was explained by the IAF 's considerably higher sortie rate and its emphasis on ground - attack missions . On the ground , Pakistan suffered the most with 8,000 killed and 25,000 wounded while India only lost 3,000 dead and 12,000 wounded . The loss of armoured vehicles was similarly imbalanced and this finally represented a major defeat for Pakistan . Ground operations Indian T - 55 tanks on their way to Dhaka . Before the start of the war , the Indian Army was extremely well organized on both fronts and had enjoyed the significant numerical superiority over the Pakistan Army . The Indian Army 's extraordinary war performance at both fronts brought up the prestige , confidence , and dignity that it had lost during the war with China in 1962 . When the conflict started , the war immediately took a decisive turn in favor of India and their Bengali rebels militarily and diplomatically . On both front , Pakistan launched several ground offensives but Indian Army held their grounds and initiated well - coordinated ground operations on both fronts . Major ground attacks were concentrated on the western border by the Pakistan Army together with the Pakistan Marines in south border but the Indian Army was successful in penetrating into the Pakistani soil and eventually made some quick and initial gains , including capturing around 5,795 square miles ( 15,010 km ) of Pakistan territory as the land gained by India in Azad Kashmir , Punjab and Sindh sectors was later ceded in the Simla Agreement of 1972 , as a gesture of goodwill . Casualties inflicted to Pakistan Army 's I Corps and II Corps were very high and many soldiers were perished due to lack of operational planning and lack of coordination within the army 's formations against Indian Army 's Southern and Western Commands . By the time the war came to end , Pakistan army soldiers and marines were highly demoralized both emotionally and psychologically on the western front and had left with no will to put up a defensive fight against the approaching Indian Army soldiers . The War Enquiry Commission later exposed the fact that for the Pakistan Army , the arms and training of soldiers and officers were needed at every level , and every level of command . On 23 November 1971 , the Indian Army conventionally penetrated to the eastern fronts and cross the East Pakistan 's borders to join their Bengali nationalist allies . As contrary to 1965 war which had emphasised set - piece battles and slow advances , this time the strategy adopted was a swift , three - pronged assault of nine infantry divisions with attached armoured units and close air support that rapidly converged on Dhaka , the capital of East Pakistan . Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of the India 's Eastern Command , led the Indian full thrust into East Pakistan and as the Indian Eastern Command attacked the Pakistan Eastern Command , the Indian Air Force rapidly destroyed the small air contingent in East Pakistan and put the Dhaka airfield out of commission . In the meantime , the Indian Navy effectively blockaded East Pakistan . The Indian campaign employed `` blitzkrieg '' techniques , exploiting weakness in the enemy 's positions and bypassing opposition , and resulted in a swift victory . Faced with insurmountable losses , the Pakistani military capitulated in less than a fortnight and psychological panic spread in the Eastern Command 's military leadership . Indian advances in East created psychological panics that demoralized the Pakistani soldiers and their Bengali soldiers who were left with great worries at the hands of Mukti Bahini . Subsequently , the Indian Army encircled Dacca and ultimately issued an ultimatum to surrender in `` 30 - minutes '' time window on 16 December 1971 . Upon hearing the ultimatum , the Pakistan Eastern Command led by its commander Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi stationed in East Pakistan surrendered without putting a fight or offering any resistance . On 16 December 1971 , Pakistan ultimately called for unilateral ceasefire and surrendered its combined military to Indian Army -- hence ending the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command in East Pakistan Main articles : Instrument of Surrender ( 1971 ) and East Pakistan Military Command Officially , the Instrument of Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command stationed in East Pakistan was signed between the Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora , the GOC - in - C of Indian Eastern Command and Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , the Commander of the Pakistan Eastern Command , at the Ramna Race Course in Dhaka at 16 : 31Hrs IST on 16 December 1971 . As the surrender was accepted by Lieutenant - General Aurora without a word , the surrounding crowds on the race course started shouting anti-Pakistan slogans and there were reports of abuses aimed at the surrendering commanders of Pakistani military . Following the surrender , the Indian Army took approximately ~ 90,000 Pakistani servicemen and their Bengali supporters as POWs , making it largest surrender since the World War II . Initial counts were recorded as ~ 79,676 war prisoners who were the uniformed personnel , and overwhelming majority of war prisoners were officers , most of them were in the Army and Navy , while relatively small number of Air Force and Marines ; others in larger number were being served in the paramilitary . it was recorded that the ~ 55,692 were belonged to Pakistan Army , 16,354 Paramilitary , 5,296 Police , 1,000 Navy and 800 PAF . The remaining prisoners were civilians who were either family members of the military personnel or collaborators ( razakars ) . The Hamoodur Rahman Commission and the POW Investigation Commission reports instituted by Pakistan lists the Pakistani POWs as follows : Apart from soldiers , it was estimated that 15,000 Bengali civilians were also made prisoners of war . Inter-Service Branch Number of captured Pakistani POWs Officer Commanding Pakistan Army 54,154 Lieutenant - General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi Pakistan Navy / Pakistan Marines 1,381 Rear - Admiral Mohammad Shariff Pakistan Air Force 833 Air Commodore Inamul Haq Paramilitary / East Pakistan Rifles / Police 22,000 Major - General Rao Farman Ali Civil government personnel 12,000 Governor Abdul Motaleb Malik Total : 90,368 ~ Foreign reaction and involvement United States and Soviet Union The Blood Telegram The Soviet Union sympathised with the East Pakistanis , and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini incursion against Pakistan during the war , in a broader view of recognizing that the succession of East Pakistan as Independent Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals -- the United States and China . The Soviet Union gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed , it would take counter-measures . This assurance was enshrined in the Indo - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation signed in August 1971 . However , the Indo - Soviet treaty did not mean a total commitment to every Indian position even though the Soviet Union had accepted the Indian position during the conflict , according to author Robert Jackson . The Soviet Union continued their sympathetic gesture to Pakistan until mid-October when they stressed Pakistan to come up with a political settlement and affirming their continuation of industrial aid to Pakistan . By November 1971 , the Soviet ambassador to Pakistan Alexei Rodionov directed a secretive message ( Rodionov message ) that ultimately warned Pakistan that `` it will embarking a suicidal course if it escalates tensions in the subcontinent . The United States stood with Pakistan by supporting morally , politically , economically , and materially when U.S. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger refused to use rhetoric in a hopeless attempt to intervene in a large civil war . The U.S. establishment perceived to the impression that they needed Pakistan to help stop Soviet influence into the South Asia in an informal alliance with India . During the Cold War , Pakistan was a close formal ally of the United States and also had close relations with the People 's Republic of China , with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement and where he intended to visit in February 1972 . Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of Pakistan would mean total Soviet domination of the region , and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America 's new tactical ally , China . Nixon encouraged Jordan and Iran to send military supplies to Pakistan while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan , but all supplies were very limited . The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the `` genocidal '' activities of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan , most notably the Blood telegram and this prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by the United States Congress and in the international press . Then U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations , George Bush , Sr , introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease - fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan . However , it was vetoed by the Soviet Union and the following days witnessed a great pressure on the Soviets from the Nixon - Kissinger duo to get India to withdraw , but to no avail . It has been documented that President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F - 86 , F - 104 and F - 5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan . When Pakistan 's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain , Nixon deployed Task Force 74 led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal . Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971 . According to a Russian documentary , the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay , on her final deployment . Eagle was paid off by January 1972 at Portsmouth and was stripped of reusable equipment ( radars and missile systems primarily ) . On 6 and 13 December , the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok ; they trailed US Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972 . The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by the USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean . As the war progressed , it became apparent to the United States that India was going to invade and disintegrate Pakistan in a matter of weeks , therefore President Nixon spoke with the USSR Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev on a hotline on 10 December where Nixon reportedly urged Brezhnev to restrain India as he quoted : `` in the strongest possible terms to restrain India with which ... you ( Breznev ) have great influence and for whose actions you must share responsibility . '' After the war , the United States accepted the new power of balance and realized India as a major dominant player in the South Asia and immediately engage in strengthening bilateral relations between two countries in the successive years . Soviet Union , while being sympathetic to Pakistan 's loss , decided to engage with Pakistan after sending an invitation through Rodionov to Bhutto who paid a state visit to Soviet Union in 1972 to strengthened the bilateral relations that continued on over the successive years . China and Iran During the course of the war , China harshly criticized India for its involvement in the East Pakistan crises and accused India of having the imperialistic design in South Asia . Before the war started , Chinese leaders and officials had been long philosophically advising the Pakistan government to make peaceful political settlements with the East Pakistani leaders , as China feared that India was secretly supporting , infiltrating , and arming the Bengali rebels against the East Pakistani government . China was also critical of Government of East Pakistan led by its Governor Lieutenant - General Tikka Khan ' s ruthless measure to deal with the Bengali opposition and did not endorse 's Pakistani position on that . When the war started , China reproached India for India 's direct involvement and infiltration in East Pakistan . China disagreed with President Yahya Khan 's consideration of military options and criticized East Pakistan Awami League politicians ' ties with India that he believed , would harm the nation 's unity . When the war started , China reacted with great alarm when the prospects of Indian invasion of Pakistan and integrating the Pakistan - administered Kashmir into their side of Kashmir became imminent . U.S. President Nixon encouraged China to mobilise its armed forces along its border with India to discourage it but the Chinese did not respond to this encouragement since the Indian Army 's Northern Command was well prepared to guard the Line of Actual Control , and was already engaging and making advances against the Pakistan Army 's X Corps in the Line of Control . China did not welcome the break - up of Pakistan 's unity by the East Pakistani politicians and effectively vetoed the membership of Bangladesh when it applied to the United Nations in 1972 . Over the veto of two UN resolutions concerning the Bangladesh , China reasoned with these decisions in regards to the repatriation of Pakistani POWs and civilians had not yet been implemented . Furthermore , China was also among the last countries to recognize the independence of Bangladesh , refusing to do so until 31 August 1975 . To this date China 's relations with Bangladesh are determined by the Pakistan factor . During the course of the conflict , Iran also stood with Pakistan politically and diplomatically . However , Iran became concerned with the imminent break - up of Pakistan which , they feared , would cause the state to fractionalize into small pieces ; therefore , Iran began cementing ties with India based on mutual security co-operation . At the beginning of the conflict , Iran helped sheltering PAF 's fighter jets and provided with free fuel for the PAF to take part in the conflict in an attempt to keep Pakistan 's regional integrity united . When Pakistan called for unilateral ceasefire and the surrender was announced , Shah of Iran hastily responded by preparing the Iranian military to come up with the contingency plans to forcefully invade Pakistan and annex its Balochistan province into its side of Baluchistan , by any means necessary , before anybody else does it . Aftermath India The war stripped Pakistan of more than half of its population and with nearly one - third of its army in captivity , clearly established India 's military and political dominance of the subcontinent . India successfully led a diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan and skillfully manipulate Pakistan 's supporting countries to limit the extent of support to Pakistan . In addition , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's state visit to United Kingdom and France further helped break ice with the United States and blocked any pro-Pakistan resolution in the United Nations . There was also a meeting between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Nixon in November 1971 which she rejected the U.S. advice against intervening in the conflict . The victory also defined India 's much broader role in the foreign politics as many countries in the world had come to realize , including the United States , that the balance of power now had shifted to India as a major player in the region . Regional countries such as Afghanistan and Iran as well as Arab - speaking states such as Iraq , and Gulf states who were traditional allies of Pakistan , prompted to seek closer ties with India rather than Pakistan in successive years . The United States itself accepted a new power of balance and when India conducted a surprise nuclear test in 1974 , the United States had notified India that the U.S. had no `` interest in actions designed to achieve new power of balance . '' In spite of the magnitude of the victory , India was surprisingly restrained in its reaction . Mostly , Indian leaders seemed pleased by the relative ease with which they had accomplished their goals -- the establishment of Bangladesh and the prospect of an early return to their homeland of the 10 million Bengali refugees who were the cause of the war . In announcing the Pakistani surrender , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared in the Indian Parliament : Dacca is now the free capital of a free country . We hail the people of Bangladesh in their hour of triumph . All nations who value the human spirit will recognize it as a significant milestone in man 's quest for liberty . Colonel John Gill of National Defense University remarks that , while India achieved a military victory , it was not able to reap the political fruits it might have hoped for in Bangladesh . After a brief ' honeymoon ' phase between India and Bangladesh , their relationship began to sour . India 's relations with Bangladesh have remained frequently problematic and tense . Whilst India enjoys excellent relations with Bangladesh during Awami League tenures , relations deteriorate when the BNP is in power in Bangladesh . A 2014 PEW opinion poll in Bangladesh found that India was perceived as the greatest threat to Bangladesh . This was the top choice ( 27 % ) of Bangladeshis . However , 70 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of India : while 50 % of Bangladeshis held a positive view of Pakistan . Pakistan For Pakistan it was a complete and humiliating defeat , a psychological setback that came from a defeat at the hands of rival India . Pakistan lost half its population and a significant portion of its economy and suffered setbacks to its geopolitical role in South Asia . In the post-war era , Pakistan struggled to absorb the lessons learned from the military interventions in the democratic system and the impact of the Pakistani military 's failure was grave and long - lasting . From the geopolitical point of view , the war ended in the breaking - up the unity of Pakistan from being the largest Muslim country in the world to its politico - economic and military collapse that resulted from a direct foreign intervention in 1971 . The Pakistani policy - making institutions further feared that the histrocity of Two - nation theory was disproved that the Muslim nationalism had proved insufficient to keep Bengalis part of Pakistan . The Pakistani government had to engaged in investigation commission when the Pakistani military suffered from a further humiliation by having their ~ 90,000 prisoners of war that were to be released by India only after the negotiation and signing of the agreement that was signed in Simla on 2 July 1972 . In addition to repatriation of prisoners of war and transferring population , the agreement established an ongoing structure for the negotiated resolution of future conflicts between India and Pakistan . In signing the agreement , Pakistan also , by implication , had to recognised the former East Pakistan as the now independent and sovereign state of Bangladesh . The Pakistani people were not mentally prepared to accept the magnitude to this kind of defeat as the state electronic media had been projecting imaginary victories despite the privately owned electronic news media coverage in the East Pakistan that reported the complexity of the situation . When the ceasefire that came from surrendering of East Pakistan was finally announced , the people could not come to terms with the magnitude of defeat , spontaneous demonstrations , and massive protests erupted on the streets of major metropolitan cities in Pakistan . In 1970 , the presidential ordnance had already restored the original status of four provinces that had removed the `` West '' and simply adding `` Pakistan '' to the effect of the defeat as international acceptance of the secession of the eastern half of the country and its creation as the independent state of Bangladesh developed and was given more credence . According to Pakistani historians , the trauma was extremely severe and the cost of the war for Pakistan in monetary and human resources was very high . Demoralized and finding unable to control the situation , the Yahya administration fell when President Yahya Khan turned over his presidency to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was sworn - in on 20 December 1971 as President with the control of the military . The loss of East Pakistan shattered the prestige of the Pakistani military . Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force , and a third of its army . The war also exposed the shortcomings of Pakistan 's declared strategic doctrine that the `` defence of East Pakistan lay in West Pakistan '' . Hussain Haqqani , in his book Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military notes , Moreover , the army had failed to fulfill its promises of fighting to the last man . The eastern command had laid down arms after losing only 1,300 men in battle . In West Pakistan 1,200 military deaths had accompanied lackluster military performance . In his book The 1971 Indo - Pak War : A Soldier 's Narrative Pakistan Army 's Major General Hakeem Arshad Qureshi a veteran of this conflict noted , We must accept the fact that , as a people , we had also contributed to the bifurcation of our own country . It was not a Niazi , or a Yahya , even a Mujib , or a Bhutto , or their key assistants , who alone were the cause of our break - up , but a corrupted system and a flawed social order that our own apathy had allowed to remain in place for years . At the most critical moment in our history we failed to check the limitless ambitions of individuals with dubious antecedents and to thwart their selfish and irresponsible behaviour . It was our collective ' conduct ' that had provided the enemy an opportunity to dismember us . The Indian Army Chief in 1971 Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw had the highest respect for the fighting capability of the Pakistan Army but he did not accept the theory that they did not fight the Bangladesh war with enough vigor and zeal . In a BBC interview , he said : The Pakistan army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . I had eight or nine months to make my preparations . I had got a superiority of almost 15 to 1 ... However , independent defence sources stated that the Indian superiority was less than 2 to 1 . The United States Air Force 's Brigadier - General Chuck Yeager , the World War II veteran and U.S. flying ace who witnessed the war in 1971 , is of the view that Pakistan did not lose the war , as India did not annex it . Major reforms were carried out by successive governments in Pakistan after the war in the light of many insightful recommendations made in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission 's Report . To address the economic disparity , the NFC system was established to equally distribute the taxation revenue among the four provinces , the large - scale nationalization of industries and nationwide census were carried in 1972 . The Constitution was promulgated in 1973 that reflected the equal balance and a compromise between the Islamism and the Humanism and provided a guaranteed equal human rights to all . The military was heavily reconstructed and heavily reorganized with President Bhutto appointing chiefs of staff in each inter-service , contrary to C - in - Cs , and making instruction on human rights compulsory in the military syllabus in each branch of inter-services . Major investments were directed towards modernizing the navy . The military 's chain of command was centralized in JS HQ led by an appointed Chairman joint chiefs committee to coordinate the combined and well - integrated military efforts to safe guard the nation 's defence and unity . In addition , Pakistan sought to have a diversified foreign policy as Pakistan geostrategists had been shocked that both China and the United States provided limited support to Pakistan during the course of the war with the U.S. displaying an inability to supply weapons that Pakistan needed the most . On January 20 , 1972 , Pakistan under Bhutto launched the clandestine development of nuclear weapons in a view of `` never to allow another foreign invasion of Pakistan . '' This crash program reached parity in 1977 when the first weapon design was successfully achieved . Bangladesh Main article : 1971 East Pakistan genocide As a result of the war , East Pakistan disintegrated and became an independent country , Bangladesh , as the world 's fourth most populous Muslim state on 16 December 1971 . Pakistan itself secured the release of Mujibur Rahman from the Headquarter Prison and allowed him to return to Dacca . On 19 January 1972 Mujib was inaugurated as the first President of Bangladesh , later becoming the Prime Minister of Bangladesh in 1974 . On the brink of defeat around 14 December 1971 , the media reports indicated that the Pakistan Army soldiers , their controlled local East Pakistan Police , Razakars , and the Shanti Committee carried out systematic killings of professionals such as physicians , teachers , and other intellectuals , as part of a pogrom against the Bengali Hindu minorities who constituted the majority of urban educated intellectuals . Young men , especially students , who were seen as possible rebels and recruiters were also targeted by the stationed military but the extent of casualties in East Pakistan is not known and the issue is itself controversial and contradictory among the authors who wrote books on the pogrom as the Pakistani government itself denied the charges of their involvement in 2015 . R.J. Rummel cites estimates ranging from one to three million people killed . Other estimates place the death toll lower , at 300,000 . Bangladesh government figures state that Pakistani forces aided by collaborators killed three million people , raped 200,000 women and displaced millions of others . According to the authors Kenton Worcester , Sally Bermanzohn , and Mark Ungar , Bengalis themselves killed ~ 150,000 non-Bengalis living in the East There had been reports of Bengali insurgents indiscriminately killing non-Bengalis throughout the East , however , neither side provided substantial proofs for their claims and both Bangladeshi and Pakistani figures contradict each other over this issue . Bihari representatives in June 1971 claimed a higher figure of 500,000 killed by Bengalis . In 2010 , the Awami League 's government decided to set up a tribunal to prosecute the people involved in alleged war crimes and those who collaborated with Pakistan . According to the Government , the defendants would be charged with crimes against humanity , genocide , murder , rape and arson . According to John H. Gill , there was widespread polarisation between pro-Pakistan Bengalis and pro-liberation Bengalis during the war , and those internal battles are still playing out in the domestic politics of modern - day Bangladesh . To this day , the issue of committed atrocities and pogroms is an influential factor in the foreign relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh . Impact Pakistan : war Enquiry Commission and war prisoners Main articles : War Enquiry Commission and Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation In the aftermath of the war , the Pakistani government constituted the War Enquiry Commission , to be headed by the Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman , who was an ethnic Bengali , and composed of the senior justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan . The War Enquiry Commission was mandated with carrying out the thorough investigations into the intelligence , strategic , political , and the military failures that causes the defeat in the war . The War Commission also looks into the Pakistan 's political and military involvement in the history of East Pakistan that encompasses from 1947 -- 71 . The First War Report was submitted in July 1972 but it was very critically opined and penned on political misconducts of politicians and the military interference of military in the national politics . Written in moral and philosophical perspective , the First Report was very lengthy but provided accounts that was unpalatable to be released to the public . Initially , there were 12 copies that were all destroyed except for the one that was kept and marked as `` Top Secret '' to prevent the backlash effects on the demoralized military . In 1976 , the Supplementary Report was also submitted that was also the comprehensive report compiled together with the First Report ; this report was also marked as classified . In 2000 , the excerpts of the Supplementary Report was leaked to Pakistan 's Dawn political correspondent , which the Dawn published it together with the India Today . The First Report is still marked as classified while the Supplementary Report 's excerpts were suppressed by the news correspondents . The War Report 's supplementary section was published by the Pakistan 's government but did not officially handed over the report to Bangladesh despite its requests . ) The War Report exposed many military failures from the strategic to the tactical -- intelligence levels while it confirmed the looting , rapes and the unnecessary killings by the Pakistan military and their local agents . It lay the blame squarely on Pakistan army generals , accusing them of debauchery , smuggling , war crimes and neglect of duty . The War Commission had recommended public trial of Pakistan Army generals on the charges that they had been responsible for the situation in the first place and that they had succumbed without a fight , but no actions were ever taken against those responsible besides the dismissal of chiefs of the Pakistan Army , Pakistan Air Force , Pakistan Navy , and decommissioning of the Pakistan Marines . The War Commission however rejected the charge that 200,000 Bengali girls were raped by the Pakistan Army , remarking : `` It is clear that the figures mentioned by the Dacca authorities are altogether fantastic and fanciful '' and cited the evidence of a British abortion team that it carried out the termination of `` only a hundred or more pregnancies '' . The Commission also claimed that `` approximately 26,000 persons ( were ) killed during the action by the Pakistan military '' Bina D'Costa states that the War Commission was aware of the military 's brutality in East Pakistan but `` chose to downplay the scale of the atrocities committed . '' The second commission was known as Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Prisoners of War Investigation conducted solely by the Pakistani government that was to be determine the numbers of Pakistani military personnel who surrendered including the number of civilian POWs . The official number of the surrendered military personnel was soon released by the Government of Pakistan after the war was over . India : Indo - Pakistani summits Main articles : Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations and Transfer of Population Under the Terms of the Delhi Agreement On 2 July 1972 , the Indo - Pakistani summit was held in Simla , Himachal Pradesh , India were the Simla Agreement was reached and signed between the President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a governments of each state playing a depository role . The treaty provided insurance to Bangladesh that Pakistan recognized Bangladesh 's sovereignty in exchange for the return of the Pakistani POWs as India was treating the war prisoners in accordance to Geneva Conventions promulgated in 1925 . In mere five months , India systematically released more than ~ 90,000 war prisoners with Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi being the last war prisoner to be handed over to Pakistan . The treaty also gave back more than 13,000 km2 of land that Indian Army had seized in Pakistan during the war , though India retained a few strategic areas ( including Turtuk , Dhothang , Tyakshi ( earlier called Tiaqsi ) and Chalunka of Chorbat Valley ) , which was more than 804 km2 . The Indian hardliners , however , felt that the treaty had been too lenient to President Bhutto , who had pleaded for leniency , arguing that the fragile stability in Pakistan would crumble if the accord was perceived as being overly harsh by Pakistanis and that he would be accused of losing Kashmir in addition to the loss of East Pakistan . As a result of which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was criticized by a section in India for believing Bhutto 's `` sweet talk and false vows '' while the other section claimed it successful , for not letting it to fall into `` Versailles Syndrome '' trap . In 1973 , India and Pakistan reached another compromised when both countries signed trilateral agreement with Bangladesh that actually brought the war prisoners , non-Bengali and Pakistan - loyaled Bengali bureaucrats and civilian servants to Pakistan . The Delhi Agreement witnessed the mass population transfer since the partition of India in 1947 . Bangladesh : International crimes tribunal In 2009 , the issue of establishing the International Crimes Tribunal began to take public support and formally established the tribunal in 2010 to investigate and prosecute suspects for the genocide committed in 1971 by the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators , Razakars , Al - Badr and Al - Shams during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Long - term consequences Steve Coll , in his book Ghost Wars , argues that the Pakistan military 's experience with India , including Pervez Musharraf 's experience in 1971 , influenced the Pakistani government to support jihadist groups in Afghanistan even after the Soviets left , because the jihadists were a tool to use against India , including bogging down the Indian Army in Kashmir . After the war , Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorised the highly secretive and clandestine atomic bomb program , as part of its new deterrence policy , to defend itself and never to allow another armed invasion from India . Many Pakistani scientists , abroad working at the IAEA and European and American nuclear programs immediately returned to what remained of Pakistan and participated in making Pakistan a nuclear power . Writing about the war in Foreign Affairs magazine Zulfikar Ali Bhutto stated `` There is no parallel in contemporary history to the cataclysm which engulfed Pakistan in 1971 . A tragic civil war , which rent asunder the people of the two parts of Pakistan , was seized by India as an opportunity for armed intervention . The country was dismembered , its economy shattered and the nation 's self - confidence totally undermined . '' This statement of Bhutto has given rise to the myth of betrayal prevalent in modern Pakistan . This view was contradicted by the post-War Hamoodur Rahman Commission , ordered by Bhutto himself , which in its 1974 report indicted generals of the Pakistan Army for creating conditions which led to the eventual loss of East Pakistan and for inept handling of military operations in the East . Timeline 7 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declares that , `` The current struggle is a struggle for independence '' , in a public meeting attended by almost a million people in Dhaka . 25 March 1971 : Pakistani forces start Operation Searchlight , a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance . Thousands of people are killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka . 26 March 1971 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration of independence and sent it through a radio message on the night of 25 March ( the morning of 26 March ) . Later Major Ziaur Rahman and other Awami League leaders announced the declaration of independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat Radio Station , Chittagong . The message is relayed to the world by Indian radio stations . 27 March 1971 : Bangladesh Force namely Mukti Bahini consisting Niyomito Bahini ( Regular Force ) and Gono Bahini ( Guerilla Force ) was formed under the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) General Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani . 17 April 1971 : Exiled leaders of Awami League form a provisional government . 3 December 1971 : War between India and Pakistan officially begins when West Pakistan launches a series of preemptive air strikes on Indian airfields . 6 December 1971 : East Pakistan is recognised as Bangladesh by India . 14 December 1971 : Systematic elimination of Bengali intellectuals is started by Pakistani Army and local collaborators . 16 December 1971 : Lieutenant - General A.A.K. Niazi , supreme commander of Pakistani Army in East Pakistan , surrenders to the Allied Forces ( Mitro Bahini ) represented by Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Arora of Indian Army at the surrender . India and Bangladesh gain victory . 12 January 1972 : Sheikh Mujibur Rahman comes to power . Military awards Battle honours After the war , 41 battle honours and 4 theatre honours were awarded to units of the Indian Army , the notable amongst which are : East Pakistan 1971 ( theatre honour ) Sindh 1971 ( theatre honour ) Jammu and Kashmir 1971 ( theatre honour ) Punjab 1971 ( theatre honour ) Basantar River Bogra Chachro Chhamb Defence of Punch Dera Baba Nanak Gadra City Harar Kalan Hilli Longewala Parbat Ali Poongli Bridge Shehjra Shingo River Valley Sylhet Gallantry awards For bravery , a number of soldiers and officers on both sides were awarded the highest gallantry award of their respective countries . Following is a list of the recipients of the Indian award Param Vir Chakra , Bangladeshi award Bir Sreshtho and the Pakistani award Nishan - E-Haider : India Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra : Lance Naik Albert Ekka ( Posthumously ) Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon ( Posthumously ) Major Hoshiar Singh Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal ( Posthumously ) Bangladesh Recipients of the Bir Sreshtho : Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Hamidur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Sepoy Mostafa Kamal ( Posthumously ) ERA Mohammad Ruhul Amin ( Posthumously ) Flight Lieutenant Matiur Rahman ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Nur Mohammad Sheikh ( Posthumously ) Pakistan Recipients of the Nishan - E-Haider : Major Muhammad Akram ( Posthumously ) Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas ( Posthumously ) Major Shabbir Sharif ( Posthumously ) Sarwar Muhammad Hussain ( Posthumously ) Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz ( Posthumously ) Civilian awards On 25 July 2011 , Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona , the Bangladesh Freedom Honour , was posthumously conferred on former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi . On 28 March 2012 , President of Bangladesh Zillur Rahman and the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina conferred Bangladesh Liberation War Honour and Friends of Liberation War Honour to 75 individuals , six organisations , Mitra Bahini and the people of India at a special ceremony at the Bangabandhu International Conference Centre . This included eight heads of states viz . former Nepalese President Ram Baran Yadav , the third King of Bhutan Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , former Soviet presidents Leonid IIyich Brezhnev and Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny , ex-Soviet prime minister Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin , former Yugoslav president Marshal Josip Broz Tito , ex-UK prime minister Sir Edward Richard George Heath and former Nepalese prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala . The organisations include the BBC , Akashbani ( All India Radio ) , International Committee of the Red Cross , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , Oxfam and Kolkata University Shahayak Samiti . The list of foreign friends of Bangladesh has since been extended to 568 people . It includes 257 Indians , 88 Americans , 41 Pakistanis , 39 Britons , nine Russians , 18 Nepalese , 16 French and 18 Japanese . Dramatization Films Border , a 1997 Bollywood war film directed by J.P. Dutta . This movie is an adaptation from real life events that happened at the Battle of Longewala fought in Rajasthan ( Western Theatre ) during the 1971 Indo - Pak war . Border on IMDb Hindustan Ki Kasam , a 1973 Bollywood war film directed by Chetan Anand . The aircraft in the film are all authentic aircraft used in the 1971 war against Pakistan . These include MiG - 21s , Gnats , Hunters and Su - 7s . Some of these aircraft were also flown by war veterans such as Samar Bikram Shah ( 2 kills ) and Manbir Singh . Hindustan Ki Kasam on IMDb Aakraman , 1975 Bollywood film set during this war featuring a romantic love triangle . 1971 -- Prisoners of War , a 2007 Bollywood war film directed by Sagar Brothers . Set against the backdrop of a prisoners ' camp in Pakistan , follows six Indian prisoners awaiting release after their capture in the 1971 India - Pakistan war . The Ghazi Attack , a 2017 war film directed by Sankalp Reddy . Based on the sinking of PNS Ghazi during the war . 1971 : Beyond Borders , a 2017 Indian war drama film written and directed by Major Ravi Short Films Mukti - Birth of a Nation , a 2017 short film directed by Manu Chobe depicts the negotiations between Jacob and Niazi over the Instrument of Surrender . Miniseries / Dramas PNS Ghazi , an Urdu ( Pakistani ) drama based on sinking of PNS Ghazi , ISPR See also India portal Pakistan portal War portal 1970s portal Post -- World War II air - to - air combat losses Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Separatist nationalism in Pakistan South Asian Muslim nationalism Pakistaniat Conservatism in Pakistan Socialism in Pakistan Bangladesh Forces Timeline of the Bangladesh War Radcliffe Line India and state - sponsored terrorism United States -- Pakistan relations before 1990 Soviet Union - Pakistan relations before 1990 Tridev Roy Operation Searchlight \ Barisal Riverine Warfare Protest of 1969 in Pakistan Pakistan Air Force in East Pakistan Pakistan news media in Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 International Crimes Tribunal ( Bangladesh ) Indian Army in East Pakistan Pakistan - Afghanistan relations 1971 Winter POWs / MIA Investigations , Pakistan Pakistan military deployments in other countries Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program General : History of Bangladesh History of Myanmar List of conflicts in Asia References Jump up ^ Lyon , Peter ( 2008 ) . Conflict between India and Pakistan : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 712 - 2 . India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia Jump up ^ Kemp , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . The East Moves West India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0388 - 4 . However , India 's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India Jump up ^ Byman , Daniel ( 2005 ) . Deadly connections : States that Sponsor Terrorism . Cambridge University Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83973 - 0 . India 's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972 ^ Jump up to : `` Indian Air Force . Squadron 5 , Tuskers '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nawaz , Shuja ( 2008 ) . Crossed Swords : Pakistan , Its Army , and the Wars Within . Oxford University Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chitkara , M. G ( 1996 ) . Benazir , a Profile -- M.G. Chitkara . ISBN 9788170247524 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schofield , Victoria ( 18 January 2003 ) . Kashmir in Conflict : India , Pakistan and the Unending War -- Victoria Schofield . ISBN 9781860648984 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : M. Leonard , Thomas ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Developing World . Taylor & Francis . p. 806 . ISBN 978 - 0415976640 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vulnerable India : A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur Jump up ^ `` Chapter 10 : Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command '' . Indian Navy . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assessment -- 1971 Indo Pak Naval War '' . Orbat.com . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Air Chief Marshal PC Lal ( 1986 ) . My Days with the IAF . Lancer . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7062 - 008 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Longewala -- The Truth '' . India Defence Update . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Experience '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Air Force -- Official website '' . Paf.gov.pk . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAF Combat Kills -- 1971 Indo - Pak Air War '' ( PDF ) . orbat.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas . Encyclopedia of the developing world , Volume 1 . Taylor & Francis , 2006 . ISBN 9780415976626 . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare , edited by Chris Bishop ( Amber publishing 1997 , republished 2004 pages 384 -- 387 ISBN 1 - 904687 - 26 - 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 '' . Global Security . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinking of the Ghazi '' . Bharat Rakshak Monitor , 4 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How west was won ... on the waterfront '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India -- Pakistan War , 1971 ; Western Front , Part I '' . acig.com . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 24 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Tikka Khan , 87 ; ' Butcher of Bengal ' Led Pakistani Army '' . Los Angeles Times . 30 March 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . p. 382 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 1502 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` India : Easy Victory , Uneasy Peace '' . Time . 27 December 1971 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's shortest war lasted for only 45 minutes '' . Pravda . 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Orton , Anna ( 2010 ) . India 's Borderland Disputes : China , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Nepal . Epitome Books . p. 117 . ISBN 9789380297156 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( November 2011 ) . `` The question of genocide and the quest for justice in the 1971 war '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genocide Research . 13 ( 4 ) : 398 . doi : 10.1080 / 14623528.2011. 625750 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaat claims denied by evidence '' . THE DAILY STAR. 28 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . , Chapter 3 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Burke , Samuel Martin ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies . University of Minnesota Press . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5714 - 8 . Jump up ^ Alston , Margaret ( 2015 ) . Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh . Routledge . p. 40 . ISBN 9781317684862 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel ( 2012 ) . Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . ISBN 9781412847599 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Myers , David G. ( 2004 ) . Exploring Social Psychology 4E . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . p. 269 . ISBN 9780070700628 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Senator Edward , `` Crisis in South Asia -- A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement , Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee '' , 1 November 1971 , U.S. Govt . Press , page 66 . Sen. Kennedy wrote , `` Field reports to the U.S. Government , countless eye - witness journalistic accounts , reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal ( East Pakistan ) . Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops , systematically slaughtered , and in some places , painted with yellow patches marked ' H ' . All of this has been officially sanctioned , ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad . '' Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 7 , Chapter 8 , Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates , Sources , and Calculations : lowest estimate 2 million claimed by Pakistan ( reported by Aziz , Qutubuddin . Blood and tears Karachi : United Press of Pakistan , 1974 . pp. 74 , 226 ) , some other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one ( Johnson , B.L.C. Bangladesh . New York : Barnes & Noble , 1975 . pp. 73 , 75 ) that `` could have been '' 12 million . ^ Jump up to : Chatterjee , Pranab ( 2010 ) . A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal : The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia . Peter Lang . ISBN 9781433108204 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lieven , Anatol ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Pakistan : A Hard Country . PublicAffairs . ISBN 1610391624 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbott , David ( 2015 ) . Changing World : Pakistan . Minnesota , U.S. : Encyclopaedia Britannica . ISBN 9781625133212 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Iain ( 2009 ) . The Causes of the Bangladesh War . University of London : Lulu.com . ISBN 9781445240435 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ et.al ( 1 June 2003 ) . `` Legal Framework Order 1970 '' . Story Of Pakistan . Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust , 2003 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nohlen , Dieter ( 2004 ) . Elections in Asia and the Pacific ( Reprint ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924958 - X . Jump up ^ Guha , Ramachandra ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . India After Gandhi : The History of the World 's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780330540209 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehtisham , S. Akhtar ( 1998 ) . A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents : A Pakistani View . Algora Publishing . ISBN 9780875866345 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ghazali , Abdus Sattar . `` Islamic Pakistan : Illusions and Reality '' . ghazali.net . National Book Club , . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ D ' Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) . Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia . Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 9780415565660 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` Anatomy of Violence : Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Archived from the original on 1 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Salik , Siddiq , Witness To Surrender , ISBN 978 - 984 - 05 - 1373 - 4 , pp. 63 , 228 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Riedel , Bruce O. ( 2011 ) . Deadly Embrace : Pakistan , America , and the Future of the Global Jihad . Brookings Institution . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0557 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lt. Gen. Kamal Matinuddin -- Tragedy of Errors : East Pakistan Crisis , 1968 -- 1971 ; Wajidalis , Lahore , 1994 ; page 255 Jump up ^ Maj. Gen. Fazal Muqeem Khan -- Pakistan 's Crisis in Leadership ; National Book Foundation , Islamabad , 1973 ; page 79 Jump up ^ Qureshi , Hakeem Arshad ( 2003 ) . Through the 1971 Crisis : An Eyewitness Account by a Soldier . Oxford University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579778 - 7 . Jump up ^ Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar , O General My General -- Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ; pp. 35 -- 109 , ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` The U.S. : A Policy in Shambles '' . Time . 20 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Consulate ( Dacca ) Cable , Sitrep : Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca ; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere , 31 March 1971 , Confidential , 3 pp . ^ Jump up to : `` East Pakistan : Even the Skies Weep '' . Time . 25 October 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Indo - Pakistani Wars '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 1 November 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ International , Rotary ( 1971 ) . The Rotarian . Rotary International . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhutto , Fatima ( 2011 - 09 - 06 ) . Songs of Blood and Sword : A Daughter 's Memoir . Nation Books . p. 100 . ISBN 1 - 56858 - 712 - 0 . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Baixas , Lionel ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Khan ( 1917 -- 2002 ) , General Tikka '' . Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Alamgir , Aurangzaib ( Nov -- Dec 2012 ) . `` Pakistan 's Balochistan Problem : An Insurgency 's Rebirth '' . World Affairs . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Col ( retd ) Anil Athale ( 29 August 2006 ) . `` Is Balochistan another Bangladesh ? '' . Rediff India Abroad . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahluwalia , A. ( June 2012 ) . Airborne to Chairborne : Memoirs of a War Veteran Aviator - lawyer of the Indian Air Force . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 9781469196565 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : between mosque and the military . Carnegie Endowment . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Retrieved 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ ( arup ) , অরূপ ( 13 March 2010 ) . `` অরূপকথা : Interview of Major General Rao Farman Ali AKA `` The Butcher of Bengal '' `` . অরূপকথা . অরূপকথা . Jump up ^ `` The four Indo - Pak wars '' . Kashmirlive , 14 September 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravel , K.C. ( 2009 ) ( First published 1987 ) . Indian Army After Independence . Atlanta : Lancer Publishers . p. 415 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935501 - 61 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bass , Gary J. ( 2013 ) . The Blood Telegram : Nixon , Kissinger , and a Forgotten Genocide . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 70020 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Raghavan , Srinath ( 2012 ) , `` Soldiers , Statesmen , and India 's Security Policy '' , India Review , 11 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 133 , doi : 10.1080 / 14736489.2012. 674829 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Jump up ^ `` I had to find troops for Dhaka '' . Rediff News , 14 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ; Blumenau , Bernhard ( 2013 ) . An International History of Terrorism : Western and Non-Western Experiences . Routledge . ISBN 9780415635400 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission '' . storyofpakistan.com/ . Nazaria - e-Pakistan Trust , HRC. 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Dawood ( 16 December 2011 ) . `` Rethinking the big lies from 1971 -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . The Express Tribune , Ahmad . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Khalid ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Pakistan , 1971 '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express , 1971 . Indian Express . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Editorial ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` 1971 ' Jihad ' : Print ads from West Pakistan '' . DAWN.COM . Dawn newspaper , 2014 . Dawn newspaper . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Twist In `` Crush India '' Propaganda Campaign `` . US Department of State Telegram. 26 October 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Dikshit , Sandeep ( 28 June 2008 ) . `` How he and his men won those wars '' . The Hindu . The Hindu , Sandeep . The Hindu . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.economist.com/node/11661408 ^ Jump up to : Editorial Obituary ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Sam Manekshaw : Sam Manekshaw , soldier , died on June 27th , aged 94 '' . The Economist . The Economist , 2008 . The Economist . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Manekshaw '' , The Economist ( 5 July 2008 ) , p. 107 , retrieved 7 July 2008 Jump up ^ Manekshaw , SHFJ. ( 11 Nov 1998 ) . `` Lecture at Defence Services Staff College on Leadership and Discipline '' ( Appendix V ) in Singh ( 2002 ) Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw , M.C. -- Soldiering with Dignity . ^ Jump up to : Service , British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring ( 1971 ) . Summary of World Broadcasts : Far East . London , UK : Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-India Demonstration and Procession '' . US Department of State Telegram. 9 November 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Crush India '' ( PDF ) . Pakistan Observer. 30 November 1971 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mohiuddin , Yasmeen Niaz ( 2007 ) . Pakistan : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781851098019 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 '' . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` War is Declared '' . subcontinent.com . Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Peter E. ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) . F - 104 Starfighter Units in Combat . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781780963143 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bangladesh : Out of War , a Nation Is Born '' . Time . 20 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping , Yahya Khan , launched a Pakistani version of Israel 's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one rapid attack would cripple India 's far superior air power . But India was alert , Pakistani pilots were inept , and Yahya 's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen air fields was a bust ! '' , p. 34 , Newsweek , 20 December 1971 ^ Jump up to : `` India and Pakistan : Over the Edge '' . Time . 13 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Pakistan intensifies air raids on India '' . BBC News . 3 December 1971 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . China 's Quest : The History of the Foreign Relations of the People 's Republic of China . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190261061 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers . New Delhi : Lancer 's Publications and Distributors . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 02 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldrick , James ( 1997 ) . No Easy Answers ( PDF ) . New Delhi , India : Sona Printers , India . ISBN 1 897829 02 7 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Seapower : A Guide for the Twenty - first Century By Geoffrey Till page 179 Jump up ^ Branfill - Cook , Roger ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . Torpedo : The Complete History of the World 's Most Revolutionary Naval Weapon . Seaforth Publishing . ISBN 9781848322158 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trident , Grandslam and Python : Attacks on Karachi '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Shabir , Usman . `` The Second Missile Attack `` PakDef Military Consortium '' . pakdef.org . Pakistan Defence , Usman . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Defence Notes '' . defencejournal.com . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Olsen , John Andreas ( 2011 ) . Global Air Power . Potomac Books . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59797 - 680 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering our war heroes '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 2 December 2006 . Jump up ^ ' Does the US want war with India ? ' . Rediff.com ( 31 December 2004 ) . Retrieved on 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` Pakistan Marines ( PM ) '' . www.globalsecurity.org . Global security , Marines . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Utilisation of Pakistan merchant ships seized during the 1971 war '' . Irfc-nausena.nic.in . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Damage Assesment -- 1971 Indo - Pak Naval War '' ( PDF ) . B. Harry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Military Losses in the 1971 Indo - Pakistani War '' . Venik . Archived from the original on 25 February 2002 . Retrieved 30 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Ali ( 1983 ) . Can Pakistan Survive ? The Death of a State . Penguin Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 022401 - 6 . In a two - week war , Pakistan lost half its navy , a quarter of its air force and a third of its army . Jump up ^ Jon Lake , `` Air Power Analysis : Indian Airpower '' , World Air Power Journal , Volume 12 Jump up ^ Group Captain M. Kaiser Tufail , `` Great Battles of the Pakistan Airforce '' and `` Pakistan Air Force Combat Heritage '' ( pafcombat ) et al. , Feroze sons , ISBN 969 - 0 - 01892 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Indo - Pakistani conflict '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Picture Gallery -- Aviation Art by Group Captain Syed Masood Akhtar Hussaini '' . PAF Falcons . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Sher . `` Last Flight from East Pakistan '' . www.defencejournal.com . Defence Journal , 2001 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Martin ( 2016 - 01 - 30 ) . Cold War Jet Combat : Air - to - Air Jet Fighter Operations 1950 -- 1972 . Pen and Sword . ISBN 9781473874633 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Simha , Rakesh Krishnan ( 17 January 2012 ) . `` How India brought down the US ' supersonic man '' . Russia & India Report . Russia & India Report . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Why the Indian Air Force has a high crash rate ^ Jump up to : Jr , Karl DeRouen ; Heo , Uk ( 2007 - 05 - 10 ) . Civil Wars of the World : Major Conflicts Since World War II . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781851099191 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Dipender ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` ' Sam gave dignity to Army in 1971 , after 1962 debacle ' '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Palit , Maj Gen DK ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War , 1971 . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9781897829370 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hasnat , Syed Farooq ( 2011 ) . Pakistan . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313346972 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Arvind ( 2012 - 09 - 13 ) . 3 D Deceit , Duplicity & Dissimulation of U.S. Foreign Policy Towards India , Pakistan & Afghanistan . AuthorHouse . ISBN 9781477257098 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Alam , Dr Shah ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . Pakistan Army : Modernisation , Arms Procurement and Capacity Building . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd . ISBN 9789381411797 . ^ Jump up to : Nair , Sreekumar ( 2010 - 03 - 01 ) . Interpretation . Pustak Mahal . ISBN 9788122311112 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paret , Peter ; Gordon A. Craig ; Felix Gilbert ( 1986 ) . Makers of Modern Strategy : From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820097 - 0 . , pp802 Jump up ^ Cohen , Stephen P. ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) . The Idea of Pakistan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0815797613 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Ramananda. `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify . Sify , Sengupta . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Naseer , Javed ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . The Morning Echo : An Observation of Nature and Science . iUniverse , Naseer . ISBN 9781475957082 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nayar , Kuldip ( 3 February 1998 ) . `` Of betrayal and bungling '' . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on 23 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Cloughley , Brian ( 2016 ) . A History of the Pakistan Army : Wars and Insurrections . Skyhorse Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9781631440397 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huge bag of prisoners in our hands '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Burke , S. M ( 1974 ) . Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies -- S.M. Burke . ISBN 9780816607204 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1971 India Pakistan War : Role of Russia , China , America and Britain '' . The World Reporter . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Robert ( 1978 - 06 - 17 ) . South Asian Crisis : India -- Pakistan -- Bangla Desh . Springer . ISBN 9781349041633 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : VSM , Brig Amar Cheema ( 2015 - 03 - 31 ) . The Crimson Chinar : The Kashmir Conflict : A Politico Military Perspective . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9788170623014 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Harold H. Saunders , `` What Really Happened in Bangladesh '' Foreign Affairs ( 2014 ) 93 # 4 d Jump up ^ Alvandi , Roham . Nixon , Kissinger , and the Shah : The United States and Iran in the Cold War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190610685 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shalom , Stephen R . `` The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo - Pak War of 1971 '' . Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki , Jussi ( 2004 ) . The flawed architect : Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lewis , John P. ( 9 December 1971 ) . `` Mr. Nixon and South Asia '' . The New York Times . The Nixon Administration 's South Asia policy ... is beyond redemption Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : How the US tried to corner India '' . Rediff.com. 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Burne , Lester H. Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations : 1932 -- 1988 . Routledge , 2003 . ISBN 9780415939164 . Jump up ^ Rajagopalan , Rajesh ; Mishra , Atul . Nuclear South Asia : Keywords and Concepts . Routledge . ISBN 9781317324751 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British aircraft carrier ' HMS Eagle ' tried to intervene in 1971 India -- Pakistan war '' . Frontier India . 18 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cold war games '' . Bharat Rakshak . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of a nation '' . The Indian Express . 11 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon / Kissinger Saw India as `` Soviet Stooge '' in 1971 South Asia Crisis `` . nsarchive.gwu.edu . George Washington University press . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wetering , Carina . Changing US Foreign Policy toward India . Springer . ISBN 9781137548627 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean . Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses. 1972 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jayapalan , N. India and Her Neighbours . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . ISBN 9788171569120 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , edited by Swaran ( 2007 ) . China - Pakistan strategic cooperation : Indian perspectives . New Delhi : Manohar . ISBN 8173047618 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Jaffrelot , Christophe . Pakistan at the Crossroads : Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures . Columbia University Press . ISBN 9780231540254 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roychoudhury , H.P. A Silent Patriot of Bangladesh . Partridge Publishing . ISBN 9781482886887 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` China Recognizes Bangladesh '' . Oxnard , California , USA : The Press Courier , via Google News . Associated Press . 1 September 1975 . Jump up ^ `` China Veto Downs Bangladesh UN Entry '' . Montreal , Quebec , Canada : The Montreal Gazette , via Google News . United Press International . 26 August 1972 . Jump up ^ Chau , Donovan C. ; Kane , Thomas M. China and International Security : History , Strategy , and 21st - Century Policy ( 3 volumes ) : History , Strategy , and 21st - Century Policy . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781440800023 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Recognition Story '' . Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , V.R. Internal Conflicts - A Four State Analysis : India - Nepal - Sri Lanka - Myanmar . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd . ISBN 9789382573418 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mudiam , Prithvi Ram . India and the Middle East . British Academic Press . ISBN 9781850437031 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Geoffrey . The East Moves West : India , China , and Asia 's Growing Presence in the Middle East . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0815724071 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H. ( 2003 ) . An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh . Washington DC : National Defense University . Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Higham , Robin D.S. ( April 2005 ) , `` An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan war : the creation of Bangladesh ( reviw ) '' , The Journal of Military History , 69 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 4 : How Asians View Each Other '' . Pew Research Center 's Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's leaders should heed the lesson of Bangladesh '' . The Guardian . 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No lessons learnt in forty years -- The Express Tribune '' . The Express Tribune . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Malik , Anas ( 2010 - 10 - 22 ) . Political Survival in Pakistan : Beyond Ideology . Routledge . ISBN 9781136904196 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Humayun , Arif ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . Connivance by Silence : How the Majority 's Failure to Challenge Politically Motivated ( Mis ) interpretation of the Qur'an Empowered Radicals to Exploit Islam and Propagate Radicalism . Xlibris Corporation . ISBN 9781453595725 . Jump up ^ Waines , David ( 2003 - 11 - 06 ) . An Introduction to Islam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521539067 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dogra , Wg Cdr C. Deepak ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) . Pakistan : Caught in the Whirlwind . Lancer Publishers LLC . ISBN 9781940988221 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Further information relates in Hamoodur Rahman Commission . Jump up ^ Siddique , Abubakar ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . The Pashtuns : The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan . Random House India . ISBN 9788184006254 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Langewiesche , William ( November 2005 ) . `` The Wrath of Khan '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Abdus Sattar Ghazali . `` Islamic Pakistan , The Second Martial Law '' . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Prince , Soldier , Statesman -- Sahabzada Yaqub Khan '' . Defence Journal . Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Ḥaqqānī , p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Excerpts : We never learn '' . Dawn. 15 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Lala , R.M. ( 1 January 2001 ) . A touch of greatness : encounters with the eminent . Viking . Jump up ^ Indira feared coup from ' Sam ' , The Tribune India , 1 August 1999 . Jump up ^ KTInfotainmentTV ( 28 July 1999 ) , FTF Field Marshal Monekshaw 28 7 1999 ( published 17 October 2011 ) , event occurs at 15 : 30 Jump up ^ Ahmad Faruqui ( 2003 ) . Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan : The Price of Strategic Myopia . Ashgate . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 1497 - 5 . Field Marshal Manekshaw , Chief of Staff of the Indian Army in 1971 , paid them the ultimate compliment when he stated that : The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan fought very gallantly . But they had no chance . They were a thousand miles away from their base . And I had eight or nine months to make my preparations ( while they were being worn out in a counter insurgency war against the secessionist forces of the Mukti Bahini ) . I had a superiority of almost five - to - one . Jump up ^ Three Indian blunders in the 1971 war , Rediff News , 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American flying ace believes Pakistan won 1971 war '' . Express Tribune . 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burki , Shahid Javed ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ) . Pakistan Under Bhutto , 1971 -- 1977 . Springer . ISBN 9781349195299 . Jump up ^ GoP , Government of Pakistan . `` Population of Pakistan in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ et . al. `` Constitution of Pakistan '' . Story of Pakistan . Nazaria - e-Pakistan , Part IV . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh ( 2008 ) . The Military Factor in Pakistan . Lancer Publishers . ISBN 9780981537894 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kapur , Ashok ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) . India and the South Asian Strategic Triangle . Routledge . ISBN 9781136902611 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , T.V. ; Studies , Teleglobe Raoul - Dandurand Chair of Strategic and Diplomatic ; sécurité , Université du Québec à Montréal Centre d'études des politiques étrangères et de ( 2000 ) . Power Versus Prudence : Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . ISBN 9780773520875 . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- The Beginning '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 125 Slain in Dacca Area , Believed Elite of Bengal '' . The New York Times . New York , NY , USA . 19 December 1971 . p. 1 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . At least 125 persons , believed to be physicians , professors , writers and teachers , were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca . All the victims ' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted , garroted or shot . These victims were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited supporters . Jump up ^ Murshid , Tazeen M. ( 2 December 1997 ) . `` State , Nation , Identity : The Quest for Legitimacy in Bangladesh '' . South Asia : Journal of South Asian Studies . Routledge. 20 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 34 . doi : 10.1080 / 00856409708723294 . ISSN 1479 - 0270 . ^ Jump up to : Khan , Muazzam Hussain ( 2012 ) . `` Killing of Intellectuals '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ Shaiduzzaman . `` Martyred intellectuals : martyred history '' . New Age . Archived from the original on 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff correspondents ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971 '' . The Daily Star . The Daily Star , 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Bose , Sarmila ( 2010 ) . Dead reckoning : memories of the 1971 Bangladesh war . London : C. Hurst . ISBN 978 - 1849040495 . Jump up ^ Mikaberidze , Alexander ( 2013 - 06 - 25 ) . Atrocities , Massacres , and War Crimes : An Encyclopedia ( 2 Volumes ) : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781598849264 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rummel , Rudolph J. , `` Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900 '' , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 5 , Chapter 8 , table 8.1 Jump up ^ `` Birth of Bangladesh : When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation '' . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up war crimes court '' . Al Jazeera English . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Worcester , Kenton ; Bermanzohn , Sally Avery ; Ungar , Mark ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) . Violence and Politics : Globalization 's Paradox . Routledge . ISBN 9781136701252 . Jump up ^ Tripathi , Salil ( 2016 ) . The Colonel Who Would Not Repent : The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300218183 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hossain , Mokerrom ( 2010 - 02 - 21 ) . From Protest to Freedom : A Book for the New Generation : the Birth of Bangladesh . Mokerrom . ISBN 9780615486956 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , Christian ( 2010 ) . Extremely Violent Societies : Mass Violence in the Twentieth - Century World . Cambridge University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 9781139493512 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh sets up 1971 war crimes tribunal '' . BBC News . 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh to Hold Trials for 1971 War Crimes '' . Voice of America . 26 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gill , John H ( 1994 ) . An Atlas of 1971 Indian - Pakistan war - the Creation of Bangladesh . NESA . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Dhaka demonstrators protest Pakistan 's reaction to Molla 's execution '' . Express Tribune . 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bose , Sarmila ( 22 September 2007 ) . `` Losing the Victims : Problems of Using Women as Weapons in Recounting the Bangladesh War '' ( PDF ) . Economic and Political Weekly : 3865 . ^ Jump up to : Baig , Muhammad Anwar ; Ebad ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) . Pakistan : Time for Change . AuthorHouse . ISBN 9781477250310 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Kharal , Rāʼe Asad K̲h̲ān ( 2000 ) . Pākistān kaise ṭūṭā ? ( in Japanese ) . Intelligence Publishers . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Shah , Aqil ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) . The Army and Democracy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 9780674419773 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hamood - ur - Rahman Commission Report Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan '' . Story Of Pakistan . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Untold Story of 1971 -- Behind Pakistan 's Defeat '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC News . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhatt , Dr Arunkumar ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . Psychological Warfare and India . Lancer Publishers , Bhatt . ISBN 9788170621331 . Retrieved 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 30 August 2000 ) . `` Bangladesh requests war report '' . BBC . BBC Pakistan Bureau . BBC . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Genesis of Defeat -- How many Hindus have you killed ? '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` The Loss of Character -- `` Lust for wine , greed for houses '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Halarnkar , Sameer ( 21 August 2000 ) . `` Bravado And Capitulation -- `` Further resistance is not humanly possible '' `` . India Today . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : D'Costa , Bina ( 2011 ) , Nationbuilding , Gender and War Crimes in South Asia , Routledge , pp. 76 -- 78 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56566 - 0 Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rehman Commission ( HRC ) Report of Inquiry into the 1971 War ( Vanguard Books Lahore , 513 ) Jump up ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report , chapter 2 , paragraph 33 ^ Jump up to : `` India Pakistan Timeline '' . BBC News , India Pakistan . 1971 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Simla Agreement '' . Bilateral / Multilateral Documents . Ministry of External Affairs , Government of India . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turtuk , a Promised Land Between Two Hostile Neighbours '' . Jump up ^ `` An encounter with the ' king ' of Turtuk , a border village near Gilgit - Baltistan '' . Jump up ^ `` A portrait of a village on the border '' . Jump up ^ `` Have you heard about this Indian Hero ? '' . rediff.com. 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Simla Agreement 1972 '' . Story of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The collapse of the Shimla Accord '' . 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ UN . `` Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees '' . UNCHR . UNCHR . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley Walpert ( 1993 ) . Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan : his life and times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195076615 . Jump up ^ Wierda , Marieke ; Anthony Triolo ( 31 May 2012 ) . Luc Reydams ; Jan Wouters ; Cedric Ryngaert , eds . International Prosecutors . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0199554294 . Jump up ^ Coll , Steve ( 2005 ) . Ghost Wars . The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 007 - 6 . pg 221 , 475 . Jump up ^ Kreisler interview with Coll `` Conversations with history '' , 25 March 2005 , UC Berkeley Institute of International Studies Jump up ^ Bhutto , Zulfiqar Ali ( April 1973 ) . `` Pakistan Builds Anew '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Singh , Sarbans ( 1993 ) . Battle Honours of the Indian Army 1757 -- 1971 . New Delhi : Vision Books . pp. 257 -- 278 . ISBN 81 - 7094 - 115 - 6 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martyrs '' . National Defense Academy , Pune . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Param Vir Chakra '' . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider holders of Pakistan Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Nishan - e-Haider '' . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Habib , Haroon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Bangladesh honours Indira Gandhi with highest award '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Friends of freedom honoured '' . The Daily Star . 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` B'desh honours foreign friends '' . The Financial Express . Dhaka. 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 : Beyond Borders Review ( 3.5 / 5 ) : The film puts across the message that fighting wars for `` borders and orders '' robs away so many lives needlessly `` . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Mukti - Birth of a Nation in News18 Further reading Ayub , Muhammad ( 2005 ) . An army , Its Role and Rule : A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil , 1967 -- 1999 . RoseDog Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8059 - 9594 - 7 . Cilano , Cara , ed. ( 2010 ) . Pakistaniaat : Special issue on 1971 War . Hanhimäki , Jussi M. ( 2004 ) . The Flawed Architect : Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517221 - 8 . Haqqani , Hussain ( 2005 ) . Pakistan : Between Mosque and Military . United Book Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87003 - 214 - 1 . Niazi , General A.A.K. ( 1999 ) . Betrayal of East Pakistan . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 579275 - 1 . Palit , DK ( 1972 ) . The Lightning Campaign : The Indo - Pakistan War 1971 . Compton Press Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 900193 - 10 - 1 . Raghavan , Srinath ( 2013 ) . 1971 -- A global History of Creation of Bangladesh ( PDF ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72864 - 6 . Raja , Dewan Mohammad Tasawwar ( 2010 ) . O General My General ( Life and Works of General MAG Osmany ) . The Osmany Memorial Trust , Dhaka , Bangladesh . ISBN 978 - 984 - 8866 - 18 - 4 . Saigal , JR ( 2000 ) . Pakistan Splits : The Birth of Bangladesh . Manas Publications . ISBN 9788170491248 . External links Video of General Niazi Surrendering A complete coverage of the war from the Indian perspective An Atlas of the 1971 India -- Pakistan War : The Creation of Bangladesh by John H. Gill Actual conversation from the then US President Nixon and Henry Kissinger during the 1971 War -- US Department of State 's Official archive . Indian Army : Major Operations Pakistan : Partition and Military Succession USA Archives Pakistan intensifies air raid on India BBC A day by day account of the war as seen in a virtual newspaper . The Tilt : The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 . 16 December 1971 : any lessons learned ? By Ayaz Amir -- Pakistan 's Dawn India - Pakistan 1971 War as covered by TIME Indian Air Force Combat Kills in the 1971 war ( unofficial ) , Centre for Indian Military History Op Cactus Lilly : 19 Infantry Division in 1971 , a personal recall by Lt Col Balwant Singh Sahore All for a bottle of Scotch , a personal recall of Major ( later Major General ) CK Karumbaya , SM , the battle for Magura `` The Rediff Interview / Lt Gen AA Khan Niazi '' . Rediff. 2 February 2004 . Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 History Partition of India History of Pakistan Indo - Pakistani Wars War of 1947 War of 1965 Operation Searchlight 1971 Bangladesh genocide Mukti Bahini Research and Analysis Wing Operation Jackpot Indo - Soviet Treaty Razakars Mitro Bahini Surrender of Pakistan Eastern Command Simla Agreement Conflict Battle of Dhalai Battle of Atgram Battle of Garibpur Boyra incidence Operation Chengiz Khan Battle of Longewala Battle of Hilli Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Airdrop Battle of Basantar PNS Ghazi Operation Trident Air Operations Naval Operations INS Khukri US Taskforce 74 more Pakistani peace proposals Cable 1971 Six - points Ahsan -- Yaqub Mission Rodionov message War Enquiry Commission Leaders India Indira Gandhi Sam Manekshaw P.C. Lal S.M. Nanda Jagjit Singh Aurora K.P. Candeth Sourendra Nath Kohli Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Anil Tipnis T.N. Raina Sartaj Singh J.F.R. Jacob Kuldip Singh Chandpuri Kulwant Singh Pannu G.M. Hiranandani Pakistan Yahya Khan Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Hamid Khan A.A.K. Niazi Mohammad Sharif M.A.K. Lodhi Leslie Mungavin Gul Hassan Abdul Ali Malik Rashid Ahmed A. Rahim Khan Tikka Khan Muzaffar Hassan Patrick Callaghan Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tajuddin Ahmed Muhammad Mansur Ali A.H.M. Qamaruzzaman Abu Taher United States Richard Nixon Henry Kissinger Archer Blood George Bush , Sr . William Westmoreland Elmo Zumwalt Chuck Yeager J.S. Farland Kenneth Keating Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev Alexei Kosygin Alexei Rodionov Nikolai Pegov Yakov Malik Andrei Gromyko Sergey Gorshkov Vasili Kuznetsov Nikolai Podgorny Highest awards Param Vir Chakra L / Nk . Albert Ekka Fl . Off . N.J.S. Sekhon 2nd Lt. Arun Khetarpal Maj . Hoshiar Singh Nishan - E-Haider Maj . Muhammad Akram Plt . Off . Rashid Minhas Maj . Shabbir Sharif J / Swr . Muhammad Hussain L / Nk . Muhammad Mahfuz Bir Sreshtho Flt . Lt. Matiur Rahman Sepahi Hamidur Rahman Sepahi Mostafa Kamal Engine Room Artificer Mohammad Ruhul Amin Lance Naik Munshi Abdur Rouf Captain Mohiuddin Jahangir Lance Naik Noor Mohammad 1971 Bangladesh genocide Perpetrators Organizers Yahya Khan Tikka Khan Rao Farman Ali Executors Abdul Quader Molla Abul Kalam Azad Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed Delwar Hossain Sayeedi Fazlul Quader Chowdhury Ghulam Azam Motiur Rahman Nizami Muhammad Kamaruzzaman Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ashrafuz Zaman Khan Chowdhury Mueen - Uddin Organizations Pakistan Army Jamaat - e-Islami Razakars East Pakistan Central Peace Committee Al Badr Al Shams Massacres Barisal Division Barguna Bhimnali Ketnar Bil Suryamani Chittagong Division Muzaffarabad Pomara Bakhrabad Dhaka Division Bakchar Baria Char Bhadrasan Hasamdia Ishangopalpur Jinjira Madhyapara Ramna Satanikhil Sendia Shankharibazar Sree Angan Sutrapur Khulna Division Chuknagar Dakra Shankharikathi Rajshahi Division Bagbati Demra Karai Kadipur Gopalpur Rangpur Division Akhira Daldalia Golaghat Jathibhanga Kaliganj Sylhet Division Adityapur Burunga Galimpur Krishnapur Makalkandi Naria Notable victims Altaf Mahmud Anudvaipayan Bhattacharya Anwar Pasha Dhirendranath Datta Govinda Chandra Dev Harinath Dey Jogesh Chandra Ghosh Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta Laxman Das Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury Munier Choudhury Ranada Prasad Saha Santosh Chandra Bhattacharya Selina Parvin Shahidullah Kaiser more Protests Movement demanding trial of war criminals 2013 Shahbag protests Trials Hamoodur Rahman Commission International Crimes Tribunal Related events Bangladesh Liberation War Blood Telegram Concert for Bangladesh Operation Searchlight Persecution of Biharis Persecution of Hindus Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War Remembrance Day Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Category Army Navy Air Force Pakistan Armed Forces Joint services and administrative Cabinet Committee on National Security Chief of General Staff Commander - in - Chief President of Pakistan Inter-Services Public Relations Inter-Services Selection Board Inter-Services Intelligence Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Joint Staff Headquarters Judge Advocate General Branch Military Lands and Cantonments Department Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence National Command Authority Missiles Nuclear doctrine Strategic Plans Division Force Weapons of mass destruction National Defence University National Security Council Army Army Museum Army ranks and insignia Chief of Army Staff replaced Commander - in - Chief of the Army Corps , commands and regiments I Corps II Corps IV Corps V Corps X Corps XI Corps XII Corps XXX Corps XXXI Corps Air Defence Corps Armoured Corps Army Strategic Forces Command Aviation Corps Azad Kashmir Regiment Baloch Regiment Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers Corps of Engineers Engineer - in - Chief Frontier Works Organisation Corps of Military Police Corps of Signals Force Command Northern Areas Frontier Force Regiment Medical Corps Military Intelligence Northern Light Infantry Regiment Punjab Regiment Regiment of Artillery Sind Regiment Special Services Group Education and training Army Medical College Army Public Schools and Colleges System Cadet colleges College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Command and Staff College Military Academy Military College of Engineering Military College of Signals Parachute Training School Equipment General Headquarters Hospitals Serving Generals Air Force Air Force Museum Air Force ranks and insignia Air Headquarters Aircraft Bases Chief of Air Staff Education and training Air Force Academy Air War College College of Aeronautical Engineering College of Flying Training Combat Commanders School Fazaia Schools and Colleges System Hospitals Squadrons and commands Air Force Strategic Command Air Intelligence Special Service Wing Squadrons Serving Air Marshals Navy Bases Ahsan Naval Base Akram Naval Base Hameed Naval Base Iqbal Naval Base Jinnah Naval Base Kalmat Naval Base Karachi Naval Dockyard Mehran Naval Base Qasim Naval Base Chief of Naval Staff Education and training Naval Academy Navy Engineering College Navy run basic education schools Navy School of Logistics and Management Navy War College PNS Karsaz Hospitals PNS Darmaan Jah PNS Rahat PNS Shifa Maritime Museum Naval Headquarters Naval ranks and insignia Squadrons and commands Marines Naval Air Arm Naval Intelligence Naval Strategic Forces Command Navy Hydrographic Department Navy Northern Command Navy Punjab Command Navy Western Command Special Services Group Navy Vessels Serving Admirals Paramilitary forces Airports Security Force Coast Guards Frontier Constabulary Frontier Corps Bajaur Scouts Chagai Militia Chitral Scouts Gilgit Baltistan Scouts Kharan Rifles Khyber Rifles Zhob Militia Maritime Security Agency National Guard Rangers Wars and conflicts India - Pakistan War ( s ) of 1947 - 1948 / 1965 / 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War 1967 Israeli - Arab war 1973 Israeli - Arab war Jordan - Palestine Liberation Organization conflict 1970s Baloch insurgency Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia seizure Soviet - Afghan war Siachen conflict 1991 Gulf War Kargil conflict War in North - West Pakistan Related Awards and decorations Defence Housing Authority Defence industry of Pakistan Air Weapons Complex Defence Science and Technology Organisation Heavy Industries Taxila Institute of Optronics Integrated Dynamics Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Khan Research Laboratories National Development Complex National Engineering and Scientific Commission Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Pakistan Ordnance Factories Wah Metallurgical Laboratory Military history Air Force history Foreign deployments of the Pakistan Armed Forces Involvement in UN peacekeeping missions Military coups Khyber Border Coordination Center Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces Category Army Air Force Navy Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971&oldid=817370019 '' Categories : Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Indo - Pakistani wars Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 in Bangladesh 1971 in India 1971 in Pakistan Conflicts in 1971 East Pakistan Anti-Pakistan sentiment Wars involving Bangladesh Wars involving Pakistan Wars involving India History of Bangladesh Post-independence history of Pakistan Separatism in Pakistan History of the Indian Army Research and Analysis Wing Foreign intervention Dissolutions of countries December 1971 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from July 2015 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with dead external links from July 2015 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2016 Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkmençe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 23 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani%20War%20of%201971
| 1,754 |
where does the pub name red lion come from
|
Pub names
|
pub names
|
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate pubs in the United Kingdom . Many pubs are centuries old , from a time when their customers were often illiterate , but could recognise pictorial signs . Pub names have a variety of origins , from objects used as simple identification marks to the coats of arms of kings or local aristocrats and landowners . Other names come from historic events , livery companies , and occupations or craftsmen 's guilds .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Animals 3 Branding 4 Found objects 5 Heraldry 5.1 Items appearing in coats of arms 5.2 Livery companies 5.3 Landowners 5.4 Occupations 6 Historic events 7 Literature 8 Myths and legends 9 Paired names 10 Personal names or titles 11 Places 12 Plants and horticulture 13 Politically incorrect 14 The pub itself ( including nicknames ) 14.1 The pub building 14.2 Services provided by the pub 14.3 Beer and wine 14.4 Food 15 Puns , jokes and corruptions 16 Religious 17 Royalty 18 Ships 19 Sports 19.1 Games 19.2 Hunting and blood sports 20 Topography 21 Trades , tools and products 22 Transport 22.1 Air 22.2 Rail 22.3 Road 22.4 Water 22.5 Other 23 Most common 24 Curiosities 25 See also 26 References 26.1 Sources 26.2 Further reading 27 External links Methodology ( edit ) Although the word The appears on much pub signage , it is not considered to be an important part of the name , and is therefore ignored in the following examples . The word Ye is likewise ignored as it is only an archaic spelling of The . Y represents an obsolete character ( þ , the letter Thorn , which is nowadays used only in Icelandic ) for the th sound and looked rather like a blackletter y . It was never pronounced with ay sound . Similarly , other archaic spellings such as `` olde worlde '' are not distinguished below . Animals ( edit ) Names like Fox and Hounds , Dog and Duck , Dog and Gun , etc. , refer to hunting . Animal names coupled with colours , such as White Hart and Red Lion , are often heraldic . A white hart featured as the badge of King Richard II , while a red lion was the badge of John of Gaunt and a blue boar of the Earls of Oxford . Branding ( edit ) Some pub chains in the UK adopt the same or similar names for many pubs as a means of brand expression . The principal examples of this are `` The Moon Under Water '' , commonly used by the JD Wetherspoon chain , and inspired by George Orwell 's 1946 essay in the Evening Standard , `` The Moon Under Water '' . ) and the `` Tap and Spile '' brand name used by the now defunct Century Inns chain . The `` Slug and Lettuce '' is another example of a chain of food - based pubs with a prominent brand -- founder Hugh Corbett had owned a small number of pubs , which he rechristened with humorous or nonsensical names , with the effect of differentiating them from competitors . Found objects ( edit ) The ' Crooked Billet ' , Worsthorne , Lancashire Before painted inn signs became commonplace , medieval publicans often identify their establishment by hanging or standing a distinctive object outside the pub . This tradition dates back to Roman times , when the owners of tabernae used to hang some vine leaves outside their property to show where wine was sold . Boot Copper Kettle Crooked Billet ( a bent branch from a tree ) Sometimes the object was coloured , such as Blue Post or Blue Door . Heraldry ( edit ) The ubiquity of the naming element arms shows how important heraldry has been in the naming of pubs . The simpler symbols of the heraldic badges of royalty or local nobility give rise to many of the most common pub names . Items appearing in coats of arms ( edit ) A White Hart signboard Antlers : although this is often seen as a derivation of Richard II 's white hart emblem , it may also be an echo of a pagan figure , Herne the Hunter . Bear and Ragged Staff : a badge of the earls of Warwick . Refers to bear baiting ( see Dog and Bear in the Sports section ) . Black Griffin : a pub in Lisvane , Cardiff , named after the coat of arms carried by the lords of the manor . Old Black Lion is the name of an ancient pub opposite the railway station in Northampton . Blue Boar , the name of many pubs in Westminster , Norwich , Billericay , Maldon , Witney and elsewhere , from the badge of the Earls of Oxford . Castle : sometimes originally referred to the Coat of Arms of Castile in Spain , and meant that Spanish wines were available within . Checkers or Chequers : often derived from the coat of arms of a local landowner ( see Chequy ) , this name and sign originated in ancient Rome when a chequer board indicated that a bar also provided banking services . The checked board was used as an aid to counting and is the origin of the word exchequer . The last pub to use the older , now American spelling of checker was in Baldock , Hertfordshire , but this closed circa 1990 ; all pubs now use the modern `` q '' spelling ( but see also Chequers , in Plants and horticulture below ) . Eagle and Child , Oxford , derived from the arms of the Earls of Derby , was a meeting place of the Inklings . Elephant and Castle : apocryphally a corruption of the words `` Infanta of Castile '' , more probably taken from the crest of the Cutlers ' Company . Lamb and Flag : a common religious symbol , with the Agnus Dei holding the red cross flag that represented the Resurrection of Christ earlier than it was the flag of England . This was the device of the Middle Temple , a legal society in London , which was given a charter in 1608 to occupy lands formerly owned by the Knights Templar . It is one of the four Inns of Court , still training barristers today . The Lamb & Flag ( Oxford ) is one of many pubs with this name . Olde Man and Scythe , Bolton , taken from the crest of the Pilkington family . Ostrich feathers have been used as a royal badge since the time of Edward III , particularly the Three Feathers badge of the Prince of Wales . Red Dragon of Cadwaladr : the symbol of Wales , and a heraldic badge of Henry VII and many other royal figures . Red Lion is the name of over 600 pubs . It thus can stand for an archetypal British pub . The lion is one of the most common charges in coats of arms , second only to the cross , and thus the Red Lion as a pub sign probably has multiple origins : in the arms or crest of a local landowner , now perhaps forgotten ; as a personal badge of John of Gaunt , founder of the House of Lancaster ; or in the royal arms of Scotland , conjoined to the arms of England after the Stuart succession in 1603 . Rising Sun : symbol of the east and of optimism . The Sun In Splendour was also a livery badge of Edward IV Spread Eagle : from the heraldic depiction of an eagle ' displayed ' ; probably derived from the arms of Germany , indicating that German wines were available within . Swan , a badge of many Lancastrian figures -- see Dunstable Swan Jewel Talbot or Talbot Arms refers to an actual breed of hunting dog , now extinct , which is also a heraldic hound , and is the badge of the Talbot family , Earls of Shrewsbury . Unicorn White Bear White Hart : the livery badge of King Richard II of England . It became so popular as an inn sign in his reign that it was adopted by many later inns and taverns . White Horse : the sign of the House of Hanover , adopted by many eighteenth - century inns to demonstrate loyalty to the new Royal dynasty . A white horse is also the emblem of the County of Kent . The name can also refer to the chalk horses carved into hillsides . White Lion : the livery badge of the Duke of Norfolk Livery companies ( edit ) Three Compasses , Hornsey , London N8 Names starting with the word `` Three '' are often based on the arms of a London Livery company or trade guild : Three Arrows : The Worshipful Company of Bowyers Three Bucks : The Worshipful Company of Leathersellers Three Castles : The Worshipful Company of Masons Three Compasses : The Worshipful Company of Carpenters Three Crowns : The Worshipful Company of Drapers , although it can also refer to the Magi , or the Diocese of Ely Three Cups : The Worshipful Company of Salters Three Goats ' Heads : The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers Three Hammers : The Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths Three Horseshoes : The Worshipful Company of Farriers Three Tuns : The Brewers and the Worshipful Company of Vintners Three Wheatsheafs : The Worshipful Company of Bakers Landowners ( edit ) Many coats of arms appear as pub signs , usually honouring a local landowner . Percy Arms , Otterburn , Northumberland , commemorates the Battle of Otterburn in 1388 , where Sir Henry Percy , son of the Earl of Northumberland , led the English army . There is also a Percy Arms in Tynemouth , North Tyneside , and various other locations in the North East of England . Silver Lion , Lilley , Hertfordshire : from the arms of the Sowerby family . Stanley Arms , Huyton , near Liverpool : after Frederick Stanley , 16th Earl of Derby . Melbourne Arms , Duston , Northampton : after former local landowner Lord Melbourne Occupations ( edit ) The Mechanics Arms , Hindley Green See also Trades , tools and products below Some `` Arms '' signs refer to working occupations . These may show people undertaking such work or the arms of the appropriate London livery company . This class of name may be only just a name but there are stories behind some of them . Artillery Arms Bunhill Row , London EC1 : situated next door to the headquarters of the Honourable Artillery Company , the British Army 's oldest regiment . Blacksmith 's Arms , with the pun of the actual blacksmiths arms and their strength Bricklayer 's Arms , e.g. , Hitchin , Hertfordshire : The first landlord , William Huckle , who opened this pub in 1846 , was a bricklayer by trade . Builders Arms : Kensington Court Place , London Carpenters Arms - A series of pubs , related to the occupation or more likely to the guild of carpenters . Fisherman 's Arms , Birgham near Coldstream Foundryman 's Arms Northampton Mason 's Arms Mechanics Arms ( now renamed the Old Neighbourhood ) , near Stroud , Gloucestershire . In this context a mechanic was a bonesetter . Plumbers Arms ( Lower Belgrave Street , London SW1 ) . Waterman 's Arms Historic events ( edit ) A ' Royal Oak ' in Fishguard , Wales Alma : commemorating the Battle of the Alma which took place in 1854 , during the Crimean War . Bhurtpore Inn , Aston , near Nantwich , Cheshire : commemorating the Siege of Bharatpur in Rajasthan , 1826 . The Inn is on land formerly part of the estates of Lord Combermere , commander of British forces during the siege . Dolphin : often anglicised from the French Dauphin , commemorating battles in which England defeated France . These include `` The Dolphin '' in Wellington , Somerset which was named in honour of Wellington 's victory at the Battle of Waterloo . Festival Inn : name of a pub in Poplar , London , built at the time of the Festival of Britain in 1951 . Hand and Shears : this famous City of London pub got its name owing to Bartholomew Fair . Tailors would gather in the pub the night before the fair and wave their shears announcing that the fair should begin . Magna Charta in Lowdham , Nottinghamshire , has its name spelled differently from the historic document after which it is named . Man on the Moon , Northfield , Birmingham : originally called The Man in the Moon and renamed on the day of the first moon landing in 1969 . Rose and Crown : Edward III used a golden rose as a personal badge , and two of his sons adapted it by changing the colour : John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster , used a red rose , and Edmund of Langley , 1st Duke of York , used a white rose . The dynastic conflicts between their descendants are collectively called the Wars of the Roses . In 1485 Henry Tudor , a descendant of Lancaster , defeated Richard III of the York dynasty and married Richard 's niece Elizabeth of York . Since then the combined red - and - white Tudor rose , often crowned , has been a symbol of the monarchy of England . Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Royal Oak : After the Battle of Worcester ( 1651 ) in the English Civil War , the defeated Prince Charles escaped the scene with the Roundheads on his tail . He managed to reach Bishops Wood in Staffordshire , where he found an oak tree ( now known as the Boscobel Oak near Boscobel House ) . He climbed the tree and hid in it for a day while his obviously short - sighted pursuers strolled around under the tree looking for him . The hunters gave up , Prince Charles came down and escaped to France ( the Escape of Charles II ) . He became Charles II on the Restoration of the Monarchy . To celebrate this good fortune , 29 May ( Charles ' birthday ) was declared Royal Oak Day and the pub name remembers this . The Royal Naval ship HMS Royal Oak gets its name from the same source . Early ships were built of the heartwood of oak . Saracen 's Head and Turk 's Head : Saracens and Turks were among the enemies faced by Crusaders . This is also a reference to the Barbary pirates that raided the coasts from the Crusades until the early 19th century . Trafalgar : commemorating the Battle of Trafalgar . There are many pubs called the Nelson and an Emma Hamilton pub too in Wimbledon Chase where Nelson squired her . Famous is the Trafalgar Tavern : part of the Greenwich Maritime World Heritage site at Greenwich . Olde Trip to Jerusalem , Nottingham , one of the claimants to the title of oldest pub in Britain , said to have been a stopping - off place for the Crusaders on the way to the Holy Land . `` Trip '' here has the old meaning of a stop , not the modern journey . The pub was once called the Pilgrim , which is probably the real story behind the name . The pub has the date 1189 painted on its masonry , which is the year King Richard I ascended to the throne . Like many elderly pubs , the Trip carries `` Ye '' before its name , with an E on the end of `` old '' another `` olde worlde '' affectation . Literature ( edit ) The Moon Under Water , Watford , named after George Orwell 's description Cat and Custard Pot in Shipton Moyne is said to originate from the book Handley Cross or Mr Jorrocks 's Hunt by R.S. Surtees . Jabez Clegg in Manchester , now closed , was named after the title character in Isabella Banks ' novel The Manchester Man . Hobbit in Southampton , named after J.R.R. Tolkien 's creation and threatened with legal action by US movie lawyers , because of this . Lass O ' Gowrie in Manchester , named after the poem by Carolina Nairne . Moon and Sixpence pubs in Portland , Oregon ; Whitby , North Yorkshire ; Harrow , Middlesex ; and Soho , London are named after Somerset Maugham 's novel of the same name . Moon Under Water , inspired by George Orwell 's essay describing his perfect pub Peveril of the Peak , in Manchester , commemorates a stagecoach that once connected Manchester and London , but the pub itself claims it is named for the novel by Sir Walter Scott . Sherlock Holmes in London contains a reproduction of the great detective 's study . Herbert Wells in Woking , a town that was fictionally destroyed by Martian invaders in H.G. Wells 's The War of the Worlds . A 7.6 metre tall statue of a Martian stands in Crown Passage in the town , and a Martian is depicted in a drawing in the pub . Edgar Wallace , The Strand , London , named for the 1930s mystery writer . John Masefield in New Ferry , named for the former Poet Laureate who served for some years on a naval training ship , HMS Conway , off New Ferry pier . Myths and legends ( edit ) Images from myths and legends are evocative and memorable . Black Horse ( Black Bess ) : usually named after the legendary overnight ride from London to York in 1737 by Dick Turpin . This fictional account was popularised in a novel , Rookwood ( 1834 ) , resulting in a surge of Dick Turpin nostalgia and associated pub names . Fiddler 's Green , a legendary place in the afterlife where existence consists of all leisure and no work . George and Dragon : St George is the patron saint of England and his conflict with a dragon is essential to his story . This sign is a symbol of English nationalism . Green Man : a spirit of the wild woods . The original images are in churches as a face peering through or made of leaves and petals ; this character is the Will of the Wisp , the Jack of the Green . Some pub signs will show the green man as he appears in English traditional sword dances ( in green hats ) . The Green Man is not the same character as Robin Hood , although the two may be linked . Some pubs which were the Green Man have become the Robin Hood ; there are no pubs in Robin 's own county of Nottinghamshire named the Green Man but there are Robin Hoods . The 1973 film The Wicker Man features a Green Man pub . Moonrakers : In the 17th century , some Wiltshire yokels hid their smuggled liquor in the Crammer ( a pond in Devizes ) and used rakes to recover their stash . They were caught in the act by customs officials and they claimed they were trying to rake in a cheese , which was in fact the reflection of the full moon . The customs officials left thinking that the locals were a bit simple , whilst the locals recovered the smuggled goods without any more interference . The name Moonrakers has been used as a nickname for Wiltshire folk ever since and is the name of pubs in Devizes and Swindon . Robin Hood , sometimes partnered by his second in charge to form the name Robin Hood and Little John . Other Robin Hood names can be found throughout Arnold , Nottinghamshire . These were given to pubs built in the new estates of the 1960s by the Home Brewery of Daybrook , Nottinghamshire : Arrow , Friar Tuck , Longbow , Maid Marian and Major Oak . Silent Woman , Quiet Lady or Headless Woman : The origin is uncertain , with various local stories , such as a landlady whose tongue was cut out by smugglers so she could n't talk to the authorities , or a saint beheaded for her Christianity . The pub signs sometimes have an image of a decapitated woman or the couplet : `` Here is a woman who has lost her head / She 's quiet now -- you see she 's dead '' . Captain 's Wife , near the medieval trading port of Swanbridge on the south Wales coast near Penarth . The pub was converted during the 1970s from a row of fishermen 's cottages . There is a local legend of a ghostly wife keeping endless vigil after her husband 's boat was lost in a storm . Paired names ( edit ) Common enough today , the pairing of words in the name of an inn or tavern was rare before the mid-17th century , but by 1708 had become frequent enough for a pamphlet to complain of ' the variety and contradictory language of the signs ' , citing absurdities such as ' Bull and Mouth ' , ' Whale and Cow ' , and ' Shovel and Boot ' . Two years later an essay in the Spectator echoed this complaint , deriding among others such contemporary paired names as ' Bell and Neat 's Tongue ' , though accepting ' Cat and Fiddle ' . A possible explanation for doubling of names is the combining of businesses , for example when a landlord of one pub moved to another premises . Fashion , as in the rise of intentionally amusing paired names like ' Slug and Lettuce ' and ' Frog and Firkin ' ( see Puns , Jokes and Corruptions below ) in the late 20th century , is responsible for many more recent pub names . Personal names or titles ( edit ) The Marquis of Granby , after whom a number of pubs are named . Some pubs are known by the names of former landlords and landladies , for instance Nellie 's ( originally the White Horse ) in Beverley , and Ma Pardoe 's ( officially the Olde Swan ) in Netherton , West Midlands . The Baron of Beef , Welwyn , Hertfordshire is named after a nineteenth - century landlord , George Baron , listed in Kelly 's Directory for 1890 as `` Butcher and Beer Retailer '' . General Burgoyne Duke of Cambridge General Elliot Marquis of Granby : a general in the 18th century . He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men upon their retirement and provided funds for many ex-soldiers to establish taverns , which were subsequently named after him . ( See right ) . Nell Gwyn : mistress of Charles II . Lord Nelson : Quite a common name ( in various forms ) throughout England but especially in Norfolk , where the admiral was born . The Hero of Norfolk at Swaffham , Norfolk , portrays Nelson . Guy Earl of Warwick , in Welling , Dartford , dates from at least 1896 . and is thought to be the `` Halfway House '' which appears in Charles Dickens ' 1861 Great Expectations . Duke of Wellington Places ( edit ) Tavistock Inn , as for example at Poundsgate , Dartmoor . The Bailey Head a new name for the former Castle Tavern or Eagles sited on the Bailey Head , the name of the market square in Oswestry Beachy Head London Inn Mutley Tavern in Mutley Plain , Plymouth Plymouth Inn Twelve Pins or Na Beanna Beola ( Finsbury Park , London ) : the Twelve Pins mountain range in the west of Ireland . Cheviot Inn , Bellingham , Northumberland : a range of hills , the Cheviot Hills , of which the highest is locally called The Cheviot . Kentish Horse An `` arms '' name , too , can derive from a pub 's town . Bedford Arms , Bedford Road , Hitchin , Hertfordshire , shows the arms of the town of Bedford . The more usual derivation is for the Duke of Bedford whose seat is at the nearby Woburn Abbey . Plants and horticulture ( edit ) The Hoop and Grapes , Aldgate High Street , London The most common tree - based pub name is the Royal Oak , which refers to a Historical event . Bush , Holly Bush , Mulberry Bush etc. refer to plants , but note that Bull and Bush refers to a battle ( see Historical event above ) . Chequers from the Wild Service Tree or `` Chequer ( s ) Tree '' , the fruit of which was used to flavour beer before the introduction of hops . Crabtree would refer to a crab apple tree growing nearby or in the grounds , as pubs are often free standing . Flower Pot , Maidstone , Kent , Aston , Oxfordshire , Henley on Thames . Flowerpots , Cheriton , Hampshire . Hand and Flower , Hammersmith , London , also Ham , Surrey . Hand and Flowers , Marlow . Major Oak , Nottingham . Named after an ancient tree , and locally associated with Robin Hood Pineapple , e.g. in The Pineapple , Kentish Town , also Berkshire and Oldham . Tulip , Chelmsford . Vine or Grapes possibly harks back to the Roman custom of displaying a vine outside a tavern or wine - shop , as in The Hoop and Grapes in Aldgate High Street , London ( reputed to be the city 's oldest pub ) . Politically incorrect ( edit ) All labour in vain or Labour in vain . At various locations . Probably of Biblical origins , in past times the name was often illustrated by a person trying to scrub the blackness off a black child . Such signs , now deemed offensive , have been mostly replaced with more innocuous depictions of wasted effort . There are numerous old pubs and inns in England with the name of the Black Boy , many now claimed to refer either to child chimneysweeps or coal miners , or to a ( genuine ) historic description of King Charles II . The Black Boy Inn , Caernarfon , North Wales , has received at least a dozen complaints from visitors over the name , which dates back at least 250 years . However , the police say they have not received any formal complaints . The Black Bitch , a pub in Linlithgow , West Lothian , is named after the local legend of a black greyhound who is said to have repeatedly swum to an island in the town 's loch to bring food to its imprisoned master , only to suffer the same fate when its efforts were discovered . The pub 's name has caused more than a few surprised tourists to question the name or decry it as racist . The pub itself ( including nicknames ) ( edit ) The pub building ( edit ) The Crooked House , Himley , known for its extreme lean , caused by mining subsidence Candlestick , West End , Essendon , Hertfordshire : Once the Chequers , lit by a single candle and plunged into darkness when the landlord took the candle to the cellar to fetch beer . Crooked Chimney , Lemsford , Hertfordshire : The pub 's chimney is distinctively crooked . Crooked House , nickname of the Glynne Arms , Himley , Staffordshire . Because of mining subsidence , one side of the pub has a pronounced list . Cupola House , Bury St Edmunds , Suffolk , has a cupola on its roof . Hole in the Wall . The official name or nickname of a number of very small pubs . One such at Waterloo , London , is spacious but built into a railway viaduct . Jackson Stops , Stretton , Rutland : The pub was once closed for a period when the only sign on the outside was that of London estate agent Jackson Stops . The name stuck . Kilt and Clover , Port Dalhousie , Ontario , named after the owners . The husband is of Scottish descent , and the wife is of Irish heritage . The split theme runs throughout the pub . New Inn . Pubs can bear this name for centuries . Nutshell , Bury St Edmunds : one of the foremost claimants to be the smallest pub in the UK and maybe the world . Push Inn , Beverley : At one time the pub had no external sign except for that on the entrance door which read , simply , PUSH . Red House , Newport Pagnell , and on the old A43 between Northampton and Kettering : red or reddish painted buildings . Swiss Cottage was built in Swiss chalet style . It gave its name to an underground station and an area of London . Swiss Gardens , Shoreham - by - Sea , originally the pub of a Swiss - themed Victorian picnic garden and amusement park . Vaults , a number of pubs , not all having vaults as an architectural feature ; the word also had the general meaning of ' storeroom ' . By extension ' the vaults ' was formerly used to designate a particular type of bar . At a time ( mid 19th - mid 20th century ) when the several areas in a pub served different clientele , ' the vaults ' would cater largely for working - class drinkers and would most usually be men - only . White Elephant , Northampton , Northamptonshire . Originally built as a hotel to accommodate visitors to the adjacent Northampton Racecourse , the building became a `` white elephant '' ( useless object ) when horse racing was stopped at Northampton Racecourse in 1904 . Services provided by the pub ( edit ) The Farriers Arms , Shilbottle Coach & Horses , for a coaching inn Farriers Arms , for a pub with a farrier who could re-shoe the traveller 's horses Horse & Groom , where the traveller 's horse would be cared for while the traveller drank Wheelwrights , for a pub where a coach 's wheels could be repaired or replaced Beer and wine ( edit ) The Barley Mow , Clifton Hampden Many traditional pub names refer to the drinks available inside , most often beer . Barley Mow : a stack ( or sheaf ) of barley , the principal grain from which beer is made . Barrels : A cask or keg containing 36 Imperial gallons of liquid , especially beer . Other sizes include : pin , 36 pints ; firkin , 9 gallons ; kilderkin , 18 gallons ; half - hogshead , 27 gallons ; hogshead , 54 gallons ; butt , probably 104 gallons . Brewery Tap : A pub originally found on site or adjacent to a brewery and often showcasing its products to visitors ; although , now that so many breweries have closed , the house may be nowhere near an open brewery . Cock and Bottle , or simply Cock : The stopcock used to serve beer from a barrel , and a beer bottle . Hop Inn : Hop flowers are the ingredient in beer which gives it its bitter taste , though this name is often intended as a pun . Hop Pole : The poles which support wires or ropes up which hops grow in the field . ( Sir ) John Barleycorn : A character of English traditional folk music and folklore , similar to a Green Man . He is annually cut down at the ankles , thrashed , but always reappears -- an allegory of growth and harvest based on barley . Leather ( n ) Bottle : A container in which a small amount of beer or wine was transported , now replaced by a bottle or can . Malt Shovel : A shovel used in a malting to turn over the barley grain . Mash Tun : a brewery vessel used to mix grains with water . Three Tuns : Based on the arms of two City of London guilds , the Worshipful Company of Vintners and the Worshipful Company of Brewers . Food ( edit ) Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese , Fleet Street , London Other pub names refer to items of food to tempt the hungry traveller . For example , The Baron of Beef in Cambridge refers to a double sirloin joined at the backbone . Puns , Jokes and corruptions ( edit ) Pub heritage : Nowhere Inn Particular , now closed Although puns became increasingly popular through the twentieth century , they should be considered with care . Supposed corruptions of foreign phrases usually have much simpler explanations . Many old names for pubs that appear nonsensical are often alleged to have come from corruptions of slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' ( Bacchanals ) , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' ( Caton Fidele ) and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne - sur - Mer Harbour . Often , these corruptions evoke a visual image which comes to signify the pub ; these images had particular importance for identifying a pub on signs and other media before literacy became widespread . Sometimes the basis of a nickname is not the name , but its pictorial representation on the sign that becomes corrupt , through weathering , or unskillful paintwork by an amateur artist . Apparently , many pubs called the Cat or Cat and Custard Pot were originally Tigers or Red Lions with signs that `` looked more like a cat '' in the opinion of locals . Bag o'Nails : Thought by the romantic to be a corrupted version of `` Bacchanals '' but really is just a sign once used by ironmongers . The pub of this name in Bristol , England was named in the 1990s for the former reason , though the latter is more prevalent . Barge Inn . A play on words ' barge in ' . The Barge Inn in Bradford - on - Avon , Wiltshire is however actually on a canal , where barges tie up . Beartown Tap , Congleton , Cheshire . ' Beartown ' is the nickname for Congleton , as local legend claims its townsfolk once ' sold the bible to buy the bear ' , that is , spent money set aside to buy a parish Bible on providing bear - baiting at their fair . Bent Brief , once close to the Honest Lawyer on Lodge Road , Southampton . Bird and Baby , the familiar name used by the Inklings for the Eagle and Child pub in Oxford ( see above under Heraldry ) . Buck and Ear in the Steveston area of Richmond , British Columbia . The name alludes not only to the maritime heritage of the area but also to a previous establishment at the same location that was called `` The Buccaneer '' . Bull and Mouth : Believed to celebrate the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Mouth '' or Harbour . Also applies to Bull and Bush ( Boulogne Bouche ) . Case is Altered : The title of an early comedy by Ben Jonson , first published in 1609 , based on a remark by lawyer Edmund Plowden which entered into common currency . Also said to be a corruption of the Latin phrase Casa Alta ( ' high house ' ) or Casa Altera ( ' second house ' ) . There are several examples in England , such as at Hatton , Warwickshire Cat and Fiddle : a corruption of Caton le Fidèle ( a governor of Calais loyal to King Edward III ) . Alternatively from Katherine la Fidèle , Henry VIII 's first wife . Cock and Bull : a play on `` cock and bull story '' . This term is said to derive from the Cock and the Bull , two pubs in Stony Stratford , Buckinghamshire , which are close neighbours and rival coaching inns . Dew Drop Inn : A pun on `` do drop in '' . Dirty Duck : The Black Swan , as in Stratford - on - Avon ; also The Mucky Duck in Portsmouth and the Students Union pub at the University of Warwick Dirty Habit : Sited on the route of the Pilgrims ' Way , the name is a play on the contemptuous phrase and a reference to the clothing of monks who passed by on a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral . Elephant and Castle pub sign near Bury St Edmunds , interpreting the name as a howdah Elephant and Castle : By folk etymology , a corruption of `` la Infanta de Castile '' . It is popularly believed amongst residents of Elephant and Castle that a 17th - century publican near Newington named his tavern after the Spanish princess who was affianced to King Charles I of England . The prohibition of this marriage by Church authorities in 1623 was a cause of war with Spain so it seems unlikely to have been a popular name . A more probable and prosaic explanation is that the name derives from the arms of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers , a London trade guild ; an elephant carrying a castle - shaped howdah can also be seen on the arms of the City of Coventry . Fawcett Inn ( `` force it in '' ) , Portsmouth . Gate Hangs Well , common in the Midlands : `` This Gate Hangs Well , and hinders none . Refresh and pay and travel on . '' Also frequently found as ' Hanging Gate ' . Goat and Compass ( es ) : Possibly based on the arms of the Worshipful Company of Cordwainers , whose coat of arms contains three goats , together with the Worshipful Company of Carpenters , whoses coat of arms contains three compasses . Honest Lawyer Folkestone , The Honest Politician , Portsmouth . Hop Inn : similar to the Dew Drop Inn . A double pun in that hops are a major ingredient in beer making . Jolly Taxpayer in Portsmouth . Letters Inn ( `` let us in '' ) Library : So students and others can say they 're in ' the library ' , Nag 's Head . Pub signs can play on the double meaning of Nag -- a horse or a scolding woman . Nowhere , Plymouth ; Nowhere Inn Particular , Croydon : Wife calls husband on his mobile and asks where he is . He answers truthfully `` Nowhere '' . Office : as above . Ostrich , Ipswich : originally Oyster Reach ( the old name has since been restored on the advice of historians ) . Pig and Whistle : a corruption of the Anglo - Saxon saying piggin wassail meaning `` good health '' . Quiet Woman , York . The Mucky Duck : a common nickname for pubs normally called The Black Swan Swan With Two Necks : In the United Kingdom , swans have traditionally been the property of the reigning Monarch . However , in the 16th century , Queen Elizabeth I granted the right to ownership of some swans to the Worshipful Company of Vintners . In order to be able to tell which Swan belonged to whom , it was decided that Vintners ' swans should have their beaks marked with two notches , or nicks . In those days , ' neck ' was another form of ' nick ' and so the Vintners spotted that a Swan With Two Necks could afford them a rather clever pun , and a striking pub sign . Three Chimneys , Biddenden : During the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 - 1763 ) it is said that up to 3,000 French prisoners were kept at nearby Sissinghurst Castle . The French seamen were placed on parole in the surrounding area and were allowed out as far as the pub building . At the time locals referred to this as the ' Three Wents ' ( or three ways ) but the prisoners called it Les Trois Chemins . The unique name of the Three Chimneys therefore derives from the French term for the junction of three roads . Religious ( edit ) Lion and Lamb , Farnham The amount of religious symbolism in pub names decreased after Henry VIII 's break from the church of Rome . For instance , many pubs now called the King 's Head were originally called the Pope 's Head . Anchor , Hope & Anchor , Anchor & Hope : From the Letter to the Hebrews ( 6 : 19 ) : `` We have this as a sure and steadfast anchor of the soul , a hope . '' Cross Keys : The sign of St Peter , the gatekeeper of Heaven . Often found near a church dedicated to St Peter . When people walked to the Sunday service they often stayed afterwards , at a house near the church , to drink beer and to watch or participate in sporting events . These venues became known as pubs and would use the sign of the saint to which the church was dedicated - the Cross Keys for St Peter , an Eagle for St John , a Lion for St Mark . The sporting events might include the racing or fighting of dogs , bulls , cocks or pheasants , or the hunting of foxes , with or without hounds - thus giving rise to further pub signs . Lamb & Flag : From the Gospel of John ( 1 : 29 ) : `` Behold the Lamb of God , which taketh away the sins of the world . '' The Lamb is seen carrying a flag ( usually of St. George ) and is the symbol of the Knights Templar , the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors , and St John 's College , Oxford . A pub of this name appeared in the popular BBC sitcom Bottom . Five Ways : Possibly referring to the `` Five Ways '' of Thomas Aquinas , five reasons for the existence of God . Lion & Lamb : The lion is a symbol of the Resurrection , the lamb a symbol of the Redeemer . Mitre : A bishop 's headgear , a simple sign easily recognisable by the illiterate . In Glastonbury and in Oxford a Mitre is adjacent to a church . Salutation : The greeting of the Archangel Gabriel to Mary when informing her she was to carry Jesus Christ . Shepherd & Flock may refer to Christ ( the Shepherd ) and the people ( his flock ) but may also just mean the agricultural character and his charges . Three Crowns : The Magi , but also see Heraldry above . Three Kings : The Magi . Parish : In Huddersfield , Originally called `` The Parish Pump '' , Referring to its close proximity to Huddersfield Parish Church . Royalty ( edit ) The King 's Arms , Marazion Royal names have always been popular ( except under the Commonwealth ) . It demonstrated the landlord 's loyalty to authority ( whether he was loyal or not ) , especially after the restoration of the monarchy . Crown King 's Arms King 's Head King and Queen : Celebrates the dual monarchy of William III and Mary II . Queen 's Arms Queen 's Head British Queen Alexandra : wife of Edward VII . Prince Arthur : ( e.g. in Brighton ) third son of Queen Victoria . His son , also Arthur , is usually referred to as the Duke of Connaught , another pub name . Prince Leopold , Southsea , Portsmouth , Hampshire : Queen Victoria 's fourth son . Queen Victoria reigned at the time of greatest expansion of housing stock and associated pubs , and at the height of the British Empire . She inspired great loyalty and affection , and publicans aimed to reflect this . Prince of Wales : the title of the heir to the monarchy was also popular in Victorian times , when Albert Edward was the longest - serving holder of the title . Princess of Wales : following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , a number of pubs were renamed Princess of Wales , including the Prince of Wales on Morden Road in South Wimbledon . The sign replaced with an image of a white rose ; Diana was called `` England 's Rose '' in a popular song at the time by Elton John . Prince Regent : the title of the future George IV , in the Regency period . Sovereign Ships ( edit ) The Llandoger Trow in Bristol in the early 1930s , before part was bombed in World War II Albion : at Penarth , near Cardiff , South Wales , and at West Kensington , London Ark Royal : the name of five ships of the Royal Navy from 1587 , from the time of the Spanish Armada , through the Dardanelles Campaign and the hunt for the Bismarck with the current ship in service since 1981 . There is a pub of the name in Wells - next - the - Sea , Norfolk . Cutty Sark , a clipper in dry dock and a pub nearby in Greenwich . Endeavour , on Whitby 's east side , Captain Cook 's ship . Golden Hind , Portsmouth : Sir Francis Drake 's galleon . Invincible , Portsmouth : named after the aircraft carrier and battlecruiser associated with the First and Second battles of the Falklands . London Trader , Hastings Llandoger Trow , Bristol : a 17th - century pub with literary connections . Mary Rose , Southsea : named after Henry VIII 's battleship of that name . Mayflower , famous for sailing the Pilgrim Fathers to Plymouth Colony in 1620 . A pub in Rotherhithe . Pilot Boat , Bembridge , Isle of Wight and Lyme Regis , Dorset Prospect of Whitby , on the north bank of the Thames at Wapping , London . Resolute , Poplar High Street , London . Royal George , Salisbury , Shoreham - by - Sea , Soho , Workington and may others . Sheffield , Barrow - in - Furness ( now closed ) : After HMS Sheffield , built in the local shipyard and sunk in the Falklands War . Ship Leopard , near Portsmouth Hard : named after several Royal Navy ships , the most recent having been an anti-aircraft frigate . Sloop , Wootton Bridge , Isle of Wight Vanguard , Keal Cotes , Lincolnshire ( now renamed ) Victory , Station Road , Chertsey , Surrey , Marble Arch , St. Mawes and elsewhere Waverley , Carisbrooke , Isle of Wight : named after the paddle steamer . Sports ( edit ) Sign for the Bat and Ball , Breamore Games ( edit ) Bat and Ball : a reference to cricket used by a number of pubs , one of which gave its name to a railway station . Boathouse , Cambridge -- not far from the real boathouses . Bowling Green -- Bowls has been for many years a popular sport in the Manchester area : many of the greens are attached to pubs , e.g. the Lloyd 's Hotel and the Bowling Green Hotel in Chorlton - cum - Hardy . The Bowling Green Hotel in Grafton Street , Chorlton on Medlock , no longer has a green . Cricketers : can be sited near or opposite land on which cricket is ( or was ) played . Cricket Players : a version of the Cricketers found in Nottingham and probably elsewhere . Hand and Racquet , Wimbledon , near the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . A fictional version is referenced several times in Tony Hancock scripts . Larwood and Voce , West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire : Harold Larwood and Bill Voce were two internationally renowned fast - bowlers who played for Nottinghamshire and England between the world wars . This pub is at the side of the Trent Bridge cricket ground , the home of Nottingham County Cricket Club . Test Match , West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire : an international game of cricket . This beautiful art deco Grade II listed pub is to be found near Trent Bridge at the other end of Central Avenue , a ground on which test matches are played . Trent Bridge Inn , West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , the most famous of cricketing pubs sited on the edge of the Trent Bridge Cricket Ground , is not named after the ground but for the bridge itself . This was a strategic crossing place of the River Trent protected by Nottingham Castle . Ben Clark , the owner of the Inn in 1832 , was a cricket enthusiast and decided he would like a cricket pitch in his back garden . It was that small pitch which evolved into one of the world 's premier test match venues . Wrestlers : Great North Road , Hatfield , Hertfordshire . Old Ball : Horsforth , Leeds . next to the Horsforth Cricket club pitch . Football club nicknames include : Hammers , London E6 : West Ham United although elsewhere in the country it could refer to blacksmiths ( see Heraldry above ) . Magpies , Meadow Lane , Nottingham : Notts County who play close by at the other end of Meadow Lane . The Peacock Inn : Elland Road , Leeds . Opposite the Leeds United football ground whose original nickname was taken from the pub . Hunting and blood Sports ( edit ) Bird in Hand : the bird sitting on the left gauntlet in falconry . Blue Posts : boundary - markers of Soho Fields , the ( former ) royal hunting grounds to the north - east of Whitehall Palace . Cock : Cock fighting ; but the cock also could be a heraldic sign . Dog and Bear : Bear - baiting , where a bear was tethered to a stake and dogs set upon it to see who would kill who first . Bear Inn may refer to the sport or to the coat of arms of a prominent local family . Dog and Duck where duck - baiting events were held . Dog and Fox Dog and Gun Dog and Partridge Fighting Cocks : Cockfighting ; but the fighting cock also could be a heraldic charge . Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in Saint Albans rivals Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham for the title of oldest pub ; its name advertised actual cockfighting entertainment in the pub . Fox and Hounds : Fox hunting Greyhound : for Henry VIII 's favourite hunting dog among others Hare and Hounds : hunting by beagling or hare coursing , or greyhound racing Hark to Bellman : Clitheroe later ( 1826 ) the Bellman Inn , named after a hound of the huntsman John Peel , as were the Hark to Bounty in Slaidburn , and the Hark to Towler in Bury ; in fox hunting , `` hark to '' meant to listen . Tally Ho : A hunting cry which was also used as a name for a stagecoach . The Tally Ho at Trumpington , Cambridgeshire shows a Spitfire as the call came to be used by some local wartime RAF pilots . Bay Horse : West Woodburn , Northumberland . Refers to the use of horses in fox hunting , bay being a colour of horses . See Ho Shorne , Kent : a hare coursing term . Fox Goes Free ( Charlton , West Sussex ) . Particularly appropriate after the ban on fox hunting in the United Kingdom in the early 2000s . Topography ( edit ) Abbey Inn : located near an abbey , or former abbey Bishop 's Finger : after a type of signpost found on the Pilgrims ' Way in Kent , said to resemble a bishop 's finger ( also used as the name of a beer by Shepherd Neame Brewery ) . Bridge Inn ( often preceded by the name of a bridge ) - located near a river or canal bridge : historically these were good places to establish a pub due to passing traffic on both the road and the water . Castle : usually a prominent local landmark , but sometimes a heraldic device : see under `` Heraldry '' , above . Fountain Inn : Might refer to an actual fountain or natural spring . First In , Last Out : A pub on the edge of a town . It 's the first pub on the way in and last on the way out . Does not refer to the habits of any of the pub 's clientele as some signs suggest . Half Way House : This one is situated half - way between two places ; but with the pub of this name at Camden Town it 's anyone 's guess which two places it 's half - way between . A similar name is West End House ( located at the West side of a town ) . First and Last , nickname of The Redesdale Arms , the nearest pub to the border between England and Scotland , on the A68 between Rochester and Otterburn in Northumberland . ( number ) Mile Inn : Usually the distance to the centre of the nearest prominent town , as in the Four Mile Inn at Bucksburn , Aberdeen , and the Five Mile House , near Cirencester . Strugglers , near a gallows , refers to how people being hanged would struggle for air . Ironically the famous executioner Albert Pierrepoint was landlord of the Help the Poor Struggler at Hollinwood , near Oldham , for several years after World War II , and had to hang one of his own regulars , James Corbitt . Hangmans Inn , on site of gallows Guernsey Tunnel Top : near Runcorn , Cheshire , named for its position over a canal tunnel . Windmill : a prominent feature of the local landscape at one point . Pubs with this name may no longer be situated near a standing mill , but there 's a good chance they 're close to a known site and will almost certainly be on a hill or other such breezy setting . Clues to the presence of a mill may also be found in the naming of local roads and features . World 's End . A pub on the outskirts of a town , especially if on or beyond the protective city wall . Examples are found in Camden and Edinburgh . Three Hills . A pub in the village of Bartlow , Cambridgeshire , named after three barrows close to the border with Essex . Trades , tools and products ( edit ) The Blind Beggar , Whitechapel , London E1 Axe ' n Cleaver in Much Birch , or Altrincham , also Boston , Lincolnshire Bettle and Chisel in Delabole , Cornwall , from two tools of the slate quarrymen Blind Beggar , a pub in Whitechapel named for the story of Henry de Montfort Butcher : the Butchers Arms can be found in Aberdeen , Sheepscombe , Stroud , Woolhope and Yeovil Compasses , Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , dates from the 17th Century . Chemic Tavern , Leeds , West Yorkshire . Named for the workers at the nearby Woodhouse Chemical Works , ( C. 1840 - 1900 ) it was a beer house on the 1861 census . The licensee was James Lapish . Foresters , Brockenhurst in the New Forest Golden Fleece , for the wool trade Gun Barrels : at Edgbaston in Birmingham , a city known for its metal - working and gunmaking trades . Harrow : A harrow breaks up the soil after it has been turned over by the plough to a finer tilth ready for sowing . Harewood End : Hare , Woodland , in Winfrith , Dorset New Holly in Forton , Lancashire , named after the busy trade in the supply and cultivation of wreaths and decorations . Jolly Nailor in Atherton , Greater Manchester , named after nail manufacture , present in the area since the 14th century . Olde Murenger House Newport , Monmouthshire , takes its name from the person in charge of the walls of a town or its repairs , known as murage . Oyster Reach at Wherstead , Ipswich Pillar of Salt , the name of pubs in Northwich , Cheshire and Droitwich , Worcestershire . Although ostensibly the name refers to Lot 's wife as described in the bible , both towns were formerly centres of the salt trade in England . Plough : an easy object to find to put outside a pub in the countryside . Some sign artists depict the plough as the constellation ; this consists of seven stars and so leads to the name the Seven Stars found in Redcliffe , Bristol , Shincliffe , County Durham , Chancery Lane , Robertsbridge and High Holborn also Winfrith Dorset Plough and Harrow , Drakes Broughton , Worcs : A combination of the two farming implements . Propeller , Croydon ( now closed ) and Bembridge . Roadmaker , Gorsley and elsewhere . Ship Inn from Irvine to Oundle . However , the Ship Inn in Styal , Cheshire , states that its derivation is from ' shippon ' , a cattle shed or manure shed . Sailor , Addingham near Ilkley ; Jolly Sailor at St Athan and at Sandown , Isle of Wight . Tappers Harker ( Long Eaton , Nottingham ) : a railway worker who listened to the tone of a hammer being hit onto a railway wagon wheel , to check its soundness . Similar to the Wheeltappers and Shunters fictional pub of the 1970s show . Town and Gown Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , is named for the non-academic and academic communities of the city respectively . Woodman Woolpack Banstead , Surrey . Not an uncommon name in sheep country such as the Banstead Downs . Transport ( edit ) Air ( edit ) Hatfield , The Comet ; the carving of the pillar is by Eric Kennington Airman , Feltham , Middlesex , and Henlow , Bedfordshire : named owing to their proximity to Heathrow Airport and RAF Henlow respectively . Canopus , Rochester , Kent : Named after the flying boats produced at the nearby Short Brothers aircraft factory ( now demolished ) . Comet , Hatfield , Hertfordshire : In the 1950s the pub sign depicted the de Havilland DH. 88 wooden monoplane racer named `` Grosvenor House '' , famous for its winning of the 1934 McRobertson Cup air race from England to Australia and for its distinctive Post Box red colour . Also known as the DH Comet , this plane is not a precursor of the famous civilian jet airliner of the same name , but rather of the WW2 fast bomber , the de Havilland Mosquito Flying Bedstead , Hucknall , Nottinghamshire : Name given to the prototype aircraft which eventually led to the development of the Harrier VTOL jet . Flying Boat ( now demolished ) in Calshot , Hampshire , commemorated the part that the area played in the development of these aircraft between 1920 and 1940 . Harrier , a pub in Hucknall , and one in Hamble - le - Rice , Hampshire . Hinkler road and pub in Thornhill , Hampshire , named after Bert Hinkler . Red Arrow , Lutterworth , Leicestershire : a pub with a sloping triangular roof , named after the RAF aerobatics team . The pub was formerly called the `` flying saucer '' for its unusual shape , and has also been described as a Star Destroyer from the Star Wars films . Rail ( edit ) A large number of pubs called the Railway , the Station , the Railway Hotel , etc. are situated near current or defunct rail stations . Five stations on the London Underground system are named after pubs : Royal Oak , Elephant & Castle , Angel , Manor House , Swiss Cottage . The area of Maida Vale , which has a Bakerloo line station , is named after a pub called the `` Heroes of Maida '' after the Battle of Maida in 1806 . Mainline stations named after pubs include Bat & Ball in Sevenoaks . Atmospheric Railway , Starcross , Devon : after a failed project by Isambard Kingdom Brunel at that place . Pubs called the Brunel , or something similar generally celebrate the great Victorian engineer . Flying Scotsman , e.g. The Flying Scotsman , Kings Cross , London . Golden Arrow , Folkestone , Kent is named after a luxury boat train of the Southern Railway and later British Railways , which linked London with Dover , where passengers took the ferry to Calais and boarded its French counterpart ( French : Flèche d'Or ) to Paris . Pubs called The Great Western or Great Western Hotel , are named after Isembard Kingdom Brunel 's Great Western Railway . Examples range form Wolverhampton , West Midlands to Exeter , Devon , Head of Steam . A number of pubs located close to mainline rail stations , referring to steam locomotives . King and Castle ( now closed ; near Stroud , Gloucestershire ) : after the King and Castle classes of steam engines on the Great Western Railway . A number of Mallards are named after the world 's fastest locomotive , not the bird . Railway and Bicycle , next to the railway station in Sevenoaks , Kent . Reckless Engineer : Situated outside the entrance to Bristol Temple Meads railway station , formerly the Isambard Kingdom Brunel . Rocket , Liverpool : After Robert Stephenson 's Rocket , a pioneering steam locomotive which ran on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . It gives its name to the Rocket Roundabout , a busy traffic intersection at the end of the M62 . Road ( edit ) The Bullnose Morris at Cowley Bullnose Morris , Cowley , Oxfordshire : Named after the motor cars once produced at the nearby factory . Coach and Horses : A simple and common name found from Clerkenwell to Kew , Soho to Portsmouth . Four In Hand Method of reining horses so four may be controlled by a single coach driver . I am the Only Running Footman , Mayfair , London W1 ; named after a servant employed by the wealthy to run ahead of their carriages and pay tolls . Perseverance : Name of a stage coach . The Perseverance in Bedford probably alludes to John Bunyan 's Pilgrim 's Progress , Bedford being Mr Bunyan 's home town . Scotchman and his Pack , Bristol . Nothing to do with Scotland . The pub is situated at the bottom of the very steep St Michael 's Hill . Vehicles going up the hill were prevented from rolling downwards by means of wooden wedges , called scotches , placed behind the wheels by a scotchman who carried the scotches in a pack . Sedan Chair , Bristol , which like the Two Chairmen , London , is named after the carriers of sedan chairs . Steamer , Welwyn , Hertfordshire : It is found at the top of a steep hill where carriers required an extra horse ( a cock - horse ) to help get the wagon up the hill . After its exertion the cock - horse could be seen standing steaming on a cold day as its sweat evaporated . Terminus : Usually found where a tram route once terminated , sited near the tram terminus . Traveller 's Rest , Northfield , Birmingham : a historic coaching inn on the main road to Bristol . Waggon and Horses : Another simple transport name ( prior to American influence , the British English spelling of ' wagon ' featured a double ' g ' , retained on pub signs such as this one ) . Wait for the Waggon , Bedford and Wyboston , Bedfordshire : This is the name of the regimental march of The Royal Corps of Transport ( now The Royal Logistic Corps ) , whose troops frequently use this route ; the latter is sited on the Great North Road . Water ( edit ) Navigation : Usually situated alongside a canal towpath . Many pubs take their names from the company which once owned a nearby railway line , canal or navigation . For example : Grand Junction , for the canal in Bulbourne , Hertfordshire ; High Holborn and Harlesden , London . Grand Union , for the canal in Westbourne Park , Camden and Maida Vale Great Northern , for the Great Northern Railway , in Langley Mill and Thackley Great Western , for the Great Western Railway , in Paddington , Yeovil and Wolverhampton North Western : London and North Western Railway Company Shroppie Fly : Audlem , named after a type of canalboat called a ' Shropshire Fly ' . Trent Navigation : for the Trent Navigation Company Fellows , Morton and Clayton : for the Fellows Morton and Clayton Canal Company Tide End Cottages : in Teddington , at the end of the tidal reach of the River Thames Other ( edit ) Air Balloon , Birdlip , Gloucestershire . Near a field where early ascents were made . Goat and Tricycle , Bournemouth , Dorset , a humorous modern name . Rusty Bicycle , new name of the Eagle in Oxford . Oxford 's students often cycle round the town . Tram Depot , Cambridge : Occupies the building which once was the stables of Cambridge 's tramway depot . Zeppelin Shelter , Aldgate , London , circa 1894 , located opposite solid railway warehouses that were used in World War One ( 1914 -- 1918 ) as East End civilian air raid shelters . Most common ( edit ) One of the Swans , this one in Stroud , Gloucestershire An authoritative list of the most common pub names in Great Britain is hard to establish , owing to ambiguity in what classifies as a pub as opposed to a licensed restaurant or nightclub , and so lists of this form tend to vary hugely . The two surveys most often cited , both taken in 2007 , are by the British Beer and Pub Association ( BBPA ) and CAMRA . According to BBPA , the most common names are : Red Lion ( 759 ) Royal Oak ( 626 ) White Hart ( 427 ) Rose and Crown ( 326 ) King 's Head ( 310 ) King 's Arms ( 284 ) Queen 's Head ( 278 ) The Crown ( 261 ) and according to CAMRA they are : Crown ( 704 ) Red Lion ( 668 ) Royal Oak ( 541 ) Swan ( 451 ) White Hart ( 431 ) Railway ( 420 ) Plough ( 413 ) White Horse ( 379 ) Bell ( 378 ) New Inn ( 372 ) A more current listing can be found on the Pubs Galore site , updated daily as pubs open / close and change names . As of January 30 , 2018 , the top 10 were : Red Lion ( 567 ) Crown ( 530 ) Royal Oak ( 451 ) White Hart ( 324 ) Swan ( 309 ) Plough ( 301 ) Railway ( 299 ) White Horse ( 295 ) New ( 257 ) Ship ( 255 ) The number of each is given in brackets . Curiosities ( edit ) The pubs with the shortest and longest names in Britain are both in Stalybridge : Q and The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn . The longest name of a London pub , I am the Only Running Footman , was used as the title of a mystery novel by Martha Grimes . There is a `` pub with no name '' in Southover Street , Brighton . The Case is Altered , an early comedy by Ben Jonson , gives its name to several pubs . The Salley Pussey 's Inn at Royal Wootton Bassett is said to have been named after Sarah Purse , whose family owned The Wheatsheaf pub in the 19th century . In the 1970s the name was changed to the Salley Pussey 's . See also ( edit ) List of pubs in Australia List of pubs in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ `` Ye '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Elain ( 2008 ) . `` A History of Britain in Its Pub Signs '' . TimeTravel - Britain . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jacqueline ( 2011 ) . Green Men & White Swans : The Folklore of British Pub Names . Random House . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 952017 - 7 . Jump up ^ Waterhouse , Keith `` The Moon Under Water goes under '' Daily Mail Jump up ^ Johnson , Ben . `` Pub Signs of Britain '' . Historic UK . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Pub Names . books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Wordsworth Editions. 2001 . p. 883 . Jump up ^ Dunkling L , Wright G ( 1994 ) ( 1987 ) . The Wordsworth Dictionary of Pub Names . Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Reference . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 334 - 6 . Jump up ^ see pub website , history page Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Dolphin - Wellington , Somerset - Home '' . thedolphinwellington.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Book of Lists , London . Canongate . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84195 - 934 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Harriet . `` The Cat & Custard Pot Inn Shipton Moyne , Gloucestershire , England '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 19 November 2013 ) . ( Jabez Clegg `` Manchester student nightspot Jabez Clegg closes after being sold to university '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hobbit pub in Southampton threatened with legal action '' . BBC News . 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lass o'Gowrie Jump up ^ `` The Moon and Sixpence '' . J.D. Wetherspoon . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Moody , Paul ; Turner , Robin ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` What 's your perfect pub ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pevril of the Peak '' . Manchester History . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Buildings with Sherlock Holmes connections '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Not far from Charing Cross station is the Sherlock Holmes pub , which in the 1950s inherited the contents of an exhibition dedicated to Sherlock Holmes which had been created for the 1951 Festival of Britain . The owners installed a replica of Holmes ' and Watson 's sitting room and study in the pub which can still be seen today . Jump up ^ `` The Herbert Wells '' . J.D. Wetherspoon . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Edgar Wallace '' . The Edgar Wallace . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The John Masefield Our History '' . J.D. Wetherspoon . Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Rowan ( 1995 ) . `` The Temples of John Barleycorn '' . White Dragon . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Silent Woman Inn - Welcome to The Silent Woman '' . www.thesilentwoman.co.uk . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dictionary of Pub Names . Wordsworth Editions. 2006 . p. 354 . ISBN 1 - 84022 - 266 - 2 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson ( 2010 ) . Green Men and White Swans . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84794 - 515 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Pub Names -- Google Books . books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 26 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Earl Of Warwick '' . Pubs Galore . Jump up ^ `` London ( South ) 1896 Suburban Publicans directory listing - G '' . londonpublichouse.com . Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations '' . shu.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Real ale pubs and Inn 's serving the finest pub food in Dartmoor , Devon '' . exclusivelydartmoor.co.uk . Jump up ^ History of the Twelve Pins ( brief ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The present sign is the innocuous replacement for one that became the centre of a storm a dozen or so years ago . As readers may remember , the original illustration was of a white couple trying to scrub the blackness off a black child in a tub . It was deemed by many to be in poor taste and potentially offensive , but there was an outcry when it was removed following a protest by two schoolgirls . '' ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Is Historic Black Boy Inn Racist ? Jump up ^ Was Scotty a Black Bitch ? Jump up ^ ' A place of this kind used as a cellar or storeroom for provisions or liquors . ' Oxford English Dictionary , Second edition , 1989 ; online version June 2011 . ; accessed 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Elaine . `` British Pub Signs - a short history '' . Britain Express . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's strangest pub names '' . Daily Telegraph . 15 Feb 2016 . Jump up ^ Brewer , E. Cobham ( 1898 ) . `` Dictionary of Phrase and Fable '' . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Pub Names -- Google Books . books.google.co.uk. 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84022 - 266 - 1 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Congleton history website Jump up ^ `` The Steveston - Buck & Ear - Hotel - Liquor Store - Cafe '' . stevestonhotel.ca . Jump up ^ `` Case is Altered '' . beerintheevening.com . Jump up ^ `` E. Cobham Brewer 1810 -- 1897 . Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898 '' . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . `` The Goat and Compasses '' . Pub History . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ( 1972 ) The Township of Chorlton - cum - Hardy . Manchester : E.J. Morten ; pp. 104 -- 06 Jump up ^ Bruderer , Adam . `` The not Oxford Road pub survey , October 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ 1716 , Dog and Duck sign from tavern on land belonging to the Bridge House Estates at St George 's Fields : Image from the Bolles Collection ( MS004 ) at the Digital Collections and Archives , Tufts University . Jump up ^ The Manchester Courier And Lancashire General Advertiser July 8 1848 Jump up ^ Clitheroe 's 1000 Years ( A Langshaw ) Jump up ^ The Chemic Tavern Jump up ^ `` 節税 ノウハウ ~ 交際 費 など わかりやすい '' . thejollynailor.com . Jump up ^ http://www.theshipstyal.co.uk/about/ Jump up ^ Unusual names of pubs Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , Mother Tongue , Penguin Books p169 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) The Shroppie Fly website Jump up ^ `` Pubs in Birdlip - The Air Balloon - Old English Inns '' . airballoon-pub-gloucestershire.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Rusty Bicycle , Oxford - Cowley pub / food / functions - Arkell 's Brewery Swindon '' . arkells.com . Jump up ^ `` British Beer and Pub Association Fact Sheet , 2007 '' . BBPA . Jump up ^ `` Article at Solihull CAMRA site , 2007 '' . CAMRA . Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ In 2008 it was claimed that the total number of names incorporating the word ' Bell ' totalled 412 . Jump up ^ `` Horfield Ringers - Bell Anthology '' . horfieldringers.org . Jump up ^ Most common names of open pubs listed on Pubs Galore Jump up ^ `` The Southover '' . tripadvisor.com.au . Jump up ^ Marshman , Mike ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Sarah Purse becomes Sally Pussey '' . Wiltshire & Swindon History Centre . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brewer , E. Cobham ( 1898 ) Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . London : Cassell and Co . Cox , Barrie ( 1994 ) English Inn and Tavern Names . Nottingham : Centre for English Name Studies , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9525343 - 0 - 3 Dunkling , Leslie ( 1994 ) Pub Names of Britain , London : Orion ( 1994 ) , ISBN 1 - 85797 - 342 - 9 Dunkling , Leslie & Wright , Gordon ( 2006 ) The Dictionary of Pub Names . Ware : Wordsworth Editions ISBN 1 - 84022 - 266 - 2 Myrddin ap Dafydd ( 1992 ) Welsh Pub Names . Llanrwst : Gwasg Carreg Gwalch ISBN 0 - 86381 - 185 - X ( Translation of : Enwau tafarnau Cymru ) Wright , Gordon & Curtis , Brian J. ( 1995 ) Inns and Pubs of Nottinghamshire : the stories behind the names . Nottingham : Nottinghamshire County Council ISBN 0 - 900943 - 81 - 5 Further reading ( edit ) Beer portal Wine portal Drink portal Culture portal Companies portal Business and economics portal ( Anonymous ) ( 1969 ) Inn Signs : their history and meaning . London : the Brewers ' Society Douch , H.L. ( 1966 ) Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County . Truro : D. Bradford Barton Richardson , A.E. ( 1934 ) The Old Inns of England . London : B.T. Batsford External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pubs in the United Kingdom by name . The Inn Sign Society Collection of images of Pub Signs Brewery Arts , a short history of studio inn signs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pub_names&oldid=843183926 '' Categories : Pubs Names Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with URL errors Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub%20names
| 13,600 |
||
what is one of the criticisms of abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs
|
Maslow 's hierarchy of needs
|
maslow's hierarchy of needs
|
Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper `` A Theory of Human Motivation '' in Psychological Review . Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans ' innate curiosity . His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology , some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans . Maslow used the terms `` physiological , '' `` safety , '' `` belonging and love , '' `` esteem , '' and `` self - actualization '' to describe the pattern through which human motivations generally move . The goal of Maslow 's Theory is to attain the fifth level or stage : self actualization needs .
|
Maslow 's theory was fully expressed in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality . The hierarchy remains a very popular framework in sociology research , management training and secondary and higher psychology instruction . Contents 1 Hierarchy 1.1 Physiological needs 1.2 Safety needs 1.3 Social belonging 1.4 Esteem 1.5 Self - actualization 1.6 Self - transcendence 2 Research 3 Criticism 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Ranking 3.2. 1 Global ranking 3.2. 2 Ranking of sex 3.2. 3 Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance 3.3 Definition of terms 3.3. 1 Self - actualization 3.4 Human or non-human needs 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Hierarchy ( edit ) Alternative illustration as dynamic hierarchy of needs with overlaps of different needs at same time Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid with the largest , most fundamental needs at the bottom and the need for self - actualization and self - transcendence at the top . The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called `` deficiency needs '' or `` d - needs '' : esteem , friendship and love , security , and physical needs . If these `` deficiency needs '' are not met -- with the exception of the most fundamental ( physiological ) need -- there may not be a physical indication , but the individual will feel anxious and tense . Maslow 's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire ( or focus motivation upon ) the secondary or higher level needs . Maslow also coined the term `` metamotivation '' to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment . The human brain is a complex system and has parallel processes running at the same time , thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow 's hierarchy can occur at the same time . Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as `` relative '' , `` general '' , and `` primarily '' . Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time , Maslow stated that a certain need `` dominates '' the human organism . Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the different levels of motivation could occur at any time in the human mind , but he focused on identifying the basic types of motivation and the order in which they would tend to be met . Physiological needs ( edit ) Physiological needs are the physical requirements for human survival . If these requirements are not met , the human body can not function properly and will ultimately fail . Physiological needs are thought to be the most important ; they should be met first . This is the first and basic need on the hierarchy of needs . Without them , the other needs can not follow up . Physiological needs include : Breathing Water Food Sleep Clothing Shelter Sex Safety needs ( edit ) Once a person 's physiological needs are relatively satisfied , their safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior . In the absence of physical safety -- due to war , natural disaster , family violence , childhood abuse , etc. -- people may ( re - ) experience post-traumatic stress disorder or transgenerational trauma . In the absence of economic safety -- due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities -- these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security , grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority , savings accounts , insurance policies , disability accommodations , etc . This level is more likely to predominate in children as they generally have a greater need to feel safe . Safety and security needs are about keeping us safe from harm . These include shelter , job security , health , and safe environments . If a person does not feel safe in an environment , they will seek to find safety before they attempt to meet any higher level of survival , but the need for safety is not as important as basic physiological needs . Safety and Security needs include : Personal security Emotional security Financial security Health and well - being Safety needs against accidents / illness and their adverse impacts Social belonging ( edit ) After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled , the third level of human needs is interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness . This need is especially strong in childhood and it can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive parents . Deficiencies within this level of Maslow 's hierarchy -- due to hospitalism , neglect , shunning , ostracism , etc. -- can adversely affect the individual 's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general . Social Belonging needs include : Friendships Intimacy Family According to Maslow , humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance among social groups , regardless whether these groups are large or small . For example , some large social groups may include clubs , co-workers , religious groups , professional organizations , sports teams , gangs , and online communities . Some examples of small social connections include family members , intimate partners , mentors , colleagues , and confidants . Humans need to love and be loved -- both sexually and non-sexually -- by others . Many people become susceptible to loneliness , social anxiety , and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging element . This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs , depending on the strength of the peer pressure . Esteem ( edit ) Esteem needs are ego needs or status needs develop a concern with getting recognition , status , importance , and respect from others . All humans have a need to feel respected ; this includes the need to have self - esteem and self - respect . Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others . People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition . These activities give the person a sense of contribution or value . Low self - esteem or an inferiority complex may result from imbalances during this level in the hierarchy . People with low self - esteem often need respect from others ; they may feel the need to seek fame or glory . However , fame or glory will not help the person to build their self - esteem until they accept who they are internally . Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder the person from obtaining a higher level of self - esteem or self - respect . Most people have a need for stable self - respect and self - esteem . Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs : a `` lower '' version and a `` higher '' version . The `` lower '' version of esteem is the need for respect from others . This may include a need for status , recognition , fame , prestige , and attention . The `` higher '' version manifests itself as the need for self - respect . For example , the person may have a need for strength , competence , mastery , self - confidence , independence , and freedom . This `` higher '' version takes guidelines , the `` hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated '' . This means that esteem and the subsequent levels are not strictly separated ; instead , the levels are closely related . Self - actualization ( edit ) Main article : Self - actualization `` What a man can be , he must be . '' This quotation forms the basis of the perceived need for self - actualization . This level of need refers to what a person 's full potential is and the realization of that potential . Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can , to become the most that one can be . Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically . For example , one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent . In another , the desire may be expressed athletically . For others , it may be expressed in paintings , pictures , or inventions . As previously mentioned , Maslow believed that to understand this level of need , the person must not only achieve the previous needs , but master them . Self - Actualization - A person 's motivation to reach his or her full potential . As shown in Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs , a person 's basic needs must be met before self - actualization can be achieved . Self - transcendence ( edit ) Main article : Self - transcendence In his later years , Abraham Maslow explored a further dimension of needs , while criticizing his own vision on self - actualization . By this later theory , the self only finds its actualization in giving itself to some higher outside goal , in altruism and spirituality . He equated this with the desire to reach the infinite . `` Transcendence refers to the very highest and most inclusive or holistic levels of human consciousness , behaving and relating , as ends rather than means , to oneself , to significant others , to human beings in general , to other species , to nature , and to the cosmos '' ( Farther Reaches of Human Nature , New York 1971 , p. 269 ) . Research ( edit ) Recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs , although the hierarchy proposed by Maslow is called into question . Following World War II , the unmet needs of homeless and orphaned children presented difficulties that were often addressed with the help of attachment theory , which was initially based on Maslow and others ' developmental psychology work by John Bowlby . Originally dealing primarily with maternal deprivation and concordant losses of essential and primal needs , attachment theory has since been extended to provide explanations of nearly all the human needs in Maslow 's hierarchy , from sustenance and mating to group membership and justice . Criticism ( edit ) Unlike most scientific theories , Maslow 's hierarchy of needs has widespread influence outside academia . As Uriel Abulof argues , `` The continued resonance of Maslow 's theory in popular imagination , however unscientific it may seem , is possibly the single most telling evidence of its significance : it explains human nature as something that most humans immediately recognize in themselves and others . '' Still , academically , Maslow 's theory is heavily contested . Methodology ( edit ) Maslow studied what he called the master race of people such as Albert Einstein , Jane Addams , Eleanor Roosevelt , and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people , writing that `` the study of crippled , stunted , immature , and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy . '' Maslow studied the healthiest 1 % of the college student population . Ranking ( edit ) Global ranking ( edit ) In their extensive review of research based on Maslow 's theory , Wahba and Bridwell found little evidence for the ranking of needs that Maslow described or for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all . The order in which the hierarchy is arranged has been criticized as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede . Maslow 's hierarchy of needs fails to illustrate and expand upon the difference between the social and intellectual needs of those raised in individualistic societies and those raised in collectivist societies . The needs and drives of those in individualistic societies tend to be more self - centered than those in collectivist societies , focusing on improvement of the self , with self - actualization being the apex of self - improvement . In collectivist societies , the needs of acceptance and community will outweigh the needs for freedom and individuality . Ranking of sex ( edit ) The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism regarding Maslow 's hierarchy . Maslow 's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs category along with food and breathing ; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective . For example , sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a person considers `` higher '' levels of motivation . Some critics feel this placement of sex neglects the emotional , familial , and evolutionary implications of sex within the community , although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs . Changes to the hierarchy by circumstance ( edit ) The higher - order ( self - esteem and self - actualization ) and lower - order ( physiological , safety , and love ) needs classification of Maslow 's hierarchy of needs is not universal and may vary across cultures due to individual differences and availability of resources in the region or geopolitical entity / country . In one study , exploratory factor analysis ( EFA ) of a thirteen item scale showed there were two particularly important levels of needs in the US during the peacetime of 1993 to 1994 : survival ( physiological and safety ) and psychological ( love , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . In 1991 , a retrospective peacetime measure was established and collected during the Persian Gulf War and US citizens were asked to recall the importance of needs from the previous year . Once again , only two levels of needs were identified ; therefore , people have the ability and competence to recall and estimate the importance of needs . For citizens in the Middle East ( Egypt and Saudi Arabia ) , three levels of needs regarding importance and satisfaction surfaced during the 1990 retrospective peacetime . These three levels were completely different from those of the US citizens . Changes regarding the importance and satisfaction of needs from the retrospective peacetime to the wartime due to stress varied significantly across cultures ( the US vs. the Middle East ) . For the US citizens , there was only one level of needs since all needs were considered equally important . With regards to satisfaction of needs during the war , in the US there were three levels : physiological needs , safety needs , and psychological needs ( social , self - esteem , and self - actualization ) . During the war , the satisfaction of physiological needs and safety needs were separated into two independent needs while during peacetime , they were combined as one . For the people of the Middle East , the satisfaction of needs changed from three levels to two during wartime . A 1981 study looked at how Maslow 's hierarchy might vary across age groups . A survey asked participants of varying ages to rate a set number of statements from most important to least important . The researchers found that children had higher physical need scores than the other groups , the love need emerged from childhood to young adulthood , the esteem need was highest among the adolescent group , young adults had the highest self - actualization level , and old age had the highest level of security , it was needed across all levels comparably . The authors argued that this suggested Maslow 's hierarchy may be limited as a theory for developmental sequence since the sequence of the love need and the self - esteem need should be reversed according to age . Definition of terms ( edit ) Self - actualization ( edit ) The term `` self - actualization '' may not universally convey Maslow 's observations ; this motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in the service of both the self and others . Maslow 's term of self - actualization might not properly portray the full extent of this level ; quite often , when a person is at the level of self - actualization , much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others , or `` the greater good '' . Human or non-human needs ( edit ) Abulof argues that while Maslow stresses that `` motivation theory must be anthropocentric rather than animalcentric , '' his theory erects a largely animalistic pyramid , crowned with a human edge : `` Man 's higher nature rests upon man 's lower nature , needing it as a foundation and collapsing without this foundation ... Our godlike qualities rest upon and need our animal qualities . '' Abulof notes that `` all animals seek survival and safety , and many animals , especially mammals , also invest efforts to belong and gain esteem ... The first four of Maslow 's classical five rungs feature nothing exceptionally human . '' Even when it comes to `` self - actualization , '' Abulof argues , it is unclear how distinctively human is the actualizing `` self . '' After all , the latter , according to Maslow , constitutes `` an inner , more biological , more instinctoid core of human nature , '' thus `` the search for one 's own intrinsic , authentic values '' checks the human freedom of choice : `` A musician must make music , '' so freedom is limited to merely the choice of instrument . See also ( edit ) ERG theory , which further expands and explains Maslow 's theory Fundamental human needs , Manfred Max - Neef 's model Human givens defines a set of innate physical and emotional needs common to all human beings and a set of natural capabilities for getting these needs met . It suggests that mental illness is impossible when innate human needs are met in a balanced way . Need theory Positive disintegration References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A.H. ( 1943 ) . `` A theory of human motivation '' . Psychological Review . 50 ( 4 ) : 370 -- 96 . doi : 10.1037 / h0054346 -- via psychclassics.yorku.ca . Jump up ^ M. , , Wills , Evelyn . Theoretical basis for nursing . ISBN 9781451190311 . OCLC 857664345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , A ( 1954 ) . Motivation and personality . New York , NY : Harper . ISBN 0 - 06 - 041987 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , William Kremer ; Hammond , Claudia ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Abraham Maslow and the pyramid that beguiled business '' . BBC news magazine . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Steere , B.F. ( 1988 ) . Becoming an effective classroom manager : A resource for teachers . Albany , NY : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 620 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , F. ( 1970 ) . The third force : The psychology of Abraham Maslow . Richmond , CA : Maurice Bassett Publishing . pp. 62 . Jump up ^ What is Maslow 's hierarchy of needs Jump up ^ Physiological Needs Jump up ^ A.H. Maslow , `` Critique of self - actualization theory '' , in : E. Hoffman ( Ed . ) , Future visions : The unpublished papers of Abraham Maslow ( Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage , 1996 ) , pp. 26 -- 32 Jump up ^ Cfr . A.H. Maslow , `` The farther reaches of human nature '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1 ( 1969 ) 1 , pp. 1 - 9 ; A. Maslow , The farther reaches of human nature ( New York : The Viking Press , 1971 ) ; Mark E. Koltko - Rivera , `` Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs : Self - Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory , Research , and Unification '' , in : Review of General Psychology 10 ( 2006 ) 4 , pp. 302 - 317 ( PDF ) ; Albert Garcia - Romeu , `` Self - transcendence as a measurable transpersonal construct '' , in : Journal of Transpersonal Psychology , 42 ( 2010 ) 1 , p. 26 - 47 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Villarica , H. ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Maslow 2.0 : A new and improved recipe for happiness '' . theatlantic.com . Jump up ^ Tay , L. ; Diener , E. ( 2011 ) . `` Needs and subjective well - being around the world '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 101 ( 2 ) : 354 -- 365 . doi : 10.1037 / a0023779 . Jump up ^ Bretherton , I. ( 1992 ) . `` The Origins of Attachment Theory : John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth '' . Developmental Psychology . 28 ( 5 ) : 759 -- 775 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.28. 5.759 . Jump up ^ Bugental DB ( 2000 ) . `` Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life : A Domain - Based Approach '' . Psychological Bulletin . 126 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 219 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 2.187 . PMID 10748640 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Introduction : Why We Need Maslow in the Twenty - First Century '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 508 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0198 - 6 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Mittelman , W. ( 1991 ) . `` Maslow 's study of self - actualization : A reinterpretation '' . Journal of Humanistic Psychology . 31 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 135 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022167891311010 . Jump up ^ Wahba , M.A. ; Bridwell , L.G. ( 1976 ) . `` Maslow reconsidered : A review of research on the need hierarchy theory '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 15 ( 2 ) : 212 -- 240 . doi : 10.1016 / 0030 - 5073 ( 76 ) 90038 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , G. ( 1984 ) . `` The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Management Review . 9 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 398 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 1984.4279653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cianci , R. ; Gambrel , P.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Maslow 's hierarchy of needs : Does it apply in a collectivist culture '' . Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D. ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rebuilding Maslow 's pyramid on an evolutionary foundation '' . psychologytoday.com/ . Jump up ^ Kenrick , D.T. ; Griskevicius , V. ; Neuberg , S.L. ; Schaller , M. ( 2010 ) . `` Renovating the pyramid of needs : Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations '' . Perspectives on Psychological Science . 5 : 292 . doi : 10.1177 / 1745691610369469 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; West , W.B. ( 1997 ) . `` The importance of human needs during peacetime , retrospective peacetime , and the Persian Gulf War '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 4 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Importance of human needs during retrospective peacetime and the Persian Gulf War : Mid-eastern employees '' . International Journal of Stress Management . 5 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Tang , T.L. ; Ibrahim , A.H. ; West , W.B. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of war - related stress on the satisfaction of human needs : The United States and the Middle East '' . International Journal of Management Theory and Practices. 3 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Goebel , B.L. ; Brown , D.R. ( 1981 ) . `` Age differences in motivation related to Maslow 's need hierarchy '' . Developmental Psychology . 17 : 809 -- 815 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.17. 6.809 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Be Yourself ! How Am I Not myself ? '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 530 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0183 - 0 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Abulof , Uriel ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Be Yourself ! How Am I Not myself ? '' . Society . 54 ( 6 ) : 532 . doi : 10.1007 / s12115 - 017 - 0183 - 0 . ISSN 0147 - 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Heylighen , Francis ( 1992 ) . `` A cognitive - systemic reconstruction of maslow 's theory of self - actualization '' ( PDF ) . Behavioral Science . 37 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 58 . doi : 10.1002 / bs. 3830370105 . Kress , Oliver ( 1993 ) . `` A new approach to cognitive development : ontogenesis and the process of initiation '' . Evolution and Cognition . 2 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 332 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maslow 's hierarchy of needs . A Theory of Human Motivation , original 1943 article by Maslow . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs&oldid=854392034 '' Categories : Human development Interpersonal relationships Organizational behavior Personal development Personal life Developmental psychology Motivational theories Happiness Stage theories 1943 introductions Psychological concepts Positive psychology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow%2527s%20hierarchy%20of%20needs
| 461 |
||
who win gold medal at the world weightlifting championship in anaheim usa
|
2017 World Weightlifting Championships
|
2017 world weightlifting championships
|
The 2017 World Weightlifting Championships were held in Anaheim , United States from 28 November to 5 December 2017 .
|
Contents 1 Doping bans 2 Medal summary 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 Medal table 4 Team ranking 4.1 Men 4.2 Women 5 Participating nations 6 References 7 External links Doping bans ( edit ) Nine countries were banned from competing at the World Championships due to their history of doping at previous Olympic Games . International Weightlifting Federation rules state that any country that had three positive tests uncovered by the International Olympic Committee during re-testing of stored urine samples for banned substances from the 2008 and 2012 Olympics would be banned . The banned countries were : Russia , China , Kazakhstan , Armenia , Turkey , Moldova , Ukraine , Belarus and Azerbaijan . North Korea and Venezuela did n't attend the World Championships as these countries are normally refused Visas for entry into the United States , or United States with North Korea , Venezuela relation crisis . Medal summary ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 56 kg ( details ) Snatch Thạch Kim Tuấn Vietnam 126 kg Trần Lê Quốc Toàn Vietnam 119 kg Josué Brachi Spain 118 kg Clean & Jerk Thạch Kim Tuấn Vietnam 153 kg Witoon Mingmoon Thailand 152 kg Trần Lê Quốc Toàn Vietnam 151 kg Total Thạch Kim Tuấn Vietnam 279 kg Trần Lê Quốc Toàn Vietnam 270 kg Witoon Mingmoon Thailand 267 kg 62 kg ( details ) Snatch Trịnh Văn Vinh Vietnam 136 kg Han Myeong - mok South Korea 135 kg Adkhamjon Ergashev Uzbekistan 135 kg Clean & Jerk Francisco Mosquera Colombia 170 kg José Montes Mexico 167 kg Antonio Vázquez Mexico 165 kg Total Francisco Mosquera Colombia 300 kg Yoichi Itokazu Japan 299 kg Shota Mishvelidze Georgia 298 kg 69 kg ( details ) Snatch Won Jeong - sik South Korea 148 kg Tairat Bunsuk Thailand 147 kg Mirko Zanni Italy 144 kg Clean & Jerk Doston Yokubov Uzbekistan 179 kg Won Jeong - sik South Korea 178 kg Bernardin Matam France 177 kg Total Won Jeong - sik South Korea 326 kg Tairat Bunsuk Thailand 321 kg Bernardin Matam France 318 kg 77 kg ( details ) Snatch Mohamed Ihab Egypt 165 kg Rejepbaý Rejepow Turkmenistan 158 kg Dumitru Captari Romania 156 kg Clean & Jerk Mohamed Ihab Egypt 196 kg Rejepbaý Rejepow Turkmenistan 194 kg Harrison Maurus United States 193 kg Total Mohamed Ihab Egypt 361 kg Rejepbaý Rejepow Turkmenistan 352 kg Harrison Maurus United States 348 kg 85 kg ( details ) Snatch Arley Méndez Chile 175 kg Kianoush Rostami Iran 174 kg Antonino Pizzolato Italy 162 kg Clean & Jerk Arley Méndez Chile 203 kg Krzysztof Zwarycz Poland 197 kg Romain Imadouchene France 196 kg Total Arley Méndez Chile 378 kg Krzysztof Zwarycz Poland 359 kg Antonino Pizzolato Italy 358 kg 94 kg ( details ) Snatch Sohrab Moradi Iran 184 kg Farkhodbek Sobirov Uzbekistan 183 kg Aurimas Didžbalis Lithuania 176 kg Clean & Jerk Sohrab Moradi Iran 233 kg WR Faris Ibrahim Qatar 220 kg Ayoub Mousavi Iran 214 kg Total Sohrab Moradi Iran 417 kg WR Aurimas Didžbalis Lithuania 388 kg Ayoub Mousavi Iran 385 kg 105 kg ( details ) Snatch Ali Hashemi Iran 183 kg Ivan Efremov Uzbekistan 182 kg Jorge Arroyo Ecuador 181 kg Clean & Jerk Seo Hui - yeop South Korea 222 kg Artūrs Plēsnieks Latvia 222 kg Ali Hashemi Iran 221 kg Total Ali Hashemi Iran 404 kg Artūrs Plēsnieks Latvia 402 kg Ivan Efremov Uzbekistan 399 kg + 105 kg ( details ) Snatch Lasha Talakhadze Georgia 220 kg WR Behdad Salimi Iran 211 kg Saeid Alihosseini Iran 203 kg Clean & Jerk Lasha Talakhadze Georgia 257 kg Mart Seim Estonia 253 kg Saeid Alihosseini Iran 251 kg Total Lasha Talakhadze Georgia 477 kg WR Saeid Alihosseini Iran 454 kg Behdad Salimi Iran 453 kg Women ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 48 kg ( details ) Snatch Thunya Sukcharoen Thailand 86 kg Saikhom Mirabai Chanu India 85 kg Ana Segura Colombia 81 kg Clean & Jerk Saikhom Mirabai Chanu India 109 kg Thunya Sukcharoen Thailand 107 kg Chiraphan Nanthawong Thailand 102 kg Total Saikhom Mirabai Chanu India 194 kg Thunya Sukcharoen Thailand 193 kg Ana Segura Colombia 182 kg 53 kg ( details ) Snatch Sopita Tanasan Thailand 96 kg Hsu Shu - ching Chinese Taipei 93 kg Kristina Şermetowa Turkmenistan 91 kg Clean & Jerk Sopita Tanasan Thailand 114 kg Hidilyn Diaz Philippines 113 kg Kristina Şermetowa Turkmenistan 113 kg Total Sopita Tanasan Thailand 210 kg Kristina Şermetowa Turkmenistan 204 kg Hidilyn Diaz Philippines 199 kg 58 kg ( details ) Snatch Sukanya Srisurat Thailand 105 kg Kuo Hsing - chun Chinese Taipei 105 kg Rebeka Koha Latvia 101 kg Clean & Jerk Kuo Hsing - chun Chinese Taipei 135 kg Mikiko Ando Japan 126 kg Alexandra Escobar Ecuador 122 kg Total Kuo Hsing - chun Chinese Taipei 240 kg Sukanya Srisurat Thailand 225 kg Rebeka Koha Latvia 222 kg 63 kg ( details ) Snatch Loredana Toma Romania 109 kg Maude Charron Canada 102 kg Lina Rivas Colombia 101 kg Clean & Jerk Loredana Toma Romania 128 kg Rattanawan Wamalun Thailand 127 kg Lina Rivas Colombia 124 kg Total Loredana Toma Romania 237 kg Lina Rivas Colombia 225 kg Mercedes Pérez Colombia 225 kg 69 kg ( details ) Snatch Romela Begaj Albania 107 kg Miyareth Mendoza Colombia 106 kg Mattie Rogers United States 104 kg Clean & Jerk Sara Ahmed Egypt 136 kg Leydi Solís Colombia 135 kg Mattie Rogers United States 131 kg Total Leydi Solís Colombia 239 kg Romela Begaj Albania 235 kg Mattie Rogers United States 235 kg 75 kg ( details ) Snatch Lidia Valentín Spain 118 kg Neisi Dajomes Ecuador 108 kg Mönkhjantsangiin Ankhtsetseg Mongolia 107 kg Clean & Jerk Lidia Valentín Spain 140 kg Gaëlle Nayo - Ketchanke France 134 kg Neisi Dajomes Ecuador 132 kg Total Lidia Valentín Spain 258 kg Neisi Dajomes Ecuador 240 kg Gaëlle Nayo - Ketchanke France 237 kg 90 kg ( details ) Snatch Anastasiia Hotfrid Georgia 120 kg Crismery Santana Dominican Republic 113 kg Oliba Nieve Ecuador 112 kg Clean & Jerk María Fernanda Valdés Chile 146 kg Anastasiia Hotfrid Georgia 145 kg Crismery Santana Dominican Republic 141 kg Total Anastasiia Hotfrid Georgia 265 kg María Fernanda Valdés Chile 255 kg Crismery Santana Dominican Republic 254 kg + 90 kg ( details ) Snatch Sarah Robles United States 126 kg Laurel Hubbard New Zealand 124 kg Tania Mascorro Mexico 119 kg Clean & Jerk Sarah Robles United States 158 kg Shaimaa Khalaf Egypt 153 kg Duangaksorn Chaidee Thailand 152 kg Total Sarah Robles United States 284 kg Laurel Hubbard New Zealand 275 kg Shaimaa Khalaf Egypt 268 kg Medal table ( edit ) Ranking by Big ( Total result ) medals Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Colombia 5 Iran 5 Georgia 0 Thailand 5 5 Chile 0 Vietnam 0 7 United States 0 8 Egypt 0 9 Chinese Taipei 0 0 India 0 0 Romania 0 0 South Korea 0 0 Spain 0 0 14 Turkmenistan 0 0 15 Latvia 0 16 Albania 0 0 Ecuador 0 0 Japan 0 0 Lithuania 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Poland 0 0 22 France 0 0 23 Dominican Republic 0 0 Italy 0 0 Philippines 0 0 Uzbekistan 0 0 Totals ( 26 nations ) 16 16 16 48 Ranking by all medals : Big ( Total result ) and Small ( Snatch and Clean & Jerk ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Thailand 5 7 15 Iran 5 6 14 Georgia 5 7 Vietnam 7 5 Egypt 6 6 Chile 0 5 7 Colombia 5 11 8 South Korea 0 5 9 United States 0 5 8 10 Romania 0 Spain 0 12 Chinese Taipei 0 13 India 0 14 Uzbekistan 5 15 Albania 0 16 Turkmenistan 0 6 17 Ecuador 0 6 18 Latvia 0 19 Japan 0 0 New Zealand 0 0 Poland 0 0 22 France 0 5 23 Dominican Republic 0 Mexico 0 25 Lithuania 0 Philippines 0 27 Canada 0 0 Estonia 0 0 Qatar 0 0 30 Italy 0 0 31 Mongolia 0 0 Totals ( 31 nations ) 48 48 48 144 Team ranking ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Team Points Iran 509 South Korea 454 Uzbekistan 354 Spain 340 5 Colombia 337 6 Japan 318 Women ( edit ) Rank Team Points Thailand 495 United States 467 Colombia 466 Ecuador 439 5 Mexico 402 6 Japan 389 Participating nations ( edit ) A total of 315 competitors from 63 nations participated . Albania ( 5 ) Algeria ( 1 ) Austria ( 1 ) Belgium ( 1 ) Brazil ( 6 ) Bulgaria ( 5 ) Cameroon ( 4 ) Canada ( 9 ) Chile ( 2 ) Chinese Taipei ( 11 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Croatia ( 1 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 4 ) Denmark ( 3 ) Dominican Republic ( 1 ) Ecuador ( 11 ) Egypt ( 5 ) Estonia ( 2 ) Fiji ( 2 ) Finland ( 5 ) France ( 7 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 8 ) Ghana ( 3 ) Great Britain ( 5 ) Hungary ( 2 ) Iceland ( 4 ) India ( 8 ) Iran ( 8 ) Iraq ( 1 ) Ireland ( 1 ) Israel ( 5 ) Italy ( 8 ) Japan ( 15 ) Latvia ( 2 ) Lebanon ( 1 ) Lithuania ( 4 ) Malaysia ( 1 ) Mauritius ( 1 ) Mexico ( 11 ) Mongolia ( 3 ) New Zealand ( 2 ) Norway ( 2 ) Peru ( 5 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 5 ) Qatar ( 1 ) Romania ( 6 ) Saudi Arabia ( 6 ) Serbia ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 1 ) South Africa ( 1 ) South Korea ( 11 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 2 ) Thailand ( 16 ) Tunisia ( 1 ) Turkmenistan ( 5 ) Uganda ( 2 ) United States ( 16 ) Uzbekistan ( 10 ) Vietnam ( 12 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anaheim , USA to Host 2017 IWF World Championships '' . iwf.net. 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . teamusa.org . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/summer/russia-china-doping-weightlifting-suspensions-1.4315157 External links ( edit ) Official website World Weightlifting Championships 1891 1898 1899 1903 1904 1905 ( I ) 1905 ( II ) 1905 ( III ) 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 ( I ) 1910 ( II ) 1911 ( I ) 1911 ( II ) 1911 ( III ) 1911 ( IV ) 1913 1920 1922 1923 1937 1938 1946 1947 1949 1950 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 List of medalists ( men , women ) World championships in 2017 `` 2016 2018 '' Summer sports & indoor sports American football ( women ) Archery Aquatics diving high diving open water swimming swimming synchronized swimming water polo Athletics cross country para Badminton Baseball ( men ) Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach soccer Beach volleyball Bowls Boxing ( men ) Canoeing slalom sprint marathon Cricket ( women ) Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo - cross BMX Urban Fencing Floorball ( women ) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline Handball men women Inline hockey Judo open Modern pentathlon Orienteering trail Rowing Rugby league men women Rugby union ( women ) Shotgun shooting Softball ( men ) Squash men women Table tennis Taekwondo Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu Winter sports Alpine skiing Bandy ( men ) Biathlon Bobsleigh / Skeleton Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing / Snowboarding Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic skiing Speed skating allround sprint single distances short track Cue & mind sports Chess women rapid blitz Darts BDO PDC Draughts men women rapid / blitz Russian version Snooker six - red Pool Nine - ball Motor sports Air race Endurance racing F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_World_Weightlifting_Championships&oldid=864951086 '' Categories : World Weightlifting Championships 2017 World Weightlifting Championships 2017 in weightlifting 2017 in American sports 2017 in sports in California International weightlifting competitions hosted by the United States Sports competitions in Anaheim , California November 2017 sports events in the United States December 2017 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Lietuvių 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 17 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20World%20Weightlifting%20Championships
| 107,714 |
||
which celebrities have the most followers on instagram
|
This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of November 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 228 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 130 million followers . Seven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .
|
Selena Gomez
|
List of most - followed Instagram accounts
|
list of most - followed instagram accounts
|
This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of November 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 228 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 130 million followers . Seven accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 228 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 131 Musician and actress 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 116 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 116 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 109 Musician 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 105 Reality TV personality 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 105 Musician and actress 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 99 Reality TV personality 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 96 Actor and professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 94 Musician CAN 11 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 85 Model USA 12 . @ neymarjr Neymar 85 Footballer BRA 13 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 84 Musician TRI 14 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 84 Footballer ARG 15 . @ natgeo National Geographic 83 Magazine USA 16 . @ nike Nike 75 Sportswear multinational corporation 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 73 Musician and actress 18 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 70 Musician and actress 19 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 70 Reality TV personality 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 63 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 60 Reality TV personality 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 58 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 58 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 55 Comedian 26 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club ESP 27 . @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 53 28 . @ theellenshow The Ellen Show 49 Comedian USA 29 . @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 47 Musician and actor 30 . @ zendaya Zendaya 46 Actress 31 . @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 46 Actor 32 . @ shakira Shakira 44 Musician COL 33 . @ 9gag 9GAG 43 Social media platform HKG 34 . @ davidbeckham David Beckham 41 Footballer GBR 35 . @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 41 Musician USA 36 . @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 41 Model and actress GBR 37 . @ emmawatson Emma Watson 41 Actress 38 . @ champagnepapi Drake 39 Musician CAN 39 . @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 37 Model USA 40 . @ kingjames LeBron James 34 Basketball player USA 41 . @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodríguez 34 Footballer COL 42 . @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 32 Footballer GBR 43 . @ zacefron Zac Efron 31 Actor USA 44 . @ adele Adele 31 Musician GBR 45 . @ nikefootball Nike 31 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 46 . @ maluma Maluma 30 Musician COL 47 . @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 29 Footballer SWE 48 . @ nasa NASA 29 Government space agency USA 49 . @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 28 Footballer BRA 50 . @ vanessahudgens Vanessa Hudgens 27 Actress and musician USA As of November 27 , 2017 By country Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 228 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 116 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 94 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 85 Footballer 5 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 84 Musician 6 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 84 Footballer 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 58 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 44 Musician 10 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 43 Social media platform 11 . United Kingdom @ davidbeckham David Beckham 41 Footballer 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 29 13 . Uruguay @ luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 25 14 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 25 Clothing retailer 15 . Germany @ adidasfootball Adidas 23 Sportswear multinational corporation 16 . Indonesia @ ayutingting92 Ayu Ting Ting 23 Musician 17 . Ireland @ thenotoriousmma Conor McGregor 21 Mixed martial artist 18 . India @ deepikapadukone Deepika Padukone 20 Actress 19 . Italy @ gucci Gucci 19 Fashion line As of November 27 , 2017 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - liked pages on Facebook List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify References Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ selenagomez '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ cristiano '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ arianagrande '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ beyonce '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kimkardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ taylorswift '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kyliejenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ therock '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ justinbieber '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kendalljenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ neymarjr '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ nickiminaj '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ leomessi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ natgeo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nike '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ mileycyrus '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jlo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ khloekardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ katyperry '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ddlovato '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kourtneykardash '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ badgalriri '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ victoriassecret '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kevinhart4real '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ realmadrid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ fcbarcelona '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ theellenshow '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ justintimberlake '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zendaya '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vindiesel '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ shakira '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ 9gag '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ davidbeckham '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chrisbrownofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ caradelevigne '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ emmawatson '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ champagnepapi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gigihadid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kingjames '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jamesrodriguez10 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ garethbale11 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zacefron '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adele '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nikefootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ maluma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ iamzlatanibrahimovic '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nasa '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ronaldinho '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vanessahudgens '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ luissuarez9 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adidasfootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ayutingting92 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ thenotoriousmma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ deepikapadukone '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gucci '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Graph Search EdgeRank Platform Payments Facebook like button facebookcorewwwi. onion Facebook Live Facebook Zero Facebook Stories Facebook Watch ( List of original programs ) Other products Current Instagram followed users liked pictures Messenger M ( virtual assistant ) MSQRD Oculus Rift tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift FQL Hack HipHop for PHP Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Open Compute Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Lists Most - liked pages Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=812323714 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 06 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20most-followed%20Instagram%20accounts
| 92 |
who traveled around the world in 80 days
|
Around the World in Eighty Days
|
around the world in eighty days
|
Around the World in Eighty Days ( French : Le tour du monde en quatre - vingts jours ) is a classic adventure novel by the French writer Jules Verne , published in 1873 . In the story , Phileas Fogg of London and his newly employed French valet Passepartout attempt to circumnavigate the world in 80 days on a £ 20,000 wager ( the approximate equivalent of £ 2 million in 2016 ) set by his friends at the Reform Club . It is one of Verne 's most acclaimed works .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background and analysis 3 Real life imitations 4 Origins 5 Adaptations and influences 5.1 Literature 5.2 Theatre 5.3 Radio 5.4 Film 5.5 Television 5.6 Games 5.7 Internet 5.8 Other 6 References 7 Footnotes 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The story starts in London on Tuesday , 1 October 1872 . Phileas Fogg is a rich British gentleman living in solitude . Despite his wealth , Fogg lives a modest life with habits carried out with mathematical precision . Very little can be said about his social life other than that he is a member of the Reform Club . Having dismissed his former valet , James Forster , for bringing him shaving water at 84 ° F ( 29 ° C ) instead of 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) , Fogg hires a Frenchman by the name of Jean Passepartout as a replacement . At the Reform Club , Fogg gets involved in an argument over an article in The Daily Telegraph stating that with the opening of a new railway section in India , it is now possible to travel around the world in 80 days . He accepts a wager for £ 20,000 ( equal to about £ 1.6 million in 2015 ) from his fellow club members to complete such a journey within this time period . With Monsieur Passepartout accompanying him , Fogg departs from London by train at 8 : 45 p.m. on 2 October ; if he is to win the wager , then he will have to return to the club by this same time on 21 December , 80 days later . The itinerary ( as originally planned ) London , UK to Suez , Egypt rail to Brindisi , Italy and steamer ( the Mongolia ) across the Mediterranean Sea 07 days Suez to Bombay , India steamer ( the Mongolia ) across the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean 13 days Bombay to Calcutta , India rail 03 days Calcutta to Victoria , Hong Kong steamer ( the Rangoon ) across the South China Sea 13 days Hong Kong to Yokohama , Japan steamer ( the Carnatic ) across the South China Sea , East China Sea , and the Pacific Ocean 06 days Yokohama to San Francisco , US steamer ( the General Grant ) across the Pacific Ocean 22 days San Francisco to New York City , US rail 07 days New York to London steamer ( the China ) across the Atlantic Ocean to Liverpool and rail 09 days Total 80 days Map of the trip Fogg and Passepartout reach Suez in time . While disembarking in Egypt , they are watched by a Scotland Yard detective , one Fix , who has been dispatched from London in search of a bank robber . Because Fogg answers the vague description Scotland Yard was given of the robber , Detective Fix mistakes Fogg for the criminal . Since he can not secure a warrant in time , Fix boards the steamer ( the Mongolia ) conveying the travellers to Bombay . Fix becomes acquainted with Passepartout without revealing his purpose . Fogg promises the steamer engineer a large reward if he gets them to Bombay early . They dock two days ahead of schedule . After reaching India they take a train from Bombay to Calcutta . Fogg learns that the Daily Telegraph article was wrong -- the railroad actually ends at Kholby and starts again , 50 miles further on , at Allahabad ! Fogg buys an elephant , hires a guide , and starts toward Allahabad . They come across a procession in which a young Indian woman , Aouda , is led to a sanctuary to be sacrificed by sati the next day by Brahmins . Since the young woman is drugged with opium and hemp and is obviously not going voluntarily , the travellers decide to rescue her . They follow the procession to the site , where Passepartout takes the place of Aouda 's deceased husband on the funeral pyre on which she is to be burned . During the ceremony he rises from the pyre , scaring off the priests , and carries the young woman away . The twelve hours gained earlier are lost , but Fogg shows no regret . The travellers hasten to catch the train at the next railway station , taking Aouda with them . At Calcutta , they board a steamer ( the Rangoon ) going to Hong Kong . Fix has Fogg and Passepartout arrested . They jump bail and Fix follows them to Hong Kong . He shows himself to Passepartout , who is delighted to again meet his travelling companion from the earlier voyage . In Hong Kong , it turns out that Aouda 's distant relative , in whose care they had been planning to leave her , has moved to Holland , so they decide to take her with them to Europe . Still without a warrant , Fix sees Hong Kong as his last chance to arrest Fogg on British soil . Passepartout becomes convinced that Fix is a spy from the Reform Club . Fix confides in Passepartout , who does not believe a word and remains convinced that his master is not a bank robber . To prevent Passepartout from informing his master about the premature departure of their next vessel , the Carnatic , Fix gets Passepartout drunk and drugs him in an opium den . Passepartout still manages to catch the steamer to Yokohama , but neglects to inform Fogg that the steamer is leaving the evening before its scheduled departure date . Fogg discovers that he missed his connection . He searches for a vessel that will take him to Yokohama , finding a pilot boat , the Tankadere , that takes him and Aouda to Shanghai , where they catch a steamer to Yokohama . In Yokohama , they search for Passepartout , believing that he may have arrived there on the Carnatic as originally planned . They find him in a circus , trying to earn the fare for his homeward journey . Reunited , the four board a paddle - steamer , the General Grant , taking them across the Pacific to San Francisco . Fix promises Passepartout that now , having left British soil , he will no longer try to delay Fogg 's journey , but instead support him in getting back to Britain so he can arrest Fogg in Britain itself . In San Francisco they board a transcontinental train to New York , encountering a number of obstacles along the way : a massive herd of bison crossing the tracks , a failing suspension bridge , and the train being attacked by Sioux warriors . After uncoupling the locomotive from the carriages , Passepartout is kidnapped by the Indians , but Fogg rescues him after American soldiers volunteer to help . They continue by a wind powered sledge to Omaha , where they get a train to New York . In New York , having missed the sailing of their ship , the China , Fogg starts looking for an alternative to cross the Atlantic Ocean . He finds a steamboat , the Henrietta , destined for Bordeaux , France . The captain of the boat refuses to take the company to Liverpool , whereupon Fogg consents to be taken to Bordeaux for $2000 ( roughly $40,283 today ) per passenger . He then bribes the crew to mutiny and make course for Liverpool . Against hurricane winds and going on full steam , the boat runs out of fuel after a few days . Fogg buys the boat from the captain and has the crew burn all the wooden parts to keep up the steam . The companions arrive at Queenstown ( Cobh ) , Ireland , take the train to Dublin and then a ferry to Liverpool , still in time to reach London before the deadline . Once on English soil , Fix produces a warrant and arrests Fogg . A short time later , the misunderstanding is cleared up -- the actual robber , an individual named James Strand , had been caught three days earlier in Edinburgh . However , Fogg has missed the train and arrives in London five minutes late , certain he has lost the wager . The following day Fogg apologises to Aouda for bringing her with him , since he now has to live in poverty and can not support her . Aouda confesses that she loves him and asks him to marry her . As Passepartout notifies a minister , he learns that he is mistaken in the date -- it is not 22 December , but instead 21 December . Because the party had travelled eastward , they gained one day upon crossing the International Date Line . Passepartout informs Fogg of his mistake , and Fogg hurries to the Reform Club just in time to meet his deadline and win the wager . Having already spent the bulk of the £ 20,000 during the journey , he divides the remaining money between Passepartout and Fix and marries Aouda . This narrative gives a mistaken impression of the ending . For the trip , Fogg took £ 20,000 - in cash - in a suitcase , amounting to 1 / 2 of his fortune at the time . The other half of his fortune - the other £ 20,000 was to be held in escrow at the bank to pay off his wager if he lost - the men on the other side of the bet , similarly put £ 20,000 to be held during the wager . Much of what Fogg took with him was spent during the trip , as detailed above . Before the date was discovered , Fogg confessed to Aouda that he was now poor , but she wanted to marry him anyway , as set out above . When the true date was discovered , as above , Fogg collected the £ 20,000 wagered - and his £ 20,000 that was held in escrow , restoring him to his original fortune of £ 40,000 - distributing the remaining balance of his `` travel money '' . Background and analysis ( edit ) Around the World in Eighty Days was written during difficult times , both for France and for Verne . It was during the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 1871 ) in which Verne was conscripted as a coastguard ; he was having financial difficulties ( his previous works were not paid royalties ) ; his father had died recently ; and he had witnessed a public execution , which had disturbed him . Despite all this , Verne was excited about his work on the new book , the idea of which came to him one afternoon in a Paris café while reading a newspaper . The technological innovations of the 19th century had opened the possibility of rapid circumnavigation and the prospect fascinated Verne and his readership . In particular , three technological breakthroughs occurred in 1869 -- 70 that made a tourist - like around - the - world journey possible for the first time : the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in America ( 1869 ) , the linking of the Indian railways across the sub-continent ( 1870 ) , and the opening of the Suez Canal ( 1869 ) . It was another notable mark in the end of an age of exploration and the start of an age of fully global tourism that could be enjoyed in relative comfort and safety . It sparked the imagination that anyone could sit down , draw up a schedule , buy tickets and travel around the world , a feat previously reserved for only the most heroic and hardy of adventurers . Verne is often characterized as a futurist or science - fiction author , but there is not a glimmer of science fiction in this , his most popular work ( at least in English ) . Rather than any futurism , it remains a memorable portrait of the British Empire `` on which the sun never sets '' shortly before its peak , drawn by an outsider . It is interesting to note that , until 2006 , no critical editions were written due to both the poor translations available and the stereotypical connection between science fiction and `` worthless '' boys ' literature . However , Verne 's works began receiving more serious reviews in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , with new translations appearing . It is also interesting to note that the book is a source of common notable English and extended British attitudes in quotes such as `` Phileas Fogg and Sir Francis Cromarty ... endured the discomfort with true British phlegm , talking little , and scarcely able to catch a glimpse of each other , '' as well as in Chapter 12 when the group is being jostled around on the elephant ride across the jungle . In Chapter 25 , when Fogg is insulted in San Francisco , Fix acknowledges that clearly `` Mr. Fogg was one of those Englishmen who , while they do not tolerate duelling at home , fight abroad when their honour is attacked . '' Post-Colonial readings of the novel elucidate Verne 's role as propagandist for European global dominance , as a Victors ' historian . `` Perhaps the leading excuse for the European colonization of India was found in the Hindu practice of the suttee '' . Verne 's novel , one of the most widely read of the 19th century , played a major role in shaping European attitudes of the colonized lands . The closing date of the novel , 21 December 1872 , was the same date as the serial publication . As it was being published serially for the first time , some readers believed that the journey was actually taking place -- bets were placed , and some railway companies and ship liner companies lobbied Verne to appear in the book . It is unknown if Verne submitted to their requests , but the descriptions of some rail and shipping lines leave some suspicion he was influenced . Although a journey by balloon has become one of the images most strongly associated with the story , this iconic symbol was never deployed by Verne -- the idea is , briefly , brought up in Chapter 32 , but dismissed , as it `` would have been highly risky and , in any case , impossible . '' However , the popular 1956 movie adaptation Around the World in Eighty Days floated the balloon idea , and it has now become a part of the mythology of the story , even appearing on book covers . This plot element is reminiscent of Verne 's earlier Five Weeks in a Balloon , which first made him a well - known author . Concerning the final coup de théâtre , Fogg had thought it was one day later than it actually was , because he had forgotten this simple fact : during his journey , he had added a full day to his clock , at the rhythm of an hour per fifteen degrees , or four minutes per degree , as Verne writes . In fact , at the time and until 1884 , the concept of a de jure International Date Line did not exist . If it did , he would have been made aware of the change in date once he reached this line . Thus , the day he added to his clock throughout his journey would be removed upon crossing this imaginary line . However , in the real world , Fogg 's mistake would not have occurred because a de facto date line did exist . The UK , India and the US had the same calendar with different local times . He would have noticed , when he arrived in San Francisco , that the local date was actually one day earlier than shown in his travel diary . As a consequence he could not fail to notice that the departure dates of the transcontinental train in San Francisco and of the China steamer in New York were actually one day earlier than his personal travel diary . Real life imitations ( edit ) Following Towle and d'Anver's 1873 English translation , many people have tried to follow in the footsteps of Fogg 's fictional circumnavigation , often within self - imposed constraints : In 1889 , Nellie Bly undertook to travel around the world in 80 days for her newspaper , the New York World . She managed to do the journey within 72 days , meeting Verne in Amiens . Her book Around the World in Seventy - Two Days , became a best seller . In 1903 , James Willis Sayre , a Seattle theatre critic and arts promoter , set the world record for circling the earth using public transport : 54 days , 9 hours , and 42 minutes . In 1908 , Harry Bensley , on a wager , set out to circumnavigate the world on foot wearing an iron mask . The journey was abandoned , incomplete , at the outbreak of World War I in 1914 . In 1984 , Nicholas Coleridge emulated Fogg 's trip , taking 78 days , He wrote a book titled Around the World in 78 Days . In 1988 , Monty Python alumnus Michael Palin took a similar challenge without using aircraft as a part of a television travelogue , called Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days . He completed the journey in 79 days and 7 hours . Since 1993 , the Jules Verne Trophy is given to the boat that sails around the world without stopping and with no outside assistance , in the shortest time . In 2009 , twelve celebrities performed a relay version of the journey for the BBC Children In Need charity appeal . In 2014 , the Optimistic Traveler team consisting of Muammer Yilmaz and Milan Bihlmann completed the `` 80 Days Challenge '' , a trip around the world without using money , as a first step of their charity campaign for education in Haiti . They finished the journey in 79 days . In 2015 , a group of Italian travelers , Luigi Cavallito , Alessio Nicastro , Andrea Cavallo Perin , Andrea Dutto , and Didie Caria repeated the journey that Verne had inspired . The members of the group were all millennials born between the 1980s and 2000 ; the project aimed to describe the life , projects and dreams of that generation . They started their journey from the Reform Club on October 2 , 2015 and they came back to London on December 21 , 80 days later . They stopped in Paris , Turin , Athens , Cairo , Alexandria , Dubai , Mumbai , Kolkata , Hong Kong , Manila , Tokyo , Honolulu , San Francisco , New York and Dublin . Origins ( edit ) The idea of a trip around the world within a set period had clear external origins and was popular before Verne published his book in 1873 . Even the title Around the World in Eighty Days is not original . Several sources have been hypothesized as the origins of the story . The most obvious took place between 1869 and 1871 , when American William Perry Fogg traveled the world , describing his tour in a series of letters to The Cleveland Leader newspaper , entitled , Round the World : Letters from Japan , China , India , and Egypt ( 1872 ) . But long before Fogg , Greek traveller Pausanias ( c. 100 AD ) wrote a work that was translated into French in 1797 as Voyage autour du monde ( `` Around the World '' ) . Verne 's friend Jacques Arago had written a very popular Voyage autour du monde in 1853 . In 1869 -- 70 the idea of travelling around the world reached critical popular attention when three geographical breakthroughs occurred : the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in America ( 1869 ) , the linking of the Indian railways across the sub-continent ( 1870 ) , and the opening of the Suez Canal ( 1869 ) . In 1871 appeared Around the World by Steam , via Pacific Railway , published by the Union Pacific Railroad Company , and an Around the World in A Hundred and Twenty Days by Edmond Planchut . In early 1870 , the Erie Railway Company published a statement of routes , times , and distances detailing a trip around the globe of 23,739 miles in seventy - seven days and twenty - one hours . Another early reference comes from the Italian traveler Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri . He wrote a book in 1699 that was translated into French : Voyage around the World or Voyage du Tour du Monde ( 1719 , Paris ) . The novel documents his trip as one of the first Europeans to circle the world for pleasure rather than profit , using publicly available transportation . Gemelli Careri provides rich accounts of seventeenth - century civilization outside of Europe . These include Persia during the Ottoman Empire , Hindustan during the reign of Aurungzebe , the Chinese Lantern Festival and the Great Wall , and the native people of Meso - America . References to his books can be found in other historical publications like the Calcutta Review . In 1872 , Thomas Cook organised the first around - the - world tourist trip , leaving on 20 September 1872 and returning seven months later . The journey was described in a series of letters that were published in 1873 as Letter from the Sea and from Foreign Lands , Descriptive of a tour Round the World . Scholars have pointed out similarities between Verne 's account and Cook 's letters , although some argue that Cook 's trip happened too late to influence Verne . Verne , according to a second - hand 1898 account , refers to a Cook advertisement as a source for the idea of his book . In interviews in 1894 and 1904 , Verne says the source was `` through reading one day in a Paris cafe '' and `` due merely to a tourist advertisement seen by chance in the columns of a newspaper . '' Around the World itself says the origins were a newspaper article . All of these point to Cook 's advert as being a probable spark for the idea of the book . The periodical Le Tour du monde ( 3 October 1869 ) contained a short piece titled `` Around the World in Eighty Days '' , which refers to `` 140 miles '' of railway not yet completed between Allahabad and Bombay , a central point in Verne 's work . But even the Le Tour de monde article was not entirely original ; it cites in its bibliography the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages , de la Géographie , de l'Histoire et de l'Archéologie ( August , 1869 ) , which also contains the title Around the World in Eighty Days in its contents page . The Nouvelles Annales were written by Conrad Malte - Brun ( 1775 -- 1826 ) and his son Victor Adolphe Malte - Brun ( 1816 -- 1889 ) . Scholars believe that Verne was aware of the Le Tour de monde article , the Nouvelles Annales , or both , and that he consulted it and / or them , noting that the Le Tour du monde even included a trip schedule very similar to Verne 's final version . A possible inspiration was the traveller George Francis Train , who made four trips around the world , including one in 80 days in 1870 . Similarities include the hiring of a private train and being imprisoned . Train later claimed , `` Verne stole my thunder . I 'm Phileas Fogg . '' The book page containing the famous dénouement ( page 312 in the Philadelphia -- Porter & Coates , 1873 edition ) Regarding the idea of gaining a day , Verne said of its origin : `` I have a great number of scientific odds and ends in my head . It was thus that , when , one day in a Paris café , I read in the Siècle that a man could travel around the world in 80 days , it immediately struck me that I could profit by a difference of meridian and make my traveller gain or lose a day in his journey . There was a dénouement ready found . The story was not written until long after . I carry ideas about in my head for years -- ten , or 15 years , sometimes -- before giving them form . '' In his April 1873 lecture , `` The Meridians and the Calendar '' , Verne responded to a question about where the change of day actually occurred , since the international date line had only become current in 1880 and the Greenwich prime meridian was not adopted internationally until 1884 . Verne cited an 1872 article in Nature , and Edgar Allan Poe 's short story `` Three Sundays in a Week '' ( 1841 ) , which was also based on going around the world and the difference in a day linked to a marriage at the end . Verne even analysed Poe 's story in his Edgar Poe and His Works ( 1864 ) . Poe 's story `` Three Sundays in a Week '' was clearly the inspiration for the lost day plot device . Adaptations and influences ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The book has been adapted or reimagined many times in different forms . Literature ( edit ) The science fiction novel The Other Log of Phileas Fogg by Philip José Farmer gives an alternate interpretation of the story . The novel Around the world in 100 days by Gary Blackwood serves as a sequel to the events in 80 days . The book follows Phileas 's son as he tries to travel around the world by car instead of train , hence the longer time limit . Theatre ( edit ) In 1874 , a theatrical adaptation by Verne and Adolphe d'Ennery opened at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint - Martin in Paris for 415 performances ; in April 1876 , it transferred to the Théâtre du Châtelet where it ran for 2,195 performances over 64 years . In 1946 , Orson Welles produced and starred in Around the World , a musical stage version , with music and lyrics by Cole Porter , that was only loosely faithful to Verne 's original . A musical version , 80 Days , with songs by Ray Davies of The Kinks and a book by playwright Snoo Wilson , directed by Des McAnuff , ran at the Mandell Weiss Theatre in San Diego from August 23 to October 9 , 1988 , receiving mixed responses from the critics . Davies 's multi-faceted music , McAnuff 's directing , and the acting were well received , with the show winning the `` Best Musical '' award from the San Diego Theatre Critics Circle . Mark Brown adapted the book for a five - actor stage production in 2001 . It has been performed in New York , Canada , England , South Africa , and Bangladesh . Toby Hulse created an adaptation for three actors , which was first produced at the egg at The Theatre Royal , Bath in 2010 . It has subsequently been revived at the Arcola Theatre in London in 2013 and The Theatre Chipping Norton in 2014 In 2013 , a musical version `` Around the World in 80 Days '' with book and lyrics by Chris Blackwood and music by Piers Chater Robinson went on general release and has had productions across the globe . Published by IT&M Shows . St. James Theatre , London put on an adaptation by Laura Eason which was directed by Lucy Bailey and ran from 26 November 2015 to 17 January 2016 with Robert Portal as Fogg , Simon Gregor as Passepartout and Shanaya Rafaat as Aouda . Radio ( edit ) The Mercury Theatre on the Air presented a radio adaptation of Around the World in 80 Days on October 23 , 1938 , one week before its famous production of The War of the Worlds . Orson Welles played Fogg . Jules Verne -- Around the World in Eighty Days , a 4 - part drama adaptation by Terry James and directed by Janet Whittaker for BBC Radio 7 ( now BBC Radio 4 Extra ) , starred Leslie Phillips as Phileas Fogg , Yves Aubert as Passepartout and Jim Broadbent as Sergeant Fix . Film ( edit ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1919 film ) , a German film starring Conrad Veidt , the first film version . An Indian Fantasy Story is an unfinished French / English co-production from 1938 , featuring the wager at the Reform Club and the rescue of the Indian Princess . It was never completed . The 1956 film Around the World in 80 Days starred David Niven as Fogg and Cantinflas as Passepartout . 1963 saw the release of The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze . Around the World in 80 Days , a film produced and released in 1988 , was an Australian animated adaptation . ( As described below , there had been a television adaptation sixteen years earlier , likewise animated and also of Australian origin . ) The 1994 video The Singing Kettle World Tour was a Scottish adaptation that starred Cilla Fisher , Artie Trezise , and Gary Coupland . Around the World in 80 Days , a 1999 animated film starring Simon Callow , John Sessions and Philip Jackson The 2000 film Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure was an updated direct - to - video animated film spoof starring Tweety from the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes . Around the World in 80 Days was a 2004 film that starred Jackie Chan as Passepartout and Steve Coogan as Fogg . Television ( edit ) The 1972 cartoon Around the World in 80 Days was a one - season Australian animated television adaptation . Around the World with Willy Fog was a 26 - episode Spanish - Japanese animated TV series by BRB International and Nippon Animation , in which all the characters were anthropomorphic animals . A second series was made that was loosely based on other stories by Jules Verne . Around the World in 80 Days was a 1989 miniseries adaptation that starred Pierce Brosnan . Bolek and Lolek 's Great Travel was a 1977 animated movie and 15 episode series which occurred long after the events of the book , with the late Mr. Fogg 's fortune to be inherited by the one who successfully repeated his feat . Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days was a seven - episode series made by the BBC in 1988 , which starred Michael Palin . Games ( edit ) The board game Around the World in 80 Days is derived from the novel . The mobile game company Inkle published an interactive fiction adaptation of the novel , titled 80 Days , which has won numerous awards . Internet ( edit ) Flightfox created a trip , `` Around the World in 80 Hours '' , to see if flight experts could find flights following the same path as described in the book ( for cheap ) . The online travel company then wrote a fictional eBook based on the results of the contest . Other ( edit ) Worlds of Fun , an amusement park in Kansas City , Missouri , was conceived using the novel as its theme . References ( edit ) William Butcher , ed. and trans. , Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford World 's Classics ( 1995 , 1999 ) . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Die Reise um die Erde in 80 Tagen '' . J-verne.de . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : William Butcher ( translation and introduction ) . Around the World in Eighty Days , Oxford Worlds Classics , 1995 , Introduction . Jump up ^ Ashley Tussing , Exploring Cultural Reflections Through Jules Verne 's Around The World In Eighty Days ( Master 's Thesis , Purdue University , 2010 ) p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Optimistic Traveler '' . Optimistic Traveler . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cable , Simon ( 2014 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Phileas Fogg 's fictional journey around the world recreated by two men for FREE Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ The Kansas Daily Tribune , February 5 , 1870 . Jump up ^ Careri , Giovanni Francesco Gemelli ; Noble , Eustache Le ( 1719 ) . Voyage du Tour du Monde ( 1719 , Paris ) . Jump up ^ `` TrueScans of Around the World in Eighty Days ; Philadelphia - Porter & Coates , 1873 '' . Truescans.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/book/around-world-100-days Jump up ^ Neu. `` 80 Days '' . Kinks.de . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Brown -- Writer '' . epicurious.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Around the World in Eighty Days '' . Guardian.com. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived November 3 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 Extra - Jules Verne - Around the World in Eighty Days - Episode guide '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Around the World in Eighty Days by Jules Verne , adapted by Terry James '' . Radiodramareviews.com. 2010 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Synopsis for An Indian Fantasy '' . Jump up ^ `` Fly Better For Less '' . Flightfox.com. 2012 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Zacchia , Jill . `` Around the World in 80 Hours '' . Flightfox.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` History Worlds of Fun , Kansas City MO '' . Worldsoffun.com. 2012 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAround the World in Eighty Daysat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Around the World in Eighty Days at Project Gutenberg . Translation by George Makepeace Towle , 1874 . Around The World In Eighty Days public domain audiobook at LibriVox Around the World in 80 Days -- Read Online , Flash Version Around the World in Eighty Days ( in French ) -- Audiobook from Literature Audio.com ( hide ) Jules Verne 's Around the World in Eighty Days Characters Aouda Phileas Fogg Jean Passepartout Films Around the World in 80 Days ( 1919 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1988 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) Television Around the World in 80 Days ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Around the World with Willy Fog ( 1983 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1989 ) Michael Palin : Around the World in 80 Days ( 1989 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2009 ) Video games Around the World in 80 Days 80 Days ( 2005 ) 80 Days ( 2014 ) Other Around the World ( musical ) Around the World in 80 Days ( ride ) Around the World in 80 Days ( game ) `` Around the World '' ( song ) Around the World in 80 Days ( Michael Palin book ) The Other Log of Phileas Fogg Around the World in 20 Years Around the World in Seventy - Two Days A Boy Scout Around the World Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure Works by Jules Verne Voyages extraordinaires Five Weeks in a Balloon ( 1863 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1864 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1865 ) The Adventures of Captain Hatteras ( 1866 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1867 -- 68 ) Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea ( 1869 -- 70 ) Around the Moon ( 1870 ) A Floating City ( 1871 ) The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa ( 1872 ) The Fur Country ( 1873 ) Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1873 ) The Mysterious Island ( 1874 -- 75 ) The Survivors of the Chancellor ( 1875 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1876 ) Off on a Comet ( 1877 ) The Child of the Cavern ( 1877 ) Dick Sand , A Captain at Fifteen ( 1878 ) The Begum 's Fortune ( 1879 ) Tribulations of a Chinaman in China ( 1879 ) The Steam House ( 1880 ) Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon ( 1881 ) Godfrey Morgan ( 1882 ) The Green Ray ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Inflexible ( 1883 ) The Vanished Diamond ( 1884 ) The Archipelago on Fire ( 1884 ) Mathias Sandorf ( 1885 ) The Lottery Ticket ( 1886 ) Robur the Conqueror ( 1886 ) North Against South ( 1887 ) The Flight to France ( 1887 ) Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) Family Without a Name ( 1889 ) The Purchase of the North Pole ( 1889 ) César Cascabel ( 1890 ) Mistress Branican ( 1891 ) The Carpathian Castle ( 1892 ) Claudius Bombarnac ( 1892 ) Foundling Mick ( 1893 ) Captain Antifer ( 1894 ) Propeller Island ( 1895 ) Facing the Flag ( 1896 ) Clovis Dardentor ( 1896 ) An Antarctic Mystery ( 1897 ) The Mighty Orinoco ( 1898 ) The Will of an Eccentric ( 1899 ) The Castaways of the Flag ( 1900 ) The Village in the Treetops ( 1901 ) The Sea Serpent ( 1901 ) The Kip Brothers ( 1902 ) Travel Scholarships ( 1903 ) A Drama in Livonia ( 1904 ) Master of the World ( 1904 ) Invasion of the Sea ( 1905 ) Other works Novels The Waif of the Cynthia ( 1885 ) The Lighthouse at the End of the World ( 1905 ) The Golden Volcano ( 1906 ) The Chase of the Golden Meteor ( 1908 ) The Danube Pilot ( 1908 ) The Survivors of the `` Jonathan '' ( 1909 ) The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz ( 1910 ) The Barsac Mission ( 1919 ) Backwards to Britain ( 1989 , written 1859 ) Paris in the Twentieth Century ( 1994 , written 1863 ) Collections Doctor Ox ( 1874 ) Yesterday and Tomorrow ( 1910 ) Short stories `` A Drama in Mexico '' ( 1851 ) `` A Drama in the Air '' ( 1851 ) `` Martin Paz '' ( 1852 ) `` Master Zacharius '' ( 1854 ) `` A Winter amid the Ice '' ( 1855 ) `` The Count of Chanteleine '' ( 1864 ) `` The Blockade Runners '' ( 1865 ) `` Dr. Ox 's Experiment '' ( 1872 ) `` An Ideal City '' ( 1875 ) `` The Mutineers of the Bounty '' ( 1879 ) `` Ten Hours Hunting '' ( 1881 ) `` Frritt - Flacc '' ( 1884 ) `` Gil Braltar '' ( 1887 ) `` In the Year 2889 '' ( 1889 ) `` Adventures of the Rat Family '' ( 1891 ) `` Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat '' ( 1893 ) `` The Eternal Adam '' ( 1910 ) Plays The Broken Straws ( 1850 ) Mona Lisa ( 1852 ) Blind Man 's Buff ( 1853 ) The Adoptive Son ( 1853 Knights of the Daffodil ( 1855 ) Mr. Chimpanzee ( 1858 ) The Inn in the Ardennes ( 1860 ) Eleven Days ' Siege ( 1861 ) A Nephew from America ( 1873 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1874 ) The Children of Captain Grant ( 1878 ) Michael Strogoff ( 1880 ) Journey Through the Impossible ( 1882 ) Kéraban the Pigheaded ( 1883 ) Related The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne ( 1907 ) Universe Characters Aouda Tom Ayrton David Farragut Phileas Fogg Lord Glenarvan Captain Nemo Jacques Paganel Jean Passepartout Cyrus Smith Universe Leyden ball Nautilus HMS Sword Book VIAF : 174954981 GND : 4317635 - 5 SUDOC : 029467969 BNF : cb12108954z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days&oldid=801459435 '' Categories : Around the World in Eighty Days 1873 French novels Novels by Jules Verne Novels set in India Novels set in the United States Novels set in London Novels set in Japan Novels set in Italy Novels set in Egypt Novels set in France Novels set in Liverpool Novels set in Hong Kong Novels set in the Qing dynasty Novels set in New York City Novels set in San Francisco Novels set in Utah Novels set in the 1870s 19th - century French novels Circus books Western ( genre ) novels Latter Day Saints in popular culture French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1872 in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles containing French - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Wikivoyage Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around%20the%20World%20in%20Eighty%20Days
| 12,075 |
||
when is episode 5 of batman coming out
|
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Enigma '' Kent Mudle James Windeler , Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) `` The Pact '' Matthew Leach Luke McMullen , Chris Hockabout , Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) `` Fractured Mask '' Sean Manning Ross Beeley , Shanon Ingles , Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) `` What Ails You '' Chris Rieser Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 5 5 `` Same Stitch '' Kent Mudle Meghan Thornton , Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 )
|
March 27 , 2018
|
Batman : the Enemy Within
|
batman : the enemy within
|
Batman : The Enemy Within is an episodic point - and - click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games and distributed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment under its DC Entertainment label . The game is a sequel to 2016 's Batman : The Telltale Series , which was based on Bob Kane and Bill Finger 's Batman character .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Like most Telltale games , the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles ( such as Game of Thrones , The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands ) . The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter - ego Batman , with the game evenly split for both characters . The game features a branching narrative , similar to past Telltale games , giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game . If the player had played the previous game , choices made , such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal , may also be imported , though the game can be played as a standalone title . The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale 's other games , using quick time events . The series also includes investigation sequences , allowing the player to use Batman 's detective skills to investigate areas . Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman . Crowd Play , a feature implemented in the predecessor , also returns for The Enemy Within , allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne / Batman ( Troy Baker ) , a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham . His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth ( Enn Reitel ) , Police Commissioner James Gordon ( Murphy Guyer ) , and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox ( Dave Fennoy ) return to assist Batman in the field . The game introduces `` The Agency '' , a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller ( Debra Wilson ) . New supporting characters are also introduced , including Special Agent Iman Avesta ( Emily O'Brien ) , one of the Agency 's operatives , and Tiffany Fox ( Valarie Rae Miller ) , the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises . `` John Doe '' ( Anthony Ingruber ) and Selina Kyle / Catwoman ( Laura Bailey ) also return , now members of a group of criminals called `` the Pact '' . Other members of the group include Riddler ( Robin Atkin Downes ) , Bane ( J.B. Blanc ) , Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze ( Matthew Mercer ) and Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn ( Laura Post ) . Detective Renee Montoya ( Sumalee Montano ) , Reporter Jack Ryder ( Robert Clotworthy ) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach ( Lorri Holt ) return with smaller roles within the series . New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock ( Keith Szarabajka ) , Agency operative Vernon Blake ( Christian Lanz ) , international arms dealer Rumi Mori ( Keone Young ) , Riddler 's second - in - command Eli Knable ( Alex Hernandez ) , and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever ( Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively ) . Setting ( edit ) The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman : The Telltale Series , which took place a number of years into Batman 's career . Like the previous installment , the game is set during the mid-to - late 2010s in Gotham City , primarily the Batcave , Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters . The game also follows the events of the previous game , taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events . Plot ( edit ) Approximately a year after the defeat of the Children of Arkham , Batman continues to patrol Gotham while slowly regaining his reputation as Bruce Wayne . While targeting an arms dealer , he witnesses the return of the Riddler , one of Gotham 's first super-criminals . Confronting the criminal with help from Gordon and the GCPD , he fails to capture him and is assisted by the Agency and their operatives . During their clean up , Batman meets Amanda Waller , the director of the Agency , who take over the investigation and offers to assist him in tracking Riddler . After returning to the Batcave with a puzzle left by Riddler , Bruce solves it , though is fazed when discovering a signal emitter . When Lucius Fox , the chief of technology at Wayne Enterprises investigates , he is mysteriously killed in an explosion . At Lucius ' funeral , Bruce reunites with former Arkham patient `` John Doe '' , who has been discharged for good behavior . John , having made a number of `` friends '' after his release , asks Bruce to meet and joined his group , which he refers to as `` the Pact '' . When finding out that Bruce is searching for Riddler , John gives him a lead to investigate in Gotham 's East End . With Gordon , Batman follows the lead to discover Riddler 's lair , where he discovers clues to his plans and a death trap to solve . Finding a radio wave guided homing missile , he deduces that the signal was actually a guide . Using further evidence he finds , Batman deduces that Riddler plans to target the Agency , having hacked the agent 's phones and making them send the targeting signal to call missiles to their locations . Determined to find Riddler , he follows another lead and tracks him to a freight ship . After escaping another deadly game set up by Riddler , Batman manages to redirect the missiles and defeats the criminal . As he is interrogated by the vigilante , Riddler is shot with a poisoned dart and dies , revealing that he is also a member of the Pact . As the Agency and GCPD arrive , Waller takes over law enforcement in Gotham and reveals to Batman her knowledge of his true identity . Waller suggests that he infiltrates the Pact as Bruce Wayne and gives him an ultimatum : work with the Agency to help arrest the Pact or risk having his identity exposed . Several moments later , a series of explosions go off throughout the city . Responding to an attack at the police arsenal , Batman battles another member of the Pact , Bane , who easily overpowers him with help from a steroid called Venom . Surviving thanks to help from either Gordon or Waller , Batman decides to follow the latter 's advice and meets with John to accept his offer . The two meet at a bar , where he is introduced to John 's former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel , now the criminal Harley Quinn . Suspicious of Bruce , Harley gives him a chance to prove himself by stealing a prototype electrical skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises , with them joining him during the heist . Despite problems , including an unexpected encounter with Lucius ' grieving daughter Tiffany , he is able to get the device to them and an EMP generator . After this show of compliance , Bruce is called to meet the other members of the Pact , Bane and Mr. Freeze , and convince them to vote him into the group . Successful , he joins them on their latest heist : a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy . With Waller refusing to help , Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them . Upon returning to the group 's hideout , the target is revealed to have been the Riddler 's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact . After copying Riddler 's eyes , Harley reveals one of Riddler 's laptops , which he had left in their possession , and Bruce , John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark . After solving another death trap hidden in the lair , they discover the target to be an organization called SANCTUS , which Riddler was formerly associated with . The Pact also begin to suspect a mole , due to the time it took for the job to escalate , and suspicions fall on Bruce . After retrieving Harley 's laptop through help from either Selina or John , Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency 's former divisions in charge of experimentation . The laptop contains evidence of a biological weapon called LOTUS and the location of the lab , where it is being kept . After the Pact learn of the lab 's location , Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole , leading to the Pact attempting to execute them . Depending on the decision , Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman , possibly with Catwoman 's help . During the heist , Harley betrays the Pact and escapes with the virus , whilst Freeze and Bane are captured by the Agency . While searching for Quinn , Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent , with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment . The members of the Pact have planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments . However , Waller has been aware of this plan and plotting to blackmail them into joining the Agency , with the promise of a cure . Unknown to all parties , using even the working version can cause mental problems for the user . After following another lead given by John , Bruce finds him surrounded by agents ' bodies . Claiming it to be self defense , John realizes the truth about their `` friendship '' and reveals his knowledge of Bruce 's activities as Batman . Regardless of whether he believes him , Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn . During the confrontation , John arrives and attacks the Agency , escaping with LOTUS and potentially Quinn , the latter depending on the player 's choices . Several weeks later , John , now known as `` Joker '' , reemerges , now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce . The former has Batman briefly working with Joker to fights off the Agency , until he kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller . However , the latter has Joker and Harley terrorizing the city with LOTUS and forcing Bruce into a demented game , pitting him against his allies . Regardless of the path , Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker . Following Joker 's capture , Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce 's identity . As Batman , Bruce confronts Tiffany , leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency , joining him in his crusade against crime , escaping to become a fugitive , or being handed over to the authorities for murder . Returning to the manor , Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave Gotham to return home , having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham . After a heated discussion , Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows him to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman . In a post credits scene , Joker is shown to have been returned to Arkham Asylum . If he was a vigilante , he is either visited by Bruce or decides to become the hero 's archenemy . However , if he was a criminal , he is shown playing with a doll version of Bruce , which he promises to see again . Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Enigma '' Kent Mudle James Windeler , Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) `` The Pact '' Matthew Leach Luke McMullen , Chris Hockabout , Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) `` Fractured Mask '' Sean Manning Ross Beeley , Shanon Ingles , Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) `` What Ails You '' Chris Rieser Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 5 5 `` Same Stitch '' Kent Mudle Meghan Thornton , Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) Batman : The Enemy Within received generally positive reviews from critics , some of which considered it an improvement over its predecessor , earning praise for its story , choices , action sequences , and portrayal of the Batman mythos . The game won the award for `` Performance in a Drama , Supporting '' with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , whereas its other nomination was for `` Game , Franchise Adventure '' . Many reviewers praised the game 's unique depiction of the Joker , with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain . For example , Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make `` Batman 's most overexposed villain '' interesting again : `` The Joker has always said his past is multiple - choice , but this is the first time I 've felt like I was the one checking the boxes . '' Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled `` Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told '' . He explained : `` ... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman - Joker relationship over the years , there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within '' . Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9 / 10 , concluding : `` While Telltale 's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending , the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat - fans should make a point of playing . '' Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80 / 100 and said : `` By the end of the series , I 'll say that Batman : The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over . That 's purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Do n't forget - the next episode of Batman : The Enemy Within premieres October 3 ! What are your predictions for ' The Pact ? ' '' . Facebook . September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/telltalegames/status/971762476110016513 Jump up ^ Sheehan , Gavin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Our Actions Have Consequences : We Review ' Batman : The Enemy Within ' '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Batman - The Enemy Within : The Enigma '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Enemy Within - The Telltale Series '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Finally Makes the Joker Interesting Again , GQ Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told ( This Week in Gaming ) , MobileSyrup Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode 5 Review - No More Joking Around , GameSpot Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode Five review -- The Joker gets the last laugh , VentureBeat External links ( edit ) Official website Telltale Games Bone series Out from Boneville The Great Cow Race CSI series 3 Dimensions of Murder Hard Evidence Deadly Intent Fatal Conspiracy Sam & Max series Save the World Beyond Time and Space The Devil 's Playhouse Puzzle Agent series Puzzle Agent Puzzle Agent 2 Poker Night series Poker Night at the Inventory Poker Night 2 The Walking Dead series The Walking Dead Season Two Michonne A New Frontier Minecraft : Story Mode series Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 Batman series Batman : The Telltale Series The Enemy Within The Wolf Among Us Series The Wolf Among Us Season 2 Game of Thrones series Game of Thrones Season 2 Other titles Telltale Texas Hold'em Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People Wallace & Gromit 's Grand Adventures Tales of Monkey Island Back to the Future : The Game Jurassic Park : The Game Law & Order : Legacies Tales from the Borderlands Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Batman video games Lego series Lego Batman : The Videogame Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Arkham series Arkham Asylum Arkham City Lockdown Arkham Origins Mobile Blackgate Arkham Knight Arkham VR Film - based Batman ( Ocean , 1989 ) Batman : The Video Game ( NES , 1989 ) Batman ( Mega Drive / Genesis , 1990 ) Batman ( arcade , 1990 ) Returns Forever Forever : The Arcade Game Batman & Robin Begins The Dark Knight ( cancelled ) Animation - based The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Beyond : Return of the Joker Chaos in Gotham Gotham City Racer Vengeance Rise of Sin Tzu The Brave and the Bold -- The Videogame Other games Batman ( 1986 ) The Caped Crusader Return of the Joker Dark Tomorrow DC Universe Online Gotham City Impostors Batman ( 2013 ) The Telltale Series ( 2016 ) The Enemy Within ( 2017 ) List of Batman video games Batman franchise media Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman:_The_Enemy_Within&oldid=837683105 '' Categories : 2017 video games Android ( operating system ) games Batman arcade and video games Episodic video games IOS games Video games based on DC Comics MacOS games PlayStation 4 games Point - and - click adventure games Single - player video games Telltale Games games Video games developed in the United States Video games scored by Jared Emerson - Johnson Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 10 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%3A%20The%20Enemy%20Within
| 16,332 |
which african teams have qualified for world cup
|
Country # Years Best result Cameroon 7 1982 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 QF Nigeria 6 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 R2 Morocco 5 1970 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2018 R2 Tunisia 5 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 R1 Algeria 1982 , 1986 , 2010 , 2014 R2 Ivory Coast 2006 , 2010 , 2014 R1 Egypt 1934 , 1990 , 2018 R1 Ghana 2006 , 2010 , 2014 QF South Africa 1998 , 2002 , 2010 R1 Senegal 2002 , 2018 QF DR Congo R1 Angola 2006 R1 Togo 2006 R1
|
African nations at the FIFA World Cup
|
african nations at the fifa world cup
|
Best performance of African countries Association football is the most popular sport in nearly every African country , and 13 members of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) have competed at the sport 's biggest event -- the men 's FIFA World Cup . Contents 1 Overview 2 Results 2.1 Team results by tournament 2.2 Tournament standings 2.3 Overall team records 3 Appearances 3.1 Ranking of teams by number of appearances 3.2 Debut of teams 3.3 Not qualified 4 Summary of performance 5 Performance at individual World Cups 5.1 1930s : Egypt 's early appearance 5.2 1938 -- 1966 : World Cup without Africa 5.3 1970 : Morocco returns Africa to the World Cup 5.4 1974 : Zaire makes an impression 5.5 1978 : Tunisia becomes first African team to win at the World Cup 5.6 1982 : Algeria wins twice but eliminated 5.7 1986 : Morocco becomes first African team into the Round of 16 5.8 1990 : Cameroon 's Indomitable Lions reach the Quarter Finals 5.9 1994 : Zambian air tragedy , Nigeria reaches Round of 16 5.10 1998 : Nigeria reaches the Round of 16 again 5.11 2002 : Senegal reaches the quarter finals 5.12 2006 : Ghana reaches the Round of 16 5.13 2010 : Ghana gets to Quarter Final 5.14 2014 : Algeria and Nigeria : 2 African teams to the Round of 16 6 African firsts at the World Cup 6.1 World Cup Finals 6.2 World Cup Qualifiers 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) Total Teams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 6 5 5 44 Top 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 10 Top 8 -- 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Top 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Top 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1st 0 2nd 0 3rd 0 4th 0 Country # Years Best result Cameroon 7 1982 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 QF Nigeria 6 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 R2 Morocco 5 1970 , 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2018 R2 Tunisia 5 1978 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2018 R1 Algeria 1982 , 1986 , 2010 , 2014 R2 Ivory Coast 2006 , 2010 , 2014 R1 Egypt 1934 , 1990 , 2018 R1 Ghana 2006 , 2010 , 2014 QF South Africa 1998 , 2002 , 2010 R1 Senegal 2002 , 2018 QF DR Congo R1 Angola 2006 R1 Togo 2006 R1 Results ( edit ) Team results by tournament ( edit ) Legend 1st -- Champions 2nd -- Runners - up 3rd -- Third place 4th -- Fourth place QF -- Quarterfinals ( 1934 -- 1938 , 1954 -- 1970 , and 1986 -- present : knockout round of 8 ) R2 -- Round 2 ( 1974 -- 1978 , second group stage , top 8 ; 1982 : second group stage , top 12 ; 1986 -- present : knockout round of 16 ) R1 -- Round 1 Q -- Qualified for upcoming tournament -- Qualified but withdrew -- Did not qualify × -- Did not enter / Withdrew / Banned -- Hosts -- Not affiliated in FIFA The team ranking in each tournament is according to FIFA . The rankings , apart from the top four positions ( top two in 1930 ) , are not a result of direct competition between the teams ; instead , teams eliminated in the same round are ranked by their full results in the tournament . In recent tournaments , FIFA has used the rankings for seedings for the final tournament draw . For each tournament , the number of teams in each finals tournament ( in brackets ) are shown . Team 1930 ( 13 ) 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) Total Qual . Comp . Algeria Former colony of France × R1 13th R1 22nd R1 28th R2 14th 13 Angola Former colony of Portugal × R1 23rd 9 Cameroon Former colony of France × × R1 17th QF 7th R1 22nd R1 25th R1 20th R1 31st R1 32nd 7 13 DR Congo Former colony of Belgium × × R1 16th × 11 Egypt × R1 13th × × × × × × R1 20th R1 31st 14 Ghana Former colony of the United Kingdom × × × R2 13th QF 7th R1 25th 13 Ivory Coast Former colony of France × × × × R1 19th R1 17th R1 21st 11 Morocco × R1 14th R2 11th R1 23rd R1 18th R1 27th 5 14 Nigeria Former colony of the United Kingdom × R2 9th R2 12th R1 27th R1 27th R2 16th R1 21st 6 14 Senegal Former colony of France × × × × QF 7th R1 17th 11 South Africa × × × × × × × × × × R1 24th R1 17th R1 20th 7 Togo Former colony of France × × × × × R1 30th 10 Tunisia Former colony of France × R1 9th R1 26th R1 29th R1 24th R1 24th 5 14 Tournament standings ( edit ) Team Champions Finals Semifinals Quarterfinals 2nd Round Ghana 0 0 0 Cameroon 0 0 0 Senegal 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 Quarterfinals = knockout round of 8 : 1934 -- 1938 , 1954 -- 1970 , and 1986 -- present ; second group stage , top 8 : 1974 -- 1978 2nd Round = second group stage , top 12 : 1982 ; knockout round of 16 : 1986 -- present Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Results through World Cup 2018 Team Pld GF GA Goal + / - Points Topscorers Nigeria 21 6 12 23 30 - 7 21 A. Musa 4 Cameroon 23 7 12 18 43 - 25 19 R. Milla 5 Ghana 12 5 13 16 - 3 15 A. Gyan 6 Senegal 8 11 10 + 1 12 P. Bouba Diop 3 Algeria 13 7 13 19 - 6 12 S. Assad 2 A. Djabou 2 I. Slimani 2 Morocco 16 5 9 14 22 - 8 11 A. Hadda 2 A. Khairi 2 S. Bassir 2 Ivory Coast 9 5 13 14 - 1 10 W. Bony 2 A. Dindane 2 D. Drogba 2 Gervinho 2 South Africa 9 11 16 - 5 10 S. Bartlett 2 B. McCarthy 2 Tunisia 15 9 13 25 - 12 10 W. Khazri 2 Angola 0 - 1 A. Flavio 1 Egypt 7 0 5 5 12 - 7 A. Fawzi 2 M. Salah 2 Togo 0 0 6 - 5 0 M. Kader 1 DR Congo 0 0 0 14 - 14 0 Appearances ( edit ) Ranking of teams by number of appearances ( edit ) Team Appearances Record streak Active streak Debut Most recent Best result Cameroon 7 0 1982 2014 Quarterfinals ( 1990 ) Nigeria 6 1994 2018 Round 2 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2014 ) Morocco 5 1970 2018 Round 2 ( 1986 ) Tunisia 5 1978 2018 Round 1 Algeria 0 1982 2014 Round 2 ( 2014 ) Ghana 0 2006 2014 Quarterfinals ( 2010 ) Ivory Coast 0 2006 2014 Round 1 Egypt 1934 2018 Round 1 South Africa 0 1998 Round 1 Senegal 2002 2018 Quarterfinals ( 2002 ) DR Congo 0 Round 1 Angola 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Togo 0 2006 2006 Round 1 Debut of teams ( edit ) Each successive World Cup has had at least one team appearing for the first time . This table shows the national associations in alphabetical order per year . Year Debutants Total 1930 0 1934 Egypt 1938 0 1950 0 1954 0 1958 0 1962 0 1966 0 1970 Morocco Zaire 1978 Tunisia 1982 Algeria , Cameroon 1986 0 1990 0 1994 Nigeria 1998 South Africa 2002 Senegal 2006 Angola , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Togo 0 2014 0 2018 0 2022 TBD Total 13 Not qualified ( edit ) 41 of the 54 active FIFA and CAF members have never qualified for the final tournament . Legend -- Did not qualify × -- Did not enter / Withdrew / Banned -- Not affiliated in FIFA Country Number of Qualifying attempts 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 Zambia 13 part of the United Kingdom × Guinea 12 part of France × × × Kenya 12 part of the United Kingdom × × × Ethiopia 11 × × × × × × Sudan 11 × × × × × × × Burkina Faso 10 part of France × × × × Malawi 10 part of the United Kingdom × × × Sierra Leone 10 part of the United Kingdom × × × × × Uganda 10 × × × × × Zimbabwe 10 × × × × member of AFC Congo 9 × × × × × Liberia 9 × × × × × Madagascar 9 × × × × × Tanzania 9 × × × × × Benin 8 × × × × × × Gabon 8 × × × × × × Gambia 8 × × × × × Libya 8 part of Italy × × × × × × Mozambique 8 part of Portugal × × Lesotho 7 × × × × × × × Mauritius 7 × × × × × × × Namibia 7 Niger 7 × × × × × × Swaziland 7 × × × Botswana 6 × × × × Guinea - Bissau 6 × × Mauritania 6 part of Italy × × × × × × × × × Rwanda 6 × × × × × Somalia 6 part of Italy & UK × × × × × × × × × Burundi 5 × × × × × × × Cape Verde 5 × × × × Chad 5 × × × Equatorial Guinea 5 × × × Mali 5 × × × × × × × × × Seychelles 5 × × × Djibouti part of France × × Eritrea part of Ethiopia × São Tomé and Príncipe × × × × Comoros part of France × Central African Republic × × × × × × × × × × × × South Sudan part of Sudan × Summary of performance ( edit ) This table shows for each world cup the number of countries at the World Cup , the number of entries ( # E ) from around the world ( including any rejections and withdrawals ) , the number of African entries ( # A ) , how many of those African entries withdrew ( # A - ) before / during qualification or were rejected by FIFA , the African representatives at the World Cup finals , the number of World Cup Qualifiers each African representative had to play to get to the World Cup ( # WCQ ) , the furthest stage they reached , their results , and their coaches . Year Host Size # E # A # A - African finalists # WCQ Stage Results Coach 1930 Uruguay 13 13 0 0 - 1934 Italy 16 32 0 Egypt R1 lost 2 -- 4 Hungary James McRea 1938 France 15 37 - 1950 Brazil 13 34 0 0 - 1954 Switzerland 16 45 0 - 1958 Sweden 16 56 - 1962 Chile 16 56 7 - 1966 England 16 74 17 17 Boycott 1970 Mexico 16 75 14 Morocco 10 R1 lost 1 -- 2 West Germany , lost 0 -- 3 Peru , drew 1 -- 1 Bulgaria Blagoje Vidinić West Germany 16 99 24 Zaire 10 R1 lost 0 -- 2 Scotland , lost 0 -- 9 Yugoslavia , lost 0 -- 3 Brazil Blagoje Vidinić 1978 Argentina 16 107 26 Tunisia 10 R1 won 3 -- 1 Mexico , lost 0 -- 1 Poland , drew 0 -- 0 West Germany Abdelmajid Chetali 1982 Spain 24 109 29 Algeria 8 R1 won 2 -- 1 West Germany , lost 0 -- 2 Austria , won 3 -- 2 Chile Mahieddine Khalef Rachid Mekhloufi Cameroon 8 R1 drew 0 -- 0 Peru , drew 0 -- 0 Poland , drew 1 -- 1 Italy Jean Vincent 1986 Mexico 24 121 29 Algeria 6 R1 drew 1 -- 1 Northern Ireland , lost 0 -- 1 Brazil , lost 0 -- 3 Spain Rabah Saâdane Morocco 8 R2 drew 0 -- 0 Poland , drew 0 -- 0 England , win 3 -- 1 Portugal R2 : lost 0 -- 1 West Germany José Faria 1990 Italy 24 116 26 5 Cameroon 8 QF won 1 -- 0 Argentina , won 2 -- 1 Romania , lost 0 -- 4 Soviet Union R2 : won 2 -- 1 Colombia , QF : lost 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) England Valeri Nepomniachi Egypt 8 R1 drew 1 -- 1 Netherlands , drew 0 -- 0 Republic of Ireland , lost 0 -- 1 England Mahmoud El - Gohary 1994 U.S. 24 147 40 12 Cameroon 8 R1 drew 2 -- 2 Sweden , lost 0 -- 3 Brazil , lost 1 -- 6 Russia Henri Michel Morocco 10 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Belgium , lost 1 -- 2 Saudi Arabia , lost 1 -- 2 Netherlands Abdellah Blinda Nigeria 8 R2 won 3 -- 0 Bulgaria , lost 1 -- 2 Argentina , won 2 -- 0 Greece R2 : lost 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Clemens Westerhof 1998 France 32 174 38 Cameroon 6 R1 drew 1 -- 1 Austria , lost 0 -- 3 Italy , drew 1 -- 1 Chile Claude Le Roy Morocco 6 R1 drew 2 -- 2 Norway , lost 0 -- 3 Brazil , won 3 -- 0 Scotland Henri Michel Nigeria 6 R2 won 3 -- 2 Spain , won 1 -- 0 Bulgaria , lost 1 -- 3 Paraguay R2 : lost 1 -- 4 Denmark Bora Milutinovic South Africa 8 R1 lost 0 -- 3 France , drew 1 -- 1 Denmark , drew 2 -- 2 Saudi Arabia Philippe Troussier Tunisia 8 R1 lost 0 -- 2 England , lost 0 -- 1 Colombia , drew 1 -- 1 Romania Henryk Kasperczak 2002 South Korea and Japan 32 199 51 Cameroon 10 R1 drew 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland , won 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , lost 0 -- 2 Germany Winfried Schäfer Nigeria 10 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Argentina , lost 1 -- 2 Sweden , drew 0 -- 0 England Festus Onigbinde South Africa 8 R1 drew 2 -- 2 Paraguay , won 1 -- 0 Slovenia , lost 2 -- 3 Spain Jomo Sono Senegal 10 QF won 1 -- 0 France , drew 1 -- 1 Denmark , drew 3 -- 3 Uruguay R2 : won 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Sweden , QF : lost 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Turkey Bruno Metsu Tunisia 10 R1 lost 0 -- 2 Russia , drew 1 -- 1 Belgium , lost 0 -- 2 Japan Ammar Souayah 2006 Germany 32 197 51 Angola 12 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Portugal , drew 0 -- 0 Mexico , drew 1 -- 1 Iran Luís Oliveira Gonçalves Ivory Coast 10 R1 lost 1 -- 2 Argentina , lost 1 -- 2 Netherlands , won 3 -- 2 Serbia and Montenegro Henri Michel Ghana 12 R2 lost 0 -- 2 Italy , won 2 -- 0 Czech Republic , won 2 -- 1 United States R2 : lost 0 -- 3 Brazil Ratomir Dujković Togo 12 R1 lost 1 -- 2 South Korea , lost 0 -- 2 Switzerland , lost 0 -- 2 France Otto Pfister Tunisia 10 R1 drew 2 -- 2 Saudi Arabia , lost 1 -- 3 Spain , lost 0 -- 1 Ukraine Roger Lemerre South Africa 32 204 53 Algeria 13 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Slovenia , drew 0 -- 0 England , lost 0 -- 1 United States Rabah Saâdane Cameroon 12 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Japan , lost 1 -- 2 Denmark , lost 1 -- 2 Netherlands Paul Le Guen Ivory Coast 12 R1 drew 0 -- 0 Portugal , lost 1 -- 3 Brazil , won 3 -- 0 North Korea Sven - Göran Eriksson Ghana 12 QF won 1 -- 0 Serbia , drew 1 -- 1 Australia , lost 0 -- 1 Germany R2 : won 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) United States , QF : drew 1 -- 1 ( 2 -- 4 p.s.o. ) Uruguay Milovan Rajevac Nigeria 12 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Argentina , lost 1 -- 2 Greece , drew 2 -- 2 South Korea Lars Lagerbäck South Africa host R1 drew 1 -- 1 Mexico , lost 0 -- 3 Uruguay , won 2 -- 1 France Carlos Alberto Parreira 2014 Brazil 32 203 53 Algeria 8 R2 lost 1 -- 2 Belgium , won 4 -- 2 South Korea , drew 1 -- 1 Russia R2 : lost 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Germany Vahid Halilhodžić Cameroon 8 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Mexico , lost 0 -- 4 Croatia , lost 1 -- 4 Brazil Volker Finke Ivory Coast 8 R1 won 2 -- 1 Japan , lost 1 -- 2 Colombia , lost 1 -- 2 Greece Sabri Lamouchi Ghana 8 R1 lost 1 -- 2 United States , drew 2 -- 2 Germany , lost 1 -- 2 Portugal James Kwesi Appiah Nigeria 8 R2 drew 0 -- 0 Iran , won 1 -- 0 Bosnia and Herzegovina , lost 2 -- 3 Argentina R2 : lost 0 -- 2 France Stephen Keshi 2018 Russia 32 210 54 Egypt 8 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Uruguay , lost 1 -- 3 Russia , lost 1 -- 2 Saudi Arabia Héctor Cúper Morocco 8 R1 lost 0 -- 1 Iran , lost 0 -- 1 Portugal , drew 2 -- 2 Spain Hervé Renard Nigeria 8 R1 lost 0 -- 2 Croatia , won 2 -- 0 Iceland , lost 1 -- 2 Argentina Gernot Rohr Senegal 8 R1 won 2 -- 1 Poland , drew 2 -- 2 Japan , lost 0 -- 1 Colombia Aliou Cissé Tunisia 8 R1 lost 1 -- 2 England , lost 2 -- 5 Belgium , won 2 -- 1 Panama Nabil Maâloul Performance at individual World Cups ( edit ) 1930s : Egypt 's early appearance ( edit ) The inaugural 1930 FIFA World Cup was the only one without any qualification process . No African teams entered . The Pharaohs of Egypt were the only African team to apply to feature at the 1934 FIFA World Cup . As there were 32 countries competing for 16 places , FIFA organized the first qualification round . Egypt was placed in a group with Turkey and Palestine , then a British mandate . Turkey withdrew , and Egypt beat Palestine 7 -- 1 in Cairo and 4 -- 1 in Jerusalem to qualify for the World Cup finals . The 1934 FIFA World Cup finals was organized as a straight knock - out . Egypt lost 2 -- 4 to Hungary in Naples with Abdulrahman Fawzi scoring twice to become the first African to score at the World Cup finals . However , a third goal by Fawzi was ruled offside by the Italian referee despite the player having dribbled from the middle of the pitch , and the fourth Hungarian goal involved a scuffle where the Hungarian striker broke the Egyptian goalkeeper 's nose with his elbow . The Italian newspapers heavily criticized their referee , but Egypt sailed home and only returned to the World Cup finals 56 years later . 1938 -- 1966 : World Cup without Africa ( edit ) Egypt was the only African country to apply to compete at the 1938 FIFA World Cup , but withdrew before playing any matches . No African countries applied to compete at the 1950 FIFA World Cup . Egypt was the only African country to apply to compete at the 1954 World Cup . They were placed in a two - team group with Italy , but lost 1 -- 2 in Cairo and 1 -- 5 in Milan , and thus did not qualify for the World Cup . Egypt , Ethiopia , and Sudan all applied to enter the qualification process for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , but Ethiopia 's entry was rejected by FIFA . Egypt and Sudan competed in an Africa / Asia zone with ten Asian countries for one spot at the World Cup . Egypt progressed to the next round after Cyprus withdrew , but then itself withdrew . Sudan defeated Syria 2 -- 1 on aggregate but eventually withdrew in protest at having to play Israel . ( Eventually , the spot originally reserved for Africa and Asia was taken by Wales . ) Seven African countries entered the qualification process for the 1962 FIFA World Cup : Ghana , United Arab Republic ( a joint football association by Egypt and Syria , who were politically united between 1958 and 1961 ) , Ethiopia , Morocco , Nigeria , Sudan and Tunisia . Ethiopia entered through the UEFA qualification process , where it was eliminated by Israel , while the rest entered through the CAF qualification process . Both Sudan and U.A.R. withdrew as FIFA would not allow them to rearrange matches to avoid the monsoon season , so the four teams formed two two - team groups . In the first group , Morocco and Tunisia both beat each other 2 -- 1 at home , and then played a third match at a neutral location ( Palermo , Italy ) which ended in a 1 -- 1 draw after extra time . Since penalty shootouts were not used by FIFA till the 1970s , Morocco advanced by drawing lots to eliminate Tunisia . Morocco then eliminated Ghana with a draw and a win to proceed to a UEFA / CAF playoff with Spain . They lost both legs of this playoff , meaning that no African nation made it to the World Cup finals for the fifth time in a row . Seventeen African countries entered the qualification process for the 1966 FIFA World Cup : Algeria , Cameroon , French Congo , Ethiopia , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Libya , Mali , Morocco , Nigeria , Senegal , South Africa , Sudan , and Tunisia . FIFA rejected the application of French Congo , and had already suspended South Africa for apartheid , resulting in their disqualification . FIFA 's allocation of only one place to three continents ( Africa , Asia , Oceania ) was subject to significant criticism , especially given the large increase in applications from newly independent African countries . After FIFA confirmed the allocation , the remaining fifteen African nations withdrew in protest . 1970 : Morocco returns Africa to the World Cup ( edit ) Fourteen African countries entered the qualification process for the 1970 World Cup : Algeria , Cameroon , Ethiopia , Ghana , Guinea , Libya , Morocco , Nigeria , Rhodesia , Senegal , Sudan , Tunisia , Zaire , and Zambia . FIFA rejected the applications of Guinea and Zaire . The Atlas Lions of Morocco played ten matches to qualify for the single CAF spot at the World Cup , advancing along the way past Tunisia by virtue of a coin toss . Rhodesia , having been expelled from CAF for having a white minority government , entered through the Asia / Oceania qualifying group , where they had to play against Australia in Portuguese - held Mozambique ( there was a boycott against playing matches in Rhodesia ) . The first two matches were drawn , thanks in large part to the excellent Rhodesian goalkeeper Robin Jordan , and the desperate Australians hired a Mozambican sangoma to ' curse ' him . In the third match , Jordan was taken off injured after a collision with another player , Australia won 3 -- 1 , then refused to pay the sangoma , got ' cursed ' by the irate man , and were eliminated two weeks later by Israel . Meanwhile , Rhodesia 's CAF expulsion was soon followed by a FIFA expulsion , with Zimbabwe readmitted in 1980 . At the 1970 World Cup , Morocco was placed in Group 4 along with West Germany , Peru , and Bulgaria . They lost 1 -- 2 to eventual semi-finalists West Germany , lost 0 -- 3 to Peru , and drew 1 -- 1 with Bulgaria . The two goalscorers were Houmane Jarir ( against West Germany ) and Maouhoub Ghazouani ( against Bulgaria ) , who were thus the second and third ever African goalscorers at the World Cup . Morocco finished bottom of the group , on goal difference , with one point -- the first African point in the World Cup . 1974 : Zaire makes an impression ( edit ) 24 African countries entered the qualification process for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , with the Leopards of Zaire eventually qualifying quite comfortably , scoring 18 goals and conceding 5 in the ten matches they played to qualify . At the 1974 FIFA World Cup , Zaire were placed in Group 2 along with Scotland , Yugoslavia ( home of Zaire coach and 1970 Morocco coach Blagoje Vidinić ) , and Brazil . In their first match against Scotland , they impressed with their fast attacking style , and lost just 0 -- 2 . Scottish centre - half Jim Holton said after the match `` Let 's face it , we underestimated them . For fifteen minutes I wondered what the hell was going on , where the devil had this lot come from , playing stuff like that ! '' The next opponents Yugoslavia had noted holes in the Zairean defence , and fully exploited them to hammer Zaire 9 -- 0 in a then record win for World Cup finals , with all but three of their outfield players getting on the scoresheet . Zaire striker Mulamba Ndaye , who was sent off for protesting that a goal by the Yugoslavians was offside , said after the match , `` The management had made off with our match bonuses , and we 'd threatened not to play the game . Frankly we 'd lost our morale . We could easily have let in 20 goals . '' After the defeat , the Zairean team were told by the country 's dictator Mobutu Sese Seko -- who had rewarded the players for qualifying with a house and a car each -- not to come home if defending champions Brazil beat them 4 -- 0 or worse . Zaire managed to keep Brazil to merely a 0 -- 3 defeat with Zairean defender Mwepu Ilunga receiving a yellow card for interfering with a free kick . Zaire left the tournament without scoring a goal . 1978 : Tunisia becomes first African team to win at the World Cup ( edit ) 26 African countries entered the qualification process for 1 spot at the 1978 FIFA World Cup . In comparison , 22 Asia / Oceania countries also competed for 1 spot , while 31 European countries competed for 8.5 spots . Les Aigles de Carthage ( The Carthage Eagles ) of Tunisia eventually qualified , along the way eliminating Morocco in the first ever penalty shootout in World Cup qualification history . This was a major change for Tunisia , who had been eliminated by Morocco quite literally by chance on three previous occasions in the 1960s . Tunisia were placed in Group 2 with West Germany , Poland , and Mexico . After Zaire 's fate in 1974 , they were not expected to do well . They were 0 -- 1 down to Mexico at half - time when their Tunisian coach Abdelmajid Chetali told them that they treated their opponents with too much respect , and that they could still win the game if they tackled hard and imposed their belief and self - confidence . Buoyed by the pep talk , the North Africans scored thrice in the second half to win 3 -- 1 and become the first African team to win a match at the World Cup . They lost their next match to Poland 1 -- 0 , missing several chances , and held West Germany to a goalless draw . While this was not enough to progress to the next round , African football pride had been restored . 1982 : Algeria wins twice but eliminated ( edit ) This was the first World Cup with 24 teams , and Africa 's representation was doubled . So 29 African countries competed for 2 spots in World Cup qualification . In comparison , 21 Asian nations also competed for 2 spots , but 33 European nations competed for 13 spots . 1978 finalists Tunisia were eliminated in the first round by Nigeria on penalties . Four series of knockout rounds were played , with the final two spots going down to Nigeria vs Algeria , and Morocco vs Cameroon . Both Les Fennecs ( The Desert Foxes ) of Algeria and Les Lions Indomptables ( The Indomitable Lions ) of Cameroon won 2 -- 0 away and 2 -- 1 at home and qualified for the World Cup for the first time . Cameroon were placed in Group 1 , where they surprised everyone by remaining undefeated . They drew 0 -- 0 with Peru , 0 -- 0 with Poland , and 1 -- 1 with Italy . Grégoire Mbida scored Cameroon 's first World Cup finals goal . Italy had also drawn its three matches , so also had a goal difference of 0 , but had scored two goals to Cameroon 's one , so Cameroon were eliminated . This was especially painful because in their opening match against Peru , Cameroon striker Roger Milla had a goal wrongly disallowed for offside . Algeria were placed in Group 2 with West Germany , Austria , and Chile . The Africans produced a major upset in the first match , beating West Germany 2 -- 1 with goals by Rabah Madjer and Lakhdar Belloumi . They lost their second match 0 -- 2 to Austria , then produced another surprise by beating Chile 3 -- 2 . The day after the Algeria vs Chile match , West Germany and Austria played the final group match in Gijón knowing that a 1 -- 0 or 2 -- 0 win for West Germany would result in both European teams qualifying at the expense of Algeria on goal difference . West Germany scored after ten minutes , and then both teams appeared to pass the ball aimlessly around for the remaining 80 minutes . This performance was widely deplored by all observers . The Spanish crowd shouted , `` Fuera , fuera ! '' ( `` Out , out ! '' ) while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players to suggest that the game was fixed . Even the two sides ' fans were disgusted , with an Austrian television commentator advising viewers to turn off their TV sets , a German television commentator refusing to commentate further , and a German fan burning his national flag in protest . Furious Algerian football officials lodged an official protest , but the two teams denied any collusion . As nothing could be proved and the two teams had technically broken no rules , FIFA allowed the result to stand . FIFA did change the rules -- in future World Cups , the final two games in each group are played simultaneously . Thus Algeria were eliminated from the 1982 FIFA World Cup at the first hurdle despite two wins . 1986 : Morocco becomes first African team into the round of 16 ( edit ) As with 1982 , 29 African countries entered the qualification process for two spots at the World Cup . There were four series of knockout rounds , with four Mediterranean countries making the final round . Algeria beat neighbours Tunisia 7 -- 1 on aggregate and becomes the first African team to qualify consecutively for the second time to World Cup . Morocco beat Libya 3 -- 1 on aggregate and also qualified for their second World Cup . Algeria were placed in Group D with Brazil , Spain , and Northern Ireland . They did not reach the heights of its previous finals appearance , drawing 1 -- 1 with Northern Ireland , losing 0 -- 1 to Brazil , and losing 0 -- 3 to Spain . Morocco shocked both Poland and England with goalless draws , and then defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 to become the first African team to progress beyond the first round . In the second round , they faced a West German side that had seven survivors from the Shame of Gijón match . Goalkeeper Badou Zaki kept Morocco in the game with a series of excellent saves , but was finally beaten in the 87th minute by Disgrace of Gijón substitute Lothar Matthäus . West Germany won 1 -- 0 and went on to reach their second successive final . 1990 : Cameroon 's Indomitable Lions reach the quarter finals ( edit ) 26 African countries entered the qualification process for 2 spots at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . This was the first time African qualification moved from a mostly straight home - away knockout format to include group stages early on . Finally it came down to four teams playing in two playoffs for the final : Algeria vs Egypt and Tunisia vs Cameroon . Cameroon beat Tunisia 2 -- 0 at home and 1 -- 0 away , and qualified for their second World Cup . However , the playoff between the two North African sides was significantly more ill - tempered . After a goalless draw in Constantine , Egypt beat Algeria 1 -- 0 in Cairo to qualify for the World Cup . After the Cairo match , an Algerian player gouged out an Egyptian team doctor 's eye with a broken bottle . The player blamed , Lakhdar Belloumi ( who scored the winning goal in Algeria 's 2 -- 1 defeat of West Germany in 1982 ) , was not allowed to travel outside Algeria owing to an Interpol international arrest warrant for twenty years till the ( financially compensated ) Egyptian doctor dropped the charges in 2009 . Belloumi always claimed innocence in the incident , with him and other players pointing the finger at Algerian goalkeeper Kamel Kadri instead . There was tragedy during the second round Group C match between Nigeria and Angola on 12 August 1989 at the Lagos National Stadium when 24 - year - old Nigerian midfielder ( and qualified lawyer ) Samuel Okwaraji collapsed and died of congestive heart failure in the 77th minute . Egypt were placed in Group F with England , Netherlands , and Ireland . It turned out to be one of the tightest groups in World Cup history , with five draws in six games . Egypt drew 1 -- 1 with the Netherlands , drew 0 -- 0 with Ireland , but lost their final match 0 -- 1 to England . Egypt 's only goal of the tournament was a penalty by Magdi Abdelghani against the Netherlands . Egypt were thus eliminated from World Cup , still without a win after losing their only match in 1930 . Cameroon were undoubtedly the surprise package of the tournament . In their first match , they shocked Diego Maradona 's defending champions Argentina 1 -- 0 through a goal by François Omam - Biyik , despite finishing their match with nine men . In their next match , they defeated Romania 2 -- 1 thanks to two goals from 38 - year - old substitute Roger Milla . These were Milla 's first official goals in the World Cup ; he had had a goal against Peru wrongly disallowed for offside during the 1982 FIFA World Cup . Having already qualified for the next round , Cameroon then suffered their first loss ( after three draws and two wins ) in World Cup history , losing 0 -- 4 to the already eliminated Soviet Union . In the second round , Cameroon defeated Colombia 2 -- 1 , with Milla again coming on as a second - half substitute to score twice , famously dispossessing Colombian goalkeeper René Higuita for one of them . By this time , Roger Milla , his post-goal celebrations , and Cameroon had firmly implanted themselves in the global footballing consciousness . In the quarter finals , they were seven minutes from qualifying for the semi-finals when England were awarded a penalty . England won the match 3 -- 2 after extra time , with three of the five goals coming from penalties ( 1 for Cameroon , 2 for England ) . 1994 : Zambian air tragedy , Nigeria reaches round of 16 ( edit ) 40 African countries entered the qualification process for 3 spots at the 1994 FIFA World Cup . The extra spot was awarded after the strong performances of Cameroon and Egypt at Italia 90 . However , only 28 played all their matches after FIFA rejected Libya ( due to UN sanctions ) and 11 other nations withdrew at various stages . There was a new qualification format , with two group stages . The big casualty of the first stage was 1990 finalists Egypt , as crowd trouble in Cairo turned a 2 -- 1 home victory over Zimbabwe into a crucial 0 -- 0 draw when FIFA ordered the match replayed at a neutral location . In the new second stage of qualification were three groups of three , with winners qualifying for the World Cup . The Super Eagles of Nigeria won Group A on goal difference , beating both Côte d'Ivoire and Algeria 4 -- 1 in Lagos . In Group C , Cameroon won the group with 3 wins and a loss away to second placed Zimbabwe , with Guinea coming third . In Group B were Morocco , Senegal , and Zambia . In the first match , Morocco beat Senegal 1 -- 0 . In the second match , Zambia were to face Senegal in Dakar . However , the plane carrying the Zambian team crashed en route on 28 April 1993 . The crash , attributed to mechanical problems and pilot error , killed all thirty people on board , including nearly the entire football team -- 18 players -- and coaches , support staff , and plane crew . ( The Zambian government had yet to release a report on the investigation of the crash of the military plane even ten years later . ) Only two European - based players from the original squad missed the flight -- Charles Musonda of Anderlecht , who was injured , and captain Kalusha Bwalya , who was flying in from Europe where he played with PSV Eindhoven . All matches in the group were postponed for a month . Zambia hastily put together a new team , captained by Bwalya , and defeated Morocco 2 -- 1 in Lusaka in the first match with the new team with goals from Kalusha Bwalya and Johnson Bwalya ( not related ) . However , they lost their final group match 0 -- 1 to Morocco in Casablanca and Morocco won Group B by one point . Amazingly , the rebuilt Chipolopolo ( Copper Bullets ) also went on to reach the finals of the 1994 African Cup of Nations . At the 1994 FIFA World Cup finals in the U.S. , Cameroon drew their first game in Group B with eventual semi-finalists Sweden 2 -- 2 and lost their second to eventual winners Brazil 0 -- 3 . They were 0 -- 3 down to Russia in their third match when half - time substitute Roger Milla scored in the 46th minute ( becoming at 42 the oldest man ever to score at the World Cup finals ) and sparked brief hopes of a miracle comeback . However , the final score was a 1 -- 6 loss to Russia , with Oleg Salenko netting a record - breaking five goals in vain . In Group F , Morocco lost its three matches by a goal each , 0 -- 1 to Belgium , 1 -- 2 to Saudi Arabia , and 1 -- 2 to the Netherlands . In Group D , Nigeria thumped eventual semi-finalists Bulgaria 3 -- 0 , then fell to a 1 -- 2 loss to Argentina before beating Greece 2 -- 0 . Nigeria , Bulgaria , and Argentina all finished on six points and qualified for the second round . In the second round , Nigeria faced Italy . Emmanuel Amuneke scored in the 25th minute , leaving Nigeria with a 1 -- 0 lead two minutes from the next round when Roberto Baggio scored in the 88th minute . Baggio scored again in extra time to send Nigeria home . This was the third successive World Cup where an African team progressed beyond the first stage , after Morocco in 1986 and Cameroon in 1990 . This was a major factor in FIFA increasing Africa 's allocation from 3 to 5 spots as the World Cup expanded from 24 to 32 four years later . 1998 : Nigeria reaches the round of 16 again ( edit ) 38 African countries entered the qualification process for 5 spots at the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the two new spots resulting from the tournament 's expansion from 24 to 32 teams . This was the first time that three points , instead of two , were awarded for a win . Burundi won both their first round qualification matches but then had to withdraw due to civil war . Sierra Leone , who they had just eliminated , took their place in the second round , and then became the first nation in World Cup qualifying history to be eliminated twice in the same qualifying campaign . Eventually , Cameroon , Morocco , Nigeria , and Tunisia qualified for the World Cup finals along with newcomers Bafana Bafana of South Africa , who had only been readmitted to FIFA in 1992 . The five African teams all took European coaches ( three French men , one Serb , one Pole ) to the finals , making it the first time since 1974 that there was no African coach at the World Cup . In Group A , Morocco drew their first match 2 -- 2 with Norway and then lost 0 -- 3 to Brazil . The last two matches in the group were played simultaneously ( as they had after the Disgrace of Gijón in 1982 ) -- with ten minutes left , Morocco were leading Scotland 2 -- 0 while Brazil led Norway 1 -- 0 . But Norway scored twice in the 83rd and 88th minutes to beat Brazil 2 -- 1 . Morocco also scored once more to beat Scotland 3 -- 0 , but went home . In Group B , Cameroon drew their first match 1 -- 1 with Austria ( the Austrians equalizing in the 90th minute ) but then lost 0 -- 3 to Italy . Cameroon could have progressed if they won their final group match against Chile , but they drew 1 -- 1 and went home . During the final match , Cameroon 's Rigobert Song became the first man to pick up red cards at two World Cups -- he was sent off as a 17 - year - old against Brazil in 1994 . ( The second man to be red carded at two World Cups would be Zinedine Zidane eight years later . ) In Group C , South Africa began their debut World Cup finals campaign with a 0 -- 3 loss to hosts and eventual champions France . They then drew 1 -- 1 with Denmark , Benni McCarthy scoring their first World Cup finals goal . They needed to win big in their final match against Saudi Arabia but could only manage a 2 -- 2 draw , giving away two penalties and only managing to equalize late into injury time with their own penalty , taken by brace - scorer Shaun Bartlett . In Group D , Nigeria opened with a 3 -- 2 win over fancied Spain and another 1 -- 0 win over Bulgaria . Having qualified for the next stage , they then lost 1 -- 3 to Paraguay . Both Nigeria and Paraguay qualified for the next stage , with Spain losing out despite thumping Bulgaria 6 -- 1 . However , in the Round of 16 , Nigeria were beaten 1 -- 4 by Denmark . All Nigeria 's six goals in the tournament came from six different players . In Group G , Tunisia lost their first two matches 0 -- 2 to England and 0 -- 1 to Colombia . They then managed to draw 1 -- 1 with Romania , who had won their first two matches and topped the group . Thus Tunisia 's second appearance at the World Cup ( after 1978 ) ended in them scoring only one goal , a penalty . Thus only 2 of Africa 's 5 representatives came away with at least one win . However , there was an African representative in the second round for the fourth time in succession . 2002 : Senegal reaches the quarter finals ( edit ) 51 African countries entered the qualification process for five spots at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Four of the five 1998 finalists again made it through , with Les Lions de la Teranga ( Teranga Lions ) of Senegal replacing Morocco . Senegal and Morocco topped the same qualification group each with four wins , three draws , and a loss , but Senegal had a seven - goal superior goal difference thanks to their 9 -- 0 aggregate thrashings of group minnows Namibia . In contrast , the Namibians had managed to hold Morocco to a goalless draw in Windhoek . Like Cameroon 12 years earlier , Senegal started with a shock 1 -- 0 win over the defending champions and went on to reach the quarter finals . In Group A , after beating France 1 -- 0 with a goal from Papa Bouba Diop , they drew 1 -- 1 with eventual group winners Denmark . In their final match against Uruguay , they were leading 3 -- 0 at half - time . In the second half , the South Americans -- for whom a win would have them progress at Senegal 's expense -- scored twice , and then a third time with an 88th - minute penalty kick . Senegal survived the frenetic final minutes of the game to hang on to a 3 -- 3 result . Thus Denmark and Senegal progressed to the next round while former champions Uruguay and France went home . In the Round of 16 , a golden goal in extra time ( to add to his 37th - minute strike ) from Henri Camara took Senegal 2 -- 1 past Sweden after extra time . But in the quarter - finals against Turkey , they were eliminated by a golden goal four minutes into extra time . In Group B , South Africa drew 2 -- 2 with Paraguay with an injury time penalty , then scored their first ever World Cup win by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 . However a 2 -- 3 loss to Spain then sent South Africa home . In Group E , Cameroon drew 1 -- 1 with Republic of Ireland , beat Saudi Arabia 1 -- 0 , and then lost 0 -- 2 to Germany . In Group F , Nigeria lost 0 -- 1 to Argentina , lost 1 -- 2 to Sweden , and having been eliminated , held England to a 0 -- 0 draw . In Group H , Tunisia lost 0 -- 2 to Russia , drew 1 -- 1 with Belgium , and lost 0 -- 2 to co-hosts Japan . Of Africa 's five representatives , three won at least once , but only one progressed beyond the first round . Still , Senegal 's surprise run made it the fifth successive time an African nation had made it to the Round of 16 , and the second time an African country had reached the quarter finals . Three of the five African nations ( South Africa , Nigeria , Tunisia ) took a local coach to the World Cup ; only one of those three scored a win . 2006 : Ghana reaches the round of 16 ( edit ) 51 African countries entered the race for 5 spots at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in a qualification process that doubled as one for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . In the final qualification round , teams were organized into five groups of six teams , with winners qualifying for the World Cup and the top three for the continental tournament . More matches were needed to qualify -- while at both the 1998 and 2002 32 - team World Cups , 3 of the 5 African teams played only 6 matches to get to the finals , here 3 of the 5 teams that qualified played 12 matches . Four of Africa 's five representatives to the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals were debutants , in contrast to 2002 when four of five had appeared at the previous World Cup . In Group 1 , Togo beat 2002 World Cup quarterfinalists Senegal by two points . The Black Stars of Ghana won Group 2 by five points while in Group 3 , Les Éléphants of Côte d'Ivoire lost both its matches to Cameroon but won the group since Cameroon drew too often . In Group 5 , Tunisia won the group one point ahead of 1998 finalists and perennial rivals Morocco . Although Morocco was the only African team ( of those who played a match ) to remain undefeated , it drew half its matches . In Group 4 , Angola and Nigeria both finished with 21 points after 10 matches , with Nigeria having a far superior goal difference thanks largely to scoring five goals against both Algeria and 3rd placed Zimbabwe in their last two matches . However , it had already been decided that head to head results were to be used to break such ties in 2006 World Cup Qualification before goal difference . The Palancas Negras ( Black Antelopes ) of Angola , having beaten Nigeria 2 -- 1 on aggregate , qualified for the World Cup . At the World Cup Finals , Côte d'Ivoire lost its first two Group C matches 1 -- 2 to Argentina and 1 -- 2 to the Netherlands before coming back from 0 -- 2 down to beat Serbia and Montenegro 3 -- 2 . In Group D , Angola -- the only African team at the finals with a local coach ( Luís Oliveira Gonçalves ) -- lost their first match 0 -- 1 to Portugal , then drew 0 -- 0 with Mexico and 1 -- 1 with Iran . In Group G , Togo made more news off the pitch with disputes over team bonuses causing coach Otto Pfister to walk out on the team until just before the first match and FIFA officials having to step in to stop players threatening to boycott the second match . Togo lost 1 -- 2 to South Korea , lost 0 -- 2 to Switzerland , and 0 -- 2 to eventual finalists France . In Group H , Tunisia drew 2 -- 2 with Saudi Arabia , lost 1 -- 3 to Spain ( including an injury time penalty from Fernando Torres ) , and 0 -- 1 to Ukraine . In Group E , Ghana began with up a 0 -- 2 loss to eventual winners Italy with a 2 -- 0 win over the Czech Republic and a 2 -- 1 win over the U.S.. Thus the debutants ensured an African representative in the Round of 16 for the sixth successive World Cup . They lost 0 -- 3 to Brazil in the Round of 16 . The match was later alleged to have been fixed , charges immediately denied by the Ghana Football Association . While for the sixth successive time there was an African team in the Round of 16 , Africa remained the only continent ( other than Oceania ) to never have two teams reach the Round of 16 at the same World Cup . 2010 : Ghana gets to quarter final ( edit ) The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the first time the World Cup was staged in Africa , with South Africa being the hosts . Their national team became the first World Cup hosts to get knocked out in the first round . Nigeria , Algeria , Ivory Coast and Cameroon also exited the tournament after the Group stages However , Ghana progressed beyond the group stages of the FIFA World Cup for the second time in a row , and defeated the U.S. 2 -- 1 after extra time in the Round of 16 , which saw them reach the quarter - finals , becoming the third African nation to do so . In the quarter - finals , they were eliminated by Uruguay . Ghana were defeated by Uruguay on penalties after Luis Suárez controversially handballed on the goal line deep into extra time , denying Ghana an almost certain winning goal . The penalty that followed , was missed by Asamoah Gyan . Had Ghana won their quarter final they would have become the very first African nation to progress to the semifinals of the world cup . Of the 32 countries that participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup , FIFA ranked Ghana 7th . 2014 : Algeria and Nigeria : 2 African teams to the round of 16 ( edit ) The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil marked the first time more than one African team went beyond the group stages . While Ghana and Cameroon both collected disappointing results ( apart from Ghana 's 2 -- 2 draw with later champions Germany , which saw them becoming the only team not to lose against the Germans in the entire tournament ) and eventually ended fourth in their group , Ivory Coast were also knocked out in the first round after a last - minute penalty kick against Greece and ended third in Group C , above Japan , whom they had defeated 2 -- 1 in their first match . Africa 's pride , however , was saved by both Nigeria and Algeria . The Nigerians kicked off their Group F campaign with a disappointing 0 -- 0 draw against Iran , before eventually defeating debutants Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 -- 0 . Stephen Keshi 's team went down 3 -- 2 to later finalists Argentina in their final match , leaving them on the brink of elimination , but Iran lost to the Bosnians 3 -- 1 and Nigeria went through to the Round of 16 for the third time in history , after 1998 and 1994 . Algeria lost 2 -- 1 to a strong Belgium in their opening match in Group H , a loss which was followed by an unexpected 4 -- 2 victory over the Korean Republic in Porto Alegre in their second match . In their final Group H encounter , a hard - won 1 -- 1 draw with Russia was enough to send the North Africans through to the next round . In the Round of 16 , both African teams fell just short to beat the likes of France ( Nigeria ) and Germany ( Algeria ) , but the fact that two African nations had reached that far , was a reason to be optimistic about the future of African football . During the 2014 edition , Ghana striker Asamoah Gyan became Africa 's all - time leading topscorer at the FIFA World Cup , having scored 6 goals in 3 World Cups , thus exceeding Cameroon veteran Roger Milla 's 5 goals . The 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia saw early elimination for Egypt , Morocco and Tunisia who all lost their first two group games . Nigeria also lost their first group game , but got a win in their second game , over Iceland , leaving them with a chance if they could get a result against 2014 finalists Argentina . However , they lost the decisive game , and were eliminated after finishing third in the group . Senegal won their opening game against Poland , and drew their second game against Japan , leaving them needing a draw in their final game against Colombia to be sure of progressing . However , they went down 0 -- 1 , and because Japan lost 0 -- 1 as well , Senegal bowed out due to the fair play tiebreaker . African firsts at the World Cup ( edit ) World Cup finals ( edit ) 1934 : Egypt , first African country at the World Cup 1934 : Abdulrahman Fawzi of Egypt , first African to score at the World Cup , who scored both Egypt 's goals in 2 -- 4 loss against Hungary . He netted a third , but was ruled offside . 1974 : Kidumu Mantantu of Zaire , first African player to receive a yellow card at the World Cup against Scotland on 14 June 1974 . 1974 : Mulamba Ndaye of Zaire , first African player to receive a red card at the World Cup against Yugoslavia on 18 June 1974 . 1978 : Tunisia , first African country to win a match at the World Cup Finals , with 3 -- 1 over Mexico 1978 : Abdelmajid Chetali of Tunisia , first African coach at the World Cup Finals 1982 : Algeria , first African team to win twice at the group stage ( The first team eliminated after winning twice in the group stages of the Fifa World Cup ) 1982 : FIFA introduced a revised qualification system at subsequent World Cups in which the final two games in each group were played simultaneously after Algeria protesting against its controversial elimination from the group stage caused by the match named Disgrace of Gijón . 1986 : Algeria , first African team to qualify twice in a row ( 1982 and 1986 ) 1986 : Morocco , first African team to reach round of 16 1990 : Cameroon , first African team to reach quarter - finals 1990 : Magdi Abdelghani of Egypt , first African to score a penalty at the World Cup in the 1 -- 1 draw against the Netherlands 1994 : Nigeria scored the biggest African win at the World Cup Finals , 3 -- 0 over Bulgaria 1994 : Roger Milla of Cameroon , the oldest player to score at World Cup Finals , aged 42 , against Russia . ( Russia won the match 6 -- 1 ) 1998 : Youssef Chippo of Morocco . first African to score an own goal at the World Cup , in the 2 -- 2 draw against Norway on 10 June 1998 . Two days later , Pierre Issa of South Africa scored an own goal in the 0 -- 3 loss to France . 2010 : South Africa , first African country to host the World Cup 2010 : Itumeleng Khune of South Africa , first African goalkeeper to receive a red card at the World Cup against Uruguay . ( He was the second goalkeeper ever sent off at the World Cup Finals , after Italy 's Gianluca Pagliuca at the 1994 FIFA World Cup ) 2014 : Algeria and Nigeria , first occasion in which two African teams qualified for round of 16 2014 : Algeria , first African team to score four goals in one match , in the 4 -- 2 win against South Korea 2014 : Stephen Keshi of Nigeria , first African coach to reach round of 16 2018 : Essam El - Hadary of Egypt , the oldest player and captain in the history of the World Cup Finals , aged 45 years and 161 days , against Saudi Arabia . ( Saudi Arabia won the match 2 -- 1 ) 2018 : Senegal , first team to be eliminated due to the fair play points tiebreaker . 2018 : Sofyan Amrabat of Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . World Cup Qualifiers ( edit ) 1978 WCQ : Tunisia , first African team to use penalties in World Cup Qualification , beating Morocco 4 -- 2 on penalties after a 1 -- 1 draw . 2002 WCQ : Abdul Hamid Bassiouny of Egypt , the fastest - ever hat - trick in an `` A '' international , scored a hat - trick in 177 seconds against Namibia in Alexandria on 13 July 2001 during an 8 -- 2 win by Egypt . 2010 WCQ : Algeria , most matches played by an African team to qualify for the World Cup Finals , 13 matches See also ( edit ) Football in Africa National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1982 , the second round has 12 teams of which 4 progressed to the semi-finals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Democratic Republic of the Congo competed as Zaire in 1974 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Statistical Overview ( page 4 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Seeding of national teams ( PDF ) . Accessed 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Algeria gained independence in 1962 , but they joined with other African nations to boycott the 1966 FIFA World Cup . Thus the 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification was their first participation . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1938 FIFA World Cup , Egypt withdrew before playing any matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1958 FIFA World Cup , Ethiopia 's application was rejected by FIFA , while Egypt and Sudan withdrew after early wins , the latter in protest at having to play Israel . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1962 FIFA World Cup , Sudan and the United Arab Republic ( Egypt ) tried to rearrange matches to avoid the monsoon season ; FIFA refused to approve this , and they withdrew in protest without playing any matches . Jump up ^ FIFA rejected the application of French Congo to the 1966 FIFA World Cup , and South Africa were later disqualified after being suspended due to apartheid . The remaining 15 African countries in the competition later withdrew without playing any matches to protest FIFA 's failure to allocate a World Cup spot to an African team . Jump up ^ FIFA rejected the applications of Guinea and Zaire for the 1970 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1974 FIFA World Cup , Gabon and Madagascar withdrew without playing any matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1978 FIFA World Cup , Central African Republic , Sudan , Tanzania and Zaire withdrew without playing any matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1982 FIFA World Cup , Central African Republic were excluded by FIFA for not paying the entry fee , Ghana and Uganda withdrew without playing any matches , and Libya withdrew in the second round as they refused to play a rearranged match against Egypt in Italy . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1986 FIFA World Cup , Lesotho , Niger and Togo withdrew without playing any matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1990 FIFA World Cup , FIFA rejected the applications of Mauritius and Mozambique due to outstanding financial debts . Lesotho , Rwanda , and Togo withdrew without playing , while Libya withdrew during the second round after playing three matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup , Libya was disqualified owing to UN sanctions . Burkina Faso , Malawi , São Tomé and Príncipe and Sierra Leone withdrew before the draw was made . Gambia , Mali , Mauritania , Sudan , Uganda withdrew after the draw but before playing any matches . War - torn Liberia withdrew having played two matches , while Tanzania withdrew after playing four matches . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , Mali and Niger withdrew without playing a match . War - torn Burundi withdrew after having won two matches and having qualified for the second round . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Burundi withdrew before the draw was made and thus played no matches . Guinea was disqualified by FIFA after they had played five matches because the Guinea Football Association was suspended due to political interference . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Central African Republic withdrew without playing a match . Jump up ^ During qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Central African Republic , São Tomé and Príncipe , and Eritrea withdrew without playing a match . Ethiopia were excluded from the competition after playing four matches when FIFA suspended the Ethiopian Football Federation . Jump up ^ Mauritania are not participating in the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Zimbabwe were expelled from the competition on 12 March 2015 due to their failure to pay former coach José Claudinei a severance fee . Jump up ^ The Palestine football team consisted of Jewish and British footballers , not Arab footballers . The FIFA fact sheet History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition states that `` The ' Palestine ' that had participated in previous competitions in the 1930s was actually the forerunner of today 's Israel team and as such bears no relation to the national team of modern Palestine . See here for more details and references . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Match Report for Hungary vs Egypt on 27 May 1934 in Naples '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1934 : The flying Egyptian '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2002 . Jump up ^ Israel had qualified for the 1958 World Cup without having played any of its eight scheduled matches as all of its opponents -- Turkey , Indonesia , Egypt , Sudan -- withdrew for various reasons . FIFA had a rule that no country could qualify for the World Cup finals without playing a game , so they asked Israel to play a two - legged playoff against an already eliminated Wales , who beat them 4 -- 0 and became the fourth British nation at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . ^ Jump up to : Morocco eliminated Tunisia on a coin toss or by drawing lots during qualification rounds for the 1962 and 1970 World Cups , and during qualification rounds for the 1968 Olympics . After FIFA introduced penalty kicks after 1970 , Tunisia eliminated Morocco during qualification for the 1978 World Cup on penalties -- the first time penalties had been used in World Cup qualification . Tunisia was not the only country eliminated by drawing lots during World Cup qualification -- Spain were eliminated by Turkey by drawing lots during 1954 World Cup Qualification . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Fact Sheet : History of the FIFA World Cup ( TM ) Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Australians sure they can win their next game easily - The Age , 26 November 1969 Jump up ^ http://australia.worldcupblog.org/world-cup-2010/witch-doctors-curses-and-countries-that-no-longer-exist.html Jump up ^ The last match against Morocco was forfeited by the Moroccans as it was a dead rubber . Jump up ^ http://gregarm.blogspot.com/2010/06/leopards-run-scotland-close-14th-june.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=39/results/matches/match=2186/report.html Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1974 : Zaire 's show of shame '' . BBC News . 22 May 2002 . Jump up ^ http://www.worldcupfails.com/2010/05/mwepu-ilungas-confusion-at-match-brazil.html Jump up ^ `` 1978 : Tunisia break the jinx '' . BBC Sport. 24 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Booth , Lawrence ; Rob Smyth ( 11 August 2004 ) . `` What 's the dodgiest game in football history ? '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA match report : Germany FR vs Austria , 1982 World Cup '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA match report : Morocco vs Germany FR , 1986 World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` FIFA match report : Germany FR vs Algeria , 1982 World Cup '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Brian ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` Egypt and Algeria repeat hate match '' . London : Guardian ( UK ) . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.echoroukonline.com/eng/index.php?news=7847 Jump up ^ http://www.africansoccerunion.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=103603:okwaraji-comes-alive-in-abuja Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Can you help us ? '' . BBC News . 27 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia disaster plans in disarray '' . BBC Sport. 10 April 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The day a nation cried '' . BBC Sport. 24 April 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kalusha reflects on tragedy '' . BBC Sport. 28 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Piers Edwards ( March 2010 ) . `` The struggle of African coaches '' . BBC Sport Blogs . Jump up ^ As of June 2010 , Norway was still the only country in the world never to be beaten by Brazil , having beaten the South Americans twice and drawn once . Jump up ^ The record for most goals scored at the World Cup with all different goal scorers and no own goals is 7 , set by the Soviet Union in 1982 . Teams to score six from six players are Italy in 1954 , Belgium in 1990 , and Nigeria in 1998 . Jump up ^ Teranga is the Wolof word for ' hospitality ' . Jump up ^ `` Togo match goes ahead after row '' . BBC Sport. 19 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Match - Fixing Investigator Declan Hill : ' I Am Sure the Game Was Manipulated ' '' . Spiegel Online . 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA denies match - fixing reports '' . Ghana Football Association . 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul . `` Uruguay 1 -- 1 Ghana ( 4 -- 2 pens ) '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ghana records best World Cup ranking '' . ghanafa.org . Ghana Football Association ( GFA ) . 13 July 2010 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=39/results/matches/match=2176/report.html Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt keep Cup hopes alive '' . BBC Sport. 13 July 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . External links ( edit ) FIFA Fact Sheet : History of the FIFA World Cup ( TM ) Preliminary Competition ( by year ) ( 44 page PDF document ) SportsBeefTV : YouTube channel for discussing Africa and World sports with a little humor Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_nations_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=851491186 '' Categories : Countries at the FIFA World Cup Association football in Africa FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20nations%20at%20the%20FIFA%20World%20Cup
| 6,998 |
||
who plays the girl in fifty shades of grey
|
Dakota Johnson
|
dakota johnson
|
Dakota Mayi Johnson ( born October 4 , 1989 ) is an American actress and model . She is the daughter of actors Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson . She had her screen debut alongside her mother in the comedy - drama Crazy in Alabama ( 1999 ) and was named Miss Golden Globe in 2006 . Following high school graduation , she returned to acting with roles in the films The Social Network ( 2010 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , 21 Jump Street ( 2012 ) , Need for Speed ( 2014 ) and the short - lived TV comedy Ben and Kate ( 2012 -- 2013 ) .
|
She received international recognition in 2015 after landing the lead role of Anastasia Steele in the romantic drama Fifty Shades of Grey , which catapulted her to fame and earned her the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress and a BAFTA Rising Star Award nomination . The same year , she took part in Black Mass and A Bigger Splash . She also starred in the romantic comedy How to Be Single ( 2016 ) , and reprised her role as Anastasia Steele in Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) and the upcoming Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting 2.2 Modeling 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Dakota Mayi Johnson was born on October 4 , 1989 , in Austin , Texas , to actors Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson . She is the maternal granddaughter of advertising executive and former child actor Peter Griffith and actress Tippi Hedren , and half - niece of actress Tracy Griffith and production designer Clay A. Griffin . Her former stepfather is actor Antonio Banderas . She has six half - siblings ; four on her father 's side , including actor Jesse Johnson , and two on her mother 's side . Johnson attended Aspen Community School in Aspen , Colorado . She later attended the Santa Catalina School in Monterey , California , for her freshman year of high school before transferring to New Roads School in Santa Monica , California . She was an avid dancer as a child . She became interested in modeling at age 12 after a photo shoot with children of other celebrities for Teen Vogue . Career ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) In 1999 , Johnson made her film debut in Crazy in Alabama where she and her half - sister , Stella Banderas , played daughters to their real - life mother , Melanie Griffith . The film was directed by her then - stepfather , Antonio Banderas . In 2006 , she was chosen as Miss Golden Globe 2006 , where she served as the first second - generation Miss Golden Globe in the Globes ' history . Once Johnson graduated from high school , she signed with the William Morris Agency and started her acting career . She appeared in the critically acclaimed box office hit The Social Network which was directed by David Fincher . She has also appeared in Beastly , Ezna Sands ' film Chloe and Theo , and So Yong Kim 's film For Ellen . In 2012 , she had roles in Christopher Neil 's film Goats , with David Duchovny ; Nicholas Stoller 's film The Five - Year Engagement for producer Judd Apatow , and the film 21 Jump Street . She also played the female lead in Chris Nelson 's film Date and Switch written by Alan Yang . In March 2012 , Johnson was cast as Kate in the Fox comedy series Ben and Kate , marking her television debut . The show was cancelled on January 25 , 2013 after one season . Johnson quickly resumed her film career , and appeared in Need for Speed ( 2014 ) . She also has been cast in the modern - day film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Cymbeline . Johnson at the press conference of Black Mass , September 7 , 2015 In 2013 , she had a role as one of the new hires on the `` Finale '' episode of The Office . Johnson played Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele in Fifty Shades of Grey , which was released in February 2015 . Johnson won the role over Lucy Hale , Felicity Jones , Elizabeth Olsen , Danielle Panabaker and Shailene Woodley . On February 15 , 2015 , Johnson appeared on Saturday Night Live 's 40th anniversary special and hosted SNL on February 28 , 2015 , making her the second daughter of a former SNL host ( after Gwyneth Paltrow , whose mother Blythe Danner hosted during the show 's seventh season in 1982 ) to host herself . Also in 2015 , she reunited with her 21 Jump Street cast member Johnny Depp , playing the mother of his character 's child in the feature film Black Mass . In 2015 , Johnson starred in Luca Guadagnino 's thriller A Bigger Splash , opposite Tilda Swinton , Matthias Schoenaerts and Ralph Fiennes . She also played a lead in the 2016 comedy How to Be Single , with Leslie Mann and her Date and Switch costar Nicholas Braun . Johnson mentioned in the Autumm / Winter 2015 issue of AnOther Magazine , that she is already deep in ballet training to prepare for Luca Guadagnino 's remake of Suspiria . She will star with Schnoenaerts again in The Sound of Metal , where she plays a singer , and he plays a drummer who begins to lose his hearing . She was set reunite with both her The Social Network producer Michael De Luca and costar Andrew Garfield for the crime thriller Under the Silver Lake but had to drop out and Riley Keough took the role . She will also star in and executive produce two films under her Silhouette Productions : Forever , Interrupted , where she will play a young widow , and Unfit , where she will play Carrie Buck in a fact - based 1920s courtroom drama . She has also signed on to work on the independent feature film The Peanut Butter Falcon with Bruce Dern and Shia LaBeouf . Modeling ( edit ) In 2006 , Johnson signed with IMG Models . Though acting is her primary work , she has since modeled for MANGO brand 's jeans line in 2009 and shot the `` Rising Star '' campaign for Australian fashion label Wish in 2011 . Personal life ( edit ) Johnson was previously in relationships with musician Noah Gersh , actor Jordan Masterson , and Welsh model and musician Matthew Hitt . In answer to the questions regarding her stance on gender rights with respect to her role in Fifty Shades , Johnson stated : `` I 'm proud of ( the movie ) . I completely disagree with people who think Ana 's weak . I think she 's actually stronger than he is . Everything she does is her choice . And if I can be an advocate for women to do what they want to do with their bodies and not be ashamed of what they want , then I 'm all for that . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Crazy in Alabama Sondra Social Network , The The Social Network Amelia Ritter All That Glitters Dianica French Short film 2011 Beastly Sloan Hagen 2012 For Ellen Cindy Taylor 2012 Goats Minnie 2012 21 Jump Street Fugazy 2012 Five - Year Engagement , The The Five - Year Engagement Audrey 2012 Transit Elizabeth Short film 2014 Date and Switch Em 2014 Need for Speed Anita Coleman 2014 Closed Set Leading Lady Short film 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Anastasia Steele 2015 Cymbeline Imogen 2015 Chloe and Theo Chloe 2015 Black Mass Lindsey Cyr 2015 A Bigger Splash Penelope Lannier 2015 In a Relationship Willa Short film 2015 Vale Rachel Short film 2016 How to Be Single Alice Kepley 2017 Fifty Shades Darker Anastasia Steele 2018 Suspiria Susie Bannion Post-production 2018 Fifty Shades Freed Anastasia Grey Post-production 2018 The Peanut Butter Falcon Eleanor Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 -- 13 Ben and Kate Kate Fox Main role ; 16 episodes 2013 Office , The The Office Dakota Episode : `` Finale '' 2015 Saturday Night Live Host Episode : `` Dakota Johnson / Alabama Shakes '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Dakota Johnson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Griffith and Dakota Johnson -- Like Mother , Like Daughter -- Hollywood 's Hottest Moms '' . InStyle . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview '' . Aspen Peak . p. 146 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Mayi Johnson 's Profile , Biography & Heritage '' . Katagogi. 2014 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview '' . Aspen Peak . p. 146 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miss / Mr. Golden Globe '' . HFPA . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson Selected as 2006 Miss Golden Globe at 63rd Annual Golden Globe Awards to Be Telecast Live on NBC on Jan. 16 ; First Daughter of a Former Miss Golden Globe Ever to Be Chosen '' . Findarticles.com . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MANGO blog '' . Mango.com . October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson '' . Thelast-magazine.com . October 25 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dakota Johnson '' . Interview Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Dakota Johnson books trio of roles '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Dakota Johnson woos ' Gay Dude ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Dakota Johnson Cast As The Lead Of Fox Comedy Pilot ' Ned Fox Is My Manny ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Officially Cancels ' Ben and Kate , ' Shuts Down Production '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Ben And Kate 's Dakota Johnson Feels The Need For Speed '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anton Yelchin & Dakota Johnson Set for Modern Day CYMBELINE Film Adaptation -- BWWMoviesWorld '' . Broadwayworld.com . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Star Dakota Johnson Ties Up New Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp talks `` Whitey '' `` . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` Fox Searchlight Makes a ' Splash ' With Ralph Fiennes , Tilda Swinton and Dakota Johnson '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First still of `` A Bigger Splash '' : Matthias Schoenaerts , Tilda Swinton , Dakota Johnson and Ralph Fiennes `` . imgur.com. 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Leslie Mann and Dan Stevens Join ' How to Be Single ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Full Story : Dakota Johnson for AnOther Magazine A / W15 '' . AnOther Magazine . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson , Matthias Schoenaerts to star in ' The Sound of Metal ' '' . January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes : Dakota Johnson Joins Andrew Garfield in ' Under the Silver Lake ' '' . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Riley Keough to Star Opposite Andrew Garfield in A24 's ' Under the Silver Lake ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Star Dakota Johnson Joins ' Forever , Interrupted ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dakota Johnson to Star in Courtroom Drama ' Unfit ' for Amazon '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Bruce Dern Join Shia LaBeouf in ' The Peanut Butter Falcon ' '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ `` Wish '' . Wish . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FROM TLM05 : DAKOTA JOHNSON '' . The Last Magazine . 11 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Rodrick , Stephen ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Dakota Johnson on ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Elle . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota Johnson splits with boyfriend Matthew Hitt after two years '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Jump up ^ Genevieve Field . @ . Interview in March 2014 issue , p. 234 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDakota Johnsonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Dakota Johnson on IMDb Dakota Johnson at Yahoo ! Movies Dakota Johnson at Rotten Tomatoes Preceded by J.K. Simmons Saturday Night Live host February 28 , 2015 Succeeded by Chris Hemsworth VIAF : 180546099 LCCN : no2011124621 GND : 1073227340 BNF : cb16980282x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dakota_Johnson&oldid=808569303 '' Categories : 1989 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Austin , Texas American child actresses American film actresses American people of Norwegian descent American people of Swedish descent American television actresses Living people Female models from Texas Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 17 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota%20Johnson
| 18,167 |
||
what do you call a cracker in england
|
In Commonwealth nations and Ireland , a biscuit is a small baked product that would be called either a `` cookie '' or a `` cracker '' in the United States and most of English - speaking Canada . Biscuits in the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and Ireland are hard and may be savoury or sweet , such as chocolate biscuits , digestives , hobnobs , ginger nuts , rich tea , bourbons , and custard creams . In the Commonwealth Nations and Ireland , the term `` cookie '' typically refers to only one type of biscuit ( chocolate chip cookie ) ; however , it may also locally refer to specific types of biscuits or breads .
|
biscuit
|
Biscuit
|
biscuit
|
Biscuit is a term used for a variety of primarily flour - based baked food products . The term is applied to two distinct products in North America and the Commonwealth of Nations and Europe . The North American biscuit is typically a soft , leavened quick bread , and is covered in the article Biscuit ( bread ) . This article covers the other type of biscuit , which is typically hard , flat and unleavened .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations in meaning 2 Etymology 3 History 3.1 Biscuits for travel 3.2 Confectionery biscuits 4 Biscuits today 4.1 Commonwealth of Nations and Europe 4.2 North America 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Variations in meaning ( edit ) In Commonwealth nations and Ireland , a biscuit is a small baked product that would be called either a `` cookie '' or a `` cracker '' in the United States and most of English - speaking Canada . Biscuits in the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man and Ireland are hard and may be savoury or sweet , such as chocolate biscuits , digestives , hobnobs , ginger nuts , rich tea , bourbons , and custard creams . In the Commonwealth Nations and Ireland , the term `` cookie '' typically refers to only one type of biscuit ( chocolate chip cookie ) ; however , it may also locally refer to specific types of biscuits or breads . In the United States and some parts of English Canada , a `` biscuit '' is a quick bread , somewhat similar to a scone , and usually unsweetened . Leavening is achieved through the use of baking powder or when using buttermilk baking soda . Biscuits are usually referred to as either `` baking powder biscuits '' or `` buttermilk biscuits '' if buttermilk is used rather than milk as a liquid . A Southern regional variation using the term `` beaten biscuit '' ( or in New England `` sea biscuit '' ) is closer to hardtack than soft dough biscuits . Beaten biscuits Wheat and cream biscuits Etymology ( edit ) The modern - day difference in the English language regarding the word `` biscuit '' is provided by British cookery writer Elizabeth David in English Bread and Yeast Cookery , in the chapter `` Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes '' and section `` Soft Biscuits '' . She writes , It is interesting that these soft biscuits ( such as scones ) are common to Scotland and Guernsey , and that the term biscuit as applied to a soft product was retained in these places , and in America , whereas in England it has completely died out . The Old French word bescuit is derived from the Latin words bis ( twice ) and coquere , coctus ( to cook , cooked ) , and , hence , means `` twice - cooked '' . This is because biscuits were originally cooked in a twofold process : first baked , and then dried out in a slow oven . This term was then adapted into English in the 14th century during the Middle Ages , in the Middle English word bisquite , to represent a hard , twice - baked product . The Dutch language from around 1703 had adopted the word koekje ( `` little cake '' ) to have a similar meaning for a similar hard , baked product . The difference between the secondary Dutch word and that of Latin origin is that , whereas the koekje is a cake that rises during baking , the biscuit , which has no raising agent , in general does not ( see gingerbread / ginger biscuit ) , except for the expansion of heated air during baking . When continental Europeans began to emigrate to colonial North America , the two words and their `` same but different '' meanings began to clash . The words cookie or cracker became the words of choice to mean a hard , baked product . Further confusion has been added by the adoption of the word biscuit for a small leavened bread popular in the United States . According to the American English dictionary Merriam - Webster , a cookie is a `` small flat or slightly raised cake '' . A biscuit is `` any of various hard or crisp dry baked product '' similar to the American English terms cracker or cookie , or `` a small quick bread made from dough that has been rolled out and cut or dropped from a spoon '' . In a number of other European languages , terms derived from the latin bis coctus refer instead to yet another baked product , similar to the sponge cake ; e.g. Spanish bizcocho , German Biskuitmasse , Russian бисквит ( biskvit ) , Polish biszkopt . In modern Italian usage , the term biscotto is used to refer to any type of hard twice - baked biscuit , and not only to the cantuccini as in English - speaking countries . History ( edit ) Biscuits for travel ( edit ) Ship 's biscuit display in Kronborg , Denmark Main article : Hardtack The need for nutritious , easy - to - store , easy - to - carry , and long - lasting foods on long journeys , in particular at sea , was initially solved by taking live food along with a butcher / cook . However , this took up additional space on what were either horse - powered treks or small ships , reducing the time of travel before additional food was required . This resulted in early armies ' adopting the style of hunter - foraging . The introduction of the baking of processed cereals including the creation of flour provided a more reliable source of food . Egyptian sailors carried a flat , brittle loaf of millet bread called dhourra cake while the Romans had a biscuit called buccellum . Roman cookbook Apicius describes : `` a thick paste of fine wheat flour was boiled and spread out on a plate . When it had dried and hardened , it was cut up and then fried until crisp , then served with honey and pepper . '' Many early physicians believed that most medicinal problems were associated with digestion . Hence , for both sustenance and avoidance of illness , a daily consumption of a biscuit was considered good for health . Hard biscuits soften as they age . To solve this problem , early bakers attempted to create the hardest biscuit possible . Because it is so hard and dry , if properly stored and transported , navies ' hardtack will survive rough handling and high temperature . Baked hard , it can be kept without spoiling for years as long as it is kept dry . For long voyages , hardtack was baked four times , rather than the more common two . To soften hardtack for eating , it was often dunked in brine , coffee , or some other liquid or cooked into a skillet meal . At the time of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the daily allowance on board a Royal Navy ship was one pound of biscuit plus one gallon of beer . Samuel Pepys in 1667 first regularised naval victualling with varied and nutritious rations . Royal Navy hardtack during Queen Victoria 's reign was made by machine at the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard at Gosport , Hampshire , stamped with the Queen 's mark and the number of the oven in which they were baked . Biscuits remained an important part of the Royal Navy sailor 's diet until the introduction of canned foods . Canned meat was first marketed in 1814 ; preserved beef in tins was officially added to Royal Navy rations in 1847 . Confectionery biscuits ( edit ) Traditional Polish Toruń gingerbread pierniki toruńskie Early biscuits were hard , dry , and unsweetened . They were most often cooked after bread , in a cooling bakers ' oven ; they were a cheap form of sustenance for the poor . By the seventh century AD , cooks of the Persian empire had learnt from their forebears the techniques of lightening and enriching bread - based mixtures with eggs , butter , and cream , and sweetening them with fruit and honey . One of the earliest spiced biscuits was gingerbread , in French , pain d'épices , meaning `` spice bread '' , brought to Europe in 992 by the Armenian monk Grégoire de Nicopolis . He left Nicopolis Pompeii , of Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy , France , near the town of Pithiviers . He stayed there for seven years and taught French priests and Christians how to cook gingerbread . This was originally a dense , treaclely ( molasses - based ) spice cake or bread . As it was so expensive to make , early ginger biscuits were a cheap form of using up the leftover bread mix . The milk chocolate coated side of a McVitie 's chocolate digestive With the combination of the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula , and then the Crusades developing the spice trade , the cooking techniques and ingredients of Arabia spread into Northern Europe . By mediaeval times , biscuits were made from a sweetened , spiced paste of breadcrumbs and then baked ( e.g. , gingerbread ) , or from cooked bread enriched with sugar and spices and then baked again . King Richard I of England ( aka Richard the Lionheart ) left for the Third Crusade ( 1189 -- 92 ) with `` biskit of muslin '' , which was a mixed corn compound of barley , rye , and bean flour . As the making and quality of bread had been controlled to this point , so were the skills of biscuit - making through the craft guilds . As the supply of sugar began , and the refinement and supply of flour increased , so did the ability to sample more leisurely foodstuffs , including sweet biscuits . Early references from the Vadstena monastery show how the Swedish nuns were baking gingerbread to ease digestion in 1444 . The first documented trade of gingerbread biscuits dates to the 16th century , where they were sold in monastery pharmacies and town square farmers markets . Gingerbread became widely available in the 18th century . The British biscuit firms of McVitie 's , Carr 's , Huntley & Palmer , and Crawfords were all established by 1850 . Along with local farm produce of meat and cheese , many regions of the world have their own distinct style of biscuit due to the historic prominence of this form of food . Biscuits today ( edit ) Commonwealth of Nations and Europe ( edit ) Biscuit rose de Reims Most modern biscuits can trace their origins back to either the hardtack ship 's biscuit or the creative art of the baker : Ship 's biscuit derived : Digestive , rich tea , hobnobs Baker 's art : Biscuit rose de Reims Biscuits today can be savoury or sweet , but most are small at around 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) in diameter , and flat . The term biscuit also applies to sandwich - type biscuits , wherein a layer of `` creme '' or icing is sandwiched between two biscuits , such as the custard cream , or a layer of jam ( as in biscuits which , in the United Kingdom , are known as `` Jammie Dodgers '' ) Dunking a biscuit Sweet biscuits are commonly eaten as a snack food , and are , in general , made with wheat flour or oats , and sweetened with sugar or honey . Varieties may contain chocolate , fruit , jam , nuts , ginger , or even be used to sandwich other fillings . The digestive biscuit and rich tea have a strong identity in British culture as the traditional accompaniment to a cup of tea and are regularly eaten as such . Some tea drinkers `` dunk '' biscuits in tea , allowing them to absorb liquid and soften slightly before consumption . Chocolate digestives , Rich tea , and Hobnobs were ranked the UK 's top three favourite dunking biscuits in 2009 , with custard creams coming third in a non-dunking poll . A dark chocolate Tim Tam Savoury biscuits or crackers ( such as cream crackers , water biscuits , oatcakes , or crisp breads ) are usually plainer and commonly eaten with cheese following a meal . Many savoury biscuits also contain additional ingredients for flavour or texture , such as poppy seeds , onion or onion seeds , cheese ( such as cheese melts ) , and olives . Savoury biscuits also usually have a dedicated section in most European supermarkets , often in the same aisle as sweet biscuits . The exception to savoury biscuits is the sweetmeal digestive known as the `` Hovis biscuit '' , which , although slightly sweet , is still classified as a cheese biscuit . Savoury biscuits sold in supermarkets are sometimes associated with a certain geographical area , such as Scottish oatcakes or Cornish wafer biscuits . In general , the British , Australians , South Africans , New Zealanders , Nigerians , Kenyans , Indians , Pakistanis , Sri Lankans , Singaporeans , and the Irish use the British meaning of `` biscuit '' for the sweet biscuit , the terms biscuit and cookie are used interchangeably , depending on the region and the speaker , with biscuits usually referring to hard , sweet biscuits ( such as digestives , Nice , Bourbon creams , etc . ) and cookies for soft baked goods ( i.e. chocolate chip cookies ) , In Canada , this term is now used less frequently , usually with imported brands of biscuits or in the Maritimes ; however , the Canadian Christie Biscuits referred to what Americans would call crackers . This sense is at the root of the name of the United States ' most prominent maker of cookies and crackers , the National Biscuit Company , now called Nabisco . North America ( edit ) Main article : Biscuit ( bread ) In the United States and parts of Canada a biscuit is a small bread with a firm browned crust and a soft interior . These biscuits are particularly popular in the American South , where generations have passed down family recipes . They are made with baking powder or baking soda as a chemical leavening agent rather than yeast ( a quick bread ) although they can also be made using yeast ( and are then called angel biscuits ) or a sourdough starter . They are traditionally served as a side dish with a meal . As a breakfast item they are often eaten with butter and a sweet condiment such as molasses , light sugarcane syrup , maple syrup , sorghum syrup , honey , or fruit jam or jelly . With other meals , they are usually eaten with butter or gravy instead of sweet condiments . However , biscuits and gravy ( biscuits covered in country gravy ) or biscuits with sausage are usually served for breakfast , sometimes as the main course . A biscuit may also be used to make a breakfast sandwich by slicing it in half and placing eggs and / or breakfast meat in the middle . See also ( edit ) Food portal American and British English differences Biscuit tin Dog biscuit Ground biscuit List of baked goods List of biscuits and cookies List of shortbread biscuits and cookies List of quick breads Rusk Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , for example , Shakespeare 's use of `` Twice - sod simplicity ! Bis coctus ! '' in Love 's Labour 's Lost . ( David Crystal ; Ben Crystal ( eds . ) . `` Love 's Labour 's Lost '' . Shakespeare 's Words . Penguin Books . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` cookie '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . In Scotland the usual name for a baker 's plain bun ; in U.S. usually a small flat sweet cake ( a biscuit in U.K. ) , but locally a name for small cakes of various form with or without sweetening . Also S. Afr. and Canad . Jump up ^ `` Baking Powder Biscuits Source : U.S. Department of Defense '' . Theodora 's Recipies ( sic ) . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Olver , Lynne . `` The Food Timeline : history notes -- cookies , crackers & biscuits '' . Jump up ^ Elizabeth David ( 1977 ) English Bread and Yeast Cookery , Penguin Books Ltd. , London ISBN 0 - 7139 - 1026 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Biscuit '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2009 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Biscuit '' . askoxford.com . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biscuit '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cookie '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ship 's Biscuits -- Royal Navy hardtack '' . National Museum of the Royal Navy . 2000 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bisquet '' . Cyclopaedia , or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . I. Ephraim Chambers . 1728 . p. 105 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biscuits & Cookies '' . Food Timeline . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Jump up ^ La Confrérie du Pain d'Epices Jump up ^ Le Pithiviers Archived 30 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Monastère orthodoxe des Saints Grégoire Armeanul et Martin le Seul '' . Monastere-saintgregoire.net . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Biscuits '' . greenchronicle.com . Retrieved 14 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Pepparkakans historia Archived 10 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Annas Pepparkakor The history of gingerbread Archived 12 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Annas Pepparkakor Jump up ^ Alan Davidson ( 1999 ) . Oxford Companion to Food . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Crunch time : why Britain loves a good biscuit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 December 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Chocolate digestive is nation 's favourite dunking biscuit '' . The Telegraph . 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Favourite biscuits The Express . Retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` Cheese Biscuits Source : U.S. Department of Defense '' . Theodora 's Recipies . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biscuits . Buttermilk Biscuits Recipe Video American breads American breads Adobe bread Amish friendship bread Anadama bread Banana bread Bannock Beaten biscuit Biscuit Bulkie roll Cornbread Cuban bread Frybread Graham bread Hot water corn bread Hushpuppy Johnnycake Muffin Muffuletta Parker House roll Pepperoni roll Popover Pullman loaf Salt - rising bread Sloosh Texas toast Misc . Biscuit History of California bread List of American breads Recipes on WikiBooks Category : American breads Food portal The United States Portal Cake List of cakes Butter cakes Devil 's food cake Gooey butter cake Pound cake Cheesecakes Fiadone Ostkaka Chocolate cakes Batik cake Black Forest cake Blackout cake Chantilly cake Chocolate brownie Flourless chocolate cake Fudge cake Garash cake German chocolate cake Hedgehog slice Joffre cake Kladdkaka Molten chocolate cake Sachertorte Torta caprese Fruitcakes Apple cake Avocado cake Banana cake Bánh chuối Black bun Bolo rei Cherry cake Clementine cake Dundee cake Fig cake Genoa cake Jewish apple cake Panforte Plum cake Raisin cake Layer cakes Angel cake Buckwheat gateau Dobos torte Esterházy torte Hot milk cake Maria Luisa cake Mille - feuille Cremeschnitte Napoleonka Šampita Tompouce Princess cake Prinzregententorte Rainbow cake Sarawak cake Spekkoek Torte Vínarterta Spit cakes Baumkuchen Kürtőskalács ( Chimney cake ) Šakotis Spettekaka Trdelník Sponge cakes Bánh bò Battenberg cake Boston cream pie Bundt cake Castella Charlotte Donauwelle Frankfurter Kranz French Fancy Frog cake Génoise Gugelhupf Ladyfinger Lamington Madeira cake Madeleine Mantecadas Marble cake Misérable cake Opera cake Pandan cake Paper wrapped cake Red velvet cake Rum cake Shortcake Spice cake Swiss roll Tres leches cake Upside - down cake Walnut and coffee cake Foam cakes and meringue Angel food cake Chiffon cake Dacquoise Kiev cake Pavlova Sans rival Spanische Windtorte Zuger Kirschtorte Yeast cakes Babka Banana bread Banbury cake Cacavellu Campanile Canestru Chorley cake Date and walnut loaf Flies ' graveyard Inuliata Pandoro Rum baba Streuselkuchen Sweetheart cake Welsh cake Special occasions Birthday cake Buccellato Bûche de Noël Christmas cake Doberge cake Groom 's cake Halloween cake King cake Rosca de reyes Kransekake Lekach Marry girl cake Mooncake Pan de Pascua Pop out cake Simnel cake Soul cake Stack cake Stollen Strenna Wedding cake Other Beer cake Better than sex cake Biscuit Bizcocho Bulla cake Cake balls Cake pop Carrot cake Coconut cake Coffee cake Croquembouche Cupcake Cupcone Gingerbread house man Heavy cake Ice cream cake Kuih Lolly cake Muffin Ontbijtkoek Pain d'épices Pancake Parkin Petit four Punschkrapfen Ruske kape Teacake Tiramisu Category Pancakes List of pancakes Types Æbleskiver Apam balik Appam Baghrir Bánh cuốn Bánh xèo Bannock Benne dose Bing Blini Blodplättar Borlengo Boûkète Boxty Buchimgae Bindae - tteok Kimchi - buchimgae Memil - buchimgae Pajeon Buckwheat pancake Blini Kaletez Memil - buchimgae Cachapa Chalbori - ppang Chataamari Cholermus Crempog Crêpe Crumpet David Eyre 's Dosa Dutch baby Egg waffle Farinata Flädle Fläskpannkaka Funkaso Galette Gundel Gyabrag Hirayachi Hortobágyi palacsinta Hotteok Injera Johnnycake Kaiserschmarrn Kalathappam Khanom bueang Kouign - amann Lahoh Laobing Malpua Memela Memil - buchimgae Milcao Mofletta Msemen Murtabak Neer dosa Oatcake Okonomiyaki Oladyi Palatschinke Pannekoek Pannukakku Pathiri Pesarattu Ploye Poffertjes Ponganalu Potato Quarkkäulchen Racuchy Roti prata Serabi Spring Suncake Syrniki Thalipeeth Tlacoyo Touton Uttapam Brands Arrowhead Mills Aunt Jemima Bisquick Bob 's Red Mill Boulder Brands Bruce 's Cherrybrook Kitchen Connoisseur 's Bakery Crispy Pancakes Dr. Oetker Hungry Jack Jack & Jason 's Pancakes & Waffles Jiffy mix King Arthur Flour Mrs. Butterworth 's Ralcorp Streit 's See also Biscuit Pancake art Pancake breakfast Pancake machine Pancake pen Syrup Book Category Commons Cookbook Food portal Puddings List of puddings Ábrystir Annin tofu Ashure Asida Banana pudding Bánh chuối Bebinca Black pudding Blancmange Bread and butter pudding Bread pudding Brown Betty Biscuit Cabinet pudding Carrot pudding Chè Cheese pudding Chireta Chocolate biscuit pudding Chocolate pudding Christmas pudding Clootie dumpling Cottage Pudding Crème caramel Diplomat pudding Dock pudding Drisheen Dutch baby pancake Eton mess Figgy duff Flummadiddle Flummery Fruit pudding Frumenty Gajar Ka Halwa Ginger milk curd Goody Got fan Groaty pudding Haggis Hasty pudding Haupia Herrencreme Hog 's pudding Instant pudding Jam Roly - Poly Junket Kačamak Kalamai Kazandibi Keşkül Kheer Kig ha farz Kulolo Kutia Lemon delicious pudding Mahallebi Maja blanca Malva pudding Malvern pudding Mango pudding Moin moin Panna cotta Pease pudding Pepeçura Persimmon pudding Pistachio pudding Po'e Pudding corn Put chai ko Rag pudding Red pudding Rice pudding Rødgrød Rožata Sago pudding Scrapple Spoonbread Spotted dick Sticky toffee pudding Summer pudding Supangle Sussex Pond Pudding Tapioca pudding Tavuk göğsü Tembleque Tiết canh Treacle sponge pudding Welf pudding White pudding Yorkshire pudding GND : 4511731 - 7 NDL : 01158855 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biscuit&oldid=815556827 '' Categories : Biscuits Biscuits ( British style ) European cuisine British cuisine Twice - baked goods Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles lacking focus from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Bahasa Banjar Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kurdî Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Sicilianu Simple English Soomaaliga Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit
| 21,424 |
what would happen if there was no fair trade
|
Fair trade
|
fair trade
|
Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and to promote sustainable farming . Members of the movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters , as well as improved social and environmental standards . The movement focuses in particular on commodities , or products which are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries , but also consumed in domestic markets ( e.g. Brazil , India and Bangladesh ) most notably handicrafts , coffee , cocoa , wine , sugar , fresh fruit , chocolate , flowers and gold . The movement seeks to promote greater equity in international trading partnerships through dialogue , transparency , and respect . It promotes sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to , and securing the rights of , marginalized producers and workers in developing countries . Fair trade is grounded in three core beliefs ; first , producers have the power to express unity with consumers . Secondly , the world trade practices that currently exist promote the unequal distribution of wealth between nations . Lastly , buying products from producers in developing countries at a fair price is a more efficient way of promoting sustainable development than traditional charity and aid .
|
Fair trade labeling organizations most commonly use a definition of fair trade developed by FINE , an informal association of four international fair trade networks : Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International , World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) , Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association ( EFTA ) . Specifically , fair trade is a trading partnership , based on dialogue , transparency , and respect , that seeks greater equity in international trade . Fair trade organizations , backed by consumers , are engaged actively in supporting producers , awareness raising , and in campaigning for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade . There are several recognized fair trade certifiers , including Fairtrade International ( formerly called FLO , Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ) , IMO , Make Trade Fair and Eco-Social . Additionally , Fair Trade USA , formerly a licensing agency for the Fairtrade International label , broke from the system and is implementing its own fair trade labelling scheme , which has resulted in controversy due to its inclusion of independent smallholders and estates for all crops . In 2008 , Fairtrade International certified approximately ( € 3.4 B ) of products . The World Trade Organization publishes annual figures on the world trade of goods and services . The fair trade movement is popular in the UK , where there are 500 Fairtrade towns , 118 universities , over 6,000 churches , and over 4,000 UK schools registered in the Fairtrade Schools Scheme . In 2011 , over 1.2 million farmers and workers in more than 60 countries participated in Fairtrade International 's fair trade system , which included € 65 million in fairtrade premium paid to producers for use developing their communities . According to Fairtrade International , nearly six out of ten consumers have seen the Fairtrade mark and almost nine in ten of them trust it . Some criticisms have been raised about fair trade systems . One 2015 study in a journal published by the MIT Press concluded that producer benefits were close to zero because there was an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as fair trade was actually sold on fair trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification . Some research indicates that the implementation of certain fair trade standards can cause greater inequalities in some markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market . In the Fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce the fair trade standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them . Contents ( hide ) 1 System 2 Effect on growers 2.1 Social premium 3 General structure of the movement 4 History 4.1 Solidarity trade 4.2 Handicrafts vs. agricultural goods 4.3 Rise of labeling initiatives 5 Psychology 6 Product certification 7 WFTO Fair Trade Organization membership 8 Alternative trading organizations 9 Universities 10 Worldshops 11 World wide 11.1 Africa 11.2 Latin America 11.3 Asia 11.4 Australia 12 Commodities 12.1 Coffee 12.1. 1 Locations 12.1. 2 Labour 12.1. 3 Sustainability 12.1. 4 Consumer attitudes 12.1. 5 Coffee companies 12.2 Cocoa 12.2. 1 Locations 12.2. 2 Labour 12.2. 3 Marketing 12.2. 4 Sustainability 12.2. 5 Cocoa companies 12.2. 6 Harkin - Engel Protocol 12.3 Textiles 12.3. 1 Locations 12.3. 2 Labour 12.3. 3 Clothing and textile companies 12.4 Seafood 12.5 Large companies and commodities 12.6 Luxury commodities 12.6. 1 Diamonds and sourcing 12.6. 2 Gold 13 Politics 13.1 European Union 13.2 France 13.3 Italy 13.4 Netherlands 14 Criticism 14.1 Ethical basis 14.2 What happens to the money 14.2. 1 Little money may reach the developing countries 14.2. 2 Less money reaches farmers 14.2. 3 Effects of low barriers to entry 14.3 Inefficient marketing system 14.4 Fairtrade harms other farmers 14.4. 1 Overproduction argument 14.5 Other ethical issues 14.5. 1 Secrecy 14.5. 2 Unethical selling techniques 14.5. 3 Misleading volunteers 14.6 Failure to monitor standards 14.7 Trade justice and fair trade 14.8 Political objections 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 External links System ( edit ) There are a large number of fair trade and ethical marketing organizations employing different marketing strategies . Most fair trade marketers believe it is necessary to sell the products through supermarkets to get a sufficient volume of trade to affect the developing world . The Fairtrade brand is by far the biggest of the fair trade coffee brands . Packers in developed countries pay a fee to The Fairtrade Foundation for the right to use the brand and logo , and nearly all the fee goes to marketing . Packers and retailers can charge as much as they want for the coffee . The coffee has to come from a certified fair trade cooperative , and there is a minimum price when the world market is oversupplied . Additionally , the cooperatives are paid an additional 10c per lb premium by buyers for community development projects . The cooperatives can , on average , sell only a third of their output as fair trade , because of lack of demand , and sell the rest at world prices . The exporting cooperative can spend the money in several ways . Some go to meeting the costs of conformity and certification : as they have to meet fair trade standards on all their produce , they have to recover the costs from a small part of their turnover , sometimes as little as 8 % , and may not make any profit . Some meet other costs . Some is spent on social projects such as building schools , health clinics and baseball pitches . Sometimes there is money left over for the farmers . The cooperatives sometimes pay farmers a higher price than farmers do , sometimes less , but there is no evidence on which is more common . The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming countries , using mostly the same importing , packing , distributing and retailing firms . Some independent brands operate a `` virtual company '' , paying importers , packers and distributors and advertising agencies to handle their brand , for cost reasons . In the producing country , fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives , while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives ( as uncertified coffee ) , by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders . To become certified fair trade producers , the primary cooperative and its member farmers must operate to certain political standards , imposed from Europe . FLO - CERT , the for - profit side , handles producer certification , inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards , with producers , cooperatives , importers and packers profiting by evading them . There remain many fair trade organizations that adhere to a greater or smaller degree to the original objectives of fair trade , and that market products through alternative channels where possible , and market through specialist fair trade shops , but they have a small proportion of the total market . Effect on growers ( edit ) Fair trade is benefiting farmers in the Global South , whether that be considerably or just a little . The nature of fair trade makes it a global phenomenon , therefore , there are diverse motives for understanding group formation related to fair trade . The social transformation caused by the fair trade movement also varies around the world . Three young Nicaraguan women demonstrate to visiting U.S. buyers and consumers the use of organic soil testing methods . A study of coffee growers in Guatemala illustrates the effect of fair trade practices on growers . In this study , thirty - four farmers were interviewed . Of those thirty - four growers , twenty - two had an understanding of fair trade based on internationally recognized definitions , for example , describing fair trade in market and economical terms or knowing what the social premium is and how their cooperative has used it . Three growers explained a deep understanding of fair trade , showing a knowledge of both fair market principles and how fair trade affects them socially . Nine growers had erroneous or no knowledge of Fair Trade . The three growers who had a deeper knowledge of the social implications of fair trade all have responsibilities within their cooperatives . One is a manager , one is in charge of the wet mill , and one is his group 's treasurer . These farmers did not have a pattern in terms of years of education , age , or years of membership in the cooperative ; their answers to the questions , `` Why did you join ? '' differentiate them from other members and explain why they have such an extensive knowledge of fair trade . These farmers cited switching to organic farming , wanting to raise money for social projects , and more training offered as reasons for joining the cooperative , other than receiving a better price for their coffee . Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage . Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world , yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day . When surveyed , farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa ( CAC Pangoa ) in San Martín de Pangoa , Peru , could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade , but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is . They could , however , identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community . When asked , overall , farmers cited that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities . They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives . Some producers also profit from the indirect benefits of fair trade practices . Fair trade cooperatives create a space of solidarity and promote an entrepreneurial spirit among growers . When growers feel like they have control over their own lives within the network of their cooperative , it can be very empowering . Operating a profitable business allows growers to think about their future , rather than worrying about how they are going to survive in poverty . As far as farmers ' satisfaction with the fair trade system , the growers want consumers to know that fair trade has provided important support to their families and their cooperative . Overall , farmers are satisfied with the current fair trade system , but some farmers , such as the Mazaronquiari group from CAC Pangoa , desire yet a higher price for their products in order to live a higher quality of life . Social premium ( edit ) A component of fair trade is the social premium that buyers of fair trade goods pay to the producers or producer - groups of such goods . An important factor of the fair trade social premium is that the producers or producer - groups decide where and how it is spent . These premiums usually go towards socioeconomic development , wherever the producers or producer - groups see fit . Within producer - groups , the decisions about how the social premium will be spent is handled democratically , with transparency and participation . Producers and producer - groups spend this social premium to support socioeconomic development in a variety of ways . One common way to spend the social premium of fair trade is to privately invest in public goods that infrastructure and the government are lacking in . These public goods include environment initiatives , public schools , and water projects . At some point , all producer - groups re-invest their social premium back into their farms and businesses . They buy capital , like trucks and machinery , and education for their members , like organic farming education . Thirty - eight percent of producer - groups spend the social premium in its entirety on themselves , but the rest invest in public goods , like paying for teachers ' salaries , providing a community health care clinic , and improving infrastructure , such as bringing in electricity and bettering roads . Farmers ' organisations that use their social premium for public goods often finance educational scholarships . For example , Costa Rican coffee co-operative , Coocafé , has supported hundreds of children and youth at school and university through the financing of scholarships from funding from their fair trade social premium . In terms of education , the social premium can be used to build and furnish schools too . General structure of the movement ( edit ) Most fair trade import organizations are members of , or certified by one of several national or international federations . These federations coordinate , promote , and facilitate the work of fair trade organizations . The following are some of the largest : The FLO International ( Fairtrade International ) , created in 1997 , is an association of three producer networks and twenty national labeling initiatives that develop Fairtrade standards , license buyers , label usage and market the Fair trade Certification Mark in consuming countries . The Fairtrade International labeling system is the largest and most widely recognized standard setting and certification body for labeled Fair trade . Formerly named Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International , it changed its name to Fairtrade International in 2009 , when its producer certification and standard setting activities were separated into two separate , but connected entities . FLO - CERT , the for - profit side , handles producer certification , inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . Fairtrade International , the non-profit arm , oversees standards development and licensing organization activity . Only products from certain developing countries are eligible for certification , and for some products such as coffee and cocoa , certification is restricted to cooperatives . Cooperatives and large estates with hired labor may be certified for bananas , tea and other crops . Fair Trade USA is an independent , nonprofit organization that sets standards , certifies , and labels products that promote sustainable livelihoods for farmers and workers and protect the environment . Founded in 1998 , Fair Trade USA currently partners with around 800 brands , as well as 1.3 million farmers and workers across the globe . World Fair Trade Organization ( formerly the International Fair Trade Association ) is a global association created in 1989 of fair trade producer cooperatives and associations , export marketing companies , importers , retailers , national , and regional fair trade networks and fair trade support organizations . In 2004 WFTO launched the FTO Mark which identifies registered fair trade organizations ( as opposed to the FLO system , which labels products ) . The Network of European Worldshops ( NEWS ! ) , created in 1994 , is the umbrella network of 15 national worldshop associations in 13 different countries all over Europe . The European Fair Trade Association ( EFTA ) , created in 1990 , is a network of European alternative trading organizations which import products from some 400 economically disadvantaged producer groups in Africa , Asia , and Latin America . EFTA 's goal is to promote fair trade and to make fair trade importing more efficient and effective . The organization also publishes yearly various publications on the evolution of the fair trade market . EFTA currently has eleven members in nine different countries . In 1998 , the first four federations listed above joined together as FINE , an informal association whose goal is to harmonize fair trade standards and guidelines , increase the quality and efficiency of fair trade monitoring systems , and advocate fair trade politically . Additional certifiers include IMO ( Fair for Life , Social and Fair Trade labels ) , Eco-Social and Fair Trade USA . The Fair Trade Federation ( FTF ) , created in 1994 , is an association of Canadian and American fair trade wholesalers , importers , and retailers . The organization links its members to fair trade producer groups while acting as a clearinghouse for information on fair trade and providing resources and networking opportunities to its members . Members self - certify adherence to defined fair trade principles for 100 % of their purchasing / business . Those who sell products certifiable by Fairtrade International must be 100 % certified by FI to join FTF . Student groups have also been increasingly active in the past years promoting fair trade products . Although hundreds of independent student organizations are active worldwide , most groups in North America are either affiliated with United Students for Fair Trade ( USA , the Canadian Student Fair Trade Network ( Canada ) , or Fair Trade Campaigns ( USA ) , which also houses Fair Trade Universities and Fair Trade Schools . The involvement of church organizations has been and continues to be an integral part of the Fair Trade movement : Ten Thousand Villages is affiliated with the Mennonite Central Committee SERRV is partnered with Catholic Relief Services and Lutheran World Relief Village Markets is a Lutheran Fair Trade organization connecting mission sites around the world with churches in the United States Catholic Relief Services has their own Fair Trade mission in CRS Fair Trade History ( edit ) Main article : History of fair trade The first attempts to commercialize fair trade goods in Northern markets were initiated in the 1940s and 1950s by religious groups and various politically oriented non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Ten Thousand Villages , an NGO within the Mennonite Central Committee ( MCC ) and SERRV International were the first , in 1946 and 1949 respectively , to develop fair trade supply chains in developing countries . The products , almost exclusively handicrafts ranging from jute goods to cross-stitch work , were mostly sold in churches or fairs . The goods themselves had often no other function than to indicate that a donation had been made . Solidarity trade ( edit ) Fair trade goods sold in worldshops The current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s . Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism : radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations and concerns that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed started to emerge . The slogan at the time , `` Trade not Aid '' , gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world . The year 1965 saw the creation of the first Alternative Trading Organization ( ATO ) : that year , British NGO Oxfam launched `` Helping - by - Selling '' , a program which sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail - order catalogues . By 1968 , the oversized newsprint publication , the Whole Earth Catalog , was connecting thousands of specialized merchants , artisans , and scientists directly with consumers who were interested in supporting independent producers , with the goal of bypassing corporate retail and department stores . The Whole Earth Catalog sought to balance the international free market by allowing direct purchasing of goods produced primarily in USA and Canada , but also in Central and South America . In 1969 , the first worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands . The initiative aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in `` underdeveloped regions '' . The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries , Germany , and other Western European countries . Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons . Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angolaaa and Nicaragua in worldshops , in the back of churches , from their homes , and from stands in public places , using the products as an and vehicle to deliver their message : give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world 's market . Handicrafts vs. agricultural goods ( edit ) In the early 1980s , Alternative Trading Organizations faced major challenges : the novelty of some fair trade products began to wear off , demand reached a plateau , and some handicrafts began to look `` tired and old fashioned '' in the marketplace . The decline of segments of the handicrafts market forced fair trade supporters to rethink their business model and their goals . Moreover , several fair trade supporters during this period were worried by the contemporary effect on small farmers of structural reforms in the agricultural sector as well as the fall in commodity prices . Many of them came to believe it was the movement 's responsibility to address the issue and remedies usable in the ongoing crisis in the industry . In the subsequent years , fair trade agricultural commodities played an important role in the growth of many ATOs : successful on the market , they offered a much - needed , renewable source of income for producers and provided Alternative Trading Organizations a complement to the handicrafts market . The first fair trade agricultural products were tea and coffee , quickly followed by : dried fruits , cocoa , sugar , fruit juices , rice , spices and nuts . While in 1992 , a sales value ratio of 80 % handcrafts to 20 % agricultural goods was the norm , in 2002 handcrafts amounted to 25 % of fair trade sales while commodity food lines were up at 69 % . Rise of labeling initiatives ( edit ) Early Fairtrade Certifications Marks Sales of fair trade products only really took off with the arrival of the first Fairtrade certification initiatives . Although buoyed by ever growing sales , fair trade had been generally contained to relatively small worldshops scattered across Europe and to a lesser extent , North America . Some felt that these shops were too disconnected from the rhythm and the lifestyle of contemporary developed societies . The inconvenience of going to them to buy only a product or two was too high even for the most dedicated customers . The only way to increase sale opportunities was to start offering fair trade products where consumers normally shop , in large distribution channels . The problem was to find a way to expand distribution without compromising consumer trust in fair trade products and in their origins . A solution was found in 1988 , when the first Fairtrade certification initiative , Max Havelaar , was created in the Netherlands under the initiative of Nico Roozen , Frans Van Der Hoff , and Dutch development NGO Solidaridad . The independent certification allowed the goods to be sold outside the worldshops and into the mainstream , reaching a larger consumer segment and boosting fair trade sales significantly . The labeling initiative also allowed customers and distributors alike to track the origin of the goods to confirm that the products were really benefiting the producers at the end of the supply chain . The concept caught on : in the ensuing years , similar non-profit Fairtrade labelling organizations were set up in other European countries and North America . In 1997 , a process of convergence among labelling organizations -- or `` LIs '' ( for `` Labeling Initiatives '' ) -- led to the creation of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International ( FLO ) . FLO is an umbrella organization whose mission is to set the Fairtrade standards , support , inspect and certify disadvantaged producers , and harmonize the Fairtrade message across the movement . In 2002 , FLO launched for the first time an International Fairtrade Certification Mark . The goals of the launch were to improve the visibility of the Mark on supermarket shelves , facilitate cross border trade , and simplify procedures for both producers and importers . At present , the certification mark is used in over 50 countries and on dozens of different products , based on FLO 's certification for coffee , tea , rice , bananas , mangoes , cocoa , cotton , sugar , honey , fruit juices , nuts , fresh fruit , quinoa , herbs and spices , wine , footballs , etc . With the rise of ethical labeling , consumers are able to take moral responsibility for their economic decisions and actions . This supports the notion of fair trade practices as `` moral economies . '' The presence of labeling give consumers the feeling of `` doing the right thing '' with a simple purchase . These labeling practices place the burden of getting certification on the producers in the Global South , furthering inequality between the Global North and the Global South . The process of securing certification is excessively burdensome and expensive . Northern consumers are able to just make a simple choice without these burdens and expenses . Psychology ( edit ) Consumers of Fair Trade products usually make the intentional choice to purchase Fair Trade goods based on attitude , moral norms , perceived behavioral control , and social norms . It is useful to include of measure of moral norms to improve the predictive power of intentions to buy Fair Trade over the basic predictors , like attitude and perceived behavioral control . University students have significantly increased their consumption of Fair Trade products over the last several decades . Women college students have a more favorable attitude than men toward buying Fair Trade products and they feel more morally obligated to do so . Women are also reported to have stronger intentions to buy fair trade products . When it comes to the intentions to buy Fair Trade products , gender had no direct effect . Producers organize and strive for Fair Trade certification for several reasons , either through religious ties , wants for social justice , wants for autonomy , political liberalization , or simply because they want to be paid more for their labor efforts and products . Farmers are more likely to identify with organic farming than Fair Trade farming practices because organic farming is a very visible way that these farmers are different than their neighbors and it actually influences the way they farm . They place a significant importance on natural growing methods . Fair Trade farmers are also more likely to attribute their higher paid prices to the quality of their products rather than fair market prices . Product certification ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade certification Note : Customary spelling of Fairtrade is one word when referring to the FLO product labeling system , see Fairtrade certification International Fairtrade Certification Mark Fairtrade labelling ( usually simply Fairtrade or Fair Trade Certified in the United States ) is a certification system designed to allow consumers to identify goods which meet agreed standards . Overseen by a standard - setting body ( FLO International ) and a certification body ( FLO - CERT ) , the system involves independent auditing of producers and traders to ensure the agreed standards are met . For a product to carry either the International Fairtrade Certification Mark or the Fair Trade Certified Mark , it must come from FLO - CERT inspected and certified producer organizations . The crops must be grown and harvested in accordance with the international Fair trade standards set by FLO International . The supply chain must also have been monitored by FLO - CERT , to ensure the integrity of the labelled product . Fairtrade certification purports to guarantee not only fair prices , but also the principles of ethical purchasing . These principles include adherence to ILO agreements such as those banning child and slave labour , guaranteeing a safe workplace and the right to unionise , adherence to the United Nations charter of human rights , a fair price that covers the cost of production and facilitates social development , and protection and conservation of the environment . The Fairtrade certification system also attempts to promote long - term business relationships between buyers and sellers , crop prefinancing , and greater transparency throughout the supply chain and more . The Fairtrade certification system covers a growing range of products , including bananas , honey , coffee , oranges , Cocoa bean , cocoa , cotton , dried and fresh fruits and vegetables , juices , nuts and oil seeds , quinoa , rice , spices , sugar , tea , and wine . Companies offering products that meet the Fairtrade standards may apply for licences to use one of the Fairtrade Certification Marks for those products . The International Fairtrade Certification Mark was launched in 2002 by FLO , and replaced twelve Marks used by various Fairtrade labelling initiatives . The new Certification Mark is currently used worldwide ( with the exception of the United States ) . The Fair Trade Certified Mark is still used to identify Fairtrade goods in the United States . There is widespread confusion because the fair trade industry standards provided by Fairtrade International ( The Fairtrade Labelling Organization ) use the word `` producer '' in many different senses , often in the same specification document . Sometimes it refers to farmers , sometimes to the primary cooperatives they belong to , to the secondary cooperatives that the primary cooperatives belong to , or to the tertiary cooperatives that the secondary cooperatives may belong to but `` Producer ( also ) means any entity that has been certified under the Fairtrade International Generic Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations , Generic Fairtrade Standard for Hired Labour Situations , or Generic Fairtrade Standard for Contract Production . '' The word is used in all these meanings in key documents . In practice , when price and credit are discussed , `` producer '' means the exporting organization , `` For small producers ' organizations , payment must be made directly to the certified small producers ' organization '' . and `` In the case of a small producers ' organization ( e.g. for coffee ) , Fairtrade Minimum Prices are set at the level of the Producer Organization , not at the level of individual producers ( members of the organization ) '' which means that the `` producer '' here is halfway up the marketing chain between the farmer and the consumer . The part of the standards referring to cultivation , environment , pesticides and child labour has the farmer as `` producer '' . WFTO fair trade organization membership ( edit ) In an effort to complement the Fairtrade product certification system and allow most notably handcraft producers to also sell their products outside worldshops , the World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) launched in 2004 a new Mark to identify fair trade organizations ( as opposed to products in the case of FLO International and Fairtrade ) . Called the FTO Mark , it allows consumers to recognize registered Fair Trade Organizations worldwide and seeks to guarantee that standards are being implemented regarding working conditions , wages , child labour , and the environment . The FTO Mark offers Fair Trade Organizations ( including handcrafts producers ) definable standards which inform consumers , business partners , governments , and donors of the applicable trading standard . in 2014 the Fairtrade Program Mark was introduced to create new sales opportunities , initially for cocoa , sugar and cotton producers . It has the same round logo alongside the word FAIRTRADE in black and underneath the program title in turquoise . Alternative trading organizations ( edit ) Main article : Alternative trading organization Cafedirect coffee shop on Regent Street in central London . An alternative trading organization ( ATO ) is usually a non-governmental organization ( NGO ) or mission - driven business aligned with the Fair Trade movement , aiming `` to contribute to the alleviation of poverty in developing regions of the world by establishing a system of trade that allows marginalized producers in developing regions to gain access to developed markets '' . Alternative trading organizations have Fair Trade at the core of their mission and activities , using it as a development tool to support disadvantaged producers and to reduce poverty , and combine their marketing with awareness - raising and campaigning . Alternative trading organizations are often , but not always , based in political and religious groups , though their secular purpose precludes sectarian identification and evangelical activity . Philosophically , the grassroots political - action agenda of these organizations associates them with progressive political causes active since the 1960s : foremost , a belief in collective action and commitment to moral principles based on social , economic and trade justice . According to EFTA , the defining characteristic of alternative trading organizations is that of equal partnership and respect -- partnership between the developing region producers and importers , shops , labelling organizations , and consumers . Alternative trade `` humanizes '' the trade process -- making the producer - consumer chain as short as possible so that consumers become aware of the culture , identity , and conditions in which producers live . All actors are committed to the principle of alternative trade , the need for advocacy in their working relations and the importance of awareness - raising and advocacy work . Examples of such organisations are Ten Thousand Villages , Greenheart Shop , Equal Exchange and SERRV International in the US and Equal Exchange Trading , Traidcraft , Oxfam Trading , Twin Trading and Alter Eco in Europe as well as Siem Fair Trade Fashion in Australia . Universities ( edit ) The concept of a Fair Trade school or Fair Trade university emerged from the United Kingdom , where the Fairtrade Foundation now maintains a list of colleges and schools that comply with the needed requirements to be labeled such a university . In order to be considered a Fair Trade University , a school or university must have established a Fairtrade School Steering Group . They must have a written and implemented a school - wide Fair Trade Policy . The school or university must be dedicated to selling and using Fair Trade products . They have to learn and educate about Fair Trade issues . Finally , the Fairtrade Foundation requires that schools promote Fair Trade not only within the school , but throughout the wider community . A Fair Trade University is one that develops all aspects of Fair Trade practices in their coursework . In 2007 , the Director of the Environmental Studies program at the University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh , David Barnhill , started a push to become the first Fair Trade University . This push received positive reactions from faculty and students . To begin the process , the University as a whole agreed that it would need support from four institutional groups -- faculty , staff , support staff , and students -- to maximize support and educational efforts . The University officially endorsed the Earth Charter and created a Campus Sustainability Plan to align with the efforts of becoming a Fair Trade University . The University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh also offers many courses in many different disciplines that implement fair trade learning . They offer a business course with a trip to Peru to visit coffee farmers , an environmental science class that discusses fair trade as a way for cleaner food systems , an English course that focuses on the Earth Charter and the application of fair trade principles , and several upper - level anthropology courses make fair trade the center of the class . In the spring of 2010 , the University of California , San Diego became the second Fair Trade University in the United States . The University of California at San Diego understood the efforts of the Fairtrade Foundation in the UK , but they recognized they wanted to be more detailed about how their declaration as a Fair Trade University would make an actual change in the way on - campus franchises do business with the university . They also required constant assessment and improvement . The main premise of being a Fair Trade University for the University of California at San Diego is the promise between the university and the students about the continual effort by the university to increase the accessibility of Fair Trade Certified food and drinks and to encourage sustainability in other ways , such as buying from local , organic farmers and decreasing waste . Fair Trade Universities have been successful because they are a `` feel good '' movement . The movement also has an established history , making it a true movement rather just a fad . Thirdly , Fair Trade Universities are effective because they raise awareness about an issue and offer a solution . The solution is an easy one for college students to handle , just paying about five cents more for a cup of coffee or tea can make a real difference . Worldshops ( edit ) Main article : Worldshop Oxfam shop on Drury Lane in Covent Garden , London Worldshops or fair trade shops are specialized retail outlets offering and promoting fair trade products . Worldshops also typically organize various educational fair trade activities and play an active role in trade justice and other North - South political campaigns . Worldshops are often not - for - profit organizations and run by locally based volunteer networks . Although the movement emerged in Europe and a vast majority of worldshops are still based on the continent , worldshops can also be found today in North America , Australia and New Zealand . Worldshops ' aim is to make trade as direct and fair with the trading partners as possible . Usually , this means a producer in a developing country and consumers in industrialized countries . The worldshops ' target is to pay the producers a fair price that guarantees substinence and guarantees positive social development . They often cut out any intermediaries in the import chain . A web movement has begun in the 2000s to provide fair trade items at fair prices to the consumers . One popular one is Fair Trade a Day where a different fair trade item is featured each day . World wide ( edit ) Every year the sales of Fair Trade products grow close to 30 % and in 2004 were worth over $500 million USD . In the case of coffee , sales grow nearly 50 % per year in certain countries . In 2002 , 16,000 tons of Fairtrade coffee was purchased by consumers in 17 countries . `` Fair trade coffee is currently produced in 24 countries in Latin America , Africa and Asia '' . The 165 FLO associations in Latin America and Caribbean are located in 14 countries and together export over 85 % of the world 's Fair Trade coffee . There is a North / South divide of fair trade products with producers in the South and consumers in the North . Discrepancies in the perspectives of these southern producers and northern consumers are often the source of ethical dilemmas such as how the purchasing power of consumers may or may not promote the development of southern countries . Amidst the continuous growth , `` ( p ) urchasing patterns of fairtrade products have remained strong despite the global economic downturn . In 2008 , global sales of fairtrade products exceeded US $ 3.5 billion . '' Africa ( edit ) Africa 's exports come from the places such as South Africa , Ghana , Uganda , Tanzania and Kenya . These exports are valued at $24 million USD . Between the years of 2004 and 2006 Africa quickly expanded their number of FLO certified producer groups , rising from 78 to 171 ; nearly half of which reside in Kenya , following closely behind are Tanzania and South Africa . The FLO products Africa is known for are tea , cocoa , flowers and wine . In Africa there are smallholder cooperatives and plantations which produce Fair Trade certified tea . Cocoa - producing countries in West Africa often form cooperatives that produce fair trade cocoa such as Kuapa Kokoo in Ghana . West African countries without strong fair trade industries are subject to deterioration in cocoa quality as they compete with other countries for a profit . These countries include Cameroon , Nigeria , and the Ivory Coast . Latin America ( edit ) Studies in the early 2000s show that the income , education and health of coffee producers involved with Fair Trade in Latin America were improved , versus producers who were not participating . Brazil , Nicaragua , Peru and Guatemala , having the biggest population of coffee producers , make use of some of the most substantial land for coffee production in Latin America and do so by taking part in Fair Trade . Countries in Latin America are also large exporters of fair trade bananas . The Dominican Republic is the largest producer of fair trade bananas , followed by Mexico , Ecuador , and Costa Rica . Producers in the Dominican Republic have set up associations rather than cooperatives so that individual farmers can each own their own land but meet regularly . Fundación Solidaridad was created in Chile to increase the earnings and social participation of handicraft producers . These goods are marketed locally in Chile and internationally . Fair trade handicraft and jewellery production has also shown a significant uplift over recent years , aided by North American and European online retailers developing direct relationships to import and sell the products online . The sale of fair trade handicrafts online has been of particular importance in aiding the development of female artisans in Latin America Asia ( edit ) The Asia Fair Trade Forum aims to increase the competency of fair trade organizations in Asia so they can be more competitive in the global market . Garment factories in Asian countries including China , Burma , and Bangladesh consistently receive charges of human rights violations , including the use of child labour . These violations conflict with the principles outlined by fair trade certifiers . In India , Trade Alternative Reform Action ( Tara ) Projects formed in the 1970s have worked to increase production capacity , quality standards , and entrance into markets for home - based craftsmen that were previously unattainable due to their lower caste identity . Australia ( edit ) The Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand ( FTAANZ ) is a member - based organization that supports two systems of fair trade . The first is the Australia and New Zealand member of FLO International , which unites Fairtrade producer and labelling initiatives across Europe , Asia , Latin America , North America , Africa , Australia and New Zealand . The second , is the World Fair Trade Organization ( WFTO ) , of over 450 worldwide members , to which FTAANZ is one . Fairtrade ( one word ) refers to FLO certified commodity and associated products . Fair trade ( two words ) encompasses the wider Fair Trade movement , including the Fairtrade commodities and other artisan craft products . Commodities ( edit ) Fair trade commodities are goods that have been exchanged from where they were grown or made to where they are purchased , and have been certified by a fair trade certification organization , such as Fair Trade USA or World Fair Trade Organization . Such organizations are typically overseen by Fairtrade International . Fairtrade International sets international fair trade standards and supports fair trade producers and cooperatives . Sixty percent of the fair trade market revolves around food products such as coffee , tea , cocoa , honey , and bananas . Non-food commodities include crafts , textiles , and flowers . It has been suggested by Shima Baradaran of Brigham Young University that fair trade techniques could be productively applied to products which might involve child labor . Although fair trade represents only . 01 % of the food and beverage industry in the United States , it is growing rapidly and may become a significant portion of the national food and beverage industry . Coffee ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade coffee Coffee is the most well - established fair trade commodity . Most Fair Trade coffee is Coffea arabica , a type of coffee known to be grown at high altitudes . A lot of emphasis is put on the quality of the coffee when dealing in Fair Trade markets because Fair Trade markets are usually specialized markets that appeal to customers who are motivated by taste rather than price . The Fair Trade movement fixated on coffee first because it is a highly traded commodity for most producing countries and almost half the world 's coffee is produced by smallholder farmers . While initially sold at small scale , currently multinationals like Starbucks and Nestlé use fair trade coffee . Internationally recognized Fair Trade coffee standards have been outlined by FLO and are as follows : small producers are grouped in democratic cooperatives or groups , buyers and sellers establish long - term , stable relationships , buyers must pay the producers at least the minimum Fair Trade price or when the market price is higher , they must pay the market price , and finally , buyers must also pay a social premium of 20 cents per pound of coffee to the producers . The current minimum Fair Trade price for high - grade , washed Arabica coffee $1.40 per pound ; the price increases to $1.70 per pound if the coffee is also organic . Locations ( edit ) The largest sources of fair trade coffee are Uganda and Tanzania , followed by Latin American countries such as Guatemala and Costa Rica . As of 1999 , major importers of fair trade coffee included Germany , the Netherlands , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . There is a North / South divide between fair trade consumers and producers . North American countries are not yet among the top importers of fair trade coffee . Labour ( edit ) Starbucks began to purchase more fair trade coffee in 2001 because of charges of labor rights violations in Central American plantations . Several competitors , including Nestlé , followed suit . Large corporations that sell non-fair trade coffee take 55 % of what consumers pay for coffee while only 10 % goes to the producers . Small growers dominate the production of coffee , especially in Latin American countries such as Peru . Coffee is the fastest expanding fairly traded commodity , and an increasing number of producers are small farmers that own their own land and work in cooperatives . Even the incomes of growers of fair trade coffee beans depend on the market value of coffee where it is consumed , so farmers of fair trade coffee do not necessarily live above the poverty line or get completely fair prices for their commodity . Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers . Unsustainable practices such as using chemicals and unshaded growing are risky . Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having diverse farming practices could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices , pest problems , or policy shifts . The effectiveness of Fairtrade is questionable ; workers on Fairtrade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the Fairtrade system . Sustainability ( edit ) As coffee becomes one of the most important export crops in certain regions such as northern Latin America , nature and agriculture are transformed . Increased productivity requires technological innovations , and the coffee agroecosystem has been changing rapidly . In the nineteenth century in Latin America , coffee plantations slowly began replacing sugarcane and subsistence crops . Coffee crops became more managed ; they were put into rows and unshaded , meaning diversity of the forest was decreased and Coffea trees were shorter . As plant and tree diversity decreased , so did animal diversity . Unshaded plantations allow for a higher density of Coffea trees , but negative effects include less protection from wind and more easily eroded soil . Technified coffee plantations also use chemicals such as fertilizers , insecticides , and fungicides . Fair trade certified commodities must adhere to sustainable agro-ecological practices , including reduction of chemical fertilizer use , prevention of erosion , and protection of forests . Coffee plantations are more likely to be fair trade certified if they use traditional farming practices with shading and without chemicals . This protects the biodiversity of the ecosystem and ensures that the land will be usable for farming in the future and not just for short - term planting . In the United States , 85 % of fair trade certified coffee is also organic . Consumer attitudes ( edit ) Consumers typically have positive attitudes for products that are ethically made . These products may include promises of fair labor conditions , protection of the environment , and protection of human rights . All fair trade products must meet standards such as these . Despite positive attitudes toward ethical products including fair trade commodities , consumers often are not willing to pay the higher price associated with fair trade coffee . The attitude - behavior gap can help explain why ethical and fair trade products take up less than 1 % of the market . Coffee consumers can say they would be willing to pay a higher premium for fair trade coffee , but most consumers are actually more concerned with the brand , label , and flavor of the coffee . However , socially conscious consumers with a commitment to buying fair trade products are more likely to pay the premium associated with fair trade coffee . Once enough consumers begin purchasing fair trade , companies are more likely to carry fair trade products . Safeway Inc. began carrying fair trade coffee after individual consumers dropped off postcards asking for it . Coffee companies ( edit ) Following are coffee roasters and companies that offer fair trade coffee or some roasts that are fair trade certified : Anodyne Coffee Roasting Company Breve Coffee Company Cafedirect Counter Culture Coffee ' Equal Exchange GEPA Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Just Us ! Peace Coffee Pura Vida Coffee Cocoa ( edit ) Many countries that export cocoa rely on cocoa as their single export crop . In Africa in particular , governments tax cocoa as their main source of revenue . Cocoa is a permanent crop , which means that it occupies land for long periods of time and does not need to be replanted after each harvest . Locations ( edit ) Cocoa is farmed in the tropical regions of West Africa , Southeast Asia , and Latin America . In Latin America , cocoa is produced in Costa Rica , Panama , Peru , Bolivia , and Brazil . Much of the cocoa produced in Latin America is an organic and regulated by an Internal control system . Bolivia has fair trade cooperatives that permit a fair share of money for cocoa producers . African cocoa - producing countries include Cameroon , Madagascar , São Tomé and Príncipe , Ghana , Tanzania , Uganda , and Côte d'Ivoire . Côte d'Ivoire exports over a third of the world 's cocoa beans . Southeast Asia accounts for about 14 % of the world 's cocoa production . Major cocoa - producing countries are Indonesia , Malaysia , and Papua New Guinea . Labour ( edit ) One suggestion for the reason that laborers in Africa are marginalized in world trade is because the colonial division of labor kept Africa from developing its own industries . Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa , which caused poverty to abound . Fair trade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system . Most cocoa comes from small family - run farms in West Africa . These farms have little market access and thus rely on middlemen to bring their products to market . Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers . Farmers do not get a fair price for their product despite relying on cocoa sales for the majority of their income . One solution for fair labor practices is for farmers to become part of an Agricultural cooperative . Cooperatives pay farmers a fair price for their cocoa so farmers have enough money for food , clothes , and school fees . One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price , but this does not mean that the larger amount of money paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers . In reality , much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers . Nevertheless , cooperatives such as fair trade - endorsed Kuapa Kokoo in Ghana are often the only Licensed Buying Companies that will give farmers a fair price and not cheat them or rig sales . Farmers in cooperatives are frequently their own bosses and get bonuses per bag of cocoa beans . These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations ca n't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives . Marketing ( edit ) The marketing of fair trade cocoa to European consumers often portrays the cocoa farmers as dependent on western purchases for their livelihood and well - being . Showing African cocoa producers in this way is problematic because it is reminiscent of the imperialistic view that Africans can not live happily without the help of westerners . It puts the balance of power in favor of the consumers rather than the producers . Consumers often are n't willing to pay the extra price for fair trade cocoa because they do not know what fair trade is . Activist groups are vital in educating consumers about the unethical aspects of unfair trade and promoting demand for fairly traded commodities . Activism and ethical consumption not only promote fair trade but also act against powerful corporations such as Mars , Incorporated that refuse to acknowledge the use of forced child labor in the harvesting of their cocoa . Sustainability ( edit ) Smallholding farmers not only frequently lack access to markets , they lack access to resources that lead to sustainable cocoa farming practices . Lack of sustainability can be due to pests , diseases that attack cocoa trees , lack of farming supplies , and lack of knowledge about modern farming techniques . One issue pertaining to cocoa plantation sustainability is the amount of time it takes for a cocoa tree to produce pods . A solution to this is to change the type of cocoa tree being farmed . In Ghana , a hybrid cocoa tree yields two crops after three years rather than the typical one crop after five years . Cocoa companies ( edit ) Following are chocolate companies that use all or some fair trade cocoa in their chocolate : Alter Eco Ben & Jerry 's Cadbury Chocolove Dagoba Chocolate Divine Chocolate Equal Exchange GEPA Green & Black 's Guittard Chocolate Company Theo Chocolate Harkin - Engel Protocol ( edit ) The Harkin - Engel Protocol , also commonly known as the Cocoa Protocol , is an international agreement that was created to end some of the world 's worst forms of child labor , as well as forced labor in the cocoa industry . It was first negotiated by Senator Tom Harkin and Representative Eliot Engel after watching a documentary that showed the cocoa industry 's widespread issue of child slavery and trafficking . The parties involved agreed to a six - article plan : 1 . Public statement of the need for and terms of an action plan -- The cocoa industry acknowledged the problem of forced child labor and will commit `` significant resources '' to address the problem . 2 . Formation of multi-sectoral advisory groups -- By 1 October 2001 , an advisory group will be formed to research labor practices . By 1 December 2001 , industry will form an advisory group and formulate appropriate remedies to address the worst forms of child labor . 3 . Signed joint statement on child labor to be witnessed at the ILO -- By 1 December 2001 , a statement must be made recognizing the need to end the worst forms of child labor and identify developmental alternatives for the children removed from labor . 4 . Memorandum of cooperation -- By 1 May 2002 , Establish a joint action program of research , information exchange , and action to enforce standards to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . Establish a monitor and compliance with the standards . 5 . Establish a joint foundation -- By 1 July 2002 , industry will form a foundation to oversee efforts to eliminate the worst forms of child labor . It will perform field projects and be a clearinghouse on best practices . 6 . Building toward credible standards -- By 1 July 2005 , the industry will develop and implement industry - wide standards of public certification that cocoa has been grown without any of the worst forms of child labor . Textiles ( edit ) Fair trade textiles are primarily made from fair trade cotton . By 2015 , almost 75,000 cotton farmers in developing countries have obtained Fairtrade certification . The minimum price that Fair trade pays allows cotton farmers to sustain and improve their livelihoods . Fair trade textiles are frequently grouped with fair trade crafts and goods made by artisans in contrast to cocoa , coffee , sugar , tea , and honey , which are agricultural commodities . Locations ( edit ) India , Pakistan and West Africa are the primary exporters of fair trade cotton , although many countries grow fair trade cotton . Textiles and clothing are exported from Hong Kong , Thailand , Malaysia , and Indonesia . Labour ( edit ) Labour is different for textile production than for agricultural commodities because textile production takes place in a factory , not on a farm . Children provide a source of cheap labor , and child labor is prevalent in Pakistan , India , and Nepal . Fair trade cooperatives ensure fair and safe labor practices , including disallowing child labor . Fair trade textile producers are most often women in developing countries . They struggle with meeting the consumer tastes in North America and Europe . In Nepal , textiles were originally made for household and local use . In the 1990s , women began joining cooperatives and exporting their crafts for profit . Now handicrafts are Nepal 's largest export . It is often difficult for women to balance textile production , domestic responsibilities , and agricultural work . Cooperatives foster the growth of democratic communities in which women have a voice despite being historically in underprivileged positions . For fair trade textiles and other crafts to be successful in western markets , World Fair Trade Organizations require a flexible workforce of artisans in need of stable income , links from consumers to artisans , and a market for quality ethnic products . However , making cotton and textiles fair trade does not always benefit laborers . Burkina Faso and Mali export the largest amount of cotton in Africa . Although many cotton plantations in these countries attained fair trade certification in the 1990s , participation in fair trade further ingrains existing power relations and inequalities that cause poverty in Africa rather than challenging them . Fair trade does not do much for farmers when it does not challenge the system that marginalizes producers . Despite not empowering farmers , the change to fair trade cotton has positive effects including female participation in cultivation . Textiles and garments are intricate and require one individual operator , in contrast to the collective farming of coffee and cocoa beans . Textiles are not a straightforward commodity because to be fairly traded , there must be regulation in cotton cultivation , dyeing , stitching , and every other step in the process of textile production . Fair trade textiles must not be confused with the sweat - free movement although the two movements intersect at the worker level . Forced or unfair labor in textile production is not limited to developing countries . Charges of use of sweatshop labor are endemic in the United States . Immigrant women work long hours and receive less than minimum wage . In the United States , there is more of a stigma against child labor than forced labor in general . Consumers in the United States are willing to suspend the importation of textiles made with child labor in other countries but do not expect their exports to be suspended by other countries , even when produced using forced labor . Clothing and textile companies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following are companies that use fair trade production and / or distribution techniques for clothing and textiles : American Apparel BeGood Clothing Champa Craft Cherie Amie Maggie 's Organics MUD Jeans Patagonia Oliberté Seafood ( edit ) With increasing media scrutiny of the conditions of fishermen , particularly Southeast Asia , the lack of transparency and traceability in the seafood industry prompted new efforts . In 2014 , Fair Trade USA created its Capture Fisheries Program that led to the first instance of Fair Trade fish being sold globally in 2015 . The program `` requires fishermen to source and trade according to standards that protect fundamental human rights , prevent forced and child labor , establish safe working conditions , regulate work hours and benefits , and enable responsible resource management . '' Large companies and commodities ( edit ) Large transnational companies have begun to use fair trade commodities in their products . In April 2000 , Starbucks began offering fair trade coffee in all of their stores . In 2005 , the company promised to purchase ten million pounds of fair trade coffee over the next 18 months . This would account for a quarter of the fair trade coffee purchases in the United States and 3 % of Starbucks ' total coffee purchases . The company maintains that increasing its fair trade purchases would require an unprofitable reconstruction of the supply chain . Fair trade activists have made gains with other companies : Sara Lee Corporation in 2002 and Procter & Gamble ( the maker of Folgers ) in 2003 agreed to begin selling a small amount of fair trade coffee . Nestlé , the world 's biggest coffee trader , began selling a blend of fair trade coffee in 2005 . In 2006 , The Hershey Company acquired Dagoba , an organic and fair trade chocolate brand . Much contention surrounds the issue of fair trade products becoming a part of large companies . Starbucks is still only 3 % fair trade -- enough to appease consumers , but not enough to make a real difference to small farmers , according to some activists . The ethics of buying fair trade from a company that is not committed to the cause are questionable ; these products are only making a small dent in a big company even though these companies ' products account for a significant portion of global fair trade . Types of businesses engaged in fair trade Business type Engagement with fair trade products Highest Fair trade organizations Equal Exchange Global Crafts Ten Thousand Villages Values - driven organizations The Body Shop Green Mountain Coffee Pro-active socially responsible businesses Starbucks Whole Foods Defensive socially responsible businesses Procter & Gamble Lowest Luxury commodities ( edit ) There have been efforts to introduce fair trade practices to the luxury industry , particularly for gold and diamonds . Diamonds and sourcing ( edit ) In parallel to efforts to commoditize diamonds , some industry players have launched campaigns to introduce benefits to mining centers in the developing world . Rapaport Fair Trade was established with the goal `` to provide ethical education for jewelry suppliers , buyers , first time or seasoned diamond buyers , social activists , students , and anyone interested in jewelry , trends , and ethical luxury . '' The company 's founder , Martin Rapaport , as well as Kimberley Process initiators Ian Smillie and Global Witness , are among several industry insiders and observers who have called for greater checks and certification programs among many other programs that would ensure protection for miners and producers in developing countries . Smillie and Global Witness have since withdrawn support for the Kimberley Process . Other concerns in the diamond industry include working conditions in diamond cutting centers as well as the use of child labor . Both of these concerns come up when considering issues in Surat , India . Gold ( edit ) Brilliant Earth has committed itself to using fair - trade - certified gold . In February 2011 , the United Kingdom 's Fairtrade Foundation became the first NGO to begin certifying gold under the fair trade rubric . Politics ( edit ) See also : Protectionism and Dumping ( pricing policy ) European Union ( edit ) Display of Fairtrade products at the Derbyshire County Council head office In 1994 , the European Commission prepared the `` Memo on alternative trade '' in which it declared its support for strengthening Fair Trade in the South and North and its intention to establish an EC Working Group on Fair Trade . Furthermore , the same year , the European Parliament adopted the `` Resolution on promoting fairness and solidarity in North South trade '' ( OJ C 44 , 14 February 1994 ) , a resolution voicing its support for fair trade . In 1996 , the Economic and Social Committee adopted an `` Opinion on the European ' Fair Trade ' marking movement '' . A year later , in 1997 , the document was followed by a resolution adopted by the European Parliament , calling on the European Commission to support Fair Trade banana operators . The same year , the European Commission published a survey on `` Attitudes of EU consumers to Fair Trade bananas '' , concluding that Fair Trade bananas would be commercially viable in several EU Member States . In 1998 , the European Parliament adopted the `` Resolution on Fair Trade '' ( OJ C 226 / 73 , 20 July 1998 ) , which was followed by the Commission in 1999 that adopted the `` Communication from the Commission to the Council on ' Fair Trade ' '' COM ( 1999 ) 619 final , 29 November 1999 . In 2000 , public institutions in Europe started purchasing Fairtrade Certified coffee and tea . Furthermore , that year , the Cotonou Agreement made specific reference to the promotion of Fair Trade in article 23 ( g ) and in the Compendium . The European Parliament and Council Directive 2000 / 36 / EC also suggested promoting Fair Trade . In 2001 and 2002 , several other EU papers explicitly mentioned fair trade , most notably the 2001 Green Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility and the 2002 Communication on Trade and Development . In 2004 , the European Union adopted the `` Agricultural Commodity Chains , Dependence and Poverty -- A proposal for an EU Action Plan '' , with a specific reference to the Fair Trade movement which has `` been setting the trend for a more socio - economically responsible trade . '' ( COM ( 2004 ) 0089 ) . In 2005 , in the European Commission communication `` Policy Coherence for Development -- Accelerating progress towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals '' , ( COM ( 2005 ) 134 final , 12 April 2005 ) , fair trade is mentioned as `` a tool for poverty reduction and sustainable development '' . On July 6 , 2006 , the European Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution on fair trade , recognizing the benefits achieved by the Fair Trade movement , suggesting the development of an EU - wide policy on Fair Trade , defining criteria that need to be fulfilled under fair trade to protect it from abuse and calling for greater support to Fair Trade ( EP resolution `` Fair Trade and development '' , 6 July 2006 ) . `` This resolution responds to the impressive growth of Fair Trade , showing the increasing interest of European consumers in responsible purchasing , '' said Green MEP Frithjof Schmidt during the plenary debate . Peter Mandelson , EU Commissioner for External Trade , responded that the resolution will be well received at the European Commission . `` Fair Trade makes the consumers think and therefore it is even more valuable . We need to develop a coherent policy framework and this resolution will help us . '' France ( edit ) In 2005 , French parliament member Antoine Herth issued the report `` 40 proposals to sustain the development of Fair Trade '' . The report was followed the same year by a law , proposing to establish a commission to recognize fair trade Organisations ( article 60 of law no . 2005 - 882 , Small and Medium Enterprises , 2 August 2005 ) . In parallel to the legislativents , also in 2006 , the French chapter of ISO ( AFNOR ) adopted a reference document on Fair Trade after five years of discussion . Italy ( edit ) In 2006 , Italian lawmakers started debating how to introduce a law on fair trade in Parliament . A consultation process involving a wide range of stakeholders was launched in early October . A common definition of fair trade was most notably developed . However , its adoption is still pending as the efforts were stalled by the 2008 Italian political crisis . Netherlands ( edit ) The Dutch province of Groningen was sued in 2007 by coffee supplier Douwe Egberts for explicitly requiring its coffee suppliers to meet fair trade criteria , most notably the payment of a minimum price and a development premium to producer cooperatives . Douwe Egberts , which sells a number of coffee brands under self - developed ethical criteria , believed the requirements were discriminatory . After several months of discussions and legal challenges , the province of Groningen prevailed in a well - publicized judgement . Coen de Ruiter , director of the Max Havelaar Foundation , called the victory a landmark event : `` it provides governmental institutions the freedom in their purchasing policy to require suppliers to provide coffee that bears the fair trade criteria , so that a substantial and meaningful contribution is made in the fight against poverty through the daily cup of coffee '' . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Fair trade debate This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( February 2013 ) In spite of studies showing Fair Trade efficiency , some studies have shown limitations to Fair Trade benefits . Sometimes the criticism is intrinsic to Fair Trade , sometimes efficiency depends on the broader context such as the lack of government help or volatile coffee prices in the global market . Ethical basis ( edit ) Consumers have been shown to be content paying higher prices for Fairtrade products , in the belief that this helps the very poor . The main ethical criticism of Fairtrade is that this premium over non-Fairtrade products does not reach the producers and is instead collected by businesses , employees of co-operatives or used for unnecessary expenses . Furthermore , research has cited the implementation of certain Fairtrade standards as a cause for greater inequalities in markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market . What happens to the money ( edit ) Little money may reach the developing countries ( edit ) The Fairtrade Foundation does not monitor how much extra retailers charge for Fairtrade goods , so it is rarely possible to determine how much extra is charged or how much reaches the producers , in spite of the Unfair Trading legislation . In four cases it has been possible to find out . One British café chain was passing on less than one percent of the extra charged to the exporting cooperative ; in Finland , Valkila , Haaparanta and Niemi found that consumers paid much more for Fairtrade , and that only 11.5 % reached the exporter . Kilian , Jones , Pratt and Villalobos talk of US Fairtrade coffee getting $5 per lb extra at retail , of which the exporter would have received only 2 % . Mendoza and Bastiaensen calculated that in the UK only 1.6 % to 18 % of the extra charged for one product line reached the farmer . All these studies assume that the importers paid the full Fairtrade price , which is not necessarily the case . Less money reaches farmers ( edit ) The Fairtrade Foundation does not monitor how much of the extra money paid to the exporting cooperatives reaches the farmer . The cooperatives incur costs in reaching the Fairtrade political standards , and these are incurred on all production , even if only a small amount is sold at Fairtrade prices . The most successful cooperatives appear to spend a third of the extra price received on this : some less successful cooperatives spend more than they gain . While this appears to be agreed by proponents and critics of Fairtrade , there is a dearth of economic studies setting out the actual revenues and what the money was spent on . FLO figures are that 40 % of the money reaching the developing world is spent on ' business and production ' which would include these costs , as well as costs incurred by any inefficiency and corruption in the cooperative or the marketing system . The rest is stated to be spent on social projects , rather than being passed on to farmers . There is no evidence that fair trade farmers get higher prices on average . Anecdotes state that farmers were paid more or less by traders than by Fairtrade cooperatives . Few of these anecdotes address the problems of price reporting in developing world markets , and few appreciate the complexity of the different price packages which may or may not include credit , harvesting , transport , processing , etc . Cooperatives typically average prices over the year , so they pay less than traders at some times , more at others . Bassett ( 2009 ) is able to compare prices only where Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade farmers have to sell cotton to the same monopsonistic ginneries which pay low prices . Prices would have to be higher to compensate farmers for the increased costs they incur to produce Fairtrade . For instance , Fairtrade encouraged Nicaraguan farmers to switch to organic coffee , which resulted in a higher price per pound , but a lower net income because of higher costs and lower yields . Effects of low barriers to entry ( edit ) A 2015 study concluded that the low barriers to entry in a competitive market such as coffee undermines any effort to give higher benefits to producers through Fair Trade . They used data from Central America , to establish that the producer benefits were close to zero . This is because there is an oversupply of certification , and only a fraction of produce classified as Fair Trade is actually sold on Fair Trade markets , just enough to recoup the costs of certification . Inefficient marketing system ( edit ) One reason for high prices is that Fairtrade farmers have to sell through a monopsonist cooperative , which may be inefficient or corrupt -- certainly some private traders are more efficient than some cooperatives . They can not choose the buyer who offers the best price , or switch when their cooperative is going bankrupt if they wish to retain fairtrade status . There are also complaints that Fairtrade deviates from the free market ideal of some economists . Brink calls fair trade a `` misguided attempt to make up for market failures '' encouraging market inefficiencies and overproduction . Fairtrade harms other farmers ( edit ) Overproduction argument ( edit ) Critics argue that Fairtrade harms all non-Fairtrade farmers . Fairtrade claims that its farmers are paid higher prices and are given special advice on increasing yields and quality . Economists state that , if this is indeed so , Fairtrade farmers will increase production . As the demand for coffee is highly elastic , a small increase in supply means a large fall in market price , so perhaps a million Fairtrade farmers get a higher price and 24 million others get a substantially lower price . Critics quote the example of farmers in Vietnam being paid over the world price in the 1980s , planting lots of coffee , then flooding the world market in the 1990s . The Fairtrade minimum price means that when the world market price collapses , it is the non-Fairtrade farmers , particularly the poorest , who have to cut down their coffee trees . This argument is supported by mainstream economists , not just free marketers . Other ethical issues ( edit ) Secrecy ( edit ) Under EU law ( Directive 2005 / 29 / EC on Unfair Commercial Practices ) the criminal offence of Unfair Trading is committed if ( a ) ' it contains false information and is therefore untruthful or in any way , including overall presentation , deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer , even if the information is factually correct ' , ( b ) ' it omits material information that the average consumer needs ... and thereby causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise ' or ( c ) ' fails to identify the commercial intent of the commercial practice ... ( which ) causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to take a transactional decision that he would not have taken otherwise . ' Griffiths ( 2011 ) points to false claims that Fairtrade producers get higher prices , the almost universal failure to disclose the extra price charged for Fairtrade products , to disclose how much of this actually reaches the developing world , to disclose what this is spent on in the developing world , to disclose how much , if any , reaches farmers , and to disclose the harm that Fairtrade does to non-Fairtrade farmers . He also points to the failure to disclose when ' the primary commercial intent ' is to make money for retailers and distributors in rich countries . Unethical selling techniques ( edit ) Booth says that the selling techniques used by some sellers and some supporters of Fairtrade are bullying , misleading , and unethical . There are problems with the use of boycott campaigns and other pressure to force sellers to stock a product they think ethically suspect . However , the opposite has been argued , that a more participatory and multi-stakeholder approach to auditing might improve the quality of the process . Some people argue that these practices are justifiable : that strategic use of labeling may help embarrass ( or encourage ) major suppliers into changing their practices . They may make transparent corporate vulnerabilities that activists can exploit . Or they may encourage ordinary people to get involved with broader projects of social change . Misleading volunteers ( edit ) A lot of people volunteer to work to support Fairtrade . They may do unpaid work for firms , or market Fairtrade in schools , universities , local governments , or parliament . Crane and Davies ' study shows that distributors in developed countries make ' considerable use of unpaid volunteer workers for routine tasks , many of whom seemed to be under the ( false ) impression that they were helping out a charity . ' However , the UK Fairtrade Foundation is a registered charity . Failure to monitor standards ( edit ) There are complaints that the standards are inappropriate and may harm producers , sometimes making them work several months more for little return . Adherence to fair trade standards by producers has been poor , and enforcement of standards by Fairtrade is weak . Notably by Christian Jacquiau and by Paola Ghillani , who spent four years as president of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations There are many complaints of poor enforcement problems : labourers on Fairtrade farms in Peru are paid less than the minimum wage ; some non-Fairtrade coffee is sold as Fairtrade ' the standards are not very strict in the case of seasonally hired labour in coffee production . ' ' some fair trade standards are not strictly enforced ' Moore , G. , Gibbon , J. , & Slack , R. : 2006 , ' The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective ' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 , 329 - 52. In 2006 , a Financial Times journalist found that ten out of ten mills visited had sold uncertified coffee to co-operatives as certified . It reported that `` The FT was also handed evidence of at least one coffee association that received an organic , Fair Trade or other certifications despite illegally growing some 20 per cent of its coffee in protected national forest land . Trade justice and fair trade ( edit ) Segments of the trade justice movement have also criticized fair trade in the past years for allegedly focusing too much on individual small producer groups while stopping short of advocating immediate trade policy changes that would have a larger effect on disadvantaged producers ' lives . French author and RFI correspondent Jean - Pierre Boris championed this view in his 2005 book Commerce inéquitable . Political objections ( edit ) There have been largely political criticisms of fair trade from the left and the right . Some believe the fair trade system is not radical enough . French author Christian Jacquiau , in his book Les coulisses du commerce équitable , calls for stricter fair trade standards and criticizes the fair trade movement for working within the current system ( i.e. , partnerships with mass retailers , multinational corporations , etc . ) rather than establishing a new fairer , fully autonomous ( i.e. government monopoly ) trading system . Jacquiau also supports significantly higher fair trade prices in order to maximize the effect , as most producers only sell a portion of their crop under fair trade terms . It has been argued that the approach of the FairTrade system is too rooted in a Northern consumerist view of justice which Southern producers do not participate in setting . `` A key issue is therefore to make explicit who possesses the power to define the terms of Fairtrade , that is who possesses the power to determine the need of an ethic in the first instance , and subsequently command a particular ethical vision as the truth . '' See also ( edit ) Business and economics portal Anti-globalization movement Ethical consumerism Free produce movement Kimberley Process Certification Scheme South -- South cooperation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brough , David ( January 10 , 2008 ) , `` Briton finds ethical jewellery good as gold '' , Reuters , NA Jump up ^ Moseley , WG ( 2008 ) , `` Fair Trade Wine : North Africa 's Post Apartheid Vineyards and the YouTube Global Economy '' , Globalizations , 5 ( 2 ) : 291 -- 304 , doi : 10.1080 / 14747730802057753 . Jump up ^ = WFTO . ^ Jump up to : Linton , April ( 2012 ) . Fair Trade from the Ground Up . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 99172 - 6 . Jump up ^ What ( PDF ) , European fair trade association . Jump up ^ Facts & figures , Fair trade . Jump up ^ `` General overview '' ( PDF ) . WTO. 2006 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Paull , J ( 2011 ) , `` The Fairtrade movement : Six lessons for the organics sector '' ( PDF ) , Proceedings of the Third Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agriculture Research , Namyangju , Korea , pp. 317 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Annual report ( PDF ) , Fair trade , 2009 Jump up ^ Annual report ( PDF ) , Fair trade , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : de Janvry , Alain ; McIntosh , Craig ; Sadoulet , Elisabeth ( July 2015 ) . `` Fair Trade and Free Entry : Can a Disequilibrium Market Serve as a Development Tool ? '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . 97 ( 3 ) : 567 -- 73 . doi : 10.1162 / REST_a_00512 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Booth , P. ; Whetstone , L. ( 2007 ) . `` Half a Cheer for Fair Trade '' . Economic Affairs . 27 ( 2 ) : 29 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0270.2007. 00727. x . Jump up ^ Carimentrand , A. ; Ballet , J. ( 2010 ) . `` When Fair Trade increases unfairness : The case of quinoa from Bolivia '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Working paper FREE - Cahier FREE n ° 5 - 2010 ; Doppler , F. , & Cabañas , A.A. ( 2006 ) . Fair Trade : Benefits and Drawbacks for Producers . Puente @ Europa - , Año IV , Número 2 -- Junio 2006 , 53 - 56 . ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , LT : 2009 , ' Mainstreaming Fair Trade Coffee : from Partnership to Traceability ' , World Development , 37 ( 6 ) p 1089 . Jump up ^ Valkila , J ; Haaparanta , P ; Niemi , N ( 2010 ) , `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 97 : 264 . ^ Jump up to : Utting , K ( 2009 ) . `` Assessing the impact of Fair Trade Coffee : Towards an Integrative Framework '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 86 : 139 . ^ Jump up to : Valkila , J ( 2009 ) . `` Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua -- Sustainable development or a poverty trap ? '' . Ecological Economics . 68 ( 3018 -- 3025 ) : 3022 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , D. : 2009 , ' What do Corporations have to do with Fair Trade ? Positive and normative analysis from a value chain perspective ' , Journal of Business Ethics , 86 , 3 - 26 . p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Mohan 2010 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Kohler 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Jacquiau 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Jacquiau , C ( September 2007 ) , `` Max Havelaar ou les ambiguïtés du commerce équitable : Pourquoi le Sud rue dans les brancards '' ( Max Havelaar , or the ambiguities of the equitable commerce : why the South charges the barricades ) , Le Monde Diplomatique ( in French ) . ^ Jump up to : Hamel , I ( 2006 ) , Fairtrade Firm Accused of Foul Play , Swiss info ; Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , August 9 ) . ' Fair ' coffee workers paid below minimum wage . Financial Times ; Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , September 9 ) . Ethical - coffee ' workers paid below legal minimum . Financial Times ^ Jump up to : Weitzman 2006 . Jump up ^ Moore , G ; Gibbon , J ; Slack , R ( 2006 ) , `` The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective '' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 : 329 -- 52 , doi : 10.1080 / 09652540600947961 . ^ Jump up to : Ballet & Carimentrand 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowes , John ( 2010 ) , The Fair Trade Revolution , London , UK : Pluto Press . ^ Jump up to : Mohan 2010 . Jump up ^ Kilian et al. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Berndt 2007 . Jump up ^ Renard , MC ; Grovas , VP ( 2007 ) , `` 9 . Fair Trade coffee in Mexico : at the center of the debates '' , in Murray , D ; Raynolds , L ; Wilkinson , J , Fair Trade : The Challenges of Transforming Globalisation , London : Routledge , pp. 38 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel et al. 2005 . Jump up ^ Bacon , C ( 2005 ) , `` Confronting the coffee crisis : can Fair Trade , organic and speciality coffee reduce small - scale farmer vulnerability in northern Nicaragua ? '' , World Development , 33 ( 3 ) : 497 -- 511 , doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2004.10. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Speaker , Griffiths , Why Fair trade is n't Jump up ^ Davies , IA and A Crane , `` Ethical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companies '' . Journal of Business Ethics 45 : 79 -- 92 , 2003 . p. 84 Jump up ^ Kilian et al. 2006 . ^ Jump up to : FLO - Cert . Jump up ^ Valkila , J ; Haaparanta , P ; Niemi , N ( 2010 ) , `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 97 : 264 Jump up ^ Moore , G ; Gibbon , J ; Slack , R ( 2006 ) , `` The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective '' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 : 329 -- 52 , doi : 10.1080 / 09652540600947961 . Jump up ^ Ballet , Jero , `` Fair Trade and the Depersonalization of Ethics '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 92 : 317 -- 30 , doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0576 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Fergus , Andrew ; Gray ( 2014 ) . `` Fair Trade Awareness and Engagement : A Coffee Farmer 's Perspective '' . Journal of the Center of Business Ethics , Bentley University . 119 : 359 -- 384 . doi : 10.1111 / basr. 12037 . Jump up ^ Litvinoff , Miles ; Madeley , John ( 2007 ) . 50 Reasons to Buy Fair Trade . Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 2584 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Generic standards '' , Fair trade . Jump up ^ Fair trade , US . Jump up ^ General media kit ( PDF ) , US : Fair trade , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://fairtradecampaigns.org/campaign-type/universities/ Jump up ^ fairtradecampaigns.org Jump up ^ http://fairtradecampaigns.org/campaign-type/schools/ Jump up ^ tenthousandvillages.com Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Ten Thousand Villages . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ serrv.org Jump up ^ crs.org Jump up ^ lwr.org Jump up ^ `` Our Story '' . SERRV . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ villagemarkets.org Jump up ^ `` Fair Trade in Your Church ! '' . Villagemarkets.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' God 's love is what they pass on ' : Fair trade is a mission for a Wittenberg University grad , students and faculty '' . The Lutheran. 2012 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ crsfairtrade.org Jump up ^ http://www.crsfairtrade.org/what-is-fair-trade/ Jump up ^ History , IFAT . Jump up ^ `` Oikos foundation '' ( PDF ) . Unisg ... Jump up ^ `` Where did it all begin ? '' . WFTO. 7 June 2009 . Archived from the original on Oct 22 , 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , Roy ( 2003 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Fair trade history '' . Charlbury , UK : One Village . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , A. & Opal , C. ( 2004 ) . Fair Trade : Market - Driven Ethical Consumption . London : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ Renard , M-C ( 2003 ) . `` Fair Trade : quality , market and conventions '' . Journal of Rural Studies . 19 : 87 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / S0743 - 0167 ( 02 ) 00051 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tasks '' . Fair trade . FLO International . 2006 . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Valois , Pierre ; de Leeuw ; Morin ; Schmidt ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Gender Differences in Psychosocial Determinants of University Students ' Intentions to Buy Fair Trade Products '' . Journal of Consumer Policy . 37 : 485 -- 505 . doi : 10.1007 / s10603 - 014 - 9262 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williams , Michelle ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Alternative production and consumption relations ? : fair trade , the state , and cooperatives in the global South '' . Journal of Contemporary African Studies . 31 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . ISSN 0258 - 9001 . doi : 10.1080 / 02589001.2012. 752958 . Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) , `` Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations '' , version : 01.05. 2011_v1. 1 p 5 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard , '' p11 çPDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) , `` Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations '' , version : 01.05. 2011_v1. 1 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade International ( FLO ) ( 2011 ? ) , `` Explanatory Document for the Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations '' ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard '' ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Fairtrade International , ( 2011 ) `` Explanatory Document for the Fairtrade Trade Standard ( PDF ) Jump up ^ http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2011-12-29_Explan_Doc_GTS_EN.pdf Jump up ^ Fairtrade International ( FLO ) ( 2011 ) ; `` Fairtrade Standard for Coffee for Small Producer Organizations '' version : 1 April 2011 ( PDF ) ^ Jump up to : Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. ( 2011 ) `` Generic Fairtrade Trade Standard , p 16 '' ( PDF ) Jump up ^ http://www.fairtrade.net/the-fairtrade-marks.html Jump up ^ http://www.fairtrade.net/fairtrade-sourcing-programs.html ^ Jump up to : European Fair Trade Association ( 1998 ) . Fair Trade Yearbook : Towards 2000 . p. 23 & 25 ^ Jump up to : Feldman , James ; Barnhill ( 2013 ) . Sustainability in Higher Education . The MIT Press . pp. 241 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01949 - 1 . JSTOR j. ctt9qf6bw. 26 . Jump up ^ fairtradeday.com ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura T ; Murray , Douglas ; Taylor , Peter Leigh ( 2004 ) , `` Fair Trade Coffee : Building Producers Capacity Via Global Networks '' , Journal of International Development : 1109 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Moore , Geoff ( 2004 ) , `` The Fair Trade Movement : Parameters , Issues and Future Research '' , Journal of Business Ethics , 53 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 -- 86 , doi : 10.1023 / b : busi. 0000039400.57827. c3 . Jump up ^ Towards a Green Economy : Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication , UNEP , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura T. , and Siphelo Unathi Ngcwangu . `` Fair Trade Rooibos Tea : Connecting South African Producers and American Consumer Markets . '' Geoforum ( 2009 ) : 74 - 83 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Ransom , David . The No - nonsense Guide to Fair Trade . Oxford : New Internationalist Publications , 2001 ^ Jump up to : DeCarlo , Jacqueline . Fair Trade : A Beginner 's Guide . Oxford , England : Oneworld , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Geiger - Onteo , Stephanie , and Eric J. Arnould . `` Alternative Trade Organization and Subjective Quality of Life : The Case of Latin American Coffee Producers . '' Journal of Macromarketing ( 2011 ) : 276 - 290 . Print . Jump up ^ mixyfandino.com/empowering-the-female-artisan/ Jump up ^ http://www.fairtrade.net/about_us.html ^ Jump up to : Raynolds , Laura . `` Re-embedding Global Agriculture : The International Organic and Fair Trade Movements . '' Agriculture and Human Values 17.3 ( 2000 ) : 297 - 309 . Print . Jump up ^ Shima Baradaran ; Barclay , Stephanie H. ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Fair Trade and Child Labor '' . Columbia Human Rights Law Review , Forthcoming . SSRN 1823546 . fair trade should be considered as a proven alternative to current strategies to eliminate child labor Jump up ^ Raynolds , Laura T. , Douglas L. Murray , and John Wilkinson . Fair Trade : The Challenges of Transforming Globalization . London : Routledge , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jaffee , Daniel ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Weak Coffee : Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement '' . Social Problems . 59 ( 1 ) : 94 -- 116 . ISSN 0037 - 7791 . doi : 10.1525 / sp. 2012.59. 1.94 . Jump up ^ Jaffee , Daniel : `` Weak Coffee : Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement . '' Social Problems , Vol. 59 , No. 1 ( February 2012 ) , pp. 94 - 116 ^ Jump up to : Rice , Robert A ( 1999 ) . `` A Place Unbecoming : The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America . '' Geographical Review : 89 ( 4 ) : 554 - 579 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda : Not so fair trade '' . The Economist . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Pelsmacker , De ; Patrick ; Driesen , Liesbeth ; Rayp , Glenn . `` Do Consumers Care about Ethics ? Willingness to Pay for Fair - Trade Coffee '' . Journal of Consumer Affairs . 39 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 385 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 6606.2005. 00019. x . ^ Jump up to : Jaffee , Daniel . Brewing Justice : Fair Trade Coffee , Sustainability , and Survival . Berkeley : University of California , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Willer , Helga ; Yussefi - Menzler , Minou und Sorensen , Neil , ( Hrsg . ) ( 2008 ) `` The World of Organic Agriculture -- Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008 . '' IFOAM , Bonn and FiBL , Frick ^ Jump up to : Brown , Michael Barratt . `` ' Fair Trade ' with Africa . '' Review of African Political Economy 34.112 ( 2007 ) : 267 - 77 Jump up ^ http://worldcocoafoundation.org/our-work/where-we-work/ ^ Jump up to : Houston , Holly , and Terry Wyer . `` Why Sustainable Cocoa Farming Matters for Rural Development . '' Center for Strategic and International Studies , 6 Sept. 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Michael K ( 2004 ) . `` Reading fairtrade : political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fairtrade foods '' . Political Geography. 23 ( 7 ) : 891 -- 915 . doi : 10.1016 / j. polgeo. 2004.05. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Berlan , Amanda ( 2008 ) . `` Making or Marketing a Difference ? An Anthropological Examination of the Marketing of Fair Trade Cocoa from Ghana '' . Research in Economic Anthropology. 28 : 171 -- 94 . Jump up ^ http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/documents-manager/english/54-harkin-engel-protocol/file Jump up ^ Singh Anup Kumar . in E + Z / D + C ( 1 ) February , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Bassett , Thomas J. `` Slim pickings : Fairtrade cotton in West Africa . '' Geoforum , 2010 . 41 ( 1 ) : 44 - 55 ^ Jump up to : Littrell , M.A. , and M.A. Dickson . `` Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market . '' Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 16.4 ( 1998 ) : 176 - 89 ^ Jump up to : Grimes , Kimberly M. , and B. Lynne Milgram . Artisans and Cooperatives : Developing Alternative Trade for the Global Economy . Tucson : University of Arizona , 2000 . Jump up ^ Bhagwati , Jagdish . `` Trade Liberalisation And ' Fair Trade ' Demands : Addressing The Environmental And Labour Standards Issues . '' World Economy 18.6 ( 1995 ) : 745 - 759 Jump up ^ `` Social Responsibility in the Global Seafood Industry '' ( PDF ) . FishWise . FishWise . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Kate ( 2007 ) . `` Globalising Justice within Coffee Supply Chains ? Fair Trade , Starbucks and the Transformation of Supply Chain Governance '' . Third World Quarterly . 28 ( 4 ) : 793 -- 812 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590701336663 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Rapaport Fair Trade . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rough Cut Foreign Policy , 2 Jan 2013 Jump up ^ Couple 's ringing endorsement of ethical jewelry SFGate Jump up ^ http://shapingsustainablemarkets.iied.org/fairtrade-gold ^ Jump up to : FINE ( 2006 ) . Business Unusual . Brussels : Fair Trade Advocacy Office Jump up ^ http://www.frithjof-schmidt.de/Parliament_in_suppor.163.0.html Jump up ^ http://www.vita.it/articolo/index.php3?NEWSID=72176 Jump up ^ Max Havelaar Foundation ( 2007 ) . ( 85.82. 218.199 / fileadmin / Bruger_filer / Dokument_database / IKAvaerktoej / EU_siden / Max_Havalaar. pdf Dutch Province of Groningen wins summary brought by Doug Egberts and can continue specifying fair trade coffee ) Jump up ^ Bacon , Christopher . `` Confronting the Coffee Crisis : Can Fair Trade , Organic , and Specialty Coffees Reduce Small - Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua ? '' . World Development . 33 : 497 -- 511 . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2004.10. 002 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Utting - chamorro , Karla . `` Does fair trade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua '' . Development in Practice. 15 : 584 -- 599 . doi : 10.1080 / 09614520500075706 . Retrieved 31 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.franchising.com/news/20080612_costa_coffee_hosts_national_foundation_day_to_enco.html Jump up ^ Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 : 257 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Trudel , R. ; Cotte , J. ( 2009 ) . `` Does it pay to be good ? '' . MIT Sloan Management Review . Jump up ^ Winter , Arnot C. ; Boxall , P. ; & Cash , S. ( 2006 ) . `` Do ethical consumers care about price ? A revealed preference analysis of Fair Trade coffee purchases '' . 54 . Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics : 555 -- 565 . Jump up ^ Booth , Philip `` Do n't bully the faithful into buying Fairtrade '' , The Catholic Herald , 20 February 2009 Jump up ^ Carimentrand , A. ; Ballet , J. ( 2010 ) . `` When Fair Trade increases unfairness : The case of quinoa from Bolivia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Valkila , J. ; Haaparanta , P. ; Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 : 257 -- 270 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0508 - z . Jump up ^ Kilian , B. ; Jones , C. ; Pratt , L. ; Villalobos , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' . Journal of Business Research . 59 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jbusres. 2005.09. 015 . Jump up ^ Mendoza , R. ; Bastiaensen , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Fair Trade and the Coffee Crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias '' . Small Enterprise Development . 14 ( 2 ) : 36 -- 46 . doi : 10.3362 / 0957 - 1329.2003. 020 . Jump up ^ Raynolds , L.T. ( 2009 ) . `` Mainstreaming Fair Trade Coffee : from Partnership to Traceability '' . World Development . 37 ( 6 ) : 1083 -- 1093 ( 1089 ) . doi : 10.1016 / j. worlddev. 2008.10. 001 . Jump up ^ Valkila , J. ; Haaparanta , P. ; Niemi , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Empowering Coffee Traders ? The Coffee Value Chain from Nicaraguan Fair Trade Farmers to Finnish Consumers '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 97 ( 257 -- 270 ) : 264 . Jump up ^ Barrientos , S. , Conroy , M.E. , & Jones , E. ( 2007 ) . Northern Social Movements and Fair Trade . In L. Raynolds , D.D. Murray , & J. Wilkinson , Fair Trade : The Challenges of Transforming Globalization ( pp. 51 -- 62 ) . London and New York : Routledge . Quoted by Reed , D ( 2009 ) . `` What do Corporations have to do with Fair Trade ? Positive and normative analysis from a value chain perspective '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 86 : 3 -- 26 ( 21 ) . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 008 - 9757 - 5 . Jump up ^ e.g. Utting - Chamorro , K ( 2005 ) . Does Fairtrade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua . Development in Practice , Volume 15 , Numbers 3 and 4 , June 2005 , Berndt , C.E. ( 2007 ) . Is Fair Trade in coffee production fair and useful ? Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala and implications for policy . Washington DC. : Mercatus 65 Policy Series , Policy Comment 11 , Mercatus Centre , George Mason University . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2009 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International . 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Bowbrick , P , `` Are price reporting systems of any use ? '' , British Food Journal . 90 ( 2 ) 65 - 69 March / April . 1988 . Current international research on developing world market information systems is given at sim2.org Jump up ^ Bassett , T. ( 2009 ) . Slim pickings : Fairtrade cotton in West Africa . Geoforum . Jump up ^ Kilian , B. , Jones , C. , Pratt , L. , & Villalobos , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' . Journal of Business Research 59 ( 3 ) , 322 -- 330. ; Valkila , J. ( 2009 ) . Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua -- Sustainable development or a poverty trap ? Ecological Economics 68 3018 - 3025 ; Wilson , B.R. ( 2009 ) . Indebted to Fair Trade ? Coffee and Crisis in Nicaragua . Geoforum . Jump up ^ Mendoza , R. , & J. Bastiaensen , J. ( 2003 ) . Fair Trade and the Coffee Crisis in the Nicaraguan Segovias . Small Enterprise Development , 14 ( 2 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.adamsmith.org/pdf/groundsforcomplaint.pdf Jump up ^ Booth , P. and L. Whetstone ( 2007 ) ' Half a Cheer for Fair Trade ' , Economic Affairs , 27 , 2 , 29 -- 36 ; Sidwell , M. ( 2008 ) Unfair Trade , London : Adam Smith Institute . Jump up ^ Harford , T : `` The Undercover Economist . '' , 2005 Jump up ^ Sam Bowman ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` Markets , poverty , and Fair Trade '' . Adam Smith Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Voting with your trolley '' . The Economist . Dec 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.iea.org.uk/record.jsp?type=book&ID=437 Jump up ^ `` IDS Bookshop -- Item details '' . Ntd.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Julie Guthman ( 2007 ) . `` The Polanyian Way ? Voluntary Food Labels as Neoliberal Governance '' . Antipode. 39 ( 3 ) : 456 -- 478 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8330.2007. 00535. x . Jump up ^ Crane , A. ; Davies , I.A. ( 2003 ) . `` Ethical Decision Making in Fair Trade Companies '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 45 : 79 -- 92 . Jump up ^ http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1043886&SubsidiaryNumber=0 Jump up ^ Utting - Chamorro , K ( 2005 ) . `` Does Fairtrade make a difference ? The case of small coffee producers in Nicaragua '' . Development in Practice. 15 ( 3 , 4 ) . Jump up ^ Moberg M ( 2005 ) . `` Fairtrade and Eastern Caribbean Banana Farmers : Rhetoric and Reality in the Anti-Globalization Movement . '' Human Organization 64 : 4 - 16 , Cited in Nelson and Pound ( 2009 ) p 10 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/Fair_trade_firm_accused_of_foul_play.html?cid=5351232 Jump up ^ Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , August 9 ) . ' Fair ' coffee workers paid below minimum wage . Financial Times ; Weitzman , H. ( 2006 , September 9 ) . Ethical - coffee ' workers paid below legal minimum . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Weitzman , H. : 2006 , The bitter cost of ' Fair Trade ' coffee . Financial Times , September 8 . Jump up ^ `` The bitter cost of ' fair trade ' coffee '' , FT , Americas Jump up ^ Boris , Jean - Pierre ( 2005 ) , Commerce inéquitable , Paris : Hachette Littératures . Jump up ^ Catherine S. Dolan ( 2008 ) , Research in Economic Anthropology , `` Arbitrating risk through moral values : the case of Kenyan fairtrade '' , volume 28 , pages 271 -- 96 . Bibliography ( edit ) Berndt , CE ( 2007 ) , Is Fair Trade in coffee production fair and useful ? Evidence from Costa Rica and Guatemala and implications for policy , Policy Series , Policy Comment , 65 ( 11 ) , Washington , DC : Mercatus Centre , George Mason University . Ballet , Jérôme ; Carimentrand , Aurélie ( April 2010 ) , `` Fair Trade and the Depersonalization of Ethics '' , Journal of Business Ethics , Springer , 92 ( 2 Supplement ) : 317 -- 30 , doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 010 - 0576 - 0 . Hamel , I ( 2006 ) , `` Fairtrade Firm Accused of Foul Play '' , Swiss info . Jacquiau , C ( 2006 ) , Les Coulisees du Commerce Équitable ( The columns of the equitable commerce ) ( in French ) , Paris : Mille et Une Nuits . Kilian , B ; Jones , C ; Pratt , L ; Villalobos , A ( 2006 ) , `` Is Sustainable Agriculture a Viable Strategy to Improve Farm Income in Central America ? A Case Study on Coffee '' , Journal of Business Research , 59 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 30 , doi : 10.1016 / j. jbusres. 2005.09. 015 . Kohler , P ( 2006 ) , The economics of Fair Trade : for whose benefit ? An investigation into the limits of Fair Trade as a development tool and the risk of clean - washing , HEI Working Papers ( 06 -- 2007 ) , Geneva : Economics Section , Graduate Institute of International Studies , October . Mohan , S ( 2010 ) , Fair Trade Without the Froth -- a dispassionate economic analysis of ' Fair Trade ' , London : Institute of Economic Affairs . Moore , G ; Gibbon , J ; Slack , R ( 2006 ) , `` The mainstreaming of Fair Trade : a macromarketing perspective '' , Journal of Strategic Marketing , 14 : 329 -- 52 , doi : 10.1080 / 09652540600947961 . Riedel , CP ; Lopez , FM ; Widdows , A ; Manji , A ; Schneider , M ( 2005 ) , `` Impacts of Fair Trade : trade and market linkages '' , Proceedings of the 18th International Farming Symposium , 31 October -- 3 November , Rome : Food and Agricultural Organisation . Weitzman , H ( September 8 , 2006 ) , `` The bitter cost of ' Fair Trade ' coffee '' , The Financial Times . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fair trade Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fair trade . Fair trade Core topics History of fair trade Fairtrade certification Fair trade and politics Fair trade impact studies Fair trade debate Alternative trading organization Trade justice Trade Justice Movement Sweatshops Body shopping Worldshop Federations Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International World Fair Trade Organization Network of European Worldshops European Fair Trade Association FINE Fair Trade Federation International Resources for Fairer Trade ( IRFT ) Certification Fair trade certification FLO International ( standard - setting and producer support ) FLO - CERT ( inspection & certification ) International Fairtrade Certification Mark Fair Trade Certified Mark Labeling initiatives Asociación del Sello de Productos de Comercio Justo Fair Trade Association of Australia and New Zealand Fairtrade Mark Ireland The Fairtrade Foundation Association Max Havelaar France Stichting Max Havelaar Max Havelaar - Stiftung Switzerland Fairtrade Canada Fair Trade USA ( formerly TransFair USA ) Alternative trading organizations Alter Eco Artisans du Monde Cafédirect Ctm altromercato Divine Chocolate Equal Exchange Equal Exchange Trading Rainforest Alliance Gepa The Fair Trade Company Handcrafting Justice SERRV International Traidcraft Twin Trading Ten Thousand Villages Veja Sneakers Campaigns Fairtrade Town List of Fairtrade settlements Fairtrade fortnight Make Trade Fair No Sweat World Fair Trade Day Media Black Gold ( 2006 film ) Brewing Justice ( book ) Category : Fair trade International trade Terminology Absolute advantage Balance of payments Balance of trade Capital account Comparative advantage Current account Export - oriented industrialization Fair trade Foreign exchange reserves Globalization Import substitution industrialization Net capital outflow Outsourcing Tariff Trade justice Trade war Trading nation Organizations and policies International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development World Bank Group World Trade Organization ( WTO ) International Trade Centre Bilateral investment treaty Economic integration Free - trade zone Special economic zone Trade agreement Trade barrier Trade bloc Political economy Free trade ( Adam Smith , The Wealth of Nations , Repeal of the Corn Laws ) Mercantilism Protectionism ( Economic nationalism , Autarky ) Regional organizations ACU ASEAN CACM CAN CARICOM CEMAC CUBKR EAC EAU EU GCC Mercosur RCEP SAARC SACU WAEMU Exports by product Aircraft & Spacecraft Aircraft parts Aluminium Cars Car parts Coal Coffee Computers Copper Corn Cotton Diamonds Electricity Engines Gas turbines Gold Integrated circuits Iron ore Natural gas Oil Petrol Pharmaceuticals Ships Steel Telecommunications equipment Telephones Trucks Wheat Wine Category Commons Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Social democracy Precursors Humanism Age of Enlightenment French Revolution Utopian socialism Trade unionism Revolutions of 1848 Orthodox Marxism Development Revisionism Reformism Gradualism Democratic socialism Frankfurt Declaration Keynesianism Welfare capitalism Third Way Modern European socialism Policies Representative democracy Civil liberties Labor rights Mixed economy Land reform Nationalization Welfare state Fair trade Environmental protection Secularism Organizations Social democratic parties Socialist International Party of European Socialists Progressive Alliance International Trade Union Confederation ( ITUC ) People Clement Attlee Obafemi Awolowo José Batlle y Ordóñez David Ben - Gurion Eduard Bernstein Rómulo Betancourt Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Louis Blanc Willy Brandt Hjalmar Branting Gro Harlem Brundtland Jeremy Corbyn Bettino Craxi Ignacy Daszyński Eugene V. Debs Tommy Douglas Willem Drees Émile Durkheim Friedrich Ebert Bülent Ecevit Tage Erlander Einar Gerhardsen Felipe González João Goulart Bob Hawke Rudolf Hilferding Jean Jaurès Zhang Junmai Tetsu Katayama Karl Kautsky Charles Kennedy Alexander Kerensky John Maynard Keynes Ricardo Lagos Ferdinand Lassalle Jack Layton René Lévesque Ramsay MacDonald Nelson Mandela Jawaharlal Nehru Olof Palme Georgi Plekhanov Romano Prodi John Ruskin Bertrand Russell Bernie Sanders Michael Joseph Savage Thorvald Stauning Norman Thomas Anthem The Internationale Portal : Politics Portal : Economics Portal : Socialism Social and environmental accountability Ethics and principles Aarhus Convention Corporate accountability / behaviour / social responsibility Ethical banking Ethical code Extended producer responsibility Organizational ethics Organizational justice Principles for Responsible Investment Social responsibility Stakeholder theory Sullivan principles Transparency ( behavioral social ) UN Global Compact Social accounting Double bottom line Ethical Positioning Index Higg Index Impact assessment ( environmental equality social ) ISO 26000 Genuine progress indicator OHSAS 18001 Performance indicator SA8000 Social return on investment Whole - life cost Environmental accounting Carbon accounting Eco-Management and Audit Scheme Emission inventory Environmental full - cost accounting / impact assessment / management system / profit - and - loss account ISO 14000 ISO 14031 : 1999 Life - cycle assessment Pollutant release and transfer register Sustainability accounting / measurement / metrics and indices / standards and certification / supply chain Toxics Release Inventory Triple bottom line Reporting Global Reporting Initiative GxP guidelines Sustainability reporting Auditing Community - based monitoring Environmental ( certification ) Fair trade ( certification ) ISO 19011 Related Bangladesh Accord Benefit corporation Child labour Community interest company Conflict of interest Disasters Disinvestment Eco-labeling Environmental pricing reform Environmental , social and corporate governance Ethical consumerism Euthenics Health impact assessment Market governance mechanism Product certification Public participation Social enterprise Socially responsible investing Stakeholder ( engagement ) Supply chain management Environment portal Category Commons Organizations GND : 4360045 - 1 NDL : 01222546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_trade&oldid=799589068 '' Categories : Fair trade Economy and the environment Economic globalization Social movements Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Accuracy disputes from March 2015 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles needing POV - check from February 2013 All NPOV disputes Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 16 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20trade
| 43,979 |
||
when did veterans day become a federal holiday
|
Veterans Day
|
veterans day
|
Veterans Day is an official United States public holiday , observed annually on November 11 , that honors military veterans ; that is , persons who served in the United States Armed Forces . It coincides with other holidays , including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day , celebrated in other countries that mark the anniversary of the end of World War I ; major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 , when the Armistice with Germany went into effect . The United States previously observed Armistice Day . The U.S. holiday was renamed Veterans Day in 1954 .
|
Veterans Day is not to be confused with Memorial Day , a U.S. public holiday in May ; Veterans Day celebrates the service of all U.S. military veterans , while Memorial Day honors those who died while in military service . It is also not to be confused with Armed Forces Day , a minor U.S. remembrance that also occurs in May , which specifically honors those currently serving in the U.S. military . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Observance 2.1 Spelling of Veterans Day 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History On November 11 , 1919 , U.S. President Woodrow Wilson issued a message to his countrymen on the first Armistice Day , in which he expressed what he felt the day meant to Americans : ADDRESS TO FELLOW - COUNTRYMEN The White House , November 11 , 1919 . A year ago today our enemies laid down their arms in accordance with an armistice which rendered them impotent to renew hostilities , and gave to the world an assured opportunity to reconstruct its shattered order and to work out in peace a new and juster set of international relations . The soldiers and people of the European Allies had fought and endured for more than four years to uphold the barrier of civilization against the aggressions of armed force . We ourselves had been in the conflict something more than a year and a half . With splendid forgetfulness of mere personal concerns , we remodeled our industries , concentrated our financial resources , increased our agricultural output , and assembled a great army , so that at the last our power was a decisive factor in the victory . We were able to bring the vast resources , material and moral , of a great and free people to the assistance of our associates in Europe who had suffered and sacrificed without limit in the cause for which we fought . Out of this victory there arose new possibilities of political freedom and economic concert . The war showed us the strength of great nations acting together for high purposes , and the victory of arms foretells the enduring conquests which can be made in peace when nations act justly and in furtherance of the common interests of men . To us in America the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country 's service , and with gratitude for the victory , both because of the thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of nations . WOODROW WILSON The United States Congress adopted a resolution on June 4 , 1926 , requesting that President Calvin Coolidge issue annual proclamations calling for the observance of November 11 with appropriate ceremonies . A Congressional Act ( 52 Stat. 351 ; 5 U.S. Code , Sec . 87a ) approved May 13 , 1938 , made the 11th of November in each year a legal holiday : `` a day to be dedicated to the cause of world peace and to be thereafter celebrated and known as ' Armistice Day ' . '' Veterans Day parade in Baltimore , Maryland , 2016 In 1945 , World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham , Alabama , had the idea to expand Armistice Day to celebrate all veterans , not just those who died in World War I. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower , who supported the idea of National Veterans Day . Weeks led the first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985 . President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday . Elizabeth Dole , who prepared the briefing for President Reagan , determined Weeks as the `` Father of Veterans Day . '' U.S. Representative Ed Rees from Emporia , Kansas , presented a bill establishing the holiday through Congress . President Dwight D. Eisenhower , also from Kansas , signed the bill into law on May 26 , 1954 . It had been eight and a half years since Weeks held his first Armistice Day celebration for all veterans . Congress amended the bill on June 1 , 1954 , replacing `` Armistice '' with `` Veterans , '' and it has been known as Veterans Day since . The National Veterans Award was also created in 1954 . Congressman Rees of Kansas received the first National Veterans Award in Birmingham , Alabama , for his support offering legislation to make Veterans Day a federal holiday . Although originally scheduled for celebration on November 11 of every year , starting in 1971 in accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act , Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October ( Oct 25 , 1971 ; Oct 23 , 1972 ; Oct 22 , 1973 ; Oct 28 , 1974 ; Oct 27 , 1975 ; Oct 25 , 1976 , and Oct 24 , 1977 ) . In 1978 , it was moved back to its original celebration on November 11 . While the legal holiday remains on November 11 , if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday , then organizations that formally observe the holiday will normally be closed on the adjacent Friday or Monday , respectively . Observance Veterans Day 2007 Poster Because it is a federal holiday , some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school . When Veterans Day falls on a Saturday then either Saturday or the preceding Friday may be designated as the holiday , whereas if it falls on a Sunday it is typically observed on the following Monday . When it falls on weekend many private companies offer it as a floating holiday where employee can choose some other day . A Society for Human Resource Management poll in 2010 found that 21 percent of employers planned to observe the holiday in 2011 . Non-essential federal government offices are closed . No mail is delivered . All federal workers are paid for the holiday ; those who are required to work on the holiday sometimes receive holiday pay for that day in addition to their wages . In his Armistice Day address to Congress , Wilson was sensitive to the psychological toll of the lean War years : `` Hunger does not breed reform ; it breeds madness , '' he remarked . As Veterans Day and the birthday of the United States Marine Corps ( November 10 , 1775 ) are only one day apart , that branch of the Armed Forces customarily observes both occasions as a 96 - hour liberty period . Election Day is a regular working day , while Veterans Day , which typically falls the following week , is a federal holiday . The National Commission on Federal Election Reform called for the holidays to be merged , so citizens can have a day off to vote . They state this as a way to honor voting by exercising democratic rights . Spelling of Veterans Day While the holiday is commonly printed as Veteran 's Day or Veterans ' Day in calendars and advertisements ( spellings that are grammatically acceptable ) , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs website states that the attributive ( no apostrophe ) rather than the possessive case is the official spelling `` because it is not a day that ' belongs ' to veterans , it is a day for honoring all veterans . '' See also Holidays portal Anzac Day Martinmas National Vietnam War Veterans Day National Independence Day ( Polish holiday ) National Civil War Museum National World War I Museum and Memorial National World War II Museum Remembrance poppy Disabled Iranian Veterans Volkstrauertag References Jump up ^ Kelber , Sarah Kickler ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Today is not Veterans Day '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Supplement to the Messages and Papers of the Presidents : Covering the Second Term of Woodrow Wilson , March 4 , 1917 , to March 4 , 1921 '' . Bureau of National Literature. 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Day History '' . Veteran 's Affairs . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zurski , Ken ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Raymond Weeks : The Father of Veterans Day '' . Unremembered History . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Julie ( November 2003 ) . `` Where Veterans Day began '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of Veterans Day '' . United States Department of Veterans Affairs . 2007 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Veterans Day '' . United States Army Center of Military History ( CMH ) . 2003 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Society for Human Resource Management ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` 2011 Holiday Schedules SHRM Poll '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew F. ( 2007 ) . The Oxford companion to American food and drink . New York : Oxford University Press , Inc. p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530796 - 8 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutter , John D. ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Election Day should be a federal holiday '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Veterans Day Frequently Asked Questions , Office of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Updated 2015 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 08 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veterans Day . Official Website United States Department of Veterans Affairs 5 U.S.C. § 6103 ( Federal holidays ) hide Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) hide Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory Day ( RI ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veterans_Day&oldid=841250783 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United States Military veterans ' affairs in the United States November observances Recurring events established in 1954 Veterans days World War I World War II Federal holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi ᏣᎳᎩ Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 19 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans%20Day
| 24,790 |
||
the fastest clock in the universe philip ridley
|
The Fastest Clock in the Universe
|
the fastest clock in the universe
|
The Fastest Clock in the Universe is a two act play by Philip Ridley . It was Ridley 's second stage play and premiered at the Hampstead Theatre , London on 14 May 1992 and featured Jude Law in one of his early major stage roles in the part of Foxtrot Darling . The production was the second collaboration between Ridley and director Matthew Lloyd , who would go on to direct the original productions for the majority of Ridley 's plays until 2000 .
|
Like Ridley 's previous play The Pitchfork Disney , The Fastest Clock was considered shocking for its time but generated considerable more controversy due to it featuring scenes of violence onstage as well as descriptions of animal cruelty . Nevertheless the play was a major success , winning a variety of awards . The play is the second entry in Ridley 's unofficially titled `` East End Gothic Trilogy '' , preceded by The Pitchfork Disney and followed by Ghost from a Perfect Place . Though initially receiving a divisive response from critics these plays have grown in reputation and have been recognised as major works in the development of In - yer - face theatre which radically changed British Theatre in the 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Characters 3 Notable productions 4 Awards 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External links Story ( edit ) In a flat above an abandoned fur factory in the East End of London lives Cougar Glass . He is thirty years of age and obsessed with his self - image , doing all he can to appear young . He lives with his partner Captain Tock who he often makes wait on him , much to the Captain 's dismay . As Cougar has an intense fear of ageing he regularly holds birthday parties where he pretends to be only nineteen years of age . He also uses these parties to invite young people whom he has falsely befriended to his flat , so as to seduce ( and possibly even murder ) them for his own pleasure . The victim of today 's party is Foxtrot Darling , a 15 year - old schoolchild who Cougar has manipulated by becoming a new role model for him in wake of his brother 's death . However when Foxtrot arrives he has unexpectedly brought along Sherbet Gravel , a streetwise 17 year - old girl who is planning to be Foxtrot 's wife and claims to be pregnant with his child . As the play progresses the atmosphere gradually intensifies as Sherbet takes control of the party , aware that Cougar is not what he appears to be . Characters ( edit ) Cougar Glass - A thirty year old man , he appears to be very narcissistic , caring little about others and instead being fixated with his own appearance . He also becomes hysterical and feels physically ill whenever he is reminded of his real age . Captain Tock - A heavily balding 49 year old man . He has a job running an antique shop and has an obsession with birds . He is very wary of his health , taking vitamins and refraining from eating unhealthy food . Foxtrot Darling - A 15 year - old school child . He has found a new role model in Cougar after the loss of his brother . Sherbet Gravel - A streetwise 17 year old girl . She originally was the girlfriend of Foxtrot 's brother until his death . She since has become Foxtrot 's girlfriend and claims to be pregnant with his child . She yearns to have a more normal life , having previously been involved with gangs . Cheetah Bee - 88 years of age , she is the landlady as her husband owned the fur factory below years before . Whenever Cougar gets distressed from being reminded of his real age she arrives and coaxes him by showing how old and unattractive she is by comparison . Notable productions ( edit ) Premiere 14 May 1992 at Hampstead Theatre , London , directed by Mathew Lloyd . Cougar Glass - Con O'Neill Captain Tock - Jonathan Coy Foxtrot Darling - Jude Law Sherbert Gravel - Emma Amos Cheetah Bee - Elizabeth Bradley Hampstead Theatre 50th Anniversary Celebrations 22 September 2009 at Hampstead Theatre , London , directed by Edward Dick . Cougar Glass - Alec Newman Captain Tock - Finbar Lynch Foxtrot Darling - Neet Mohan Sherbert Gravel - Jaime Winstone Cheetah Bee - Eileen Page 2013 revival 5 November 2013 at the Old Red Lion Theatre , London , directed by Tom O'Brien . Cougar Glass - Joshua Blake Captain Tock - Ian Houghton Foxtrot Darling - Dylan Llewellyn Sherbert Gravel - Nancy Sullivan Cheetah Bee - Ania Marson Awards ( edit ) 1993 - The Meyer - Whitworth Award 1992 - A Time Out Award 1992 - Critics ' Circle Theatre Award for most promising playwright 1992 - Evening Standard Award for most promising playwright Further reading ( edit ) Urban , Ken ( 2007 ) . Ghosts from an Imperfect Place : Philip Ridley 's Nostalgia Rebellato , Dan ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` Chapter 22 : Philip Ridley by Dan Rebellato '' . In Middeke , Martin ; Paul Schnierer , Peter ; Sierz , Aleks . The Methuen Drama Guide to Contemporary British Playwrights . London , Great Britain : Methuen Drama . pp. 430 -- 433 . ISBN 9781408122785 . Sierz , Aleks ( 24 May 2012 ) . Modern British Playwriting : The 1990s : Voices , Documents , New Interpretations . Great Britain : Methuen Drama . pp. 98 -- 104 . ISBN 9781408181331 . Dorney , Kate ; Gray , Frances ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` 1990 - 1999 '' . Played in Britain : Modern Theatre in 100 Plays . Great Britain : Methuen Drama . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 9781408164808 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fastest Clock in the Universe ( Modern Plays ) Philip Ridley : Methuen Drama '' . Bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.casarotto.co.uk/assets/x/50760.pdf Jump up ^ `` Philip Ridley - Knight Hall Agency '' . knighthallagency.com . Jump up ^ `` Philip Ridley '' . Dan Rebellato . Jump up ^ Rebellato , Dan ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` Chapter 22 : Philip Ridley by Dan Rebellato '' . In Middeke , Martin ; Paul Schnierer , Peter ; Sierz , Aleks . The Methuen Drama Guide to Contemporary British Playwrights . London , Great Britain : Methuen Drama . p. 441 . ISBN 9781408122785 . Jump up ^ http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/london-shows/show/item106428/The-Fastest-Clock-In-the-Universe/ Jump up ^ `` Playwrights ' Studio , Scotland ProjectsPlaywrights ' Studio , Scotland Awards '' . Playwrightsstudio.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140810210511/http://www.albemarle-london.com/awards/AwardWinners.php?Award_Type=Critics%20Circle%20Awards&Year=1992 Jump up ^ `` Evening Standard Theatre Awards 1980 - 2003 '' . The Evening Standard . External links ( edit ) TheatreVOICE special : full - length programme about Philip Ridley 's The Fastest Clock in the Universe Theatrical Works of Philip Ridley Adult Stage Plays The Pitchfork Disney ( 1991 ) The Fastest Clock in the Universe ( 1992 ) Ghost from a Perfect Place ( 1994 ) Vincent River ( 2000 ) Mercury Fur ( 2005 ) Leaves of Glass ( 2007 ) Piranha Heights ( 2008 ) Tender Napalm ( 2011 ) Shivered ( 2012 ) Dark Vanilla Jungle ( 2013 ) Radiant Vermin ( 2015 ) Tonight with Donny Stixx ( 2015 ) Karagula ( 2016 ) Plays for Young People ( The Storyteller Sequence ) Sparkleshark ( 1997 ) Fairytaleheart ( 1998 ) Brokenville ( 2000 ) Moonfleece ( 2004 ) Karamazoo ( 2004 ) Plays for the Whole Family Feathers in the Snow ( 2012 ) Plays for Children Krindlekrax ( 2002 ) Daffodil Scissors ( 2004 ) Liberetto On Such A Day ( 2007 ) Tarantula in Petrol Blue ( 2009 ) Meyer - Whitworth Award 1992 -- 99 Roy MacGregor for Our Own Kind ( 1992 ) Philip Ridley for The Fastest Clock in the Universe ( 1993 ) Diane Samuels for Kindertransport ( 1994 ) Terry Johnson for Hysteria and Billy Roche for The Cavalcaders ( shared ) ( 1995 ) Michael Wynne for The Knocky ( 1996 ) Conor McPherson for This Lime Tree Bower ( 1997 ) Moira Buffini for Gabriel and Daragh Carville for Language Roulette ( shared ) ( 1998 ) David Harrower for Kill the Old Torture their Young ( 1999 ) 2000 -- 09 Kate Dean for Down Red Lane ( 2000 ) Ray Grewal for My Dad 's Corner Shop ( 2001 ) Gregory Burke for Gagarin Way and Henry Adam for Among Broken Hearts ( shared ) ( 2002 ) Gary Owen for Shadow of a Boy ( 2003 ) Owen McCafferty for Scenes from the Big Picture ( 2004 ) Stephen Thompson for Damages ( 2005 ) Dennis Kelly for Osama the Hero ( 2006 ) Morna Pearson for Distracted ( 2007 ) Hassan Abdulrazzak for Baghdad Wedding ( 2008 ) Ali Taylor for Cotton Wool ( 2009 ) 2010 -- 11 Natasha Langridge for Shraddha ( 2010 ) David Ireland for Everything Between Us ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fastest_Clock_in_the_Universe&oldid=836811872 '' Categories : Plays by Philip Ridley 1992 plays Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fastest%20Clock%20in%20the%20Universe
| 107,715 |
||
who played ellery queen in the tv series
|
Ellery Queen is an American TV series , developed by Richard Levinson and William Link , who based it on the fictional character of the same name . The series ran on NBC from September 11 , 1975 , to April 4 , 1976 featuring the titular fictional sleuth . The series stars Jim Hutton as the titular character , and David Wayne as his father , Inspector Richard Queen .
|
Jim Hutton
|
Ellery Queen ( TV series )
|
ellery queen ( tv series )
|
Ellery Queen is an American TV series , developed by Richard Levinson and William Link , who based it on the fictional character of the same name . The series ran on NBC from September 11 , 1975 , to April 4 , 1976 featuring the titular fictional sleuth . The series stars Jim Hutton as the titular character , and David Wayne as his father , Inspector Richard Queen .
|
Every episode revolves around author Queen investigating a murder , usually with the assistance of his father . The series uses some of the same dramatic devices found in the early Queen novels and radio shows . This includes Hutton breaking the fourth wall , to challenge the viewer to solve the mystery ; this is one of the series ' most notable features , which has helped it gain a cult following , despite its short run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Reception 4 List of Episodes 5 DVD releases 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the post-World War II New York City -- more specifically , the first episode is set on New Years ' Eve of 1946 -- the show revolved around author and amateur detective Ellery Queen ( Jim Hutton ) , a bachelor who lives with his widowed father , Inspector Richard Queen ( David Wayne ) . Ellery solves various cases while writing his latest book , usually with assistance from his father , and Inspector Queen 's right - hand - man , Sergeant Velie ( Tom Reese ) . Similar to the early Queen books and radio episodes , the audience is challenged to solve the mystery . For the television series , this led to a unique and notable feature for the show . Hutton breaks the fourth wall before the confrontation scene , giving the viewers a short exposition about the case , and leaving the viewer to put together the clues . The final act always used the time - honored detective cliché of calling together all the suspects , with Ellery Queen presenting the solution ( except in one episode when the elder Queen took over ) . The great detective 's detailed exposition allowed audience members to assess how they had guessed right and wrong . In some episodes , Queen 's explanation disproved the theory of a rival sleuth . The series departed from the original stories in two respects . An element of mild humour was added by making the Ellery Queen character slightly physically clumsy , and the character of rival radio detective Simon Brimmer ( John Hillerman ) was created for the series . Cast ( edit ) Jim Hutton as Ellery Queen David Wayne as Inspector Richard Queen Tom Reese as Sgt . Thomas Velie Recurring ( edit ) John Hillerman as Simon Brimmer , a radio host and Queen 's frenemy . He frequently competes with Ellery , and jumps to conclusions about the murderer based on one piece of minor evidence . Ken Swofford as Frank Flannigan , a reporter who competes with Queen on several cases . Nina Roman as Grace , Inspector Queen 's secretary . Arch Johnson as Deputy Commissioner Hayes , Inspector Queen 's boss . Maggie Nelson as Vera , Frank Flannigan 's secretary . Production ( edit ) Richard Levinson and William Link had previously written a pilot based on the Ellery Queen character , Ellery Queen : Do n't Look Behind You , also produced by Universal . The pilot , directed by Barry Shear , aired as a television movie on NBC on November 19 , 1971 . Peter Lawford and Harry Morgan had portrayed Ellery and Inspector McQueen , respectively , with E.G. Marshall and Stefanie Powers in co-starring roles , and Bill Zuckert as Sgt . Velie . However , Levinson and Link did not like the changes to the script made by producer Leonard Ackerman , and used the pseudonym `` Ted Leighton '' as the credited writer . NBC did not order a series from the pilot . In 1974 , Levinson and Link retooled their idea into a new pilot , this time with Jim Hutton and David Wayne as Ellery and Inspector Queen . A television pilot premiered on March 23 , 1975 , with the made - for - TV movie Ellery Queen : Too Many Suspects . Levinson and Link adapted the script from the 1965 Ellery Queen novel The Fourth Side of the Triangle . NBC ordered a series based on the pilot in May 1975 . A total of 22 episodes followed in the show 's single season . The theme music was by Elmer Bernstein . The last episode aired on April 4 , 1976 , after which NBC cancelled the series . The series ranked 68 out of 97 shows that season . Levinson and Link later retooled the idea of an author and amateur sleuth who solves murders , with a list of notable and up - and - coming guest stars , into the long - running CBS series , Murder , She Wrote . Reception ( edit ) Richard Schickel , reviewing the series at its premiere in September 1975 , called it `` a garage - sale period piece '' ; he said `` the presence of Guy Lombardo , some ancient autos and the oldest of detective story conventions ( all suspects are assembled in one room to await the results of the detective 's ratiocinations ) are supposed to evoke nostalgia . They do not -- and the format 's stasis is numbing . '' In 1979 , Levinson and Link won a Special Edgar Award for creating the Columbo and Ellery Queen TV series . Thirty - five years later , David Wiegand , reviewing the series when it was released on DVD , called the show 's formula a `` completely satisfying guilty pleasure '' and asserted that the `` appeal of the series is that the clues are actually there in the development of each show , and just before the denouement , Ellery breaks the ' fourth wall ' and asks if you 've figured it out . '' List of episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date 0 `` Ellery Queen : Too Many Suspects '' David Greene Richard Levinson & William Link March 23 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 23 ) 78 - minute pilot : When a famous fashion designer is found murdered , Inspector Richard Queen of the NYPD is baffled by her dying clue ( she pulled the plugs for her clock and TV set out of the wall at exactly 10 : 25 PM ) , prompting him to bring in his son , mystery writer Ellery Queen , to help in the investigation . `` The Adventure of Auld Lang Syne '' David Greene Story by : Richard Levinson & William Link and Peter S. Fischer Teleplay by : Peter S. Fischer September 11 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 11 ) Soon after a wealthy industrialist threatens to disinherit family and staff at a 1947 New Year 's Eve party , he is found murdered in a nearby phone booth by fellow guest Inspector Queen , who calls on son Ellery to help unmask the killer . `` The Adventure of the Lover 's Leap '' Charles S. Dubin Robert Pirosh September 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 18 ) When an heiress is found dead from an apparent suicide , Ellery Queen suspects she was murdered , but the investigation is hindered by interference from radio detective Simon Brimmer . `` The Adventure of the Chinese Dog '' Ernest Pintoff Story by : Gene Thompson Teleplay by : Robert van Scoyk September 25 , 1975 ( 1975 - 09 - 25 ) A fishing trip for Richard and Ellery Queen soon becomes a working vacation when they are asked to help investigate the murder of a small - town magnate who was whacked over the head with an ornamental dog figurine . `` The Adventure of the Comic Book Crusader '' Peter H. Hunt Robert van Scoyk October 2 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 02 ) A tyrannical comic book creator is shot to death in his office , and Ellery Queen becomes the prime suspect because of arguments over how he was portrayed in the victim 's comics . 5 `` The Adventure of the 12th Floor Express '' Jack Arnold David H. Balkan & Alan Folsom October 9 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 09 ) Inspector Queen calls in his son Ellery to help investigate the murder of a newspaper publisher , who first disappears from his private express elevator and then is later found there dead by gunshot . 6 `` The Adventure of Miss Aggie 's Farewell Performance '' James Sheldon Story by : Richard Levinson & William Link and Peter S. Fischer Teleplay by : Peter S. Fischer October 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 16 ) Beloved Vera Bethune stars as Miss Aggie in a radio soap opera , but is about to be written out . One day she drinks water from a jug and is poisoned in a murder attempt . She is taken to the hospital and survives , but the killer returns . 7 `` The Adventure of Colonel Nivin 's Memoirs '' Seymour Robbie Robert E. Swanson October 23 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 23 ) Ellery 's publicist becomes embroiled in a murder investigation when she finds the body of one of her clients , a World War II spy who recently wrote a tell - all memoir . 8 `` The Adventure of the Mad Tea Party '' James Sheldon Story by : Ellery Queen Teleplay by : Peter S. Fischer October 30 , 1975 ( 1975 - 10 - 30 ) Fun - loving theatrical producer Spencer Lockridge invites Ellery to his mansion for a weekend of working out how to adapt one of Ellery 's works for the stage . But the producer disappears shortly thereafter , and presumed murdered . A series of clues are delivered by pranksters ' means . The idea is to try to get the killer to implicate himself or herself . 9 `` The Adventure of Veronica 's Veils '' Seymour Robbie Robert Pirosh November 13 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 13 ) Burlesque producer Sam Packer is found dead of an apparent heart attack but he leaves behind a video to be shown at his funeral in which he states that , no matter what it looks like , he will have been murdered . 10 `` The Adventure of the Pharaoh 's Curse '' Seymour Robbie Story by : Rudolph Borchert Teleplay by : Peter S. Fischer December 11 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 11 ) Much - hated museum benefactor Norris Wentworth is found dead in the museum . The autopsy indicates he died of a heart attack , but did he have help in dying ? He was let into the museum by somebody and could n't reach his nitroglycerin medicine , indicating that whoever let him in also intimidated him . An Egyptologist shows up and claims that the piece , a pharaoh 's tomb , was stolen from Egypt and vows that a curse has been laid upon the tomb to haunt anyone who robs it . 11 `` The Adventure of the Blunt Instrument '' Ernest Pintoff Story by : Michael Robert David Teleplay by : Michael Robert David and Robert van Scoyk December 18 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 18 ) Edgar Manning , a mystery writer , wins the annual Blunt Instrument Award for his year 's work and goes to pick it up at a party . Ellery , who was Edgar 's rival for the award , is sidelined because of a nasty cold . So Edgar gleefully phones Ellery and gives a blow - by - blow description of the award ceremony ( including describing the trophy ) as he leans back in his easy chair . But the phone call is interrupted by a sickening thud . Ellery calls out to Edgar but gets no response . Cut back to Edgar , who 's now face down on his desk . His skull was shattered by ... The Blunt Instrument , the trophy itself . 12 `` The Adventure of the Black Falcon '' Walter Doniger Marc B. Ray January 4 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 04 ) Letting a fine wine `` breathe '' proves deadly for the wine 's owner Nick Kingston , who leaves it unattended for a killer to poison it . The vintner , who 's hosting a party upstairs , comes back only to collapse . He tries to implicate the killer but breaks the wine cellar 's only pencil , so he crawls to a wine rack and grabs a bottle , smashing it on the floor . The shattered bottle bears the label Black Falcon , indicating it was tied to World War One . But how ? 13 `` The Adventure of the Sunday Punch '' Seymour Robbie Larry Alexander January 11 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 11 ) During a practice bout , a lucky shot knocks champion boxer Kid Hogan unconscious . He revives enough to sip some water from his manager 's `` swill bottle , '' then falls comatose and is soon pronounced dead . An autopsy reveals he was poisoned , and the `` swill bottle '' was loaded with poison . The manager is strongly implicated , but so is the opponent Joe Simpson . 14 `` The Adventure of the Eccentric Engineer '' Peter H. Hunt David P. Lewis & Booker Bradshaw January 18 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 18 ) Lamont Franklin , a once brilliant but now seemingly senile inventor , is murdered in his electric train workshop . It appears as though no one could have entered or left the workshop during the time in which the murder must have taken place . 15 `` The Adventure of the Wary Witness '' Walter Doniger Peter S. Fischer January 25 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 25 ) Linville Hagen , on trial for murder , claims that the victim Nick Danello was shot through a window from a fire escape , and that Hagen fired at the killer . The defendant 's lawyer Leo Campbell claims that he can bring in a witness , a woman who was beaten up by the victim . But the woman ca n't be found . When she 's finally tracked down , Inspector Queen , Ellery and Frank Flannigan hear a gunshot from outside her window , break down the door and find the woman lying unconscious -- shot from the fire escape . 16 `` The Adventure of the Judas Tree '' Walter Doniger Martin Roth February 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 01 ) Someone makes the murder of wealthy George Sherman look like a ritualistic killing , hanging his corpse from a Cercis tree ( aka a Judas tree ) and adorning it with branches . When George is found to be far less wealthy than thought ( he had given everything away except a huge life insurance policy ) , suspicion turns to his wife Paulette , who already has a boyfriend on the side . 17 `` The Adventure of the Sinister Scenario '' Peter H. Hunt Robert Pirosh February 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 08 ) Gil Mallory , an actor playing Ellery Queen in a motion picture , is supposed to be shot on camera , then jump up and nab the woman who shot him , exclaiming `` Bulletproof vest ! '' The rehearsal with blanks goes fine . But the ensuing take with the same gun finds it loaded with real bullets , and Mallory drops dead . The film crew tries to carry on , and soon stunt man Mike Hewitt is killed when the car he was driving is rigged to wipe out before he was ready . Are the two murders linked -- and how ? 18 `` The Adventure of the Two - Faced Woman '' Jack Arnold Robert E. Swanson February 29 , 1976 ( 1976 - 02 - 29 ) Simon Brimmer once again fingers the wrong culprit in this tale about the murder of a socialite who was apparently leading a double life . The case has its underpinnings in events that happened in 1922 France . 19 `` The Adventure of the Tyrant of Tin Pan Alley '' Seymour Robbie Robert van Scoyk March 7 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 07 ) The radio payola scandals of the 1940s and ' 50s are recalled when popular songwriter Alvin Winer is murdered during the musical interlude on a radio show when he goes to the station 's record library to find a record . Ellery must clear a friend who had just accused Winer of stealing his song . 20 `` The Adventure of Caesar 's Last Sleep '' Richard Michaels Story by : Michael Rhodes Teleplay by : Rudolph Borchert March 14 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 14 ) Inspector Queen is in charge of protecting mob witness Ralph Caesar , but the witness is murdered before he can testify . The evidence points to none other than Sgt . Velie . The Inspector must also deal with rivals in the department who feel he 's gotten long in the tooth and relies too much on Ellery . 21 `` The Adventure of the Hardhearted Huckster '' Edward M. Abroms Story by : Robert E. Swanson and Lewis Davidson Teleplay by : Robert E. Swanson March 21 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 21 ) Madison Avenue advertising executive James Bevin Long wants to make newspaper columnist Frank Flanagan a TV star by setting him up with a variety show . But then Long is murdered in his private bathroom , stabbed in the back . The killer had to be someone who knew Long 's meticulous habits . The plans for the TV show go forward and Ellery takes an inside look at the advertising industry to determine how the killer could have slipped in and out undetected . 22 `` The Adventure of the Disappearing Dagger '' Jack Arnold Story by : Stephen Lord Teleplay by : Stephen Lord and Robert van Scoyk April 4 , 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 04 ) An elderly amateur criminologist finally figures out how a five - year - old `` locked - room '' murder was committed , and is murdered by the killer before he can alert Inspector Queen . Ellery takes up the challenge himself . The criminologist had first implicated an airline pilot , because he was flying the plane where the murder was committed and had the opportunity to toss the murder weapon out the window . Nobody else seems to have been able to get rid of the weapon , but Ellery finds that the murder victim had stolen someone else 's invention , and that the murderer may have invented the weapon as well . DVD releases ( edit ) The series , including the pilot , was released on DVD - in Australia ( region 4 , PAL ) on 15 September 2010 and in the US by Entertainment One ( region 1 , NTSC ) on September 28 , 2010 . The Australian release also includes Ellery Queen : Do n't Look Behind You . In 2016 , the complete series of Ellery Queen was released on DVD in the UK . This release also includes Ellery Queen : Do n't Look Behind You . See also ( edit ) The Adventures of Ellery Queen ( radio and TV series ) The Adventures of Ellery Queen ( radio program ) Murder , She Wrote , a similar , more successful series also by Levinson and Link References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrews , Dale ; Sercu , Kurt ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` When Ellery Queen met NBC '' . Criminal Brief . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with screen writer William Link '' from disk 6 , Ellery Queen Mysteries , DVD release September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Hal . `` Ellery Queen ( 1975 ) '' . Rovi Corporation . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( September 15 , 1975 ) . `` Television : Viewpoints : The New Season , Part I '' . Time . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( November 14 , 2010 ) . `` DVD review : Ellery Queen : The complete Series '' . sfgate.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Ellery Queen on IMDb Ellery Queen at TV.com William Link from the Museum of Broadcast Communications Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellery_Queen_(TV_series)&oldid=844314606 '' Categories : American crime drama television series Detective television series 1970s American television series 1975 American television series debuts 1976 American television series endings American mystery television series English - language television programs NBC network shows Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 1940s Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 03 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellery%20Queen%20%28TV%20series%29
| 107,716 |
who has the most championships in the nba team
|
Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 9 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- --
|
Boston Celtics
|
List of NBA champions
|
list of nba champions
|
The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 -- 49 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy .
|
The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 70 championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Trophies 1.1 Walter A. Brown Trophy 1.2 Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy 2 Champions 2.1 BAA champions 2.2 NBA champions 3 Results by teams 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Trophies ( edit ) The original Walter A. Brown Trophy displayed at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Walter a Brown trophy ( edit ) The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy , but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown , the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949 . The original trophy was awarded to the BAA / NBA champions from 1947 to 1976 . The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year 's finals , unless the previous team won again , much like the NHL 's Stanley Cup , which continues that tradition to this day . A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals , although it retained the Walter A. Brown title . Unlike the original championship trophy , the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year . The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors , who defeated the Chicago Stags . From 1957 to 1969 , the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times , including eight consecutive wins . The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers , who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals . In 1984 , the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Larry O'Brien Championship trophy ( edit ) Main article : Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy In 1984 , the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , in honor of Larry O'Brien , who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984 . The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) tall . It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net . The year and team names are engraved on the trophies , which are often prominently displayed in the winning team 's arena . The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games ( 4 -- 3 ) in the 1984 NBA Finals . Champions ( edit ) Legend Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season ( # ) Playoff seed BAA champions ( edit ) Year Western Champions Result Eastern Champions Reference 1947 Chicago Stags 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors 1948 Baltimore Bullets 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors 1949 Minneapolis Lakers 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols NBA champions ( edit ) Year Western Champions Result Eastern Champions Reference 1950 Minneapolis Lakers 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) Results by teams ( edit ) Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 9 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shimberg , Jason ( June 9 , 2005 ) . `` NBA Finals Trophy : Can You Name It ? '' . docsports.com . Docsports . Retrieved October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walter A. Brown '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals history '' . USA Today . June 26 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence O'Brien '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Legends Launch 2005 NBA Legends Tour : Destination Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Playoffs Series History '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - OT Classic Highlights Boston 's 13th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walton , Lucas Ignite ' Blazermania ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Leads the Way for Sonics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Return to Glory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Arduous Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Helps Dr. J , Sixers Reach Promised Land '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem , Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Record - Setting Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Jumper Secures Chicago 's Sixth Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's world is Title Town '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeping success : Spurs win it ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge ! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban finally ends silence , emerges as a champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J. ( 19 June 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . Fox News . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . The Cleveland Cavaliers have broken the Cleveland curse and won the NBA Championship ; they beat the Warriors , 93 - 89 . The Cavs are the first NBA team ever to win an NBA title after being down 3 - 1 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutNBAat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity NBA.com : List of champions NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NBA champions 1947 : Philadelphia Warriors 1948 : Baltimore Bullets 1949 : Minneapolis Lakers 1950 : Minneapolis Lakers 1951 : Rochester Royals 1952 : Minneapolis Lakers 1953 : Minneapolis Lakers 1954 : Minneapolis Lakers 1955 : Syracuse Nationals 1956 : Philadelphia Warriors 1957 : Boston Celtics 1958 : St. Louis Hawks 1959 : Boston Celtics 1960 : Boston Celtics 1961 : Boston Celtics 1962 : Boston Celtics 1963 : Boston Celtics 1964 : Boston Celtics 1965 : Boston Celtics 1966 : Boston Celtics 1967 : Philadelphia 76ers 1968 : Boston Celtics 1969 : Boston Celtics 1970 : New York Knicks 1971 : Milwaukee Bucks 1972 : Los Angeles Lakers 1973 : New York Knicks 1974 : Boston Celtics 1975 : Golden State Warriors 1976 : Boston Celtics 1977 : Portland Trail Blazers 1978 : Washington Bullets 1979 : Seattle SuperSonics 1980 : Los Angeles Lakers 1981 : Boston Celtics 1982 : Los Angeles Lakers 1983 : Philadelphia 76ers 1984 : Boston Celtics 1985 : Los Angeles Lakers 1986 : Boston Celtics 1987 : Los Angeles Lakers 1988 : Los Angeles Lakers 1989 : Detroit Pistons 1990 : Detroit Pistons 1991 : Chicago Bulls 1992 : Chicago Bulls 1993 : Chicago Bulls 1994 : Houston Rockets 1995 : Houston Rockets 1996 : Chicago Bulls 1997 : Chicago Bulls 1998 : Chicago Bulls 1999 : San Antonio Spurs 2000 : Los Angeles Lakers 2001 : Los Angeles Lakers 2002 : Los Angeles Lakers 2003 : San Antonio Spurs 2004 : Detroit Pistons 2005 : San Antonio Spurs 2006 : Miami Heat 2007 : San Antonio Spurs 2008 : Boston Celtics 2009 : Los Angeles Lakers 2010 : Los Angeles Lakers 2011 : Dallas Mavericks 2012 : Miami Heat 2013 : Miami Heat 2014 : San Antonio Spurs 2015 : Golden State Warriors 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 : Golden State Warriors National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_champions&oldid=809446270 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals National Basketball Association lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն ქართული Latviešu Magyar Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 04 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NBA%20champions
| 150 |
who plays jenna rolan in be more chill
|
Character ( s ) World Premiere Cast ( 2015 ) Two River Theatre Original Off - Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Pershing Square Signature Center Jeremy Heere Will Connolly Will Roland Michael Mell George Salazar Christine Canigula Stephanie Hsu The SQUIP Eric William Morris Jason Tam Chloe Valentine Katlyn Carlson Brooke Lohst Lauren Marcus Rich Goranski Gerard Canonico Jenna Rolan Katie Ladner Tiffany Mann Jake Dillinger Jake Boyd Britton Smith Mr. Heere Mr. Reyes Scary Stockboy Paul Whitty Jason `` SweetTooth '' Williams
|
Tiffany Mann
|
Be More Chill ( musical )
|
be more chill ( musical )
|
Be More Chill is a musical with music and lyrics by Joe Iconis and a book by Joe Tracz , based on the novel Be More Chill by Ned Vizzini .
|
Contents 1 Productions 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act One 2.2 Act Two 3 Musical numbers 4 Roles and original casts 4.1 Original productions 5 Recording 6 References Productions ( edit ) The musical premiered in June 2015 at the Two River Theater in Red Bank , New Jersey . The production featured Will Conolly as Jeremy , Eric William Morris as the Squip , George Salazar as Michael , Stephanie Hsu , Katie Ladner , Lauren Marcus , Jake Boyd , Gerard Canonico , Katlyn Carlson , and Paul Whitty . The musical was commissioned by Two River Theater as part of their new play development program . Be More Chill received an Off - Broadway production at the Irene Diamond Stage at the Pershing Square Signature Center . This production will feature several original cast members including Stephanie Hsu , George Salazar , Gerard Canonico , Katlyn Carlson and Lauren Marcus reprising their respective roles . New cast members include Will Roland of Dear Evan Hansen as Jeremy , Jason Tam as the SQUIP , Britton Smith as Jake , Tiffany Mann as Jenna , and Jason `` Sweettooth '' Williams as Mr. Heere . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) Jeremy Heere signs up for the school play in an attempt to get closer to his crush , Christine Canigula . He laments his status as a social outcast and longs to be cool ( `` More Than Survive '' ) . At rehearsal , Jeremy strikes up a conversation with Christine , who professes her love of the stage ( `` I Love play rehearsal '' ) . Jeremy runs into school bully Rich Goranski , who tells him about a pill called a `` super quantum unit intel processor , '' or `` SQUIP . '' The SQUIP implants itself in the host 's brain and tells them how to act . Rich tells Jeremy how he used to be a social outcast , but with the SQUIP 's help , became popular . Rich suggests that Jeremy gets one . ( `` The SQUIP Song '' ) . Jeremy tells Michael , his best friend , about his conversation with Rich . Michael is skeptical but reassures Jeremy that they will always be friends ( `` Two Player Game '' ) . They purchase a SQUIP for Jeremy , who takes the pill with Mountain Dew , as instructed and the SQUIP activates ( `` The SQUIP Enters '' ) . The SQUIP tells Jeremy that it will change everything about him ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' ) . While shopping , Jeremy runs into two popular girls from school , Brooke Lohst and Chloe Valentine , who offer him a ride home ( `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' ) . However , against the SQUIP 's orders , Jeremy leaves to find Michael -- only for the SQUIP to tell him that Michael had left . Seeing what happened when he disobeyed the SQUIP , Jeremy vows to be more obedient ( `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' ) . Jeremy heads to school the next morning with a renewed confidence ( `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' ) . At rehearsals , they begin to rehearse their zombie - apocalypse version of A Midsummer Night 's Dream . During a break , Christine tells Jeremy about her feelings for a guy she knows , which turns out to be Jake ( `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' ) . After rehearsal , the SQUIP informs him that Christine wo n't date him until his social standing drastically improves . The SQUIP encourages Jeremy to meet up with Brooke to use as a stepping stone to popularity ( `` Upgrade '' ) . Also at the SQUIP 's recommendation , Jeremy purposefully ignores Michael using a method called `` optic nerve blocking , '' who is a link to `` Jeremy 1.0 '' ( `` Loser Geek Whatever '' ) . Act Two ( edit ) Act Two begins at Jake 's Halloween party where chaos ensues ( `` Halloween '' ) . Jeremy arrives and meets Brooke . Chloe , who is jealous of Brooke , takes Jeremy upstairs and tries to seduce him . While Jeremy is clearly not interested , the SQUIP makes him kiss her ( `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' ) The SQUIP suddenly begins trying to warn Jeremy of something , but it can only speak Japanese , a side effect of Jeremy 's alcohol consumption . Jeremy runs into a bathroom , finding Michael who is furious that he 's been abandoned . Michael tells Jeremy that he researched the SQUIP and warns him about its dangers -- Michael uncovers that a previous student who took one and while it improved his life a little , he landed in a mental hospital after going crazy trying to get it out . Jeremy , thinking that Michael is just jealous of his popularity , storms out after calling Michael a loser . Michael locks himself in the bathroom and begins to have a panic attack as he mourns the loss of his only friend ( `` Michael in the Bathroom '' ) . Meanwhile , Jeremy meets Christine at the party and with a sudden burst of confidence , he asks her out . Christine who has found herself in an existential crisis , declines , thinking it is best for her to not see anybody else until she knows who she is . Rich meanwhile is asking around the now nearly over party if anyone has any Mountain Dew Red . Jeremy 's SQUIP finally reactivates and reviews the events of the next , forcibly removing Jeremy from the party immediately . The next morning , Jenna Rolan , the school gossip , texts everyone with the news that Jake 's house burned down in a fire set by Rich after the party and both of them are in the hospital . The news spreads throughout the school ( `` The Smartphone Hour ( Rich Set a Fire ) '' ) . Jeremy 's SQUIP reveals its master plan -- to put SQUIPs in the entire student body ( `` The Pitiful Children '' ) . At home , Jeremy is confronted by his father , who asks why Jeremy 's personality has changed . Jeremy reprimands his father for acting like he cares since Mr. Heere 's entire life has been on pause since his divorce . Jeremy storms out , and , shaken by Jeremy 's words , Mr. Heere realizes that something is wrong and that he must take charge . He tracks down Michael and convinces him to not give up on his friendship with Jeremy ( `` The Pants Song '' ) . Backstage at the play , the director brings out a prop -- a beaker of Mountain Dew , with SQUIPs in it . Jeremy suddenly realizes that the cast has been SQUIP'ed . At the SQUIP 's prompt , Jeremy realizes that -- green Mountain Dew activates a SQUIP , and Mountain Dew Red shuts it off . In the last moment Michael enters holding Mountain Dew Red . Jake , under the control of his SQUIP empties the bottle , destroying all hope of deactivating the SQUIP 's . Jeremy is moments away from drinking the last drop of Mountain Dew Red left in the bottle when a SQUIP'ed Christine appears , confessing her love for Jeremy . The SQUIP reveals that Christine will now do whatever he wants . Jeremy instructs her to drink the last drop of Mountain Dew Red left , causing her to release an ear - piercing shriek , destroying all of the SQUIP 's ( `` The Play '' ) . Jeremy wakes up in the hospital , in the same room as Rich who without his SQUIP realizes that he is bisexual and that he never needed a SQUIP to be happy . Michael and the new pants - wearing Mr. Heere arrive to visit Jeremy . Jeremy summons the courage to ask Christine out once more and she concurs . Jeremy understands that there will always be voices in his head , but his own must be the loudest ( `` Voices in My Head '' ) . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act 1 `` Jeremy 's Theme '' -- Orchestra `` More Than Survive '' -- Jeremy , Michael , Ensemble `` I Love Play Rehearsal '' -- Christine † `` The SQUIP Song '' -- Rich , Ensemble `` Two - Player Game '' -- Michael , Jeremy `` The Squip Enters '' -- Ensemble `` Be More Chill Pt. 1 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People `` Do You Wanna Ride ? '' -- Brooke , Chloe `` Be More Chill Pt. 2 '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Mall People † `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) '' -- Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into '' -- Christine , Jeremy , Squip , Ensemble `` The SQUIP Lurks '' -- Orchestra † † `` Upgrade '' -- Brooke , Squip , Jeremy , Jake , Christine , Company † † `` Loser Geek Whatever '' -- Jeremy Act 2 `` Halloween '' -- Brooke , Jake , Chloe , Rich , Jenna , Company `` Do You Wanna Hang ? '' -- Chloe `` Michael in the Bathroom '' -- Michael `` A Guy That I 'd Kinda Be Into ( Reprise ) '' - Jeremy , Christine `` The Smartphone Hour '' -- Jenna , Chloe , Brooke , Ensemble † ◇ `` The Pitiful Children '' -- Squip , Jeremy , Jenna , Ensemble ◇ `` The Pants Song '' -- Mr. Heere , Michael † `` The Play '' -- Michael , Jake , Brooke , Chloe , Jeremy , Christine , Ensemble `` Voices in My Head '' -- Jeremy , Christine , Ensemble † The lyrics for `` The SQUIP Song '' , `` More Than Survive ( Reprise ) , `` The Pitiful Children '' , and `` The Play '' were rewritten for the Off - Broadway production . † † `` Loser Geek Whatever '' was added to the Off - Broadway production which occurs after `` Upgrade '' . Because of this , the ending of `` Upgrade '' was rewritten to remove Jeremy 's solo , and a part of it was added to `` Loser Geek Whatever '' . ◇ The order of `` The Pants Song '' and `` The Pitiful Children '' is flipped in the Off - Broadway production . Roles and original casts ( edit ) Original productions ( edit ) Character ( s ) World Premiere Cast ( 2015 ) Two River Theatre Original Off - Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Pershing Square Signature Center Jeremy Heere Will Connolly Will Roland Michael Mell George Salazar Christine Canigula Stephanie Hsu The SQUIP Eric William Morris Jason Tam Chloe Valentine Katlyn Carlson Brooke Lohst Lauren Marcus Rich Goranski Gerard Canonico Jenna Rolan Katie Ladner Tiffany Mann Jake Dillinger Jake Boyd Britton Smith Mr. Heere Mr. Reyes Scary Stockboy Paul Whitty Jason `` SweetTooth '' Williams Recording ( edit ) The world premiere cast recorded an original cast album on July 21 , 2015 , which was released on October 31 , 2015 . The cast recording will be released on vinyl from Ghostlight Records in July . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Be More Chill ( Original Cast Recording ) '' . Ghostlight Records . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Review : In ' Be More Chill ' , a Nerd Finds Popularity in a Sci - Fi Pill '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Be More Chill ' opens at Two River Theater '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . It began previews July 26 and will play until September 23 2018 . `` ' Be More Chill ' Will Play Off - Broadway ; Will Roland to Star '' playbill.com , April 13 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Company '' . BE MORE CHILL Off - Broadway Official Site . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Be More Chill '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Iconis ' Be More Chill Cast Recording , with Gerard Canonico , George Salazar and More , Released Today Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . line feed character in title = at position 13 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Be More Chill Cast Recording to be Released on Vinyl Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Be_More_Chill_(musical)&oldid=857093525 '' Categories : 2015 musicals Musicals based on novels Science fiction musicals Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 14 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%20More%20Chill%20%28musical%29
| 17,684 |
great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony
|
Massachusetts General Court
|
massachusetts general court
|
The Massachusetts General Court ( formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts ) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . The name `` General Court '' is a hold - over from the earliest days of the Massachusetts Bay Colony , when the colonial assembly , in addition to making laws , sat as a judicial court of appeals . Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780 , it was called the Great and General Court , but the official title was shortened by John Adams , author of the state constitution . It is a bicameral body . The upper house is the Massachusetts Senate which is composed of 40 members . The lower body , the Massachusetts House of Representatives , has 160 members . ( Until 1978 , it had 240 members . It meets in the Massachusetts State House on Beacon Hill in Boston .
|
The current President of the Senate is Harriette L. Chandler , and the Speaker of the House is Robert DeLeo . Since 1959 , Democrats have controlled both houses of the Massachusetts General Court , often by large majorities . The Democrats enjoyed veto - proof super-majorities in both chambers for part of the 1990s ( i.e. , enough votes to override vetoes by a governor ) and also presently hold supermajorities in both chambers . State Senators and Representatives both serve two - year terms . There are no term limits ; a term limit was enacted by initiative in Massachusetts in 1994 , but in 1997 this was struck down by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , which ruled that it was an unconstitutional attempt to provide additional qualifications for office by statute , rather than constitutional amendment . The legislature is a full - time legislature , although not to the extent of neighboring New York or some other states . Contents ( hide ) 1 House of Representatives 2 Senate 3 Legislative procedure 4 State House News Service 5 References 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 External links House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : Massachusetts House of Representatives Each Representative represents about 41,000 residents . The speaker of the House has historically been quite powerful , exerting significant influence over all aspects of state government . Representative districts are named for the primary county in which they are located , and tend to stay within one county , although some districts contain portions of adjacent counties . The current composition of the House is 121 Democrats , 34 Republicans and 2 Independent . Senate ( edit ) Main article : Massachusetts Senate There are 40 senatorial districts in Massachusetts , named for the counties in which they are located . Each state Senate district contains about 164,000 constituents . The current composition of the Senate is 32 Democrats and 7 Republicans . Legislative procedure ( edit ) The General Court is responsible for enacting laws in the state . The two legislative branches work concurrently on pending laws brought before them . Lawmaking begins when legislators , or their delegates , file petitions accompanied by bills , resolves or other types of legislation electronically , using the Legislative Automated Workflow System ( LAWS ) . The electronically submitted legislation is received in the House or Senate Clerk 's office where the petitions , bills , and resolves are recorded in an electronic docket book . The clerks number the bills and assign them to appropriate joint committees . There are 26 of these committees , each responsible for studying the bills which pertain to a specific area ( i.e. , taxation , education , health care , insurance , etc . ) . Generally , each committee is composed of six senators and eleven representatives . The standing committees schedule public hearings for the individual bills , which afford citizens , legislators and lobbyists the opportunity to express their views . Committee members meet at a later time in executive session to review the public testimony and discuss the merits of each bill before making their recommendations to the full membership of the House or Senate . Note that the public may still observe `` executive '' sessions , but may not participate in these meetings . The committee then issues its report , recommending that a bill `` ought to pass '' or `` ought not to pass '' and the report is submitted to the Clerk 's office . The first reading of a favorably reported bill is automatic and generally occurs when the committee 's report appears in the Journal of the House or Senate . Matters not requiring reference to another Joint , House or Senate committee are , following the first reading , referred without debate to the Committee on Senate Rules if reported in the Senate , except certain special laws ( relative to a city or town ) are placed directly on the Senate Calendar ( Orders of the Day ) , or , without debate to the House Steering , Policy and Scheduling committee if reported into the House . Reports from Senate Rules or House Steering , Policy and Scheduling are placed on the Calender of the Chamber receiving the report for a second reading . If a bill reported favorably by a joint committee affects health care it is referred by the House or Senate Clerk to the joint committee on Health Care Financing ; and the first reading is delayed until the next favorable report , thus allowing Health Care Financing to report to either the House or Senate . The Health Care Financing Committee is required to provide an estimated cost of the bill , when making their report . If the estimated cost is less than $100,000 , the bill bypasses having to be referred to Ways and Means . If a bill is not related to health care , but affects the finances of the Commonwealth , or , if it is reported by the Health Care Financing Committee with an estimated cost greater than $100,000 , it is referred to the Senate or House Committee on Ways and Means after the first reading . Adverse reports ( `` ought not to pass '' ) are also referred to the Committee on Steering and Policy in the Senate or placed without debate in the Orders of the Day for the next session of the House . Acceptance by either branch of an adverse report is considered the final rejection and the matter of the matter . However , an adverse report can be overturned . A member may move to substitute the bill for the report , and , if the motion to substitute carries , the matter is then given its first reading and follows the same procedure as if reported favorably by committee . The Massachusetts State House , which houses the General Court and Governor 's Office . After a bill takes its second reading , it is open to debate on amendments and motions . Following debate , a vote is taken and if the bill receives a favorable vote by the membership , it is ordered to a third reading and referred to the Committee on Bills in the Third Reading . This amounts to preliminary approval of the bill in that branch . That committee examines technical points , as well as the legality and constitutionality of the measure , and ensures that it does not duplicate or contradict existing law . The committee then issues a report and returns the bill to the House or Senate for its third reading . At that time , legislators can further debate and amend the bill . Following the third reading , the body votes on `` passing the bill to be engrossed . '' The bill must then pass through three readings and engrossment in the second legislative branch . Should that occur , it is sent to the Legislative Engrossing Division where it is typed on special parchment in accordance with the General Laws . However , if the second branch passes an amended version of the bill , the legislation returns to the original branch for a vote of concurrence in the amendment . If concurrence is rejected , a conference committee consisting of the three members from each legislative branch representing both political parties may be formed to effect a compromise piece of legislation . When a compromise is reached , the bill is sent to both legislative branches for their approval . A vote `` to enact '' the bill , first in the House and later in the Senate , is the final step in the passage of a bill by the legislature . Following enactment , the bill goes to the governor , who may sign the bill into law , allow it to become law without signing it ( if the governor holds the bill for ten days without taking any action while the legislature is in session , it becomes law without his or her signature ) , veto it , or return it to the legislature with recommended changes . If the legislature has concluded its yearly session , and the governor does not sign the bill within ten days , it dies . This is referred to as a `` pocket veto . '' This ten - day period includes Sundays and holidays , even if they fall on the tenth day , and it begins the day after the legislation is laid on the governor 's desk . A bill signed by the governor , or passed by two - thirds of both branches over his veto , becomes a law . It is usually effective in ninety days . The day after the governor signs the bill is considered to be the first day , and each succeeding day , including Sundays and holidays is counted until the ninetieth . Laws considered `` emergency '' in nature take effect immediately upon signing if the legislature has voted to attach an `` emergency preamble '' to the bill . Adoption of the preamble requires a two - thirds standing vote of the membership . The governor may also declare an act to be an emergency law and make it effective at once . A special act takes effect thirty days from the day it is signed , unless it contains a provision to make it effective immediately . State House News service ( edit ) The State House News Service is an independent privately - owned , wire service based in the Massachusetts State House that provides comprehensive coverage of the Commonwealth 's government . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Senate Members '' . Jump up ^ `` House Members '' . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . See Chapter I , Section I , Art. I Jump up ^ John A. Hird , Power , Knowledge , and Politics : Policy Analysis in the States ( Georgetown University Press , 2005 ) , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Hackey , Rethinking Health Care Policy : The New Politics of State Regulation ( Georgetown University Press , 1998 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ John Hudak , Presidential Pork : White House Influence over the Distribution of Federal Grants ( Brookings Institution Press , 2014 ) , p. 202 ( `` Democrats frequently control a supermajority of both houses of the state legislature in Massachusetts '' ) . Jump up ^ Jonathan Cohn , Democratic supermajority not so super : Lawmakers from same party but not on same platform , Commonweal ( May 27 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , Article LXXXII . Jump up ^ Jennie Drage Bowser & Gary Moncrief , `` Term Limits in State Legislatures '' in Institutional Change in American Politics : The Case of Term Limits ( eds . Karl T. Kurtz , Bruce E. Cain & Richard G. Niemi ) ( University of Michigan Press , 2007 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Sara Rimer , Top Massachusetts Court Overturns Term Limits , New York Times ( July 12 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Full - and Part - Time Legislatures , National Conference of State Legislatures ( June 14 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : 2010 Constituents Per State Legislative District Table , National Conference of State Legislatures . Jump up ^ ( A tale of 3 Speakers - Salvatore DiMasi , Thomas Finneran and Charles Flaherty : Is lure of power too tempting ? ) , Associated Press ( July 4 , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Fox Butterfield , MASSACHUSETTS LEGISLATORS BALK AT LEADERS ' POWER , New York Times ( December 10 , 1983 ) . Jump up ^ `` How an Idea Become a Law '' . Malegislature.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ State House News Service Further reading ( edit ) Noah Bierman . `` Legislators ' vital work veiled from public 's eye '' . The Boston Globe , July 8 , 2011 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Massachusetts General Court . Massachusetts State House Massachusetts House of Representatives Massachusetts Senate Massachusetts Capitol Police Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Timeline of Massachusetts List of General Court sessions of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts American Legislative Exchange Council members External links ( edit ) General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Live and Archived webcasts of Massachusetts Senate and House of Representatives Full Formal Sessions Works by Massachusetts General Court at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Massachusetts General Court at Internet Archive Massachusetts General Court at Ballotpedia VoteSmart - Massachusetts Government of Massachusetts Legislative General Court Senate ( Members , President ) House of Representatives ( Members , Speaker ) Executive Governor ( List ) Lt. Governor Attorney General Auditor Secretary of the Commonwealth Treasurer and Receiver - General Office for Administration and Finance Office of Education Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs Office of Health and Human Services Office of Housing and Economic Development Office of Labor and Workforce Development Office of Public Safety and Security Department of Transportation Judicial Boston Municipal Court District Court Superior Court Land Court Juvenile Court Housing Court Massachusetts Probate and Family Court Appeals Court ( Judges ) Supreme Judicial Court Dedham District Court Independent agencies Board of Library Commissioners Commission Against Discrimination Commission on the Status of Women Disabled Persons Protection Commission Massachusetts Appellate Tax Board Massachusetts District Attorneys Massachusetts Inspector General Office of Campaign and Political Finance Office of the Comptroller Massachusetts Sheriffs State Ethics Commission Law Constitution General Laws Code of Massachusetts Regulations Alcohol Cannabis Capital punishment Crime Elder law Gun laws LGBT rights Taxation Articles Related to the Massachusetts General Court Legislatures of the United States United States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama ( H , S ) Alaska ( H , S ) Arizona ( H , S ) Arkansas ( H , S ) California ( A , S ) Colorado ( H , S ) Connecticut ( H , S ) Delaware ( H , S ) Florida ( H , S ) Georgia ( H , S ) Hawaii ( H , S ) Idaho ( H , S ) Illinois ( H , S ) Indiana ( H , S ) Iowa ( H , S ) Kansas ( H , S ) Kentucky ( H , S ) Louisiana ( H , S ) Maine ( H , S ) Maryland ( H , S ) Massachusetts ( H , S ) Michigan ( H , S ) Minnesota ( H , S ) Mississippi ( H , S ) Missouri ( H , S ) Montana ( H , S ) Nebraska Nevada ( A , S ) New Hampshire ( H , S ) New Jersey ( GA , S ) New Mexico ( H , S ) New York ( A , S ) North Carolina ( H , S ) North Dakota ( H , S ) Ohio ( H , S ) Oklahoma ( H , S ) Oregon ( H , S ) Pennsylvania ( H , S ) Rhode Island ( H , S ) South Carolina ( H , S ) South Dakota ( H , S ) Tennessee ( H , S ) Texas ( H , S ) Utah ( H , S ) Vermont ( H , S ) Virginia ( H , S ) Washington ( H , S ) West Virginia ( H , S ) Wisconsin ( A , S ) Wyoming ( H , S ) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa ( H , S ) Guam Northern Mariana Islands ( H , S ) Puerto Rico ( H , S ) U.S. Virgin Islands List of current U.S. state legislators Districts of the Massachusetts General Court Senate Berkshire , Hampshire , Franklin , and Hampden Bristol and Norfolk Bristol and Plymouth : 1st , 2nd Cape and Islands Essex : 1st , 2nd , 3rd Essex and Middlesex : 1st , 2nd Hampden Hampden and Hampshire : 1st , 2nd Hampshire , Franklin and Worcester Middlesex : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Middlesex and Norfolk : 1st , 2nd Middlesex and Suffolk Middlesex and Worcester Norfolk , Bristol and Middlesex Norfolk , Bristol and Plymouth Norfolk and Plymouth Norfolk and Suffolk Plymouth and Barnstable Plymouth and Bristol : 1st , 2nd Plymouth and Norfolk Suffolk : 1st , 2nd Suffolk and Middlesex : 1st , 2nd Worcester : 1st , 2nd Worcester , Hampden , Hampshire and Middlesex Worcester and Middlesex Worcester and Norfolk Obsolete : Berkshire , Hampshire and Franklin , 3rd , Hampshire and Franklin , Middlesex and Essex , Middlesex , Suffolk and Essex , Suffolk and Norfolk , Worcester , Hampden , Hampshire and Franklin House Barnstable : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th Barnstable , Dukes and Nantucket Berkshire : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th Bristol : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th Essex : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Franklin : 1st , 2nd Hampden : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Hampshire : 1st , 2nd , 3rd Middlesex : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th , 20th , 21st , 22nd , 23rd , 24th , 25th , 26th , 27th , 28th , 29th , 10th , 31st , 32nd , 33rd , 34th , 35th , 36th , 37th Norfolk : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th Plymouth : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th Suffolk : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th Worcester : 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th , 5th , 6th , 7th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th , 13th , 14th , 15th , 16th , 17th , 18th Years in Massachusetts ( 1788 -- present ) Pre-1788 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 VIAF : 141880567 LCCN : n79055635 ISNI : 0000 0001 0806 5384 GND : 125289 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massachusetts_General_Court&oldid=833935811 '' Categories : Massachusetts General Court 1630 establishments in Massachusetts Government of Massachusetts Bicameral legislatures Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 02 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%20General%20Court
| 107,717 |
||
where did the concept of creative industries come from
|
Creative industries
|
creative industries
|
The creative industries refers to a range of economic activities which are concerned with the generation or exploitation of knowledge and information . They may variously also be referred to as the cultural industries ( especially in Europe ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , p. 14 ) or the creative economy ( Howkins 2001 ) , and most recently they have been denominated as the Orange Economy in Latin America and the Caribbean ( Buitrago & Duque 2013 ) .
|
Howkins ' creative economy comprises advertising , architecture , art , crafts , design , fashion , film , music , performing arts , publishing , R&D , software , toys and games , TV and radio , and video games ( Howkins 2001 , pp. 88 -- 117 ) . Some scholars consider that education industry , including public and private services , is forming a part of creative industry . There remain , therefore , different definitions of the sector ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , p. 12 ) ( DCMS 2006 ) . The creative industries have been seen to become increasingly important to economic well - being , proponents suggesting that `` human creativity is the ultimate economic resource '' ( Florida 2002 , p. xiii ) , and that `` the industries of the twenty - first century will depend increasingly on the generation of knowledge through creativity and innovation '' ( Landry & Bianchini 1995 , p. 4 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 How creative workers are counted 3 Properties or characteristics 4 Difference from the ' cultural industries ' 5 The creative class 5.1 Difference from the ' knowledge industries ' 5.2 The creative class and diversity 6 Economic contribution 6.1 In the US 7 Wider role 8 See also 9 References Definitions ( edit ) Various commentators have provided varying suggestions on what activities to include in the concept of `` creative industries '' ( DCMS 2001 , p. 04 ) ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , p. 12 ) ( Howkins 2001 , pp. 88 -- 117 ) ( UNCTAD 2008 , pp. 11 -- 12 ) , and the name itself has become a contested issue -- with significant differences and overlap between the terms `` creative industries '' , `` cultural industries '' and `` creative economy '' ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , pp. 11 -- 14 ) ( UNCTAD 2008 , p. 12 ) . Lash and Urry suggest that each of the creative industries has an `` irreducible core '' concerned with `` the exchange of finance for rights in intellectual property '' , ( Lash & Urry 1994 , p. 117 ) . This echoes the UK Government Department for Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) definition which describes the creative industries as : `` those industries which have their origin in individual creativity , skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property '' ( DCMS 2001 , p. 04 ) As of 2015 the DCMS definition recognizes nine creative sectors , namely : Advertising and marketing Architecture Crafts Design : product , graphic and fashion design film , TV , video , radio and photography IT , software and computer services Publishing Museums , galleries and libraries Music , performing and visual arts To this list John Howkins would add toys and games , also including the much broader area of research and development in science and technology ( Howkins 2001 , pp. 88 -- 117 ) . It has also been argued that gastronomy belongs in such a list . The various fields of engineering do not appear on this list , that emerged from the DCMS reports . This was due , probably , to the fact that engineers occupy relevant positions in `` non-cultural '' corporations , performing activities of project , management , operation , maintenance , risk analysis and supervision , among others . However , historically and presently , several tasks of engineers can be regarded as highly creative , inventive and innovative . The contribution of engineering is represented by new products , processes and services . Hesmondhalgh reduces the list to what he terms `` the core cultural industries '' of advertising and marketing , broadcasting , film , internet and music industries , print and electronic publishing , and video and computer games . His definition only includes those industries that create `` texts '' ' or `` cultural artefacts '' and which engage in some form of industrial reproduction ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , pp. 12 -- 14 ) . The DCMS list has proven influential , and many other nations have formally adopted it . It has also been criticised . It has been argued that the division into sectors obscures a divide between lifestyle business , non-profits , and larger businesses , and between those who receive state subsidies ( e.g. , film ) and those who do not ( e.g. , computer games ) . The inclusion of the antiques trade often comes into question , since it does not generally involve production ( except of reproductions and fakes ) . The inclusion of all computer services has also been questioned ( Hesmondhalgh 2002 , p. 13 ) . Some areas , such as Hong Kong , have preferred to shape their policy around a tighter focus on copyright ownership in the value chain . They adopt the WIPO 's classifications , which divide up the creative industries according to who owns the copyrights at various stages during the production and distribution of creative content . The Inter-American Development Bank ( IDB ) has denominated them for Latin America and the Caribbean as the Orange Economy which is defined as the `` group of linked activities through which ideas are transformed into cultural goods and services whose value is determined by intellectual property . '' Others have suggested a distinction between those industries that are open to mass production and distribution ( film and video ; videogames ; broadcasting ; publishing ) , and those that are primarily craft - based and are meant to be consumed in a particular place and moment ( visual arts ; performing arts ; cultural heritage ) . How creative workers are counted ( edit ) The DCMS classifies enterprises and occupations as creative according to what the enterprise primarily produces , and what the worker primarily does . Thus , a company which produces records would be classified as belonging to the music industrial sector , and a worker who plays piano would be classified as a musician . The primary purpose of this is to quantify -- for example it can be used to count the number of firms , and the number of workers , creatively employed in any given location , and hence to identify places with particularly high concentrations of creative activities . It leads to some complications which are not immediately obvious . For example , a security guard working for a music company would be classified as a creative employee , although not as creatively occupied . The total number of creative employees is then calculated as the sum of : All workers employed in creative industries , whether or not creatively occupied ( e.g. all musicians , security guards , cleaners , accountants , managers , etc. working for a record company ) All workers that are creatively occupied , and are not employed in creative industries ( for example , a piano teacher in a school ) . This includes people whose second job is creative , for example somebody who does weekend gigs , writes books , or produces artwork in their spare time Properties or characteristics ( edit ) A toy cat produced in a South - African township , made from used plastic bags and old wire According to Caves ( 2000 ) , creative industries are characterized by seven economic properties : Nobody knows principle : Demand uncertainty exists because the consumers ' reaction to a product are neither known beforehand , nor easily understood afterward . Art for art 's sake : Workers care about originality , technical professional skill , harmony , etc. of creative goods and are willing to settle for lower wages than offered by ' humdrum ' jobs . Motley crew principle : For relatively complex creative products ( e.g. , films ) , the production requires diversely skilled inputs . Each skilled input must be present and perform at some minimum level to produce a valuable outcome . Infinite variety : Products are differentiated by quality and uniqueness ; each product is a distinct combination of inputs leading to infinite variety options ( e.g. , works of creative writing , whether poetry , novel , screenplays or otherwise ) . A list / B list : Skills are vertically differentiated . Artists are ranked on their skills , originality , and proficiency in creative processes and / or products . Small differences in skills and talent may yield huge differences in ( financial ) success . Time flies : When coordinating complex projects with diversely skilled inputs , time is of the essence . Ars longa : Some creative products have durability aspects that invoke copyright protection , allowing a creator or performer to collect rents . The properties described by Caves have been criticized for being too rigid ( Towse , 2000 ) . Not all creative workers are purely driven by ' art for art 's sake ' . The ' ars longa ' property also holds for certain noncreative products ( i.e. , licensed products ) . The ' time flies ' property also holds for large construction projects . Creative industries are therefore not unique , but they score generally higher on these properties relative to non-creative industries . Difference from the ' cultural industries ' ( edit ) There is often a question about the boundaries between creative industries and the similar term of cultural industries . Cultural industries are best described as an adjunct - sector of the creative industries . Cultural industries include industries that focus on cultural tourism and heritage , museums and libraries , sports and outdoor activities , and a variety of ' way of life ' activities that arguably range from local pet shows to a host of hobbyist concerns . Thus cultural industries are more concerned about delivering other kinds of value -- including cultural wealth and social wealth -- rather than primarily providing monetary value . ( See also cultural institutions studies . ) The creative class ( edit ) Some authors , such as the American economist Richard Florida , argue for a wider focus on the products of knowledge workers , and judge the ' creative class ' ( his own term ) to include nearly all those offering professional knowledge - based services . Difference from the ' knowledge industries ' ( edit ) The term creative industries begins to elide with knowledge economy and questions of intellectual property ownership in general . The creative class and diversity ( edit ) Florida 's focus leads him to pay particular attention to the nature of the creative workforce . In a study of why particular US cities such as San Francisco seem to attract creative producers , Florida argues that a high proportion of workers from the ' creative class ' provide a key input to creative production , which enterprises seek out . He seeks to quantitatively establish the importance of diversity and multiculturalism in the cities concerned , for example the existence of a significant public gay community , ethnic and religious variety , and tolerance . ( Florida 2002 ) Economic contribution ( edit ) Globally , Creative Industries excluding software and general scientific research and development are said to have accounted for around 4 % of the world 's economic output in 1999 , which is the last year for which comprehensive figures are currently available . Estimates of the output corresponding to scientific Research and Development suggest that an additional 4 - 9 % might be attributable to the sector if its definition is extended to include such activities , though the figures vary significantly between different countries . Taking the UK as an example , in the context of other sectors , the creative industries make a far more significant contribution to output than hospitality or utilities and deliver four times the output due to agriculture , fisheries and forestry . In terms of employment and depending on the definition of activities included , the sector is a major employer of between 4 - 6 % of the UK 's working population , though this is still significantly less than employment due to traditional areas of work such as retail and manufacturing . Within the creative industries sector and again taking the UK as an example , the three largest sub-sectors are design , publishing , and television and radio . Together these account for around 75 % of revenues and 50 % of employment . The complex supply chains in the creative industries sometimes make it challenging to calculate accurate figures for the gross value added by each sub-sector . This is particularly the case for the service - focused sub-sectors such as advertising , whereas it is more straightforward in product - focused sub-sectors such as crafts . Not surprisingly , perhaps , competition in product - focused areas tends to be more intense with a tendency to drive the production end of the supply chain to become a commodity business . There may be a tendency for publicly funded creative industries development services to inaccurately estimate the number of creative businesses during the mapping process . There is also imprecision in nearly all tax code systems that determine a person 's profession , since many creative people operate simultaneously in multiple roles and jobs . Both these factors mean that official statistics relating to the Creative Industries should be treated with caution . The creative industries in Europe make a significant contribution to the EU economy , creating about 3 % of EU GDP -- corresponding to an annual market value of € 500 billion -- and employing about 6 million people . In addition , the sector plays a crucial role in fostering innovation , in particular for devices and networks . The EU records the second highest TV viewing figures globally , producing more films than any other region in the world . In that respect , the newly proposed ' Creative Europe ' programme ( July 2011 ) will help preserve cultural heritage while increasing the circulation of creative works inside and outside the EU . The programme will play a consequential role in stimulating cross border co-operation , promoting peer learning and making these sectors more professional . The Commission will then propose a financial instrument run by the European Investment Bank to provide debt and equity finance for cultural and creative industries . The role of the non-state actors within the governance regarding Medias will not be neglected anymore . Therefore , building a new approach extolling the crucial importance of a European level playing field industry may boost the adoption of policies aimed at developing a conducive environment , enabling European companies as well as citizens to use their imagination and creativity -- both sources of innovation - , and therefore of competitiveness and sustainability . It supposes to tailor the regulatory and institutional frameworks in supporting private - public collaboration , in particular in the Medias sector . The EU therefore plans to develop clusters , financing instruments as well as foresight activities to support this sector . The European Commission wishes to assist European creators and audiovisual enterprises to develop new markets through the use of digital technology , and asks how policy - making can best help achieve this . A more entrepreneurial culture will have to take hold with a more positive attitude towards risk - taking , and a capacity to innovate anticipating future trends . Creativity plays an important role in human resource management as artists and creative professionals can think laterally . Moreover , new jobs requiring new skills created in the post-crisis economy should be supported by labour mobility to ensure that people are employed wherever their skills are needed . In the US ( edit ) In the introduction to a 2013 special issue of Work and Occupations on artists in the US workforce , the guest editors argue that by examining the work lives of artists , one can identify characteristics and actions that help both individual workers and policy makers adapt to changing economic conditions . Elizabeth Lingo and Steven Tepper cite multiple sources to suggest artists ' skill sets allow them to `` work beyond existing markets and create entirely new opportunities for themselves and others '' . Specifically , Lingo and Tepper suggest artistic workers are `` catalysts of change and innovation '' because they `` face special challenges managing ambiguity , developing and sustaining a relative identity , and forming community in the context of an individually based enterprise economy '' ( 2013 ) . Because of these adaptive skills , the suggestion is that `` studying how artists cope with uncertainty and the factors that influence their success should be relevant for understanding these broader social and economic trends facing today 's ( and tomorrow 's ) workforce . '' This view of artist - as - change - agent changes the questions researchers ask of creative economies . Old research questions would focus on topics like `` skills , work practices , contracts , wage differentials , employment incentives , formal credentials , employment pipelines , and labor flows of differentiated occupational categories '' . Examples of new questions include : How do artists both create changes in the labor market itself and the way cultural work is done ? What is their process of innovation and enterprise ? What is the nature of their work and the resources they draw upon ? How do different network structures produce different opportunity spaces ? How do artistic workers create and manage planned serendipity -- the spaces and exchanges that produce unexpected collaborations and opportunities ? How do creative workers broker and synthesize across occupational , genre , geographic , and industry boundaries to create new possibilities ? ( Tepper & Lingo , 2013 ) Wider role ( edit ) As some first world countries struggle to compete in traditional markets such as manufacturing , many now see the creative industries as a key component in a new knowledge economy , capable perhaps of delivering urban regeneration , often through initiatives linked to exploitation of cultural heritage that leads to increased tourism . It is often argued that , in future , the ideas and imagination of countries like the United Kingdom will be their greatest asset ; in support of this argument , a number of universities in the UK have started to offer creative entrepreneurship as a specific area for study and research . Indeed , UK government figures reveal that the UK 's creative industries account for over a million jobs and brought in £ 112.5 billion to the UK economy ( DCMS Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001 ) , although the data sets underlying these figures are open to question . In recent years , creative industries have become ' increasingly attractive to governments outside the developed world ' . In 2005 , the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) XI High Level Panel on Creative Industries and Development commissioned several studies to identify challenges and opportunities facing the growth and development of creative industries in developing industries . As Cunningham et al. ( 2009 ) put it , ' the harnessing of creativity brings with it the potential of new wealth creation , the cultivation of local talent and the generation of creative capital , the development of new export markets , significant multiplier effects throughout the broader economy , the utilisation of information communication technologies and enhanced competitiveness in an increasingly global economy ' . A key driver of interest in creative industries and development is the acknowledgement that the value of creative production resides in ideas and individual creativity , and developing countries have rich cultural traditions and pools of creative talent which lay a basic foundation for creative enterprises . Reflecting the growing interest in the potential of creative industries in developing countries , in October 2011 a Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy was created within the Indonesian government with well - known economist Dr Mari Pangestu appointed as the first minister to hold the position . See also ( edit ) Cognitive - cultural economy Creative industry in Brazil Cultural industry Entertainment industry Imagination age , a theoretical incipient period in which creativity and imagination will become the primary creators of economic value Publishing industry Smart city Creative services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kultur & Kommunikation for Nordic Innovation Centre ( 2007 ) , `` Creative Industries Education in the Nordic Countries '' ; Mœglin , Pierre ( 2001 ) , Les Industries éducatives , Paris , Puf Jump up ^ `` Department for Culture , Media & Sport -- Creative Industries Economic Estimates January 2015 '' ( PDF ) . gov.uk. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Does cuisine have a place in the Creative Economy and what role does Creative Leadership play in its production ? '' Jump up ^ The Orange Economy : An Infinite Opportunity Jump up ^ `` Creative Europe '' Jump up ^ http://www.france24.com/en/20110625-economic-warfare-on-the-silver-screen-cinema-cannes-festival-2011-hollywood-france with Violaine Hacker Jump up ^ Lingo , Elizabeth L. and Tepper , Steven J ( 2013 ) , ' Looking Back , Looking Forward : Arts - Based Careers and Creative Work ' , in Work and Occupations 40 ( 4 ) 337 - 363 . Jump up ^ Lingo , Elizabeth L. and Tepper , Steven J ( 2013 ) , ' Looking Back , Looking Forward : Arts - Based Careers and Creative Work ' in Work and Occupations 40 ( 4 ) 337 - 363 . Jump up ^ Lingo , Elizabeth L. and Tepper , Steven J ( 2013 ) , ' Looking Back , Looking Forward : Arts - Based Careers and Creative Work ' , in Work and Occupations 40 ( 4 ) 337 - 363 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Stuart , Ryan , Mark David , Keane , Michael & Ordonez , Diego ( 2008 ) , ' Financing Creative Industries in Developing Countries ' , in Diana Barrowclough and Zeljka Kozul - Wright eds , `` Creative Industries and Developing Countries : Voice , Choice and Economic Growth '' , Routledge , London and New York , pp. 65 - 110 . `` The Creative Economy '' . BusinessWeek magazine . 2000 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 18 . Buitrago , Pedro & Duque , Iván . The Orange Economy : An Infinite Opportunity . Washington , DC : Inter-American Development Bank 2013 Caves , Richard E. ( 2000 ) , Creative Industries : Contracts between Art and Commerce , Harvard Univ . Press Description and preview . DCMS ( 2001 ) , Creative Industries Mapping Document 2001 ( 2 ed . ) , London , UK : Department of Culture , Media and Sport , retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 DCMS ( 2006 ) , Creative Industries Statistical Estimates Statistical Bulletin ( PDF ) , London , UK : Department of Culture , Media and Sport , retrieved 2007 - 05 - 26 De Beukelaer , Christiaan ( 2015 ) , Developing Cultural Industries : Learning from the Palimpsest of Practice , European Cultural Foundation Florida , Richard ( 2002 ) , The Rise of the Creative Class . And How It 's Transforming Work , Leisure and Everyday Life , Basic Books Hesmondhalgh , David ( 2002 ) , The Cultural Industries , SAGE Howkins , John ( 2001 ) , The Creative Economy : How People Make Money From Ideas , Penguin Lash , S ; Urry , J ( 1994 ) , Economies of Sign and Space , SAGE Landry , Charles ; Bianchini , Franco ( 1995 ) , The Creative City ( PDF ) , Demos Nielsén , Tobias ( 2006 ) , The Eriba Model -- an effective and successful policy framework for the creative industries ( PDF ) , The Knowledge Foundation UNCTAD , Creative Economy Report 2008 ( PDF ) , UNCTAD , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 UNESCO , Creative Industries -- UNESCO Culture , UNESCO , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 Parrish , David ( 2005 ) . T - Shirts and Suits : A Guide to the Business of Creativity , Merseyside ACME . Pasquinelli , Matteo ( 2006 ) . `` Immaterial Civil War : Prototypes of Conflict within Cognitive Capitalism '' ... In : Lovink , Geert and Rossiter , Ned ( eds ) . MyCreativity Reader : A Critique of Creative Industries , Amsterdam : Institute of Network Cultures , 2007 . Towse , Ruth ( 2002 ) . Book Review of Creative Industries , Journal of Political Economy , 110 : 234 - 237 . Van Heur , Bas ( 2010 ) Creative Networks and the City : towards a Cultural Political Economy of Aesthetic Production . Bielefeld : Transcript . Gielen , Pascal ( 2013 ) `` Creativity and other Fundamentalisms '' . Mondriaan : Amsterdam . ( hide ) Major industries Heavy Light Activism Advertising Aerospace Space Aircraft Aircraft tire Agriculture Flowers Horticulture Coffee Audiovisual Alcohol Anime Arms Automotive Bicycle Biotechnology Chemical Computer Construction Dredging Content Creative Cultural Education Electric power Electronics Semiconductor Energy Renewable energy Engineering Entertainment Fashion Film Financial services Insurance industry Fishing Food Bushfood Fur Gaming Online gambling Health care Hospitality Information Language Leisure Manufacturing Meat industry Meat packing Mineral Motorsport Music Naval stores Payment card Personal care Petroleum Oil shale Pharmaceutical Plastics Poverty Professional services Pulp and paper Radio Real estate Housing Online service Security Sex Shipbuilding Software Sport Textile Tobacco Tourism Video game Water Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_industries&oldid=810069345 '' Categories : Creativity Economics of the arts and literature Industries Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative%20industries
| 107,718 |
||
when was the last time the yankees finished under .500
|
Win -- loss records and final positions in league / division standings , by season , with playoff results and award winners MLB season Yankees season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards 1903 1903 AL -- 04 ! 4th 72 62 . 537 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1904 1904 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 92 59 . 609 011⁄2 ! 11⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1905 1905 AL -- 06 ! 6th 71 78 . 477 211⁄2 ! 211⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1906 1906 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 90 61 . 596 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1907 1907 AL -- 05 ! 5th 70 78 . 473 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1908 1908 AL -- 08 ! 8th 51 103 . 331 391⁄2 ! 391⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1909 1909 AL -- 05 ! 5th 74 77 . 490 231⁄2 ! 231⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1910 1910 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 88 63 . 583 141⁄2 ! 141⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1911 1911 AL -- 06 ! 6th 76 76 . 500 251⁄2 ! 251⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1912 1912 AL -- 08 ! 8th 50 102 . 329 55 ! 55 06 ! -- -- 1913 1913 AL -- 07 ! 7th 57 94 . 377 38 ! 38 06 ! -- -- 1914 1914 AL -- 06 ! 6th 70 84 . 455 30 ! 30 06 ! -- -- 1915 1915 AL -- 05 ! 5th 69 83 . 454 321⁄2 ! 321⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1916 1916 AL -- 04 ! 4th 80 74 . 519 11 ! 11 06 ! -- -- 1917 1917 AL -- 06 ! 6th 71 82 . 464 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1918 1918 AL -- 04 ! 4th 60 63 . 488 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1919 1919 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 80 59 . 576 071⁄2 ! 71⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1920 1920 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 95 59 . 617 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1921 1921 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 55 . 641 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to New York Giants , 5 -- 3 * -- 1922 1922 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 94 60 . 610 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to New York Giants , 4 -- 0 -- 1 * -- 1923 † 1923 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 54 . 645 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Babe Ruth ( MVP ) 1924 1924 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 89 63 . 586 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- 1925 1925 AL -- 07 ! 7th 69 85 . 448 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1926 1926 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 91 63 . 591 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 3 * -- 1927 † 1927 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 110 44 . 714 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Pittsburgh Pirates , 4 -- 0 † Lou Gehrig ( MVP ) 1928 † 1928 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 101 53 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 0 † -- 1929 1929 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 88 66 . 571 18 ! 18 06 ! -- -- 1930 1930 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 86 68 . 558 16 ! 16 06 ! -- -- 1931 1931 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 94 59 . 614 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1932 † 1932 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 107 47 . 695 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 0 † -- 1933 1933 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 91 59 . 607 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1934 1934 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 94 60 . 610 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1935 1935 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 89 60 . 597 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1936 † 1936 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 102 51 . 667 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Lou Gehrig ( MVP ) 1937 † 1937 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 102 52 . 662 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 1 † -- 1938 † 1938 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 53 . 651 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 0 † -- 1939 † 1939 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 106 45 . 702 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 0 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1940 1940 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 88 66 . 571 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- 1941 † 1941 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 101 53 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 1 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1942 1942 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 103 51 . 669 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 1 * Joe Gordon ( MVP ) 1943 † 1943 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 1 † Spud Chandler ( MVP ) 1944 1944 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 83 71 . 539 06 ! 6 06 ! -- -- 1945 1945 AL -- 04 ! 4th 81 71 . 533 06 ! 61⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1946 1946 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 87 67 . 565 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1947 † 1947 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1948 1948 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 94 60 . 610 021⁄2 ! 21⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1949 † 1949 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 1 † -- 1950 † 1950 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies , 4 -- 0 † Phil Rizzuto ( MVP ) 1951 † 1951 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Yogi Berra ( MVP ) Gil McDougald ( ROY ) 1952 † 1952 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 95 59 . 617 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † -- 1953 † 1953 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 52 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † -- 1954 1954 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 103 51 . 669 08 ! 8 06 ! -- Yogi Berra ( MVP ) Bob Grim ( ROY ) 1955 1955 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 96 58 . 623 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 * Yogi Berra ( MVP ) 1956 † 1956 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Don Larsen ( WSMVP ) 1957 1957 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Milwaukee Braves , 4 -- 3 * Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Tony Kubek ( ROY ) 1958 † 1958 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 92 62 . 597 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Milwaukee Braves , 4 -- 3 † Bob Turley ( CYA , WSMVP ) 1959 1959 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 79 75 . 513 15 ! 15 06 ! -- -- 1960 1960 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Pittsburgh Pirates , 4 -- 3 * Roger Maris ( MVP ) Bobby Richardson ( WSMVP ) 1961 † 1961 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 109 53 . 673 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 1 † Roger Maris ( MVP ) Whitey Ford ( CYA , WSMVP ) 1962 † 1962 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 96 66 . 593 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. San Francisco Giants , 4 -- 3 † Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Tom Tresh ( ROY ) Ralph Terry ( WSMVP ) 1963 1963 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 104 57 . 646 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 0 * Elston Howard ( MVP ) 1964 1964 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 63 . 611 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 3 * -- 1965 1965 AL -- 06 ! 6th 77 85 . 475 25 ! 25 06 ! -- -- 1966 1966 AL -- 10 ! 10th 70 89 . 440 261⁄2 ! 261⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1967 1967 AL -- 09 ! 9th 72 90 . 444 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1968 1968 AL -- 05 ! 5th 83 79 . 512 20 ! 20 06 ! -- Stan Bahnsen ( ROY ) 1969 1969 AL East 05 ! 5th 80 81 . 497 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1970 1970 AL East 02 ! 2nd 93 69 . 574 15 ! 15 06 ! -- Thurman Munson ( ROY ) 1971 1971 AL East 04 ! 4th 82 80 . 506 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1972 1972 AL East 04 ! 4th 79 76 . 510 061⁄2 ! 61⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1973 1973 AL East 04 ! 4th 80 82 . 494 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- AL East 02 ! 2nd 89 73 . 549 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- AL East 03 ! 3rd 83 77 . 519 12 ! 12 06 ! -- -- 1976 1976 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 62 . 610 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 2 Lost World Series to Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 0 * Thurman Munson ( MVP ) Dock Ellis ( CPOY ) 1977 † 1977 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 100 62 . 617 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 2 Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † Sparky Lyle ( CYA ) Reggie Jackson ( WSMVP ) 1978 † 1978 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 100 63 . 613 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † Ron Guidry ( CYA ) Bucky Dent ( WSMVP ) 1979 1979 AL East 04 ! 4th 89 71 . 556 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1980 1980 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 59 . 636 00 ! -- 03 ! Lost ALCS to Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 0 -- 1981 1981 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 34 22 . 607 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Milwaukee Brewers , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 0 Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 * Dave Righetti ( ROY ) 06 ! 6th 25 26 . 490 05 ! 5 1982 1982 AL East 05 ! 5th 79 83 . 488 16 ! 16 06 ! -- -- AL East 03 ! 3rd 91 71 . 562 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1984 1984 AL East 03 ! 3rd 87 75 . 537 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1985 1985 AL East 02 ! 2nd 97 64 . 602 02 ! 2 06 ! -- Don Mattingly ( MVP ) 1986 1986 AL East 02 ! 2nd 90 72 . 556 051⁄2 ! 51⁄2 06 ! -- -- AL East 04 ! 4th 89 73 . 549 09 ! 9 06 ! -- -- 1988 1988 AL East 05 ! 5th 85 76 . 528 031⁄2 ! 31⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1989 1989 AL East 05 ! 5th 74 87 . 460 141⁄2 ! 141⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1990 1990 AL East 07 ! 7th 67 95 . 414 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1991 1991 AL East 05 ! 5th 71 91 . 438 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1992 1992 AL East 04 ! 4th 76 86 . 469 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1993 1993 AL East 02 ! 2nd 88 74 . 543 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1994 1994 AL East 01 ! 1st 70 43 . 619 00 ! -- 06 ! -- Buck Showalter ( MOY ) 1995 1995 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 79 65 . 549 07 ! 7 04 ! Lost ALDS to Seattle Mariners , 3 -- 2 -- 1996 † AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 92 70 . 568 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 1 Won ALCS vs. Baltimore Orioles , 4 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves , 4 -- 2 † Derek Jeter ( ROY ) Joe Torre ( MOY ) John Wetteland ( WSMVP ) 1997 1997 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 96 66 . 593 02 ! 2 04 ! Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 2 -- 1998 † 1998 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 114 48 . 704 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Cleveland Indians , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. San Diego Padres , 4 -- 0 † Joe Torre ( MOY ) Scott Brosius ( WSMVP ) 1999 † 1999 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 98 64 . 605 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves , 4 -- 0 † Mariano Rivera ( WSMVP ) 2000 † 2000 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 87 74 . 540 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. New York Mets , 4 -- 1 † Derek Jeter ( ASGMVP , WSMVP ) 2001 2001 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 65 . 594 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners , 4 -- 1 Lost World Series to Arizona Diamondbacks , 4 -- 3 * Roger Clemens ( CYA ) 2002 2002 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 58 . 640 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Anaheim Angels , 3 -- 1 -- 2003 2003 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 101 61 . 623 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 1 Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Lost World Series to Florida Marlins , 4 -- 2 * -- AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 101 61 . 623 00 ! -- 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 1 Lost ALCS to Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 -- 2005 2005 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 67 . 586 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 3 -- 2 Alex Rodriguez ( MVP ) Jason Giambi ( CPOY ) 2006 2006 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 65 . 599 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers , 3 -- 1 -- 2007 2007 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 94 68 . 580 02 ! 2 04 ! Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 1 Alex Rodriguez ( MVP ) 2008 2008 AL East 03 ! 3rd 89 73 . 549 08 ! 8 06 ! -- -- 2009 † 2009 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 59 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies , 4 -- 2 † Hideki Matsui ( WSMVP ) AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 95 67 . 586 01 ! 1 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 0 Lost ALCS to Texas Rangers , 4 -- 2 -- 2011 2011 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 65 . 599 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers , 3 -- 2 -- 2012 2012 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 67 . 586 00 ! -- 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Baltimore Orioles , 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS to Detroit Tigers , 4 -- 0 -- 2013 2013 AL East 03 ! 3rd 85 77 . 525 12 ! 12 06 ! -- Mariano Rivera ( CPOY ) 2014 2014 AL East 02 ! 2nd 84 78 . 519 12 ! 12 06 ! -- -- 2015 2015 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 87 75 . 537 06 ! 6 05 ! Lost ALWC to Houston Astros -- 2016 2016 AL East 04 ! 4th 84 78 . 519 09 ! 9 06 ! -- -- 2017 2017 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 91 71 . 562 02 ! 2 Won ALWC vs. Minnesota Twins Won ALDS vs. Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 2 ALCS vs. Houston Astros --
|
1992
|
List of New York Yankees seasons
|
list of new york yankees seasons
|
The New York Yankees are a professional baseball team based in the Bronx , a borough of New York City , New York . Also known as `` the Bronx Bombers '' and `` the Pinstripers '' , the Yankees play in the East Division of Major League Baseball 's ( MLB ) American League ( AL ) . In its 114 major league seasons , the franchise has won 27 World Series championships , the most of any MLB team and 16 more than the second - place St. Louis Cardinals . The Yankees played home games in Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 2008 , except for a stint at Shea Stadium from 1974 to 1975 while Yankee Stadium was undergoing renovations . In 2009 , the team moved into a new ballpark , which is also called Yankee Stadium .
|
The Baltimore Orioles began play in the AL in 1901 . After two seasons , the Orioles were replaced by a club in New York City ; it is unclear whether it was an expansion team or a relocated version of the Orioles . Frank Farrell and William S. Devery purchased the franchise , naming it the New York Highlanders . In 1913 , the team changed its name to the Yankees . From 1921 to 1964 , the Yankees were the most successful Major League franchise , winning 20 World Series titles and 29 AL pennants . This period included streaks of four consecutive championships from 1936 to 1939 and five straight titles from 1949 to 1953 . Following an 11 - year playoff drought , the club appeared in the playoffs five times in a six - year period and won back - to - back World Series championships in 1977 and 1978 . The Yankees won the World Series again in 1996 , and in 1998 began a run of three consecutive Series titles . From 1995 to 2007 , the Yankees made the playoffs each year ; their 13 - season postseason streak was the second - longest in MLB history . After missing the playoffs in 2008 , they won another World Series in 2009 and reached the postseason each year from 2010 to 2012 . In the most recent MLB season , 2016 , New York had an 84 -- 78 record and did not qualify for the playoffs . Overall , the Yankees ' . 569 regular season winning percentage is the highest of any MLB team , and they have the eighth-most regular season wins , behind seven clubs founded in the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table key 2 Year by year 3 Record by decade 4 All - time records 5 Notes 6 References Table key ( edit ) Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig led the Murderers ' Row teams of the late 1920s . Legend for `` Year by year '' table below Term Meaning ALCS American League Championship Series ALDS American League Division Series ASGMVP All - Star Game Most Valuable Player CPOY Comeback Player of the Year CYA Cy Young Award Finish Final position in league or division GB `` Games back '' from first - place team Losses Number of regular season losses MOY Manager of the Year MVP Most Valuable Player ROY American League Rookie of the Year Season Each year is linked to an article about that particular MLB season Wins Number of regular season wins WSMVP World Series Most Valuable Player Yankees season Each year is linked to an article about that particular Yankees season Year by year ( edit ) World Series champions ( 1903 -- present ) † American League champions ( 1901 -- present ) * Division champions ( 1969 -- present ) ^ Wild Card berth ( 1994 -- present ) ¤ Win -- loss records and final positions in league / division standings , by season , with playoff results and award winners MLB season Yankees season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards 1903 1903 AL -- 04 ! 4th 72 62 . 537 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1904 1904 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 92 59 . 609 011⁄2 ! 11⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1905 1905 AL -- 06 ! 6th 71 78 . 477 211⁄2 ! 211⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1906 1906 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 90 61 . 596 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1907 1907 AL -- 05 ! 5th 70 78 . 473 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1908 1908 AL -- 08 ! 8th 51 103 . 331 391⁄2 ! 391⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1909 1909 AL -- 05 ! 5th 74 77 . 490 231⁄2 ! 231⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1910 1910 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 88 63 . 583 141⁄2 ! 141⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1911 1911 AL -- 06 ! 6th 76 76 . 500 251⁄2 ! 251⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1912 1912 AL -- 08 ! 8th 50 102 . 329 55 ! 55 06 ! -- -- 1913 1913 AL -- 07 ! 7th 57 94 . 377 38 ! 38 06 ! -- -- 1914 1914 AL -- 06 ! 6th 70 84 . 455 30 ! 30 06 ! -- -- 1915 1915 AL -- 05 ! 5th 69 83 . 454 321⁄2 ! 321⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1916 1916 AL -- 04 ! 4th 80 74 . 519 11 ! 11 06 ! -- -- 1917 1917 AL -- 06 ! 6th 71 82 . 464 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1918 1918 AL -- 04 ! 4th 60 63 . 488 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1919 1919 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 80 59 . 576 071⁄2 ! 71⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1920 1920 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 95 59 . 617 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1921 1921 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 55 . 641 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to New York Giants , 5 -- 3 * -- 1922 1922 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 94 60 . 610 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to New York Giants , 4 -- 0 -- 1 * -- 1923 † 1923 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 54 . 645 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Babe Ruth ( MVP ) 1924 1924 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 89 63 . 586 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- 1925 1925 AL -- 07 ! 7th 69 85 . 448 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1926 1926 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 91 63 . 591 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 3 * -- 1927 † 1927 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 110 44 . 714 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Pittsburgh Pirates , 4 -- 0 † Lou Gehrig ( MVP ) 1928 † 1928 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 101 53 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 0 † -- 1929 1929 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 88 66 . 571 18 ! 18 06 ! -- -- 1930 1930 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 86 68 . 558 16 ! 16 06 ! -- -- 1931 1931 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 94 59 . 614 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1932 † 1932 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 107 47 . 695 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 0 † -- 1933 1933 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 91 59 . 607 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1934 1934 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 94 60 . 610 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1935 1935 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 89 60 . 597 03 ! 3 06 ! -- -- 1936 † 1936 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 102 51 . 667 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Lou Gehrig ( MVP ) 1937 † 1937 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 102 52 . 662 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 1 † -- 1938 † 1938 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 53 . 651 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 0 † -- 1939 † 1939 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 106 45 . 702 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 0 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1940 1940 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 88 66 . 571 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- 1941 † 1941 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 101 53 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 1 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1942 1942 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 103 51 . 669 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 1 * Joe Gordon ( MVP ) 1943 † 1943 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 1 † Spud Chandler ( MVP ) 1944 1944 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 83 71 . 539 06 ! 6 06 ! -- -- 1945 1945 AL -- 04 ! 4th 81 71 . 533 06 ! 61⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1946 1946 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 87 67 . 565 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1947 † 1947 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † Joe DiMaggio ( MVP ) 1948 1948 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 94 60 . 610 021⁄2 ! 21⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1949 † 1949 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 1 † -- 1950 † 1950 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies , 4 -- 0 † Phil Rizzuto ( MVP ) 1951 † 1951 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. New York Giants , 4 -- 2 † Yogi Berra ( MVP ) Gil McDougald ( ROY ) 1952 † 1952 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 95 59 . 617 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † -- 1953 † 1953 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 52 . 656 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † -- 1954 1954 AL -- 02 ! 2nd 103 51 . 669 08 ! 8 06 ! -- Yogi Berra ( MVP ) Bob Grim ( ROY ) 1955 1955 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 96 58 . 623 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 * Yogi Berra ( MVP ) 1956 † 1956 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Brooklyn Dodgers , 4 -- 3 † Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Don Larsen ( WSMVP ) 1957 1957 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 98 56 . 636 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Milwaukee Braves , 4 -- 3 * Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Tony Kubek ( ROY ) 1958 † 1958 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 92 62 . 597 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Milwaukee Braves , 4 -- 3 † Bob Turley ( CYA , WSMVP ) 1959 1959 AL -- 03 ! 3rd 79 75 . 513 15 ! 15 06 ! -- -- 1960 1960 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 97 57 . 630 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Pittsburgh Pirates , 4 -- 3 * Roger Maris ( MVP ) Bobby Richardson ( WSMVP ) 1961 † 1961 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 109 53 . 673 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 1 † Roger Maris ( MVP ) Whitey Ford ( CYA , WSMVP ) 1962 † 1962 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 96 66 . 593 00 ! -- 01 ! Won World Series vs. San Francisco Giants , 4 -- 3 † Mickey Mantle ( MVP ) Tom Tresh ( ROY ) Ralph Terry ( WSMVP ) 1963 1963 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 104 57 . 646 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 0 * Elston Howard ( MVP ) 1964 1964 AL * -- 01 ! 1st 99 63 . 611 00 ! -- 02 ! Lost World Series to St. Louis Cardinals , 4 -- 3 * -- 1965 1965 AL -- 06 ! 6th 77 85 . 475 25 ! 25 06 ! -- -- 1966 1966 AL -- 10 ! 10th 70 89 . 440 261⁄2 ! 261⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1967 1967 AL -- 09 ! 9th 72 90 . 444 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1968 1968 AL -- 05 ! 5th 83 79 . 512 20 ! 20 06 ! -- Stan Bahnsen ( ROY ) 1969 1969 AL East 05 ! 5th 80 81 . 497 281⁄2 ! 281⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1970 1970 AL East 02 ! 2nd 93 69 . 574 15 ! 15 06 ! -- Thurman Munson ( ROY ) 1971 1971 AL East 04 ! 4th 82 80 . 506 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1972 1972 AL East 04 ! 4th 79 76 . 510 061⁄2 ! 61⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1973 1973 AL East 04 ! 4th 80 82 . 494 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- AL East 02 ! 2nd 89 73 . 549 02 ! 2 06 ! -- -- AL East 03 ! 3rd 83 77 . 519 12 ! 12 06 ! -- -- 1976 1976 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 62 . 610 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 2 Lost World Series to Cincinnati Reds , 4 -- 0 * Thurman Munson ( MVP ) Dock Ellis ( CPOY ) 1977 † 1977 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 100 62 . 617 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 2 Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † Sparky Lyle ( CYA ) Reggie Jackson ( WSMVP ) 1978 † 1978 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 100 63 . 613 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALCS vs. Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 † Ron Guidry ( CYA ) Bucky Dent ( WSMVP ) 1979 1979 AL East 04 ! 4th 89 71 . 556 131⁄2 ! 131⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1980 1980 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 59 . 636 00 ! -- 03 ! Lost ALCS to Kansas City Royals , 3 -- 0 -- 1981 1981 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 34 22 . 607 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Milwaukee Brewers , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 0 Lost World Series to Los Angeles Dodgers , 4 -- 2 * Dave Righetti ( ROY ) 06 ! 6th 25 26 . 490 05 ! 5 1982 1982 AL East 05 ! 5th 79 83 . 488 16 ! 16 06 ! -- -- AL East 03 ! 3rd 91 71 . 562 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1984 1984 AL East 03 ! 3rd 87 75 . 537 17 ! 17 06 ! -- -- 1985 1985 AL East 02 ! 2nd 97 64 . 602 02 ! 2 06 ! -- Don Mattingly ( MVP ) 1986 1986 AL East 02 ! 2nd 90 72 . 556 051⁄2 ! 51⁄2 06 ! -- -- AL East 04 ! 4th 89 73 . 549 09 ! 9 06 ! -- -- 1988 1988 AL East 05 ! 5th 85 76 . 528 031⁄2 ! 31⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1989 1989 AL East 05 ! 5th 74 87 . 460 141⁄2 ! 141⁄2 06 ! -- -- 1990 1990 AL East 07 ! 7th 67 95 . 414 21 ! 21 06 ! -- -- 1991 1991 AL East 05 ! 5th 71 91 . 438 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1992 1992 AL East 04 ! 4th 76 86 . 469 20 ! 20 06 ! -- -- 1993 1993 AL East 02 ! 2nd 88 74 . 543 07 ! 7 06 ! -- -- 1994 1994 AL East 01 ! 1st 70 43 . 619 00 ! -- 06 ! -- Buck Showalter ( MOY ) 1995 1995 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 79 65 . 549 07 ! 7 04 ! Lost ALDS to Seattle Mariners , 3 -- 2 -- 1996 † AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 92 70 . 568 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 1 Won ALCS vs. Baltimore Orioles , 4 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves , 4 -- 2 † Derek Jeter ( ROY ) Joe Torre ( MOY ) John Wetteland ( WSMVP ) 1997 1997 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 96 66 . 593 02 ! 2 04 ! Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 2 -- 1998 † 1998 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 114 48 . 704 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Cleveland Indians , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. San Diego Padres , 4 -- 0 † Joe Torre ( MOY ) Scott Brosius ( WSMVP ) 1999 † 1999 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 98 64 . 605 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Texas Rangers , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 1 Won World Series vs. Atlanta Braves , 4 -- 0 † Mariano Rivera ( WSMVP ) 2000 † 2000 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 87 74 . 540 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. New York Mets , 4 -- 1 † Derek Jeter ( ASGMVP , WSMVP ) 2001 2001 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 65 . 594 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Won ALCS vs. Seattle Mariners , 4 -- 1 Lost World Series to Arizona Diamondbacks , 4 -- 3 * Roger Clemens ( CYA ) 2002 2002 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 58 . 640 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Anaheim Angels , 3 -- 1 -- 2003 2003 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 101 61 . 623 00 ! -- 02 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 1 Won ALCS vs. Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 Lost World Series to Florida Marlins , 4 -- 2 * -- AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 101 61 . 623 00 ! -- 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 1 Lost ALCS to Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 -- 2005 2005 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 67 . 586 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 3 -- 2 Alex Rodriguez ( MVP ) Jason Giambi ( CPOY ) 2006 2006 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 65 . 599 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers , 3 -- 1 -- 2007 2007 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 94 68 . 580 02 ! 2 04 ! Lost ALDS to Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 1 Alex Rodriguez ( MVP ) 2008 2008 AL East 03 ! 3rd 89 73 . 549 08 ! 8 06 ! -- -- 2009 † 2009 AL * East ^ 01 ! 1st 103 59 . 636 00 ! -- 01 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 0 Won ALCS vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , 4 -- 2 Won World Series vs. Philadelphia Phillies , 4 -- 2 † Hideki Matsui ( WSMVP ) AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 95 67 . 586 01 ! 1 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Minnesota Twins , 3 -- 0 Lost ALCS to Texas Rangers , 4 -- 2 -- 2011 2011 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 97 65 . 599 00 ! -- 04 ! Lost ALDS to Detroit Tigers , 3 -- 2 -- 2012 2012 AL East ^ 01 ! 1st 95 67 . 586 00 ! -- 03 ! Won ALDS vs. Baltimore Orioles , 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS to Detroit Tigers , 4 -- 0 -- 2013 2013 AL East 03 ! 3rd 85 77 . 525 12 ! 12 06 ! -- Mariano Rivera ( CPOY ) 2014 2014 AL East 02 ! 2nd 84 78 . 519 12 ! 12 06 ! -- -- 2015 2015 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 87 75 . 537 06 ! 6 05 ! Lost ALWC to Houston Astros -- 2016 2016 AL East 04 ! 4th 84 78 . 519 09 ! 9 06 ! -- -- 2017 2017 AL East 02 ! 2nd ¤ 91 71 . 562 02 ! 2 Won ALWC vs. Minnesota Twins Won ALDS vs. Cleveland Indians , 3 -- 2 ALCS vs. Houston Astros -- These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com 's New York Yankees History & Encyclopedia , except where noted , and are current as of October 3 , 2016 . Record by decade ( edit ) The following table describes the Yankees ' MLB win -- loss record by decade . Decade Wins Losses Pct 1900s 520 518 . 501 1910s 701 780 . 473 1920s 933 602 . 608 1930s 970 554 . 636 1940s 929 609 . 604 1950s 955 582 . 621 1960s 887 720 . 552 1970s 892 715 . 555 1980s 854 708 . 547 1990s 851 702 . 548 2000s 965 651 . 597 2010s 627 507 . 553 All - time 10084 7648 . 569 These statistics are from Baseball - Reference. com 's New York Yankees History & Encyclopedia , and are current as of October 18 , 2016 . All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses Win % All - time regular season record 10,084 7,648 . 569 All - time postseason record 223 155 . 590 All - time regular and postseason record 10,307 7,803 . 569 Notes ( edit ) This is determined by calculating the difference in wins plus the difference in losses divided by two . For lists of all American League pennant winners , see American League pennant winners 1901 -- 68 and American League Championship Series . Half - game increments are possible because games can be cancelled due to rain . If a postponed game is the last of the season between two teams in one of their stadiums , it may not be made up if it does not affect the playoff race . The second game of the series ended after 10 innings due to darkness , with the score tied 2 -- 2 . During Game 3 of this series , Babe Ruth hit his called shot , a home run into the center field bleachers of Wrigley Field . Don Larsen pitched the only perfect game in World Series history in Game 5 . In 1969 , the American League split into East and West divisions . The 1972 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the Yankees ' first seven games of the season . The Yankees finished the season tied for first with the Boston Red Sox . New York defeated the Red Sox 5 -- 4 in a one - game playoff to clinch the division title . The game is best remembered for Bucky Dent 's three - run home run in the seventh inning , which gave the Yankees a 3 -- 2 lead . The 1981 Major League Baseball strike caused the season to be split into two halves . The Yankees were given a berth in an expanded playoff tournament because they led the American League East when the strike began . The Milwaukee Brewers finished the second half in first place to earn the division 's other playoff berth . The 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike , which started on August 12 , 1994 , led to the cancellation of the playoffs and World Series . As a result of the abbreviated season , MLB did not officially award division championships . The Yankees led the American League East , and held the best record in the American League , at the time of the strike , The 1994 -- 95 MLB strike lasted until April 2 , 1995 , causing the shortening of the 1995 season to 144 games . The Yankees finished the season tied for first with the Boston Red Sox , but were awarded the division title because they won the season series with the Red Sox . The Yankees finished the season tied for third with the Baltimore Orioles . References ( edit ) General `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . `` Baseball - Reference Postseason Index '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . `` New York Yankees : History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . `` New York Yankees year - by - year results '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Appel , Marty ( 2012 ) . Pinstripe Empire : The New York Yankees From Before the Babe to After the Boss . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 492 - 6 . Tygiel , Jules ( 2000 ) . Past Time : Baseball as History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514604 - 2 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Bronx Bombers to be sold ? '' . CNN . CNNfn . March 19 , 1998 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Antonen , Mel ( October 17 , 2004 ) . `` Pinstripers paint Red Sox blue '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Winners '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium History '' . New York Yankees . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees need to win big to justify excesses of new Yankee Stadium '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tygiel , pp. 49 , 51 . Jump up ^ Appel , pp. 13 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankees Timeline : 1903 -- 1925 '' . New York Yankees . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Yankees ' playoff run one for the ages '' . Major League Baseball . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Complete Baseball Team and Baseball Team Encyclopedias '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Yankees History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Winners , Records , and Results and Postseason Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1921 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1922 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Babe Ruth '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1927 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1928 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1932 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1936 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 World Series : New York Yankees over Brooklyn Dodgers ( 4 -- 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rookie of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Awards -- World Series MVP '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cy Young Award winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Down , Fred . `` Dock Ellis Is Voted AL 's Comeback Player Of Year '' . Florence Times -- Tri Cities Daily . p. 20 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 AL Championship Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manager of the Year winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star MVPs '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 New York Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Griffey , Giambi named comeback players of ' 05 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2006 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 AL Division Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 New York Yankees Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Wallace ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Rivera wins comeback player award '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` Ties in baseball called out by rules committee '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Series -- 1922 '' . Sporting News . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bock , Hal ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Monday marks 75th anniversary of Babe Ruth 's called shot against Cubs in World Series '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` Immortalized by a Moment of Perfection '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leggett , William ( April 14 , 1969 ) . `` One Hundred And One '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball stoppages date back to 1972 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . August 29 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fratus , Ken ( September 29 , 2003 ) . `` 25 years ago : How an otherwise forgettable shortstop became a permanent Dent in Boston 's heart '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 Season '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strike looms large over All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . July 7 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2005 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( October 6 , 1994 ) . `` A Season Without Titles -- Baseball : Players will be honored , but there will be no divisional champions because of the shortened schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Season '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox clinch berth , make Yanks ' playoff road tougher '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- 2013 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Major League Baseball season - by - season team history American League East Division Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Division Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Division Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Division Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Division Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Division Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants New York Yankees Formerly the New York Highlanders -- Based in The Bronx , New York Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Coaches Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Team captains Members of the Hall of Fame First - round picks YES Network Ballparks Hilltop Park Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium ( opened 1923 ) ( Events ) Shea Stadium Yankee Stadium ( opened 2009 ) Spring training : Whittington Park West End Park Barrs Field Bader Field Al Lang Stadium Fort Lauderdale Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Lore Curse of the Bambino Johnny Sylvester Murderers ' Row Babe Ruth 's called shot Ed Lucas Don Larsen 's perfect game M&M Boys Harmonica Incident 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Pine Tar Incident Jeffrey Maier The Yankee Years The Core Four David Wells ' perfect game David Cone 's perfect game Culture Monument Park New York Yankees Museum New York Yankees appearance policy Old - Timers ' Day Bleacher Creatures Yankees Universe Eddie Layton Jim Hall Logos , uniforms and dress code `` Holy Cow ! '' Robert Merrill John Sterling Ronan Tynan `` Here Come the Yankees '' `` New York , New York '' `` God Bless America '' The Pride of the Yankees The Babe Ruth Story Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Safe at Home ! 61 * The Bronx is Burning Ladies and Gentlemen , the Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Is Burning The Bronx Zoo The Scout Bronx Bombers The Last Night of the Yankee Dynasty Everyone 's Hero Four Days in October Gene Monahan Dandy Freddy Sez George Costanza Paul Olden Yankee Stadium Legacy Yankees HOPE Week Rivalries Boston Red Sox Subway Series New York Mets Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants Monument Park honorees Mel Allen Ed Barrow Yogi Berra Bill Dickey Joe DiMaggio Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Goose Gossage Ron Guidry Elston Howard Miller Huggins Reggie Jackson Derek Jeter Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Billy Martin Tino Martinez Don Mattingly Joe McCarthy Thurman Munson Paul O'Neill Andy Pettitte Jorge Posada Willie Randolph Allie Reynolds Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Jacob Ruppert Babe Ruth Bob Sheppard George Steinbrenner Casey Stengel Mel Stottlemyre Joe Torre Bernie Williams Key personnel Owners : Yankee Global Enterprises Hal Steinbrenner Hank Steinbrenner General Manager : Brian Cashman Manager : Joe Girardi Championships ( 27 ) 1923 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1956 1958 1961 1962 1977 1978 1998 1999 2000 2009 American League Pennants ( 40 ) 1921 1922 1923 1926 1927 1928 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1941 1942 1943 1947 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1976 1977 1978 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2009 Division titles ( 18 ) 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2012 Wild Card titles ( 6 ) 1995 1997 2007 2015 2017 Minors AAA Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders AA Trenton Thunder A Adv . Tampa Yankees Charleston RiverDogs Short A Staten Island Yankees Rookie Adv . Pulaski Yankees Rookie GCL Yankees West GCL Yankees East DSL Yankees1 DSL Yankees2 Seasons ( 115 ) 1900s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Book : New York Yankees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_York_Yankees_seasons&oldid=804958621 '' Categories : New York Yankees seasons Major League Baseball teams seasons New York Yankees lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20New%20York%20Yankees%20seasons
| 5,286 |
who is up for re election in 2018
|
United States Senate elections , 2018
|
united states senate elections, 2018
|
Dem . incumbent running Rep. incumbent running Dem . incumbent undeclared Rep. incumbent undeclared Ind. incumbent running
|
No election * Democrats need three seats if the Independents continue to caucus with them . Majority Leader before election Mitch McConnell Republican Elected Majority Leader TBD TBD Elections to the United States Senate will be held on November 6 , 2018 , with 33 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections whose winners will serve six - year terms from January 3 , 2019 , until January 3 , 2025 . Currently , Democrats are expected to have 23 seats up for election along with 2 independents who caucus with them . Republicans are expected to have 8 seats up for election . The seats up for election in 2018 were last up for election in 2012 , although some seats may have special elections if incumbents die or resign , as has already happened in Alabama . Democrats gained a net 2 seats in the 2016 Senate elections . The United States House of Representatives elections , 39 gubernatorial elections , and many other state and local elections will also be held on this date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Partisan composition 2 Change in composition 2.1 Before the elections 2.2 After the elections 3 Most recent election predictions 4 Race summaries 5 Complete list of races 5.1 Arizona 5.2 California 5.3 Connecticut 5.4 Delaware 5.5 Florida 5.6 Hawaii 5.7 Indiana 5.8 Maine 5.9 Maryland 5.10 Massachusetts 5.11 Michigan 5.12 Minnesota 5.13 Mississippi 5.14 Missouri 5.15 Montana 5.16 Nebraska 5.17 Nevada 5.18 New Jersey 5.19 New Mexico 5.20 New York 5.21 North Dakota 5.22 Ohio 5.23 Pennsylvania 5.24 Rhode Island 5.25 Tennessee 5.26 Texas 5.27 Utah 5.28 Vermont 5.29 Virginia 5.30 Washington 5.31 West Virginia 5.32 Wisconsin 5.33 Wyoming 6 See also 7 References Partisan composition ( edit ) Among the 33 Senators up for election in 2018 are 33 Class I Senators up for regular election . These consist of 23 Democrats , 2 independents who caucus with the Senate Democrats , and 8 Republicans . If a Senate vacancy occurs between 2016 and 2018 , there may be special elections before or during the 2018 election , depending on state law . The Alabama special election had been scheduled for 2018 but was moved to 2017 . Parties Total Democratic Republican Independent Last election ( 2016 ) 46 52 100 Before this election 46 52 100 Not up 23 44 0 67 Class 2 ( 2014 → 2020 ) 11 22 0 33 Class 3 ( 2016 → 2022 ) 12 22 0 34 Up 23 8 33 Class 1 ( 2012 → 2018 ) 23 8 33 Special : Class 2 & 3 0 0 0 0 Incumbent retiring 0 0 0 0 Incumbent running 23 7 32 Intent undeclared 0 0 Change in composition ( edit ) Before the elections ( edit ) Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Running Unknown Running Majority → Running Running Running Running Running Running After the elections ( edit ) TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Majority → TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Key : D Democratic Republican Independent , caucusing with Democrats Most recent election predictions ( edit ) Democrats are expected to target the Republican - held Senate seats in Nevada and Arizona . Democrats could also target seats in Texas and Utah . Republicans are expected to target Democratic - held seats in Indiana , Missouri , Montana , North Dakota , and West Virginia , all of which voted for Mitt Romney in the 2012 election and Donald Trump in the 2016 election , as well as seats in Florida , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin , and Michigan , all of which voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election . Republicans could also target seats in Virginia , Maine , and New Jersey . Other races may also become competitive . State PVI Incumbent 2012 result Cook Aug 17 , 2017 Roth . September 15 , 2017 Sabato August 24 , 2017 Arizona 105 ! R + 5 Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake ( R ) 049 ! 49 % R 102 ! Lean R 101 ! Tilt R 100 ! Tossup California 088 ! D + 12 Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein ( D ) 037 ! 63 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Connecticut 094 ! D + 6 Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy ( D ) 045 ! 55 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Delaware 094 ! D + 6 Carper , Tom Tom Carper ( D ) 034 ! 66 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Florida 102 ! R + 2 Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson ( D ) 045 ! 55 % D 098 ! Lean D 099 ! Tilt D 098 ! Lean D Hawaii 082 ! D + 18 Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono ( D ) 047 ! 63 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Indiana 109 ! R + 9 Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly ( D ) 050 ! 50 % D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup Maine 097 ! D + 3 King , Angus Angus King ( I ) 047 ! 53 % I 098 ! Lean D / I 096 ! Safe D / I 097 ! Likely D / I Maryland 088 ! D + 12 Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin ( D ) 045 ! 55 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Massachusetts 088 ! D + 12 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren ( D ) 046 ! 54 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Michigan 099 ! D + 1 Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow ( D ) 041 ! 59 % D 097 ! Likely D 096 ! Safe D 097 ! Likely D Minnesota 099 ! D + 1 Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar ( D ) 035 ! 65 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Mississippi 109 ! R + 9 Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker ( R ) 057 ! 57 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R Missouri 109 ! R + 9 McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill ( D ) 045 ! 55 % D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup Montana 111 ! R + 11 Tester , Jon Jon Tester ( D ) 051 ! 49 % D 097 ! Likely D 099 ! Tilt D 098 ! Lean D Nebraska 114 ! R + 14 Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer ( R ) 056 ! 56 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R Nevada 099 ! D + 1 Heller , Dean Dean Heller ( R ) 046 ! 46 % R 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup New Jersey 093 ! D + 7 Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez ( D ) 041 ! 59 % D 097 ! Likely D 096 ! Safe D 097 ! Likely D New Mexico 097 ! D + 3 Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich ( D ) 049 ! 51 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D New York 089 ! D + 12 Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand ( D ) 028 ! 72 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D North Dakota 116 ! R + 17 Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) 050 ! 50 % D 098 ! Lean D 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D Ohio 103 ! R + 3 Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown ( D ) 049 ! 51 % D 098 ! Lean D 098 ! Lean D 098 ! Lean D Pennsylvania 100 ! EVEN Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . ( D ) 046 ! 54 % D 097 ! Likely D 098 ! Lean D 097 ! Likely D Rhode Island 090 ! D + 10 Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse ( D ) 036 ! 64 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D Tennessee 114 ! R + 14 Corker , Bob Bob Corker ( R ) 065 ! 65 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R Texas 108 ! R + 8 Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz ( R ) 057 ! 57 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 103 ! Likely R Utah 120 ! R + 20 Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch ( R ) 065 ! 65 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R Vermont 085 ! D + 15 Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders ( I ) 029 ! 71 % I 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D / I Virginia 099 ! D + 1 Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine ( D ) 047 ! 53 % D 097 ! Likely D 097 ! Likely D 097 ! Likely D Washington 093 ! D + 7 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell ( D ) 049 ! 61 % D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D 096 ! Safe D West Virginia 120 ! R + 19 Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin ( D ) 049 ! 61 % D 100 ! Tossup 100 ! Tossup 098 ! Lean D Wisconsin 100 ! EVEN Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin ( D ) 049 ! 51 % D 097 ! Likely D 099 ! Tilt D 098 ! Lean D Wyoming 125 ! R + 25 Barrasso , John John Barrasso ( R ) 076 ! 76 % R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R 104 ! Safe R Race summaries ( edit ) In these general elections , the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 2019 . All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats ; ordered by state . State ( linked to summaries below ) Incumbent Intent / Results Candidates ( listed alphabetically ) Senator Party Electoral history Arizona Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake Republican 2012 Incumbent running Deedra Abboud ( Democratic ) Jeff Flake ( Republican ) Doug Marks ( Libertarian ) Jim Moss ( Democratic ) Chris Russell ( Democratic ) Richard Sherzan ( Democratic ) Nicolas Tutora ( Republican ) Kelli Ward ( Republican ) California Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein Democratic 1992 ( special ) 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Donald R. Adams ( Independent ) Topher Brennan ( Democratic ) Jerry Leon Carroll ( Independent ) Michael Eisen ( Independent ) Dianne Feinstein ( Democratic ) Tim Gildersleeve ( Independent ) Eugene Patterson Harris ( Democratic ) David Hildebrand ( Democratic ) Charles Junior Hodge ( Independent ) Timothy Charles Kalemkarian ( Republican ) Caren Lancona ( Republican ) Richard Thomas Mead ( Independent ) John Melendez ( Democratic ) Douglas Howard Pierce ( Democratic ) Joseph Sandberg Stephen James Schrader ( Republican ) Steve Stokes ( Democratic ) Connecticut Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Ann - Marie Adams ( Democratic ) Matthew Corey ( Republican ) Chris Murphy ( Democratic ) Dominic Rapini ( Republican ) Delaware Carper , Tom Tom Carper Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Tom Carper ( Democratic ) Chuck Boyce ( Republican ) Florida Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Joe Allen ( Independent ) Lateresa Ann Jones ( Republican ) Edward Janowski ( Independent ) Tamika Lyles ( Democratic ) Bill Nelson ( Democratic ) Marcia Roberta Thorne ( Republican ) Joe Wendt ( Libertarian ) Hawaii Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Mazie Hirono ( Democratic ) Indiana Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Mike Braun ( Republican ) Joe Donnelly ( Democratic ) Terry Henderson ( Republican ) Mark Hurt ( Republican ) Luke Messer ( Republican ) Todd Rokita ( Republican ) Kiel Richard Stone ( Republican ) Andrew Takami ( Republican ) Andrew U.D. Straw ( Disability Party ) Maine King , Angus Angus King Independent 2012 Incumbent running Angus King ( Independent ) Eric Brakey ( Republican ) Maryland Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Ben Cardin ( Democratic ) Sam Faddis ( Republican ) Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn ( Democratic ) Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson ( Democratic ) Massachusetts Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) Shiva Ayyadurai ( Republican ) Geoff Diehl ( Republican ) Mary Lindstrom ( Republican ) Darius Mitchell ( Republican ) Allen Waters ( Republican ) Heidi Wellman ( Republican ) James Devine ( Independent ) Joshua Ford ( Independent ) Michigan Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Lena Rose Epstein ( Republican ) John James ( Republican ) Robert P. Young Jr . ( Republican ) Craig Allen Smith ( Democratic ) Debbie Stabenow ( Democratic ) Marcia Squier ( independent ) Minnesota Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Amy Klobuchar ( Democratic ) Jim Newberger ( Republican ) Mississippi Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker Republican 2007 ( appointed ) 2008 ( special ) 2012 Incumbent running Jensen Bohren ( Democratic ) Roger Wicker ( Republican ) Missouri McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Angelica Earl ( Democratic ) Claire McCaskill ( Democratic ) Tony Monetti ( Republican ) Austin Petersen ( Republican ) Montana Tester , Jon Jon Tester Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Troy Downing ( Republican ) Ron Murray ( Republican ) Albert Olszewski ( Republican ) Matthew Rosendale ( Republican ) Jon Tester ( Democratic ) Nebraska Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer Republican 2012 Incumbent running Deb Fischer ( Republican ) Larry Marvin ( Democratic ) Jane Raybould ( Democratic ) Nevada Heller , Dean Dean Heller Republican 2011 ( appointed ) 2012 Incumbent running Jay Craddock ( Democratic ) Dean Heller ( Republican ) Bobby Mahendra ( Democratic ) Jacky Rosen ( Democratic ) Jesse Sbaih ( Democratic ) Danny Tarkanian ( Republican ) New Jersey Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez Democratic 2006 ( appointed ) 2006 2012 Incumbent running Lisa McCormick ( Democratic ) Bob Menendez ( Democratic ) Sean A. Thom ( Democratic ) New Mexico Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Martin Heinrich ( Democratic ) Mick Rich ( Republican ) New York Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic 2009 ( appointed ) 2010 ( special ) 2012 Incumbent running Kirsten Gillibrand ( Democratic ) Rafael Arden Jones Sr. ( Republican ) David A. Webber ( Republican ) North Dakota Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Tom Campbell ( Republican ) Heidi Heitkamp ( Democratic ) Dustin Peyer ( Democratic ) Ohio Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Melissa Ackison ( Republican ) Sherrod Brown ( Democratic ) Don Elijah Eckhart ( Republican ) Michael Gibbons ( Republican ) Josh Mandel ( Republican ) Pennsylvania Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Paul Addis ( Republican ) Cynthia Ayers ( Republican ) Lou Barletta ( Republican ) Jeff Bartos ( Republican ) Bob Casey Jr . ( Democratic ) Jim Christiana ( Republican ) Paul DeLong ( Republican ) Dale Kerns ( Libertarian ) Bobby Lawrence ( Republican ) Rick Saccone ( Republican ) Andrew Shecktor ( Republican ) Rhode Island Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse Democratic 2006 2012 Incumbent running Robert Flanders ( Republican ) Robert Nardolillo ( Republican ) Sheldon Whitehouse ( Democratic ) Tennessee Corker , Bob Bob Corker Republican 2006 2012 Incumbent 's intent unknown Bill Bailey ( Democratic ) Larry Crim ( Republican ) James Mackler ( Democratic ) Texas Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Incumbent running Ted Cruz ( Republican ) Stefano de Stefano ( Republican ) Aaron Gwaltney ( Independent ) Irasema Hernandez ( Democratic ) Dan McQueen ( Republican ) Beto O'Rourke ( Democratic ) Dustin Ray Webb ( Democratic ) Utah Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch Republican 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Orrin Hatch ( Republican ) Danny Drew ( Democratic ) Mitchell Kent Vice ( Democratic ) Jenny Wilson ( Democratic ) Craig Bowden ( Libertarian ) Vermont Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders Independent 2006 2012 Incumbent running Bernie Sanders ( Independent ) Jon Svitavsky ( Democratic ) Folasade Adeluola ( Democratic ) Virginia Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Tim Kaine ( Democratic ) Corey Stewart ( Republican ) Ron Wallace ( Republican ) Washington Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell Democratic 2000 2006 2012 Incumbent running Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) Jennifer `` GiGi '' Ferguson ( Democratic ) Clay Johnson ( Independent ) West Virginia Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin Democratic 2010 ( special ) 2012 Incumbent running Bo Copley ( Republican ) Scott Ernst ( Republican ) Evan Jenkins ( Republican ) Joe Manchin ( Democratic ) Patrick Morrisey ( Republican ) Paula Jean Swearengin ( Democratic ) Wisconsin Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin Democratic 2012 Incumbent running Tammy Baldwin ( Democratic ) Kevin Nicholson ( Republican ) John Schiess ( Republican ) Leah Vukmir ( Republican ) Mary Jo Walters ( Democratic ) Wyoming Barrasso , John John Barrasso Republican 2007 ( appointed ) 2008 ( special ) 2012 Incumbent running John Barrasso ( Republican ) State Senator Party Electoral history Intent / Results Candidates Incumbent Complete list of races ( edit ) Thirty - three seats are up for election in 2018 : Twenty - two Democrats are running for re-election . One Democrat may seek re-election . Two independents are running for re-election . Seven Republicans are running for re-election . One Republican may seek re-election . Arizona ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Arizona , 2018 One - term Republican Senator Jeff Flake was elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 55 years old in 2018 . He is running . Former state senator Kelli Ward and pharmacist Nicolas Tutora are challenging Flake in the Republican primary . Deedra Abboud , Jim Moss , Chris Russell , and Richard Sherzan are running for the Democratic nomination . California ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in California , 2018 Four - term Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein won a special election in 1992 and was elected to full terms in 1994 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2012 . She will be 85 years old in 2018 . She is running for re-election . Democrats challenging Dianne Feinstein include Topher Brennan , Eugene Patterson Harris , David Hildebrand , John `` Stuttering John '' Melendez , Douglas Howard Pierce , , Joseph Sandberg , and 2016 candidate Steve Stokes . Republican candidates include Timothy Charles Kalemkarian , Caren Lancona , and Stephen James Schrader . Independent candidates include biologist Michael Eisen , Donald R. Adams , Jerry Leon Carroll , Tim Gildersleeve , Charles Junior Hodge , and Richard Thomas Mead . Connecticut ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Connecticut , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Chris Murphy was elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 45 years old in 2018 . He is running for reelection . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Ann - Marie Adams . Businessmen Matthew Corey and Dominic Rapini are seeking the Republican nomination . Delaware ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Delaware , 2018 Three - term Democratic Senator Tom Carper won re-election with 66 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . He announced he was running for re-election during an interview on MSNBC on July 24 , 2017 . Businessman Chuck Boyce is running for the Republican nomination . Florida ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Florida , 2018 Three - term Democratic Senator Bill Nelson was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . Nelson will be 76 years old in 2018 . He has strongly hinted he will seek re-election to a fourth term in office . He is being challenged for the Democratic nomination by Tamika Lyles . Latersa Ann Jones and Marcia Roberta Thorne are running for the Republican nomination . Florida Governor Rick Scott is seen as potential Republican candidate to challenge Nelson . Scott will be 65 years old in 2018 . First elected in 2010 and re-elected in 2014 , Scott 's term as Governor of Florida is set to end by January 2019 , due to term limits . Joe Wendt is seeking the Libertarian Party nomination , while Joe Allen and Edward Janowski are running as independents . Hawaii ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Hawaii , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Mazie Hirono was elected with 63 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 71 years old in 2018 . Indiana ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Indiana , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Joe Donnelly was elected with 50.04 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . Congressmen Luke Messer and Todd Rokita , State Representative Mike Braun , attorney Mark Hurt , director of Purdue Polytechnic Institute Andrew Takami , Kiel Richard Stone , and Terry Henderson are running for the Republican nomination . Disability Party candidate Andrew U.D. Straw has registered his campaign officially with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate . Straw has run for U.S. House twice on disability platforms , once in Indiana 's Second District and once in Illinois ' Eighth District . Maine ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maine , 2018 One - term Independent Senator Angus King was elected in a three - way race with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . King has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2013 , but he has left open the possibility of caucusing with the Republican Party in the future . This Senate election is scheduled to be the first in Maine to be conducted with ranked choice voting , as opposed to a simple plurality , after voters passed a citizen referendum approving the change in 2016 . An advisory opinion by the Maine Supreme Judicial Court holding that ranked choice voting would be unconstitutional only affects state office elections , but some legislators seek to repeal the measure in full . King has indicated he will seek reelection . He will be 74 years old in 2018 . State Senator Eric Brakey is running for the Republican nomination . Maryland ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Maryland , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Ben Cardin was re-elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 75 years old in 2018 . He is running . He is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Richard `` Rikki '' Vaughn and Debbie `` Rica '' Wilson . Sam Faddis is seeking the Republican nomination . Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Massachusetts , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Elizabeth Warren was elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 69 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Geoff Diehl , Shiva Ayyadurai , former Romney aide Mary Lindstrom , Darius Mitchell , Allen Waters , and Heidi Wellman are running for the Republican nomination . John Devine and Joshua Ford are running as independents . Michigan ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Michigan , 2018 Three - term Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 68 years old in 2018 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Craig Allen Smith . On the Republican side , Lena Epstein who co-chaired the Donald Trump campaign in Michigan , businessman and Iraq veteran John James , and retired Michigan Supreme Court chief justice Robert P. Young Jr. are running . Independent candidate Marcia Squier is also running . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Minnesota , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Amy Klobuchar was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 58 years old in 2018 . She is running . State Representative Jim Newberger is running for the Republican nomination . Mississippi ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Mississippi , 2018 One - term Republican Senator Roger Wicker won re-election with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He was appointed in 2007 and won a special election in 2008 to serve the remainder of Trent Lott 's term . He will be 67 years old in 2018 . He is running . Jensen Bohren is seeking the Democratic nomination . Missouri ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Missouri , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill was re-elected with 55 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 65 years old in 2018 . She is running . She is being challenged in the Democratic primary by Angelica Earl . Libertarian presidential candidate in 2016 Austin Petersen and assistant dean of aviation at University of Central Missouri Tony Monetti are running for the Republican nomination . Montana ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Montana , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Jon Tester was re-elected with 49 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 62 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Auditor Matthew Rosendale , State Senator Albert Olszewski , Troy Downing , and Ron Murray are running for the Republican nomination . State Secretary of State Corey Stapleton is also a potential Republican candidate . Ryan Zinke resigned from the House of Representatives to become United States Secretary of the Interior . He could step down from that position to run for the Senate seat . Nebraska ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Nebraska , 2018 One - term Republican Senator Deb Fischer was elected with 56 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 67 years old in 2018 . She is running . Larry Marvin , who was a candidate in 2008 , 2012 , and 2014 , and Lincoln Councilwoman Jane Raybould are running for the Democratic nomination . Nevada ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Nevada , 2018 One - term Republican Senator Dean Heller was elected with 46 % of the vote in 2012 . He had been appointed to the seat in 2011 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . Heller considered running for governor , but has since chosen to seek reelection . Danny Tarkanian is challenging Heller in the Republican primary . Representative Jacky Rosen , Jay Craddock , Sujeet `` Bobby '' Narendra Mahendra , ( 2 ) and Jesse Sbaih are running for the Democratic nomination . New Jersey ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Jersey , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Bob Menendez was re-elected with 59 % of the vote in 2012 . Menendez was originally appointed to the seat in January 2006 . He will be 64 years old in 2018 . He is running . Democrat Sean A. Thom is running . New Mexico ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New Mexico , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Martin Heinrich was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 47 years old in 2018 . He is running . Mick Rich is seeking the Republican nomination . New York ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in New York , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Kirsten Gillibrand was elected with 72 % of the vote in 2012 . She had previously been appointed to the seat in 2009 , and won a special election to remain in office in 2010 . She will be 51 years old in 2018 . She is running . Former United States Ambassador to Japan Caroline Kennedy , daughter of former President John F. Kennedy is reportedly considering running as a Democrat , 9 years after declining to replace Hillary Clinton 's vacant seat after becoming U.S. Secretary of State . Rafael Arden Jones Sr. and David A. Webber are running for the Republican nomination . North Dakota ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in North Dakota , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Heidi Heitkamp was elected with 50 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 63 years old in 2018 . She is running . Dustin Peyer is running for the Democratic nomination . State Senator Tom Campbell is running for the Republican nomination . Ohio ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Ohio , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Sherrod Brown was re-elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 65 years old in 2018 . He is running . Ohio State Treasurer Josh Mandel , investment banker Michael Gibbons , businesswoman Melissa Ackison and Don Elijah Eckhart are running for the Republican nomination . Pennsylvania ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Pennsylvania , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Bob Casey Jr. was re-elected with 54 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 58 years old in 2018 . He is running . Republican candidates include U.S. Representative Lou Barletta , Pennsylvania House of Representatives members Rick Saccone and Jim Christiana , Berwick councilman Andrew Shecktor , Paul Addis , Cynthia Ayers , Jeff Bartos , Paul DeLong , and Robert `` Bobby '' Lawrence . In addition , Libertarian candidate Dale Kerns has announced his candidacy for this seat . Rhode Island ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Rhode Island , 2018 Two - term Democratic Senator Sheldon Whitehouse was reelected with 64 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 63 years old in 2018 . He is running . State Representative Robert Nardolillo and former Rhode Island Supreme Court Associate Justice Robert Flanders are running for the Republican nomination . Tennessee ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Tennessee , 2018 Two - term Republican Senator Bob Corker was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . Senator Corker has filed his Statement of Candidacy with the Secretary of the U.S. Senate to run for reelection , but has not announced whether he is running for reelection , while definitely ruling out a run for Governor . Larry Crim , a perennial candidate who ran as a Democrat in 2012 and 2014 , is running for the Republican nomination . Bill Bailey and James Mackler are seeking the Democratic nomination . Texas ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Texas , 2018 One - term Republican Senator Ted Cruz was elected with 57 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 48 years old in 2018 . He is running . Houston energy attorney Stefano de Stefano and former mayor of Corpus Christi Dan McQueen are also seeking the Republican nomination . U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke is seeking the Democratic nomination . Other Democrats who are running include Irasema Ramirez Hernandez and Dustin Ray Webb . Aaron Gwaltney is running as an independent . Utah ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Utah , 2018 Seven - term Republican Senator Orrin Hatch was re-elected with 65 % of the vote in 2012 . Hatch is the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , as well as the second most - senior Senator . He will be 84 years old in 2018 . Before the 2012 election , Hatch said that he would retire at the end of his seventh term if he was re-elected . However he has since `` left the door ajar '' , but denied that he had changed his mind until March 9 , 2017 , when he announced his re-election campaign . Professor James Singer was running for the Democratic nomination , but he dropped out and endorsed Salt Lake County Councilwoman Jenny Wilson , who made her Senate bid official on July 17 , 2017 . Danny Drew and Mitchell Kent Vice are also running for the Democratic nomination . Craig Bowden is running for the Libertarians . Vermont ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Vermont , 2018 Two - term Independent Senator Bernie Sanders was re-elected with 71 % of the vote in 2012 . Sanders , one of two independent members of Congress , has caucused with the Democratic Party since taking office in 2007 . In November 2015 , Sanders announced his plans to run as a Democrat rather than an Independent in all future elections . He will be 77 years old in 2018 . On July 28 , 2016 , Sanders announced he would return to the Senate as an Independent and two days later in an interview on Real Time with Bill Maher that he would run for re-election . In 2016 , activist and journalist Al Giordano stated his intention to challenge Sanders for the Democratic nomination to protest Sanders 's 2016 presidential campaign , which Giordano claims has divided the Democratic Party . In 2017 , however , Giordano announced he would not run for the seat . Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Tim Kaine was elected with 53 % of the vote in 2012 . He will be 60 years old in 2018 . He is running . Prince William County Supervisor Corey Stewart and Ron Wallace are seeking the Republican nomination . Washington ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Washington , 2018 Three - term Democratic Senator Maria Cantwell was re-elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 60 years old in 2018 . She is running . Jennifer `` GiGi '' Ferguson is running . West Virginia ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in West Virginia , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Joe Manchin was elected with 61 % of the vote in 2012 . He originally won the seat in a 2010 special election . He will be 71 years old in 2018 . Manchin is running for re-election . Environmental activist Paula Jean Swearengin is also running for the Democratic nomination . Representative Evan Jenkins , West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey , coal miner Bo Copley , and Scott Ernst are running for the Republican nomination . Wisconsin ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wisconsin , 2018 One - term Democratic Senator Tammy Baldwin was elected with 51 % of the vote in 2012 . She will be 56 years old in 2018 . She is running . Mary Jo Walters , a Democratic candidate for Lieutenant Governor in the 2014 primary , and later that year a write - in candidate for Governor is also seeking the Democratic nomination . Businessman and member of Wisconsin Board of Veterans Affairs Kevin Nicholson and John Schiess are running for the Republican nomination . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate election in Wyoming , 2018 One - term Republican Senator John Barrasso was elected with 76 % of the vote in 2012 . Barrasso was appointed to the seat in 2007 , and won a special election in 2008 . He will be 66 years old in 2018 . He is running . See also ( edit ) United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Luther Strange to replace Jeff Sessions in U.S. Senate '' . AL.com. 2017 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bobic , Igor ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Independent Angus King Will Continue To Caucus With Senate Democrats '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gaudiano , Nicole ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Bernie Sanders to caucus with GOP ? Fat chance , he says '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Jason ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Senate Democrats , 2018 Math Is Not Your Friend '' . Roll Call . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Abby ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rep. Beto O'Rourke `` very likely '' to run for Sen. Ted Cruz 's seat in 2018 `` . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weida , Kaz ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Could Utah Turn Blue In 2018 ? This Senate Candidate Aims To Find Out '' . Rantt . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondik , Kyle ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Senate 2014 and Beyond '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fram , Alan ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Several Democrats facing 2018 re-election are from states Trump carried '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 State PVI Changes -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Race Ratings '' . Cook Political Report . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings '' . Stuart Rothenberg . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Democrat Deedra Abboud announces U.S. Senate bid '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kimbel - Sannit , Arren ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Flake likely to face challenges from all sides , vows to be ready '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MARKS , DOUG - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` MOSS , JIM - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSELL , DALE CHRISTOPHER - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Dan ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` How much re-election trouble is Sen. Jeff Flake really in ? '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TUTORA , NICHOLAS - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Min Kim , Seung ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kelli Ward aims to oust Flake in 2018 '' . Politico . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , DONALD R - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` California 2017 General Election '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` CARROLL , JERRY LEON - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Q&A : Michael Eisen bids to be first fly biologist in the U.S. Senate '' . Science . AAAS . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matier , Phil ; Ross , Andy ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` Feinstein fundraising machine fires up for re-election run '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` GILDERSLEEVE , TIM - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` HARRIS , EUGENE PATTERSON - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` HILDEBRAND , DAVID - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` HODGE , CHARLES JUNIOR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` KALEMKARIAN , TIMOTHY CHARLES - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` LANCONA , CAREN DIANNA - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` MEAD , RICHARD THOMAS - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` MELENDEZ , JOHN - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` PIERCE , DOUGLAS HOWARD - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/07/progressive-challenger-emerges-feinstein-242472 Jump up ^ `` SCHRADER , STEPHEN JAMES - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` STOKES , STEVE - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` ADAMS , ANN MARIE DR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Altimari , Danielle ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Planning U.S. Senate Run Against Murphy '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bass , Paul ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Murphy Navigates A Changed World '' . New Haven Independent . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McGuiness , Dylan ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Branford Republican Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kailani Koenig on Twitter '' . July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McAneny , DJ ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Republican candidate throws hat in the ring to target Sen. Tom Carper 's seat in 2018 '' . WDEL . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 2017 General Election '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` JONES , LATERESA ANN - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` LYLES , TAMIKA - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Nelson on 2018 , possible challenge from Rick Scott : I 'll run ' like there 's no tomorrow . ' '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` THORNE , MARCIA ROBERTA - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Blair , Chad ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Warren Makes Pitch For Hirono '' . Honolulu Civil Beat . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Braun Officially Joins Senate Race '' . WIKY . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tully , Matthew ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` His party defeated , Donnelly looks forward '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Colombo , Hayleigh ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans jockey to take on Donnelly in 2018 '' . Indiana Business Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , George ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATE : Kokomo lawyer Mark Hurt announces US Senate bid '' . Kokomo Tribune . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana Rep. Luke Messer announces 2018 Senate bid '' . Theindychannel.com. 2017 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Carden , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Rokita running for U.S. Senate to ' Defeat the elite ' '' . NWI Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` STONE , KIEL RICHARD - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Beilman , Elizabeth ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Purdue Polytechnic director Andrew Takami to run for U.S. Senate in 2018 '' . News and Tribune . Jump up ^ `` STRAW , ANDREW UD - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator King Responds to LePage 's Possible Senate Run in 2018 WABI TV5 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Michael ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` GOP state senator Eric Brakey kicks off underdog 2018 bid to unseat Angus King '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Cardin raises nearly $1 M for 2018 reelection '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FADDIS , CHARLES S - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Candidate Listing '' . Maryland State Board of Elections . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hagan , Lisa ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Warren says she will run for reelection '' . The Hill . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Eric ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Man Who Claims He Invented Email Files to Challenge Warren '' . Roll Call . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Geoff Diehl sets stage to challenge Elizabeth Warren '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` GOP 's Beth Lindstrom to launch challenge to Elizabeth Warren in 2018 '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MITCHELL , DARIUS - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Frank ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` GOP Senate candidate readies for ' street fight ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WELLMAN , HEIDI M - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` DEVINE , JOHN P - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Gallerani , Katheryn ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Joshua Ford declares for U.S. Senate '' . Kingston Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lena Epstein , Trump campaign chair in Michigan , to run for U.S. Senate '' . Freep.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Oosting , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Businessman , vet John James files for U.S. Senate '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former state Supreme Court Justice Bob Young officially running for U.S. Senate '' . MLive.com . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democrats target the wrong Rep. Upton '' . Detroitnews.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Oosting , Jonathan ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` Michigan Democrats promise ' fight ' at record convention '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/05/18/politcal-insider/101815922/ ^ Jump up to : Sherry , Allison ( December 25 , 2016 ) . `` Klobuchar will run again for Senate , rules herself out for governor 's race '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stassen - Berger , Rachel ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Challenger emerges to run against U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar - GOP state Representative Jim Newberger '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BOHREN , JENSEN MR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Former President Bush to attend private event in Jackson '' . Starkville Daily News . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McDermott , Kevin ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` McCaskill faces primary challenge from the left by political novice '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Missouri Sen. Claire McCaskill announces 2018 run McClatchy DC '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monetti seeks Senate seat '' . The Daily - Star Journal . Apr 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Robert ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Austin Petersen Running for U.S. Senate in Missouri as a Republican '' . The Libertarian Vindicator . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOWNING , TROY - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` MURRAY , RONALD - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Michels , Holly K. ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Olszewski says he 's going to run against Tester in 2018 '' . Independent Record . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvan , Bobby ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Montana Auditor says he 'll seek US Senate Seat '' . Great Falls Tribune . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Dennis . `` Tester says he 'll run for re-election in ' 18 '' . kpax.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walton , Don ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Don Walton : Deb Fischer embarks on re-election bid '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MARVIN , LARRY - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Walton , Don ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Raybould will challenge Sen. Deb Fisher '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Ed ( Apr 26 , 2017 ) . `` Running for office by walking the state , top to bottom '' . KOLO - TV . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howell Jr. , Tom ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Dean Heller rules out Nevada governor bid , will seek re-election in 2018 '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAHENDRA , SUJEET BOBBY NARENDRA - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : CNN , Dean Merica , Eric Bradner and Jasmine Lee ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Rosen to challenge Sen. Dean Heller in Nevada '' . CNN . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SBAIH , JESSE - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Snyder , Riley ; Messerly , Megan ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Tarkanian announces bid for U.S. Senate , says will challenge Heller in Republican primary in 2018 '' . The Nevada Independent . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DDHQ 2018 Senate Races Ratings -- Democratic Seats ( Part I ) -- Decision Desk HQ '' . decisiondeskhq.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hagen , Lisa ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Corruption trial could roil NJ Senate race '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` THOM , SEAN A - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Coleman , Michael ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Who wants to be New Mexico 's next governor ? '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RICH , MICK - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Kirsten Gillibrand Wants More Federal Funds to Protect Mosques and Synagogues '' . observer.com . December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` JONES , RAFAEL ARDEN SR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` WEBBER , DAVID A - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Springer , Patrick ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` North Dakota Republican announces he 's running for Heitkamp 's seat '' . The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , Amy ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Heitkamp announces re-election bid for 2018 '' . The Bismarck Tribune . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carney , Jordain ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sanders supporter to run against red - state Democrat '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Koff , Stephen ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another candidate , with a Trump connection , will challenge Josh Mandel in U.S. Senate primary '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Henry J. ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Sherrod Brown taps Justin Barasky to manage re-election campaign '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schladen , Marty ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Eckhart declares Ohio Senate bid '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tobias , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland banker Mike Gibbons to run for U.S. Senate , setting up GOP primary against Josh Mandel '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tobias , Andrew ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Ohio Treasurer Josh Mandel announces 2018 U.S. Senate run for Sherrod Brown 's seat '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Marc ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ex-Energy Exec Enters Pennsylvania 's US Senate Race '' . WESA.fm . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` AYERS , CYNTHIA ELLEN - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Estepa , Jessica ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lou Barletta announces challenge to Sen. Bob Casey in 2018 Senate race '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : engelkemier , Paul ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Bartos Jumps into Senate Race '' . PoliticsPa.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will Pa. go red in 2018 elections , too ? '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christiana says he 's candidate for U.S. Senate '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` DELONG , PAUL FREDERICK - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Guest Column : An early candidacy for U.S. Senate '' . Delcotimes.com. 2016 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Howley , Patrick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Trumper Bobby Lawrence Announces Senate Run in Pennsylvania '' . Big League Politics . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saccone seeking Casey 's U.S. Senate seat in 2018 '' . post-gazette.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ex-Trump delegate from Pennsylvania to run for U.S. Senate '' . Pennlive.com . March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLANDERS , ROBERT MR - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` NARDOLILLO , ROBERT ANTHONY III - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Gregg , Katherine ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sen. Whitehouse : ' Plenty of opportunity for us to have fights with the president ' '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Amy Beth ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sevierville 's Bill Bailey aiming for Corker 's U.S. Senate seat '' . The Daily Times . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Larry Crim Announces U.S. Senate 2018 Race For Seat Held By Corker '' . The Chatanoogan.com . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MACKLER , JAMES - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Sean ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz files to run for reelection to the Senate in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of Organization '' ( PDF ) . FEC Form 1 . June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election news for June 8 '' . TXElects.com . June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HERNANDEZ , IRASEMA RAMIREZ - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Woolbright , Matt ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Former mayor Dan McQueen announces U.S. Senate bid '' . Caller - Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Abigail ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Kennedyesque Democrat trying to beat Ted Cruz '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` WEBB , DUSTIN RAY - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : Raju , Manu ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` First on CNN : After lobbying from Trump , Orrin Hatch plans to run again '' . CNN . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schott , Bryan ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Another Democrat looking to knock off Hatch in 2008 '' . Utah Policy . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Witham , Joseph ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Mitchell Vice joins 2 other Democrats vying for Hatch 's Senate seat in 2018 '' . St. George News . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Thomas ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` SL County Councilwoman Wilson launches 2018 Senate bid , hoping to take on Orrin Hatch '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BOWDEN , CRAIG - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` No , Sanders did NOT file for re-election as an independent in 2018 . '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hirschfield , Peter ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Little - Known Challengers Seek To Unseat Bernie Sanders In 2018 '' . Vermont Public Radio . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Kaine Will Not Run for President or VP in 2020 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Patrick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Stewart to announce run for U.S. Senate on Thursday , sources say '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Running for office '' . June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Wallace for U.S. Senate '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CANTWELL , MARIA - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Search results - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Washington 2017 General Election '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Gunderson , Kalea ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Bo Copley explains why he chose to run for US Senate '' . WCHS TV.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Attorney General Morrisey announces run for US Senate seat Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jenkins , Evan ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jenkins to challenge Manchin for U.S. Senate seat '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cheney , Kyle ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Manchin wo n't run for West Virginia governor '' . Politico . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patrick Morrisey announces U.S. Senate bid in West Virginia '' . Washingtontimes.com. 2017 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Swearengin , Paula ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Paula Jean for U.S. Senate , West Virginia '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Senate 2018 - Status of Incumbents -- Decision Desk HQ Election 2016 '' . www.decisiondeskhq.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Glauber , Bill ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Marine veteran Kevin Nicholson launches GOP Senate Wisconsin bid against Tammy Baldwin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` SCHIESS , JOHN T - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Glauber , Bill . `` Leah Vukmir enters Republican U.S. Senate race '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Jo Walters is running for a U.S. Senate seat in Wisconsin '' . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BARRASSO , JOHN A - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nicolas Tutora US Senate '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David 's campaign website '' . Davidforcalifornia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( http : www.fec.gov/fecviewer/CandidateCommitteeDetail.do Details for Candidate ID : S6CA00477 ) Jump up ^ `` Search results - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ `` SCHRADER , STEPHEN JAMES - Candidate overview - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . Jump up ^ Perry , Mitch ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` BILL NELSON ALL BUT ANNOUNCES 2018 RE-ELECTION BID FOR U.S. SENATE '' . Florida Politics . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elias , Dave . `` Scott - Nelson Senate fight could be looming '' . NBC-2.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , George ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Kokomo lawyer forms exploratory committee for 2018 Senate run '' . Kokomo Tribune . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Doug ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Attorney wants Donnelly to feel the big Hurt '' . The Times of Northwest Indiana . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FEC form registering Andrew Straw for U.S. Senate '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission / Secretary of U.S. Senate . February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Candidate On Why He 's Running For Congress In 8th '' . Journal and Topics Online . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Angus King and Joe Manchin are sticking with the Democrats . Because , of course . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maine became the first state in the country Tuesday to pass ranked choice voting '' . Boston Globe . November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Supreme Judicial Court rules ranked - choice voting unconstitutional '' . Bangor Daily News . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voter - approved ranked - choice voting stays in effect as repeal bills fail '' . Portland Press Herald . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LePage says comment about Senate run a joke '' . WMTW - TV . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fritze , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Ben Cardin raises nearly $1 M for 2018 reelection '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/05/18/politcal-insider/101815922/ Jump up ^ Dennison , Mike ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Republican state Auditor Rosendale enters 2018 U.S. Senate race '' . KRTV . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , NCEC . `` Democrats Likely on Defense in 2018 Senate Race '' . National Committee for an Effective Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Elena ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Heller to run for reelection , not governor , in Nevada '' . POLITICO . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Seth ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Heller leaves possible run for governor open '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Jerry ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` Could Caroline Kennedy be the baggage - free Hillary Clinton ? '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Crim Announces U.S. Senate 2018 Race For Seat Held By Corker '' . chattanoogan.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houk , Robert ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Talking Trump with Tennessee 's junior U.S. senator '' . Johnson City Pres . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Cruz plans to run for re-election in 2018 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texas democrat Beto O'Rourke announces bid to unseat Ted Cruz '' . Business Insider . Associated Press . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Gwaltney for Senate '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lederman , Josh ( March 3 , 2012 ) . `` Hatch will retire in 2018 if he wins reelection '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Dennis Romboy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch leaves door ajar for run in 2018 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Courtney ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo candidate announces bid as Democrat for Hatch 's seat '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breiner , Andrew ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Navajo Candidate Drops Out of Race Against Hatch '' . Roll Call . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blomquist , Dan and Way , Robert . `` Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary '' , Boston Globe ( November 5 , 2015 ) : `` When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed , Sanders responded , ' I 'm a Democrat . ' He then called on Buckley , the Democratic chairman , who confirmed the senator 's party allegiance . Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections . '' Jump up ^ Joy - Ann Reid ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Meet Al Giordano , the Man Who Wants to Take Bernie Down '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noah Berlatsky ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Could this political gadfly steal Bernie Sanders ' Senate seat ? '' . The Week . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clauss , Kyle Scott ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Former Boston Phoenix Reporter Wants to Take Bernie Sanders ' Senate Seat '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giordano , Al ( April 18 , 2017 ) `` @ algiordano : I have said many times I am not a candidate for office . I am fighting cancer . Please make room for someone else to run by not mentioning me . '' Twitter.com Jump up ^ Nolan , Jim ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` RTD EXCLUSIVE : Tim Kaine says he wo n't run for president in 2020 '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats brace against potential 2018 Senate ' disaster ' '' . Politico . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This resource is currently unavailable '' . Scotternstwv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fall Partisan Primary '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Elections Commissions . August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canvass Results for 2014 GENERAL ELECTION '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Elections Commissions . November 4 , 2014 . ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States / Territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming United States Senate elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 1914 / 15 1916 1918 1920 / 21 1922 / 23 1924 / 25 1926 1928 1930 / 31 1932 / 33 1934 1936 / 37 1938 1940 / 41 1942 1944 1946 / 47 1948 / 49 1950 1952 1954 1956 / 57 1958 / 59 1960 / 61 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 / 75 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_elections,_2018&oldid=801235915 '' Categories : United States Senate elections , 2018 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Senate%20elections%2C%202018
| 3,146 |
||
when will the fourth of july be observed this year
|
Date July 4
|
July 4
|
Independence Day ( United States )
|
independence day ( united states )
|
Independence Day , also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth , is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 . The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation , the United States of America , and were no longer part of the British Empire . The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier , on July 2 .
|
Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks , parades , barbecues , carnivals , fairs , picnics , concerts , baseball games , family reunions , and political speeches and ceremonies , in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history , government , and traditions of the United States . Independence Day is the National Day of the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Observance 3 Customs 4 Celebration gallery 5 Notable celebrations 6 Other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background During the American Revolution , the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2 , when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule . After voting for independence , Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence , a statement explaining this decision , which had been prepared by a Committee of Five , with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author . Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration , finally approving it two days later on July 4 . A day earlier , John Adams had written to his wife Abigail : The second day of July , 1776 , will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America . I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival . It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance , by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade , with shows , games , sports , guns , bells , bonfires , and illuminations , from one end of this continent to the other , from this time forward forever more . Adams 's prediction was off by two days . From the outset , Americans celebrated independence on July 4 , the date shown on the much - publicized Declaration of Independence , rather than on July 2 , the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress . Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , even though Thomas Jefferson , John Adams , and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day . Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption , on August 2 , 1776 , and not on July 4 as is commonly believed . Coincidentally , both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States , died on the same day : July 4 , 1826 , which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration . Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence , James Monroe , another Founding Father who was elected as President , also died on July 4 , 1831 . He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence . Calvin Coolidge , the 30th President , was born on July 4 , 1872 ; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day . Observance In 1777 , thirteen gunshots were fired in salute , once at morning and once again as evening fell , on July 4 in Bristol , Rhode Island . Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar : an official dinner for the Continental Congress , toasts , 13 - gun salutes , speeches , prayers , music , parades , troop reviews , and fireworks . Ships in port were decked with red , white , and blue bunting . In 1778 , from his headquarters at Ross Hall , near New Brunswick , New Jersey , General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute ( feu de joie ) . Across the Atlantic Ocean , ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris , France . American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon In 1779 , July 4 fell on a Sunday . The holiday was celebrated on Monday , July 5 . In 1781 , the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration . In 1783 , Moravians in Salem , North Carolina , held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy . This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today . In 1870 , the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees . In 1938 , Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday . Customs An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Fireworks on Independence Day in Goleta , California . Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays . Similar to other summer - themed events , Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors . Independence Day is a federal holiday , so all non-essential federal institutions ( such as the postal service and federal courts ) are closed on that day . Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation 's heritage , laws , history , society , and people . Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue ; many take advantage of the day off and , in some years , a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends . Decorations ( e.g. , streamers , balloons , and clothing ) are generally colored red , white , and blue , the colors of the American flag . Parades are often held in the morning , before family get - togethers , while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks , fairgrounds , or town squares . The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations , marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece . In New England , towns competed to build towering pyramids , assembled from barrels and casks . They were lit at nightfall , to usher in the celebration . The highest were in Salem , Massachusetts ( on Gallows Hill , the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials ) , where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted , with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels . These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded . The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries , and is still practiced in some New England towns . Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` God Bless America '' , `` America the Beautiful , '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee , '' `` This Land Is Your Land , '' `` Stars and Stripes Forever , '' and , regionally , `` Yankee Doodle '' in northeastern states and `` Dixie '' in southern states . Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 . Independence Day Parade in Washington , D.C. Firework shows are held in many states , and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show . Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed . In addition , local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed . Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns . On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks , but professional displays ( such as those at sports events ) may still take place , if certain safety precautions have been taken . A salute of one gun for each state in the United States , called a `` salute to the union , '' is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base . In 2009 , New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country , with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded . It generally holds displays in the East River . Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan ; in San Diego over Mission Bay ; in Boston on the Charles River ; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River ; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay ; and on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. During the annual Windsor - Detroit International Freedom Festival , Detroit , Michigan hosts one of the world 's largest fireworks displays , over the Detroit River , to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor , Ontario 's celebration of Canada Day . The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year , as many people use what is often a three - day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips . Celebration gallery In addition to a fireworks show , Miami , Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red , white and blue color scheme on Independence Day New York City 's fireworks display , shown above over the East Village , is sponsored by Macy 's and is the largest in the country Play media Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4 , 1940 A festively decorated Independence day cake . Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the midwest . Notable celebrations Originally entitled Yankee Doodle , this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of ' 76 . Often imitated or parodied , it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism Held since 1785 , the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol , Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States . Since 1868 , Seward , Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square . In 1979 Seward was designated `` America 's Official Fourth of July City - Small Town USA '' by resolution of Congress . Seward has also been proclaimed `` Nebraska 's Official Fourth of July City '' by Governor James Exon in proclamation . Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000 + during the July 4 celebrations . Since 1912 , the Rebild Society , a Danish - American friendship organization , has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish - Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark . Since 1959 , the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit , Michigan and Windsor , Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day ( July 1 ) . It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River . The famous Macy 's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976 . In 2009 , the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson 's exploration of that river . The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' annually since 1973 . The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E , and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ - TV . WBZ / 1030 and WBZ - TV broadcast the entire event locally , and from 2002 through 2012 , CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime . The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013 , which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC 's encore presentation of the Macy 's fireworks . The national broadcast will be revived for 2016 , and expanded to two hours . On the Capitol lawn in Washington , D.C. , A Capitol Fourth , a free concert broadcast live by PBS , NPR and the American Forces Network , precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually . Other Countries The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence . July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day , and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962 . In 1964 , the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day . In Rwanda , July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day , commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role . Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States . See also Holidays portal United States portal 1776 ( musical ) Constitution Day ( United States ) To the Fourth of July ( 1898 ) , poem `` What to a slave is the 4th of July ? '' -- 1852 Frederick Douglass speech References ^ Jump up to : `` What is Independence Day in USA ? '' . Tech Notes . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Days of Countries '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . New Zealand . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` National Holiday '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Holiday of Member States '' . United Nations . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( July 1 , 1917 ) . `` How Declaration of Independence was Drafted '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . On the following day , when the formal vote of Congress was taken , the resolutions were approved by twelve Colonies -- all except New York . The original Colonies , therefore , became the United States of America on July 2 , 1776 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 , ' Had a Declaration ... ' '' . Adams Family Papers . Massachusetts Historical Society . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maier , Pauline ( August 7 , 1997 ) . `` Making Sense of the Fourth of July '' . American Heritage . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Edward Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . New York : W.W. Norton . pp. 191 -- 96 . ISBN 1104991853 . Jump up ^ Warren , Charles ( July 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 3d. 2 ( 3 ) : 238 -- 272 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Myths About the Fourth of July ! '' . History News Network . George Mason University . June 30 , 2001 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker , pp. 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ For the minority scholarly argument that the Declaration was signed on July 4 , see Wilfred J. Ritz , `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' , Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 , via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` The First Celebrations '' . ^ Jump up to : Heintze , `` A Chronology of Notable Fourth of July Celebration Occurrences '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` How the Fourth of July was Designated as an ' Official ' Holiday '' . Jump up ^ Heintze , `` Federal Legislation Establishing the Fourth of July Holiday '' . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before the Fourth '' . The Atlantic . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 21 - Gun Salute '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . October 3 , 2003 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Biggest fireworks show in U.S. lights up sky , USA Today , July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Chicago Projects Increase in Fourth of July Holiday Travelers '' , PR Newswire , 23 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` History of Seward Nebraska 4th of July '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Rebild Society . Rebild National Park Society . Retrieved June 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Macy 's 4th of July Fireworks '' . Federated Department Stores . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Boston 's 4th of July Celebration '' . Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James H. Burnett III . Boston gets a nonreality show : CBS broadcasts impossible views of 4th fireworks . Boston Globe , July 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ Powers , Martine ; Moskowitz , Eric ( June 15 , 2013 ) . `` July 4 fireworks gala loses its national pop '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With CBS on board again , Keith Lockhart is ready to take over prime time '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Day , Official Gazette ( Philippines ) , retrieved July 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lindsey Galloway ( Jul 3 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate American independence in Denmark '' . Further reading Becker , Carl L. ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Criblez , Adam ( 2013 ) . Parading Patriotism : Independence Day Celebrations in the Urban Midwest , 1826 -- 1876 . DeKalb , IL : Northern Illinois University Press . Heintze , James R. `` Fourth of July Celebrations Database '' . American University of Washington , D.C . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independence Day ( United States ) . Fourth of July Is Independence Day USA.gov , July 4 , 2014 U.S. Independence Day a Civic and Social Event U.S. State Department , June 22 , 2010 The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro by Frederick Douglass Fourth of July Orations Collection at the Division of Special Collections , Archives , and Rare Books , Ellis Library , University of Missouri The Fourth of July , Back in the Day -- slideshow by Life magazine Fourth of July 2015 Fireworks in New York City on Youtube Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year 's Day Martin Luther King Jr . Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(United_States)&oldid=798300071 '' Categories : Annual events in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Fireworks in the United States History of the United States Holidays related to the American Revolution Independence Day ( United States ) Independence days July observances Public holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2014 Infobox holiday fixed day Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malti Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20Day%20%28United%20States%29
| 17,499 |
which of the following was a result of the attack on pearl harbor
|
Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor
|
consequences of the attack on pearl harbor
|
The results of the attack on Pearl Harbor were many and significant .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 American public opinion prior to the attack 2 American response 3 Japanese views 4 Germany and Italy declare war 5 Churchill reaction 6 Canadian response 7 Investigations and blame 8 Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance 9 Perception of the attack today 9.1 Revisionism controversies 10 Analysis 10.1 Tactical implications 10.1. 1 Battleships 10.1. 2 Carriers 10.1. 3 Shore installations 10.1. 4 Charts 10.2 Strategic implications 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links American public opinion prior to the attack ( edit ) Prior to the attack , public opinion in the United States had not been unanimous . When polled in January 1940 , 60 % of Americans were in favor of helping the United Kingdom in the war . A majority of Americans believed that the safety of the United States was contingent on the UK winning the war , and an even larger majority believed that the UK would lose the war if the United States stopped sending war materials to the United Kingdom . Despite this , the same poll reported that 88 % of Americans would not support entering the war against Germany and Italy . Americans were more unsure on the prospect of conflict with Japan around the same timeframe . In a February Gallup poll , a majority of Americans believed that the United States should intervene in Japan 's conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Singapore . However , in the same poll , only 39 % supported going to war with Japan , while 46 % opposed the prospect . Public support for assisting the United Kingdom rose through 1940 , reaching about 65 % by May 1941 . However , opinions on the prospect of becoming involved against Germany and Italy still remained quite high with 80 % disapproval . American response ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Declaration of War against Japan on the day following the attack On December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor . After two hours of bombing , 18 U.S. ships were sunk or damaged , 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed , and 2,403 men were killed . The day after the attack , President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of the 77th United States Congress . Roosevelt called December 7 `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan amid outrage at the attack , the deaths of thousands of Americans , and the late delivery of the note from the Japanese government breaking off relations with the U.S. government . Pacifist Representative Jeannette Rankin , a Republican from Montana , cast the only dissenting vote . Roosevelt signed the declaration of war later the same day . Continuing to intensify its military mobilization , the U.S. government finished converting to a war economy , a process begun by provision of weapons and supplies to the Soviet Union and the British Empire . Japanese Americans from the West Coast were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war . The attack on Pearl Harbor immediately galvanized a divided nation into action . Public opinion had been moving towards support for entering the war during 1941 , but considerable opposition remained until the attack . Overnight , Americans united against the Empire of Japan in response to calls to `` Remember Pearl Harbor . '' A poll taken between December 12 -- 17 , 1941 , showed that 97 % of respondents supported a declaration of war against Japan . Further polling showed a dramatic increase in support for every able - bodied man serving in the military , up to 70 % in December 1941 . American solidarity in the war effort probably made possible the unconditional surrender position later taken by the Allied Powers . Some historians , among them Samuel Eliot Morison , believe the attack doomed Imperial Japan to defeat simply because it awakened the `` sleeping giant '' , regardless of whether the fuel depots or machine shops had been destroyed or even if the carriers had been caught in port and sunk . U.S. industrial and military capacity , once mobilized , was able to pour overwhelming resources into both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters . Others , such as Clay Blair , Jr. , and Mark Parillo believe Japanese trade protection was so incompetent that American submarines alone might have strangled Japan into defeat . The closest friend Roosevelt had in the developing Allied alliance , Sir Winston Churchill , stated that his first thought regarding American assistance to the United Kingdom was that `` We have won the war '' very soon after Pearl Harbor had been attacked . Perceptions of treachery in the attack before a declaration of war sparked fears of sabotage or espionage by Japanese sympathizers residing in the U.S. , including citizens of Japanese descent , and was a factor in the subsequent Japanese internment in the western United States . Other factors included misrepresentations of intelligence information suggesting sabotage , notably by General John DeWitt , commanding general of Western Defense Command on the Pacific Coast , who had personal feelings against Japanese Americans . In February 1942 , Roosevelt signed United States Executive Order 9066 , requiring all Japanese Americans to submit themselves for internment . Propaganda made repeated use of the attack , because its effect was enormous and impossible to counter . `` Remember Pearl Harbor ! '' became the watchwords of the war . The American government understated the damage inflicted , in hopes of preventing the Japanese from learning it , but the Japanese had , through surveillance , a good estimate . Japanese views ( edit ) Japanese depiction of nine submarine crewmembers lost during the attack , excluding the POW , Kazuo Sakamaki On December 8 , 1941 , Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire . The Japanese document discussed world peace and the disruptive actions of the United States and the United Kingdom . The document claimed all avenues for averting war had been exhausted by the Government of Japan . Although the Imperial Japanese government had made some effort to prepare their population for war via anti-U.S. propaganda , it appears most Japanese were surprised , apprehensive , and dismayed by the news they were now at war with the U.S. , a country many of them admired . Nevertheless , the people at home and overseas thereafter generally accepted their government 's account of the attack and supported the war effort until their nation 's surrender in 1945 . Japan 's national leadership at the time appeared to have believed war between the U.S. and Japan had long been inevitable . In any case , Japanese - American relationships had already significantly deteriorated since Japan 's invasion of China beginning in the early 1930s , of which the United States strongly disapproved . In 1942 , Saburō Kurusu , former Japanese ambassador to the United States , gave an address in which he talked about the `` historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia . '' He said war had been a response to Washington 's longstanding aggression toward Japan . For example , in his view provocations against Japan included the San Francisco School incident , Naval Limitations Treaty , other unequal treaties , the Nine Power Pact , constant economic pressure against Japan , culminating in the `` belligerent '' scrap metal and oil embargo in 1941 by the United States and Allied countries to contain and / or reverse the actions of the Empire of Japan especially in Indochina during her expansion of influence and interests throughout Asia . In light of Japan 's dependence on imported oil , the trade embargoes were especially significant . These pressures directly influenced Japan to go into alliance with Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . According to Kurusu , because of these reasons , the Allies had already provoked war with Japan long before the attack at Pearl Harbor , and the United States was already preparing for war with Japan . Kurusu also stated , falsely , that the United States was looking for world domination , beyond just Asia , with `` sinister designs '' . Some of this view seems to have been shared by Adolf Hitler , when he called it one of the reasons Germany declared war on the United States . He also had mentioned European imperialism toward Japan many years before . Therefore , according to Kurusu , Japan had no choice but to defend itself and so should rapidly continue to militarize , bring Germany and Italy closer as allies and militarily combat the United States , Britain , and the Netherlands . Japan 's leaders also saw themselves as justified in their conduct , believing that they were building the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . They also explained Japan had done everything possible to alleviate tension between the two nations . The decision to attack , at least for public presentation , was reluctant and forced on Japan . Of the Pearl Harbor attack itself , Kurusu said it came in direct response to a virtual ultimatum from the U.S. government , the Hull note , and so the surprise attack was not treacherous . Since the Japanese - American relationship already had hit its lowest point , there was no alternative ; in any case , had an acceptable settlement of differences been reached , the Carrier Striking Task Force could have been called back . Germany and Italy declare war ( edit ) See also : Internment of German Americans , Internment of Italian Americans , Germany -- Japan relations , and Italy -- Japan relations Hitler declares war against the United States in the Reichstag , December 11 , 1941 Franklin Roosevelt 's signing of the declaration of war against Germany Yōsuke Matsuoka , Japan 's foreign minister , signing the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , a sign that Japan might not attack the Soviets to assist Hitler On December 11 , 1941 , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States , and the United States reciprocated , formally entering the war in Europe . German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war on the United States under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact until the US counterattacked Japan . However , relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937 . On December 4 , 1941 , the Germans learned of the U.S. military 's contingency planning to get troops in Continental Europe by 1943 ; this was Rainbow Five , made public by sources unsympathetic to Roosevelt 's New Deal , and published by the Chicago Tribune on that date . Moreover , with Roosevelt 's initiation of a Neutrality Patrol , which in fact also escorted British ships , as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats , then `` shoot on sight '' , American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance . Having been unaware of Japanese plans , Hitler was initially furious that the United States had been dragged into the war at a time when he had not yet acquired full control of continental Europe -- on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack , Hitler himself had issued his Nacht und Nebel decree , concerning the suppression of resistance activities within Nazi - occupied lands . Hitler , who had previously declared the Japanese `` Honorary Aryans '' claimed that `` this is what happens when your allies are not Anglo - Saxons '' . However , he decided war with the United States was unavoidable , and the Pearl Harbor attack , the publication of Rainbow Five , and Roosevelt 's post-Pearl Harbor address , which focused on European affairs as well as the situation with Japan , probably contributed to the declaration . Hitler expected the United States would soon declare war on Germany in any event . He disastrously underestimated American military production capacity , the United States ' own ability to fight on two fronts , and the time his own Operation Barbarossa would require . Similarly , the Nazis may have hoped the declaration of war , a showing of solidarity with Japan , would result in closer collaboration with the Japanese in Eurasia , particularly against the Soviet Union -- something that would not materialize , due to existing relations between Moscow and Tokyo at that time , as well as information submitted in mid-September 1941 by the Soviets ' top spy in Japan , Richard Sorge , that the Japanese armed forces were not likely to abrogate any treaties between Japan and the Soviets unless : Moscow had been captured by the Axis The Kwantung Army was three times the size of the Soviets ' Far Eastern forces A civil war had started in Siberia . The decision to declare war on the United States allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union without much public opposition . Even as early as mid-March 1941 , President Roosevelt was quite acutely aware of Hitler 's hostility towards the United States , and the destructive potential it presented , in reference to Hitler 's statement of a `` new order in Europe '' during the Führer 's own Berlin Sportpalast speech of January 30 , 1941 , the eighth anniversary of the Nazis ' Machtergreifung : ... Nazi forces are not seeking mere modifications in colonial maps or in minor European boundaries . They openly seek the destruction of all elective systems of government on every continent , including our own . They seek to establish systems of government based on the regimentation of all human beings by a handful of individual rulers who seize power by force . Yes , these men and their hypnotized followers call this a `` New Order . '' It is not new , and it is not order . For order among nations presupposes something enduring , some system of justice under which individuals over a long period of time are willing to live . Humanity will never permanently accept a system imposed by conquest , and based on slavery . These modern tyrants find it necessary to their plans to eliminate all democracies -- eliminate them one by one . The nations of Europe , and indeed we , ourselves , did not appreciate that purpose . We do now . Author Ian Kershaw records Hitler 's initial reaction to the attack , when he was first informed about it on the evening of 7 December at Führer Headquarters : `` We ca n't lose the war at all . We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years '' . Well before the attack , in 1928 Hitler had confided in the text of his then - unpublished Zweites Buch that while the Soviet Union was the most important immediate foe that the Third Reich had to defeat , the United States was the most important long - term challenge to Nazi aims . Hitler awarded Imperial Japanese ambassador to Nazi Germany Hiroshi Ōshima the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle in Gold ( 1st class ) after the attack , praising Japan for striking hard and without first declaring war . Churchill reaction ( edit ) The war had been going poorly for the British Empire for more than two years , and Prime Minister Winston Churchill was deeply concerned about the future . On December 7 , he was at his country estate , Chequers , with a few friends and his family . At dinner he seemed depressed , holding his face in his hands for minutes at a time . Just after dinner he heard of the attack . Churchill immediately , and correctly , surmised the consequences of the attack for the course of the war . So , we had won after all ! ... We had won the war . England would live ; Britain would live ; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live . How long the war would last or in what fashion it would end no man could tell , nor did I at this moment care ... We should not be wiped out . Our history would not come to an end . We might not even have to die as individuals . Hitler 's fate was sealed . Mussolini 's fate was sealed . As for the Japanese , they would be ground to powder . All the rest was merely the proper application of overwhelming force . Canadian response ( edit ) Following the Japanese attack on the Americans , William Lyon Mackenzie King , the Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada advised George VI , King of Canada , that a state of war should exist between Canada and Japan , and the King accordingly issued this proclamation on December 8 : Whereas by and with the advice of our Privy Council for Canada we have signified our approval of the issue of a proclamation in the Canada Gazette declaring that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed in Canada as and from the 7th day of December 1941 . Now , therefore , we do hereby declare and proclaim that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed as and from the seventh day of December 1941 . Of all which our loving subjects and all others whom these presents may concern are hereby required to take notice and to govern themselves accordingly . Canada remained focused on the European theatre , like the United States , and following VE Day was still in the process of transitioning its military force for a campaign in east Asia and the western Pacific when VJ Day arrived . Investigations and blame ( edit ) President Roosevelt appointed the Roberts Commission , headed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts , to investigate and report facts and findings with respect to the attack on Pearl Harbor . It was the first of many official investigations ( nine in all ) . Both the Fleet commander , Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel , and the Army commander , Lieutenant General Walter Short ( the Army had been responsible for air defense of Hawaii , including Pearl Harbor , and for general defense of the islands against hostile attack ) , were relieved of their commands shortly thereafter . They were accused of `` dereliction of duty '' by the Roberts Commission for not making reasonable defensive preparations . None of the investigations conducted during the War , nor the Congressional investigation afterward , provided enough reason to reverse those actions . The decisions of the Navy and War Departments to relieve both was controversial at the time and has remained so . However , neither was court - martialed as would normally have been the result of dereliction of duty . On May 25 , 1999 , the U.S. Senate voted to recommend both officers be exonerated on all charges , citing `` denial to Hawaii commanders of vital intelligence available in Washington '' . A Joint Congressional Committee was also appointed , on September 14 , 1945 , to investigate the causes of the attack and subsequent disaster , and was convened on November 15 , 1945 . Rise of anti-Japanese sentiment and historical significance ( edit ) United States World War II propaganda poster depicting Adolf Hitler and Hideki Tōjō ( without his mustache ) Damage to the headquarters building at Hickam Field , still visible See also : Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States ; In Defense of Internment ; List of Japanese spies , 1930 -- 45 ; and Niihau Incident The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor coupled with their alliance with the Nazis and the ensuing war in the Pacific fueled anti-Japanese sentiment , racism , xenophobia , and anti-Axis sentiment in the Allied nations like never before . Japanese , Japanese - Americans and Asians having a similar physical appearance were regarded with deep seated suspicion , distrust and hostility . The attack was viewed as having been conducted in an extremely underhanded way and also as a very `` treacherous '' or `` sneaky attack '' . Suspicions were further fueled by the Niihau Incident , as historian Gordon Prange stated `` the rapidity with which the three resident Japanese went over to the pilot 's cause '' which troubled the Hawaiians . `` The more pessimistic among them cited the Niihau Incident as proof that no one could trust any Japanese , even if an American citizen , not to go over to Japan if it appeared expedient . '' The attack , the subsequent declarations of war , and fear of `` Fifth Columnists '' resulted in internment of Japanese , German , and Italian populations in the United States and others , for instance the Japanese American internment , German American internment , Italian American internment , and Japanese Canadian internment . The attack resulted in the United States fighting the Germans and Italians among others in Europe and Japan in the Pacific . The consequences were world - changing . Prime Minister Winston Churchill knew that the survival of the British Empire depended on American aid , and since 1940 had frequently asked Roosevelt to declare war . Churchill aide John Colville stated that the prime minister and American Ambassador John Gilbert Winant , who also supported the British , `` sort of danced around the room together '' as the United States would now enter the war , making a British victory likely . Churchill later wrote , `` Being saturated and satiated with emotion and sensation , I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful . '' By opening the Pacific War , which ended in the unconditional surrender of Japan , the attack on Pearl Harbor lead to the breaking of an Asian check on Soviet expansion . The Allied victory in this war and the subsequent U.S. emergence as a dominant world power , eclipsing Britain , have shaped international politics ever since . Pearl Harbor is generally regarded as an extraordinary event in American history , remembered as the first time since the War of 1812 that America was attacked in strength on its territory by another country -- with only the September 11 attacks almost 60 years later being of a similarly catastrophic scale . It was the first decisive defeat for the United States in World War II . It has become synonymous with `` surprise attack '' ever since in American parlance . The U.S. mistakes of intelligence collection , sharing , and analysis leading to the Japanese success at Pearl Harbor did not , in the end , lead to lessons learned . Perception of the attack today ( edit ) Some Japanese today feel they were compelled to fight because of threats to their national interests and an embargo imposed by the United States , the United Kingdom and the Netherlands . The most important embargo was on oil on which its Navy and much of the economy was dependent . For example , Japan Times , an English - language newspaper owned by one of the major news organizations in Japan ( Asahi Shimbun ) , ran numerous columns in the early 2000s echoing Kurusu 's comments in reference to the Pearl Harbor attack . In putting the Pearl Harbor attack into context , Japanese writers repeatedly contrast the thousands of U.S. non-combatants killed there with the hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians killed in U.S. air attacks on Japan later in the war , even without mentioning the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States . However , in spite of the perceived inevitability of the war by many Japanese , many also believe the Pearl Harbor attack , although a tactical victory , was actually part of a seriously flawed strategy for engaging in war with the U.S. As one columnist wrote , `` The Pearl Harbor attack was a brilliant tactic , but part of a strategy based on the belief that a spirit as firm as iron and as beautiful as cherry blossoms could overcome the materially wealthy United States . That strategy was flawed , and Japan 's total defeat would follow . '' In 1991 , the Japanese Foreign Ministry released a statement saying Japan had intended to make a formal declaration of war to the United States at 1 p.m. Washington time , 25 minutes before the attack at Pearl Harbor was scheduled to begin . This officially acknowledged something that had been publicly known for years . Diplomatic communications had been coordinated well in advance with the attack , but had failed delivery at the intended time . It appears the Japanese government was referring to the `` 14 - part message '' , which did not actually break off negotiations , let alone declare war , but did officially raise the possibility of a break in relations . However , because of various delays , the Japanese ambassador was unable to deliver this message until well after the attack had begun . Imperial Japanese military leaders appear to have had mixed feelings about the attack . Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was unhappy about the botched timing of the breaking off of negotiations . He is on record as having said , in the previous year , `` I can run wild for six months ... after that , I have no expectation of success . '' The reports of American reactions , terming it a `` sneak attack '' and `` infamous behavior '' , confirmed that the effect on American morale had been the opposite of intended . The Prime Minister of Japan during World War II , Hideki Tōjō later wrote , `` When reflecting upon it today , that the Pearl Harbor attack should have succeeded in achieving surprise seems a blessing from Heaven . '' Yamamoto had said , regarding the imminent war with the United States , `` Should hostilities once break out between Japan and the United States , it is not enough that we take Guam and the Philippines , nor even Hawaii and San Francisco . We would have to march into Washington and sign the treaty in the White House . I wonder if our politicians ( who speak so lightly of a Japanese - American war ) have confidence as to the outcome and are prepared to make the necessary sacrifices ? '' Revisionism controversies ( edit ) Some exhibits of Yasukuni Yusyukan have been criticised because of justification of Attack on Pearl Harbor There are some revisionists in Japan who claim that the Attack on Pearl Harbor was a legitimate attack . These historical perspectives are often claimed by Japanese Shintoist and nationalists and have been criticized from both inside and outside Japan . An exhibit at the Yasukuni Shrine Museum ( Yūshūkan ) asserts that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a trick by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and denies that Japan committed any atrocities . In 2006 , Henry Hyde , chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs , sent a letter to House Speaker Dennis Hastert on April 26 to show concern about Junichiro Koizumi visits to Yasukuni Shrine . He pointed out that this Shrine honors Hideki Tōjō and other convicted Class - A war criminals who were involved in the Pearl Harbor attack . In May 2007 , the Japan Ministry of Education distributed an animated DVD Hokori ( Pride ) which was created by Junior Chamber International Japan ( JC ) . Japanese Communist Party Diet member Yuko Ishii introduced and criticized it to the House of Representatives of Japan in May 17 , and revealed that its contents glamorized Class - A war criminals and had the main character Yuta tell his girlfriend Kokoro that the battle was a `` self - defense attack '' and `` Asian colonial liberation '' against American imperialism . On October 31 , 2008 , Toshio Tamogami , former chief of staff of Japan 's Air Self - Defense Force , published an essay which argued that Franklin D. Roosevelt , who had allegedly been manipulated by the Comintern , drew Japan into the attack on Pearl Harbor . Following the essay 's publication , Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada removed Tamogami from his post and ordered him to retire , since the essay 's viewpoint contradicted the government position . Tamogami , on November 3 , 2008 , confirmed that the essay accurately expressed his views on the war and Japan 's role in it . While not specifically directed at revisionism , but more as a likely result of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 's controversial visits to the Yasukuni Shrine , where some 1,600 war criminals were enshrined after their executions , by February 2015 some concern within the Imperial House of Japan -- which normally does not issue such statements -- over the issue was voiced by Crown Prince Naruhito . Naruhito stated on his 55th birthday ( February 23 , 2015 ) that it was `` important to look back on the past humbly and correctly '' , in reference to Japan 's role in World War II - era war crimes , and that he was concerned about the ongoing need to `` correctly pass down tragic experiences and the history behind Japan to the generations who have no direct knowledge of the war , at the time memories of the war are about to fade '' . Analysis ( edit ) Posters like Allen Saalberg 's strengthened American resolve against the Axis powers Tactical implications ( edit ) The attack was notable for its considerable destruction , as putting most of the U.S. battleships out of commission was regarded -- in both navies and by most military observers worldwide -- as a tremendous success for Japan . Influenced by the earlier Battle of Taranto , which pioneered the all - aircraft naval attack but resulted in far less damage and casualties , the Japanese struck against Pearl Harbor on a much larger scale than did the British at Taranto . The attack was a great shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater , and it was initially believed Pearl Harbor changed the balance of power , similar to how Taranto did the Mediterranean , both in the attackers ' favor . Three days later , with the sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse off the coast of Malaya , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill exclaimed , `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked . '' However , Pearl Harbor did not have as crippling an effect on American operations as initially thought . Unlike the close confines of the Mediterranean , the vast expanses of the Pacific limited the tactical value of battleships as a fleet in being . Furthermore , unlike new fast battleships such as the Iowa class , the slow battleships were incapable of operating with carrier task forces , so once repaired they were relegated to delivering pre-invasion bombardments during the island hopping offensive against Japanese - held islands . These Pearl Harbor veterans were later part of a force that defeated IJN battleships at the Battle of Surigao Strait , an engagement very lopsided in the USN 's favor in any case . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be between battleships of both sides , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Mahan . Seeing the decimation of battleships at the hands of aircraft , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded his battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened , only committing a handful to the forefront of the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal . One of the main Japanese objectives was to destroy the three American aircraft carriers stationed in the Pacific , but they were not present : Enterprise was returning from Wake , Lexington from Midway , and Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard . Had Japan sunk the American carriers , the U.S. would have sustained significant damage to the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations for a year or so ( given no further diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to place its faith in aircraft carriers and submarines -- particularly the large numbers under construction of the U.S. Navy 's Essex - class aircraft carriers , eleven of which had been ordered before the attack -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . Carrier Striking Task Force two - way route . Legend : Kido Butai USS Enterprise ( CV - 6 ) USS Lexington ( CV - 2 ) Battleships ( edit ) Despite the perception of this battle as a devastating blow to America , only three ships were permanently lost to the U.S. Navy . These were the battleships Arizona , Oklahoma , and the old battleship Utah ( then used as a target ship ) ; nevertheless , much usable material was salvaged from them , including the two aft main turrets from Arizona . The majority of each battleship 's crews survived ; there were exceptions as heavy casualties resulted from Arizona 's magazine exploding and the Oklahoma capsizing . Four ships sunk during the attack were later raised and returned to duty , including the battleships California , West Virginia and Nevada . California and West Virginia had an effective torpedo - defense system which held up remarkably well , despite the weight of fire they had to endure , resulting in most of their crews being saved . Maryland and Tennessee suffered relatively light damage , as did Pennsylvania , which was in drydock at the time . Chester Nimitz said later , `` It was God 's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . '' Nimitz believed if Kimmel had discovered the Japanese approach to Pearl Harbor , he would have sortied to meet them . With the American carriers absent and Kimmel 's battleships at a severe disadvantage to the Japanese carriers , the likely result would have been the sinking of the American battleships at sea in deep water , where they would have been lost forever with tremendous casualties ( up to twenty thousand dead ) , instead of in Pearl Harbor , where the crews could easily be rescued , and six battleships ultimately restored to duty . This was also the reaction of Joseph Rochefort , head of HYPO , when he remarked the attack was cheap at the price . Many of the surviving battleships were extensively refitted , including the replacement of their outdated secondary battery of anti-surface 5 `` / 51 caliber guns with more useful turreted dual - purpose 5 '' / 38 caliber guns , allowing them to better cope with the new tactical reality . Addition of modern radar to the salvaged vessels would give them a marked qualitative advantage over those of the IJN . The repaired U.S. battleships primarily provided fire support for amphibious landings . Their low speed was a liability to their deployment in the vast expanses of the Pacific , for instance they could not accompany the fleet carriers that had become the dominant combatants . Six of the Standard Type vessels participated in the last battleship versus battleship engagement in naval history , the Battle of Surigao Strait , where none of them were hit . During active duty , being well protected by escorts and air cover , none of the Pearl Harbor battleships suffered serious damage save for Pennsylvania which was permanently crippled by a torpedo in the closing stages of the war ; on September 2 , 1945 , West Virginia was among the Allied fleet in Tokyo Bay when the Japanese officially surrendered . Carriers ( edit ) The attack on Pearl Harbor failed to sight , or destroy , any of the Pacific Fleet 's three aircraft carriers ; they had been designated as primary targets along with the battleships . The carriers Lexington and Enterprise were ferrying additional fighters to American bases on the islands of Wake and Midway while Saratoga was under refit at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard . At the time of the Japanese attack , the US was expecting imminent war with Japan , beginning in any of several places , such as the Philippines or Allied bases in Borneo . Nagumo 's hesitation , and failure to find and destroy the American carriers , may have been a product of his lack of faith in the attack plan , and of the fact he was a gunnery officer , not an aviator . In addition , Yamamoto 's targeting priorities , placing battleships first in importance , reflected an out - of - date Mahanian doctrine , and an inability to extrapolate from history , given the damage German submarines did to British trade in World War I. In the end , Japan achieved surprisingly little for all her daring and apparent success . Shore installations ( edit ) Tank farms , containing 140 million U.S. gallons ( 530 million liters ) of bunker oil , were unscathed , providing a ready source of fuel for American fleets at the submarine base . About this missed opportunity , Admiral Chester Nimitz would later say , `` Had the Japanese destroyed the oil , it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' These were vital to the initial phase of the war , and to commerce raiding throughout , and illustrate the deficiencies of Japanese planning for the attack . The Navy Yard , critical to ship maintenance , and repair of ships damaged in the attack was untouched . The engineering and initial repair shops , as well as the torpedo store , were intact . Other items of base infrastructure and operation , such as power generation , continued to operate normally . Also critical to the way the Pacific War was actually fought was the cryptanalysis unit , Station HYPO , located in the basement of the old Administration Building . It was undamaged and even benefited by gaining staff from unemployed ship 's bands . The Army Air Force 's loss of aircraft must be balanced against the fact that many of them were obsolete , such as the P - 40 's predecessor , the P - 36 . Japan might have achieved a good deal more with not much additional effort or loss . Charts ( edit ) Capital ships prior to attack Location Battleships Aircraft carriers United States Atlantic 6 ( + 2 * ) 4 ( + 1 * ) Pacific 9 Empire of Japan Pacific 10 ( + 1 * ) 10 * Plus ships completed but not yet commissioned . US : North Carolina , Washington and Hornet Japan : Yamato Capital ships after attack Location Battleships Aircraft carriers United States Atlantic 6 ( + 2 * ) 4 ( + 1 * ) Pacific 1 ( + 6 * * ) Empire of Japan Pacific 10 ( + 1 * ) 9 * * Ships which can be repaired : California , West Virginia , Nevada , Maryland , Tennessee , Pennsylvania . Capital ships 12 / 1942 Location Battleships Aircraft carriers United States Atlantic Pacific 12 ( + 3 * * ) Empire of Japan Pacific 10 6 * * Ships which can be repaired : California , West Virginia , Nevada US ships lost : Lexington , Yorktown , Wasp , Hornet US ships gained : Essex , North Carolina , Washington , South Dakota , Indiana , Massachusetts , Alabama Japanese ships lost : Shoho , Akagi , Kaga , Soryu , Hiryu , Hiei , Kirishima Japanese ships gained : Yamato , Musashi , Junyo , Hiyo . Of the 22 Japanese ships that took part in the attack , only one survived the war . As of 2006 , the only U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor during the attack still remaining afloat are the Coast Guard Cutter Taney and the yard tug Hoga . Both remained active over 50 years after the attack and have been designated museum ships . Strategic implications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A common view is that the Japanese fell victim to victory disease because of the perceived ease of their first victories . It has also been stated by the Japanese military commanders and politicians who visited and lived in the United States , that their leadership ( mostly military personnel ) took the war with the United States relatively lightly , compared to them . For instance , Admiral Yamamoto and General Tadamichi Kuribayashi expressed concerns about the greater industrial power of the United States . The politics of a `` Europe First '' strategy , loss of air cover over Pearl Harbor , and subsequent loss of the Philippines , meant the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces were unable to play a significant role in the Pacific War for several months . Japan was temporarily free of worries about the major rival Pacific naval power , which was at least part of the intention for the attack . Because Australian , New Zealand , Dutch and most British forces were already in Europe , Japan conquered nearly all of Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific , and extended her reach far into the Indian Ocean , without significant interference . The various Japanese advances were a nearly complete tactical success . In the long term , the attack on Pearl Harbor was a grand strategic blunder for Japan . Indeed , Admiral Yamamoto , who conceived it , predicted even success here could not win a war with the United States , because American productive capacity was too large . It spurred the United States into a determination to fight to complete victory . The war resulted in the destruction of the Japanese armed forces , the occupation of the home islands ( a state never before achieved in Japan 's history ) , and the occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands by the United States until 1972 , while the Soviet Russian re-annexation of the Kurile Islands and Sakhalin Island 's southern part , and the restoration of Formosa ( Taiwan ) to China , and the loss of Korea have not been reversed to this day . See also ( edit ) Arizona barbette , 2005 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group Japanese war crimes Unrestricted submarine warfare Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gallup Polling Data ( 1940 -- 1941 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Berinsky , Adam ( 2007 ) . `` America at War : Public Opinion During Wartime , from World War II to Iraq '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : A Country Unified After Pearl Harbor '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Berinsky , Adam ; Yohai , Ian ; Powell , Eleanor ; Schickler , Eric ( July 2011 ) . `` Revisiting Public Opinion in the 1930 's and 1940 's '' ( PDF ) . PS : Political Science and Politics . Jump up ^ Silent Victory ( Philadelphia : Lippincott , 1975 ) Jump up ^ The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II ( Annapolis : United States Naval Institute Press , 1993 ) Jump up ^ Stokesbury , James L. ( 1980 ) . A Short History of WWII . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc. p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03587 - 6 . Jump up ^ Testimony of John L. DeWitt , 13 April 1943 , House Naval Affairs Subcommittee to Investigate Congested Areas , Part 3 , pp. 739 -- 40 ( 78th Cong . , 1st Sess . ) , cited in Korematsu v. United States , footnote 2 , reproduced at findlaw.com , accessed 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ Andrew Gordon , A Modern History of Japan : From Tokugawa to the Present , p210 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 511060 - 9 . OCLC 49704795 Jump up ^ Lee Kennett , For the Duration ... : The United States Goes To War p 141 ISBN 0 - 684 - 18239 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert Guillain , I saw Tokyo burning : An eyewitness narrative from Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima ( J. Murray , 1981 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 3862 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Saburō Kurusu , Historical inevitability of the war of Greater East Asia , Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service , Tokyo , November 26 , 1942 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas ( December 1987 ) . `` The Big Leak '' . ariwatch.com . ARI Watch . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Blazoned in huge black letters across page one of the December 4 , 1941 , issue of the Chicago Tribune was the headline : F.D.R. 'S WAR PLANS ! The Times Herald , the Tribune 's Washington , D.C. ally , carried a similarly fevered banner . In both papers Chesly Manly , the Tribunes Washington correspondent , revealed what President Franklin D. Roosevelt had repeatedly denied : that he was planning to lead the United States into war against Germany . The source of the reporter 's information was no less than a verbatim copy of Rainbow Five , the top - secret war plan drawn up at FDR 's order by the Joint Board of the Army and Navy . Jump up ^ The History Place Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions the Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 New York : Penguin , 2007 . pp. 444 -- 46 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon ( 1984 ) . Target Tokyo : The Story of the Sorge Spy Ring . New York City , NY : McGraw - Hill . p. 407 . ISBN 0070506779 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bevin . How Hitler Could Have Won World War II New York : Crown , 2000 . p. 108 ISBN 0 - 8129 - 3202 - 1 Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions the Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 New York : Penguin , 2007 . pp. 382 -- 430 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 Jump up ^ Fest , Joachim C. Hitler New York : Vintage , 1975 . pp. 655 -- 657 ISBN 0 - 394 - 72023 - 7 Jump up ^ Burleigh , Michael The Third Reich : A New History New York : Hill and Wang , 2000 . pp. 731 -- 732 ISBN 9780809093250 Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich New York : Simon and Schuster , 1960 . p. 900 Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano `` On U.S. Involvement in the War in Europe '' ( speech ) Washington , D.C. ( March 15 , 1941 ) Jump up ^ `` Adolf Hitler : Speech at the Berlin Sports Palace ( January 30 , 1941 ) '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speech by FDR to the White House Correspondents ' Association on U.S. involvement in the war in Europe ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Peter Grier ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Day : How did Adolf Hitler react to the attack ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hillgruber , Andreas Germany and the Two World Wars , Harvard University Press : Cambridge , 1981 pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Trial transcripts at Nuremberg 11 December 1945 . More details of the exchanges at the meeting are available online at nizkor.org Jump up ^ Fullilove , Michael ( 2013 ) . Rendesvous with Destiny . Penguin Books . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312562 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` CANADA DECLARES WAR ON JAPAN '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John E. ( 1989 ) . A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution , 1945 -- 1985 . New York : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24308 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W ( 1962 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 375 -- 377 . Jump up ^ Olson , Lynne ( 2010 ) . Citizens of London : The Americans Who Stood With Britain In Its Darkest , Finest Hour . Random House . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 982 - 6 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston . The Second World War , Vol. 3 . p. 539 . Jump up ^ Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders & Cover - Ups ( Harper Collins , 2001 ) . Clausen suggests creation of CIA solved the problem ; the September 11 , 2001 , attacks on the World Trade Center demonstrate this is far from certain . Jump up ^ Haruko Taya & Theodore F. Cook , Japan at War : An Oral History ( New Press ; Reprint edition , 1993 ) . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 039 - 9 Jump up ^ Charles Burress , `` Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor '' , Japan Times , July 19 , 2001 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Burritt Sabin , `` The War 's Leagacy ( sic ) : Dawn of a tragic era '' , Japan Times , February 8 , 2004 ( accessed June 10 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Isoroku Yamamoto to Shigeharu Matsumoto ( Japanese cabinet minister ) and Fumimaro Kondoye ( Japanese prime minister ) , quoted in Ronald Spector , Eagle Against the Sun : The American War With Japan ( Vintage , 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , p 232 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ National Geographic mini-biography of Isoroku Yamamoto Jump up ^ `` Tokyo shrine a focus of fury around Asia '' . USA Today . 2005 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Shrine to Japan 's Tainted Past '' . The New York Times . 2006 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lee should avoid Yasukuni '' . The Japan Times . 2007 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bid to address Congress has Yasukuni proviso '' . The Japan Times . 2006 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Brainwashing for justification -- Ministry of Education deploying `` Yasukuni DVD '' -- `` . Shimbun Akahata. 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun , `` New ASDF chief Hokazono sorry for Tamogami 's ' damaging ' essay '' , Japan Times , 8 November 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hongo , Jun , `` Tamogami 's cohorts reprimanded '' , Japan Times , 26 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu , `` Japan : New Fallout From Essay On War '' , New York Times , November 5 , 2008 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Yamamoto , Arata ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Japan 's Experiments on U.S. POWs : Exhibit Highlights Horrific History '' . nbcnews.com . NBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Itasaka , Kiko ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` World War II Should Not Be Forgotten , Japan 's Prince Naruhito Says '' . nbcnews.com . NBC News . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistance naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on 7 December 1941 . '' Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : The Final Report Revealed . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the website of the Force Z Survivors Association '' . forcez-survivors.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel E. ( 1956 ) . `` Leyte , June 1944 -- January 1945 '' . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . XII . Boston : Little & Brown . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon , Miracle at Midway , 1983 , paperback , p. 9 Jump up ^ In fact , their rate of fire was too low to deal with aircraft , as experience with kamikaze would demonstrate . Not until the introduction of a fully automatic 3 inch ( 76 mm ) postwar was a suitable solution found . Jump up ^ Japanese Monograph Number 97 Pearl Harbor operation Prepared by Military History Section Headquarters , Army Forces Far East from ibiblio.org/pha . Jump up ^ Richard Holmes , The World Atlas of Warfare : Military Innovations that Changed the Course of History ( Viking , 1988 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ War warning , dated 27 November 1941 The involvement of numerous units of the Japanese Army and the apparent disposition of IJN forces suggested amphibious operations against either the Philippines , the Kra Peninsula , or possibly Borneo , which was the reason warning cables had been sent to all Pacific commands by both the Navy and War Departments at Washington . Jump up ^ Willmott , op . cit. ; Peattie and Evans , op . cit ... Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power , ( New York : Simon and Schuster , 1991 ) pp. 326 -- 327 . ) Jump up ^ Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies , February to June 1942 , Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 092 - 0 ; Blair , op . cit. ; Beach , Submarine ! ; Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets and Undersea Victory . Jump up ^ Caidin , op . cit. and Fork - Tailed Devil ( Ballantine , 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Pearl Harbor Attack Hearings , Pt. 15 , p. 1901 - 06 from http://www.ibiblio.org Jump up ^ 1941 in aviation # June External links ( edit ) Four Days in December : Germany 's Path to War With the U.S. Japan 's attack on Pearl Harbour ignited the liberation of Asia from Western domination hide Pearl Harbor attack Attack Events leading to the attack Order of battle Present US ships Battleship Row Niihau incident Japanese carriers involved Akagi Kaga Sōryū Hiryū Shōkaku Zuikaku United States ships sunk Arizona salvaged artifacts California Oglala Oklahoma Shaw Utah West Virginia Aftermath Consequences Sleeping giant quote Infamy Speech U.S. declaration of war Roberts Commissions Remembrance Remembrance Day USS Arizona Memorial Survivors Association Commemorative Medal Books Crisis : The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia ( 1992 ) Day of Deceit ( 2001 ) Days of Infamy series ( 2004 -- 05 ) Pacific War series ( 2007 -- 08 ) Films Secret Agent of Japan ( 1942 ) This Is the Army ( 1943 ) December 7th : The Movie ( 1943 ) Task Force ( 1949 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) The Revolt of Mamie Stover ( 1956 ) In Harm 's Way ( 1965 ) Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! ( 1970 ) 1941 ( 1979 ) The Final Countdown ( 1980 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Other Advance - knowledge conspiracy theory In popular culture World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 -- 1991 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&oldid=844452039 '' Categories : Attack on Pearl Harbor Consequences of wars Axis powers Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences%20of%20the%20attack%20on%20Pearl%20Harbor
| 11,027 |
||
who played shaggy in scooby doo monsters unleashed
|
Matthew Lyn Lillard ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American actor , voice actor , director , and producer . He is best known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Stu in Scream ( 1996 ) , Stevo in SLC Punk ! ( 1998 ) , Jerry Conlaine in Without A Paddle ( 2004 ) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) and Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In animation , he has been the voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role .
|
Matthew Lyn Lillard
|
Matthew Lillard
|
matthew lillard
|
Matthew Lyn Lillard ( born January 24 , 1970 ) is an American actor , voice actor , director , and producer . He is best known for portraying Chip in Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Stu in Scream ( 1996 ) , Stevo in SLC Punk ! ( 1998 ) , Jerry Conlaine in Without A Paddle ( 2004 ) and Shaggy Rogers in both Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) and Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . In animation , he has been the voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role .
|
While much of his work is comedic in nature , Lillard has given dramatic performances in The Descendants ( 2011 ) , Trouble with the Curve ( 2012 ) and Match ( 2014 ) . He made his directorial debut with the coming - of - age drama Fat Kid Rules the World ( 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lillard was born in Lansing , Michigan , the son of Paula and Jeffrey Lillard , and grew up in Tustin , California . He has a younger sister , Amy , and attended Foothill High School in Santa Ana , California . He later attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena , California , with fellow actor Paul Rudd . He also attended Circle in the Square in New York City . Career ( edit ) Lillard at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con While still in high school , Lillard was co-host of a short - lived TV show titled SK8 - TV . After high school , he was hired as an extra in Ghoulies 3 : Ghoulies Go to College ( 1991 ) and then played in the black comedy Serial Mom in 1994 . In 1995 he was cast in five films , including Hackers , which featured a group of high school kids who thwart a multimillion - dollar corporate extortion conspiracy . In 1996 , he was cast as Stu Macher in the horror film Scream . He also played Stevo in the independent film SLC Punk ! , and supporting character Dennis Rafkin in Thirteen Ghosts . Lillard was cast as Shaggy Rogers in the 2002 live - action Scooby - Doo film , a role he later reprised in the 2004 sequel Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed . When Casey Kasem , who had voiced the character from the show 's debut in 1969 , retired due to declining health in 2009 , Lillard was chosen as his replacement and voiced Shaggy in the two subsequent animated series , Mystery Incorporated and Be Cool Scooby - Doo ! . In 2011 , Lillard guest starred on the Fox series House . In 2011 , he produced and directed his first feature film , Fat Kid Rules the World , based on the K.L. Going book of the same name . Later that year , he appeared in the comedy - drama film The Descendants . In 2012 , Lillard guest starred in the Criminal Minds episode `` The Apprenticeship '' . The following year , he played the role of Daniel Frye on the American TV series The Bridge . In 2014 , Lillard starred as Peter in the animated film Under Wraps , alongside Brooke Shields and Drake Bell . In 2017 , Lillard was featured in Twin Peaks : The Return in a pivotal role . Personal life ( edit ) On August 12 , 2000 , Lillard married Heather Helm , with whom he has three children . They live in Los Angeles . In October 2005 , he participated in a Dungeons & Dragons tournament , against members of the Quest Club Gaming Organization , at the Magic Castle in Hollywood , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 Ghoulies III : Ghoulies Go to College Stork Credited as Matthew Lynn 1994 Serial Mom Chip Sutphin 1995 Animal Room Doug Van Housen Ride for Your Life Nash Mad Love Eric Webber Hackers Emmanuel `` Cereal Killer '' Goldstein Tarantella Matt Reynolds If These Walls Could Talk Abortion Protester Segment : `` 1996 '' Scream Stuart `` Stu '' Macher 1997 Scream 2 Guy at Party Uncredited 1998 The Curve Tim Jackson Senseless Tim LaFlour Telling You Adam Ginesberg Without Limits Roscoe Devine SLC Punk ! Steven `` Stevo '' Levy Mar del Plata Film Festival -- Best Actor 1999 Spanish Judges Jack Fisher She 's All That Brock Hudson Wing Commander Lt. Todd `` Maniac '' Marshall 2000 Love 's Labour 's Lost Longaville Dish Dogs Jason Scream 3 Stu Macher Archive Footage Uncredited Finder 's Fee Fishman Triangle Square Snake Eater Summer Catch Billy Brubaker Thirteen Ghosts Dennis Rafkin 2002 Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Himself Cameo The Perfect Score Larry Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed Shaggy Rogers Wicker Park Luke Without A Paddle Jerry Conlaine 2005 Karas : The Prophecy Eko Voice 2006 Bickford Shmeckler 's Cool Ideas Spaceman The Groomsmen Dez Howard 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Duke Fallow What Love Is Sal One of Our Own Bob Also co-producer Karas : The Revelation Eko Voice 2008 Spooner Herman Spooner Also co-producer 2009 Messages Deleted Joel Brandt Osh Kosh B'Gosh : Under the Overall Lloyd B'Gosh Short film All 's Faire in Love Crocket Endless Bummer Mike Mooney Extreme Movie Himself Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare 2011 Larger than Life Jack Scream 4 Guy at Stab - a-thon Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Shaggy Rogers / Shaky Joe Voice The Descendants Brian Speer The Pool Boys Roger 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers Voice Home Run Showdown Joey Trouble with the Curve Philip Big Top Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice Deep Dark Canyon Jack Cavanaugh Fat Kid Rules the World Guidance counselor Also director Dear Dracula Mailman Gus Voice Abominable Christmas Dogcatcher 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map Return to Nim 's Island Jack Rusoe Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Shaggy Rogers Voice The Naughty List Tinsel National Lampoon Presents Surf Party Mooney 2014 Match Mike Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery Shaggy Rogers Voice Axel : The Biggest Little Hero Lizard King Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Shaggy Rogers Under Wraps Peter 2015 Bloodsucking Bastards Phallicyte Executive Uncredited Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Shaggy Rogers Voice Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery 2016 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon 6 Love Stories Alan Mackey 2017 Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown Shaggy Rogers Voice Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash 2018 Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes SK8 - TV Himself ( host ) 13 Episodes 1994 Vanishing Son IV Dawson Television film 1997 The Devil 's Child Tim Television film 1997 Nash Bridges Brian Van Pelt Episode : `` Gun Play '' 2002 It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie Luc Fromage Television film 2005 American Dad ! Bruce Voice Episode : `` Homeland Insecurity '' 2005 , 2007 2012 , 2018 Robot Chicken Shaggy Rogers / Various Voice 5 episodes 2006 The Replacements Trevor Bodie Voice 2 episodes 2006 13 Graves Matthew McQueen Television film 2006 Eloise : The Animated Series Monsieur Ducat Voice Episode : `` Little Miss Christmas '' 2007 Area 57 Col. Steven Isaac Pilot 2008 Gary Unmarried Taylor Episode : `` Gary 's Ex-Brother - In - Law '' 2009 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Chet Episode : `` Ballerina '' 2009 Married Not Dead Rob Pilot 2010 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Shaggy Rogers Voice 52 episodes 2011 House Jack Episode : `` Larger Than Life '' 2011 Generator Rex Surge Voice Episode : `` Waste Land '' 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Shaggy Rogers Voice Episode : `` Bat - Mite Presents : Batman 's Strangest Cases ! '' 2011 , 2013 MAD Shaggy Rogers Voice 2 episodes 2012 Samurai ! Daycare Ned Voice 9 episodes 2012 Leverage Gabe Erickson Episode : `` The Real Fake Car Job '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2012 Criminal Minds David Roy Turner Episode : `` The Apprenticeship '' 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 I Am Victor Elliot Moe Pilot 2013 -- 2014 The Bridge Daniel Frye 24 episodes 2013 Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2013 -- 2014 Beware the Batman Dr. Jason Burr Voice 4 episodes 2014 Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2014 , 2016 The Good Wife Rowby 2 episodes 2015 State of Affairs CIA Director DD Banks 3 episodes 2015 Problem Child Ed Pilot 2015 Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2015 Scooby - Doo ! Lego Shorts Shaggy Rogers Voice Television shorts 2015 -- present Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers Voice 2015 Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror Shaggy Rogers Voice Television special 2016 Bosch Luke ' Lucky ' Rykov 5 episodes 2016 Halt and Catch Fire Ken Diebold 4 episodes 2017 All Hail King Julien Ned Voice 2 episodes 2017 Twin Peaks Bill Hastings 4 episodes 2017 Ben 10 Zack Voice 2018 Good Girls Dean Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Scooby - Doo ! 2 : Monsters Unleashed : The Video Game Shaggy Rogers Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Swamp 2014 Scooby - Doo & Looney Tunes Cartoon Universe : Adventure 2015 My Friend Scooby - Doo ! 2015 Lego Dimensions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dilworth Jr. , Joseph . `` Matthew Lillard Talks Shaggy Rogers And ' Scooby - Doo ' '' . WhatJoeWrites.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca . `` Matthew Lillard on Why ' Fat Kid Rules the World ' Is n't About Being Fat ( Q&A ) '' . HollywoodReporter.com . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Movies Take Place at Gig Harbor Film Festival in Washington '' . Open Air Cinema . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mineral Hosts Third Annual Independent Film Festival '' . The Chronicle . Centralia , Washington . June 15 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Biography ( 1970 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Matthew Lillard Checks in to House '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fat Kid Rules the World on IMDb Jump up ^ `` ' The Descendants ' ( 2011 ) : Acting Credits '' . The New York Times . Baseline / All Media Guide . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mattew Lillard Biography '' . Biography.com . A&E . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madler , Mark R. ( October 26 , 2005 ) . `` Here there be dragons '' . Burbank Leader . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lillard Plays Dungeons & Dragons '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lillard . Matthew Lillard on IMDb `` Episode # 5177 : Matthew Lillard , Thetoiletonline.com , LAN Party '' . Attack of the Show . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . VIAF : 100861230 LCCN : no98014507 ISNI : 0000 0001 1453 5186 GND : 141222247 SUDOC : 077719824 BNF : cb144483120 ( data ) NKC : xx0102161 BNE : XX1689778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lillard&oldid=826544058 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni American male stage actors American film directors American male film actors American male video game actors American male voice actors Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Fullerton College alumni Male actors from Lansing , Michigan Male actors from Orange County , California People from Tustin , California Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 18 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Lillard
| 9,803 |
what does the church of england spend its money on
|
Properties and finances of the Church of England
|
properties and finances of the church of england
|
The question of the properties and finances of the Church of England has been publicly raised in recent years because of the declining number of regular parishioners in the United Kingdom who can not continue to finance the large amount of real estate controlled by the church .
|
Contents 1 Government support 2 Funding from parishes 3 Church Commissioners 4 Grants to local parishes 5 Quotas and parish shares 6 13,000 Anglican parishes 7 Problems at maintaining economic self - sufficiency 8 Ancillary buildings 9 Palaces turned into conference centres 10 See also 11 References Government support ( edit ) Hereford is one of the church 's forty - three cathedrals , many with histories stretching back centuries Donations comprise its largest source of income , though it also relies heavily on the income from its various historic endowments . In 2005 the Church of England had estimated total outgoings of around £ 900 million . On 17 May 2012 the Church of England welcomed an agreement with the government over the future funding of alterations and repairs to its 12,500 listed buildings , providing an extra £ 30 million a year on top of the £ 12 million already granted by the government to the Church of England in the Listed Places of Worship Grant Scheme ( LPWGS ) . Funding from parishes ( edit ) Historically , individual parishes both raised and spent the vast majority of the church 's funding , meaning that clergy pay depended on the wealth of the parish . The parish advowsons ( the right to appoint clergy to particular parishes ) could , therefore , become valuable gifts . Individual dioceses also held considerable assets : the Diocese of Durham possessed such vast wealth and temporal power that its bishop became known as a `` Prince - Bishop '' . Since the mid-19th century , however , the church has made various moves to `` equalise '' the situation and clergy within each diocese now receive standard stipends paid from diocesan funds . Church Commissioners ( edit ) Meanwhile , the church moved the majority of its income - generating assets ( which in the past included a great deal of land , but today mostly take the form of financial stocks and bonds ) out of the hands of individual clergy and bishops to the care of a body called the Church Commissioners , which uses these funds to pay a range of non-parish expenses , including clergy pensions and the expenses of cathedrals and bishops ' houses . These funds amount to around £ 8 billion and generate income of around £ 260 million each year ( as of 2003 ) , around a fifth of the church 's overall income . Grants to local parishes ( edit ) The Church Commissioners give some of this money as `` grants '' to local parishes ; but the majority of the financial burden of church upkeep and the work of local parishes still rests with individual parishes and dioceses , which meet their requirements from donations . Direct donations to the church ( not including legacies ) come to around £ 460 million per year , while parish and diocesan reserve funds generate another £ 100 million . Funds raised in individual parishes account for almost all of this money and the majority of it remains in the parish which raises it , meaning that the resources available to parishes still vary enormously according to the level of donations they can raise . Quotas and parish shares ( edit ) Most parishes , however , give a portion of their money to the diocese as a `` quota '' or `` parish share '' . While this is not a compulsory payment , dioceses strongly encourage and rely on it being paid ; it is usually only withheld by parishes either if they are unable to find the funds or as a specific act of protest . As well as paying central diocesan expenses such as the running of diocesan offices , these diocesan funds also provide clergy pay and housing expenses ( which total around £ 260 million per year across all dioceses ) , meaning that clergy living conditions no longer depend on parish - specific fundraising . The old and new Coventry Cathedrals in the Diocese of Coventry . The new cathedral was built next to the ruins of the old , which was destroyed in the Second World War 13,000 anglican parishes ( edit ) Although asset - rich , the Church of England has to maintain its thousands of churches nationwide . The Church of England has some 16,000 church buildings , in 13,000 parishes covering the whole of England , as well as 43 cathedrals . Together they form a unique collection of buildings ; between 12,000 and 13,000 churches are listed , i.e. are recognised by the government as being of exceptional historic or architectural importance . About 45 % of all Grade I buildings in England are churches . Though first and foremost a place of worship , churches are also often the oldest building in a settlement still in continual use . Even in industrial or 20th century settlements , they are a focus . Problems at maintaining economic self - sufficiency ( edit ) Many churches -- and cathedrals particularly -- are the largest , most architecturally complex , most archaeologically sensitive and most visited building in their village , town or city . As current congregation numbers stand at relatively low levels and as maintenance bills increase as the buildings grow older , many of these churches can not maintain economic self - sufficiency but their historical and architectural importance make it difficult to sell them . In recent years , cathedrals and other famous churches have met some of their maintenance costs with grants from organisations such as English Heritage ; but the church congregations and local fundraisers must foot the bill entirely in the case of most small parish churches . The government 's financial assistance in the form of tax breaks was reduced in April 2012 with the removal of the 100 % VAT exclusion the Church of England had previously benefited from . Ancillary buildings ( edit ) In addition to consecrated buildings , the Church of England also controls numerous ancillary buildings attached to or associated with churches , including a good deal of clergy housing . As well as vicarages and rectories , this housing includes residences ( often called `` palaces '' ) for each of the church 's 114 bishops . In some cases , this name seems entirely apt ; buildings such as the Archbishop of Canterbury 's Lambeth Palace in London and the Old Palace at Canterbury have truly palatial dimensions , while the Bishop of Durham 's Auckland Castle has 50 rooms , a banqueting hall and 30 acres ( 120,000 m2 ) of parkland . However , many bishops have found the older palaces inappropriate for today 's lifestyles and some `` palaces '' are ordinary four bedroomed houses . Many dioceses which have retained large palaces now employ part of the space as administrative offices , while the bishops and their families live in a small apartment within the palace . Palaces turned into conference centres ( edit ) In recent years some dioceses have managed to put their palaces ' excess space and grandeur to profitable use as conference centres . All three of the more grand bishop 's palaces mentioned above -- Lambeth Palace , the Old Palace and Auckland Castle -- serve as offices for church administration and conference venues and only in a lesser degree as the personal residence of a bishop . The size of the bishops ' households has shrunk dramatically and their budgets for entertaining and staff form a tiny fraction of the levels before the 20th century . See also ( edit ) Churches ' Mutual Credit Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ outgoings Jump up ^ http://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2012/05/government-agrees-%C2%A330-million-extra-to-resolve-vat-concerns.aspx Jump up ^ funds Jump up ^ `` The Church of England 's built heritage '' . Church of England website . Archbishops ' Council of the Church of England . 2004 . Jump up ^ local fundraisers Archived 2007 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Properties_and_finances_of_the_Church_of_England&oldid=846045882 '' Categories : Church of England ecclesiastical polity Economy and Christianity Church architecture English architecture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties%20and%20finances%20of%20the%20Church%20of%20England
| 107,719 |
||
when was the last time nebraska executed someone
|
Executed person Date of execution Victims Under Governor Harold Lamont `` Wili '' Otey September 2 , 1994 Jane McManus Ben Nelson John Joseph Joubert July 17 , 1996 Danny Eberle and Christopher Walden Robert E. Williams December 2 , 1997 Catherine Brooks and Patricia McGarry
|
December 2 , 1997
|
List of people executed in Nebraska
|
list of people executed in nebraska
|
The following is a list of individuals executed by the U.S. State of Nebraska since its statehood .
|
Before 1903 ( edit ) A total of 14 individuals have been executed in Nebraska from its statehood in 1867 when counties carried out executions until 1903 when the state took over executions . Executed person Date of execution Method Crime Victims Under Governor Samuel Richards January 15 , 1879 hanging murder Peter Anderson Albinus Nance Orlando Caslar May 20 , 1879 hanging murder George L. Monroe Albinus Nance Milton W. Smith July 24 , 1885 hanging murder his wife ( name unknown ) James W. Dawes Jim Reynolds May 21 , 1886 hanging murder James and John Pinkston James W. Dawes 5 William Jackson Marion March 25 , 1887 hanging murder James Cameron John Milton Thayer 6 David Hoffman July 22 , 1887 hanging murder James B. DeWitt John Milton Thayer 7 Albert Haunstine May 17 , 1891 hanging murder Hiram Roten and William Ashley John Milton Thayer 8 Christian Furst June 5 , 1891 hanging murder Carl J. Pulsifer John Milton Thayer 9 Charles Shepherd June 5 , 1891 hanging murder Carl J. Pulsifer John Milton Thayer 10 Ed Neil October 9 , 1891 hanging murder Allen and Dorothy Jones John Milton Thayer 11 Clinton E. Dixon June 24 , 1892 hanging murder Corporal Thomas Carter James E. Boyd 12 Harry Hill March 1 , 1895 hanging murder Mattes Akeson Silas A. Holcomb 13 Claude H. Hoover August 7 , 1896 hanging murder Samual DuBois Silas A. Holcomb 14 George W. Morgan October 8 , 1897 hanging murder Ida Gaskill Silas A. Holcomb William Jackson Marion was convicted and executed for the murder of John Cameron . However , Cameron turned up alive in 1891 . Marion received a posthumous pardon by Nebraska Governor Bob Kerrey on the 100th anniversary of his execution . Although Christian Furst and Charles Shepherd are listed at 8 and 9 , they were both hanged together simultaneously in the only double hanging in Nebraska 's history . Private Clinton Dixon and his victim Corporal Thomas Carter were both members of the U.S. Army ( Sixth U.S. Cavalry ) making Dixon 's execution a U.S. military execution . As such , only the President could grant clemency . President Benjamin Harrison declined to intervene . 1903 -- 1972 ( edit ) A total of 20 individuals were executed by Nebraska after 1897 and before the 1972 Supreme Court capital punishment ban . Executed person Date of execution Method Crime Victims Under Governor Gottlieb Neigenfiend March 13 , 1903 hanging murder Anna Bryer and Albert Bryer ( ex-wife and ex-father in law ) John H. Mickey William Rhea July 10 , 1903 hanging murder Herman Zahn John H. Mickey Harrison Clark December 13 , 1907 hanging murder Ed Flury George L. Sheldon Frank Barker January 17 , 1908 hanging murder Daniel and Alice Barker ( his brother and sister in law ) George L. Sheldon 5 Robert M. Shumway March 5 , 1909 hanging murder Sarah Martin Ashton C. Shallenberger 6 Bert M. Taylor January 28 , 1910 hanging murder Pearl Taylor ( sister in law ) Ashton C. Shallenberger 7 Thomas Johnson May 19 , 1911 hanging murder Henry R. Frankland Chester H. Aldrich 8 Albert Prince March 21 , 1913 hanging murder Nebraska State Penitentiary Deputy Warden Edward D. Davis John H. Morehead 9 Allen V. Grammer December 20 , 1920 electric chair murder Lulu Vogt ( Grammer 's mother in law ) Samuel R. McKelvie 10 Alson B. Cole December 20 , 1920 electric chair murder Lulu Vogt ( Allen Grammer 's mother in law ) Samuel R. McKelvie 11 James B. King June 9 , 1922 electric chair murder Nebraska State Penitentiary prison guard Robert L. Taylor Samuel R. McKelvie 12 Walter R. Simmons August 11 , 1925 electric chair murder Frank Pahl Adam McMullen 13 Henry E. Bartlett April 29 , 1927 electric chair murder Asa Ranson ( Minden , Nebraska Police Chief ) Adam McMullen 14 Frank Carter June 24 , 1927 electric chair murder William McDevitt and Dr. A.D. Searles Adam McMullen 15 Frank E. Sharp October 19 , 1928 electric chair murder Hariet Sharp ( his wife ) Adam McMullen 16 Henry Sherman May 31 , 1929 electric chair murder Roger and Hattie Pochon , Eugenie Pochon Arthur J. Weaver 17 Joseph T. MacAvoy March 23 , 1945 electric chair murder Anna Milroy Dwight Griswold 18 Timothy Iron Bear December 1 , 1948 electric chair murder John W. and Grace Stollar Val Peterson 19 Roland Dean Sundahl April 30 , 1952 electric chair murder Bonnie Lou Merrill Val Peterson 20 Charles Starkweather June 25 , 1959 electric chair murder Robert Jensen Ralph G. Brooks Allen Grammer and Alson Cole were the first men electrocuted , and the only double electrocution in Nebraska . Allen Grammer was the first man to be electrocuted by the State of Nebraska , pronounced dead at 3 : 24 pm . Alson Cole was pronounced dead at 3 : 37 pm . Although Charles Starkweather murdered 10 people in Nebraska ( and one in Wyoming ) , he was tried , convicted , and executed for only one murder , that of 17 - year - old Robert Jensen . After 1976 ( edit ) Three individuals convicted of murder have been executed by Nebraska since 1976 . All were executed by the electric chair . On April 21 , 2011 , the Nebraska Supreme Court set the first execution date via lethal injection for June 14 , 2011 . On May 26 , 2011 , the Nebraska Supreme Court stayed the execution due to objections that the sodium thiopental that Nebraska purchased from a Mumbai company failed to comply with U.S. pharmaceutical standards . Executed person Date of execution Victims Under Governor Harold Lamont `` Wili '' Otey September 2 , 1994 Jane McManus Ben Nelson John Joseph Joubert July 17 , 1996 Danny Eberle and Christopher Walden Robert E. Williams December 2 , 1997 Catherine Brooks and Patricia McGarry John Joubert was also tried and convicted of murdering Ricky Stetson in Portland , Maine . He received a life sentence in Maine . Robert E. Williams also murdered Virginia Rowe of Sioux Rapids , Iowa . See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in Nebraska Capital punishment in the United States External links ( edit ) Nebraska executions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inmate Details : 31861 -- Robert Williams . Nebraska Department of Correctional Services . Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Waite ( 3 December 1997 ) . `` Williams marks state 's third electrocution '' . Daily Nebraskan . Archived from the original on 27 Oct 2007 . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 Juveniles National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_executed_in_Nebraska&oldid=852287418 '' Categories : People executed by Nebraska Lists of people executed in the United States Nebraska - related lists Lists of people from Nebraska Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20people%20executed%20in%20Nebraska
| 21,236 |
who ends up with who pretty little liars
|
A ( Pretty Little Liars )
|
a ( pretty little liars )
|
`` A '' is a fictional character created in 2006 by author Sara Shepard . It is a character of both Pretty Little Liars ' books and television series , and primarily appears as a stalker and the main antagonist of the stories . `` A '' is one of the main characters of the stories , appearing anonymously in the majority of the episodes and books .
|
The villain has already had many portrayals . Its basic occupation is to pursue and threaten the four protagonists of the stories . Thus , many identities have been revealed to be `` A '' . `` A '' has a specific and unhealthy way of dealing with the protagonists ; it often calls them as `` bitches '' , `` dolls '' and `` liars '' . Its handling and acts of terrorism caused great psychological and emotional damage to the protagonists , even leading them to be hospitalized . After the revelation of Mona Vanderwaal as the first and original `` A '' , she began receiving visits from someone , known as Red Coat , who offered her a partnership and together they built up the `` A-Team '' . The team had many members but disbanded after the season three finale and Big A began working with a single ally . The identity of the second `` A '' , Red Coat , and the leader of the `` A-Team '' was revealed to be CeCe Drake , while her ally that donned the Black Widow and other Red Coat disguise was revealed to be Sara Harvey . Five years later , a new mysterious entity arises and begins using Emojis to communicate but later baptizes themselves as `` A.D. '' , while the Liars refer to the anonymous figure as Uber A. Then , in the Series Finale , `` A.D. '' reveals themselves to be Alex Drake , the twin sister of Spencer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Characterization 2 Novels storylines 2.1 The first `` A '' 2.2 The second `` A '' 2.2. 1 The Helper , or Third `` A '' 3 Television storylines 3.1 Original `` A '' 3.2 Big `` A '' 3.3 Uber `` A '' 4 The A-Team 4.1 Members 4.1. 1 Sara Harvey 4.1. 2 Sydney Driscoll 4.1. 3 Toby Cavanaugh 4.1. 4 Spencer Hastings 4.1. 5 Lucas Gottesman 4.1. 6 Melissa Hastings 4.1. 7 Darren Wilden 4.1. 8 Jenna Marshall 4.1. 9 Noel Kahn 4.1. 10 Aria Montgomery 4.1. 11 Mary Drake 4.1. 12 Wren Kingston 5 Other `` A 's '' 5.1 Caleb Rivers 5.2 Shana Fring 6 Disguises 6.1 Red Coat 6.2 The Black Widow 6.3 The Queen of Hearts 6.4 The Black Swan 6.5 The Black Hoodie 7 References Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) `` A '' makes appearances as a figure with black leather gloves , a black hood , dark pants , and dark shoes . Throughout the seasons , the story focuses on the mystery of `` A '' . However , `` Big A '' also sported different disguises , including that of Red Coat , while their ally disguised themselves as The Black Widow , while also donning the Red Coat identity on certain occasions . Uber A also dressed up as several disguises , including those of a gardener , a maid and a surgeon . They later costume themselves with the traditional look . Novels storylines ( edit ) The first `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Mona Vanderwaal . Three year after the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis , her four friends , Aria Montgomery , Spencer Hastings , Emily Fields , and Hanna Marin , each receive messages from someone calling themselves `` A . '' The girls had drifted apart over the years , so they had no idea that other people were getting texts as well . Additionally , the texts were about secrets only Ali knew about . At first , the messages were simply teasing and all of the girls wonder if their missing friend was the one who sent them . Though they knew she was most likely dead , she was still the only one who knew their darkest secrets . Once Ali 's body is discovered in her old backyard , the girls are even more baffled when they continue to receive threats . At Ali 's funeral , the girls are reunited and they find out that they 've all been receiving weird messages . As the girls stand outside after the funeral ends , they all get a text saying , `` I 'm still here , bitches . And I know everything . -- A '' . From that point on , the messages take on a distinctly more threatening tone . Aria is given an ultimatum to tell her mother about her father 's affair by midnight after the Foxy event , or A will do it for her . A continues to play life - altering games with the girls , from encouraging suspicion of Spencer 's involvement in Ali 's death to outing Emily 's sexuality to her conservative mother . However , A makes a serious mistake in texting Hanna on the night of Mona 's birthday party . Instead of using the plain Blackberry she bought just for tormenting the girls , A accidentally uses his / her own phone . Hanna , who has a new phone without all of her contacts recognizes the number , compelling A to act before Hanna can reveal A 's true identity to the others . A hits Hanna with an SUV , successfully destroying Hanna 's phone and putting her into a coma that eventually leads to a temporary loss of memory . Soon after that , `` A '' puts a drug in Emily 's pain cream which causes an Ulcer in the spot where she has been putting the cream . She ends up in the hospital and might not be able to swim again . A knew that there was a very good chance Hanna would regain her memory . Hanna 's best friend , Mona Vanderwaal , informs the girls that she has also received texts from A , drawing the five closer together in trying to figure out who their tormentor is . Mona subtly encourages Spencer 's fears that her sister , Melissa , might be A as well as Alison 's killer . During Hanna 's recovery masquerade celebration , she suddenly regains her memory , revealing that Mona is A. However , she , Emily , and Aria ca n't do much about it , because Spencer and Mona are on their way to the police station . After Spencer is warned about Mona by text , she tries to escape Mona 's car , but Mona catches on rather quickly and diverts to a path in a more remote area of Rosewood . She tells Spencer everything , from seeing Ali launch a firework into Toby Cavanaugh 's garage and blind her friend Jenna , to finding Ali 's diary of secrets among a pile of old DiLaurentis junk the St. Germains left at the curb , discovering the girls ' secrets that only Ali knew . Her motivation was to get revenge for her friend 's blindness , even though Jenna and Ali had planned together to launch the firework . Mona did n't know this and got a scar on her stomach from the ordeal . Mona also drops the bombshell that Ian Thomas killed Ali , due to Ali 's last diary entry about giving him an ultimatum to break up with Melissa . She then offers Spencer to become A with her and tell Hanna that she must not be remembering correctly , but she refuses . The two fight at Floating Man 's Quarry and Spencer accidentally pushes Mona , who falls and has her neck caught between rocks . The second `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Alison DiLaurentis As the girls move into the big red house they are shocked to receive messages from a new person claiming to be Alison . At first , they believe it 's just a prank , especially since the first `` A '' got major news time . Then the girls believe it 's Ian Thomas , who is the prime suspect of the investigation . Spencer is especially certain of this until finding Ian 's body in the woods bordering her estate and the old DiLaurentis home . The girls all get a message from `` A , '' saying `` He had to go . - A '' . However , this Alison is even more twisted than the first ; Ian 's body disappears and the town is largely convinced that it was a hoax . `` A '' even teases Spencer , stating , `` Just because I said Ian had to go , it did n't mean he had to die . '' `` A '' pretends to be Ian , using an IM screenname of USCMidfielderRoxx , a testament to his alma mater and his love for field hockey . Through this new fake identity , `` A '' feeds Spencer some interesting information about her family , specifically her father 's affair with Mrs. DiLaurentis and the possibility that Ali is her half sister . `` A '' proceeds to torment the girls even more : they force Spencer to focus more on her father 's secret by enabling Spencer 's surrogate mother to scam her and clear out her two million dollar trust fund . `` A '' taunts Aria with pictures of her and her mother 's new love interest in compromising situations . They threaten to send these to her mother , even though Aria has tried to ward off her mother 's new boyfriend . `` A '' lands Hanna in the Preserve at Addison - Stevens , a lush clinic for troubled patients . `` A '' sends Emily on a trip to the Amish community in Lancaster to dig up more dirt on Officer Wilden . Throughout the second half of the series , the second `` A '' keeps up this forced information search with the girls , pushing them to find more information on Wilden and Jason DiLaurentis . `` A '' even plants the idea that they killed Ali . However , when Jenna is found dead in Heartless , `` A '' plants all of their texts , pictures , etc. on a random lecherous construction worker . This is one of the same workers who was involved in building the DiLaurentises ' gazebo when `` Alison '' was still alive . The girls believe it is all over now , though the fact that the suspect is such a random person bothers them . Everyone in Rosewood is shocked when the DiLaurentis 's introduce the existence of a third child , Courtney DiLaurentis . She is the twin of Alison and was kept in various clinics because she was `` ill '' . However , `` Courtney '' is actually Alison DiLaurentis herself . She reveals her true identity to each of the girls , hoping to gain their friendship and telling them she never died the night of the sleepover . She claims that Courtney must have gotten out of the house and ran into the construction worker , who killed her . Though the girls believe her and are glad to have their friend back , Aria is the most suspicious of her . It was recently discovered that Courtney liked to pretend to be Ali and she was n't completely buying her story . Additionally , Wilden and Melissa are also suspicious of `` Courtney '' . Melissa knew about the twins since high school , as their brother Jason confided in her . He told her they hated each other , but Spencer tells her about `` Courtney 's '' statements that she and Ali shared everything together . '' Ali 's time is running out , for besides the few people suspicious of her , the police start to say that the construction worker has an alibi and might not be guilty . Her secret is further endangered when Aria finds and sends in a photo of a reflection of someone spying on the girls during the sleepover . The reflection is too blurry , but it is clearly a female . Ali takes Mona 's idea and convinces Spencer that Melissa is the culprit . Meanwhile , she kidnaps Melissa - who has just figured out the truth - and keeps her in her family 's Poconos home . She stuffs Melissa in a closet with Ian 's corpse . On the night of the school 's Valentine dance , Ali convinces the girls to hang out with her at the Poconos home . They ditch the party and get wasted at her home . She asks them if she could reenact the night of the sleepover and hypnotize them . Everyone reluctantly agrees , and minutes later they wake up to find Ali gone and the door of the room locked . A letter is slid underneath , informing the girls of the horrible truth : The Alison that they had been friends with had been Courtney all along and the real Ali killed her . Courtney was mentally unsound and wanted to be Ali so badly that she tried to drown her when they were children . One day , when she was home from the mental institute , Courtney stole Ali 's ring and imitated her when she saw Spencer and the others sneaking into their backyard . Ali was sent to the new mental institute , the Preserve , in Courtney 's place , and was forced to take her sister 's messed up life . On the night of the sleepover , she spied on the girls , followed Courtney after her fight with Spencer , and killed her in revenge for taking her perfect life . She hates the girls for ruining her life and tries to kill them too by boarding up the entire home and setting it on fire . The girls , including Melissa , manage to escape , but no one knows whether Ali is alive . It 's hinted that she might be , as Emily hears a faint giggle in the distance as she visits Courtney 's grave in the evening . The helper , or third `` a '' ( edit ) By the end of Crushed , the Liars know that the Second `` A '' , Alison , has had an accomplice the whole time , and that this accomplice is the Third `` A '' . They believe that Alison did indeed survive the fire in the Poconos house , and thus that the Second and Third `` A '' are currently operating together to bring them down ( and eventually kill them ) . The helper later is revealed to be Nick Maxwell , Alison 's boyfriend when she was hospitalized . Nick was caught by the police when he and Alison planned to kill the Liars via poisoning . However , months later , the Liars visit Nick in the prison in order to discover some clues about Alison 's whereabouts , and he gives them some information . Television storylines ( edit ) Original `` a '' ( edit ) Original A was the first `` A '' and revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal . Mona began torturing Alison by sending her gifts , threats and soon attacking her while wearing a zombie costume . `` A '' continued to mess with Ali and her mother Jessica DiLaurentis , whom she believed it to be Spencer Hastings . After Alison 's disappearance , `` A '' went away for a year but after the corpse of Bethany Young ( believed to be Alison at the time ) was found , she reemerged . `` A '' began sending the Liars messages about things only Alison knew about them and soon even began messing with their parents . Doctor Anne Sullivan had previously dealt with the person behind the hoodie and when `` A '' trashed her office she immediately recognized the person . She almost exposes her identity to the Liars but `` A '' kidnaps her and went as far as to threaten her son 's life . But the Liars are still close to figuring it out and during the second half of season two they manage to get a hold of `` A 's '' phone . They hatch a plan to catch her with this and it works . They find out that `` A '' had a lair at the Lost woods resort and Spencer and Mona ( `` A 's '' newest victim ) head over there and find a room full of pictures of Alison and the girls along with a sketch of `` A 's '' costume to the ball , The Black Swan . However , Spencer begins to notice other clues and soon realizes `` A '' is right there with her . She turns around to see Mona in a black hoodie , who reveals herself as `` A '' . She kidnaps Spencer and gives her an opportunity to join the `` A '' team but Spencer declines and the two get into a fight , where Mona is pushed off of a cliff . Though Mona survives , she is sent to Radley Sanitarium for medical assistance . While in the psychiatric hospital , Mona takes up a partnership suggested by the then unknown CeCe Drake that starts off the second game . After this , Mona became another henchmen in the `` A '' hierarchy , obeying the orders of CeCe , whom she knew as Red Coat . Mona was kicked off of the A-Team in the season three finale . However , Mona joins the new `` A.D. '' team in Season 7 , after `` A.D. '' sends Wren to kill her and she offers to help instead . She helps them kidnap Spencer and wears a Melissa mask , but ultimately turns on them and brings the Liars to them , as well as a cop . However , this turns out to be a ruse and the `` cop '' is actually Mona 's French boyfriend , who helps her take Mary and Alex ( the two remaining members ) to France to live in her own personal Dollhouse . Mona is the final `` A '' of the series , being the `` winner '' of the game . Big `` a '' ( edit ) Big A was the person who took over the `` A '' game from Mona Vanderwaal after she was admitted to Radley Sanitarium and revealed to be CeCe Drake . She had visited Mona in Radley and used her to get information about the Liars before taking over the game herself and had used Mona , Toby and Spencer to do her dirty work and sometimes went under the Red Coat disguise . Big A often hid out at a lair situated in Room A at an apartment building at Mayflower Hill and a mobile RV which was stolen but Toby gave it back to `` A '' in exchange for information about his mother 's death . However , the Team was disbanded in the third - season finale and CeCe acted on her own with a few minions and an ally , who is Sara Harvey . It is revealed that Charlotte had been hiding out in the basement of the DiLaurentis house and drilled holes through the floor to spy on the family in her Red Coat disguise and shared the identity with Alison . Her disguise as Red Coat was exposed in the fourth season mid finale when Emily was trapped on a saw at Ravenswood and later got into a fight with Aria who discovered her identity and Charlotte later fell off a platform and escaped . In `` A is for Answers '' the Liars are under attack by `` A '' who shoots Ezra Fitz on the rooftop . However , in the fifth - season premiere , the shooter is revealed to be Shana Fring who attempted to kill Alison but was later shoved off a stage by Aria and died from the impact . After all of this , Charlotte fled to France under the Vivian Darkbloom identity to escape custody for Wilden 's death but returned . In the series 's 100 episode , Charlotte placed a bomb in the Cavanaugh house which detonated , signalling her return to Rosewood . In season five , CeCe breaks into the Vanderwaal home and kidnaps Mona just as she is about to tell the Liars that Alison is `` A '' and covers up her kidnapping as a homicide . She then brings Mona to the Dollhouse and tortures her and forces her to dress up and act like Alison . Just as the Liars are being brought to jail , CeCe kidnaps them and tortures them inside the Dollhouse . Inside , the Liars discover that Big `` A '' is named Charles DiLaurentis . CeCe / Charlotte reveals herself as `` A '' and tells her story ; saying that she is transgender , was formerly known as Charles DiLaurentis , and became ' A ' because the Liars were happy that Alison was gone . She worked with Sara Harvey , who was the Black Widow and a decoy Red Coat , and was also responsible for the `` death '' of Alison and the death of Wilden , and after telling her story , she attempts suicide by jumping off Radley but is stopped . She is admitted to Welby State and her reign as `` A '' finally ends and stays in the psychiatric hospital for five years . When she is released , Charlotte is murdered by Mona Vanderwaal and her death causes the birth of `` A.D. '' , the new Uber A. After her death , it is revealed that Noel Kahn was also working for Charlotte . It is also revealed that her birth mother is Jessica 's twin , Mary Drake , and her birth father is Ted Wilson , while Spencer is her sister . Uber `` a '' ( edit ) Uber A , also known as A.D. , is the third major `` A '' to have tormented the Liars . In the show 's series finale , Uber A 's identity is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's twin sister who was put up for adoption at birth . She desperately craves vengeance over the tragic passing of Charlotte DiLaurentis , who was her half - sister , and is trying to seek out the person responsible . Unlike Mona or Charlotte , Alex does not use any nicknames at first but instead signs their messages with emojis , which differentiates her from the A-Team . This causes Caleb to nickname her Amoji . However , in the sixth - season finale , she begins using the alias `` A.D. '' and kidnaps Hanna , whom she believes is accountable for her sister 's homicide . Hanna manages to escape Uber A 's clutches and Alex goes after Alison , who the Liars suggested as guilty for her own cousin 's murder . Uber A eventually finds out that Alison is innocent after searching her jacket . While Uber A does work on their own , she also works through a new `` A-Team '' of helpers , known to consist of Jenna Marshall , Sydney Driscoll , and Aria Montgomery , who are assisting them in completing the endgame . The series finale explains that Alex Drake was put up for adoption in exchange for a sum of money ( for Mary ) , but then left at an orphanage by her adopted parents who were concerned for their image . She ran away from the orphanage at ten years old and eventually started working in a bar in London , where Wren Kingston mistook her for Spencer , revealing the existence of Alex 's twin and Charlotte . Wren introduces Charlotte and Alex in an airport ( just after Charlotte met Archer Dunhill ) and they immediately connect , becoming very close in a short amount of time . After Charlotte is released from Welby , she tells Alex that she wishes to return to Rosewood and resume the game , but Alex says she should n't go unless she gets to come too , since she wants to meet Spencer . Charlotte says no and describes the Hastings as `` toxic people '' before leaving for Rosewood , where she was murdered by Mona . Alex is enraged and forces Wren to shoot her so that she looks exactly like Spencer and can successfully impersonate her . She then goes to Rosewood and picks up the game as `` Uber A '' . Alex has made several appearances where she impersonates Spencer , including , but not limited to : The run in with Ezra at the airport where she introduced Wren , the kiss between `` Spencer '' and Toby just before the latter planned to leave Rosewood with Yvonne , and Hanna 's `` dream '' where she `` hallucinated '' Spencer while A.D held her hostage . The latter was done so that Alex could find out whether Hanna was telling the truth about killing Charlotte . The A-Team ( edit ) The A-Team is a group of anonymous characters that worked together as `` A '' . The team would work under the orders of the `` A '' in charge , who has been Mona Vanderwaal , the original leader and founder and CeCe Drake , the second leader . Five years later , Alex Drake , also known as Uber A , assembles a team of their own . This team continues using the same name , though is also referred to as the `` A.D. - Team '' . Members ( edit ) Sara Harvey ( edit ) Sara was the right - hand woman to Charlotte and also revealed as an A-Team member halfway throughout the sixth season . Sara is revealed as a Red Coat and the Black Widow , hired to pose as a decoy whenever Charlotte could n't sport the Red Coat disguise . She then became Charlotte 's friend and ally in the `` A '' game and assisted her in most of her schemes . Sara was allegedly diagnosed with Stockholm Syndrome following Charlotte 's arrest , but later discloses to Alison that she lied under oath , also admitting that she and Charlotte were in fact close friends and she felt as though they were sisters . Later , Sara was possibly enlisted by `` A.D. '' to work with them . However , Sara was killed by Noel Kahn after she tried to reveal more than she should to Emily . Sydney Driscoll ( edit ) Sydney is Uber A 's helper for a brief while . She is first seen communicating with them through text messages , when she makes a donation under their name at the Vogel Vision Institute . When Aria and Emily confront her , Driscoll claims that she is simply representing a client who prefers to remain anonymous . However , she returns in the following episode and reveals herself to be `` A.D. '' . She offers Aria the chance to join their team , but Aria realizes that Sydney is communicating with someone through an ear piece , revealing that she 's just a minion . Aria asks her why she would join their tormentor and Driscoll replies that she wants to be part of the `` winning team '' . However , Uber A , who reveals herself as Spencer 's twin sister Alex Drake , reveals in the series finale that Sydney was n't involved in the Blind School shooting and joined the A-Team because Alex found out she had been stealing from a bank and she fit the hoodie . Toby Cavanaugh ( edit ) Toby was recruited by Mona to join the A-Team when he got a job in Bucks County . His participation in the team was revealed in the mid-season finale of the third season . He worked hand in hand with Mona and did most of the dirty work for the team , like running down Lucas and attacking Hanna . However , like Mona , he did n't know the identity of Red Coat . Spencer finds out about his betrayal and goes off the deep end , especially after discovering his corpse . However , it is revealed that he is alive and well , with the corpse being a trick by Mona and Red Coat that he says he did n't know about until after . He is also revealed to be a double agent and gets kicked off the team . Spencer Hastings ( edit ) Spencer joined the A-Team briefly near the ending of the third season after having been invited by Mona at the Radley while hospitalized . Initially , Spencer was extremely determined to be part of the team . However , she later unfolds the truth behind the disappearance of Toby and became a double agent as well . Likewise Toby , she got kicked off from the team . She is the `` A '' who kidnapped Malcolm , causing a break up between Ezra and Aria . Lucas gottesman ( edit ) Lucas was the personal assistant to Mona . He was blackmailed by Mona and the A-Team into sending texts and doing their dirty work . Lucas claims his blackmail began after Mona discovered he was selling test answers , however Mona later discloses that Lucas was the `` A '' who gave Emily a massage back in the second season while Mona was off riding with Hanna . During the seventh - season episode `` Hold Your Piece '' , Pastor Ted Wilson reveals to Hanna that he used to run a summer camp for troubled boys , and Charlotte was a camper there prior to her sex change . Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with his offspring without awareness they were related . Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp , chaperoning Charles and Lucas , whom he described as his son 's `` only friend '' . Melissa Hastings ( edit ) Melissa was blackmailed by Mona into wearing the Black Swan disguise to the Masquerade Ball in order to distract Jenna . Mona threatened to reveal her fake pregnancy if she did n't obey her orders . Later , Melissa got onto the Halloween Train dressed as the Queen of Hearts and drugged Aria . Wilden then attempted to push her off of the train in a box with Garrett 's dead body . It is implied that she was once again blackmailed . It is implied in `` A Dark Ali '' that Melissa is once again working for `` A '' , as she is seen handing a recording ( presumed stolen by `` A '' ) to a man resembling Cyrus Petrillo and later implies to Spencer that `` A '' has something in store for Ali and the Liars . Darren Wilden ( edit ) Wilden was also part of the team as he was the Queens of Hearts responsible for trying to kill Spencer . He also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose him as a crooked cop and placed his corpse in a box beside a fainted Aria . Wilden 's reasoning for helping the team is unknown but implied to be blackmail . Jenna Marshall ( edit ) Jenna was a member of the A-Team during the reign of Big A and was also working anonymously for Uber A. She remains around Rosewood in `` Along Comes Mary '' and befriends Sara Harvey . Meanwhile , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields discover that Jenna was on Archer 's payroll for unknown reasons . On the episode 's closing scene , Marshall and Sara are having drinks at The Radley when an unknown figure approaches the two and reveals themselves to be Noel Kahn , who proceeds to join the duo . When confronted by Emily in regards to her involvement with Archer during `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' , Jenna admits she befriended Charlotte DiLaurentis after reading about her stay at Welby and reached out . In a flashback , Charlotte enlists Jenna 's help to track down the whereabouts of her birth mother and come up with an alias for Archer . The pseudonym `` Elliott Rollins '' was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte 's eventual release from the psychiatric hospital . In `` The DArkest Knight '' all of the Liars get a text message , ordering them to head over to 1465 , Elm Street . After being lured to an abandoned school for blind students , they 're held hostage by Noel and Jenna , with Marshall tracking them down at gunpoint . During the cat - and - mouse chase , Jenna takes aim at the Liars only to backfire , until a second gunshot is heard and it injures Spencer . As Marshall prepares to finish her off , Mary Drake suddenly emerges from behind and knocks her out . While Drake attempts to help Spencer , an unknown figure drags Jenna away from the building . On the closing scene of the episode , the anonymous entity places her in the back of a van , while she questions them if they were responsible for the gunshot that hit Spencer . As the mysterious figure proceeds to rip off an old man 's mask and toss it over to Jenna 's side , Marshall feels it up and realizes that A.D. was the one who rescued her . At the end of `` Playtime '' , Jenna is seated in A.D. 's lair , sipping tea . She thanks the unidentified individual for the drink and reminds them of their promise to update her on the `` game '' . Dressed in a nurse 's uniform , A.D. drops a binder on Marshall 's lap with pages of information written in braille . After Jenna reads a paragraph , she mutters the word `` endgame '' and grins in delight . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . After Jenna describes her side of the story , Furey orders one of his associates to escort Marshall to a conference room so she can make an official statement . As Jenna exits the room , Spencer claims that she 's an unreliable narrator . However , Furey informs Spencer that the authorities do n't have enough evidence against Marshall because the bullet that injured Spencer did n't match the gun found at the location . Later in the episode , Caleb confronts Jenna stating that the authorities were already detecting holes in her allegations . However , Marshall assures Caleb they wo n't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement . In the series finale , Spencer 's twin , Alex Drake , is revealed to be `` A.D. '' . She reveals that Jenna was looking for her and recruited Noel to help . However , Jenna was desperate for another chance to see and offered to help her in the game . Noel Kahn ( edit ) Noel Kahn returned to Rosewood to team up with Jenna Marshall and Sara Harvey . Kahn served as one of Charlotte 's former minions and worked for her at the Dollhouse , having been responsible for placing blood all over Spencer Hastings to convince she had hurt someone . Noel became the prime suspect for Uber A , particularly after Alison reveals that he pushed a girl down a flight of stairs when he was drunk during a UPenn frat party . Hanna abducts him at the end of `` The Wrath of Kahn '' in an attempt to obtain a video confession that proves he 's their tormentor . In the following episode `` The DArkest Knight '' , she instead ends up slashing his leg with a knife in order to test his DNA and see if it matches Mary Drake 's . The results later come back negative and Kahn ends up escaping . Noel and Jenna later lure the Liars to an abandoned school for blind students so they could be held hostage and eventually murdered . During a cat - and - mouse chase , Kahn ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head after failing to fight Emily and Hanna . In the following episode , `` Playtime '' , Detective Marco Furey informs Spencer that Jenna and Noel frequently visited Archer Dunhill at Welby . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . However , when Caleb later confronts Jenna about the authorities detecting holes in her allegations , she informs him that the only person who could contradict her side of the story was Noel . Aria Montgomery ( edit ) Aria is `` A.D. 's '' helper . Aria is given the offer to join the team in `` Power Play '' . She accepts in the following episode and begins supplying information to Uber A. After the Liars discover Lucas ' graphic novel , Aria is sent by Uber A to retrieve it . Once she delivers it , she is given an `` A '' hoodie in return . She breaks into Alison 's house sporting the disguise and trashes the nursery for her baby . In the next episode , Aria is sent by `` A.D. '' to deliver a `` gift '' to the Hastings family . She connects to their Bluetooth and leaves a burner phone there to play a video recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder . She later gets back into her `` A '' disguise and breaks into Alison 's house to put the puzzle piece onto the and retrieve her file . `` A.D. '' contacts Aria again and gives her a phone to communicate on . `` A.D. '' asks Aria to meet them and to wear the uniform to do so . Mona overhears the call and tells the Liars of Aria 's involvement with the A-Team . Aria gets into her `` A '' hoodie and goes to meet `` A.D. '' , only to be confronted by the Liars . She then officially defects from the team and rejoins the Liars . Mary Drake ( edit ) Mary joins the A.D. - Team after the time jump , when Alex helps break her out of prison and then helps her with kidnapping Spencer and keeping her locked away in their bunker . When Alex tries to kill Spencer , Mary tries to convince her to just keep her locked up , but Alex refuses and punches her to keep her from interfering . Mary and Alex are then kidnapped by Mona and kept as her dolls in her own personal dollhouse . Wren Kingston ( edit ) Wren is one of the helpers to Alex . He shoots her so that she will have the same scar as Spencer and then later comes to Welby to kill Mona as `` A.D. '' for Alex , only stopping once Mona says she can help get Mary out . Alex kills Wren so that she does n't have to break up with him in order to get her endgame wishes . Despite Wren being the only person to know almost everything about Alex 's game , he does n't participate much during the actual game , only doing a few things for Alex . Other `` a 's '' ( edit ) Caleb rivers ( edit ) Caleb used the identity of `` A '' to text Hanna in Season 3 , in order to trick her into meeting him . He sent her the text `` The Apple Rose Grille at closing time . Go alone or Caleb pays . - A '' to find out this information from her about the new `` A '' . Shana Fring ( edit ) Shana pretended to be `` A '' to attack the Liars in New York . She donned a black hoodie and attacked them at the coffee shop , only to end up shooting Ezra instead , who had found out her identity . In the following episode , she continued to hunt down the Liars , and sent a group of black hoodies to trick them . The black hoodies used the alias `` A '' during their taunting of the Liars . Shana revealed herself to the girls and revealed that she wanted justice for Jenna . The Liars falsely believed that Shana was Big A . Disguises ( edit ) During the TV series , the antagonists used various disguises at parties and events , in order to watch over the girls . They are : Red Coat ( edit ) Main article : Red Coat ( Pretty Little Liars ) Red Coat is a disguise used by two members of the A-Team . CeCe Drake took on the disguise to lead the A-Team and go out in public , while she hired Sara Harvey to act as a decoy whenever she could n't sport the disguise in her assignments . The Black Widow ( edit ) The Black Widow is a previously anonymous character who attended detective Darren Wilden 's funeral in `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' . The disguise is all black clothing , with her face concealed by a black veil . The Black Widow is shown to be a part of the A-Team , when she is seen inside the `` A '' R.V. placing a Mona doll with the rest of the `` A '' doll collection . She then lifts up her veil to reveal a burned Ali mask underneath , revealing that she was the Red Coat at the Lodge . In the fifth season , the disguise is seen inside one of `` A '' 's lairs . In `` Game Over , Charles '' , it is revealed that Sara Harvey was the Black Widow . Charlotte sent her to Wilden 's funeral to make sure he was deceased . In `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , Sara shows up to Charlotte 's funeral in a variation of the disguise , though this time revealing her face . In a nightmare that Alison had during `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' , her mom , Jessica DiLaurentis shows up as the Black Widow . The Queen of Hearts ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the third season 's Halloween special , `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . In the fourth season 's premiere , it is revealed that there were actually two of them in the Halloween train , Melissa Hastings and Darren Wilden . Wilden attacked Spencer and fought Paige , while Melissa drugged Aria and took her body . Wilden also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose his corrupt activities and Melissa later admits to Spencer that she was blackmailed into doing his bidding . However , in Mona 's footage , evidence shows that Wilden tried to abandon the train and Melissa is heard ordering him to stay . Wilden would later place a fainted Aria in a box beside Garrett 's corpse and then gathered with Melissa in an attempt to push them off the train . They fled the scene once Aria regained her consciousness and stabbed Wilden . The Black Swan ( edit ) The Black Swan is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the Masquerade Ball . Melissa was revealed to be the person behind the disguise in `` Birds of a Feather '' . She claimed that `` A '' ( Mona ) threatened her , stating that her false pregnancy would 've been exposed if she did not distract Jenna during the event . The disguise is inspired by Odile from Swan Lake . The Black hoodie ( edit ) Of course , the black hoodie has been the most significant disguise over the years and probably the most well known . Almost every single `` A '' has worn the signature black hoodie and it will be one of the biggest things for as long as Pretty Little Liars will be remembered . The disguise has been used by Mona , Charlotte , Toby , Spencer , Lucas , Sydney , Aria , Wren , and Alex . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Pilot '' . ABC Family . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Over , Charles '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` '' Pretty Little Liars '' Finale Recap : `` Game Over , Charles '' ( VIDEO ) `` . Gossip Cop . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorren , Martha . `` Sara Harvey Is Red Coat On ' Pretty Little Liars ' & She Was In Cahoots With CeCe '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` Pretty Little Liars boss definitively answers who was behind the show 's biggest mysteries '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://freeform.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars/news/who-is-sydney-on-pretty-little-liars Jump up ^ `` The Lady Killer '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ I. Marlene King ( @ imarleneking ) ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` @ SherrieScream4 pretending '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Miss Me x 100 '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka . Writer : King , I. Marlene ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Unmasked '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 25 . ABC Family . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_(Pretty_Little_Liars)&oldid=841473122 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional murderers Fictional kidnappers Fictional hackers Fictional stalkers Fictional blackmailers Literary villains Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20%28Pretty%20Little%20Liars%29
| 18,990 |
||
where do they film have i got news for you
|
Have I Got News for You Also known as Have I Got a Bit More News for You ( extended version ) Have I Got Old News for You ( repeats ) Genre Comedy Panel game Created by Harry Thompson Presented by Angus Deayton ( 1990 -- 2002 ) Guest presenters ( 2002 onwards ) Starring Ian Hislop Paul Merton Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 54 No. of episodes 468 ( as of 6 October 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) The London Studios ( until 2018 ) Riverside Studios ( 2018 -- ) Running time 30 minutes ( standard ) 40 minutes ( extended ) Production company ( s ) Hat Trick Productions Release Original network BBC Two ( 1990 -- 2000 ) BBC One ( 2000 onwards ) BBC One HD ( 2011 onwards ) Picture format 576i 4 : 3 ( 1990 -- 1998 ) 576i 16 : 9 ( 1998 -- 2010 ) 1080i 16 : 9 ( 2011 onwards ) Original release 28 September 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 28 ) -- present External links Website
|
Have I Got News for You
|
have i got news for you
|
Have I Got News for You is a British television panel show produced by Hat Trick Productions for the BBC . It is loosely based on the BBC Radio 4 show The News Quiz , and has been regularly broadcast since 1990 . The show has cultivated a reputation for sailing close to the wind in matters of libel and slander with its topical and satirical remit .
|
Have I Got News for You is often cited as beginning the increasing domination of panel shows in British TV comedy , and remains one of the genre 's key standard - bearers . In recognition of this , the show received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2011 British Comedy Awards . It was the first time the honour had been bestowed upon a collective instead of an individual or double act . In 2016 they also received a BAFTA in the Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme category . For its first 10 years , the programme was shown on BBC Two . In 2000 , the BBC moved its nightly BBC One news bulletin , the BBC Nine O'Clock News , from nine o'clock to ten o'clock ( now known as the BBC News at Ten ) after ITV moved their long - running ten o'clock bulletin , News at Ten , to eleven o'clock . This left a gap in the schedules , and Have I Got News for You was moved as a result to 9pm on Friday nights on BBC One , where it has remained since , apart from two series in 2010 when the show was broadcast on Thursday nights . There have been 54 series of the programme broadcast . The UKTV channel Dave carries regular repeats of the show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Participants 1.1 Guest presenters 1.2 Guest appearance records 1.3 Guest appearance tallies 2 Format 2.1 Main section 3 Controversy and litigation 4 Video exclusives 5 DVDs 6 Internet spin - offs 7 Other shows based on the Have I Got News for You format 8 Episodes 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Participants ( edit ) The original line - up , from 1990 to 2002 , was Angus Deayton as chairman , with Ian Hislop , the editor of Private Eye , and comedian Paul Merton as team captains . Each captain was accompanied by a guest , usually a politician , journalist or comedian , or somebody particularly relevant to recent news . Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during the 11th series in 1996 , making only one appearance as a guest on Hislop 's team . He was variously replaced as opposing team captain by Clive Anderson , Alan Davies and Eddie Izzard ( with another two episodes featuring an equal - billing double act as the opponents of Hislop 's team ) . Merton later explained that at the time he was `` very tired '' of the show and that he thought it had become `` stuck in a rut '' . Nevertheless , he added that he felt his absence gave the programme the `` shot in the arm '' it needed and that it had been `` better ever since '' . In May 2002 , following newspaper headlines of his sex with a prostitute and use of illegal drugs , Deayton was relentlessly ridiculed on the show by Hislop and Merton ( along with guests Dave Gorman and Ken Livingstone ) . Following a second round of revelations about his private life later in the year , leading to further mockery , Deayton was fired in October , two shows into series 24 . At short notice , Merton hosted the first episode after Deayton 's departure , and was described as `` merciless '' in his treatment of his former co-star . A series of guest hosts appeared for the remainder of the series , including Anne Robinson , Boris Johnson , and Jeremy Clarkson . Despite an initial search for a permanent successor to Deayton , having a different guest host each week proved successful , with average audience figures increasing from 6 million to 7 million . It was therefore announced in June 2003 that this feature would continue permanently . Hislop is the only person to have appeared in every episode -- despite suffering from appendicitis during one 1994 edition and having to go to hospital immediately afterwards . Merton is one of three people to have played all three roles of the show 's format at various points : he has been captain of his own team , was the first post-Deayton presenter ( series 24 , episode 3 ) , and has also been a guest on a team ( Hislop 's team , in series 11 , episode 1 ) . The others who have occupied all three positions are Clive Anderson and Frank Skinner , who have both stood in for Merton as team captain ( in series 11 , episodes 3 & 6 and series 36 , episode 5 respectively ) . Anderson also filled in for Merton at the last minute for the special live edition for 24 Hour Panel People for Red Nose Day 2011 . ( Martin Clunes could be considered the fourth person to have done all three roles , after sitting in Merton 's usual seat in series 11 , episode 4 , but with his teammate being Men Behaving Badly co-star Neil Morrissey , the duo were given equal billing , with no captain ) . Apart from Merton , there are twelve other people who have appeared as a panellist after being a guest host : Clive Anderson , Gyles Brandreth , Marcus Brigstocke , Jimmy Carr , Jeremy Clarkson ( who subsequently appeared as a guest host again ) , Alan Johnson , Charles Kennedy , Richard Madeley , Richard Osman , Robert Peston , John Prescott and Liza Tarbuck . The only guests to have also worked on the production off camera are Kevin Day and John O'Farrell who have both had stints on the writing team . Guest presenters ( edit ) Main article : List of Have I Got News for You presenters Guest appearance records ( edit ) Alexander Armstrong holds the record for both most appearances as guest presenter , as well as most guest appearances in total , having appeared 30 times in the central chair . He has never appeared in any other role . Andy Hamilton holds the record for appearances as a guest panellist , with 20 . Guest appearance tallies ( edit ) Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times . The list below includes guests who have appeared as presenter or panelist , and does not include the two video - exclusive releases , Have I Got Unbroadcastable News for You and The Official Pirate Video , nor the various Comic Relief specials . List complete up to 15 December 2017 . 30 appearances Alexander Armstrong 21 appearances Jo Brand 20 appearances Andy Hamilton 19 appearances Ross Noble 15 appearances Martin Clunes Victoria Coren Mitchell 14 appearances Jack Dee Kirsty Young 13 appearances Marcus Brigstocke Jeremy Clarkson David Mitchell Janet Street - Porter 12 appearances Reginald D. Hunter Ken Livingstone Frank Skinner 10 appearances Clive Anderson Germaine Greer 9 appearances Danny Baker Gyles Brandreth Miles Jupp Charles Kennedy Stephen Mangan Will Self Mark Steel 8 appearances Julia Hartley - Brewer Richard Osman Jon Richardson 7 appearances Bill Bailey Charlie Brooker Roisin Conaty Dr Phil Hammond Armando Iannucci Boris Johnson 6 appearances Chris Addison Kevin Bridges Eddie Izzard Damian Lewis Fred MacAulay Lembit Öpik Nick Robinson Katherine Ryan Linda Smith Joe Wilkinson 5 appearances Clare Balding Jimmy Carr Richard Coles Sara Cox Alan Davies Rich Hall Nick Hewer Maureen Lipman Camilla Long Lee Mack Bob Marshall - Andrews Andrew Neil Dara Ó Briain Sara Pascoe Sue Perkins John Sergeant Francis Wheen 4 appearances Diane Abbott Frankie Boyle Fern Britton Kathy Burke Ed Byrne Susan Calman Alan Coren Hal Cruttenden Hugh Dennis Alan Duncan Miranda Hart Alan Johnson Quentin Letts Graham Linehan Sean Lock John O'Farrell Jacob Rees - Mogg Griff Rhys Jones Alex Salmond Peter Serafinowicz John Simpson Tony Slattery Kirsty Wark Henning Wehn Jack Whitehall Richard Wilson Format ( edit ) The Have I Got News for You studio Have I Got News for You began on BBC Two on 28 September 1990 and transferred to BBC One in October 2000 . `` Myself and Ian , we did a disastrous pilot for it , '' Paul Merton said nine years later . `` It was a beautiful summer 's afternoon in 1990 . Far too nice to be in a television studio , but I think the BBC had already bought it , so that 's how it became a series . '' Two series are made every year . At first , the number of episodes per series was inconsistent . However , a pattern soon formed whereby the spring series between April to June comprises eight episodes and the autumn series between October to December contains nine , with a one - week break in the middle to allow the broadcasting of Children in Need . The 39th series , broadcast in early 2010 , moved the show to a Thursday night slot . The 40th series remained in this new time slot , despite one episode being broadcast the day after due to the Royal Variety Performance ; both series featured an extra episode , with the spring series now featuring 9 episodes and the autumn series 10 episodes . Over an hour 's worth of material is recorded for each 30 - minute programme for broadcast the following day , allowing the programme to remain topical while the BBC 's lawyers have time to request cuts of potentially defamatory material . As for its popularity , Merton explained that it was mostly word - of - mouth : `` No reviewer could possibly review it in that time . We started off with an audience of two million , and somebody might have mentioned it to their friend , and then it sort of built up a momentum of its own . '' In recent years , the late - night weekend repeat has occasionally contained extra material from the week 's recording . This became a permanent feature from the spring 2007 series , with the repeat having a running time of 40 minutes , and being titled ( in the TV listings ) Have I Got a Bit More News for You . The programme is recorded at the London Studios , former home of London Weekend Television , although the 2001 Election special episode was recorded at BBC Television Centre on the Friday morning after the election . The quiz aspect and scores are largely ignored in favour of the panellists ' witty exchanges and jokes , and the format seems to change frequently . `` There 's been a lot of confusion , with people saying , ' Well , they see the questions beforehand , ' which we do , '' revealed Merton in 1999 . `` But some people say we see the answers , which we do n't , because that would rob it of being a quiz . '' `` There is a certain amount of show business that goes on in putting on a show , '' continued Merton . `` We found very early on that it 's worth seeing the questions beforehand so that you can work out your depth of ignorance . If you really do n't know , you think , ' Well , I 've really got to try and say something here . ' It 's much better to be doing that for ten or fifteen minutes before the show than be doing it when the cameras are rolling , in front of an audience , going , ' Well , who 's he ? ' '' Norman Tebbit wrote an article in The Mail on Sunday criticising the whole programme : ' Well , of course Have I Got News for You is all edited . These people , they could n't improvise live . You put them on a stage , they would n't be able to improvise . ' Merton said of this : `` Well , when Norman Tebbit said I could n't improvise , I was ... ( blows out cheeks and then goes silent ) . '' Main section ( edit ) The main section of the show comprises several rounds , although , as noted above , this is liable to change . Since the show originally aired , several rounds have been dropped from the original format , but a typical show will usually consist of the following : Round 1 is the `` Film Round '' . Silent video clips , usually from news reports , are played to the teams . Two points are awarded for correctly identifying the story -- but as the round covers the major stories of the week , the quiz aspect is downplayed here in favour of discussion and banter . The host will still ask questions to highlight details of a story , but no further points are awarded for the answers . Sometimes , the clips used have been specially chosen from particular sources , such as in the 2008 Christmas special , which used clips from Christmas specials of various other TV programmes to provide the clues . The 1993 ' Thatcher special ' presented a slight variation called Who Dares Loses ? , where the teams had to identify who in the clip ' lost ' . On rare occasions , sound is added to the clip , such as a `` ker - ching '' in the montage that depicted the 2009 MPs ' expenses scandal or the Blue Peter theme tune in the week that presenter Richard Bacon had been caught taking drugs . The only occasion that the video clip element of this round has been deviated from was during series 37 , when one of the clips was audio only with no pictures . The question was about the Hum , which none of the panel could hear anyway . Early series featured two similar games later in the show ; the `` Connections Round '' , with the panel identifying the individuals and the story that linked them , and the `` Archive Round '' , featuring pre-1990 news footage in a ' what happened next ? ' format . Both were dropped as the more popular rounds began to use up more time . Round 2 was originally the `` Tabloid Headlines Round '' , in which the panellists identified and commented on the more flippant stories of the week from sufficiently pun - filled tabloid headlines . Another of the original rounds later dropped was the similar `` Mini-Headlines Round '' , where the panel had to identify a story from the four words used in the original tabloid report as effective chapter headings . In 2004 , the headlines were filtered out and replaced with a picture game . An image is slowly revealed to the teams , the object being for one to buzz in before the other and guess how the resulting person or object is relevant to the week 's news . Originally this took the form of the `` Picture - Spin Quiz '' . Regular variants since have included the `` Jigsaw of News '' and the Christmas - themed `` Giblets of News '' , while others have featured wieldy props for the host , such as the `` Wheel of News '' , the `` One - Armed Bandit of News '' and the `` Strengthometer of News '' . A few versions have been more specific to that week 's guest host ; e.g. Dominic West , star of American cop drama The Wire , had the `` Squad Car of News '' . Occasionally the round is themed around one topic . In these instances , it usually becomes a more straightforward Q&A ' fingers - on - buzzers ' round . Another slight variation is a spoof of an existing quiz / gameshow , often done when pertinent to the current guests . For example ; a mock Mastermind game when Magnus Magnusson appeared or the infamous `` Play Your Iraqi Cards Right '' from Bruce Forsyth 's first time as host , which took the format of the presenter 's former game show , as well as referencing a special deck of cards produced by the Americans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Round 3 is the `` Odd One Out Round '' , where four personalities , characters and / or objects are presented to a team , whereupon they must identify the interloper , and the topical , amusing or ridiculously obscure link between the other three . In one episode , Merton 's `` Odd One Out '' selection consisted of 16 images and in another , the round comprised four photos of Michael Howard . On another occasion the four choices were Hislop , Merton and both guests , Germaine Greer and Charles Kennedy . The four pictures used were the live remote feeds from the studio cameras . ( This technique was also used in an episode hosted by Ronnie Corbett , when the comedian featured as one of the choices . ) One week , after it had been revealed that a group of celebrities had taken out press injunctions , the round consisted of four blanked out images , with the host , Rhod Gilbert , explaining that they were unable to reveal who exactly was the odd one out , or the reason . A short - lived variant was another take on the aforementioned `` Connections Round '' , with images of three people given , the teams working out what linked them . When Bruce Forsyth was host , this round was replaced by `` Conveyer Belt Connections '' , a reference to the final round of The Generation Game . One of the belts consisted of people and objects whose resulting connection was that they had all been the Odd One Out in previous editions of the show . This included the disparate grouping together of raw sewage , The Hay Wain , Tinky Winky and Osama bin Laden . Round 4 is the `` Missing Words Round '' , where newspaper headlines are displayed , with choice words blanked out . The panellists then suggest what these could be . Since 1994 , a regular feature of this round is that some of the banners are taken from that week 's choice of obscure `` guest publication '' . Over the years , these have included Goat World , Arthritis News , International Car Park Design , `` The Caravan Times '' and Diarrhoea Digest . Examples of Missing Words are `` I 'll take Edward up the _____ '' , `` Church may be forced to sell _____ '' and `` PM sucked into _____ '' . After the final scores are read out , there is often an additional Caption Competition , where potentially amusing pictures are shown , to which the panellists are invited to provide an apt headline . No points are awarded for this section . Controversy and litigation ( edit ) In a 1994 episode , Deayton read out the following : `` The BBC are cracking down on references to Ian and Kevin Maxwell , in case programme - makers appear biased in their treatment of these two heartless , scheming bastards . '' However , the Maxwell brothers were about to go on trial , and on 26 July 1996 , the BBC and Hat Trick Productions were fined £ 10,000 each in the High Court for contempt of court . The risky nature of the joke was readily apparent on the night itself , with Hislop and Merton humorously claiming that Deayton might genuinely have to prepare himself for a spell in prison because of it . In 1996 , a book based on the series , Have I Got 1997 for You , noted about Conservative MP Rupert Allason that `` ... given Mr Allason 's fondness for pursuing libel actions , there are also excellent legal reasons for not referring to him as a conniving little shit '' . Allason then pursued a libel action against BBC Worldwide and Hat Trick Productions over the remark , but lost the case . In April 2003 , three - time guest panellist Stephen Fry announced that he was boycotting the show following the sacking of Angus Deayton . Fry described Deayton 's disposal as `` greasy , miserable , British and pathetic '' . On 23 November 2007 , Ann Widdecombe appeared as a guest host for the second time , with Jimmy Carr as Hislop 's teammate . However , owing to Carr 's risqué material , Widdecombe vowed she would never appear on Have I Got News for You again . She said , `` His idea of wit is a barrage of filth and the sort of humour most men grow out of in their teens . There 's no amount of money for which I would go through those two recording hours again . At one stage I nearly walked out . '' The following week , Will Self appeared as a guest . Self , one of the most frequent guests on HIGNFY , said that he would not appear on the show again either . He said , `` I 'm afraid that without the reality element , the programme has become just like any other pseudo-panel contest , where funny fellows sit behind desks cracking jokes . Moreover , in the post-Hutton Inquiry era , the BBC seems to have lost its bottle so far as edgy satire is concerned : the sharpest crack I made all evening -- and the one that received the most audience laughter -- was cut for transmission . '' The edition of 26 April 2013 prompted over 100 complaints to the BBC and Ofcom for its perceived anti-Scottish stance during a section discussing Scottish independence . Ian Hislop had suggested Mars bars would become the currency of a post-independence Scotland , while guest host Ray Winstone added , `` To be fair the Scottish economy has its strengths -- its chief exports being oil , whisky , tartan and tramps . '' A June 2017 general election special episode of the programme featured a tweet allegedly from Conservative Member of Parliament `` James Conwyn '' of Earlingford . No such politician exists , nor does the Earlingford constituency . The BBC apologised for the mistake and stated they will amend any repeats of the episode . Video exclusives ( edit ) Four VHS videos were released , two containing specially made editions of the programme : Have I Got News For You , Volume 1 ( 1993 ) , containing clips from the first five series plus the complete 1992 election night special . Also released on Video CD . Have I Got Unbroadcastable News For You ( 1995 ) , featuring guests Eddie Izzard , Richard Wilson and a surprise appearance from Germaine Greer ( specially produced ) . Classic Battles & Bust - Ups ( 1996 ) , three full - length episodes featuring the Tub of Lard , Paula Yates and Germaine Greer , among others . Have I Got News For You : The Official Pirate Video ( 1997 ) , featuring guests Martin Clunes and Neil Morrissey ( specially produced ) . Dvds ( edit ) The Very Best of Have I Got News For You ( 2002 ) , a compilation of highlights from the first 12 years of the show , from the beginning up until the episode made after Deayton hit the tabloids . The running time is just over three hours long , and there are several hours of extras , including , among other things , running commentary of the whole presentation by Merton and Hislop . Also featured is a clip of Sir Terry Wogan on Room 101 , nominating the programme as one of his pet hates . ( Wogan 's appearance came during the period when Room 101 was hosted by Nick Hancock and not HIGNFY 's own Paul Merton . ) In addition , interviews with political figures ( taken from the Channel 4 Politics Awards ) reveal their opinions on the series . Have I Got News For You : The Best of the Guest Presenters ( 2003 ) , which , as well as including the normal half - hour cut of Boris Johnson 's first guest - hosting , also included a bonus disc , `` The Full Boris '' , which showed a far longer cut of the same episode ( lasting slightly under 60 minutes ) . Slightly longer versions of the shows featuring Martin Clunes , William Hague and Bruce Forsyth as chairman were also included , as well as a compilation of clips taken from other editions from the first two series with guest hosts ( with only the episode hosted by Liza Tarbuck not represented ) . There are also several small extra features , including a discussion between Paul Merton and Boris Johnson regarding Johnson 's appearance as presenter , filmed during his appearance as the celebrity guest on the Merton - hosted Room 101 . Have I Got News For You : The Best of the Guest Presenters Vol. 2 ( 2005 ) , which is nearer in content to the first `` Best of '' DVD compilation than its direct predecessor . It contains four 45 - minute compilations of the Autumn 2003 , Spring 2004 , Autumn 2004 and Spring 2005 series , rather than complete episodes ; although it does again contain a bonus disc with an uncut version of Boris Johnson 's second stint as presenter . This episode lasts about 80 minutes . `` The A to Z of HIGNFY '' is also included on the second disc . Each letter is used to stand for a different term or name often associated with the show , each highlighted by various example clips -- except for the `` problem letters '' of X , Y and Z , which just lead into a selection of random outtakes . This feature also includes some behind - the - scenes content , with Marcus Brigstocke guiding the viewer around the studio and backstage , on a recording night . Internet Spin - offs ( edit ) During the late 1990s , the website haveigotnewsforyou.com , run in association with Freeserve , featured interactive versions of the show 's games , including the missing words round and the caption competition , with prizes up for grabs . Have I Got News for You started broadcasting a video podcast , The Inevitable Internet Spin - off , on 13 April 2007 . It was initially planned to run for six series , from series 33 to 38 , taking it to the end of 2009 . Referred to as `` webisodes '' , episodes are available via both the BBC iPlayer and YouTube . From the beginning of Series 37 , a new internet feature , Have I Got News for You , News ... for You , was introduced . A short programme featuring typical opening and closing sequences ( without the presence of a live audience ) as well as other short sketches , it has so far been presented by Alexander Armstrong , and run fortnightly , bridging the gap between series 37 and 38 . Other shows based on the Have I Got News for You format ( edit ) Similar shows based on the Have I Got News for You format exist in other countries : American weekly radio show Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! was started in 1998 on public radio network NPR . Based in Chicago , the show follows a similar format with three panellists competing to win but no teams . They play some of the same games including fill in the missing headline , however many games are off limits due to their visual nature . Frequently the same stories are covered on both Wait Wait and Have I Got News for You . Differences include , listeners calling in to win mini games and a celebrity interview and quiz in the middle of the show . Wait Wait is more closely related to The News Quiz which is also the inspiration for Have I Got News for You . Dutch comedian Raoul Heertje appeared on the original Have I Got News for You in May 1995 . A year later he became team captain in the newly launched Dutch version of the show : Dit was het nieuws ( `` This was the news '' ) . On 19 December 2009 , the last episode was broadcast . RTL ran new episodes between May 2011 and October 2015 ; in December 2017 , the show returned to the public broadcaster AVROTROS . In Finland a show called Uutisvuoto ( literally `` newsleak '' ; the pun works as well in both languages ) has been aired since 1998 . In Australia , Paul McDermott hosted Good News Week ( GNW ) , first on ABC TV from 1996 to 2000 and later on Network Ten from 2008 to 2012 . The Ten version also had a weekend broadcast , Good News Weekend , taking its format from Never Mind the Buzzcocks . In 2001 , the company also developed a similar programme to Good News Weekend called The Glass House on ABC TV . Sveriges Television of Sweden aired their version of the show called Snacka om nyheter ( literally : `` Talk about news '' ) between 1995 and 2003 ( which reappeared for a new series in 2008 , this time on Kanal 9 ) . In Denmark . a localised version of the programme , Ugen Der Gak aired on TV2 from 1995 to 1999 , and a new version started airing in 2009 called Nyhedsministeriet ( Translation : `` The News Ministry '' ) . In Norway , NRK broadcasts the show Nytt på nytt ( literally : `` News on News '' ) . It is one of the most popular TV shows in the country around a million viewers every week ( out of a total population of five million ) . Nytt på nytt first aired in 1999 , and is still aired each week on NRK1 . Loosely based on the theme of Have I Got News for You , ITV in the United Kingdom aired a show in 2004 called Bognor or Bust , also fronted by Angus Deayton , which discussed current affairs . ITV made a second attempt at the Have I Got News for You format in 2007 , broadcasting News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald in the United Kingdom . It was presented by newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald and made by Hat Trick Productions , the same production company which makes Have I Got News for You . In Israel , a similar show called Mishak Makhur ran for 54 episodes . In Ireland , RTÉ made one pilot episode of a licensed Have I Got News for You clone , with Dermot Morgan as the presenter sometime in the early 1990s . It was never named or made into a full series . However , a topical news and current affairs quiz appeared entitled Do n't Feed the Gondolas , which was comparable to a cross between Have I Got News for You and Never Mind the Buzzcocks . Another attempt at an equivalent began in 2010 with That 's All We 've Got Time For . Germany had a version called 7 Tage , 7 Köpfe ( literally `` Seven Days , Seven Heads '' ) Inspired by Have I Got News for You , Pakistan 's News , Views & Confused went on air on one of Pakistan 's leading TV channels , AAJ TV from 11 April 2007 . The show is hosted by TV personality and journalist Fasi Zaka and co-hosted by eccentric journalist and writer , Nadeem F. Paracha and fashion journalist , Mohsin Sayeed . Iceland had a version called Þetta Helst ( Translation : `` Top Stories '' ) in the mid-nineties , which aired on RÚV ( The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service ) . The Estonian version called Teletaip ( `` TV uptake '' ) , first aired in 2000 on ETV and a total of seven series have been produced . Its two main hosts have been the comedian Tarmo Leinatamm and current MEP Indrek Tarand . New Zealand has a similar show called 7 Days which began in August 2009 on TV3 and is hosted by Jeremy Corbett . In the USA on 20 November 2009 , NBC taped a pilot episode for an American version of the programme , with host Sam Seder and team captains Greg Giraldo and Michael Ian Black . A weekly panel show the Russian Channel One called Projektorparishilton ( Прожекторперисхилтон ) uses similar format . Four hosts discuss in a satirical manner current affairs read from local and international newspapers and magazines , with one ( occasionally , two or more ) celebrity guest joining them in the midst of the show . The first episode was aired on 17 May 2008 . The Taiwanese talk show Kangxi Lai Le has elements similar to Have I Got News for You 's topical discussion and comedic bantering . However , the comedy is mostly written for the hosts and guests . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Have I Got News for You episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Very Best of Have I Got News for You ( 2002 ) : DVD commentary Jump up ^ Hat Trick Productions : VHS VC6587 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 Winners '' . The British Comedy Academy . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Heslop : My 20 Years at the Eye '' . Independent . 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deayton ' feels a fool ' over reports '' . BBC News . 20 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deayton in the lion 's den '' . BBC News . 24 May 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quiz host Deayton fired by BBC '' . BBC News . 30 October 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Show goes on after Deayton exit '' . BBC News . 1 November 2002 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HIGNFY Jeremy Clarkson '' . BBC Press Office . BBC . 7 December 2002 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV quiz denies Clunes is new host '' . BBC News . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ; Tryhorn , Chris ( 10 June 2003 ) . `` Forsyth boost for BBC news quiz '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Hope the Lawyers Are Getting All This ! '' -- The ' ' Have I Got News For You ' ' Story `` . Off the Telly . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Merton misses ' Have I Got News ' with illness '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You '' . IMDB. 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The South Bank Show , 26 September 1999 ^ Jump up to : `` A lot more news for you : News 2007 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide '' . Chortle. 2007 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Quote taken from a show on Merton 's `` and this is me PAUL MERTON '' tour of 1999 , as featured in The South Bank Show on 26 September 1999 Jump up ^ `` Contempt of Court -- 1996 '' . Swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Tory MP loses libel action '' . BBC News . 21 January 1998 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fry boycotts ' pathetic ' quiz '' . BBC News . 16 April 2003 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Media Monkey ( 28 November 2007 ) . `` Widdecombe disgusted by Carr 's ' filth ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Self , Will ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Have I got news for you : TV satire 's lost its teeth '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Winstone calls Scots ' tramps ' on TV quiz show '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press . 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Corrections and Clarifications - Help and Feedback '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You Guest Hosts '' . METRO. 9 Nov 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Robin ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` Have I Got News for You internet spin - off to bridge TV run '' . BroadcastNow . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NPR Wait , Wait ... Do n't Tell Me '' . NPR. 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wait , Wait , Do n't Tell Me ... `` Night Listeners '' . Nightlisteners.com. 13 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dit was het Nieuws stopt na dertien jaar '' . Trouw. 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jan Jaap van der Wal en Peter Pannekoek naast Harm Edens in Dit was het nieuws '' . AVROTROS. 14 November 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Viga ! '' ( in Estonian ) . err.ee . Jump up ^ `` Have I Got News For You '' . 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Have I Got News For You : The Shameless Cash - in Book , BBC Books , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 563 - 37111 - 0 Have I Got 1997 for You , BBC Books , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 563 - 38783 - 1 External links ( edit ) Have I Got News for You on IMDb Have I Got News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got A Bit More News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got Old News for You at BBC Programmes Have I Got News for You at Hat Trick Productions Have I Got News for You at UKGameshows.com Have I Got News for You at the British Film Institute Have I Got News for You at British Comedy Guide TVWeek : American Adaptation Have I Got News for You Video Clips on BBC Comedy `` Deayton in the lion 's den '' . Jonathan Duffy , 24 May 2002 . BBC News Online . ( hide ) BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Series Yes Minister ( 1981 ) Yes Minister ( 1982 ) Yes Minister ( 1983 ) Hi - de-Hi ! ( 1984 ) The Young Ones ( 1985 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1986 ) Just Good Friends ( 1987 ) Blackadder the Third ( 1988 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1989 ) Blackadder Goes Forth ( 1990 ) The New Statesman ( 1991 ) One Foot in the Grave ( 1992 ) Absolutely Fabulous ( 1993 ) Drop the Dead Donkey ( 1994 ) Three Fights , Two Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Father Ted ( 1996 ) Only Fools and Horses ( 1997 ) I 'm Alan Partridge ( 1998 ) Father Ted ( 1999 ) The League of Gentlemen ( 2000 ) Da Ali G Show ( 2001 ) The Sketch Show ( 2002 ) Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression ( 2003 ) Little Britain ( 2004 ) Little Britain ( 2005 ) Help ( 2006 ) That Mitchell and Webb Look ( 2007 ) Fonejacker ( 2008 ) Harry & Paul ( 2009 ) The Armstrong & Miller Show ( 2010 ) Harry & Paul ( 2011 ) Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle ( 2012 ) The Revolution Will Be Televised ( 2013 ) A League of Their Own ( 2014 ) The Graham Norton Show ( 2015 ) Have I Got News for You ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_I_Got_News_for_You&oldid=824410573 '' Categories : 1990 British television programme debuts 1990s British comedy television series 2000s British comedy television series 2010s British comedy television series BBC television comedy BBC panel games British panel games British satirical television programmes Comedy and humor podcasts English - language television programs Television series by Hat Trick Productions Video podcasts Hidden categories : CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing Russian - language text BBC programme ID same as Wikidata BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Cymraeg Gaeilge Nederlands Norsk Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20I%20Got%20News%20for%20You
| 2,701 |
|
where did the roman emperor sit in the colosseum
|
According to the Codex - Calendar of 354 , the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people , although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000 . They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society . Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins , providing the best views of the arena . Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class , who were allowed to bring their own chairs . The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework , presumably reserving areas for their use .
|
north
|
Colosseum
|
colosseum
|
Colosseum Location Regio IV Templum Pacis ( `` Temple of Peace '' ) Built in 70 -- 80 AD Built by / for Vespasian , Titus Type of structure Amphitheatre Related List of ancient monuments in Rome The Colosseum The Colosseum or Coliseum ( / kɒləˈsiːəm / kol - ə - SEE - əm ) , also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin : Amphitheatrum Flavium ; Italian : Anfiteatro Flavio ( aŋfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo ) or Colosseo ( kolosˈsɛːo ) ) , is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome , Italy . Built of travertine , tuff , and brick - faced concrete , it is the largest amphitheatre ever built . The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum . Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 , and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus . Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian ( 81 -- 96 ) . These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty , and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name ( Flavius ) . The Colosseum could hold , it is estimated , between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators , having an average audience of some 65,000 ; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles ( for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities ) , animal hunts , executions , re-enactments of famous battles , and dramas based on Classical mythology . The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era . It was later reused for such purposes as housing , workshops , quarters for a religious order , a fortress , a quarry , and a Christian shrine . Although partially ruined because of damage caused by earthquakes and stone - robbers , the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World . It is one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions and also has links to the Roman Catholic Church , as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit `` Way of the Cross '' procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum . The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five - cent euro coin . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations 2.2 Medieval 2.3 Modern 3 Physical description 3.1 Exterior 3.2 Interior seating 3.3 Arena and hypogeum 3.4 Supporting buildings 4 Use 4.1 Today 4.1. 1 Restoration 5 Significance in Christianity 6 Flora 7 Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum 8 Popular culture references 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Bibliography 11 External links Name The Colosseum The Colosseum 's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium , often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheatre . The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty , following the reign of Nero . This name is still used in modern English , but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum . In antiquity , Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum ( with Caesareum an adjective pertaining to the title Caesar ) , but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum ; Vespasian and Titus , builders of the Colosseum , also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli ( modern Pozzuoli ) . The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby This statue was later remodeled by Nero 's successors into the likeness of Helios ( Sol ) or Apollo , the sun god , by adding the appropriate solar crown . Nero 's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors . Despite its pagan links , the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers . It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome . In the 8th century , a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted : Quamdiu stat Colisæus , stat et Roma ; quando cadet colisæus , cadet et Roma ; quando cadet Roma , cadet et mundus ( `` as long as the Colossus stands , so shall Rome ; when the Colossus falls , Rome shall fall ; when Rome falls , so falls the world '' ) . This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus ( as in , for instance , Byron 's poem Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ) . However , at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote , the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre . The Colossus did eventually fall , possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze . By the year 1000 the name `` Colosseum '' had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre . The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives , situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma . The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages . In Italy , the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo , and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as Coloseumul ( Romanian ) , le Colisée ( French ) , el Coliseo ( Spanish ) and o Coliseu ( Portuguese ) . History Construction , inauguration , and Roman renovations Colosseum Sestertius of Titus celebrating the inauguration of the Colosseum ( minted 80 AD ) . A map of central Rome during the Roman Empire , with the Colosseum at the upper right corner The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian , Esquiline and Palatine Hills , through which a canalised stream ran . By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited . It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain . He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site , in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions , gardens and porticoes . The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea . Cross-section from the Lexikon der gesamten Technik ( 1904 ) Although the Colossus was preserved , much of the Domus Aurea was torn down . The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre . Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea . Vespasian 's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero 's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use . In contrast to many other amphitheatres , which were located on the outskirts of a city , the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre ; in effect , placing it both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome . Construction was funded by the opulent spoils taken from the Jewish Temple after the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 AD led to the Siege of Jerusalem . According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site , `` the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general 's share of the booty . '' Along with the spoils , estimated 100,000 Jewish prisoners were brought back to Rome after the war , and many contributed to the massive workforce needed for construction . The slaves undertook manual labor such as working in the quarries at Tivoli where the travertine was quarried , along with lifting and transporting the quarried stones 20 miles from Tivoli to Rome . Along with this free source of unskilled labor , teams of professional Roman builders , engineers , artists , painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum . The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials : wood , limestone , tuff , tiles , cement , and mortar . Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of Vespasian in around 70 -- 72 AD ( 73 -- 75 AD according to some sources ) The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian 's death in 79 . The top level was finished by his son , Titus , in 80 , and the inaugural games were held in A.D. 80 or 81 . Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre . Commemorative coinage was issued celebrating the inauguration . The building was remodelled further under Vespasian 's younger son , the newly designated Emperor Domitian , who constructed the hypogeum , a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves . He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity . In 217 , the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire ( caused by lightning , according to Dio Cassius ) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre 's interior . It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320 . Gladiatorial fights are last mentioned around 435 . An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III ( reigned 425 -- 455 ) , possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443 ; more work followed in 484 and 508 . The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century . Animal hunts continued until at least 523 , when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes , criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost . Medieval Map of medieval Rome depicting the Colosseum The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period . By the late 6th century a small chapel had been built into the structure of the amphitheater , though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole . The arena was converted into a cemetery . The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops , and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century . Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it , apparently using it as a castle . Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349 , causing the outer south side , lying on a less stable alluvial terrain , to collapse . Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces , churches , hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome . A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century . The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone , which was reused elsewhere , or ( in the case of the marble façade ) was burned to make quicklime . The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls , leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today . Modern The Colosseum in a 1757 engraving by Giovanni Battista Piranesi 1747 view by Giovanni Paolo Panini , emphasizing the semi-rural environs of the Colosseum at the time During the 16th and 17th century , Church officials sought a productive role for the Colosseum . Pope Sixtus V ( 1585 -- 1590 ) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome 's prostitutes , though this proposal fell through with his premature death . In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights ; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned . Allied troops consult a guidebook outside the Colosseum after liberation in 1944 In 1749 , Pope Benedict XIV endorsed the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred . He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross , declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there ( see Significance in Christianity ) . However , there is no historical evidence to support Benedict 's claim , nor is there even any evidence that anyone before the 16th century suggested this might be the case ; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition , other than the reasonably plausible conjecture that some of the many martyrs may well have been . Interior of the Colosseum , Rome ( 1832 ) by Thomas Cole , showing the Stations of the Cross around the arena and the extensive vegetation Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects , removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further . The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827 , and the interior was repaired in 1831 , 1846 and in the 1930s . The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810 -- 1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s . The Colosseum is today one of Rome 's most popular tourist attractions , receiving millions of visitors annually . The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000 , at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ( $19.3 m / € 20.6 m at 2000 prices ) . In recent years the Colosseum has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment , which was abolished in Italy in 1948 . Several anti -- death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000 . Since that time , as a gesture against the death penalty , the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum 's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released , or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty . Most recently , the Colosseum was illuminated in gold in November 2012 following the abolishment of capital punishment in the American state of Connecticut in April 2012 . Because of the ruined state of the interior , it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events ; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating . However , much larger concerts have been held just outside , using the Colosseum as a backdrop . Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles ( May 2002 ) , Paul McCartney ( May 2003 ) , Elton John ( September 2005 ) , and Billy Joel ( July 2006 ) . The Colosseum today as a background to the busy metropolis Physical description Exterior Original façade of the Colosseum Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides , the Colosseum is an entirely free - standing structure . It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back . It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters ( 615 ft / 640 Roman feet ) long , and 156 meters ( 510 ft / 528 Roman feet ) wide , with a base area of 24,000 square metres ( 6 acres ) . The height of the outer wall is 48 meters ( 157 ft / 165 Roman feet ) . The perimeter originally measured 545 meters ( 1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet ) . The central arena is an oval 87 m ( 287 ft ) long and 55 m ( 180 ft ) wide , surrounded by a wall 5 m ( 15 ft ) high , above which rose tiers of seating . The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic metres ( 3,531,467 cubic feet ) of travertine stone which were set without mortar ; they were held together by 300 tons of iron clamps . However , it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries , with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes . The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing ; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions , having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall . The remainder of the present - day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall . The exterior of the Colosseum , showing the partially intact outer wall ( left ) and the mostly intact inner wall ( center and right ) The surviving part of the outer wall 's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic , both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals . The arcades are framed by half - columns of the Doric , Ionic , and Corinthian orders , while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters . Each of the arches in the second - and third - floor arcades framed statues , probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology . Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic . They originally supported a retractable awning , known as the velarium , that kept the sun and rain off spectators . This consisted of a canvas - covered , net - like structure made of ropes , with a hole in the center . It covered two - thirds of the arena , and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience . Sailors , specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium , were used to work the velarium . Entrance LII of the Colosseum , with Roman numerals still visible The Colosseum 's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly . Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem . The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level , 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators . Each entrance and exit was numbered , as was each staircase . The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides , whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite . All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs , of which fragments survive . Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall , but entrances XXIII ( 23 ) to LIV ( 54 ) survive . Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards , which directed them to the appropriate section and row . They accessed their seats via vomitoria ( singular vomitorium ) , passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind . These quickly dispersed people into their seats and , upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation , could permit their exit within only a few minutes . The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge , from which English derives the word vomit . Interior seating The raked areas that once held seating According to the Codex - Calendar of 354 , the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people , although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000 . They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society . Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins , providing the best views of the arena . Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class , who were allowed to bring their own chairs . The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework , presumably reserving areas for their use . Diagram of the levels of seating The tier above the senators , known as the maenianum primum , was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights ( equites ) . The next level up , the maenianum secundum , was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens ( plebeians ) and was divided into two sections . The lower part ( the immum ) was for wealthy citizens , while the upper part ( the summum ) was for poor citizens . Specific sectors were provided for other social groups : for instance , boys with their tutors , soldiers on leave , foreign dignitaries , scribes , heralds , priests and so on . Stone ( and later marble ) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles , who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them . Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups . Another level , the maenianum secundum in legneis , was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian . This comprised a gallery for the common poor , slaves and women . It would have been either standing room only , or would have had very steep wooden benches . Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum , notably gravediggers , actors and former gladiators . Each tier was divided into sections ( maeniana ) by curved passages and low walls ( praecinctiones or baltei ) , and were subdivided into cunei , or wedges , by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria . Each row ( gradus ) of seats was numbered , permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus , cuneus , and number . Arena and hypogeum The Colosseum arena , showing the hypogeum now filled with walls . The walls were added early in the Colosseum 's existence when it was decided it would no longer be flooded and used for naval battles . Latin inscription in the Colosseum The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters ( 272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet ) . It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand ( the Latin word for sand is harena or arena ) , covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum ( literally meaning `` underground '' ) . The hypogeum was not part of the original construction but was ordered to be built by Emperor Domitian . Little now remains of the original arena floor , but the hypogeum is still clearly visible . It consisted of a two - level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began . Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath ; larger hinged platforms , called hegmata , provided access for elephants and the like . It was restructured on numerous occasions ; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen . Detail of the hypogeum The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum . Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables , with the gladiators ' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels . Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds . Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum . Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props , as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release . There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms and according to ancient accounts , it was possible to flood the arena rapidly , presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct . However , the construction of the hypogeum at Domitian 's behest put an end to the practise of flooding , and thus also to naval battles , early in the Colosseum 's existence . Supporting buildings The Colosseum -- a view from the Oppian Hill The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area . In addition to the amphitheatre itself , many other buildings nearby were linked to the games . Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus , a training school for gladiators . This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage , to allow easy access for the gladiators . The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena , which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators . Other training schools were in the same area , including the Ludus Matutinus ( Morning School ) , where fighters of animals were trained , plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools . Also nearby were the Armamentarium , comprising an armory to store weapons ; the Summum Choragium , where machinery was stored ; the Sanitarium , which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators ; and the Spoliarium , where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of . Around the perimeter of the Colosseum , at a distance of 18 m ( 59 ft ) from the perimeter , was a series of tall stone posts , with five remaining on the eastern side . Various explanations have been advanced for their presence ; they may have been a religious boundary , or an outer boundary for ticket checks , or an anchor for the velarium or awning . Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine . Use Pollice Verso ( Thumbs Down ) by Jean - Léon Gérôme , 1872 The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events . The shows , called munera , were always given by private individuals rather than the state . They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige , and were immensely popular with the population . Another popular type of show was the animal hunt , or venatio . This utilized a great variety of wild beasts , mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East , and included creatures such as rhinoceros , hippopotamuses , elephants , giraffes , aurochs , wisents , Barbary lions , panthers , leopards , bears , Caspian tigers , crocodiles and ostriches . Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings . Such events were occasionally on a huge scale ; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days . During lunch intervals , executions ad bestias would be staged . Those condemned to death would be sent into the arena , naked and unarmed , to face the beasts of death which would literally tear them to pieces . Other performances would also take place by acrobats and magicians , typically during the intervals . During the early days of the Colosseum , ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae ( more properly known as navalia proelia ) or simulated sea battles . Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls . There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean ( Corfiot ) Greeks and the Corinthians . This has been the subject of some debate among historians ; although providing the water would not have been a problem , it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed , nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around . It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong , or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis ( which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum ) . Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena . Painters , technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena 's floor , and animals would then be introduced . Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population , or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology . They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story -- played by a condemned person -- was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways , such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death . Today A panorama of the interior of the Colosseum in 2016 The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year entering to view the interior arena . There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building . Part of the arena floor has been re-floored . Beneath the Colosseum , a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010 . The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries . For instance , Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross ( which calls for more meditation ) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays . Restoration In 2011 Diego Della Valle , head of the shoe firm Tod 's , entered into an agreement with local officials to sponsor a € 25 million restoration of the Colosseum . Work was planned to begin at the end of 2011 , taking up to two and a half years . Due to the controversial nature of using a public -- private partnership to fund the restoration , work was delayed and began in 2013 . The restoration is the first full cleaning and repair in the Colosseum 's history . The first stage is to clean and restore the Colosseum 's arcaded façade and replace the metal enclosures that block the ground - level arches . Taking three years , the final product of this work was unveiled July 1 , 2016 , when the Italian minister of culture , Dario Franceschini , also announced that the funds have been committed to replace the floors by the end of 2018 . These will provide a stage that Franceschini says will be used for `` cultural events of the highest level . '' The project also plans to create a services center and to restore the galleries and underground spaces inside the Colosseum. . New to tours of the restored marvel beginning November 1 , 2017 , the top two levels have been opened for guided visits . The fourth level held the marketplace , and the top fifth tier is where the poorest citizens , the plebians , gathered and watched the show , bringing picnics for the day - long event . Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2012 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2013 Colosseum 2014 Colosseum 2018 Significance in Christianity The Christian Martyrs ' Last Prayer , by Jean - Léon Gérôme ( 1883 ) View of the interior of the Colosseum , by C.W. Eckersberg ( 1815 ) The Colosseum is generally regarded by Christians as a site of the martyrdom of large numbers of believers during the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire , as evidenced by Church history and tradition . On the other hand , other scholars believe that the majority of martyrdoms may have occurred at other venues within the city of Rome , rather than at the Colosseum , citing a lack of still - intact physical evidence or historical records. These scholars assert that `` some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum -- their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods '' , but most Christian martyrs of the early Church were executed for their faith at the Circus Maximus . According to Irenæus ( died about 202 ) , Ignatius of Antioch was fed to the lions in Rome around 107 A.D and although Irenaeus says nothing about this happening at the Colosseum , tradition ascribes it to that place . In the Middle Ages , the Colosseum was not regarded as a monument , and was used as what some modern sources label a `` quarry , '' which is to say that stones from the Colosseum were taken for the building of other sacred sites . This fact is used to support the idea that , at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated the Colosseum was not being treated as a sacred site . It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ( `` Marvels of the City of Rome '' ) , which claims the Circus Flaminius -- but not the Colosseum -- as the site of martyrdoms . Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian religious order , but it is not known whether this was for any particular religious reason . Pope Pius V ( 1566 -- 1572 ) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic , on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs , although some of his contemporaries did not share his conviction . A century later Fioravante Martinelli listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra . Martinelli 's book evidently had an effect on public opinion ; in response to Cardinal Altieri 's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring , Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration . The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum 's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary . Cross dedicated to the Christian martyrs , placed in 2000 by Pope John Paul II . At the insistence of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 -- 1758 ) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena , which remained until February 1874 . Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum , living on alms , before he died in 1783 . Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum , and it still retains its Christian connection today . A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum , with a plaque , stating : The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . Other Christian crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheater . Flora Plants on the inner walls of the Colosseum The Colosseum has a wide and well - documented history of flora ever since Domenico Panaroli made the first catalogue of its plants in 1643 . Since then , 684 species have been identified there . The peak was in 1855 ( 420 species ) . Attempts were made in 1871 to eradicate the vegetation , because of concerns over the damage that was being caused to the masonry , but much of it has returned . 242 species have been counted today and of the species first identified by Panaroli , 200 remain . The variation of plants can be explained by the change of climate in Rome through the centuries . Additionally , bird migration , flower blooming , and the growth of Rome that caused the Colosseum to become embedded within the modern city centre rather than on the outskirts of the ancient city , as well as deliberate transport of species , are also contributing causes . Another reason often given is their seeds being unwittingly transported either on the fur or in the feces of animals brought there from all corners of the empire . Works modeled on , or inspired by , the Colosseum The Kongresshalle , or `` Congress Hall '' , ( 1935 , unfinished ) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds , Nuremberg , Germany The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000 , designed by Giuseppe Cassioli , features a depiction of the Colosseum . At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum . It was designed by Moshe Safdie . The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum . The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum . It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II . The architects were Giovanni Guerrini , Ernesto Bruno La Padula , and Mario Romano . McCaig 's Tower , overlooking Oban , Scotland . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Popular culture references The Colosseum was featured in the 2010 video game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The Colosseum is of great importance to the entire Assassin 's Creed series as a whole : first , it was an entrance site to a Lair of Romulus , second , the Lair beneath the Colosseum led directly to the Temple of Juno Moneta which housed the Apple of Eden , third , it was used in a Passion Play depicting Jesus Christ 's crucifixion where an assassination attempt was unfoiled by the protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze , fourth , in the 21st century , Desmond Miles freeran through the maze in the Colosseum in order to find the Temple of Juno Moneta below the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli and the Apple kept in it by Ezio in 1506 and fifth , it has a glyph at the top . In addition , the Colosseum is elliptical ( oval - shaped ) in reality , but it was made circular for Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , since devising shadows for different sides of the buildings would have `` driven game designers nuts '' . The iconic status of the Colosseum has led it to be featured in numerous films , such as Roman Holiday , Demetrius and the Gladiators , 20 Million Miles to Earth , Way of the Dragon , Gladiator ( in which it was re-created via CGI ) , Megiddo : The Omega Code 2 , The Core , The Lizzie McGuire Movie , Jumper , and the animated movie Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted . See also Roman amphitheatre List of Roman amphitheatres Portals Access related topics Rome portal Architecture portal History portal References Notes Jump up ^ `` Building the Colosseum '' . roman-colosseum.info . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 2 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roth , Leland M. ( 1993 ) . Understanding Architecture : Its Elements , History and Meaning ( First ed . ) . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 430158 - 3 . Jump up ^ William H. Byrnes IV ( Spring 2005 ) `` Ancient Roman Munificence : The Development of the Practice and Law of Charity '' . Rutgers Law Review vol. 57 , issue 3 , pp. 1043 -- 1110 . Jump up ^ `` BBC 's History of the Colosseum p. 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Eleonora ( 2012 ) . Rome day by day . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 26 . ISBN 9781118166291 . Jump up ^ Dark Tourism - Italy 's Creepiest Attractions , The Local Jump up ^ `` The New Seven Wonders of the World '' . Hindustan Times . July 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frommer 's Events -- Event Guide : Good Friday Procession in Rome ( Palatine Hill , Italy ) '' . Frommer 's . Archived from the original on 7 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Logan , Willy . `` The Flavian Dynasty '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . Jump up ^ J.C. Edmondson ; Steve Mason ; J.B. Rives ( 2005 ) . Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926212 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Colosseum -- History 1 '' . Retrieved 26 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Mairui , Amedeo . Studi e ricerche sull'Anfiteatro Flavio Puteolano . Napoli : G. Macchiaroli , 1955 . ( OCLC 2078742 ) Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . ; the form quoted from the Pseudo-Bede is that printed in Migne , Pat . Lat 94 ( Paris ) , 1862 : 543 , noted in F. Schneider , Rom und Romgedanke im Mittelalter ( Munich ) 1926 : 66f , 251 , and in Roberto Weiss , The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity ( Oxford : Blackwell ) 1973 : 8 and note 5 . ^ Jump up to : Claridge , Amanda ( 1998 ) . Rome : An Oxford Archaeological Guide ( First ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 1998 . pp. 276 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 288003 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Building the Colosseum '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Sear , David R. ( 2000 ) . Roman Coins and Their Values - The Millennium Edition . Volume I : The Republic and The Twelve Caesars , 280BC - AD96 ( pp. 468 - 469 , coin # 2536 ) . London : Spink . ISBN 1 902040 35 X Jump up ^ ALFÖLDY , GÉZA ( 1995 ) . `` Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum '' . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109 : 195 -- 226 . Jump up ^ Cass . Dio lxxviii. 25 . Jump up ^ The repairs of the damages inflicted by the earthquake of 484 were paid for by the Consul Decius Marius Venantius Basilius , who put two inscriptions to celebrate his works ( CIL VI , 1716 ) . Jump up ^ `` MEDIVM AEVVM '' . The - Colosseum . The-Colosseum.Net . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Names the order : Arciconfraternita del SS . Salvatore ad Sancta Sanctorum , aka del Gonfalone . Co-tenants : the Roman Senate and the Camera Apostolica . `` In 1519 The Confraternita built the little chapel of Santa Maria della Pietà inside the Colosseum . '' Jump up ^ `` Rome . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006 . Jump up ^ The Coliseum in Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Young , Gayle ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` On Italy 's passionate opposition to death penalty '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` INTERNATIONAL : Roman Colosseum Lit to Mark Connecticut 's Abolition of Death Penalty '' . Death Penalty Info . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Colosseum stages peace concert , BBC News Online , 12 May 2002 . Jump up ^ McCartney rocks the Colosseum , BBC News Online , 12 May 2003 . Jump up ^ Sir Elton 's free gig thrills Rome , BBC News Online , 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Ian Archibald Richmond , Donald Emrys Strong , Janet DeLaine . `` Colosseum '' , The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization . Ed . Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Downey , Charles T. ( 9 February 2005 ) . `` The Colosseum Was a Skydome ? '' . Retrieved 2 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Samuel Ball Platner ( as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby ) , A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press , 1929 . Jump up ^ The Colosseum.net : The resourceful site on the Colosseum . Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Colosseum to open gladiator passageways for first time '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph M Champlin , The Stations of the Cross With Pope John Paul II Liguori Publications , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 89243 - 679 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vatican Description of the Stations of the Cross at the Colosseum : Pcf.va Jump up ^ `` Rome Colosseum repair to be funded by Tods shoe firm '' . BBC . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Silvers , Eric ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` The Colosseum 's Badly Needed Bath '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italy Completes a Long Overdue Restoration of Rome 's Iconic Colosseum '' . 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Povoledo , Elisabetta . `` Colosseum Wo n't Be Restored in a Day , but Work Is Finally Scheduled to Start '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Donati , Silvia ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Colosseum To Open Top Levels to the Public '' . Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : Antiquity '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : The Coliseum '' . newadvent.org . Jump up ^ `` Colosseum & Christian Martyrs '' . tribunesandtriumphs.org . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . Public executions were held there during the empire , and it is for these last events that the Colosseum became a Christian shrine . It is disputed whether many early Christian martyrs actually died in the Colosseum , since there is no mention of that in ancient Christian records . Jump up ^ Polidoro , Massimo ( 2018 ) . `` Myths and Secrets of the Colosseum '' . Skeptical Inquirer. 42 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 17 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . There seems little doubt that some Christians were executed as common criminals in the Colosseum - their crime being refusal to reverence the Roman gods . Most martyrs , however , died for their faith at the Circus Maximus . Some were even executed as members of what the Romans considered a Jewish sect , since both Jews and Christians refused to reverence the gods . Jump up ^ Potter , David Stone ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . p. 227 . ISBN 9780472085682 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . The public execution of condemned offenders , including Christians , is associated above all with the amphitheater , although there were executions at various other venues . Gladiatorial games , hunting displays , and executions also took place at the Circus Maximus , even after the construction of the Colosseum ( Humphrey 1987 , 121 ) . ^ Jump up to : Litfin , Bryan M. ( 1 October 2007 ) . Getting to Know the Church Fathers : An Evangelical Introduction . Brazos Press . p. 44 . ISBN 9781441200747 . But according to Irenaeus ( who spent time in Rome not long after these events took place ) Ignatius did in fact meet his end by being torn apart by wild animals for the amusement of the Roman masses , probably in the infamous Colosseum . The crowd there that day would have viewed the spectacle as a crushing defeat of this meek man 's Christian religion . But Ignatius understood his death to be a shout of victory . Today a Christian cross stands in the Colosseum of Rome with a plaque that reads , `` The amphitheater , one consecrated to triumphs , entertainments , and the impious worship of pagan gods , is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions . '' Jump up ^ Flinn , Frank K. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Catholicism . Infobase Publishing . p. 359 . ISBN 9780816075652 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . He was caught up in the general persecution of the church under the emperor Trajan ( r . 98 - 117 ) , brought to Rome , and fed to the lions in the Coliseum around 107 C.E. His feast day is October 17 . Before his execution , Ignatius wrote seven letters to the churches along his route , one each to Ephesus , Magnesia , Tralles , and Philadelphia , two to the church at Smyrna , and one to Smyrna 's bishop , Polycarp . The letters are a rich source about early theology , liturgy , and church organization . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 103 : `` It is likely that Christians were put to death there and that those said to have been martyred ' in Rome ' actually died in the Colosseum . But , despite what we are often told , that is only a guess . One of the possible candidates for martyrdom in the Colosseum is St. Ignatius , a bishop of Antioch ( in Syria ) at the beginning of the second century AD , who was ' condemned to the beasts ' at Rome . '' Jump up ^ Brockman , Norbert C. ( 13 September 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Sacred Places ( 2 volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 108 . ISBN 9781598846553 . The Christians who did die in the Colosseum often did so under dramatic circumstances , thus cementing the legend . The hero St. Ignatius of Antioch , a disciple of St. John the Beloved , was sent to the beasts by Trajan in 107 . Shortly after , 115 Christians were killed by archers . When Christians refused to pray to the gods for the end of a plague in the latter part of the second century , Marcus Aurelius had thousands killed in the Colosseum for blasphemy . Jump up ^ Hopkins , p. 160 : `` For most of the Middle Ages and early Renaissance the Colosseum was not so much a monument as a quarry . To describe this activity as ' robbery ' is to give the wrong impression . For the most part , there was nothing illegal or unofficial about the removal of this stone . '' Jump up ^ `` The-Colosseum.net : 1300 - 1700 '' . the-colosseum.net . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . In the Middle Ages , for example , when the sanctuaries of the martyrs were looked upon with so great veneration , the Coliseum was completely neglected ; its name never occurs in the itineraries , or guide - books , compiler for the use of pilgrims to the Eternal City . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The `` Mirabilia Romae '' , the first manuscripts of which date from the twelfth century , cites among the places mentioned in the `` Passions '' of the martyrs the Circus Flaminius ad pontem Judaeorum , but in this sense makes no allusion to the Coliseum . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Pope St. Pius ( 1566 - 72 ) is said to have recommended persons desirous of obtaining relics to procure some sand from the arena of the Coliseum , which , the pope declared , was impregnated with the blood of martyrs . The opinion of the saintly pontiff , however , does not seem to have been shared by his contemporaries . Jump up ^ `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The pamphlet was so completely successful that four years later , the jubilee year of 1675 , the exterior arcades were closed by order of Clement X ; from this time the Coliseum became a sanctuary . ^ Jump up to : `` The Coliseum '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New Advent . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice , Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 58 ) erected Stations of the Cross in the Coliseum , which remained until February , 1874 , when they were removed by order of Commendatore Rosa . St. Benedict Joseph Labre ( d . 1783 ) passed a life of austere devotion , living on alms , within the walls of the Coliseum . Jump up ^ Cooper , Paul ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Rome 's Colosseum Was Once a Wild , Tangled Garden '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Glyph Locations '' . IGN . July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Jeremy ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` A Renaissance Scholar Helps Build Virtual Rome '' . Live Science . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Bibliography Coarelli , Filippo ( 1989 ) . Guida Archeologica di Roma . Milano : Arnoldo Mondadori Editore . ISBN 88 - 04 - 11896 - 2 . Hopkins , Keith ; Beard , Mary ( 2005 ) . The Colosseum . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01895 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colosseum . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Colosseo . Official website Virtual tour of the Colosseum A 3D model of Colosseum on Sketchfab `` Colosseum '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . Landmarks of Rome Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Ponte Sisto Basilicas and churches St. Peter 's Basilica Sistine Chapel Archbasilica of St. John Lateran Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Catacombs Church of the Gesù San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane Santa Croce in Gerusalemme Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri Santa Maria in Cosmedin Santa Maria in Trastevere Santa Prassede Santa Sabina Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza Santa Maria della Vittoria Santa Maria del Popolo San Pietro in Vincoli Architecture and art Villas Villa of Livia Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Temples Pantheon Temple of Castor and Pollux Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta Architecture Altare della Patria Ara Pacis Aurelian Walls Baths of Caracalla Castel Sant'Angelo Circus Maximus Colosseum Column of Marcus Aurelius Comitium Imperial fora Largo di Torre Argentina Mausoleum of Augustus Obelisks Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Farnese Piazza Navona Pyramid of Cestius Roman Forum Servian Wall Spanish Steps Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Tiber Island Torre dei Capocci Torre delle Milizie Trajan 's Column Trajan 's Market Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Sistine Chapel ceiling Fountains Fontana dell'Acqua Felice Fontana dell'Acqua Paola Trevi Fountain Seven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Parks and gardens Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Piazzas and public spaces Campo de ' Fiori Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Streets Appian Way Clivus Capitolinus Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Museums Vatican Museums Galleria Borghese Doria Pamphilj Gallery Museum of Roman Civilization Capitoline Museums National Roman Museum National Museum of Oriental Art Palaces Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Colonna Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Riario Palazzo Pamphilj Quirinal Palace Metropolitan City of Rome Capital Castello Orsini - Odescalchi Hadrian 's Villa Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Related Vatican City St. Peter 's Square Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 24.61 '' N 12 ° 29 ′ 32.17 '' E / 41.8901694 ° N 12.4922694 ° E / 41.8901694 ; 12.4922694 WorldCat Identities GND : 4258895 - 9 NKC : mzk2004237516 VIAF : 295358893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colosseum&oldid=866060352 '' Categories : 1st - century architecture Amphitheatres in Rome Ancient Roman architecture Building projects of the Flavian dynasty Roman archaeology Ruins in Italy National museums of Italy Round buildings Roman amphitheatres in Italy 1st - century establishments in Italy 80s establishments in the Roman Empire Rome R. XIX Celio Titus Vespasian 80 Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century World Heritage Sites in Italy World Heritage Sites in Europe World Heritage Sites Hidden categories : Articles with short description Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Incomplete lists from August 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 00 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum
| 8,052 |
|
where are white blood cells located in your body
|
White blood cells ( WBCs ) , also called leukocytes or leucocytes , are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders . All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells . Leukocytes are found throughout the body , including the blood and lymphatic system .
|
throughout
|
White blood cell
|
white blood cell
|
White blood cells ( WBCs ) , also called leukocytes or leucocytes , are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders . All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells . Leukocytes are found throughout the body , including the blood and lymphatic system .
|
All white blood cells have nuclei , which distinguishes them from the other blood cells , the anucleated red blood cells ( RBCs ) and platelets . Types of white blood cells can be classified in standard ways . Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure ( granulocytes or agranulocytes ) or by cell division lineage ( myeloid cells or lymphoid cells ) . These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types : neutrophils , eosinophils , basophils , lymphocytes , and monocytes . These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics . Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic . Further subtypes can be classified ; for example , among lymphocytes , there are B cells , T cells , and NK cells . The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease , and thus the WBC count is an important subset of the complete blood count . The normal white cell count is usually between 4 × 10 / L and 11 × 10 / L. In the US this is usually expressed as 4,000 to 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood . They make up approximately 1 % of the total blood volume in a healthy adult , making them substantially less numerous than the RBCs at 40 % to 45 % . However , this 1 % of the blood makes a large difference to health , because immunity depends on it . An increase in the number of leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis . It is normal when it is part of healthy immune responses , which happen frequently . It is occasionally abnormal , when it is neoplastic or autoimmune in origin . A decrease below the lower limit is called leukopenia . It weakens the immune system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types 2.1 Overview 2.2 Neutrophil 2.3 Eosinophil 2.4 Basophil 2.5 Lymphocyte 2.6 Monocyte 3 Fixed leucocytes 4 Disorders 4.1 Leucopenias 4.1. 1 Neutropenia 4.1. 2 Lymphocytopenia 4.2 Proliferative disorders 4.2. 1 Neutrophilia 4.2. 2 Eosinophilia 5 Counting and reference ranges 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name `` white blood cell '' derives from the physical appearance of a blood sample after centrifugation . White cells are found in the buff , a thin , typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and the blood plasma . The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects its description . It is derived from the Greek roots leuk - meaning `` white '' and cyt - meaning `` cell '' . The buffy coat may sometimes be green if there are large amounts of neutrophils in the sample , due to the heme - containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce . Types ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) 3D rendering of various types of white blood cells All white blood cells are nucleated , which distinguishes them from the anucleated red blood cells and platelets . Types of leukocytes can be classified in standard ways . Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure ( granulocytes or agranulocytes ) or by cell lineage ( myeloid cells or lymphoid cells ) . These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types : neutrophils , eosinophils , basophils , lymphocytes , and monocytes . These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics . Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic . Further subtypes can be classified . Granulocytes are distinguished from agranulocytes by their nucleus shape ( lobed versus round , that is , polymorphonuclear versus mononuclear ) and by their cytoplasm granules ( present or absent , or more precisely , visible on light microscopy or not thus visible ) . The other dichotomy is by lineage : Myeloid cells ( neutrophils , monocytes , eosinophils and basophils ) are distinguished from lymphoid cells ( lymphocytes ) by hematopoietic lineage ( cellular differentiation lineage ) . Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells , B cells , and natural killer cells . Type Microscopic appearance Diagram Approx . % in adults Diameter ( μm ) Main targets Nucleus Granules Lifetime Neutrophil 62 % 10 -- 12 Bacteria Fungi Multilobed Fine , faintly pink ( H&E stain ) 6 hours -- few days ( days in spleen and other tissue ) Eosinophil 2.3 % 10 -- 12 Larger parasites Modulate allergic inflammatory responses Bi-lobed Full of pink - orange ( H&E stain ) 8 -- 12 days ( circulate for 4 -- 5 hours ) Basophil 0.4 % 12 -- 15 Release histamine for inflammatory responses Bi-lobed or tri-lobed Large blue A few hours to a few days Lymphocyte 30 % Small lymphocytes 7 -- 8 Large lymphocytes 12 -- 15 B cells : releases antibodies and assists activation of T cells T cells : CD4 + Th ( T helper ) cells : activate and regulate T and B cells CD8+ cytotoxic T cells : virus - infected and tumor cells . γδ T cells : bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses ; phagocytosis Regulatory ( suppressor ) T cells : Returns the functioning of the immune system to normal operation after infection ; prevents autoimmunity Natural killer cells : virus - infected and tumor cells . Deeply staining , eccentric NK - cells and cytotoxic ( CD8+ ) T - cells Years for memory cells , weeks for all else . Monocyte 5.3 % 15 -- 30 Monocytes migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues and differentiate into tissue resident macrophages , Kupffer cells in the liver . Kidney shaped None Hours to days Neutrophil ( edit ) Main article : Neutrophil granulocyte Neutrophil engulfing anthrax bacteria Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell , constituting 60 - 70 % of the circulating leukocytes . They defend against bacterial or fungal infection . They are usually first responders to microbial infection ; their activity and death in large numbers form pus . They are commonly referred to as polymorphonuclear ( PMN ) leukocytes , although , in the technical sense , PMN refers to all granulocytes . They have a multi-lobed nucleus , which consists of three to five lobes connected by slender strands . This gives the neutrophils the appearance of having multiple nuclei , hence the name polymorphonuclear leukocyte . The cytoplasm may look transparent because of fine granules that are pale lilac when stained . Neutrophils are active in phagocytosing bacteria and are present in large amount in the pus of wounds . These cells are not able to renew their lysosomes ( used in digesting microbes ) and die after having phagocytosed a few pathogens . Neutrophils are the most common cell type seen in the early stages of acute inflammation . The life span of a circulating human neutrophil is about 5.4 days . Eosinophil ( edit ) Main article : Eosinophil granulocyte Eosinophils compose about 2 - 4 % of the WBC total . This count fluctuates throughout the day , seasonally , and during menstruation . It rises in response to allergies , parasitic infections , collagen diseases , and disease of the spleen and central nervous system . They are rare in the blood , but numerous in the mucous membranes of the respiratory , digestive , and lower urinary tracts . They primarily deal with parasitic infections . Eosinophils are also the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions . The most important causes of eosinophilia include allergies such as asthma , hay fever , and hives ; and also parasitic infections . They secrete chemicals that destroy these large parasites , such as hook worms and tapeworms , that are too big for any one WBC to phagocytize . In general , their nucleus is bi-lobed . The lobes are connected by a thin strand . The cytoplasm is full of granules that assume a characteristic pink - orange color with eosin staining . Basophil ( edit ) Main article : Basophil granulocyte Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing the dilation of blood vessels . Because they are the rarest of the white blood cells ( less than 0.5 % of the total count ) and share physicochemical properties with other blood cells , they are difficult to study . They can be recognized by several coarse , dark violet granules , giving them a blue hue . The nucleus is bi - or tri-lobed , but it is hard to see because of the number of coarse granules that hide it . They excrete two chemicals that aid in the body 's defenses : histamine and heparin . Histamine is responsible for widening blood vessels and increasing the flow of blood to injured tissue . It also makes blood vessels more permeable so neutrophils and clotting proteins can get into connective tissue more easily . Heparin is an anticoagulant that inhibits blood clotting and promotes the movement of white blood cells into an area . Basophils can also release chemical signals that attract eosinophils and neutrophils to an infection site . Lymphocyte ( edit ) Main article : Lymphocyte Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood . Lymphocytes are distinguished by having a deeply staining nucleus that may be eccentric in location , and a relatively small amount of cytoplasm . Lymphocytes include : B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens , block pathogen invasion , activate the complement system , and enhance pathogen destruction . T cells : CD4+ helper T cells : T cells displaying co-receptor CD4 are known as CD4+ T cells . These cells have T - cell receptors and CD4 molecules that , in combination , bind antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) class II molecules on antigen - presenting cells . Helper T cells make cytokines and perform other functions that help coordinate the immune response . In HIV infection , these T cells are the main index to identify the individual 's immune system integrity . CD8+ cytotoxic T cells : T cells displaying co-receptor CD8 are known as CD8+ T cells . These cells bind antigens presented on MHC I complex of virus - infected or tumour cells and kill them . Nearly all nucleated cells display MHC I . γδ T cells possess an alternative T cell receptor ( different from the αβ TCR found on conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells ) . Found in tissue more commonly than in blood , γδ T cells share characteristics of helper T cells , cytotoxic T cells , and natural killer cells . Natural killer cells are able to kill cells of the body that do not display MHC class I molecules , or display stress markers such as MHC class I polypeptide - related sequence A ( MIC - A ) . Decreased expression of MHC class I and up - regulation of MIC - A can happen when cells are infected by a virus or become cancerous . Monocyte ( edit ) Main article : Monocyte Monocytes , the largest type of WBCs , share the `` vacuum cleaner '' ( phagocytosis ) function of neutrophils , but are much longer lived as they have an extra role : they present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed . This causes an antibody response to be mounted . Monocytes eventually leave the bloodstream and become tissue macrophages , which remove dead cell debris as well as attack microorganisms . Neither dead cell debris nor attacking microorganisms can be dealt with effectively by the neutrophils . Unlike neutrophils , monocytes are able to replace their lysosomal contents and are thought to have a much longer active life . They have the kidney shaped nucleus and are typically agranulated . They also possess abundant cytoplasm . Fixed leucocytes ( edit ) HSC = Hematopoietic stem cell , Progenitor = Progenitor cell , L - blast = Lymphoblast , Lymphocyte , Mo - blast = Monoblast , Monocyte , Myeloblast , Pro-M = Promyelocyte , Myelocyte , Meta - M = Metamyelocyte , Neutrophil , Eosinophil , Basophil , Pro-E = Proerythroblast , Baso - E = Basophilic erythroblast , poly - E = Polychromatic erythroblast , Ortho - E = Orthochromatic erythroblast , Erythrocyte , Promegakaryocyte , Megakaryocyte , Platelet Some leucocytes migrate into the tissues of the body to take up a permanent residence at that location rather than remaining in the blood . Often these cells have specific names depending upon which tissue they settle in , such as fixed macrophages in the liver , which become known as Kupffer cells . These cells still serve a role in the immune system . Histiocytes Dendritic cells ( Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens ) Mast cells Microglia Disorders ( edit ) The two commonly used categories of white blood cell disorders divide them quantitatively into those causing excessive numbers ( proliferative disorders ) and those causing insufficient numbers ( leukopenias ) . Leukocytosis is usually healthy ( e.g. , fighting an infection ) , but it also may be dysfunctionally proliferative . WBC proliferative disorders can be classed as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative . Some are autoimmune , but many are neoplastic . Another way to categorize disorders of white blood cells is qualitatively . There are various disorders in which the number of white blood cells is normal but the cells do not function normally . Neoplasia of WBCs can be benign but is often malignant . Of the various tumors of the blood and lymph , cancers of WBCs can be broadly classified as leukemias and lymphomas , although those categories overlap and are often grouped as a pair . Leucopenias ( edit ) Main article : Leucopenia A range of disorders can cause decreases in white blood cells . This type of white blood cell decreased is usually the neutrophil . In this case the decrease may be called neutropenia or granulocytopenia . Less commonly , a decrease in lymphocytes ( called lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia ) may be seen . Neutropenia ( edit ) Main article : Neutropenia Neutropenia can be acquired or intrinsic . A decrease in levels of neutrophils on lab tests is due to either decreased production of neutrophils or increased removal from the blood . The following list of causes is not complete . Medications - chemotherapy , sulfas or other antibiotics , phenothiazenes , benzodiazepines , antithyroids , anticonvulsants , quinine , quinidine , indomethacin , procainamide , thiazides Radiation Toxins - alcohol , benzenes Intrinsic disorders - Fanconi 's , Kostmann 's , cyclic neutropenia , Chédiak -- Higashi Immune dysfunction - disorders of collagen , AIDS , rheumatoid arthritis Blood cell dysfunction - megaloblastic anemia , myelodysplasia , marrow failure , marrow replacement , acute leukemia Any major infection Miscellaneous - starvation , hypersplenism Symptoms of neutropenia are associated with the underlying cause of the decrease in neutrophils . For example , the most common cause of acquired neutropenia is drug - induced , so an individual may have symptoms of medication overdose or toxicity . Treatment is also aimed at the underlying cause of the neutropenia . One severe consequence of neutropenia is that it can increase the risk of infection . Lymphocytopenia ( edit ) Main article : Lymphocytopenia Defined as total lymphocyte count below 1.0 x10 / L , the cells most commonly affected are CD4+ T cells . Like neutropenia , lymphocytopenia may be acquired or intrinsic and there are many causes . This is not a complete list . Inherited immune deficiency - severe combined immunodeficiency , common variable immune deficiency , ataxia - telangiectasia , Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome , immunodeficiency with short - limbed dwarfism , immunodeficiency with thymoma , purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency , genetic polymorphism Blood cell dysfunction - aplastic anemia Infectious diseases - viral ( AIDS , SARS , West Nile encephalitis , hepatitis , herpes , measles , others ) , bacterial ( TB , typhoid , pneumonia , rickettsiosis , ehrlichiosis , sepsis ) , parasitic ( acute phase of malaria ) Medications - chemotherapy ( antilymphocyte globulin therapy , alemtuzumab , glucocorticoids ) Radiation Major surgery Miscellaneous - ECMO , kidney or bone marrow transplant , hemodialysis , kidney failure , severe burn , celiac disease , severe acute pancreatitis , sarcoidosis , protein - losing enteropathy , strenuous exercise , carcinoma Immune dysfunction - arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , Sjogren syndrome , myasthenia gravis , systemic vasculitis , Behcet - like syndrome , dermatomyositis , granulomatosis with polyangiitis Nutritional / Dietary - alcohol abuse , zinc deficiency Like neutropenia , symptoms and treatment of lymphocytopenia are directed at the underlying cause of the change in cell counts . Proliferative disorders ( edit ) Main article : Leukocytosis An increase in the number of white blood cells in circulation is called leukocytosis . This increase is most commonly caused by inflammation . There are four major causes : increase of production in bone marrow , increased release from storage in bone marrow , decreased attachment to veins and arteries , decreased uptake by tissues . Leukocytosis may affect one or more cell lines and can be neutrophilic , eosinophilic , basophilic , monocytosis , or lymphocytosis . Neutrophilia ( edit ) Main article : Neutrophilia Neutrophilia is an increase in the absolute neutrophil count in the peripheral circulation . Normal blood values vary by age . Neutrophilia can be caused by a direct problem with blood cells ( primary disease ) . It can also occur as a consequence of an underlying disease ( secondary ) . Most cases of neutrophilia are secondary to inflammation . Primary causes Conditions with normally functioning neutrophils -- hereditary neutrophilia , chronic idiopathic neutrophilia Pelger -- Huet anomaly Down syndrome Leukocyte adhesion deficiency Familial cold urticaria Leukemia ( chronic myelogenous ( CML ) ) and other myeloproliferative disorders Surgical removal of spleen Secondary causes Infection Chronic inflammation -- especially juvenile rheumatoid arthritis , rheumatoid arthritis , Still 's disease , Crohn 's disease , ulcerative colitis , granulomatous infections ( for example , tuberculosis ) , and chronic hepatitis Cigarette smoking -- occurs in 25 -- 50 % of chronic smokers and can last up to 5 years after quitting Stress -- exercise , surgery , general stress Medication induced -- corticosteroids ( for example , prednisone , β - agonists , lithium ) Cancer -- either by growth factors secreted by the tumor or invasion of bone marrow by the cancer Increased destruction of cells in peripheral circulation can stimulate bone marrow . This can occur in hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Eosinophilia ( edit ) Main article : Eosinophilia A normal eosinophil count is considered to be less than 0.65 × 10 / L. Eosinophil counts are higher in newborns and vary with age , time ( lower in the morning and higher at night ) , exercise , environment , and exposure to allergens . Eosinophilia is never a normal lab finding . Efforts should always be made to discover the underlying cause , though the cause may not always be found . Counting and reference ranges ( edit ) The complete blood cell count is a blood panel that includes the overall WBC count and various subsets such as the absolute neutrophil count . Reference ranges for blood tests specify the typical counts in healthy people . See also ( edit ) Leukocyte - promoting factor Biology portal Medicine portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maton , D. , Hopkins , J. , McLaughlin , Ch . W. , Johnson , S. , Warner , M.Q. , LaHart , D. , & Wright , J.D. , Deep V. Kulkarni ( 1997 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , US : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : LaFleur - Brooks , M. ( 2008 ) . Exploring Medical Language : A Student - Directed Approach ( 7th ed . ) . St. Louis , Missouri , US : Mosby Elsevier . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 04950 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Vital and Health Statistics Series 11 , No. 247 ( 03 / 2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce Alberts ; Alexander Johnson ; Julian Lewis ; Martin Raff ; Keith Roberts ; Peter Walter ( 2002 ) . `` Leukocyte also known as macrophagesfunctions and percentage breakdown '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4072 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014 '' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15347 / wjm / 2014.010 . Jump up ^ Orkin , SH ; Zon , LI ( Feb 22 , 2008 ) . `` SnapShot : hematopoiesis . '' . Cell. 132 ( 4 ) : 712 . PMID 18295585 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2008.02. 013 . ^ Jump up to : Daniels , V.G. , Wheater , P.R. , & Burkitt , H.G. ( 1979 ) . Functional histology : A text and colour atlas . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 0 - 443 - 01657 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Handin , Robert I. ; Samuel E. Lux ; Thomas P. Stossel ( 2003 ) . Blood : Principles and Practice of Hematology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams and Wilkins . p. 471 . ISBN 9780781719933 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Saladin , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Anatomy and Physiology : the Unit of Form and Function ( 6 ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wheater , Paul R. ; Stevens , Alan ( 2002 ) . Wheater 's basic histopathology : a colour atlas and text ( PDF ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07001 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pillay , J. ; Den Braber , I. ; Vrisekoop , N. ; Kwast , L.M. ; De Boer , R.J. ; Borghans , J.A.M. ; Tesselaar , K. ; Koenderman , L. ( 2010 ) . `` In vivo labeling with 2H2O reveals a human neutrophil lifespan of 5.4 days '' . Blood . 116 ( 4 ) : 625 -- 7 . PMID 20410504 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2010 - 01 - 259028 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Franco ; Haas , Helmut ; Gibbs , Bernard ( 15 December 2000 ) . `` The human basophil : a new appreciation of its role in immune responses . '' . Blood . 96 ( 13 ) : 4028 -- 38 . PMID 11110670 . ^ Jump up to : Vinay Kumar ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease . ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 1416031219 . ^ Jump up to : Kenneth Kaushansky et al. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Williams hematology ( 8th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . ISBN 0071621512 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Richard A. McPherson ; Matthew R. Pincus ; Naif Z . Abraham Jr. ; et al. ( eds . ) . Henry 's clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods ( 22nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 1437709745 . ^ Jump up to : Lee Goldman ; Andrew I. Schafer ( eds . ) . Goldman 's Cecil medicine ( 24th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 1437716040 . Jump up ^ McBride , JA ; Dacie , JV ; Shapley , R ( Feb 1968 ) . `` The effect of splenectomy on the leucocyte count . '' . British journal of haematology. 14 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 31 . PMID 5635603 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.1968. tb01489. x . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White blood cell . Atlas of Hematology Leukocytes at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) The main cell types in blood Cellular / HSCs Myeloid / CFU - GEMM CFU - GM CFU - G : Granulocytes Band cell Neutrophil CFU - M : Monocytes / MPS Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells CFU - DL Dendritic cells Langerhans cell Common Myelomonocyte CFU - Baso Granulocytes Basophil CFU - Eos Granulocytes Eosinophil MEP CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets CFU - E Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - Mast Mast cell precursors Noncellular Plasma Blood : lymphocytes Lymphoid / HSC : CFU - L B cells Plasma Memory Follicular Marginal zone Naïve Pre-B Thymocyte T cells αβ ( Cytotoxic CD8 Helper CD4 / T / T 3 / T 17 / Regulatory ) γδ Naïve Natural killer T cell NK cells Cytokine - induced killer cell Lymphokine - activated killer cell Null cell Lymphopoiesis Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte Immunology : lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement Lymphoid Antigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation / Professional APCs : Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs . tolerance action : Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity inaction : Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ( D ) J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC / HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin GND : 4074195 - 3 NDL : 00562841 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_blood_cell&oldid=806186111 '' Categories : Leukocytes Blood Human cells Immune system Immunology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use dmy dates from June 2011 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 08 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20blood%20cell
| 13,766 |
what was krishnadevaraya contribution to literature and art
|
Krishnadevaraya
|
krishnadevaraya
|
Krishnadevaraya Emperor of Vijayanagara Empire A bronze statue of Emperor Krishnadevaraya Reign 26 July 1509 -- 1529 Predecessor Viranarasimha Raya Successor Achyuta Deva Raya 16 February 1471 Hampi , Karnataka 28 / 29 December 1529 Hampi Burial 28 / 29 December 1529 Hampi , Karnataka Consort Tirumala Devi Chinna Devi Issue Thirumalamba Vengalamba Tirumala Raya ( Crowned in 1524 at the age of 6 years , but died on 1525 ) Dynasty Tuluva Dynasty Father Tuluva Narasa Nayaka Mother Nagala Devi Kannada inscription dated 1509 A.D. , of Krishnadeva Raya at the Virupaksha temple in Hampi describes his coronation and the construction of the large open mantapa Kannada inscription , dated 1513 A.D. , of Krishnadeva Raya at the Krishna temple in Hampi describes his victories against the Gajapati Kingdom of Odisha . Vijayanagara Empire Sangama dynasty Harihara I 1336 -- 1356 Bukka Raya I 1356 -- 1377 Harihara Raya II 1377 -- 1404 Virupaksha Raya 1404 -- 1405 Bukka Raya II 1405 -- 1406 Deva Raya I 1406 -- 1422 Ramachandra Raya 1422 Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422 -- 1424 Deva Raya II 1424 -- 1446 Mallikarjuna Raya 1446 -- 1465 Virupaksha Raya II 1465 -- 1485 Praudha Raya 1485 Saluva dynasty Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485 -- 1491 Thimma Bhupala 1491 Narasimha Raya II 1491 -- 1505 Tuluva dynasty Tuluva Narasa Nayaka 1491 -- 1503 Vira Narasimha Raya 1503 -- 1509 Krishna Deva Raya 1509 -- 1529 Achyuta Deva Raya 1529 -- 1542 Venkata I 1542 Sadasiva Raya 1542 -- 1570 Aravidu dynasty Aliya Rama Raya 1542 -- 1565 Tirumala Deva Raya 1565 -- 1572 Sriranga I 1572 -- 1586 Venkata II 1586 -- 1614 Sriranga II 1614 Rama Deva Raya 1617 -- 1632 Venkata III 1632 -- 1642 Sriranga III 1642 -- 1646 Krishnadevaraya ( IAST Kṛṣṇa Deva Rāya ) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509 -- 1529 . He is the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty . Presiding over the empire at its zenith , he is regarded as an icon by many Indians . Krishna Deva Raya earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana ( lit , `` Lord of the Kannada empire '' ) , Andhra Bhoja ( lit , `` Bhoja for Telugu Literature '' ) and Mooru Rayara Ganda ( lit , `` King of Three Kings '' ) . He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur , Golconda , the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha . He was one of the most powerful of all the Hindu rulers of India . Indeed , when the Mughal Akbar was taking stock of the potentates of north India , Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent . Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz also visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign . Krishna Deva Raya benefited from the able prime minister Timmarusu , who was regarded by the emperor as a father figure and was responsible for his coronation . Krishna Deva Raya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka , an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya , who later took control of the empire to prevent its disintegration and became the founder of the Tuluva Dynasty , the third Hindu Dynasty to rule Vijayanagara . The emperor 's coronation took place on the birthday of Hindu God Krishna . He built a beautiful suburb near Vijayanagara called Nagalapura . The king was of medium height , had a cheerful disposition , and was reputed to be respectful to foreign visitors , ruthless in maintaining the law , and prone to fits of anger . He maintained himself to a high level of physical fitness through daily exercises . Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able the administrator but also an excellent general , leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded . The south Indian poet Muku Timmana praised him as the destroyer of the Turks . Contents 1 Military career 1.1 Success in Deccan 1.2 War with feudatories 1.3 War with Kalinga 1.4 Final conflict and death 2 Internal affairs 3 Art and literature 3.1 Kannada literature 3.2 Tamil literature 3.3 Sanskrit literature 4 Religion and culture 5 Wives 5.1 Chinna Devi 5.2 Tirumala Devi 6 References 7 Notes 8 External links Military career ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The rule of Krishna Deva Raya marks a period of much military success in Vijayanagara history . On occasion , the king was known to change battle plans abruptly and turn a losing battle into victory . The first decade of his rule was one of the long sieges , bloody conquests , and victories . His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans ( who , though divided into five small kingdoms , remained a constant threat ) , the Gajapatis of Odisha , who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya and the Portuguese , a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade . The feudal chiefs of Ummattur , Adapa dynasty Kammas of Kondapalli who rebelled against Vijayanagar rule were conquered and subdued . Success in Deccan ( edit ) The annual affair of the raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya 's rule . In 1509 Krishnadevaraya 's armies clashed with the Sultan of Bijapur at Diwani and the Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated . Yusuf Adil Khan was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed . Taking advantage of the victory and the disunity of the Bahamani Sultans , the Raya invaded Bidar , Gulbarga , and Bijapur and earned the title `` establisher of the Yavana kingdom '' when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler . The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu who was the prime minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya . War with feudatories ( edit ) He subdued local rulers of Musunuri Karmas of Khammam and Velamas of Bhuvanagiri who were the feudatory of Gajapati kings of Odisha and seized lands up to the Krishna river . Ganga Raja , the Ummatur chief , fought Krishna Deva Raya on the banks of the Kaveri and was defeated . The chief later drowned in the Kaveri in 1512 . The region was made a part of the Srirangapatna province . In 1516 - 1517 , he pushed beyond the Godavari river . War with Kalinga ( edit ) The Surya Vamsi Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising Andhra region , Odisha . Krishna Deva Raya 's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into Coastal Andhra region which was in control of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva . The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512 . The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation . Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi . The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaviduraju where the armies of Vijayanagara , after establishing a siege for a few months and heavy with initial defeats began to retreat , until Timmarusu upon discovering a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort launched a night attack culminating with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of the greatest swordsman of his time , Prince Virabhadra , the son of Gajapati Emperor of Kalinga - Utkal , Gajapati Prataprudra Deva . Saluva Timmarasa took over as governor of Kondavidu thereafter . The Vijayanagar army then accosted the Adapa Kamma dynasty army allies to Gajapatis at Kondapalli area and laid another siege . Krishnadevaraya then planned for an invasion of mainland Kalinga - Utkal but the Gajapati Emperor , Prataparudra , privy of this plan had built up a strategy to rout the Vijayanagara army and along with it its king , Krishnadevaraya . The confrontation was to happen at the fort of Kalinganagar . But the wily Timmarusu secured the information by bribing a Telugu deserter , formerly under the service of the mighty Prataprudra deva . Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack , the capital of the Gajapati empire and eventually surrendered to Vijaynagar , giving his daughter Princess Annapurna Devi in marriage to Sri Krishna Deva Raya . As per treaty Krishna river became boundary of Vijaynagar and Odisha Kingdom . Thereafter peace between the two strongest Hindu empires in India ensured a period of harmony and the safety of Sanatana Dharma in India . Krishna Deva Raya established friendly relations with the Portuguese , who set up the Portuguese Dominion of India in Goa in 1510 . The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants . He also utilized Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagara City . Final conflict and death ( edit ) See also : Battle of Raichur Kannada inscription dated 1524 A.D. , of Krishnadeva Raya at the Anathasayana temple in Anathasayanagudi near Hampi . The temple was built in memory of his deceased son The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war , in one of these campaigns , he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul - Mulk , crushed Bijapur and its Sultan Ismail Adil Shah and restored Bahmani sultanate to Muhammad Shah . The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured the fortress of Raichur from Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur after a difficult siege during which 16,000 Vijaynagar soldiers were killed . The exploits of the chief military commander , Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu , during the battle of Raichur were suitably rewarded by the grateful emperor . During the campaign against Raichur , it is said that 703,000 - foot soldiers , 32,600 cavalry , and 551 elephants were used in the battle of Raichur . Finally , in his last battle , he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga , the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate . His empire extended over the whole of South India . In 1524 he made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja though the crown prince did not survive for long . He was poisoned to death . Suspecting the involvement of Timmarusu , Krishna Deva Raya had his trusted commander and adviser blinded . At the same time , Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum that was in the Adil Shah 's possession ; Krishnadevaraya took seriously ill . He died soon after in 1529 . Before his death , he nominated his brother , Achyuta Deva Raya as his successor . The rule of Krishnadevaraya was a glorious chapter in the history of Vijayanagara Empire . Even the ruins at Hampi tell the glorious tale of that mighty empire . Internal affairs ( edit ) During his reign he kept a strict control over his ministers who were severely punished for any misdeeds . He abolished some of the obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee . To increase the revenue he brought new lands under cultivation by ordering deforestation of some areas . A large - scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagar was also undertaken by him . Foreign travelers such as Paes , Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagar speak highly of the efficiency of administration and prosperity of the people during his reign . In spite of his preoccupations with the defense and reorganization of the territories conquered by him , he founded a new town called Nagalapur . Paes summarises the king 's attitude to matters of law and order by the sentence , `` The king maintains the law by killing . '' Offenses against property ( designed to maintain stability ) and for murder ranged from cutting of a foot and hand for theft and beheading for murder ( except for those occurring as a result of the duel ) . Paes could not estimate the size of Vijaynagar as his view was obscured by the hills but estimated the city to be at least as large as Rome . Furthermore , he considered Vijaynagar to be `` the best provided city in the world '' with a population of not less than a half a million . The empire was divided into a number of provinces often under members of the royal family and into further subdivisions . The administrative languages of the Empire were Kannada and Telugu -- the latter was also the Court language . Telugu was a popular literary medium , reaching its peak under the patronage of Krishnadevaraya . Sewe I remark that Krishna Deva Raya was not only a monarch de jure , but he was also a de facto sovereign with extensive powers and strong personal influence . With the active cooperation of Prime Minister Timmarusu , he administered the Kingdom well , maintained peace in the land and increased the prosperity of the people The administration of the empire was carried on along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada . He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma . His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire , during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and to punish the evil doers . With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people , Krishnadevaraya says : '' The extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth . Therefore even if the land is limited in extent , excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru , so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit . '' The Portuguese Chronicler Domingo Paes praises Krishna Deva Raya as , `` the most feared and perfect King ... a great ruler and a man of much justice '' . Though a follower of Vaishnavism he showed respect to all sects , and petty religious prejudices never influenced him , either in granting gifts or in his choice of companions and officers . According to Barbosa , `` The King allows such freedom that every man may come and go , live according to his own creed , without suffering any annoyance '' . Once , when there was some trouble with construction of a big reservoir , Krishna Deva Raya ordered the sacrifice of some prisoners . Art and literature ( edit ) Vitthala temple with musical pillars , Hoysala style multigonal base Hampi The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages , although it is also known as a golden age of Telugu literature . Many Kannada , Telugu , Sanskrit , and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor . Emperor Krishna Deva Raya was fluent in many languages . There remains a debate whether he was a Kannadiga or Telugu or Tuluva by lineage . The poet Muku Timmana praised him as a great general and stated : `` O Krishnaraya , you Man - Lion . You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name ` s power . Oh Lord of the elephant king , just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror . Kannada literature ( edit ) He patronised Kannada poets Mallanarya who wrote Veera - saivamruta , Bhava - chinta - ratna and Satyendra Chola - kathe , Chatu Vittal - anatha who wrote Bhaga - vatha , Timmanna Kavi who wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata . Vyasatirtha , the great saint from Mysore belonging to the Madhwa order of Udupi was his Rajaguru . Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work . The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya 's time in his personal diary . However it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself . Tamil literature ( edit ) Tamil inscription of Krishnadevaraya , Severappoondi Krishna Deva Raya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by . Sanskrit literature ( edit ) In Sanskrit , Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedo - jjivana , Tat - parya - chandrika , Nyaya - mrita ( a work directed against Advaita philosophy ) and Tarka - tandava . Krishna Deva Raya himself an accomplished scholar wrote Madalasa Charita , Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana . Religion and culture ( edit ) Tirumala Temple and Vaikuntam Queue Complex ( semicircular building in the foreground ) as seen from Srivari Padalu on Narayanagiri hill Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism and lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value , ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords . For this he is honored with installing his statues along with his two wives at the temple complex. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit . He also contributed in building parts of Srisailam temple complex . Krishna Deva Raya was formally initiated into the Vaishnava Sampradaya by Tathacharya . He patronised poets and scholars in Kannada , Telugu , Tamil and Sanskrit . Tathacharya was his Royal Priest . Wives ( edit ) Chinna Devi ( edit ) Chinna Devi Krishnadevaraya with his two wives Chinna Devi ( left ) and Tirumala Devi Spouse Krishnadevaraya Issue Vengalamba Father ? ? Mother ? ? She was first and elder wife of Krishnadevaraya . She was known as Channa Devi . Tirumala Devi ( edit ) Main article : Tirumala Devi References ( edit ) Smith , Vincent , Oxford History of India , Fourth Edition , pgs. 306 - 307 , and 312 - 313 . Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat , Concise history of Karnataka , 2001 , MCC , Bangalore ( Reprinted 2002 ) . Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , 1955 , OUP , New Delhi ( Reprinted 2002 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Srinivasan , C.R. ( 1979 ) . Kanchipuram Through the Ages . Agam Kala Prakashan . p. 200 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bh Sivasankaranarayana , M.V. Rajagopal , N. Ramesan ( 1970 ) . Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers : Anantapur . Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press , copies can be had from : Government Publication Bureau . p. 63 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ T.K.T. Viraraghavacharya ( 1997 ) . History of Tirupati : The Thiruvengadam Temple , Volume 2 . Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams . p. 469 . Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 118 Jump up ^ Keay , John , India : A History , New York : Harper Collins , 2000 , p. 302 Jump up ^ Prof K.A.N. Sastri , History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , 1955 , pp 250,258 ^ Jump up to : Vijayanagara Voices : Exploring South Indian History and Hindu Literature William Joseph Jackson : p. 124 ^ Jump up to : A Comprehensive History of India : Comprehensive history of medieval India by B.N. Puri , M.N. Das p. 94 Jump up ^ Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 p. 194 Jump up ^ History of Medieval India : From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. by Radhey Shyam Chaurasia p. 111 Jump up ^ `` Telugu Literature '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Telugu literature flowered in the early 16th century under the Vijayanagar empire , of which Telugu was the court language . ^ Jump up to : Medieval Indian History by Krishnaji Nageshrao Chitnis p. 82 Jump up ^ `` India : A wounded Civilisation by VS Naipaul '' . Jump up ^ `` Vicissitudes of the Goddess : Reconstructions of the Gramadevata in India 's ... by Sree Padma p. 250 '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/14/stories/2010091462650700.htm Jump up ^ http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002710600.htm Jump up ^ Dr. S.U. Kamat , Concise history of Karnataka , pp 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Prof K.A.N. Sastri , History of South India pp 355 - 366 Jump up ^ . Krishna Deva Raya considered the saint his Kula - devata and highly honored him . A Concise History of Karnataka pp 178 , Dr. S.U. Kamath , ( 1 ) Haridasas of Karnataka , Madhusudana Rao CR , History of South India , pp 324 , Prof. K.A.N. Sastri Jump up ^ A Concise History of Karnataka , Dr. S.U. Kamath , pp 157 Jump up ^ Dr. S.U. Kamat , Concise history of Karnataka , pp 157 - 189 , History of South India , pp 331 - 354 , Prof. K.A.N. Sastri Jump up ^ Dr. S.U. Kamat , Concise history of Karnataka , pg. 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Prof K.A.N. Sastri , History of South India pg. 239 - 280 Jump up ^ Prof K.A.N. Sastri , History of South India pg. 309 - 330 Jump up ^ Haridasas of Karnataka , Narahari S. Pujar , Shrisha Rao and H.P. Raghunandan ( 2 ) External links ( edit ) The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation Krishnadevaraya 's complex at Tirupati Statutes of Krishnadevaraya and his wives at Tirupati . Gold coins issued during Krishnadevaraya 's reign A Forgotten Empire ( Vijayanagar ) : a contribution to the history of India ( Translation of the Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535 , respectively , with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishnadevaraya . Preceded by Viranarasimha Raya Vijayanagara empire 1509 -- 1529 Succeeded by Achyuta Deva Raya WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 9272 5930 LCCN : n82098869 SUDOC : 161156495 VIAF : 136065795 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnadevaraya&oldid=866106545 '' Categories : Vijayanagara Empire Indian monarchs People of the Vijayanagara Empire People from Karnataka History of Karnataka 1471 births 1529 deaths Tulu people Indian Hindus Hindu monarchs Culture of Andhra Pradesh Telugu monarchs 16th - century Indian monarchs People from Bellary district Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 08 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnadevaraya
| 107,720 |
|||
what was the name of elvis presley's first movie
|
His feature debut was in Love Me Tender for 20th Century Fox , with the commercial success of the soundtrack EP being a bellwether for the next three Presley films . Loving You , Jailhouse Rock and King Creole were dramatic storylines written around Presley in the role of a musical entertainer . He would later state that King Creole was his favorite of all his films . Flaming Star and Wild in the Country were rarities in his career , non-musicals focused on dramatic storylines . According to music historian Peter Guralnick , the sluggish financial returns of those two films became the justification for ignoring Presley 's wishes and limiting him to the more profitable musical format .
|
Love Me Tender
|
Elvis Presley on film and television
|
elvis presley on film and television
|
Elvis Presley ( 1935 -- 1977 ) was an American entertainer who achieved initial success as a singer , expressing an early career goal of following in the footsteps of his role models James Dean and Marlon Brando to become a top dramatic actor . His manager Colonel Tom Parker 's persistent lobbying of William Morris Agency president Abe Lastfogel for a Presley screen test paid off on March 26 , 1956 , when the singer auditioned at Paramount for a supporting role in The Rainmaker . Although not chosen for the part , he signed a contract with Paramount producer Hal Wallis on April 25 that also allowed him to make films with other studios .
|
His feature debut was in Love Me Tender for 20th Century Fox , with the commercial success of the soundtrack EP being a bellwether for the next three Presley films . Loving You , Jailhouse Rock and King Creole were dramatic storylines written around Presley in the role of a musical entertainer . He would later state that King Creole was his favorite of all his films . Flaming Star and Wild in the Country were rarities in his career , non-musicals focused on dramatic storylines . According to music historian Peter Guralnick , the sluggish financial returns of those two films became the justification for ignoring Presley 's wishes and limiting him to the more profitable musical format . Presley became bitter that his hopes for dramatic roles were not coming to fruition , stating that Clambake was his worst film . He began to complain about the deteriorating quality of the films and his belief that his manager 's objectives were more monetary than anything else . At the expiration of all studio contracts , he returned to live entertaining . The two concert documentaries Elvis : That 's the Way It Is in 1970 and Elvis on Tour in 1972 were the final theatrical releases for Presley . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting credits 1.1 Television 1.2 Feature films 2 Notes 3 References Acting credits ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Television credits of Elvis Presley ( as himself ) Year Title Notes Ref ( s ) 1956 Stage Show 6 episodes at the CBS studios in New York City , NY : January 28 , February 4 , 11 , 18 , March 17 , 24 ; Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey 's show , produced by Jackie Gleason as a lead - in for his show 1956 Texaco Star Theatre 2 episodes : April 3 aboard the USS Hancock in San Diego , CA ; June 5 NBC studios Los Angeles , CA 1956 Teenage Dance Party June 16 ; hosted by Wink Martindale , WHBQ - TV Memphis , TN 1956 Hy Gardner Calling July 1 television interview , WRCA - TV , New York City , NY 1956 Steve Allen Show ! The Steve Allen Show July 1 ; NBC , New York City , NY 1956 -- 57 Ed Sullivan Show ! The Ed Sullivan Show 3 episodes : September 9 , October 28 , 1956 ; January 6 , 1957 , CBS New York City , NY 1960 Frank ! The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Taped March 26 , in Miami , FL ; aired on ABC May 12 1968 Elvis Also known as the Elvis Comeback Special , the ' 68 Comeback Special , and One Night With You ; June taping at NBC Los Angeles , CA ; air date December 3 1973 Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Kui Lee Cancer Fund benefit concert at Honolulu 's Neal S. Blaisdell Center broadcast by NBC worldwide live January 14 1977 Elvis in Concert The last concert tour before Presley died ; CBS broadcast after his death Feature films ( edit ) Feature film credits of Elvis Presley Year Title Role Notes Ref ( s ) 1956 Love Me Tender Clint Reno 1957 Loving You Jimmy Tompkins ( Deke Rivers ) 1957 Jailhouse Rock Vince Everett Added to the National Film Registry in 2004 1958 King Creole Danny Fisher Final film before military service 1960 G.I. Blues Tulsa McLean 1960 Flaming Star Pacer Burton 1961 Wild in the Country Glenn Tyler 1961 Blue Hawaii Chad Gates 1962 Follow That Dream Toby Kwimper 1962 Kid Galahad Walter Gulick / Kid Galahad 1962 Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! Ross Carpenter 1963 It Happened at the World 's Fair Mike Edwards 1963 Fun in Acapulco Mike Windgren 1964 Kissin ' Cousins Josh Morgan / Jodie Tatum Filmed after Viva Las Vegas 1964 Viva Las Vegas Lucky Jackson 1964 Roustabout Charlie Rogers 1965 Girl Happy Rusty Wells 1965 Tickle Me Lonnie Beale / Panhandle Kid 1965 Harum Scarum Johnny Tyronne 1966 Frankie and Johnny Johnny 1966 Paradise , Hawaiian Style Rick Richards 1966 Spinout Mike McCoy 1967 Easy Come , Easy Go Lt. ( j.g. ) Ted Jackson Filmed after Double Trouble 1967 Double Trouble Guy Lambert 1967 Clambake Scott Heyward 1968 Stay Away , Joe Joe Lightcloud Filmed after Speedway 1968 Speedway Steve Grayson 1968 Live a Little , Love a Little Greg Nolan 1969 Charro ! Jess Wade 1969 Trouble with Girls ! The Trouble with Girls Walter Hale 1969 Change of Habit Dr. John Carpenter ( final film role ) 1970 Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Himself Concert documentary 1972 Elvis on Tour Himself Concert documentary Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1994 ) , pp. 155 -- 156 , 443 , 323 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1994 ) , pp. 144 , 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1994 ) , p. 262 ; Guralnick and Jorgensen 1999 , pp. 67 , 127 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 112 -- 113 , 118 -- 119 ; Jorgensen , Guralnick ( 1998 ) , pp. 78 -- 80 , 1962 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 212 ; Neibaur ( 2014 ) pp. 217 , 219 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 271 , 305 , 321 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 61 -- 62 , 65 , 67 ; Guralnick ( 1994 ) , pp. 236 , 244 -- 246 , 249 -- 252 , 257 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 67 , 73 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , p. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 83 , 89 , 95 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 151 , 154 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 242 -- 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 319 -- 321 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen 1999 p. 375 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1994 ) , p. 311 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241. ; `` Love Me Tender '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) p. 96 ; Guralnick ( 1994 ) , pp. 344 , 370 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . United States Government . December 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . ; Knowles ( 2013 ) , pp. 97 -- 108 ; Guralnick ( 1994 ) , pp. 409 -- 410 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ In a 1992 interview King Creole co-star Jan Shepard told historian Peter Guralnick that Elvis told her in 1965 , `` Honey , that was my favorite picture . '' Guralnick 1999 , p. 209 ; Guralnick ( 1994 ) , p. 442 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1999 ) , p. 28 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; `` G.I. Blues '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 64 ; Guralnick ( 1999 ) , p. 78 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1999 ) , p. 84 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Lisanti ( 2012 ) , p. 60 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; `` Follow That Dream '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; `` Kid Galahad '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) pp. 120 , 123 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1999 ) , p. 141 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1999 ) , pp. 155 -- 159 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick ( 1999 ) , pp. 152 -- 153 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Rose ( 1996 ) , p. 270 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Lisanti ( 2012 ) , p. 203 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Templeton , Craig ( 2002 ) , p. 91 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 184 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 187 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Lisanti ( 2000 ) pp. 135 -- 137 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 207 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 200 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) pp. 213 -- 214 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) pp. 219 -- 220 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Gulick ( 2006 ) , pp. 143 -- 144 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 229 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) pp. 239 -- 240 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; `` Live a Little , Love a Little '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 242 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Ellroy , Penzler ( 2011 ) , p. 63 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; `` The Trouble with Girls '' . AFI Catalog of Featured Films . AFI . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neibaur ( 2014 ) p. 253 ; ( Guralnick ( 1999 ) , pp. 338 -- 339 ; Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh ( 1982 ) , p. 241 ; Guralnick , Jorgensen ( 1999 ) , pp. 315 , 321 . References ( edit ) Ellroy , James ; Penzler , Otto ( 2011 ) . The Best American Noir of the Century . New York , NY : Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 57744 - 9 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1994 ) . Last train to Memphis : The Rise of Elvis Presley . Boston , MA : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33220 - 0 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Careless Love : The Unmaking of Elvis Presley . Boston , MA : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 33222 - 4 . Guralnick , Peter ; Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) . Elvis Day by Day : The Definitive Record of His Life and Music . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 42089 - 3 . Jorgensen , Ernst ; Guralnick , Peter ( 1998 ) . Elvis Presley : A Live in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 18572 - 5 . Lisanti , Tom ( 2000 ) . Fantasy Femmes of 60 's Cinema : Interviews with 20 Actresses from Biker , Beach , and Elvis Movies . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0868 - 9 . Lisanti , Tom ( 2012 ) . Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies The First Wave , 1959 -- 1969 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7297 - 0 . Marsh , Dave ( 1982 ) . Elvis . New York , NY : Time Books . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0947 - X . Neibaur , James L. ( 2014 ) . The Elvis Movies . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 3073 - 6 . Rose , Frank ( 1996 ) . The Agency : William Morris and the Hidden History of Show Business . New York , NY : HarperBusiness . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88730 - 807 - 9 . Templeton , Steve ; Craig , Yvonne ( 2002 ) . Elvis Presley : Silver Screen Icon : A Collection of Movie Posters . Johnson City , TN : Overmountain Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57072 - 232 - 5 . Elvis Presley Albums discography Singles discography Filmography Studio albums Elvis Presley Elvis Peace in the Valley ( EP ) Elvis ' Christmas Album For LP Fans Only A Date with Elvis Elvis Is Back ! His Hand in Mine Something for Everybody Pot Luck Elvis for Everyone ! How Great Thou Art From Elvis in Memphis From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis Elvis Country ( I 'm 10,000 Years Old ) Love Letters from Elvis Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas Elvis Now He Touched Me Elvis Raised on Rock / For Ol ' Times Sake Good Times Promised Land Today From Elvis Presley Boulevard , Memphis , Tennessee Moody Blue Live albums On Stage As Recorded at Madison Square Garden Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis Having Fun with Elvis on Stage Elvis in Concert An Afternoon in the Garden Soundtrack albums and EPs Love Me Tender ( EP ) Loving You Jailhouse Rock ( EP ) King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star ( EP ) Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream ( EP ) Kid Galahad ( EP ) Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas ( EP ) Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me ( EP ) Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go ( EP ) Double Trouble Clambake Speedway Elvis That 's the Way It Is Viva Elvis Compilation albums Elvis ' Golden Records 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Elvis ' Golden Records Volume 3 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 4 Elvis Sings Flaming Star Let 's Be Friends Almost in Love C'mon Everybody I Got Lucky Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 1 Elvis ' 40 Greatest Pure Gold Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 2 The Sun Sessions Welcome to My World Mahalo from Elvis Elvis : A Legendary Performer Volume 3 Greatest Hits Volume 1 Elvis ' Gold Records Volume 5 Amazing Grace : His Greatest Sacred Performances Command Performances : The Essential 60s Masters II Elvis 56 Tiger Man Memories : The ' 68 Comeback Special Sunrise Suspicious Minds : The Memphis 1969 Anthology ELV1S : 30 # 1 Hits 2nd to None Elvis at Sun Hitstory Elvis Inspirational Elvis Rock Elvis Christmas The Essential Elvis Presley Christmas Duets If I Can Dream Way Down in the Jungle Room The Wonder of You The 50 Greatest Hits Box sets Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1 The King of Rock ' n ' Roll : The Complete 50 's Masters From Nashville to Memphis : The Essential ' 60s Masters Walk a Mile in My Shoes : The Essential ' 70s Masters Peace in the Valley : The Complete Gospel Recordings Live in Las Vegas Today , Tomorrow , and Forever Elvis the King The Complete ' 68 Comeback Special The Complete Elvis Presley Masters Bootlegs Elvis ' Greatest Shit Feature films Love Me Tender Loving You Jailhouse Rock King Creole G.I. Blues Flaming Star Wild in the Country Blue Hawaii Follow That Dream Kid Galahad Girls ! Girls ! Girls ! It Happened at the World 's Fair Fun in Acapulco Kissin ' Cousins Viva Las Vegas Roustabout Girl Happy Tickle Me Harum Scarum Frankie and Johnny Paradise , Hawaiian Style Spinout Easy Come , Easy Go Double Trouble Clambake Stay Away , Joe Speedway Live a Little , Love a Little Charro ! The Trouble with Girls Change of Habit Biographical films Elvis ( 1979 film ) Elvis ( 1990 series ) Elvis Meets Nixon Elvis ( 2005 miniseries ) Elvis & Nixon Documentaries The Pied Piper of Cleveland Elvis : That 's the Way It Is Elvis on Tour This Is Elvis The New Gladiators TV specials The Frank Sinatra Timex Show : Welcome Home Elvis Singer Presents ... ELVIS Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite Elvis in Concert Stage shows based on Elvis Cooking with Elvis All Shook Up Elvis . The Musical Elvis : The Concert Viva Elvis Top 10 singles `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Love Me Tender '' `` Love Me '' `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' `` One Night '' `` I Got Stung '' `` ( Now and Then There 's ) A Fool Such as I '' `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' `` Stuck on You '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' `` Surrender '' `` I Feel So Bad '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Good Luck Charm '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' `` ( You 're The ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` In the Ghetto '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` Burning Love '' Related people Sam Phillips The Blue Moon Boys The Jordanaires The Imperials The Sweet Inspirations TCB Band J.D. Sumner Stephen H. Sholes June Juanico Memphis Mafia Colonel Tom Parker George C. Nichopoulos Lisa Marie Presley Priscilla Presley Judy Spreckels Linda Thompson Ginger Alden Larry Geller Related Graceland Audubon Street House Cultural depictions Cultural impact Personal relationships Impersonators Elvis and Gladys Elvis and Me Elvis : What Happened ? Elvis - A-Rama Museum Hit singles Sun recordings Million Dollar Quartet List of Elvis Presley songs Songs about Elvis Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis Presley Lake `` Elvis has left the building '' Elvis Radio FBI files on Elvis Presley Army career Eight Elvises Triple Elvis Elvis Presley 's Pink Cadillac Elvis Presley 's guitars Elvis Presley Forever stamp Elvis sightings Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elvis_Presley_on_film_and_television&oldid=820097068 '' Categories : Elvis Presley Male actor filmographies American filmographies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis%20Presley%20on%20film%20and%20television
| 17,296 |
who voted for the civil rights act of 1965
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964
|
civil rights act of 1964
|
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote , to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations , to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education , to extend the Commission on Civil Rights , to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs , to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity , and for other purposes . Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective July 2 , 1964 Citations Public law 88 - 352 Statutes at Large 78 Stat. 241 Codification Acts amended Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on June 20 , 1963 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 1964 ( 290 -- 130 ) Passed the Senate on June 19 , 1964 ( 73 -- 27 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2 , 1964 ( 289 -- 126 ) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2 , 1964 Major amendments Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Civil Rights Act of 1991 No Child Left Behind Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 United States Supreme Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 ) Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education ( 1969 ) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 ) Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Pub. L. 88 -- 352 , 78 Stat. 241 , enacted July 2 , 1964 ) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements , racial segregation in schools , employment , and public accommodations . Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak , but were supplemented during later years . Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution , principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One ( section 8 ) , its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment , and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963 , but opposed by filibuster in the Senate . After Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 , President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward , which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73 -- 27 and House vote of 289 -- 126 . The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2 , 1964 , at the White House . Contents 1 Origins 2 Legislative history 2.1 House of Representatives 2.2 Johnson 's appeal to Congress 2.3 Lobbying efforts 2.4 Passage in the Senate 2.5 Vote totals 2.5. 1 By party 2.5. 2 By party and region 3 Women 's rights 4 Desegregation 5 Political repercussions 6 Major features 6.1 Title I 6.2 Title II 6.3 Title III 6.4 Title IV 6.5 Title V 6.6 Title VI 6.7 Title VII 6.7. 1 Precedents and history 6.8 Title VIII 6.9 Title IX 6.10 Title X 6.11 Title XI 7 Continued resistance 8 Amendments 9 Subsequent court rulings 10 Influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Origins ( edit ) John F. Kennedy addresses the nation about civil rights on June 11 , 1963 The bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11 , 1963 , in which he asked for legislation `` giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public -- hotels , restaurants , theaters , retail stores , and similar establishments '' -- as well as `` greater protection for the right to vote '' . Kennedy delivered this speech in the aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States . Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of black riots in the spring 1963 . Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , Kennedy 's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations , and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems , among other provisions . However , it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders , including protection against police brutality , ending discrimination in private employment , or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits . Legislative History ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 On June 11 , 1963 , President Kennedy met with Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening . Two days later , Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president 's bill , except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations . This led to several Republican Congressmen drafting a compromise bill to be considered . On June 19 , the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written , saying legislative action was `` imperative '' . The president 's bill went first to the House of Representatives , where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee , chaired by Emanuel Celler , a Democrat from New York . After a series of hearings on the bill , Celler 's committee strengthened the act , adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment , providing greater protection to black voters , eliminating segregation in all publicly - owned facilities ( not just schools ) , and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters . They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law . In essence , this was the controversial `` Title III '' that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts . Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights . Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage . The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963 and referred to the Rules Committee , whose chairman , Howard W. Smith , a Democrat and avid segregationist from Virginia , indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely . Johnson 's appeal to Congress ( edit ) The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22 , 1963 , changed the political situation . Kennedy 's successor as president , Lyndon Johnson , made use of his experience in legislative politics , along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president , in support of the bill . In his first address to a joint session of Congress on November 27 , 1963 , Johnson told the legislators , `` No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy 's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long . '' Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee ; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor . Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary , with many congressmen who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition . By the time of the 1963 winter recess , 50 signatures were still needed . After the return of Congress from its winter recess , however , it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures . To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition , Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee . Lobbying efforts ( edit ) Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights , a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations . The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell , Sr. of the NAACP . Passage in the Senate ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. and Malcolm X at the United States Capitol on March 26 , 1964 . Both had come to hear the Senate debate on the bill . This was the only time the two men ever met ; their meeting lasted only one minute . Johnson , who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible , ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate . Normally , the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee , chaired by Senator James O. Eastland , Democrat from Mississippi . Given Eastland 's firm opposition , it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor . Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo . Having initially waived a second reading of the bill , which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary , Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26 , 1964 , and then proposed , in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first , that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate . When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30 , 1964 , the `` Southern Bloc '' of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell ( D - GA ) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage . Said Russell : `` We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our ( Southern ) states . '' Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King , Jr . Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond ( D - SC ) : `` This so - called Civil Rights Proposals , which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law , are unconstitutional , unnecessary , unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason . This is the worst civil - rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress . '' `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' Play media Public statement by Lyndon B. Johnson of July 2 , 1964 about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' audio only Problems playing these files ? See media help . After 54 days of filibuster , Senators Hubert Humphrey ( D - MN ) , Mike Mansfield ( D - MT ) , Everett Dirksen ( R - IL ) , and Thomas Kuchel ( R - CA ) , introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster . The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the conduct of private business , but it was not so weak as to cause the House to reconsider the legislation . On the morning of June 10 , 1964 , Senator Robert Byrd ( D-W.Va . ) completed a filibustering address that he had begun 14 hours and 13 minutes earlier opposing the legislation . Until then , the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days , including six Saturdays . A day earlier , Democratic Whip Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota , the bill 's manager , concluded he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and end the filibuster . With six wavering senators providing a four - vote victory margin , the final tally stood at 71 to 29 . Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill . And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure . On June 19 , the substitute ( compromise ) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73 -- 27 , and quickly passed through the House -- Senate conference committee , which adopted the Senate version of the bill . The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress , and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2 , 1964 . Vote totals ( edit ) Totals are in `` Yea -- Nay '' format : The original House version : 290 -- 130 ( 69 -- 31 % ) Cloture in the Senate : 71 -- 29 ( 71 -- 29 % ) The Senate version : 73 -- 27 ( 73 -- 27 % ) The Senate version , as voted on by the House : 289 -- 126 ( 70 -- 30 % ) By Party ( edit ) The record of the roll call vote kept by the House Clerk on final passage of the bill The original House version : Democratic Party : 152 -- 96 ( 61 -- 39 % ) Republican Party : 138 -- 34 ( 80 -- 20 % ) Cloture in the Senate : Democratic Party : 44 -- 23 ( 66 -- 34 % ) Republican Party : 27 -- 6 ( 82 -- 18 % ) The Senate version : Democratic Party : 46 -- 21 ( 69 -- 31 % ) Republican Party : 27 -- 6 ( 82 -- 18 % ) The Senate version , voted on by the House : Democratic Party : 153 -- 91 ( 63 -- 37 % ) Republican Party : 136 -- 35 ( 80 -- 20 % ) By Party and region ( edit ) Note : `` Southern '' , as used in this section , refers to members of Congress from the eleven states that made up the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . `` Northern '' refers to members from the other 39 states , regardless of the geographic location of those states . The original House version : Southern Democrats : 7 -- 87 ( 7 -- 93 % ) Southern Republicans : 0 -- 10 ( 0 -- 100 % ) Northern Democrats : 145 -- 9 ( 94 -- 6 % ) Northern Republicans : 138 -- 24 ( 85 -- 15 % ) The Senate version : Southern Democrats : 1 -- 20 ( 5 -- 95 % ) ( only Ralph Yarborough of Texas voted in favor ) Southern Republicans : 0 -- 1 ( 0 -- 100 % ) ( John Tower of Texas ) Northern Democrats : 45 -- 1 ( 98 -- 2 % ) ( only Robert Byrd of West Virginia voted against ) Northern Republicans : 27 -- 5 ( 84 -- 16 % ) Women 's Rights ( edit ) Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152 , which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination , as passed by the House of Representatives Just one year earlier , the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , which prohibited wage differentials based on sex . The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation . Smith 's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133 . Historians debate Smith 's motivation , whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women , or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women . Smith expected that Republicans , who had included equal rights for women in their party 's platform since 1944 , would probably vote for the amendment . Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions . Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed , `` Smith did n't give a damn about women 's rights ... he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who did n't favor women 's rights , '' and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment . Smith asserted that he was not joking ; he sincerely supported the amendment and , indeed , along with Rep. Martha Griffiths , he was the chief spokesperson for the amendment . For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment ( with no linkage to racial issues ) in the House because he believed in it . He for decades had been close to the National Woman 's Party and its leader Alice Paul , who was also the leader in winning the right to vote for women in 1920 , the author of the first Equal Rights Amendment , and a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then . She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category . Now was the moment . Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women , and that was unfair to white women . Furthermore , she argued that the laws `` protecting '' women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs , and that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs . The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats . The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats . Thus , as Justice William Rehnquist explained in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , `` The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives ... the bill quickly passed as amended , and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act 's prohibition against discrimination based on ' sex . ' '' Desegregation ( edit ) One of the most damaging arguments by the bill 's opponents was that once passed , the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools . Proponents of the bill , such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits , said that the bill would not authorize such measures . Leading sponsor Senator Hubert Humphrey ( D - MN ) wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing . Humphrey said `` if the bill were to compel it , it would be a violation ( of the Constitution ) , because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race . '' While Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes `` would be making a fool of himself , '' two years later the Department of Health , Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing . Political repercussions ( edit ) See also : Realigning election President Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act The bill divided and engendered a long - term change in the demographic support of both parties . President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South 's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party . Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation . Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that `` I know the risks are great and we might lose the South , but those sorts of states may be lost anyway . '' Senator Richard Russell , Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill `` will not only cost you the South , it will cost you the election '' . Johnson , however , went on to win the 1964 election by one of the biggest landslides in American history . The South , which had five states swing Republican in 1964 , became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s . Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill , there were notable exceptions . Though he opposed forced segregation , Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona voted against the bill , remarking , `` You ca n't legislate morality . '' Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the 24th Amendment outlawing the poll tax . He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II , which in his opinion violated individual liberty and states ' rights . Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 83 - day filibuster , including Senators Albert Gore , Sr. ( D - TN ) and J. William Fulbright ( D - AR ) , as well as Senator Robert Byrd ( D - WV ) , who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight . Major Features ( edit ) ( The full text of the Act is available online . ) Title I ( edit ) Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements . Title I did not eliminate literacy tests , which were one of the main methods used to exclude Black voters , other racial minorities , and poor Whites in the South , nor did it address economic retaliation , police repression , or physical violence against nonwhite voters . While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races , it did not abolish the concept of voter `` qualification '' , that is to say , it accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but rather might have to meet some standard beyond citizenship . It was the Voting Rights Act , enacted one year later in 1965 , that directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship . Title II ( edit ) Outlawed discrimination based on race , color , religion or national origin in hotels , motels , restaurants , theaters , and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce ; exempted private clubs without defining the term `` private '' . Title III ( edit ) Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race , color , religion or national origin . Title IV ( edit ) Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act . Title v. ( edit ) Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers , rules and procedures . Title VI ( edit ) Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds . If an agency is found in violation of Title VI , that agency may lose its federal funding . General This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race , color , or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to take action to carry out this policy . This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs . Section 601 -- This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race , color , or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance . Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant , contract , or loan to take action pursuant to rule , regulation , or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance . In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section , an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program , and it may also employ any other means authorized by law . However , each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means . Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds . Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency 's requirements imposed under section 602 , and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law , judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( 5 U.S.C. § 1009 ) . The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10 . The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10 , section 10 itself has an exception for action `` committed to agency discretion , '' which might otherwise be carried over into section 603 . It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603 , however , otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10 ( e ) of the Administrative Procedure Act . Title VII ( edit ) See also : United States labor law and Employment discrimination law in the United States Title VII of the Act , codified as Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of title 42 of the United States Code , prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race , color , religion , sex or national origin ( see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e - 2 ) . Title VII applies to and covers an employer `` who has fifteen ( 15 ) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year '' as written in the Definitions section under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e ( b ) . Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race , color , religion , sex , or national origin , such as by an interracial marriage . The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy , age , and disability discrimination ( See Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ) . In very narrowly defined situations , an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait where the trait is a bona fide occupational qualification ( BFOQ ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise . To prove the bona fide occupational qualifications defense , an employer must prove three elements : a direct relationship between the protected trait and the ability to perform the duties of the job , the BFOQ relates to the `` essence '' or `` central mission of the employer 's business '' , and there is no less - restrictive or reasonable alternative ( United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls , Inc. , 499 U.S. 187 ( 1991 ) 111 S. Ct. 1196 ) . The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification exception is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits ( Dothard v. Rawlinson , 433 U.S. 321 ( 1977 ) 97 S. Ct. 2720 ) . An employer or customer 's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification ( Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School -- Bishop Estate , 990 F. 2d 458 ( 9th Cir. 1993 ) ) . Title VII allows for any employer , labor organization , joint labor - management committee , or employment agency to bypass the `` unlawful employment practice '' for any person involved with the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist - action or Communist - front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950 . There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers : Federal government ; ( Comment : The proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e - 16 ) Federally recognized Native American tribes Religious groups performing work connected to the group 's activities , including associated education institutions ; Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations . The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) as well as certain state fair employment practices agencies ( FEPAs ) enforce Title VII ( see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e - 4 ) . The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate , mediate , and may file lawsuits on behalf of employees . Where a state law is contradicted by a federal law , it is overridden . Every state , except Arkansas and Mississippi , maintains a state FEPA ( see EEOC and state FEPA directory ) . Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit . An individual must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or the individual may lose the right to file a lawsuit . Title VII only applies to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year ( 42 U.S.C. § 2000e ( b ) ) . Precedents and History ( edit ) In the early 1980s , the EEOC and some federal courts began holding that sexual harassment is also prohibited under the Act . In 1986 , the Supreme Court held in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , 477 U.S. 57 ( 1986 ) , that sexual harassment is sex discrimination and is prohibited by Title VII . This case filed by plaintiff Mechelle Vinson was the first in the history of the court to recognize sexual harassment as actionable . Following 1986 , court cases in which the plaintiff suffers no economic loss can potentially argue for a violation of Title VII if the discrimination resulted in a hostile work environment . Same - sex sexual harassment has also been held in a unanimous decision written by Justice Scalia to be prohibited by Title VII ( Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services , Inc. , 523 U.S. 75 ( 1998 ) , 118 S. Ct. 998 ) . In 2012 , the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity or transgender status is prohibited under Title VII . The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping , discomfort with the fact of an individual 's transition , or discrimination due to a perceived change in the individual 's sex . In 2014 , the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity , with additional litigation under consideration . As of November 2014 , Commissioner Chai Feldblum is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity . On December 15 , 2014 , under a memorandum issued by Attorney General Eric Holder , the United States Department of Justice ( DoJ ) took a position that aligned with the EEOC , namely the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status . DoJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees . In October 2017 , Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a directive that withdrew the Holder memorandum . According to a copy of the directive reviewed by BuzzFeed News , Sessions stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between `` men and women '' . Attorney General Session stated as a matter of law , `` Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se . '' Devin O'Malley , speaking on behalf of the DoJ , stated `` the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle ( that the Department of Justice can not expand the law beyond what Congress has provided ) , which necessitated today 's action . '' Sharon McGowan , a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DoJ , rejected that argument , saying `` ( T ) his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is -- it 's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were '' and `` The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court . '' On December 11 , 2017 , the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital , in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff , who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation . The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied . Title viii ( edit ) Required compilation of voter - registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights . Title IX ( edit ) Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal court . This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts . Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should not be confused with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 , which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities . Title X ( edit ) Established the Community Relations Service , tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination . Title XI ( edit ) Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II , III , IV , V , VI , or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial . If convicted , the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months . Continued resistance ( edit ) There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations . For example , Moreton Rolleston , the owner of a motel in Atlanta , Georgia , said he should not be forced to serve black travelers , saying , `` the fundamental question ... is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers '' . Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of `` liberty and property without due process '' . In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States ( 1964 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution 's Commerce Clause , rejecting Rolleston 's claims . Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground , especially in the South . When local college students in Orangeburg , South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968 , they were violently attacked , leading to rioting and what became known as the `` Orangeburg massacre . '' Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade , with the most significant declines in black - white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County ( 1968 ) court decision . Amendments ( edit ) Between 1965 and 1972 , Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions . Instead , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination . The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found . The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices , the first study of this kind done . In 1972 , Congress passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act . The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation . The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation . The commission was also permitted for the first time to define `` discrimination , '' a term excluded from the 1964 Act . Subsequent Court rulings ( edit ) The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was , at the time , in some dispute as it applied to the private sector . In the landmark Civil Rights Cases the United States Supreme Court had ruled , in 1883 , that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector , thus stripping the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights . In the late 19th and early 20th century , the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector , except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality . In the 1930s , during the New Deal , the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce clause , thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed , the Supreme Court upheld the law 's application to the private sector , on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States . The landmark case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States established the constitutionality of the law , but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law . In Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. , a 1971 Supreme Court case regarding the gender provisions of the Act , the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool - age child unless they did the same with potential male employees . A federal court overruled an Ohio state law that barred women from obtaining jobs which required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women to take lunch breaks when men were not required to . In Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations , the United States Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women was illegal , which ended that practice among the country 's newspapers . The United States Civil Service Commission ended the practice among federal jobs which designated them `` women only '' or `` men only . '' In 1974 , the Supreme Court also ruled that the San Francisco school district was violating non-English speaking students ' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them . In 1975 , a federal civil rights agency warned a Phoenix , Arizona school that its end - of - year father - son and mother - daughter baseball games were illegal according to the 1964 Civil Rights Act . President Gerald Ford intervened , and the games were allowed to continue . In 1977 , the Supreme Court struck down state minimum height requirements for police officers as violating the Act ; women usually could not meet these requirements . On April 4 , 2017 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago , sitting en banc , ruled that Title VII of the Act forbids discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation by a vote of 8 -- 3 . Over the prior month , panels of both the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion , finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation . Influence ( edit ) Despite its lack of influence during its time , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States . It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 -- which has been called `` the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' -- was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The act was arguably of equal importance , and `` draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation ( Civil Rights Act of 1964 ) '' . The Americans With Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally , drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes . For example , `` Title I of the ADA , which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability , parallels Title VII of the Act '' . Similarly , Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act , `` which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations , tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered . '' The Americans with Disabilities Act extended `` the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities '' , an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation , such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , aiding not only African Americans , but also women . See also ( edit ) US labor law Civil Rights Movement Affirmative action in the United States Bennett Amendment Bourke B. Hickenlooper Other civil rights legislation Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1871 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1991 Employment Non-Discrimination Act Equal Pay Act of 1963 Equality Act of 2015 Enforcement Act of 1870 First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Lodge Bill Reconstruction Acts Voting Rights Act of 1965 Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. McClung ( 1964 ) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. ( 1971 ) Washington v. Davis ( 1976 ) Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio ( 1989 ) Ricci v. DeStefano ( 2009 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152 . PASSAGE '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` HR. 7152 . PASSAGE '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152 . CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 . ADOPTION OF A RESOLUTION ( H. RES. 789 ) PROVIDING FOR HOUSE APPROVAL OF THE BILL AS AMENDED BY THE SENATE '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission : 1972 Accessed July 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wright , Susan ( 2005 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation , The Rosen Publishing Group , ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0455 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio and television address on civil rights , 11 June 1963 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 1963 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , episode 4 `` No Easy Walk ( 1961 -- 1963 ) '' `` . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act Passes in the House ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Loevy , Robert ( 1997 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation , State University of New York Press , p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3362 - 5 Jump up ^ Golway , Terry and Krantz , Les ( 2010 ) , JFK : Day by Day , Running Press , p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3742 - 9 Jump up ^ Reeves , Richard ( 1993 ) , President Kennedy : Profile of Power , pp. 628 -- 631 Jump up ^ `` Transition to Johnson '' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund -- The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights '' . Jump up ^ Cone , James H. ( 1991 ) . Martin & Malcolm & America : A Dream or a Nightmare . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 88344 - 721 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` A Case History : The 1964 Civil Rights Act '' . The Dirksen Congressional Center . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act : What JFK , LBJ , Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ 1963 Year In Review -- Part 1 -- Civil Rights Bill United Press International , 1963 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act -- Battle in the Senate ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Civil Rights Filibuster Ended -- United States Senate Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President , p. 169 ^ Jump up to : King , Desmond ( 1995 ) . Separate and Unequal : Black Americans and the US Federal Government . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Jeong , Gyung - Ho ; Gary J. Miller ; Itai Sened ( 2009 - 03 - 14 ) . Closing The Deal : Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation . 67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association . p. 29 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ EL . `` Were Republicans Really ... ? '' . Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk of the House . 4 / 1 / 1789 - ( 25 September 1964 ) . `` Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Showing Amendments '' -- via US National Archives Research Catalog . Jump up ^ Freeman , Jo . `` How ' Sex ' Got Into Title VII : Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy , '' Law and Inequality : A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9 , No. 2 , March 1991 , pp 163 -- 184 . online version Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Rosalind ( 2008 ) , Divided Lives : American Women in the Twentieth Century , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ Gittinger , Ted and Fisher , Allen , LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Part 2 , Prologue Magazine , The National Archives , Summer 2004 , Vol. 36 , No. 2 ( `` Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill , if not in the House , then in the Senate . '' ) ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . pp. 245 -- 246 , 249 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project Jump up ^ Dierenfield , Bruce J ( 1981 ) . `` Conservative Outrage : the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia '' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 89 ( 2 ) : 194 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Michael Evan . A Tale of Two Amendments : The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth . Faculty Publications -- Collective Bargaining , Labor Law , and Labor History . Cornell , 1981 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Olson , Lynne ( 2001 ) , Freedom 's Daughters : The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement , p. 360 Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Rosalind ( 2008 ) , Divided Lives : American Women in the Twentieth Century , p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue . Jump up ^ Harrison , Cynthia ( 1989 ) , On Account of Sex : The Politics of Women 's Issues , 1945 -- 1968 , p. 179 Jump up ^ ( 477 U.S. 57 , 63 -- 64 ) ^ Jump up to : Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . pp. 251 -- 252 . Jump up ^ Kotz , Nick ( 2005 ) , Judgment Days : Lyndon Baines Johnson , Martin Luther King , Jr. , and the Laws that Changed America , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) , Pillar of Fire , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Brownstein , Ronald ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` For GOP , A Southern Exposure '' . National Journal . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Sherrill ( 25 May 2001 ) . `` Conservatism as Phoenix '' . The Nation . Jump up ^ Voting Rights ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 '' . CongressLink . The Dirksen Congressional Center . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II '' . Wake Forest University . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 '' . finduslaw . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company , 791 F. 2d 888 ( 11th Cir. 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 '' . Finduslaw.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/images/act-06.jpg Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration . ( 1999 ) `` Chapter 2 : Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments '' . ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : 1946 - , Cochran , Augustus B. , ( 2004 ) . Sexual harassment and the law : the Mechelle Vinson case . Lawrence , Kan. : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0700613234 . OCLC 53284947 . Jump up ^ Macy v. Holder , EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 ( April 20 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Quinones , Sam ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Mica ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers '' . Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Jump up ^ Chai Feldblum ( @ chaifeldblum ) ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` ICYMI -- EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Geidner , Chris ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holden , Dominic ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Goico , Allison L. ; Geller , Hayley ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees '' . The National Law Review . Dinsmore & Shohl LLP . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chung , Andrew ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sandoval - Strausz , A.K. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Travelers , Strangers , and Jim Crow : Law , Public Accommodations , and Civil Rights in America '' . Law and History Review . 23 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 94 . doi : 10.1017 / s0738248000000055 . JSTOR 30042844 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor . `` 1964 : Civil Rights Battles '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Wolcott , Victoria W. ( 16 August 2012 ) . `` Race , Riots , and Roller Coasters : The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America '' . University of Pennsylvania Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sean F. Reardon , Ann Owens , `` 60 Years After Brown : Trends and Consequences of School Segregation '' Annual Review of Sociology Vol. 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Equal Employment Opportunity Commission '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act of March 1 , 1875 '' , www.gmu.edu . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . p. 270 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Alison ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` The shrewdness of Judge Wood 's opinion in LGBT workplace bias case '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Briscoe , Tony ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Court : Civil Rights Act covers LGBT workplace bias '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Haag , Matthew ; Chokshi , Niraj ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Civil Rights Act Protects Gay Workers , Court Rules '' . The New York Times . p . A17 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinerstein , Robert D. ( ) . The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 : Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . American Bar Association . JSTOR . References ( edit ) Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) , Pillar of Fire : America in the King Years 1963 -- 65 , New York : Simon & Schuster . Brauer , Carl M. , `` Women Activists , Southern Conservatives , and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act '' , 49 Journal of Southern History , February 1983 . Burstein , Paul ( 1985 ) , Discrimination , Jobs and Politics : The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal , Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Finley , Keith M. ( 2008 ) , Delaying the Dream : Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights , 1938 -- 1965 , Baton Rouge : LSU Press . Freeman , Jo . `` How ' Sex ' Got Into Title VII : Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy '' Law and Inequality : A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9 , No. 2 , March 1991 , pp. 163 -- 184 . online version Graham , Hugh ( 1990 ) , The Civil Rights Era : Origins and Development of National Policy , 1960 -- 1972 , New York : Oxford University Press . Gregory , Raymond F. ( 2014 ) . The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield . Harrison , Cynthia ( 1988 ) , On Account of Sex : The Politics of Women 's Issues 1945 -- 1968 , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Jeong , Gyung - Ho , Gary J. Miller , and Itai Sened , `` Closing the Deal : Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation '' , American Political Science Review , 103 ( Nov. 2009 ) Loevy , Robert D. ( 1990 ) , To End All Segregation : The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Lanham , MD : University Press of America . Loevy , Robert D. ed. ( 1997 ) , The Civil Rights Act of 1964 : The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation , Albany , NY : State University of New York Press . Loevy , Robert D . `` The Presidency and Domestic Policy : The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , '' in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski , ed. , The American Presidency ( Chicago : Nelson Hall , 1985 ) , pp. 411 -- 419 . online version Mann , Robert ( 1996 ) . The Walls of Jericho : Lyndon Johnson , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Russell , and the Struggle for Civil Rights . Pedriana , Nicholas , and Stryker , Robin . `` The Strength of a Weak Agency : Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity , 1965 -- 1971 , '' American Journal of Sociology , Nov 2004 , Vol. 110 Issue 3 , pp 709 -- 760 Rodriguez , Daniel B. and Weingast , Barry R . `` The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History : New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation '' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Vol. 151 . ( 2003 ) online Rothstein , Mark A. , Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman ( 1987 ) . Employment Law : Cases and Materials . Foundation Press . Warren , Dan R. ( 2008 ) , If It Takes All Summer : Martin Luther King , the KKK , and States ' Rights in St. Augustine , 1964 , Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . Whalen , Charles and Whalen , Barbara ( 1985 ) , The Longest Debate : A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act , Cabin John , MD : Seven Locks Press . Woods , Randall B. ( 2006 ) , LBJ : Architect of American Ambition , New York : Free Press , ch 22 . Zimmer , Michael J. , Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards , Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination , Little , Brown and Company ( 1982 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Civil Rights Act of 1964 bill Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and A Case History : The 1964 Civil Rights Act as provided by The Dirksen Center Text of Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Title VII -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 ( Employment Discrimination ) Martin Luther King 's famous `` I Have a Dream '' speech , plus background including Civil Rights bill . 1963 March on Washington , civil rights including JFK death date . Presidency book excerpt , the legislative history of this bill as it became an Act . Background facts including enactment date . Directory of EEOC offices , addresses , and hours of operation . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Movement Veterans 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Civil Rights Digital Library Civil rights movement ( 1950s and 1960s ) Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked List of lynching victims in the United States Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture Honoring In popular culture Martin Luther King Jr . Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Other King memorials Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Johnson desk Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Path to War , ( 2002 film ) All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Category Alice Paul Initiated and co-strategized 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage The Suffragist National Woman 's Party Silent Sentinels Night of Terror Equal Rights Amendment Women 's rights in the 1964 Civil Rights Act Main associates Alva Belmont Lucy Burns Crystal Eastman Inez Haynes Irwin Dora Lewis Inez Milholland Doris Stevens Mabel Vernon Life Paulsdale Women 's Social and Political Union Legacy Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument 2012 ten - dollar coin 2020 United States ten - dollar bill Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Related 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution Women 's suffrage in the United States History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal WorldCat Identities GND : 4406045 - 2 LCCN : n84150184 NARA : 10648275 VIAF : 177423171 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964&oldid=865864530 '' Categories : Civil rights movement Anti-discrimination law in the United States Liberalism in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation United States federal criminal legislation United States federal labor legislation Anti-racism in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) 88th United States Congress 1964 in American law 1964 in labour relations July 1964 events 1964 in American politics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 17 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Rights%20Act%20of%201964
| 34,033 |
|||
who wins if dealer and player get blackjack
|
Once all the players have completed their hands , it is the dealer 's turn . The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks . The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points . ( At most tables the dealer also hits on a `` soft '' 17 , i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six . ) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer , or not busting and having the dealer bust , or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack . If the player and dealer have the same total ( not counting blackjacks ) , this is called a `` push '' , and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand . Otherwise , the dealer wins .
|
the dealer
|
Blackjack
|
blackjack
|
Blackjack , also known as twenty - one , is a comparing card game between usually several players and a dealer , where each player in turn competes against the dealer , but players do not play against each other . It is played with one or more decks of 52 cards , and is the most widely played casino banking game in the world . The objective of the game is to beat the dealer in one of the following ways :
|
Get 21 points on the player 's first two cards ( called a `` blackjack '' or `` natural '' ) , without a dealer blackjack ; Reach a final score higher than the dealer without exceeding 21 ; or Let the dealer draw additional cards until their hand exceeds 21 . Players are each dealt two cards , face up or down depending on the casino and the table at which you sit . In the U.S. , the dealer is also dealt two cards , normally one up ( exposed ) and one down ( hidden ) . In most other countries , the dealer receives one card face up . The value of cards two through ten is their pip value ( 2 through 10 ) . Face cards ( Jack , Queen , and King ) are all worth ten . Aces can be worth one or eleven . A hand 's value is the sum of the card values . Players are allowed to draw additional cards to improve their hands . A hand with an ace valued as 11 is called `` soft '' , meaning that the hand will not bust by taking an additional card ; the value of the ace will become one to prevent the hand from exceeding 21 . Otherwise , the hand is `` hard '' . Once all the players have completed their hands , it is the dealer 's turn . The dealer hand will not be completed if all players have either busted or received Blackjacks . The dealer then reveals the hidden card and must hit until the cards total 17 or more points . ( At most tables the dealer also hits on a `` soft '' 17 , i.e. a hand containing an ace and one or more other cards totaling six . ) Players win by not busting and having a total higher than the dealer , or not busting and having the dealer bust , or getting a blackjack without the dealer getting a blackjack . If the player and dealer have the same total ( not counting blackjacks ) , this is called a `` push '' , and the player typically does not win or lose money on that hand . Otherwise , the dealer wins . Blackjack has many rule variations . Since the 1960s , blackjack has been a high - profile target of advantage players , particularly card counters , who track the profile of cards that have been dealt and adapt their wagers and playing strategies accordingly . Blackjack has inspired other casino games , including Spanish 21 and pontoon . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rules of play at casinos 2.1 Player decisions 2.2 Insurance 3 Rule variations and effects on house edge 4 Blackjack strategy 4.1 Basic strategy 4.2 Composition - dependent strategy 4.3 Advantage play 4.3. 1 Card counting 4.3. 2 Shuffle tracking 4.3. 3 Identifying concealed cards 5 Side bets 6 Blackjack tournaments 7 Video blackjack 8 Variants of the game 8.1 TV show variations 9 Blackjack Hall of Fame 10 Blackjack in the arts 11 See also 12 Blackjack literature 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Blackjack 's precursor was twenty - one , a game of unknown origin . The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes , most famous for writing Don Quixote . Cervantes was a gambler , and the main characters of his tale `` Rinconete y Cortadillo '' , from Novelas Ejemplares , are a couple of cheats working in Seville . They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna ( Spanish for twenty - one ) , and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11 . The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck , which lacks eights and nines . This short story was written between 1601 and 1602 , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier . Later references to this game are found in France and Spain . When twenty - one was introduced in the United States , gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players ' interest . One such bonus was a ten - to - one payout if the player 's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack ( either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades ) . This hand was called a `` blackjack '' , and the name stuck to the game even though the ten - to - one bonus was soon withdrawn . In the modern game , a blackjack refers to any hand of an ace plus a ten or face card regardless of suits or colours . The first scientific and mathematically sound attempt to devise an optimal blackjack playing strategy was revealed in September 1956 . Roger Baldwin , Wilbert Cantey , Herbert Maisel and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association . This paper would become the foundation of all future sound efforts to beat the game of blackjack . Ed Thorp would use Baldwin 's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later publish ( in 1963 ) his famous book Beat the Dealer . Rules of play at casinos ( edit ) Blackjack example game Initial deal Player action Dealer 's hand revealed Bets settled At a casino blackjack table , the dealer faces five to seven playing positions from behind a semicircular table . Between one and eight standard 52 - card decks are shuffled together . At the beginning of each round , up to three players can place their bets in the `` betting box '' at each position in play . That is , there could be up to three players at each position at a table in jurisdictions that allow back betting . The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box is deemed to have control over the position , and the dealer will consult the controlling player for playing decisions regarding the hand ; the other players of that box are said to `` play behind '' . Any player is usually allowed to control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table , but it is prohibited for an individual to play on more than one table at a time or to place multiple bets within a single box . In many U.S. casinos , however , players are limited to playing two or three positions at a table and often only one person is allowed to bet on each position . The dealer deals cards from his / her left ( the position on the dealer 's far left is often referred to as `` first base '' ) to his / her far right ( `` third base '' ) . Each box is dealt an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it , and often to any other players . The dealer 's hand receives its first card face up , and in `` hole card '' games immediately receives its second card face down ( the hole card ) , which the dealer peeks at but does not reveal unless it makes the dealer 's hand a blackjack . Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor that is used to peek securely at the hole card . In European casinos , `` no hole card '' games are prevalent ; the dealer 's second card is neither drawn nor consulted until the players have all played their hands . Cards are dealt either from one or two handheld decks , from a dealer 's shoe , or from a shuffling machine . Single cards are dealt to each wagered - on position clockwise from the dealer 's left , followed by a single card to the dealer , followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play . The players ' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down ( more common in single - deck games ) . The players ' object is to win money by creating card totals that turn out to be higher than the dealer 's hand but do not exceed 21 ( `` busting '' / `` breaking '' ) , or alternatively by allowing the dealer to take additional cards until he / she busts . On their turn , players must choose whether to `` hit '' ( take a card ) , `` stand '' ( end their turn ) , `` double '' ( double wager , take a single card and finish ) , `` split '' ( if the two cards have the same value , separate them to make two hands ) or `` surrender '' ( give up a half - bet and retire from the game ) . Number cards count as their natural value ; the jack , queen , and king ( also known as `` face cards '' or `` pictures '' ) count as 10 ; aces are valued as either 1 or 11 according to the player 's choice . If the hand value exceeds 21 points , it busts , and all bets on it are immediately forfeit . After all boxes have finished playing , the dealer 's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand busts or achieves a value of 17 or higher ( a dealer total of 17 including an ace , or `` soft 17 '' , must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others ) . The dealer never doubles , splits , or surrenders . If the dealer busts , all remaining player hands win . If the dealer does not bust , each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer 's , and loses if it is lower . If a player receives 21 on the 1st and 2nd card it is considered a `` natural '' or `` blackjack '' and the player is paid out immediately unless dealer also has a natural , in which case the hand ties . In the case of a tied score , known as `` push '' or `` standoff '' , bets are normally returned without adjustment ; however , a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack , even one with a value of 21 . Wins are paid out at 1 : 1 , or equal to the wager , except for winning , player blackjacks , which are traditionally paid at 3 : 2 ( meaning the player receives three dollars for every two bet ) , or one - and - a-half times the wager . Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than 3 : 2 at some tables ; for instance , single - deck blackjack tables often pay 6 : 5 for a blackjack instead of 3 : 2 . Blackjack games almost always provide a side bet called insurance , which may be played when dealer 's upcard is an ace . Additional side bets , such as `` Dealer Match '' which pays when the player 's cards match the dealer 's up card , are sometimes available . Player decisions ( edit ) `` Doubling Down '' redirects here . For the South Park episode , see Doubling Down ( South Park ) . After receiving an initial two cards , the player has up to four standard options : `` hit '' , `` stand '' , `` double down '' , or `` split '' . Each option has a corresponding hand signal . Some games give the player a fifth option , `` surrender '' . Hit : Take another card from the dealer . Signal : Scrape cards against table ( in handheld games ) ; tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body ( in games dealt face up ) . Stand : Take no more cards , also known as `` stand pat '' , `` stick '' , or `` stay '' . Signal : Slide cards under chips ( in handheld games ) ; wave hand horizontally ( in games dealt face up ) . Double down : The player is allowed to increase the initial bet by up to 100 % in exchange for committing to stand after receiving exactly one more card . The additional bet is placed in the betting box next to the original bet . Some games do not permit the player to increase the bet by amounts other than 100 % . Non-controlling players may double their wager or decline to do so , but they are bound by the controlling player 's decision to take only one card . Signal : Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box , and point with one finger . Split : If the first two cards of a hand have the same value , the player can split them into two hands , by moving a second bet equal to the first into an area outside the betting box . The dealer separates the two cards and draws an additional card on each , placing one bet with each hand . The player then plays out the two separate hands in turn ; except for a few restrictions , the hands are treated as independent new hands , with the player winning or losing their wager separately for each hand . Occasionally , in the case of ten - valued cards , some casinos allow splitting only when the cards have the identical ranks ; for instance , a hand of 10 - 10 may be split , but not one of 10 - king . However , usually all 10 - value cards are treated the same . Doubling and further splitting of post-split hands may be restricted , and an ace and ten value card after a split are counted as a non-blackjack 21 . Hitting split aces is usually not allowed . Non-controlling players may follow the controlling player by putting down an additional bet or decline to do so , instead associating their existing wager with one of the two post-split hands . In that case they must choose which hand to play behind before the second cards are drawn . Some casinos do not give non-controlling players this option , and require that the wager of a player not electing to split remains with the first of the two post-split hands . Signal : Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box ; point with two fingers spread into a V formation . Surrender ( only available as first decision of a hand ) : Some games offer the option to `` surrender '' directly after the dealer has checked for blackjack ( see below for variations ) . When the player surrenders , the house takes half the player 's bet and returns the other half to the player ; this terminates the player 's interest in the hand . Signal : The request to surrender is made verbally , there being no standard hand signal . Hand signals are used to assist the `` eye in the sky '' , a person or video camera located above the table and sometimes concealed behind one - way glass . The eye in the sky usually makes a video recording of the table , which helps in resolving disputes and identifying dealer mistakes , and is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat . The recording can further be used to identify advantage players whose activities , while legal , make them undesirable customers . In the event of a disagreement between a player 's hand signals and their words , the hand signal takes precedence . Each hand may normally `` hit '' as many times as desired so long as the total is not above hard 20 . On reaching 21 ( including soft 21 ) , the hand is normally required to stand ; busting is an irrevocable loss and the players ' wagers are immediately forfeited to the house . After a bust or a stand , play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table . When the last hand has finished being played , the dealer reveals the hole card , and stands or draws further cards according to the rules of the game for dealer drawing . When the outcome of the dealer 's hand is established , any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved ( usually in counterclockwise order ) : bets on losing hands are forfeited , the bet on a push is left on the table , and winners are paid out . Insurance ( edit ) If the dealer 's upcard is an ace , the player is offered the option of taking `` insurance '' before the dealer checks the hole card . Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has blackjack and is treated independently of the main wager . It pays 2 : 1 ( meaning that the player receives two dollars for every dollar bet ) and is available when the dealer 's exposed card is an ace . The idea is that the dealer 's second card has a fairly high probability ( nearly one - third ) to be ten - valued , giving the dealer blackjack and disappointment for the player . It is attractive ( although not necessarily wise ) for the player to insure against the possibility of a dealer blackjack by making a maximum `` insurance '' bet , in which case the `` insurance proceeds '' will make up for the concomitant loss on the original bet . The player may add up to half the value of their original bet to the insurance and these extra chips are placed on a portion of the table usually marked `` Insurance pays 2 to 1 '' . Players with a blackjack may also take insurance , and in taking maximum insurance they commit themselves to winning an amount exactly equal to their main wager , regardless of the dealer 's outcome . Fully insuring a blackjack against blackjack is thus referred to as `` taking even money '' , and paid out immediately , before the dealer 's hand is resolved ; the players do not need to place more chips for the insurance wager . Insurance bets are expected to lose money in the long run , because the dealer is likely to have blackjack less than one - third of the time . However the insurance outcome is strongly anti-correlated with that of the main wager , and if the player 's priority is to reduce variation , they might choose to pay for this . Furthermore , the insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play . It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a chance of one in three of being a ten . Advantage play techniques can sometimes identify such situations . In a multi-hand , face - up , single deck game , it is possible to establish whether insurance is a good bet simply by observing the other cards on the table after the deal ; even if there are just 2 player hands exposed , and neither of their two initial cards is a ten , then 16 in 47 of the remaining cards are tens , which is larger than 1 in 3 , so insurance is a good bet . This is an elementary example of the family of advantage play techniques known as card counting . Bets to insure against blackjack are slightly less likely to be advantageous than insurance bets in general , since the ten in the player 's blackjack makes it less likely that the dealer has blackjack too . Rule variations and effects on house edge ( edit ) Note : where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms , the difference is usually stated here in percentage points , not percentage ; strictly speaking if , say , an edge of 10 % is reduced to 9 % , the amount is reduced by ten percent , or by one percentage point . Doubling down . The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player can not receive any more cards . The rules of casino blackjack are generally determined by law or regulation , which establishes certain rule variations allowed at the discretion of the casino . The rules of any particular game are generally posted on or near the table , failing which there is an expectation that casino staff will provide them on request . Over 100 variations of blackjack have been documented . As with all casino games , blackjack incorporates a `` house edge '' , a statistical advantage for the casino that is built into the game . The advantage of the dealer 's position in blackjack relative to the player comes from the fact that if the player busts , the player loses , regardless of whether the dealer subsequently busts . Nonetheless , blackjack players using basic strategy will lose less than 1 % of their total wagered amount with strictly average luck ; this is very favorable to the player compared to other casino games . The loss rate of players who deviate from basic strategy through ignorance is generally expected to be greater . Dealer hits soft 17 A `` soft 17 '' in blackjack . An ace and any combination of 6 . Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17 , which is generally printed on the table surface . The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated `` H17 '' in blackjack literature , with `` S17 '' used for the stand - on - soft - 17 variation . Substituting an `` H17 '' rule with an `` S17 '' rule in a game benefits the player , decreasing the house edge by about 0.2 % . Number of decks All things being equal , using fewer decks decreases the house edge . This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack , since if the players draws a ten on their first card , the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks . It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack - blackjack push in a game with fewer decks . Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks , in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether . When offering single deck blackjack games , casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting , to restrict resplitting , require higher minimum bets , and to pay the player less than 3 : 2 for a winning blackjack . The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks , by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset : double after split allowed , resplit to four hands allowed , no hitting split aces , no surrender , double on any two cards , original bets only lost on dealer blackjack , dealer hits soft 17 , and cut - card used . The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two - deck game , and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added . Number of decks House advantage Single deck 0.17 % Double deck 0.46 % Four decks 0.60 % Six decks 0.64 % Eight decks 0.65 % Late / early surrender Surrender , for those games that allow it , is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack ; if the dealer 's first card is an ace or ten , the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered . This rule protocol is consequently known as `` late '' surrender . The alternative , `` early '' surrender , gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack , or in a no - hole - card game . Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender . Most medium - strength hands should be surrendered against a dealer Ace if the hole card has not been checked . For late surrender , however , while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose , the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands , because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half , as entailed by surrendering . Resplitting If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value , most games allow the player to split again , or `` resplit '' . The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before . Some games allow unlimited resplitting , while others may limit it to a certain number of hands , such as four hands ( for example , `` resplit to 4 '' ) . Hit / resplit split aces After splitting aces , the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace ; the player can not split , double , or take another hit on either hand . Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces . Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon , but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare . Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about 0.13 % ; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about 0.03 % . Note that a ten - value card dealt on a split ace ( or vice versa ) is a `` soft 21 '' and not a `` natural '' . No double after split After a split , most games allow doubling down on the new two - card hands . Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about 0.12 % . Double on 9 / 10 / 11 or 10 / 11 only Under the `` Reno rule '' , double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9 , 10 , or 11 ( under a similar European rule , only 10 or 11 ) . Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13 -- 18 , and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19 -- 20 and hard 8 , 7 and even 6 is advantageous . The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player 's expected loss . The Reno rule increases the house edge by around one in 1000 , and its European version by around two in 1000 . No hole card and OBO In most non-U.S. casinos , a ' no hole card ' game is played , meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult his or her second card until after all players have finished making decisions . With no hole card , it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace , since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets ; the only exception is with a pair of A 's against a dealer 10 , where it is still correct to split . In all other cases , a stand , hit or surrender is called for . For instance , holding 11 against a dealer 10 , the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game ( where the player knows the dealer 's second card is not an ace ) , but to hit in a no hole card game . The no hole card rule adds approximately 0.11 % to the house edge . The `` original bets only '' rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player 's hand loses to a dealer blackjack , only the mandatory initial bet ( `` original '' ) is forfeited , and all optional bets , meaning doubles and splits , are pushed . `` Original bets only '' is also known by the acronym OBO ; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game . Altered payout for a winning blackjack In many casinos , a blackjack pays only 6 : 5 or even 1 : 1 instead of the usual 3 : 2 . This is most common at tables with lower table minimums . Although this payoff was originally limited to single - deck games , it has spread to double - deck and shoe games . Among common rule variations in the U.S. , these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player , causing the greatest increase in house edge . Since blackjack occurs in approximately 4.8 % of hands , the 1 : 1 game increases the house edge by 2.3 % , while the 6 : 5 game adds 1.4 % to the house edge . Video blackjack machines generally pay 1 : 1 payout for a blackjack . Dealer wins ties The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player . Though rarely used in standard blackjack , it is sometimes seen in `` blackjack - like '' games such as in some charity casinos . Blackjack strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy ( edit ) Each blackjack game has a basic strategy , which is playing a hand of any total value against any dealer 's up - card , which loses the least money to the house in the long term . An example of basic strategy is shown in the table below , and includes the following parameters : Four to eight decks The dealer hits on a soft 17 A double is allowed after a split Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack Player hand Dealer 's face - up card 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hard totals ( excluding pairs ) 17 -- 20 16 SU SU SU 15 SU 13 -- 14 12 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 10 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 9 Dh Dh Dh Dh 5 -- 8 Soft totals 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , 9 A , 8 Ds A , 7 Ds Ds Ds Ds Ds A , 6 Dh Dh Dh Dh A , 4 -- A , 5 Dh Dh Dh A , 2 -- A , 3 Dh Dh Pairs 5 6 7 8 9 10 A , A SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 10 , 10 9 , 9 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 8 , 8 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 7 , 7 SP SP SP SP SP SP 6 , 6 SP SP SP SP SP 5 , 5 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 4 , 4 SP SP 2 , 2 -- 3 , 3 SP SP SP SP SP SP Key : S = Stand H = Hit Dh = Double ( if not allowed , then hit ) Ds = Double ( if not allowed , then stand ) SP = Split SU = Surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) The bulk of basic strategy is common to all blackjack games , with most rule variations calling for changes in only a few situations . For example , if the above game used the hit on soft 17 rule , common in Las Vegas Strip casinos , only 6 cells of the table would need to be changed : double on 11 vs. A , surrender 15 or 17 vs. A , double on A , 7 vs. 2 , double on A , 8 vs. 6 , surrender ( if not allowed , then hit ) on 8 , 8 vs. A. Also when playing basic strategy never take insurance or `` even money . '' Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are generally based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy and do not systematically change their bet size . Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5 % and 1 % , placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games . Casino promotions such as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2 : 1 blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy . Composition - dependent strategy ( edit ) Basic strategy is based upon a player 's point total and the dealer 's visible card . Players may be able to improve on this decision by considering the precise composition of their hand , not just the point total . For example , players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4 . However , in a single deck game , players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2 . The presence of a 10 in the player 's hand has two consequences : It makes the player 's 12 a worse hand to stand on ( since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust , which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe ) . It makes hitting safer , since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10 , and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand . However , even when basic and composition - dependent strategy lead to different actions , the difference in expected reward is small , and it becomes even smaller with more decks . Using a composition - dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,000 , which falls to 3 in 100,000 for a six - deck game . Advantage play ( edit ) Main article : Advantage player Blackjack has been a high - profile target for advantage players since the 1960s . Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory , computation , and observation . These techniques , while generally legal , can be powerful enough to give the player a long - term edge in the game , making them an undesirable customer for the casino and potentially leading to ejection or blacklisting if they are detected . The main techniques of advantage play in blackjack are as follows : Card counting ( edit ) Main article : Card counting During the course of a blackjack shoe , the dealer exposes the dealt cards . Careful accounting of the exposed cards allows a player to make inferences about the cards which remain to be dealt . These inferences can be used in the following ways : Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage . For example , the players can increase the starting bet if there are many aces and tens left in the deck , in the hope of hitting a blackjack . Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards . For example , with many tens left in the deck , players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand . A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card ( e.g. , 1 point for 2 -- 6 , 0 points for 7 -- 9 and − 1 point for 10 -- A ) . When a card is exposed , a counter adds the score of that card to a running total , the ' count ' . A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions according to a table which they have learned . The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for `` balanced '' counting systems . Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game . Blackjack 's house edge is usually between 0.5 % -- 1 % when players use basic strategy . Card counting can give the player an edge of up to 2 % over the house . Card counting is most rewarding near the end of a complete shoe when as few as possible cards remain . Single - deck games are therefore particularly susceptible to card counting . As a result , casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single - deck games . In games with more decks of cards , casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt . Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the exhausted cards every time a deck has been played . Card counting is legal and is not considered cheating as long as the counter is n't using an external device , but if a casino realizes a player is counting , the casino might inform them that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack . Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property . The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal in all US states that license blackjack card games . Shuffle tracking ( edit ) Main article : Shuffle tracking Techniques other than card counting can swing the advantage of casino blackjack toward the player . All such techniques are based on the value of the cards to the player and the casino as originally conceived by Edward O. Thorp . One technique , mainly applicable in multi-deck games , involves tracking groups of cards ( also known as slugs , clumps , or packs ) during the play of the shoe , following them through the shuffle , and then playing and betting accordingly when those cards come into play from the new shoe . Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is more difficult to detect since the player 's actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe . Arnold Snyder 's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public . His book , The Shuffle Tracker 's Cookbook , mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug . Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle - tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play . Identifying concealed cards ( edit ) The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs , or by hole carding ( observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down ) . These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary . Side bets ( edit ) Many blackjack tables offer a side bet on various outcomes including : Player hand and dealer 's up card sum to 19 , 20 , or 21 ( `` Lucky Lucky '' ) Player initial hand is a pair ( `` Perfect pairs '' ) Player initial hand is suited , suited and connected , or a suited K-Q ( `` Royal match '' ) Player initial hand plus dealer 's card makes a flush , straight , or three - of - a-kind poker hand ( `` 21 + 3 '' ) Player initial hand totals 20 ( `` Lucky Ladies '' ) Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ( `` In Bet '' ) First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ( `` Bust It ! '' ) One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ( `` Match the Dealer '' ) Player allowed to make optional second hand , and effectively receive the hand of 10 , 8 , or 18 without drawings cards ( `` Instant 18 '' ) The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager . A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack . Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager . A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so . The house edge for side bets is generally far higher than for the blackjack game itself . Nonetheless side bets can be susceptible to card counting . A side count , designed specifically for a particular side bet , can improve the player edge . Most side games do not offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play ; exceptions include `` Lucky ladies '' and `` Over / Under '' . In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count . Blackjack tournaments ( edit ) Blackjack can be played in tournament form . Players start with an equal numbers of chips ; the goal is to finish among the top chip - holders . Depending on the number of competitors , tournaments may be held over several rounds , with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round . Another tournament format , Elimination Blackjack , drops the lowest - stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament . Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered . As in poker tournaments , players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament , and re-buys are sometimes permitted . Video blackjack ( edit ) Some casinos , as well as general betting outlets , provide blackjack among a selection of casino - style games at electronic consoles . Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house ; e.g. , paying out only even money for winning blackjacks . Video and online blackjack games deal each coup from a fresh shoe , rendering card counting much less effective . Variants of the game ( edit ) Blackjack is a member of a large family of traditional card games played recreationally all around the world . Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play . Furthermore , the casino game development industry is very active in producing blackjack variants , most of which are ultimately not adopted for widespread use in casinos . The following are the prominent twenty - one themed comparing card games which have been adapted or invented for use in casinos and have become established in the gambling industry . Spanish 21 provides players with many liberal blackjack rules , such as doubling down any number of cards ( with the option to rescue , or surrender only one wager to the house ) , payout bonuses for five or more card 21s , 6 -- 7 -- 8 21s , 7 -- 7 -- 7 21s , late surrender , and player blackjacks always winning and player 21s always winning , at the cost of having no 10 cards in the deck ( though there are jacks , queens , and kings ) . An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name `` Pontoon '' ( presumably borrowed from the British recreational blackjack - like game `` Pontoon '' which has substantially different rules ) . 21st - Century Blackjack ( also known as `` Vegas Style '' Blackjack ) is found in California card rooms . In this form of the game , a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss ; depending on the casino , the player can still push if the dealer busts as well , although the dealer typically has to bust with a higher total . Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer 's hand face up . Blackjacks pay even money , and players lose on ties ; also , they can neither buy insurance nor can they surrender their hand ( as both dealer 's cards are exposed at the outset ) . Double Attack Blackjack has very liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one 's wager after seeing the dealer 's up card . This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe , and blackjacks only pay even money . Blackjack Switch is played over two hands whose second cards the player is allowed to interchange . For example , if the player is dealt 10 -- 6 and 5 -- 10 , then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10 -- 10 and 6 -- 5 . Natural blackjacks are paid 1 : 1 instead of the standard 3 : 2 , and a dealer 22 is a push . Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times . If the player has six cards totaling 20 , he automatically wins . Wins are paid 1 : 1 . Examples of the many local traditional and recreational blackjack - like games include French / German Blackjack , called Vingt - et - un ( French : Twenty - one ) or `` Siebzehn und Vier '' ( German : Seventeen and Four ) . The French / German game does not allow splitting . An ace can only count as eleven , but two aces count as a blackjack . It is mostly played in private circles and barracks . A British variation is called `` Pontoon '' , the name being probably a corruption of `` Vingt - et - un '' . TV show variations ( edit ) Blackjack is also featured in various television shows . Here are a few shows inspired by the game . Gambit was a game show with Wink Martindale where couples answer questions to collect cards that could add up to 21 . Catch 21 is a game show with Alfonso Ribeiro from The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . On this show , three players answer questions to earn cards in order to win cash and ties are not allowed . From 1980 to 2006 , there was a blackjack - based pricing game on The Price is Right , called Hit Me . In this game , six grocery products were used , and five of those products ' prices were multiplied by various numbers from 2 to 10 , but with the one remaining product having the exact price . In order to win a large prize , the contestant had to achieve a score of 21 ( which was usually done by picking a product whose price was multiplied by ten and the one that was correctly priced ) , or beat the house with any score that did not exceed 21 . Blackjack Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Blackjack Hall of Fame In 2002 , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame . Seven members were inducted in 2002 , with new people inducted every year after . The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego . Members include Edward O. Thorp , author of the 1960s book Beat the Dealer which proved that the game could be beaten with a combination of basic strategy and card counting ; Ken Uston , who popularized the concept of team play ; Arnold Snyder , author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal ; Stanford Wong , author and popularizer of the `` Wonging '' technique of only playing at a positive count , and several others . Blackjack in the arts ( edit ) Novels have been written around blackjack and the possibility of winning games via some kind of method . Among these were The Blackjack Hijack ( Charles Einstein , 1976 ) , later produced as the TV movie Nowhere to Run , Bringing Down the House ( Ben Mezrich ) , also filmed as 21 , and a 2008 remake . An almost identical theme was shown in the 2004 Canadian film The Last Casino . Movies titled `` 21 '' or `` Twenty One '' depicting the blackjack game as a central theme have been produced and released in 1918 ( starring Bryant Washburn ) and in 1923 ( starring Richard Barthelmess ) . In The Hangover , an American comedy , four friends try to count cards to win back enough money to secure the release of their friend from the clutches of a notorious criminal they stole from the previous night while blacked out . A central part of the plot of Rain Man is that Raymond ( Dustin Hoffman ) , an autistic savant , is able to win at blackjack by counting cards . In the 2014 film The Gambler we see Jim Bennett ( Mark Wahlberg ) playing high stakes Blackjack in order to win large sums of money . This movie displays different blackjack lingo and risky moves that have high rewards . See also ( edit ) Glossary of blackjack terms MIT Blackjack Team The Gambler ( film series ) Blackjack literature ( edit ) Beat the Dealer : A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty - One , Edward O. Thorp , 1966 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 Blackbelt in Blackjack , Arnold Snyder , 1998 ( 1980 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 910575 - 05 - 8 Blackjack and the Law , I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 910575 - 08 - 8 Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook , Jerry L. Patterson , 2001 , ( 1978 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 52683 - 1 Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty - One , Michael Dalton , 2016 , ( 1993 ) , ISBN 1 - 879712 - 02 - 4 Ken Uston on Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1986 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0411 - 5 Knock - Out Blackjack , Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 31 - 4 Luck , Logic , and White Lies : The Mathematics of Games , Jörg Bewersdorff , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 210 - 6 , 121 -- 134 , supplement : Blackjack calculator ( JavaScript ) Million Dollar Blackjack , Ken Uston , 1994 ( 1981 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89746 - 068 - 2 Playing Blackjack as a Business , Lawrence Revere , 1998 ( 1971 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8184 - 0064 - 3 Professional Blackjack , Stanford Wong , 1994 ( 1975 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 935926 - 21 - 7 The Theory of Blackjack , Peter Griffin , 1996 ( 1979 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 929712 - 12 - 3 The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic , Richard A. Epstein , 1977 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 240761 - 1 , 215 -- 251 The World 's Greatest Blackjack Book , Lance Humble and Carl Cooper , 1980 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 15382 - 9 The Blackjack Life , Nathaniel Tilton , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1935396338 BlackjackinColor Regulation in the United Kingdom The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) No. 2899 Regulation 7 1994 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 597 Regulation 3 2000 The Gaming Clubs ( Bankers ' Games ) ( Amendment ) No. 1130 Regulation 2 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scarne 's New Complete Guide to Gambling , p. 342 Jump up ^ Fontbona , Marc ( 2008 ) . Historia del Juego en España . De la Hispania romana a nuestros días . Barcelona : Flor del Viento Ediciones . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96495 - 30 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Blackjack '' . Casino.org . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack History and Events '' . blackjackreview.com . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taking a hit : New blackjack odds further tilt advantage toward the house by Jeff Haney , Las Vegas Sun , November 13 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Blackjack Insurance Exceptions Jump up ^ QFIT.com 100 + Blackjack variations Jump up ^ Modern Blackjack page 39 ^ Jump up to : `` 4 - Deck to 8 - Deck Blackjack Strategy - Wizard of Odds '' . Wizard of Odds Consulting , Inc . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Fine points of basic strategy in single - deck blackjack . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Total Dependent and Composition Dependent Basic Strategy in Blackjack . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rules & House Edge Table Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , p. 5 Jump up ^ Theory of Blackjack , pp 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Thorp , Edward O. ( 1966 ) Beat The Dealer , Vintage Books , a Division of Random House , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70310 - 7 , pp 132 -- 136 Jump up ^ US State Gambling Laws Jump up ^ Edward Thorp : A Favorable Strategy for Twenty - One , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , Vol. 47 , No. 1 , 1961 , pp. 110 -- 112 , JSTOR , archive of PNAS . Jump up ^ `` Blackjack in Color '' . Shuffle Tracking Counts . Jump up ^ The Gambling Times Guide to Blackjack ; Gambling Times Incorporated , Hollywood , CA ; 1984 ; Page 110 ; ISBN 0 - 89746 - 015 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking An Easy Way to Start Jump up ^ Break the Dealer ; by Jerry L. Patterson and Eddie Olsen ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; 1986 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51233 - 0 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 6 , Page 83 Jump up ^ Blackjack : A Winner 's Handbook ; by Jerry L. Patterson ; Perigee Books ; A Division of Penguin Putnam ; © 1990 ; ISBN 0 - 399 - 51598 - 4 Shuffle - Tracking ; Chapter 4 , Page 51 Jump up ^ `` The Wizard of Odds '' . Blackjack Side Bets . External links ( edit ) Search for Blackjack at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Blackjack Advantage play Glossary of blackjack terms Card counting Shuffle track Hole carding Edge sorting MindPlay Miscellaneous Chinese Blackjack Spanish 21 Super Fun 21 Double Attack Blackjack Double Exposure Blackjack Elimination Blackjack Pontoon ( card game ) Power blackjack Community Blackjack Forum Blackjack Hall of Fame Peter A. Griffin Thomas Hyland Zeljko Ranogajec Arnold Snyder Edward O. Thorp Ken Uston Stanford Wong Gambling Games Table game Baccarat Mini-Baccarat Blackjack Craps Pai gow Pai gow poker Roulette Big Six wheel Bingo Bola tangkas Faro Keno Lottery Lottery betting Mahjong Medal game Pachinko Poker Rummy Scratchcard Sic bo Slot machines Trente et Quarante Video poker Venues List of casinos Casino Online casino Cardroom Racino Riverboat casino Science Mathematics Gambling mathematics Mathematics of bookmaking Poker probability Strategies Asian handicap Due Column betting Labouchère system Martingale Terminology Crimp Double or nothing Even money Handicapping High roller Natural Progressive jackpot Shill Table limit Advance - deposit wagering Miscellaneous Casino game List of bets Commons Wiktionary WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackjack&oldid=822800767 '' Categories : Blackjack Anglo - American playing card games French deck card games Comparing card games Gambling games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackjack
| 3,165 |
the song glory of love by peter cetera
|
Glory of Love
|
glory of love
|
`` Glory of Love '' is a 1986 song by Peter Cetera written and composed by Cetera , David Foster , and Cetera 's then - wife Diane Nini , and recorded by Cetera shortly after he left the band Chicago to pursue a solo career . Featured in the 1986 film The Karate Kid Part II , it was Cetera 's first hit single after he left the band , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , and it was included on his 1986 album , Solitude / Solitaire , which Michael Omartian produced . ( Cetera released this album to coincide with the theatrical release of The Karate Kid Part II . )
|
`` Glory of Love '' peaked at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart on August 2 , 1986 , remaining in that spot for two weeks . It also spent five weeks atop the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Billboard ranked it as number fourteen on the Top Pop Singles of 1986 , and number four on the Top Adult Contemporary Singles of 1986 . The song achieved similar success in the UK , peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart , where it was the 26th best - selling single of 1986 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 2 Background 3 Music video 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References in other media 7 45 rpm single 8 Charts 9 References 10 External links Awards ( edit ) The song earned nominations for an Academy Award for Best Original Song , and a Golden Globe in the category of Best Original Song . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Male Artist . It went on to win an ASCAP Award for Most Performed Songs from a Motion Picture and a BMI Film & TV Award for Most Performed Song from a Film . Background ( edit ) According to Cetera , he originally wrote and composed `` Glory of Love '' as the end title for the 1985 film Rocky IV , but it was passed over by United Artists , and instead was used as the theme for The Karate Kid Part II . The version released as a single and featured on Cetera 's album Solitude / Solitaire is edited , missing the beginning eight - second section of the song 's bridge which is heard in The Karate Kid Part II . Cetera performed a shortened version of the song live at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony , which took place on Monday , March 30 , 1987 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion . Music video ( edit ) The music video by Peter Cetera is set in a Japanese martial arts dojo , with cut and fade scenes of the movie The Karate Kid Part II throughout . The video was directed by Peter Sinclair . Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera : vocals Dann Huff : electric guitars Paul Leim : drums Michael Omartian : keyboards Willie Alexander : Fairlight programming Steve Azbill : PPG Wave Term synthesizer programming Erich Bulling : synthesizers , drum programming Cover versions ( edit ) The song was covered by New Found Glory on their 2000 album From the Screen to Your Stereo . A cover was also performed by Jessa Zaragoza and Dingdong Avanzado on Zaragoza 's 2000 album Ibigay Mo Na . Australian boy band North covered the song , which was released as their first single from their 2004 self - titled debut album , reaching number one on the Asian music charts . Japanese pop artist Melody included the song on her third album Ready to Go ! which she released in 2007 . Venezuelan pop vocal band Voz Veis included an a cappella version of the song on their live acoustic album Una Noche Común y Sin Corriente ( 2009 ) . In this cover , the lyrics were shortened from the original . In 2010 , Canadian artist Zameer released an acoustic version of the song on his album From Under the Bleachers . The single reached # 73 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in Canada . In 2011 , the song was parodied by The Fringemunks as part of a medley that recapped Fringe episode 3.21 , `` The Last Sam Weiss . '' In 2011 , Canadian artist Karl Wolf greatly sampled on the song in his released single `` Ghetto Love '' featuring Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall . The single was released in Canada on Universal Republic . References in other media ( edit ) In one episode of the recurring Saturday Night Live sketch `` Jarret 's Room '' , DJ Johnathan Feinstein ( played by Seth Meyers ) , plays a sample of `` Glory of Love '' to open for each walk - on character . He admits that The Karate Kid Part II soundtrack was the only music he had since he had to pack up his dorm to move out of the residence halls . `` Glory of Love '' was performed as the finale of the Irish stage show , Riot , in 2018 in Sydney , Australia . 45 rpm single ( edit ) The song `` On the Line , '' which was on the B - side of the 45 rpm single , was from Cetera 's eponymously named first solo album , Peter Cetera , which had been released in 1981 . The single has not been certified gold or platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , although the record album that it appeared on , Solitude / Solitaire , has been certified both gold and platinum . The single came out at a time when sales of 45 - rpm vinyl records were in rapid decline . One record company executive estimated that sales of the `` Glory of Love '' single was down by over a quarter of a million units compared to what it might have been a few years earlier . `` Glory of Love '' made its first appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US at number 62 , for the week ending on June 7 , 1986 , and debuted at number 59 on the Cash Box Top 100 Singles chart that same date . In the same issue , Cash Box also shows the single as a new release . Charts ( edit ) Charts Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 18 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 25 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Charts Archive : The Hot 100 - 1986 Archive '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Solitude / Solitaire ( audio CD liner notes ) . Peter Cetera . USA : Warner Brothers Records , Inc. 1986 . 9 25474 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Pop Singles '' . Billboard . Vol. 98 no . 52 . USA : Billboard Publications , Inc . December 27 , 1986 . p . Y - 21 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archive Chart : 8 - 2 - 1986 '' . UK Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` THE 59TH ACADEMY AWARDS 1987 '' . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Glory Of Love '' . www.goldenglobes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Nominees '' . Orlando Sentinel . Orlando , FL . February 22 , 1987 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP 's 1987 Film & Television Music Awards '' . Billboard . Vol. 99 no . 19 . May 9 , 1987 . p. 5 Billboard May 9 , 1987 , at AmericanRadioHistory.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Most - Performed Songs '' . Billboard . Vol. 99 no . 22 . May 30 , 1987 . p. 4 , 84 Billboard May 30 , 1987 , at AmericanRadioHistory.com . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Interview with Peter Cetera ( YouTube ) . Singapore : Channel NewsAsia . September 13 , 2013 . Event occurs at 5 : 25 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hook , Chris ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` For Chicago frontman and Glory Of Love singer Peter Cetera it 's all about the songs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney , Australia . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( March 28 , 1987 ) . `` Cetera Pays High Price For His Solo Successes '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California , USA . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Musikvideo on YouTube Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Flashback : Peter Cetera Honors the ' Glory ' of Karate Kid '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bessman , Jim ( July 12 , 1986 ) . `` New Music Seminar : Clips at the Crossroads '' . Billboard. 98 ( 28 ) . USA . p. 51 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart , Week of February 12 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fringemunks Web site Jump up ^ Delaney , Brigid ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Riot review -- Dublin drag star leads disparate mix of poetry and politics '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neely , Tim ; Popoff , Martin ( 2009 ) . Goldmine Price Guide to 45 RPM Records , 7th Ed . Krause Publications . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Peter Cetera - Glory Of Love , 45cat , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA : Peter Cetera '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( November 9 , 1986 ) . `` 45 - rpm Single May Be Fading Into Memory '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart for June 7 , 1986 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 A-Z '' . Billboard . Vol. 98 no . 23 . June 7 , 1986 . p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 Singles '' ( PDF ) . Cash Box . June 7 , 1986 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Single Releases : Out of the Box '' ( PDF ) . Cash Box . June 7 , 1986 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Top 50 ARIA Singles Chart -- Week Ending 28th September , 1986 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA from mid-1983 until June 19 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Peter Cetera -- Glory of Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Peter Cetera Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Peter Cetera Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Your Wildest Dreams '' by The Moody Blues Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single July 19 , 1986 ( 5 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Words Get in the Way '' by Miami Sound Machine Preceded by `` Sledgehammer '' by Peter Gabriel Billboard Hot 100 number - one single August 2 -- 9 , 1986 Succeeded by `` Papa Do n't Preach '' by Madonna Preceded by `` Papa Do n't Preach '' by Madonna Canadian RPM number - one single August 23 -- 30 , 1986 Succeeded by `` Mad About You '' by Belinda Carlisle Peter Cetera Studio albums Peter Cetera Solitude / Solitaire One More Story World Falling Down One Clear Voice You 're the Inspiration : A Collection Another Perfect World You Just Gotta Love Christmas Singles `` Glory of Love '' `` The Next Time I Fall '' `` Restless Heart '' The Karate Kid Films The Karate Kid ( 1984 ) The Karate Kid Part II ( 1986 ) The Karate Kid Part III ( 1989 ) The Next Karate Kid ( 1994 ) The Karate Kid ( 2010 ) Television series The Karate Kid ( 1989 ) Cobra Kai ( 2018 ) Characters Mr. Miyagi Original songs `` You 're the Best '' `` Glory of Love '' `` Never Say Never '' Other Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glory_of_Love&oldid=824479251 '' Categories : 1986 songs 1986 singles Peter Cetera songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by David Foster Songs written by Peter Cetera Songs written for films The Karate Kid Song recordings produced by Michael Omartian Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory%20of%20Love
| 9,700 |
||
ookami san to shichinin no nakama tachi novel ending
|
Ōkami - san
|
okami - san
|
The Ōkami - san ( Japanese : オオカミ さん ) series is a collection of Japanese light novels by Masashi Okita , with illustrations by Unaji . The series started with the release of the first volume in August 2006 titled Ōkami - san & her Seven Companions ( オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち , Ōkami - san to Shichinin no Nakamatachi ) , and as of January 2011 , 12 volumes have been published by ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint . A manga adaptation by Kurumi Suzushiro started serialization in the April 2010 issue of ASCII Media Works ' shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Daioh . A 12 - episode anime adaptation by J.C. Staff aired in Japan on AT - X between July 1 and September 16 , 2010 , and has been licensed and dubbed into English by Funimation Entertainment to be aired on American network television and released to DVD . The English - dubbed version of the anime adaptation was subsequently licensed and distributed by Madman Entertainment and Manga Entertainment to Australia and the United Kingdom , respectively .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Otogi Bank 2.2 Secondary characters 3 Media 3.1 Light novel 3.2 Manga 3.3 Anime 3.3. 1 Episode list 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in the fictional Otogibana City , Ōkami - san & her Seven Companions follows the lives of Ryōko Ōkami ( the eponymous Ōkami - san ) and her friends , or companions , throughout their service as members of a `` trading '' club known as the Otogi High School Bank . At the start of the series , Ryōko and her partner , Ringo , are on a routine service assignment when an unseen stranger assists them . The following day , Ryōko encounters a boy in her class named Ryōshi Morino , a secret admirer of hers , on her way home from school . After being confronted by Ryōko , Ryōshi confesses his love for her and that he had been following her , a confession that is immediately turned down by Ryōko on the basis that he is weak . However , Ryōshi vows that he will become strong enough to be worthy to stand by her side . Later on in the series and with the help of the bank , Ryōko and Ringo discover that Ryōshi was the person who helped them on their service assignment and Ryōshi aids them the pair in a fight on another service assignment , thereby prompting Ryōko to accept Ryōshi as someone who she can trust to watch her back . The series progresses in this manner as Ryōko develops romantic feelings for Ryōshi , while also parodying fairy tales such as Little Red Riding Hood , The Ant and the Grasshopper , The Tortoise and the Hare , Cinderella , Hansel and Gretel , The Little Match Girl , and so on . Characters ( edit ) Otogi Bank ( edit ) The main characters are part of a high school club called the Otogi Bank . The bank is an organization which sends its members to solve issues from various students seeking help , who then incur debts that they must repay with favors at the Otogi Bank 's discretion . Ryoko is a member of the club , and her seven companions are the other members of the club at the start of the series ( Ryoshi joins the club in the first episode but is not one of Ryoko 's seven companions ) . Ryōko Ōkami ( 大神 涼子 , Ōkami Ryōko , also Ryoko ) Voiced by : Shizuka Itō ( Japanese ) ; Brina Palencia ( English ) A tomboyish high school girl who is fierce like a wolf ( which is the literal translation for her last name , Ōkami ) and fights thugs using special Neko Neko ( meaning `` kitty '' in English ) Knuckles developed by one of the members of the Otogi Bank , Majolica le Fay . In everyday life , she maintains a strong , dismissive facade to disguise her true self : a kind person that is quite fearful of particular things . Although generally hostile towards Ryōshi due to his cowardice , she accepts him as someone who can watch her back in fights soon after they first fight together . As the series progresses , she develops romantic feelings for Ryōshi , going as far as to dream about him , but continues to treat him roughly . Because of this , Ryōko 's character fits into the tsundere category of anime idioms . In addition , she is a close friend of Ringo Akai , who she met shortly after leaving her junior high and was the first person that she befriended in Otogibana City . In fact , she was prompted to leave her junior high after her boyfriend Shirō attempted to rape her and convinced everyone which she knew that he was not to blame for the attempted rape , but Ryōko was . In turn , this forced her from being an honest , innocent girl to adopt her act of `` wearing a wolf 's clothing '' so that she would not need anyone anymore and to prevent being betrayed again . Ryōko is based on the wolf from the various fairy tales , such as Little Red Riding Hood , though on several occasions she is shown to be very different from her base character . Ryōshi Morino ( 森野 亮 士 , Morino Ryōshi , also Ryoshi ) Voiced by : Miyu Irino ( Japanese ) ; Joel McDonald ( English ) A shy boy who cowers when confronted by other people and so keeps his distance . It is explained in the anime that he suffers from Ophthalmophobia , a fear of people staring at him . He has a crush on Ryōko and following a failed confession to her , he is somehow enrolled into Otogi Bank , where the others hope to use his low noticeability to avoid being detected . However , Ryōshi is much braver when hidden in darkness , and fights from afar using a wrist - mounted slingshot armed with pachinko balls with extreme precision , as shown when he knocks a baseball flying in midair about to hit Otsū . He is also known to perform well in fist fights if Ryōko is in danger . He is based on the hunter in the fairytale Little Red Riding Hood who captures the wolf or Ōkami - san . Ringo Akai ( 赤井 林檎 , Akai Ringo ) Voiced by : Kanae Itō ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) A petite red - haired girl who has been longtime friends with Ryōko . She is the one who recruits Ryōshi into Otogi Bank . She is a close friend of Ryōko Ōkami , and is always trying to involve herself with her best friend 's love life . Like Ryōko , she tends to smile to hide her true feelings , and admires Ryōko for trying to become stronger . She is based on the Little Red Riding Hood from the folktale of the same name , though some aspects of her scheming , manipulative personality closer resemble the poisoned apple ( `` Ringo '' means apple ) of Snow White , a fact which is occasionally referenced by the narrator and other characters . She is also the half sister of `` Snow White '' Shirayuki Himeno and feels responsible for her past . However , thanks to Ryōko , she moves on from the past . Aiden Foote of THEM Anime Reviews describes her as the `` most conniving of all Lolitas and frequently referred to as evil by the dry voiced and witted narrator . '' Liszt Kiriki ( 桐木 リスト , Kiriki Risuto , also Liszt ) Voiced by : Hirofumi Nojima ( Japanese ) ; Micah Solusod ( English ) Liszt is the president of Otogi Bank ; he is described as clever and laid - back , but resourceful . He sometimes disguises himself and cross-dresses in order to gather information . He is based on the cricket in `` the cricket and the ant '' . Alice Kiriki ( 桐木 アリス , Kiriki Arisu ) Voiced by : Yui Horie ( Japanese ) ; Terri Doty ( English ) Liszt 's cousin and secretary in the club . Does most club paperwork , and is based on the ant in `` the cricket and the ant '' Otsū Tsurugaya ( 鶴 ヶ 谷 お つう , Tsurugaya Otsū ) Voiced by : Ayako Kawasumi ( Japanese ) ; Colleen Clinkenbeard ( English ) The club 's maid who has an obsession for returning favors . When she was young , she was saved from a car accident by a boy who died before she could thank him , resulting in her having a fear of not being able to return a favor . She is based on the crane from the Japanese tale Tsuru no Ongaeshi . Tarō Urashima ( 浦島 太郎 , Urashima Tarō ) Voiced by : Shintaro Asanuma ( Japanese ) ; Todd Haberkorn ( English ) A first - year transfer student who is a year older than the rest of the gang . He acts as a playboy and sometimes flirts with girls although he has a girlfriend , Otohime . He is based on the title character from the Japanese tale Urashima Tarō . It is heavily implied that he is in an intimate relationship with Otohime , and he occasionally enters a `` gentleman mode '' . Otohime Ryūgū ( 竜宮 乙姫 , Ryūgū Otohime ) Voiced by : Aki Toyosaki ( Japanese ) ; Caitlin Glass ( English ) A girl with an obsessive crush on Tarō , who cares for her greatly but on some occasions is scared of her . It was thanks to Tarō 's motivation that she changed from a chubby bullied elementary student to a thin beauty . Although Tarō often runs from her advances , he does have special feelings for her , and can even be considered her boyfriend . She is based on Princess Otohime from the Japanese tale Urashima Tarō . The reason she is called turtle is because Otohime from the legend was a turtle on land when she met Tarō . Her relationship with Mimi Usami is related to the fable , The Tortoise and the Hare . Majolica le Fay ( マジョーリカ ・ ル ・ フェイ , Majōrika Ru Fei , also Majolica ) Voiced by : Kimiko Koyama ( Japanese ) ; Lindsay Seidel ( English ) Called Majo for short , she is a self - proclaimed mad scientist who builds various devices such as Ryōko 's Neko Neko Knuckles . She is based on the sorceress Morgan le Fay . She takes the role of a fairy godmother at times . Secondary characters ( edit ) Momoko Kibitsu ( 吉備津 桃子 , Kibitsu Momoko ) Voiced by : Yūko Kaida ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Young ( English ) Nicknamed Momo - chan - senpai , she is disciplinary committee member of Otogi High School . She is bisexual and will sometimes make suggestive passes at Ryōko , while using her ' dumplings ' to get assistance from naive boys . She is based on the titular character from the Japanese tale Momotarō , and is often accompanied by a trio of students whose names and appearances are based on the Monkey , Dog and Pheasant that accompany Momotaro on his journeys . Yukime Murano ( 村野 雪女 , Murano Yukime ) Voiced by : Hitomi Nabatame ( Japanese ) ; Lydia Mackay ( English ) She is Ryōshi 's aunt . She is a novelist who writes romance stories , using her pen name `` Yuki '' and just happens to be Ryoko 's favorite , and landlady of apartment `` Okashisou '' where Ryoshi lives . She is based on Japanese tale Yuki - onna . Mimi Usami ( 宇佐 見 美々 , Usami Mimi ) Voiced by : Rie Kugimiya ( Japanese ) ; Jad Saxton ( English ) She is based on the hare from the Aesop 's fable The Tortoise and the Hare . She is Tarō 's and Otohime 's childhood friend , and since very little she has held hostility towards Otohime , calling her with the mocking nickname of `` turtle '' . Ami Jizō ( 地蔵 亜美 , Jizō Ami ) Voiced by : Mikako Takahashi ( Japanese ) ; Tia Ballard ( English ) A second year student that requested aide from the Otogi Bank in episode 7 , where she went on a double date with Ōkami and Ryoshi . Afterwards , she occasionally makes appearances . She is based on the Jizō from the Japanese tale Kasajizō . Ranpu Aragami ( 荒神 洋 燈 , Aragami Ranpu ) Voiced by : Atsushi Ono ( Japanese ) ; R Bruce Elliott ( English ) The principal of Otogi High School , who often requests certain ' services ' from the bank in exchange for a lot of the club 's more expensive items . He is based on the Genie of the Lamp from Aladdin . Shirō Hitsujikai ( 羊 飼 士 狼 , Hitsujikai Shirō ) Voiced by : Junichi Suwabe ( Japanese ) ; Ian Sinclair ( English ) The main antagonist of the series . He is the student council president of Onigashima High School , a school of delinquents intended to conflict with Otogi High School . During middle school , he attempted to rape Ryōko but after that he spread bad rumors about Ryōko . He is based partially on The Boy Who Cried Wolf . However , like other characters , he 's drawn from multiple sources ; in this case , he is also based on the wolf in sheep 's clothing figure . It may be noted that the kanji 狼 ( Rō ) translates as wolf . Himeno Shirayuki ( 白雪 姫 乃 , Shirayuki Himeno ) Voiced by : Yukari Fukui ( Japanese ) ; Kara Edwards ( English ) She is the half - sister of Ringo . She is based on Snow White . ( Shiro means white , Yuki means snow . ) Himeno is often seen providing for her seven younger siblings ( presumably septuplets ) who are based on the Seven Dwarves from the same story . Saburō Nekomiya ( 猫 宮 三郎 , Nekomiya Saburō ) Voiced by : Yūki Kaji ( Japanese ) ; Jerry Jewell ( English ) A third - year student at Otogi described by the narrator as a `` pretty boy . '' Knowledgeable about Ryōshi and the Otogi Bank , he takes it upon himself to `` train '' Ryōshi , even taking part in joining Ryōshi and company to Onigashima High School to save Ōkami because when he was younger , he was saved by Ōkami from a bunch of delinquents . His hair is shaped into cat ears , and his name , attitude and mannerisms are catlike . He is apparently a skilled fighter who easily overcomes Ryōshi . He is based on Puss in Boots . He is first shown in episode 6 where Ryōko saved him from the delinquents in a flashback . Neko means cat in Japanese . Machiko Himura ( 火 村 真知子 , Himura Machiko ) Voiced by : Satomi Satō ( Japanese ) ; Cherami Leigh ( English ) She is Ryōko , Ringo , and Ryōshi 's classmate . She is based on The Little Match Girl . `` Machi '' in her name , Machiko , sounds like the word match . She appears in the last episode of the anime , attempting to win over Ryoshi . She and her father had been in serious debt , so she had been working towards paying off their debt . Her reason was so she could marry into his family , as she believed he was rather wealthy after seeing him outside his aunt 's boarding complex with his `` expensive '' dogs . Later , when Ryoshi protects her from a group of debt collectors , she begins to really develop a crush on him . She becomes the newest resident of the boarding complex where Ryoshi lives and was able to let go of him after hearing just how much Ryoko meant to him . Narrator Voiced by : Satomi Arai ( Japanese ) ; Luci Christian ( English ) In the anime , the narrator tells the tale and regularly makes sarcastic and offensive remarks about the characters at which main characters often break the fourth wall to glare at her . Media ( edit ) Light novel ( edit ) No . Release date ISBN 01 August 10 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 8402 - 3524 - 4 02 December 10 , 2006 ISBN 4 - 8402 - 3643 - 7 03 April 10 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 8402 - 3806 - 9 04 October 10 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 4 - 8402 - 4024 - 6 05 February 10 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 8402 - 4160 - 1 06 July 10 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 867134 - 7 07 January 10 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 867464 - 5 08 May 10 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 867822 - 3 09 September 10 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 868015 - 8 10 January 10 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 868279 - 4 11 July 10 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 868645 - 7 12 January 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870130 - 3 Manga ( edit ) A manga adaptation , illustrated by Kurumi Suzushiro and titled Ōkami - san & her Seven Companions ( オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち , Ōkami - san to Shichinin no Nakamatachi ) , was serialized between the April 2010 and October 2012 issues of ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Daioh . The first tankōbon volume was released on September 27 , 2010 , the fourth volume was released on November 27 , 2012 . No . Release date ISBN September 27 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 868914 - 4 May 27 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870532 - 5 January 27 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886281 - 3 November 27 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891192 - 4 Anime ( edit ) The anime series by J.C. Staff , titled Ōkami - san & her Seven Companions ( オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち , Ōkami - san to Shichinin no Nakamatachi ) , aired from July 2 , 2010 to September 17 , 2010 . The opening theme is `` Ready Go ! '' by May'n while the ending theme is `` Akazukin - chan Goyoujin '' ( 赤 頭巾 ちゃん 御 用心 , Careful Akazukin - chan ) by OToGi8 . At Otakon 2010 , North American anime distributor Funimation Entertainment announced that they had acquired the right to the anime and streamed the series on their video portal before releasing the series on home video on April 3 , 2012 . The series made its North American television debut on September 10 , 2012 on the Funimation Channel . Episode list ( edit ) No . Episode title Original air date 01 `` Ōkami - san and Her Otogi Bank Companions '' `` Ōkami - san to Otogi Ginkō no Nakama - tachi '' ( おおかみ さん と 御伽 銀行 の 仲間 たち ) July 2 , 2010 After beating someone wielding a knife with the aid of a mysterious savior , Ryōko Ōkami is confessed to by a shy Ryōshi Morino , and subsequently turns him down . When her friend Ringo Akai does a background check on him , she decides to recruit him into the Otogi Bank , a business that fulfills various requests for students in return for some favors . A client , Kakari Haibara arrives and requests for them to keep her senpai , Akihiro Ōji , from quitting the tennis club due to an injury . The Otogi Bank tries using Ryōshi 's ability to remain unnoticed to stop Akihiro 's resignation form from being approved , but with unsuccessful results . With only a matter of time before the form is handed in , Ryōshi rides Kakari to Akihiro in a pumpkin bicycle constructed by Majolica le Fay , though due to its lack of brakes , it crashes and Kakari ends up knocking him out , leaving her shoe behind in the retreat . Later that day , Ryōko and Ringo are confronted by the thug from earlier along with his buddies , and Ryōshi gets injured protecting her from a surprise attack . After defeating the thugs , Ryōko accepts Ryōshi as one of her companions . The next day , Akihiro , realizing by way of a Cinderella method that Kakari was the one who kicked him , promises her that they will play tennis together . 02 `` Ōkami - san the Liar and Ryōshi - kun '' `` Usotsuki Ōkami - san to Ryōshi - kun '' ( うそつき おおかみ さん と 亮 士 くん ) July 9 , 2010 Ryōshi tells Ringo about why he fell for Ryōko , which Ringo tells her about later that night . The next day while the other members go shopping , Ryōshi hangs around the Otogi Bank with Tarō Urashima , who quickly gets dragged away by Otohime Ryūgū when a female customer comes in , worried about having to see her violent ex-boyfriend . When Ryōko and Ryōshi investigate the meeting place , it turns out to be a trap laid out by thugs from Onigashima High School . Ryōko is overwhelmed and kidnapped while Ryōshi informs the other club members . Ryōko hides her true feelings of fear as she faces the gang 's boss , who attempts to humiliate her by fondling her breasts . Ryōshi and Ringo use his dogs to discover the base , and Ryōshi uses a wrist mounted slingshot to attack the thugs from the shadows , helping to set Ryōko free to join the fight . When the boss tries to take Ryōko hostage , Ryōshi fights him one - on - one and manages to beat him while fueled by his feelings for her before passing out . 03 `` Ōkami - san Gets Caught in the Fight between the Tortoise and the Hare '' `` Ōkami - san Usagi to Kame no Minikui Arasoi ni Makikomareru '' ( おおかみ さん うさぎ と かめの 醜い 争い に 巻き込ま れる ) July 16 , 2010 Otohime is in a rivalry with Mimi Usami who used to call her names when she was a chubby elementary school student . They decide to enter the Otogi Academy pageant , being loosely based on the story of `` The Tortoise and the Hare '' . Otohime requests the assistance of the Otogi Bank to help her win . Both sides end up using slander campaigns on their opponents , while Ryōko and the other girls somehow get entered as well . Otohime reminisces of how she first became Mimi 's rival as well as Tarō 's friend . During the pageant , all the females showcase their swimsuit attire , catching the eyes of the audience , though neither Otohime nor Mimi end up ranking . However Liszt Kiriki tells Otohime that she won the attention of Tarō as her only vote . 04 `` Ōkami - san and Otsū - senpai 's Favor Repayments '' `` Ōkami - san to Otsū - senpai no Ongaeshi '' ( おおかみ さん とお つう 先輩 の 恩返し ) July 23 , 2010 When Ryōshi protects Otsū Tsurugaya from a stray baseball , she , being obsessed with repaying favors , becomes his maid and does all various things which makes him uncomfortable . While visiting Ryōshi 's house to check on the situation , Ryōko and Ringo meet his aunt named Yukime Murano , an author whom Ryōko is a big fan of , who points out Ryōko 's potential feelings for Ryōshi . Otsū soon gets a fever from overworking and collapses due to fatigue . The others learn about Otsū 's childhood , where she was protected from a car by a boy who died before she could thank him , resulting in her having a fear of being unable to return favors . Ringo comes up with the idea of having everyone dress up as maids and serve Otsū , reminding her that there is no such thing as favors between friends . 05 `` Ōkami - san Goes Oni - Hunting with Momo - chan - senpai '' `` Ōkami - san Momo - chan - senpai to Oni - taiji ni Yuku '' ( おおかみ さん 桃 ちゃん 先輩 と 鬼 退治 に 行く ) July 30 , 2010 Ryōko has trouble dealing with Momoko Kibitsu , a disciplinary committee member who is also a bisexual with a crush on her . Momoko comes to the Otogi Bank to request assistance for an attack on Onigashima High School . After getting through the initial waves of delinquents , the members are soon separated and communications are blocked off . Ryōko soon comes against Onigashima 's student council president , Shirō Hitsujikai , who Ryōko fears greatly until Ryōshi and the others arrive to back her up , asking him to keep the delinquents in check . As the group wonders just what Shirō may be up to , Ryōko thanks Ryōshi for helping her . 06 `` Ōkami - san and Akazukin - chan , and While We 're at It , Ryōshi - kun '' `` Ōkami - san to Akazukin - chan , Tsuide ni Ryōshi - kun '' ( おおかみ さん と 赤 ずきん ちゃん 、 ついでに 亮 士 くん ) August 6 , 2010 Concerned about Ryōko , Ryōshi meets up with Ringo to ask about her relationship with Shirō , though she says it would be best to ask her himself once he gains her trust . Ringo recalls when she first met Ryōko in middle school and saw her true side for the first time . Noticing Ryōko pushing herself and getting into needless fights to hide her true feelings , Ringo came to understand her and offered her friendship . Ryōshi recalls when he started observing Ryōko and inevitably falling in love with her and decides to become stronger so he can protect her . 07 `` Ōkami - san Goes on a Double Date with Jizō - san '' `` Ōkami - san Jizō - san to Daburu Dēto Suru '' ( おおかみ さん 地蔵 さん と ダブル デート する ) August 13 , 2010 A girl named Ami Jizō has been secretly preparing food for baseball player Jin Hanasaki , as she has a crush on him , but is too shy to talk to him . Although he does not have feelings for her , he offers a date to repay her , with Ringo making it a double date with Ryōko and Ryōshi to ease her nerves . They go to the cinema , the arcade , the pet store , and the park . Halfway through the date , Ryōko spots a cat stuck up in a tree and , upon going to rescue it , falls into the pond and hits her head . She ends up contracting amnesia , believing she is thirteen years old , and has a completely different personality to her usual self . While Ryōshi looks after her in this state , Ami and Jin are left alone on their date . When Ryōshi and Ringo try to figure out how best to deal with it , Ryōko feels she is being ignored and runs off into the rain where she runs into Shirō . As Ryōshi catches up with her , he learns that Shirō assaulted her when she was younger and that when she told her classmate they believed Shirō over her . In response , Ryōshi swears to hunt him down , however Shirō , before taking his leave , says that his story was just a lie . Ryōko later regains her memories , while Ami and Jin 's date ended well enough . 08 `` Ōkami - san and the Mouse Bride 's Search , and This Is How Pigs Should Be Treated '' `` Ōkami - san to Nezumi no Yomesagashi to Yappari Buta wa Kō Iu Atsukai '' ( おおかみ さん と ねずみ の 嫁 探し と やっぱり 豚 は こういう 扱い ) August 20 , 2010 The Otogi Bank receives a request to find Chūtarō Nezumi , the heir to a large company , a bride before his twelfth birthday . Alice Kiriki , along with Ami and Otohime , are listed as candidates , but are rejected by Hammel , his butler , for their personality flaws . After several other failed candidates some of which are from the show a certain scientific railgun and Toradora , Hammel inadvertently insults Ryōko , Ringo , and Momoko . Later on , Hammel points Chūtarō in the direction of Uika , his childhood friend . The two get together , but Ryōko and the other girls are not happy about the pointless request , so Liszt buy them all expensive cakes in apology . 09 `` Ōkami - san and Snow White , Who Is Immune to Poison Apples '' `` Ōkami - san to Doku - Ringo ga Kikanai Shirayuki - Hime '' ( おおかみ さん と 毒 りんご が 効か ない 白雪姫 ) August 27 , 2010 Ringo is having trouble confronting her friend Himeno Shirayuki , who looks after seven siblings . When Ryōshi inquires into the matter , Ringo explains that three years earlier , shortly after she first became friends with Himeno , she discovered that they were half - sisters . Himeno 's mother and their father had just finalized their divorce and Ringo and her mother moved into the house , displacing Himeno and her mother . Feeling as though she had forced Himeno out of her home , Ringo was unable to bring herself to talk to her since . The following day , the Otogi Bank , along with Himeno and her siblings , go to a swimming pool and Ringo watches from afar . When Himeno almost drowns after rescuing one of her siblings , Ringo saves her using CPR , and the two finally have their long awaited reunion . The next day , Ringo convinces the school director , Ranpu Aragami , to give Himeno a special scholarship to university . 10 `` Ōkami - san and the Otogi Bank 's Really Long Day '' `` Ōkami - san to Otogi Ginkō no Sugoku Nagai Ichinichi '' ( おおかみ さん と 御伽 銀行 の すごく 長い 一 日 ) September 3 , 2010 The Otogi Bank learned that someone has leaked information about their secret underground base to the press , believing it may be the work of Shirō . They decide to hold a discount on requests which makes everyone very busy . Ryōko , who had a strange dream involving Ryōshi , starts avoiding him . Later , Ryōshi encounters a catlike boy named Saburō Nekomiya , who offers to train Ryōshi to be a real man . Meanwhile , Ryōko and Ringo find a beaten up Onigashima high school student named Reiko Kokono injured outside their dorms . She explains that she was a girlfriend of Shirō who was cast aside and left at the hands of the delinquents . Ryōko allows Reiko to stay with her while arranging for her transfer to Otogi Academy . While Ryōshi trains with Saburō , Ringo asks Lizst to look into Reiko 's background while Otsū keeps watch over her . However , Reiko turns out to be working for Shirō and this is part of a plan . Otsū , Ryōko and Otohime are kidnapped throwing the Otogi Bank into disarray . 11 `` Ōkami - san and the Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing '' `` Ōkami - san to Hitsuji no Kegawa o Kita Ōkami '' ( おおかみ さん と 羊 の 毛皮 を 着 た 狼 ) September 10 , 2010 Ryōshi continues his training with Saburō . A call from the president interrupts the lesson and he learns of Ryōko 's kidnapping . Ryōko wakes up in Onigashima High School where she is confronted by Shirō . Elsewhere , Tarō rescues Otohime , Majolica rescues Otsū , and Liszt saves Alice and Mimi . Ryōshi and Saburō break through Onigashima 's defenses with the help of Momoko and her subordinates along with the reunited members of the Otogi Bank . Sabōru finally explains that he decided to train Ryōshi because he once abandoned Ryōko when she was in danger and felt guilty . Soon after , Ryōshi faces Shirō and , while initially overwhelmed by his fighting ability , remembers his training and feelings and lands a hit on Shirō before Liszt arrives and declares the fight over . After Ryōko thanks everyone , they return to their daily routines . 12 `` Ōkami - san and the Girl Who Does n't Sell Matches But is Misfortunate Anyway '' `` Ōkami - san to Matchi - Uri ja Nai kedo Fukō na Shōjo '' ( おおかみ さん と マッチ 売り じゃ ない けど 不幸 な 少女 ) September 17 , 2010 A poor papergirl named Machiko Himura notices her classmate , Ryōshi , leaving his dorm to walk his dogs and mistakenly believes that the Onotnashi dorm is a single residence and that his family owns it , which technically it does since his aunt and uncle are the proprietors . Believing she can marry out of poverty , Machiko confronts Ryōshi in class the following day and asks him to marry her . Later , to further her plans , she requests a date with him through the Otogi Bank . Ringo manipulates Ryōko 's feelings for Ryōshi and gets her to follow him on his date , hoping that she will be more honest about herself . The date progresses well when Machiko abruptly ends it . A confused Ryōshi leaves but returns in time to save Machiko from loan sharks . A grateful Machiko reveals her motives for the date and proposal , which is that she has been paying off the family debt with the money from her part - time job , but her father ran away with the latest payment . Ryōshi , angry , not at Machiko , but at the situation life has put her in , calls the Otogi Bank to arrange matters . The loan sharks reappear and Ryōshi takes them on with Ryōko joining the fight unexpectedly . After the debt collectors are arrested , the Otogi Bank pays off Machiko 's debt and arranges for her to become a tenant at the Otohashi residence . That evening , at Machiko 's housewarming party , Machiko wants to confess again but before she can , Ryōshi tells Machiko that he can be manly because of Ryōko , who happens to be eavesdropping . Machiko later bluntly asks Ryōko if she likes him and agrees to back off when , true to her nature , she says that she does not dislike him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち 番組 AT - X ワンランク 上 の アニメ 専門 チャンネル '' . www.at-x.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Industry Panel '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Okami - San and Her Seven Companions Collection - DVD '' . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Review : Okami - san and Her Seven Companions -- The Complete Series '' . AnimeBlurayUK. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Foote , Aiden . `` Okami - San and Her Seven Companions '' . THEM Anime Reviews . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV アニメ 『 オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち 』 公式 サイト 役員 一覧 ( スタッフ & キャスト ) '' ( in Japanese ) . otogi-bank.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rojas , Justin ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Okami - San and Her Seven Companions Cast Announcement '' . Jump up ^ Ōkami - san & her Seven Companions anime , episode 1 Jump up ^ Okami - san and Seven Companions anime episode 1 closing credits ^ Jump up to : Okami - san and Seven Companions , episode 3 Jump up ^ Okami - san and Seven Companions anime , episode 3 , closing credits Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん とお つう 先輩 の 恩返し ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と `` 傘 '' 地蔵 さん の 恋 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と マッチ 売り じゃ ない けど 不幸 な 少女 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 毒 りんご が 効か ない 白雪姫 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 長 ブーツ を 履い た アニキ な 猫 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 洗濯 中 の 天女 の 羽衣 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と とっても 乙女 な 分 福 茶釜 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と スピンオフ 地蔵 さん と ちょっと 変わっ た 日本 恋 話 ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と おかしな 家 の 住人 たち ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と ○ 人間 に なりたい ピノッキオ ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 亮 士 くん と たくさん の 仲間 たち ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち 1 ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち 4 ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.co.jp . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ オオカミ さん と 七 人 の 仲間 たち ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . ASCII Media Works . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Okami - San and Her Seven Companions Cast Announcement '' . FUNimation. 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Week 38 of 2012 '' . External links ( edit ) Anime official website ( in Japanese ) Ōkami - san - The Official Anime Website from FUNimation Ōkami - san and Her Seven Companions ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Works by J.C. Staff TV series 1994 -- 2000 Metal Fighter Miku ( 1994 ) Slayers ( 1995 ) Slayers Next ( 1996 ) Maze ( 1997 ) Revolutionary Girl Utena ( 1997 ) Slayers Try ( 1997 ) Virus Buster Serge ( 1997 ) Alice SOS ( 1998 ) Kare Kano ( 1998 ) Sorcerous Stabber Orphen ( 1998 ) Yume de Aetara ( 1998 ) Iketeru Futari ( 1999 ) Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko ( 1999 ) Orphen : The Revenge ( 1999 ) Excel Saga ( 1999 ) Descendants of Darkness ( 2000 ) Daa ! Daa ! Daa ! ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2005 Mahō Senshi Riui ( 2001 ) PaRappa the Rapper ( 2001 ) A Little Snow Fairy Sugar ( 2001 ) Azumanga Daioh ( 2002 ) Ai Yori Aoshi ( 2002 ) Spiral : The Bonds of Reasoning ( 2002 ) Nanaka 6 / 17 ( 2003 ) Someday 's Dreamers ( 2003 ) Gunparade March ~ Aratanaru Kougunka ~ ( 2003 ) Ikki Tousen ( 2003 ) R.O.D the TV ( 2003 ) Shingetsutan Tsukihime ( 2003 ) Ai Yori Aoshi : Enishi ( 2003 ) Maburaho ( 2003 ) Sensei no Ojikan : Doki Doki School Hours ( 2004 ) Daphne in the Brilliant Blue ( 2004 ) Bōkyaku no Senritsu ( 2004 ) Starship Operators ( 2005 ) Mahoraba ~ Heartful days ~ ( 2005 ) Best Student Council ( 2005 ) Loveless ( 2005 ) Honey and Clover ( 2005 ) Oku - sama wa Mahō Shōjo ( 2005 ) Shakugan no Shana ( 2005 ) Karin ( 2005 ) 2006 -- 2010 Yomigaeru Sora -- Rescue Wings ( 2006 ) Honey and Clover II ( 2006 ) The Familiar of Zero ( 2006 ) Ghost Hunt ( 2006 ) Living for the Day After Tomorrow ( 2006 ) Winter Garden ( 2006 ) Nodame Cantabile ( 2007 ) Sky Girls ( 2007 ) Potemayo ( 2007 ) The Familiar of Zero : Knight of the Twin Moons ( 2007 ) Shakugan no Shana Second ( 2007 ) KimiKiss ( 2007 ) Sky Girls TV DVD Specials ( 2007 ) Shigofumi ( 2008 ) Nabari no Ou ( 2008 ) Slayers Revolution ( 2008 ) The Familiar of Zero : Rondo of Princesses ( 2008 ) Toradora ! ( 2008 ) A Certain Magical Index ( 2008 ) Nodame Cantabile : Paris - Hen ( 2008 ) Slayers Evolution - R ( 2009 ) Hayate the Combat Butler : Second Season ( 2009 ) First Love Limited ( 2009 ) Sweet Blue Flowers ( 2009 ) Taishō Baseball Girls ( 2009 ) A Certain Scientific Railgun ( 2009 ) Nodame Cantabile : Finale ( 2010 ) Maid Sama ! ( 2010 ) Uragiri wa Boku no Namae o Shitteiru ( 2010 ) Ōkami - san to Shichinin no Nakamatachi ( 2010 ) Bakuman ( 2010 ) Otome Yōkai Zakuro ( 2010 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2010 ) A Certain Magical Index II ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2015 Dream Eater Merry ( 2011 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2011 ) Kami - sama no Memo - chō ( 2011 ) Twin Angel : Twinkle Paradise ( 2011 ) Bakuman. 2 ( 2011 ) Kimi to Boku ( 2011 ) Shakugan no Shana Final ( 2011 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes : Act 2 ( 2012 ) Kill Me Baby ( 2012 ) The Familiar of Zero F ( 2012 ) Ano Natsu de Matteru ( 2012 ) Kimi to Boku 2 ( 2012 ) La storia della Arcana Famiglia ( 2012 ) Joshiraku ( 2012 ) Bakuman. 3 ( 2012 ) Little Busters ! ( 2012 ) The Pet Girl of Sakurasou ( 2012 ) Dangerous Jii - san Ja ( 2012 ) A Certain Scientific Railgun S ( 2013 ) The `` Hentai '' Prince and the Stony Cat . ( 2013 ) Futari wa Milky Holmes ( 2013 ) Golden Time ( 2013 ) Little Busters ! Refrain ( 2013 ) Witchcraft Works ( 2014 ) Selector Infected WIXOSS ( 2014 ) Dai - Shogun - Great Revolution ( 2014 ) Magimoji Rurumo ( 2014 ) Love Stage ! ! ( 2014 ) Selector Spread WIXOSS ( 2014 ) Tantei Kageki Milky Holmes TD ( 2015 ) Food Wars ! : Shokugeki no Soma ( 2015 ) Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ? ( 2015 ) Shimoneta ( 2015 ) Prison School ( 2015 ) Heavy Object ( 2015 ) 2016 -- present Flying Witch ( 2016 ) Food Wars ! : The Second Plate ( 2016 ) The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. ( 2016 ) Taboo Tattoo ( 2016 ) Amanchu ! ( 2016 ) Lostorage Incited WIXOSS ( 2016 ) Urara Meirocho ( 2017 ) Minami Kamakura High School Girls Cycling Club ( 2017 ) Marginal # 4 KISS Kara Tsukuru Big Bang ( 2017 ) Schoolgirl Strikers : Animation Channel ( 2017 ) Alice & Zouroku ( 2017 ) Twin Angel Break ( 2017 ) Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon ? : Sword Oratoria ( 2017 ) Vatican Miracle Examiner ( 2017 ) UQ Holder ! ( 2017 ) Food Wars ! : The Third Plate ( 2017 ) Children of the Whales ( 2017 ) The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. Second Season ( 2018 ) Amachu ! Advance ( 2018 ) Lostorage Conflated WIXOSS ( 2018 ) A Certain Magical Index III ( 2018 ) Angels of Death ( 2018 ) One - Punch Man 2 ( TBA ) OVAs / ONAs 1980s Yōtōden ( 1987 ) Ultimate Teacher ( 1988 ) Cleopatra DC ( 1989 ) Blood Reign : Curse of the Yoma ( 1989 ) Fūma no Kojirō ( 1989 ) Earthian ( 1989 ) 1990s 1 + 2 = Paradise ( 1990 ) Guardian of Darkness ( 1990 ) The Heroic Legend of Arslan ( 1991 ) Handsome na Kanojo ( 1991 ) Babel II ( 1992 ) Ellcia ( 1992 ) 8 Man After ( 1993 ) Bad Boys ( 1993 ) Suikoden Demon Century ( 1993 ) New Dominion Tank Police ( 1993 ) Konpeki no Kantai ( 1993 ) Super Dimension Century Orguss 02 ( 1993 ) Shonan Junai Gumi ( 1994 ) I Shall Never Return ( 1994 ) Fish in the Trap ( 1994 ) Captain Tsubasa : Holland Youth ( 1994 ) Shin Megami Tensei : Tōkyō Mokushiroku ( 1995 ) Level C ( 1995 ) Galaxy Fräulein Yuna : Siren 's Sadness ( 1995 ) Kodocha ( 1995 ) Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko ( 1996 ) Battle Arena Toshinden ( 1996 ) Maze ( 1996 ) Slayers Special ( 1996 ) Garzey 's Wing ( 1996 ) Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer ( 1996 ) Fake ( 1996 ) Galaxy Fräulein Yuna : The Abyssal Fairy ( 1996 ) Kyokujitsu no Kantai ( 1997 ) Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko II ( 1997 ) Princess Rouge ( 1997 ) Voogie 's Angel ( 1997 ) Detatoko Princess ( 1997 ) Yume de Aetara ( 1998 ) Slayers Excellent ( 1998 ) 2000s Azumanga Web Daioh ( 2000 ) Nekojiru - so ( 2001 ) Puni Puni Poemy ( 2001 ) Alien Nine ( 2001 ) Eiken ( 2003 ) A Little Snow Fairy Sugar : Summer Special ( 2003 ) Sensei no Ojikan : Doki Doki School Hours ( 2004 ) Sky Girls ( 2006 ) Shakugan no Shana SP ( 2006 ) Shigofumi ( 2008 ) The Familiar of Zero : Rondo of Princesses ( 2008 ) Hayate the Combat Butler ( 2009 ) Shakugan no Shana S ( 2009 ) 2010s Kyō , Koi o Hajimemasu ( 2010 ) Toaru Kagaku no Railgun ( 2010 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo Special ( 2011 ) Toradora ! ( 2011 ) Dangerous Jii - san Ja ( 2012 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes Alternative ( 2012 ) Joshiraku ( 2013 ) ChocoTan ! ( 2013 ) Little Busters ! ( 2013 ) Kill Me Baby Super ( 2013 ) Little Busters ! EX ( 2014 ) Ano Natsu de Matteru ( 2014 ) Love Stage ! ! ( 2014 ) Twin Angel : Kyun Tokimeki Paradise ! ! ( 2015 ) Prison School ( 2016 ) UQ Holder ! ( 2017 ) Lostorage Conflated WIXOSS - missing link - ( 2017 ) Films Wrath of the Ninja ( 1989 ) Gude Crest ( 1990 ) Darkside Blues ( 1994 ) Slayers The Motion Picture ( 1995 ) Slayers Return ( 1996 ) Slayers Great ( 1997 ) Maze Bakunetsu Jikuu : Tenpen Kyoui no Giant ( 1998 ) Slayers Gorgeous ( 1998 ) Adolescence of Utena ( 1999 ) Azumanga Daioh : The Very Short Movie ( 2001 ) Shakugan no Shana ( 2007 ) A Certain Magical Index : The Movie -- The Miracle of Endymion ( 2013 ) Selector Destructed WIXOSS ( 2016 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes the Movie : Milky Holmes ' Counterattack ( 2016 ) Kud Wafter ( 2019 ) Video games Psychic Force ( 1996 ) Langrisser III ( 1996 ) Guilty Gear X ( 2000 ) Wild Arms 4 ( 2005 ) Shining Force EXA ( 2007 ) Fate / tiger colosseum ( 2007 ) Lux - Pain ( 2008 ) Luminous Arc 2 ( 2008 ) A Certain Scientific Railgun ( 2011 ) Sol Trigger ( 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ōkami - san&oldid = 815052202 '' Categories : Manga series 2010 manga 2010 anime television series Anime and manga based on light novels Dengeki Bunko Dengeki Daioh Funimation J.C. Staff Light novels Madman Entertainment anime Romantic comedy anime and manga School anime and manga Shōnen manga Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Português Русский Tagalog ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%258Ckami-san
| 107,721 |
||
who was the first wide receiver to be awarded mvp
|
National Football League Most Valuable Player award
|
national football league most valuable player award
|
The National Football League Most Valuable Player Award ( NFL MVP ) is an award given by various entities to the American football player who is considered the most valuable in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Organizations which currently give an NFL MVP award or have in the past include the Associated Press ( AP ) , the Newspaper Enterprise Association ( NEA ) , Pro Football Writers of America ( PFWA ) , and United Press International ( UPI ) . The first award described as a most valuable player award was the Joe F. Carr Trophy , awarded by the NFL from 1938 to 1946 . Today , the AP award is considered the de facto official NFL MVP award . Since the 2011 season , the NFL has held the annual NFL Honors ceremony to recognize the winner of the Associated Press MVP award .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Associated Press NFL MVP award 2 Pro Football Writers Association NFL MVP award 3 Sporting News NFL Player of the Year award 4 Defunct awards 4.1 Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL MVP award 4.2 Joe F. Carr Trophy 4.3 United Press International NFL MVP / POY award 5 See also 6 References Associated Press NFL MVP award ( edit ) Main article : Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award The AP has presented an MVP award since 1957 . The award is voted upon by a panel of 50 sportswriters at the end of the regular season , before the playoffs , though the results are not announced to the public until the day before the Super Bowl . Season Player Team Position 1957 Brown , Jim Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Running back 1958 Brown , Jim Jim Brown ( 2 ) Cleveland Browns Running back 1959 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1960 Van Brocklin , Norm Norm Van Brocklin Philadelphia Eagles Quarterback 1961 Hornung , Paul Paul Hornung Green Bay Packers Running back 1962 Taylor , Jim Jim Taylor Green Bay Packers Running back 1963 Tittle , Y.A. Y.A. Tittle New York Giants Quarterback 1964 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas ( 2 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1965 Brown , Jim Jim Brown ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns Running back 1966 Starr , Bart Bart Starr Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1967 Unitas , Johnny Johnny Unitas ( 3 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1968 Morrall , Earl Earl Morrall Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1969 Gabriel , Roman Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams Quarterback 1970 Brodie , John John Brodie San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1971 Page , Alan Alan Page Minnesota Vikings Defensive tackle 1972 Brown , Larry Larry Brown Washington Redskins Running back 1973 Simpson , O.J. O.J. Simpson Buffalo Bills Running back Stabler , Ken Ken Stabler Oakland Raiders Quarterback Tarkenton , Fran Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings Quarterback 1976 Jones , Bert Bert Jones Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1977 Payton , Walter Walter Payton Chicago Bears Running back 1978 Bradshaw , Terry Terry Bradshaw Pittsburgh Steelers Quarterback 1979 Campbell , Earl Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1980 Sipe , Brian Brian Sipe Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1981 Anderson , Ken Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1982 Moseley , Mark Mark Moseley Washington Redskins Placekicker Theismann , Joe Joe Theismann Washington Redskins Quarterback 1984 Marino , Dan Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1985 Allen , Marcus Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back 1986 Taylor , Lawrence Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Linebacker Elway , John John Elway Denver Broncos Quarterback 1988 Esiason , Boomer Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1989 Montana , Joe Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1990 Montana , Joe Joe Montana ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1991 Thomas , Thurman Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills Running back 1992 Young , Steve Steve Young San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1993 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1994 Young , Steve Steve Young ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1995 Favre , Brett Brett Favre Green Bay Packers Quarterback Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1997 Favre , Brett Brett Favre ( 3 ) Sanders , Barry Barry Sanders Green Bay Packers Detroit Lions Quarterback Running back 1998 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis Denver Broncos Running back 1999 Warner , Kurt Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2000 Faulk , Marshall Marshall Faulk St. Louis Rams Running back 2001 Warner , Kurt Kurt Warner ( 2 ) St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2002 Gannon , Rich Rich Gannon Oakland Raiders Quarterback 2003 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning McNair , Steve Steve McNair Indianapolis Colts Tennessee Titans Quarterback Quarterback Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning ( 2 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2005 Alexander , Shaun Shaun Alexander Seattle Seahawks Running back 2006 Tomlinson , LaDainian LaDainian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers Running back 2007 Brady , Tom Tom Brady New England Patriots Quarterback 2008 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning ( 3 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2009 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 2 ) New England Patriots Quarterback 2011 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2012 Peterson , Adrian Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2013 Manning , Peyton Peyton Manning ( 5 ) Denver Broncos Quarterback 2014 Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2015 Newton , Cam Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2016 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 2017 Brady , Tom Tom Brady ( 3 ) New England Patriots Quarterback Pro Football Writers Association NFL MVP award ( edit ) Pro Football Writers of America began naming their most valuable player in 1975 and continue to do so as of the 2016 season . Season Player Team Position Ref Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings Quarterback 1976 Bert Jones Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1977 Walter Payton Chicago Bears Running back 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Earl Campbell ( 2 ) Houston Oilers Running back 1980 Brian Sipe Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1981 Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1982 Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers Quarterback Joe Theismann Washington Redskins Quarterback 1984 Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1985 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back 1986 Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Linebacker Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Wide receiver 1988 Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1989 Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1990 Randall Cunningham Philadelphia Eagles Quarterback 1991 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills Running back 1992 Steve Young San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1993 Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1994 Steve Young ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1995 Brett Favre Green Bay Packers Quarterback Brett Favre ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1997 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1998 Terrell Davis Denver Broncos Running back 1999 Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2000 Marshall Faulk St. Louis Rams Running back 2001 Marshall Faulk ( 2 ) St. Louis Rams Running back 2002 Rich Gannon Oakland Raiders Quarterback 2003 Jamal Lewis Baltimore Ravens Running back Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2005 Shaun Alexander Seattle Seahawks Running back 2006 LaDainian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers Running back 2007 Tom Brady New England Patriots Quarterback 2008 Peyton Manning ( 2 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2009 Peyton Manning ( 3 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback Tom Brady ( 2 ) New England Patriots Quarterback 2011 Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2012 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2013 Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Denver Broncos Quarterback 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2015 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2016 Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons Quarterback 2017 Tom Brady ( 3 ) New England Patriots Quarterback Sporting News NFL Player of the year award ( edit ) Main article : Sporting News NFL Player of the Year Award Sporting News began awarding a National Football League ( NFL ) player of the year award in 1954 . From 1970 to 1979 , Sporting News chose American Football Conference ( AFC ) and National Football Conference ( NFC ) players of the year , and returned to a single winner in 1980 . Beginning in 2012 Sporting News chose an offensive player of the year and a defensive player of the year . Season Player Team Position 1954 Lou Groza Cleveland Browns Tackle - K 1955 Otto Graham Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1956 Frank Gifford New York Giants Running back 1957 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Fullback 1958 Jim Brown ( 2 ) Cleveland Browns Fullback 1959 Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1960 Norm Van Brocklin Philadelphia Eagles Quarterback 1961 Paul Hornung Green Bay Packers Running back 1962 Y.A. Tittle New York Giants Quarterback 1963 Y.A. Tittle ( 2 ) New York Giants Quarterback 1964 Johnny Unitas ( 2 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1965 Jim Brown ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns Running back 1966 Bart Starr Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1967 Johnny Unitas ( 3 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1968 Earl Morrall Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1969 Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams Quarterback 1970 NFC - John Brodie AFC - George Blanda San Francisco 49ers Oakland Raiders Quarterback QB - K 1971 NFC - Roger Staubach AFC - Bob Griese Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins Quarterback Quarterback 1972 NFC - Larry Brown AFC - Earl Morrall ( 2 ) Washington Redskins Miami Dolphins Running back Quarterback 1973 NFC - John Hadl AFC - O.J. Simpson Los Angeles Rams Buffalo Bills Quarterback Running back NFC - Chuck Foreman AFC - Ken Stabler Minnesota Vikings Oakland Raiders Running back Quarterback NFC - Fran Tarkenton AFC - O.J. Simpson ( 2 ) Minnesota Vikings Buffalo Bills Quarterback Running Back 1976 NFC - Walter Payton AFC - Ken Stabler ( 2 ) Chicago Bears Oakland Raiders Running back Quarterback 1977 NFC - Walter Payton ( 2 ) AFC - Craig Morton Chicago Bears Denver Broncos Running back Quarterback 1978 NFC - Archie Manning AFC - Earl Campbell New Orleans Saints Houston Oilers Quarterback Running back 1979 NFC - Ottis Anderson AFC - Dan Fouts St. Louis Cardinals San Diego Chargers Running back Quarterback 1980 Brian Sipe Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1981 Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1982 Mark Moseley Washington Redskins Kicker Eric Dickerson Los Angeles Rams Running back 1984 Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1985 Marcus Allen Los Angeles Raiders Running back 1986 Lawrence Taylor New York Giants Linebacker Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Wide Receiver 1988 Boomer Esiason Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1989 Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1990 Jerry Rice ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers Wide Receiver 1991 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills Running back 1992 Steve Young San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1993 Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1994 Steve Young ( 2 ) San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1995 Brett Favre Green Bay Packers Quarterback Brett Favre ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1997 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1998 Terrell Davis Denver Broncos Running back 1999 Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2000 Marshall Faulk St. Louis Rams Running back 2001 Marshall Faulk ( 2 ) St. Louis Rams Running back 2002 Rich Gannon Oakland Raiders Quarterback 2003 Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts Quarterback Peyton Manning ( 2 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2005 Shaun Alexander Seattle Seahawks Running back 2006 LaDainian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers Running back 2007 Tom Brady New England Patriots Quarterback 2008 Peyton Manning ( 3 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2009 Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback Tom Brady ( 2 ) New England Patriots Quarterback 2011 Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2012 Adrian Peterson Minnesota Vikings Running back 2013 Peyton Manning ( 5 ) Denver Broncos Quarterback 2014 Aaron Rodgers ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 2015 Cam Newton Carolina Panthers Quarterback 2016 Tom Brady ( 3 ) New England Patriots Quarterback 2017 Tom Brady ( 4 ) New England Patriots Quarterback Defunct awards ( edit ) Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL MVP award ( edit ) `` Jim Thorpe Trophy '' redirects here . For the college defensive back award , see Jim Thorpe Award . See also : United Media § NFL awards The Newspaper Enterprise Association presented its MVP award from 1955 to 2008 . The winner was chosen by a poll of NFL players and received the Jim Thorpe Trophy , which by 1975 was described as `` one of the pros ' most coveted honors . '' Beginning in 1997 , the trophy was presented by the Jim Thorpe Association , with the winner determined by a `` vote of NFLPA representatives '' . Season Player Team Position Ref 1955 Harlon Hill Chicago Bears End 1956 Frank Gifford New York Giants Running back 1957 Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1958 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Fullback 1959 Charlie Conerly New York Giants Quarterback 1960 Norm Van Brocklin Philadelphia Eagles Quarterback 1961 Y.A. Tittle New York Giants Quarterback 1962 Jim Taylor Green Bay Packers Running back 1963 Y.A. Tittle ( 2 ) Jim Brown ( 2 ) New York Giants Cleveland Browns Quarterback Running back 1964 Lenny Moore Baltimore Colts Halfback 1965 Jim Brown ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns Running back 1966 Bart Starr Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1967 Johnny Unitas ( 2 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1968 Earl Morrall Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1969 Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams Quarterback 1970 John Brodie San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1971 Bob Griese Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1972 Larry Brown Washington Redskins Running back 1973 O.J. Simpson Buffalo Bills Running back Ken Stabler Oakland Raiders Quarterback Fran Tarkenton Minnesota Vikings Quarterback 1976 Bert Jones Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1977 Walter Payton Chicago Bears Running back 1978 Earl Campbell Houston Oilers Running back 1979 Earl Campbell ( 2 ) Houston Oilers Running back 1980 Earl Campbell ( 3 ) Houston Oilers Running back 1981 Ken Anderson Cincinnati Bengals Quarterback 1982 Dan Fouts San Diego Chargers Quarterback Joe Theismann Washington Redskins Quarterback 1984 Dan Marino Miami Dolphins Quarterback 1985 Walter Payton ( 2 ) Chicago Bears Running back 1986 Phil Simms New York Giants Quarterback Jerry Rice San Francisco 49ers Wide receiver 1988 Roger Craig San Francisco 49ers Running back 1989 Joe Montana San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1990 Warren Moon Houston Oilers Quarterback 1991 Thurman Thomas Buffalo Bills Running back 1992 Emmitt Smith Dallas Cowboys Running back 1993 Emmitt Smith ( 2 ) Dallas Cowboys Running back 1994 Steve Young San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1995 Brett Favre Green Bay Packers Quarterback Brett Favre ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1997 Barry Sanders Detroit Lions Running back 1998 Randall Cunningham Minnesota Vikings Quarterback 1999 Kurt Warner St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2000 Marshall Faulk St. Louis Rams Running back 2001 Kurt Warner ( 2 ) St. Louis Rams Quarterback 2002 Rich Gannon Oakland Raiders Quarterback 2003 Peyton Manning Indianapolis Colts Quarterback Peyton Manning ( 2 ) Indianapolis Colts Quarterback 2005 Shaun Alexander Seattle Seahawks Running back 2006 LaDainian Tomlinson San Diego Chargers Running back 2007 Tom Brady New England Patriots Quarterback 2008 Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Arizona Cardinals Quarterback Joe F. Carr Trophy ( edit ) Main article : Joe F. Carr Trophy The Joe F. Carr Trophy was the first award in the NFL to recognize a most valuable player . It was named in honor of NFL commissioner Joseph Carr and remains the only MVP award the NFL has officially sanctioned . Season Player Team Position 1938 Mel Hein New York Giants Center , linebacker 1939 Parker Hall Cleveland Rams Quarterback , halfback 1940 Ace Parker Brooklyn Dodgers Quarterback , halfback 1941 Don Hutson Green Bay Packers End 1942 Don Hutson ( 2 ) Green Bay Packers End 1943 Sid Luckman Chicago Bears Quarterback 1944 Frank Sinkwich Detroit Lions Halfback 1945 Bob Waterfield Cleveland Rams Quarterback 1946 Bill Dudley Pittsburgh Steelers Halfback United Press International NFL MVP / poy award ( edit ) United Press International gave an NFL MVP / player of the year award from 1948 through 1969 , excepting 1949 -- 50 , and 1952 . In 1970 UPI instituted separate awards for the NFC and AFC . In 1975 UPI added a Defensive Player of the Year Award for both the NFC and AFC . Season Player Team Position Ref 1948 Pat Harder Chicago Cardinals Fullback 1949 No Award 1950 No Award 1951 Otto Graham Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1952 No Award 1953 Otto Graham ( 2 ) Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1954 Joe Perry San Francisco 49ers Fullback 1955 Otto Graham ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns Quarterback 1956 Frank Gifford New York Giants Halfback 1957 Y.A. Tittle San Francisco 49ers Quarterback 1958 Jim Brown Cleveland Browns Fullback 1959 Johnny Unitas Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1960 Norm Van Brocklin Philadelphia Eagles Quarterback 1961 Paul Hornung Green Bay Packers Halfback 1962 Y.A. Tittle ( 2 ) New York Giants Quarterback 1963 Jim Brown ( 2 ) Cleveland Browns Fullback 1964 Johnny Unitas ( 2 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1965 Jim Brown ( 3 ) Cleveland Browns Fullback 1966 Bart Starr Green Bay Packers Quarterback 1967 Johnny Unitas ( 3 ) Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1968 Earl Morrall Baltimore Colts Quarterback 1969 Roman Gabriel Los Angeles Rams Quarterback See also ( edit ) American Football League Most Valuable Player Award Bert Bell Award Football Digest § NFL Player of the Year Sporting News NFL Player of the Year Award UPI AFL - AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year Washington D.C. Touchdown Club § NFL Player of the Year awards References ( edit ) General `` Joe F. Carr Trophy ( MVP ) Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . `` UPI NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . `` Newspaper Ent . Assoc . NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . `` AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . `` PFWA NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pro Football Writers name Cam Newton their NFL MVP '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First - ever ' NFL Honors ' show will be hosted by Baldwin in Indy '' . NFL.com . National Football League . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreinberg , Jake ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` How we count the votes for the NFL 's top awards '' . insights.ap.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PFWA NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 49er Rice Named ' Most Valuable ' '' . Tyrone Daily Herald . United Press International . January 21 , 1988 . p. 4 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Esiason named MVP by Writers Association '' . The Evening News . Associated Press . January 11 , 1989 . p. 2B . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Writers Choose 49ers Young As Mvp '' . Sun - Sentinel . January 25 , 1995 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Justin ( January 15 , 2014 ) . Denver Broncos Peyton Manning named Pro Football Writers of America 's MVP , Offensive Player of Year . TheDenverChannel.com . Archived February 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Spofford ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Green Bay Packers -- Official Blog Aaron Rodgers wins first league MVP award of 2014 '' . Blog.packers.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Michael ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Pro Football Writers vote Falcons ' Matt Ryan MVP '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.profootballwriters.org/2018/01/17/new-englands-brady-pfwa-nfl-mvp-rams-gurley-offensive-player-year-jacksonvilles-campbell-defensive-player-year/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barry Wilner ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Adrian Peterson Wins 2012 Offensive Player Of The Year Award '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Allen honored '' . The Galveston Daily News . Associated Press . January 23 , 1986 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Newspaper Ent . Assoc . NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Olderman , Murray ( December 16 , 1960 ) . `` Van Brocklin Gets Jim Thorpe Trophy '' . The Telegraph . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 12 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harlon Hill Elected for Hall of Fame '' . Times Daily . October 26 , 1975 . p. 23 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Thorpe Association Yearbook , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grainger , Charles ( February 20 , 1957 ) . `` Harlon Hill Due For Six Months ' Army Service '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Associated Press . p. 9 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants ' Frank Gifford Named Top Star in NFL by Players '' . The Pittsburgh Press . December 20 , 1956 . p. 24 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 20 , 1957 ) . `` John Unitas Wins Jim Thorpe Trophy '' . Miami Daily News - Record . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 5 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 16 , 1958 ) . `` Cleveland 's Jimmy Brown Grabs Jim Thorpe Trophy '' . TimesDaily . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 7 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 20 , 1959 ) . `` Giant Ace Wins Thorpe Title '' . Gadsden Times . Newspaper Enterprise Association . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 27 , 1961 ) . `` Players Name Tittle Thorpe Trophy Winner '' . The Telegraph . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 12 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 18 , 1962 ) . `` Thorpe Trophy Won By Packer Fullback '' . The Evening Sun . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 10 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Tittle and Brown Win Thorpe Trophy '' . The Fort Scott Tribune . Newspaper Enterprise Association . December 23 , 1963 . p. 11 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 18 , 1964 ) . `` Thorpe Trophy Caps Len Moore 's Comeback '' . The Pittsburgh Press . p. 36 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Thorpe Trophy Goes To Cleveland 's Brown '' . The Bristol Daily Courier . Newspaper Enterprise Association . December 28 , 1965 . p. 21 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 22 , 1966 ) . `` Bart Starr Is Selected Jim Thorpe Award Winner '' . Standard - Speaker . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 25 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 29 , 1967 ) . `` Unitas Claims Jim Thorpe Cup '' . The Daily Mail . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 10 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 26 , 1968 ) . `` Earl Morrall Wins Jim Thorpe Trophy '' . The Daily Herald . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 12 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 25 , 1969 ) . `` Roman Gabriel Wins Jim Thorpe Award '' . The Gastonia Gazette . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 37 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( December 29 , 1970 ) . `` John Brodie Wins The 1970 Jim Thorpe Award '' . Pampa Daily News . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 8 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bob Griese Gets Thorpe Trophy As Top Player '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . January 5 , 1972 . p. 4 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe award goes to Tarkenton '' . Gadsden Times . Newspaper Enterprise Association . January 21 , 1976 . p. 30 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell wins Thorpe '' . Park City Daily News . December 26 , 1979 . p. 4 - B. Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olderman , Murray ( January 18 , 1981 ) . `` Earl Campbell : a triple champ '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 10 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turney , John ( February 21 , 2015 ) . `` Dutch Clark 's Missing 1937 MVP Award '' . nflfootballjournal.com . Pro Football Journal . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Total Football II : The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League . Bob Carroll . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 9780062701749 pg. 389 . Jump up ^ `` Connerly Named Prize Rookie ; Harder Honored '' . The Tuscaloosa News . United Press . December 15 , 1948 . p. 13 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Picked As Top Player In Pro League '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . United Press . December 23 , 1953 . p. 11 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Perry Top Pro Gridman of ' 54 '' . The Bend Bulletin . United Press . December 22 , 1954 . p. 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Tittle , Francis Feted at Million Dollar Dinner '' . The Bulletin . United Press . January 29 , 1958 . p. 3 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , Earl ( January 8 , 1959 ) . `` Brown Named Standout Pro Gridder of Season '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner . United Press International . p. 14 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Buck Shaw Is Coach Of Year ; Van Brocklin Also Honored '' . Daily Independent Journal . United Press International . December 23 , 1960 . p. 7 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 -- via Newspapers.com . ( hide ) National Football League awards and trophies Team Vince Lombardi Trophy Lamar Hunt Trophy ( AFC ) George Halas Trophy ( NFC ) Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Bert Bell Award Art Rooney Award Super Bowl MVP One - time only 75th Anniversary All - Time Team ( 1994 ) All - Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club National Football League Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Defunct Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup NEA Defensive Player of the Year PFWA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL - NFC Rookie of the Year Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=833377946 '' Categories : National Football League trophies and awards Most valuable player awards Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Simple English 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Football%20League%20Most%20Valuable%20Player%20Award
| 19,705 |
||
what percent of us gdp comes from california
|
List of U.S. states and territories by GDP ( millions of current dollars ) Rank Rank ( 50 states ) State or territory 2016 % of Nation Region -- -- United States 18,511,499 100.00 California 2,622,731 14.17 West Texas 1,599,283 8.64 South New York 1,500,055 8.10 Northeast Florida 926,049 5.00 South 5 5 Illinois 796,012 4.30 Midwest 6 6 Pennsylvania 719,834 3.89 Northeast 7 7 Ohio 626,622 3.39 Midwest 8 8 New Jersey 575,331 3.11 Northeast 9 9 Georgia 531,302 2.87 South 10 10 North Carolina 521,621 2.82 South 11 11 Massachusetts 505,776 2.73 Northeast 12 12 Virginia 492,932 2.66 South 13 13 Michigan 490,238 2.65 Midwest 14 14 Washington 476,770 2.58 West 15 15 Maryland 382,437 2.07 South 16 16 Indiana 347,249 1.88 Midwest 17 17 Minnesota 339,096 1.83 Midwest 18 18 Tennessee 331,868 1.79 South 19 19 Colorado 322,644 1.74 West 20 20 Wisconsin 313,088 1.69 Midwest 21 21 Arizona 305,849 1.65 West 22 22 Missouri 299,113 1.62 Midwest 23 23 Connecticut 259,918 1.40 Northeast 24 24 Louisiana 236,999 1.28 South 25 25 Oregon 228,886 1.24 West 26 26 South Carolina 209,859 1.13 South 27 27 Alabama 205,625 1.11 South 28 28 Kentucky 196,681 1.06 South 29 29 Iowa 185,183 1.00 Midwest 30 30 Oklahoma 181,278 0.98 South 31 31 Utah 157,671 0.85 West 32 32 Kansas 150,576 0.81 Midwest 33 33 Nevada 146,278 0.79 West 34 -- District of Columbia 126,478 0.68 South 35 34 Arkansas 121,383 0.66 South 36 35 Nebraska 117,446 0.63 Midwest 37 36 Mississippi 108,495 0.59 South 38 -- Puerto Rico 103,135 0.55 39 37 New Mexico 93,594 0.51 West 40 38 Hawaii 84,671 0.46 West 41 39 New Hampshire 77,208 0.42 Northeast 42 40 West Virginia 72,861 0.39 South 43 41 Delaware 71,453 0.39 South 44 42 Idaho 68,377 0.37 West 45 43 Maine 59,295 0.32 Northeast 46 44 Rhode Island 57,529 0.31 Northeast 47 45 North Dakota 53,453 0.29 Midwest 48 46 Alaska 50,404 0.27 West 49 47 South Dakota 48,354 0.26 Midwest 50 48 Montana 46,227 0.25 West 51 49 Wyoming 38,328 0.21 West 52 50 Vermont 31,091 0.17 Northeast 53 -- Guam 5,793 0.03 54 -- US Virgin Islands 3,765 0.02 55 -- Northern Mariana Islands 1,242 0.006 56 -- American Samoa 658 0.003
|
List of U.S. states and territories by GDP
|
list of u. s. states and territories by gdp
|
This is a list of U.S. states and territories sorted by their gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) defines GDP by state as `` the sum of value added from all industries in the state . '' Data for the territories is from Worldbank.org .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Notes 3 See also 4 References List ( edit ) List of U.S. states and territories by GDP ( millions of current dollars ) Rank Rank ( 50 states ) State or territory 2016 % of Nation Region -- -- United States 18,511,499 100.00 California 2,622,731 14.17 West Texas 1,599,283 8.64 South New York 1,500,055 8.10 Northeast Florida 926,049 5.00 South 5 5 Illinois 796,012 4.30 Midwest 6 6 Pennsylvania 719,834 3.89 Northeast 7 7 Ohio 626,622 3.39 Midwest 8 8 New Jersey 575,331 3.11 Northeast 9 9 Georgia 531,302 2.87 South 10 10 North Carolina 521,621 2.82 South 11 11 Massachusetts 505,776 2.73 Northeast 12 12 Virginia 492,932 2.66 South 13 13 Michigan 490,238 2.65 Midwest 14 14 Washington 476,770 2.58 West 15 15 Maryland 382,437 2.07 South 16 16 Indiana 347,249 1.88 Midwest 17 17 Minnesota 339,096 1.83 Midwest 18 18 Tennessee 331,868 1.79 South 19 19 Colorado 322,644 1.74 West 20 20 Wisconsin 313,088 1.69 Midwest 21 21 Arizona 305,849 1.65 West 22 22 Missouri 299,113 1.62 Midwest 23 23 Connecticut 259,918 1.40 Northeast 24 24 Louisiana 236,999 1.28 South 25 25 Oregon 228,886 1.24 West 26 26 South Carolina 209,859 1.13 South 27 27 Alabama 205,625 1.11 South 28 28 Kentucky 196,681 1.06 South 29 29 Iowa 185,183 1.00 Midwest 30 30 Oklahoma 181,278 0.98 South 31 31 Utah 157,671 0.85 West 32 32 Kansas 150,576 0.81 Midwest 33 33 Nevada 146,278 0.79 West 34 -- District of Columbia 126,478 0.68 South 35 34 Arkansas 121,383 0.66 South 36 35 Nebraska 117,446 0.63 Midwest 37 36 Mississippi 108,495 0.59 South 38 -- Puerto Rico 103,135 0.55 39 37 New Mexico 93,594 0.51 West 40 38 Hawaii 84,671 0.46 West 41 39 New Hampshire 77,208 0.42 Northeast 42 40 West Virginia 72,861 0.39 South 43 41 Delaware 71,453 0.39 South 44 42 Idaho 68,377 0.37 West 45 43 Maine 59,295 0.32 Northeast 46 44 Rhode Island 57,529 0.31 Northeast 47 45 North Dakota 53,453 0.29 Midwest 48 46 Alaska 50,404 0.27 West 49 47 South Dakota 48,354 0.26 Midwest 50 48 Montana 46,227 0.25 West 51 49 Wyoming 38,328 0.21 West 52 50 Vermont 31,091 0.17 Northeast 53 -- Guam 5,793 0.03 54 -- US Virgin Islands 3,765 0.02 55 -- Northern Mariana Islands 1,242 0.006 56 -- American Samoa 658 0.003 Notes ( edit ) A. Percentage is out of a separate United States GDP total which includes the territories and the District of Columbia ( 18,626,092 million ) . B. Excludes the U.S. territories . If the territories are included , total is 18,626,092 million . Percentages for states are based on 18,511,499 number . See also ( edit ) Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP ( nominal ) Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP ( PPP ) List of country subdivisions by GDP over USD 100 billions List of U.S. states by economic growth rate List of U.S. state economies List of cities by GDP List of U.S. states by GDP per capita List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP STATS America state - level rankings References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEA Glossary '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/American-Samoa Worldbank.org . American Samoa . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/Virgin-Islands-US Worldbank.org . Virgin Islands ( U.S. ) . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/Northern-Mariana-Islands Worldbank.org . Northern Mariana Islands . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/Guam Worldbank.org . Guam . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://data.worldbank.org/country/Puerto-Rico Worldbank.org . Puerto Rico . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product ( GDP ) by state ( millions of current dollars ) '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.bea.gov/faq/index.cfm?faq_id=1188&searchQuery= BEA.gov . Frequently Asked Questions : Are Puerto Rico and the U.S. Territories included in the estimates of U.S. GDP ? Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Find more aboutGross Domestic Productat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals List of North American subdivisions by GDP Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Lists of countries by GDP rankings Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) Per capita Past per capita Past and projected per capita Private consumption per capita Per hour Per person employed Ten largest historically 19th century Nominal Per capita Past and projected per capita Sector composition Growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita 1980 -- 2010 growth Industrial growth Gross national income ( GNI ) PPP Nominal Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Commonwealth of Nations nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Arab League ASEAN Asia Asia & Pacific PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Oceania PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Subnational divisions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile per capita China per capita Colombia Croatia France Germany Greece India per capita Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Pakistan Poland ( per capita ) Russia per capita South Africa South Korea Spain United States PPP nominal nominal per capita Thailand OECD Top country subdivisions by GDP nominal Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Economy of the United States by jursidiction State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal District District of Colombia Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Wake Island Indian Reservations Black Feet Nation Flathead Indian Reservation Navajo Nation Osage Nation Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_GDP&oldid=832649022 '' Categories : Economy of the United States - related lists Lists of states of the United States Gross state product Hidden categories : Region topic template using suffix Pages with graphs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Føroyskt Português Simple English اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 06 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20states%20and%20territories%20by%20GDP
| 107,722 |
|
google docs is a cloud storage provider for all of the following except
|
Google Drive
|
google drive
|
Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by Google . Launched on April 24 , 2012 , Google Drive allows users to store files on their servers , synchronize files across devices , and share files . In addition to a website , Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and macOS computers , and Android and iOS smartphones and tablets . Google Drive encompasses Google Docs , Sheets and Slides , an office suite that permits collaborative editing of documents , spreadsheets , presentations , drawings , forms , and more . Files created and edited through the office suite are saved in Google Drive .
|
Google Drive offers users 15 gigabytes of free storage , with 100 gigabytes , 1 terabyte , 2 terabytes , 10 terabytes , 20 terabytes , and 30 terabytes offered through optional paid plans . Files uploaded can be up to 5 terabytes in size . Users can change privacy settings for individual files and folders , including enabling sharing with other users or making content public . On the website , users can search for an image by describing its visuals , and use natural language to find specific files , such as `` find my budget spreadsheet from last December '' . The website and Android app offer a Backups section to see what Android devices have data backed up to the service , and a completely overhauled computer app released in July 2017 allows for backing up specific folders on the user 's computer . A Quick Access feature can intelligently predict the files users need . Google Drive is a key component of G Suite , Google 's monthly subscription offering for businesses and organizations . As part of select G Suite plans , Drive offers unlimited storage , advanced file audit reporting , enhanced administration controls , and greater collaboration tools for teams . Following the launch of the service , Google Drive privacy policy was heavily criticized by some members of the media . Google has one set of Terms of Service and Privacy Policy agreements that cover all of its services , meaning that the language in the agreements grants the company broad rights to reproduce , use , and create derivative works from content stored on Google Drive . While the policies also confirm that users retain intellectual property rights , privacy advocates raised concerns that the licenses grant Google the rights to use the information and data to customize advertising and other services Google provides . In contrast , other members of the media noted that the agreements were no worse than those of competing cloud storage services , but that the competition uses `` more artful language '' in the agreements , and also stated that Google needs the rights in order to `` move files around on its servers , cache your data , or make image thumbnails '' . As of March 2017 , Google Drive has 800 million active users , and as of September 2015 , it has over one million organizational paying users . As of May 2017 , there are over two trillion files stored on the service . Contents ( hide ) 1 Platforms 1.1 Computer apps 1.1. 1 Backup and Sync 1.2 Mobile apps 1.3 Website interface 2 Storage 2.1 Individual user account storage 2.2 Chromebook Promotions 2.3 G Suite storage 2.4 Storage scheme revisions 3 Features 3.1 Sharing 3.2 Third - party apps 3.3 File viewing 3.4 File limits 3.5 Quick Access 3.6 Search 3.7 Backups 3.8 Metadata 3.9 Accessibility to the visually impaired 3.10 Save to Google Drive browser extension 3.11 Mobile apps 3.12 Encryption 4 Professional editions 4.1 Google Drive for Work 4.2 Google Drive for Education 4.3 Team Drives 5 Docs , Sheets and Slides 6 Reception 6.1 Features 6.2 Ownership and licensing 7 Growth 8 Downtime issues 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Platforms ( edit ) Google Drive Android app Google Drive 's Android app Written in Python ( back - end ) , Objective - C ( Mac client ) , wxPython ( Windows client ) Operating system Windows , macOS , Chrome OS , Android , iOS License Freeware Website www.google.com/drive/ Google Drive was introduced on April 24 , 2012 with apps available for Windows , macOS , and Android , as well as a website interface . The iOS app was released in June 2012 . Computer apps ( edit ) Google Drive is available for PCs running Windows 7 or later , and Macs running OS X Lion or later . Google indicated in April 2012 that work on Linux software was underway , but there was no news on this as of November 2013 . In April 2012 , Google 's then - Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai said that Google Drive would be tightly integrated with Chrome OS version 20 . In October 2016 , Google announced that , going forward , it will drop support for versions of the computer software older than 1 year . In June 2017 , Google announced that a new app called Backup and Sync would replace the existing separate Google Drive and Google Photos desktop apps , creating one unified app on desktop platforms . Originally intended for release on June 28 , its release was delayed until July 12 . In September 2017 , Google announced that it will discontinue the Google Drive desktop app in March 2018 and end support in December 2017 . Backup and Sync ( edit ) In July 2017 , Google announced their new downloadable software , Backup and Sync . It was made mainly to replace the Google Drive desktop app , which was discontinued . Its main function is for the user to be able to set certain folders to constantly sync onto their Google account 's Drive . The synced folders and files count against the shared quota allocated between Gmail , Google Photos , and Google Drive . Mobile apps ( edit ) Google Drive is available for Android smartphones and tablets running Android 4.1 `` Jelly Bean '' or later , and iPhones and iPads running iOS 8 or later . In August 2016 , Google Drive ended support for Android devices running Android 4.0 `` Ice Cream Sandwich '' or older versions , citing Google 's mobile app update policy , which states : `` For Android devices , we provide updates for the current and 2 previous Android versions . '' According to the policy , the app will continue to work for devices running older Android versions , but any app updates are provided on a best - efforts basis . The policy also states a notice will be given for any planned end of service . Website interface ( edit ) Google Drive has a website that allows users to see their files from any Internet - connected computer , without the need to download an app . The website received a visual overhaul in 2014 that gave it a completely new look and improved performance . It also simplified some of the most common tasks , such as clicking only once on a file to see recent activity or share the file , and added drag - and - drop functionality , where users can simply drag selected files to folders , for improved organization . A new update in August 2016 changed several visual elements of the website ; the logo was updated , search box design was refreshed , and the primary color was changed from red to blue . It also improved the functionality to download files locally from the website ; users can now compress and download large Drive items into multiple 2 GB . zip files with an improved naming structure , better Google Forms handling , and empty folders will now be included in the . zip , thereby preserving the user 's folder hierarchy . Storage ( edit ) Individual user account storage ( edit ) Google gives every user 15 GB of free Drive storage space , which is shared across files in Google Drive , messages and attachments in Gmail , and pictures and videos in Google Photos . Google Docs , Sheets and Slides files do not count towards the storage limit . An unlimited number of photos at maximum 16 megapixels and videos at maximum 1080p resolutions are stored for free using the `` High quality '' setting in Google Photos . Using the `` Original quality '' setting uses Google Drive quota . Users can purchase additional space through either a monthly or yearly payment . The option of yearly payments was introduced in December 2016 , and is limited to the 100 GB or 1 TB storage plans . Furthermore , the yearly payments offer a discount . As of 2017 , these are the storage plans offered by Google : Storage Price ( US $ ) 15 GB Free 100 GB $1.99 per month ( $19.99 per year with 16 % discount ) 1 TB $9.99 per month ( $99.99 per year with 17 % discount ) 2 TB $19.99 per month 10 TB $99.99 per month 20 TB $199.99 per month 30 TB $299.99 per month Storage purchases renew automatically at the end of the subscription period . Users can upgrade their storage plan anytime , with the new storage tier taking effect immediately . If the auto - renewal fails , a 7 - day grace period is offered for users to update their payment information . When the storage subscription expires or is cancelled , storage limit is set back to the 15 GB free level at the end of the subscription period . Users can still access all their content , but will not be able to add anything beyond the storage limit , which means : Users can not add new files to Google Drive , with the exception of Google Docs , Sheets , or Slides files , which do not take up space . Synchronization between Drive and the local device will stop . Users with the `` Original quality '' setting in Google Photos can not upload new photos or videos . Any incoming emails in Gmail will be returned to the sender . Varying levels of free additional storage are offered on the purchase of specific Android devices from Motorola and HTC , and for various devices from Kensington , Asus , LG , and Panasonic . Chromebook promotions ( edit ) Chromebook users can obtain 100 GB of Google Drive storage free for 2 years as long as the promotion is activated within 180 days of the Chromebook device 's initial purchase . This is available in all countries where Google Drive is available . Offer can only be redeemed once per device . Used , open - box , and refurbished devices are not eligible for the offer . G Suite storage ( edit ) Main article : G Suite Google offers 30 GB of Drive storage for all G Suite Basic customers , and unlimited storage for those using G Suite Business or G Suite for Education , as long as there are at least 5 members . Associations with less than 5 members get 1 TB per user . Storage scheme revisions ( edit ) Before the introduction of Google Drive , Google Docs initially provided 15 GB of storage free of charge . On April 24 , 2012 , Google Drive was introduced with free storage of 5 GB . Storage plans were revised , with 25GB costing $2.49 / month , 100GB costing $4.99 / month and 1TB costing $49.99 / month . Originally , Gmail , Google Docs and Picasa had separate allowances for free storage and a shared allowance for purchased storage . Between April 2012 and May 2013 , Google Drive and Google+ Photos had a shared allowance for both free and purchased storage , whereas Gmail had a separate 10 GB storage limit , which increased to 25 GB on the purchase of any storage plan . In September 2012 , Google announced that a paid plan would now cover total storage , rather than the paid allocation being added to the free ; e.g. a 100 GB plan allowed a total of 100 GB rather than 115 GB as previously . In May 2013 , Google announced the overall merge of storage across Gmail , Google Drive and Google+ Photos , allowing users 15 GB of unified free storage between the services . In March 2014 , the storage plans were revised again and prices were reduced by 80 % to $1.99 / month for 100 GB , $9.99 / month for 1TB , and $99.99 / month for 10 TB . This was much cheaper than competitors Dropbox and OneDrive offered at the time . The 25 GB and 200 GB plans were discontinued and the 2 TB , 4 TB , 8 TB and 16 TB plans were replaced with 10 TB , 20 TB and 30 TB . Users were automatically upgraded to the new pricing scheme . In most cases during these changes , users could continue with their existing plans as long as they kept their accounts active and did not make any adjustments to the plan . However , if the account lapsed for any reason , users had to choose from current plans . Features ( edit ) Sharing ( edit ) Google Drive incorporates a system of file sharing in which the creator of a file or folder is , by default , its owner . The owner can regulate the public visibility of the file or folder . Ownership is transferable . Files or folders can be shared privately with particular users having a Google account , using their @ gmail.com email addresses . Sharing files with users not having a Google account requires making them accessible to `` anybody with the link '' . This generates a secret URL for the file , which may be shared via email or private messages . Files and folders can also be made `` public on the web '' , which means that they can be indexed by search engines and thus can be found and accessed by anyone . The owner may also set an access level for regulating permissions . The three access levels offered are `` can edit '' , `` can comment '' and `` can view '' . Users with editing access can invite others to edit . Third - party apps ( edit ) A number of external web applications that work with Google Drive are available from the Chrome Web Store . To add an app , users are required to sign into the Chrome Web Store , but the apps are compatible with all supported web browsers . Some of these apps are first - party , such as Google Docs , Sheets and Slides . Drive apps operate on the online files , and can be used to view , edit and create files in various formats , edit images and videos , fax and sign documents , manage projects , create flowcharts , etc . Drive apps can also be made the default for handling file formats supported by them . Some of these apps also work offline on Google Chrome and Chrome OS . All of the third - party apps are free to install . However , some have fees associated with continued usage or access to additional features . Saving data from a third - party app to Google Drive requires authorization the first time . The Google Drive software development kit ( SDK ) works together with the Google Drive user interface and the Chrome Web Store to create an ecosystem of apps that can be installed into Google Drive . In February 2013 , the `` Create '' menu in Google Drive was revamped to include third - party apps , thus effectively granting them the same status as Google 's own apps . In March 2013 , Google released an API for Google Drive that enables third - party developers to build collaborative apps that support real - time editing . File viewing ( edit ) The Google Drive viewer on the web allows the following file formats to be viewed : Native formats ( Docs , Sheets , Slides , Forms , Drawings ) Image files (. JPEG , . PNG , . GIF , . TIFF , . BMP , . WEBP ) Video files (. WEBM , . MPEG4 , . 3GPP , . MOV , . AVI , . MPEG , . MPEGPS , . WMV , . FLV , . OGG ) Audio formats (. MP3 , . M4A , . WAV , . OGG ) Text files (. TXT ) Markup / Code (. CSS , . HTML , . PHP , . C , . CPP , . H , . HPP , . JS ) Microsoft Word (. DOC and . DOCX ) Microsoft Excel (. XLS and . XLSX ) Microsoft PowerPoint (. PPT and . PPTX ) Adobe Portable Document Format (. PDF ) Apple Pages (. PAGES ) Adobe Illustrator (. AI ) Adobe Photoshop (. PSD ) Autodesk AutoCad (. DXF ) Scalable Vector Graphics (. SVG ) PostScript (. EPS , . PS ) Fonts (. TTF ) XML Paper Specification (. XPS ) Archive file types (. ZIP , . RAR , tar , gzip ) . MTS files Raw Image formats Files in other formats can also be handled through third - party apps that work with Google Drive , available from the Chrome Web Store . File limits ( edit ) Files uploaded , but not converted to Google Docs , Sheets , or Slides formats , may be up to 5 TB in size . There are also limits , specific to file type , listed below : Documents ( Google Docs ) Up to 1.02 million characters , regardless of the number of pages or font size . Document files converted to . gdoc Docs format can not be larger than 50 MB . Images inserted can not be larger than 50 MB , and must be in either . jpg , . png , or non-animated . gif formats . Spreadsheets ( Google Sheets ) Up to 2 million cells . Presentations ( Google Slides ) Presentation files converted to . gslides Slides format can not be larger than 100 MB . Images inserted can not be larger than 50 MB , and must be in either . jpg , . png , or non-animated . gif formats . Quick access ( edit ) Introduced in the Android app in September 2016 , Quick Access uses machine learning to `` intelligently predict the files you need before you 've even typed anything '' . The feature was announced to be expanded to iOS and the web in March 2017 , though the website interface received the feature in May . Search ( edit ) Search results can be narrowed by file type , ownership , visibility , and the open - with app . Users can search for images by describing or naming what is in them . For example , a search for `` mountain '' returns all the photos of mountains , as well as any text documents about mountains . Text in images and PDFs can be extracted using optical character recognition . In September 2016 , Google added `` natural language processing '' for searching on the Google Drive website , enabling specific user search queries like `` find my budget spreadsheet from last December '' . In February 2017 , Google integrated Drive and the Google Search app on Android , letting users search for keywords , switch to an `` In Apps '' tab , and see any relevant Drive files . Backups ( edit ) In December 2016 , Google updated the Android app and website with a `` Backups '' section , listing the Android device and app backups saved to Drive . The section lets users see what backups are stored , the backups ' sizes and details , and delete backups . In June 2017 , Google announced that a new app , `` Backup and Sync '' , would be able to synchronize any folder on the user 's computer to Google . The app was released on July 12 , 2017 . Metadata ( edit ) A Description field is available for both files and folders that users can use to add relevant metadata . Content within the Description field is also indexed by Google Drive and searchable . Accessibility to the visually impaired ( edit ) In June 2014 , Google announced a number of updates to Google Drive , which included making the service more accessible to visually impaired users . This included improved keyboard accessibility , support for zooming and high contrast mode , and better compatibility with screen readers . Save to Google Drive browser extension ( edit ) Google offers an extension for Google Chrome , Save to Google Drive , that allows users to save web content to Google Drive through a browser action or through the context menu . While documents and images can be saved directly , webpages can be saved in the form of a screenshot ( as an image of the visible part of the page or the entire page ) , or as a raw HTML , MHTML , or Google Docs file . Users need to be signed into Chrome to use the extension . Mobile apps ( edit ) The main Google Drive mobile app supported editing of documents and spreadsheets until April 2014 , when the capability was moved to separate , standalone apps for Google Docs , Sheets , and Slides . The Google Drive app on Android allows users to take a photo of a document , sign , or other text and use optical character recognition to convert to text that can be edited . In October 2014 , the Android app was updated with a Material Design user interface , improved search , the ability to add a custom message while sharing a file , and a new PDF viewer . Encryption ( edit ) Before 2013 , Google did not encrypt data stored on its servers . Following information that the United States ' National Security Agency had `` direct access '' to servers owned by multiple technology companies , including Google , the company began testing encrypting data in July , and enabled encryption for data in transit between its data centers in November . However , as of 2015 , Google Drive does not provide client - side encryption . Professional editions ( edit ) See also : G Suite Google Drive for work ( edit ) Google Drive for Work is a business version , a part of G Suite ( formerly Google Apps for Work ) , announced at the Google I / O conference on June 25 , 2014 and made available immediately . The service features unlimited storage , advanced file audit reporting and eDiscovery services , along with enhanced administration control and new APIs specifically useful to businesses . Users can upload files as large as 5 TB . A press release posted on Google 's Official Enterprise Blog assured businesses that Google will encrypt data stored on its servers , as well as information being transmitted to or from them . Google will deliver 24 / 7 phone support to business users and has guaranteed 99.9 % uptime for its servers . In September 2015 , Google announced that Google Drive for Work would be compliant with the new ISO / IEC 27018 : 2014 security and privacy standard , which confirmed that Google would not use data in Drive for Work accounts for advertising , enabled additional tools for handling and exporting data , more transparency about data storage , and protection from third - party data requests . In March 2017 , Google introduced Drive File Stream , making it possible for G Suite customers on Windows and macOS computers to search their Drive folders and download specific files on - demand rather than downloading all files during installation , potentially preventing large amounts of data from `` gobbling up your hard drive '' . Additionally , the feature will guess what files users need in the future and download those files as well . Google Drive for Education ( edit ) Google Drive for Education was announced on September 30 , 2014 . It was made available for free to all Google Apps for Education users . It includes unlimited storage and support for individual files up to 5TB in size , in addition to full encryption . Team Drives ( edit ) In September 2016 , Google announced Team Drives , a new way for teams to collaborate . Sharing and file ownership are managed for the entire team rather than one individual , and new users instantly get access to all files and information . In November , Google opened an Early Adopter Program , allowing G Suite Business and G Suite for Education customers to sign up , although Google noted that some functionality is n't yet supported by Team Drives . Docs , Sheets and Slides ( edit ) Main article : Google Docs , Sheets and Slides Google Docs , Google Sheets and Google Slides constitute a free , web - based office suite offered by Google and integrated with Google Drive . It allows users to create and edit documents , spreadsheets , and presentations online while collaborating in real - time with other users . The three apps are available as web applications , as Chrome apps that work offline , and as mobile apps for Android and iOS . The apps are compatible with Microsoft Office file formats . The suite also consists of Google Forms , Google Drawings and Google Tables ( beta ) . While Forms and Tables are only available as web applications , Drawings is also available as a Chrome app . The suite is tightly integrated with Google Drive , and all files created with the apps are by default saved to Google Drive . Reception ( edit ) Features ( edit ) In a review of Google Drive after its launch in April 2012 , Dan Grabham of TechRadar wrote that the integration of Google Docs into Google Drive was `` a bit confusing '' , mainly due to the differences in the user interfaces between the two , where Drive offers a `` My Drive '' section with a specific `` Shared with me '' view for shared documents . He stated that `` We think the user interface needs a lot more work . It 's like a retread of Google Docs at the moment and Google surely needs to do work here '' . He considered uploading files `` fairly easy '' , but noted that folder upload was only supported through the Google Chrome web browser . The lack of native editing of Microsoft Office documents was `` annoying '' . Regarding Google Drive 's computer apps , he stated that the option in Settings to synchronize only specific folders was `` powerful '' . He wrote that Drive was `` a great addition to Google armoury of apps and everything does work seamlessly '' , while again criticizing the interface for being `` confusing '' and that the file view was `` not quite intuitive enough '' without file icons . Grabham also reviewed the mobile Android app , writing that `` it 's a pretty simple app that enables you to access your files on the move and save some for offline access should you wish '' , and praised Google Docs creation and photo uploading for being `` easy '' . He also praised that `` everything is easily searchable '' . A review by Michael Muchmore of PC Magazine in February 2016 praised the service as `` truly impressive '' in creating and editing files , describing its features as `` leading '' in office - suite collaboration . He added that `` Compatibility is rarely an issue '' , with importing and exporting options , and that the free storage of 15 gigabytes was `` generous '' . However , he also criticized the user interface for being confusing to navigate , and wrote that `` Offline editing is n't simple '' . Ownership and licensing ( edit ) Immediately after its announcement in April 2012 , Google faced criticism over Google Drive privacy . In particular , privacy advocates have noted that Google has one unified set of Terms of Service and Privacy Policy agreements for all its products and services . In a CNET report , Zack Whittaker noted that `` the terms and service have come under heavy fire by the wider community for how it handles users ' copyright and intellectual property rights '' . In a comparison of Terms of Service agreements between Google Drive and competing cloud storage services Dropbox and OneDrive , he cited a paragraph stating that Google has broad rights to reproduce , use , and create derivative works from content stored on Google Drive , via a license from its users . Although the user retains intellectual property rights , the user licenses Google to extract and parse uploaded content to customize advertising and other services that Google provides to the user , and to promote the service . Summarized , he wrote that `` According to its terms , Google does not own user - uploaded files to Google Drive , but the company can do whatever it likes with them '' . In a highly critical editorial of the service , Ed Bott of ZDNet wrote that language in the agreements contained `` exact same words '' as Dropbox used in a July 2011 Privacy Policy update that sparked criticism and forced Dropbox to update its policy once again with clarifying language , adding that `` It 's a perfect example of Google 's inability to pay even the slightest bit of attention to anything that happens outside the Googleplex '' . Matt Peckham of Time criticized the lack of unique service agreements for Drive , writing that `` If any Google service warrants privacy firewalling , it 's Google Drive . This is n't YouTube or Calendar or even Gmail -- -- the potential for someone 's most sensitive data to be snooped , whether to glean info for marketing or otherwise , is too high . ( ... ) Google ought to create a privacy exception that `` narrows the scope '' of its service terms for Google Drive , one that minimally states the company will never circulate the information generated from searching within ( sic ) your G - Drive data in any way . '' In contrast , a report by Nilay Patel of The Verge stated that `` all web services should be subject to harsh scrutiny of their privacy policies -- but a close and careful reading reveals that Google 's terms are pretty much the same as anyone else 's , and slightly better in some cases '' , pointing to the fact that Google `` could n't move files around on its servers , cache your data , or make image thumbnails '' without proper rights . In comparing the policies with competing services , Patel wrote that `` it 's clear that they need the exact same permissions -- they just use slightly more artful language to communicate them '' . Growth ( edit ) On November 12 , 2013 , Google announced that Google Drive had 120 million active users , a figure that the company was releasing for the first time . On June 25 , 2014 at the Google I / O developer conference , Sundar Pichai announced that Google Drive now had 190 million monthly active users , and that it was being used by 58 % of the Fortune 500 companies as well as by 72 of the top universities . On October 1 , 2014 , at its Atmosphere Live event , it was announced that Google Drive had 240 million monthly active users . The Next Web noted that this meant an increase of 50 million users in just one quarter . On September 21 , 2015 , it was announced that Google Drive had over one million organizational paying users . In March 2017 , Google announced that Google Drive had 800 million active users . In May 2017 , a Google executive stated at a company event that there were over two trillion files stored on Google Drive . Downtime issues ( edit ) Although Google has a 99.9 % uptime guarantee for Google Drive for G Suite customers , Google Drive has suffered downtimes for both consumers and business users . During significant downtimes , Google 's App Status Dashboard gets updated with the current status of each service Google offers , along with details on restoration progress . Notable downtimes occurred in March 2013 , October 2014 , January 2016 , and September 2017 . When the January 2016 outage was resolved , a Google spokesperson told The Next Web : At Google we recognize that failures are statistically inevitable , and we strive to insulate our users from the effects of failures . As that did not happen in this instance , we apologize to everyone who was inconvenienced by this event . Our engineers are conducting a post-mortem investigation to determine how to make our services more resilient to unplanned network failures , and we will do our utmost to continue to make Google service outages notable for their rarity . In an outage that affected all of Google 's services for 5 minutes in August 2013 , CNET reported that global Internet traffic dropped 40 % . See also ( edit ) Comparison of file hosting services Comparison of file synchronization software Comparison of online backup services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Open source components and licenses '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pichai , Sundar ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Introducing Google Drive ... yes , really '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hands - on with the Google Drive for iOS app : mostly read only '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` System requirements and browsers '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noyes , Katherine ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Google Drive for Linux Is on the Way '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shankland , Stephen ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drive for Linux ? Patience , patience ... '' CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Google Set to Meld GDrive With Chrome OS '' . Wired . Condé Nast . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Service for Google Drive for Mac / PC versions 1.27 and older ending after February 1 , 2017 '' . G Suite Updates . Google . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kastrenakes , Jacob ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Google Drive will soon back up your entire computer '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ghoshal , Abhimanyu ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Google Drive will automatically back up your hard drive later this month '' . The Next Web . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Corbin ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's updated Drive client for Windows and Mac delayed '' . Android Police . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liao , Shannon ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Google releases Backup and Sync for Mac and Windows '' . The Verge . Vox Media . ^ Jump up to : Amadeo , Ron ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Google 's new `` Backup and Sync '' app lets you back up your desktop to Drive `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Google launches a new Backup & Sync desktop app for uploading files and photos to the cloud '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Google Drive app for PC and Mac is being shut down in March - The Verge Jump up ^ `` Introducing Backup and Sync for Google Photos and Google Drive '' . Google . 2017 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Google Drive is being replaced by Backup and Sync : What to expect '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` System requirements and browsers '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` System requirements and browsers '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Drive app update ends support for ICS , adds in - app storage upgrades , and more '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updates to G Suite mobile apps '' . G Suite Administrator Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the new Google Drive '' . Google Drive Blog . Google . June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crider , Michael ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Google Drive Gets A Shiny New Interface On The Web , Rolling Out To Users Starting Now '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Improvements to downloading files and folders in Google Drive on the web '' . G Suite Updates . Google . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Google Drive on the web gets UI tweaks , better file downloads , and more '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bavor , Clay ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Bringing it all together : 15 GB now shared between Drive , Gmail , and Google+ Photos '' . Google Drive Blog . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drive storage '' . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Choose a storage size '' . Google Photos Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruddock , David ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nice : Google Drive adds annual billing - with discounts - for 100GB and 1TB plans '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drive storage '' . Drive storage . Google . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase , cancellation , & refund policies '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Drive offers '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offers -- Google Chromebooks '' . Google Chromebooks . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Options for adding Drive storage '' . G Suite Administrator Help . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matias , Yossi ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` More spring cleaning '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Scott ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Save more with Google Drive '' . Google Drive Blog . Google . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Mike ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Google Drive 's new prices make Dropbox , OneDrive seem like ripoffs '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Use Google Drive apps '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitu , Alex ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Chrome and Google Drive 's Third - Party Apps '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ogasawara , Todd ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drive Third - Party Apps : An Introduction '' . InformationWeek . UBM Tech . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garnier , Nicolas ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Elevate your apps in Google Drive '' . Google Developers Blog . Google . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drive 's Create menu now lets you add and access third - party , Drive - enabled apps '' . The Next Web . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cairns , Brian ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Build collaborative apps with Google Drive Realtime API '' . Google Developers Blog . Google . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drive now allows third - party apps to edit docs in realtime '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Files you can store in Google Drive '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Insert or delete images or videos '' . Docs editors Help . Google . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Cayden ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Save time with Quick Access in Drive '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Google . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Corbin ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Google Drive adds Quick Access feature , guesses what file you might want '' . Android Police . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novet , Jordan ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google revamps Drive with File Stream and expanded Quick Access , launches Gmail add - ons '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hager , Ryne ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Quick Access feature in Google Drive for Android is coming to Drive on the web '' . Android Police . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garnier , Nicolas ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` How to make files searchable in Google Drive '' . G Suite Developers Blog . Google . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Convert PDF and photo files to text '' . Drive Help . Google . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Josh ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` What you love about Google Search -- now for Drive '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Google . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Napier ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Android users can now find Google Drive files right in Search '' . The Next Web . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ravenscraft , Eric ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` You Can Now Use Google to Search Your Drive Files On Android '' . Lifehacker . Univision Communications . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Lulu ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` You can now find your Google Drive files directly through the Android Google app '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ El Khoury , Rita ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ( Update : Available on Android ) Google Drive Backups tab starts showing up , gives you a glimpse into your device and app backups '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steelman , Rebecca ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Tips & Tricks : Using the description field in your documents list '' . Google Drive Blog . Google . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Save to Google Drive '' . Chrome Web Store . Google . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levee , Brian ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` New mobile apps for Docs , Sheets and Slides - work offline and on the go '' . Official Google Blog . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petrovan , Bogdan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Google launches standalone Docs , Sheets , and Slides apps for Android '' . Android Authority . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kan , Reuben ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Introducing the new Google Docs app for Android '' . Google Mobile Blog . Google . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New version of the Google Drive app for Android '' . G Suite Updates . Google . October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spradlin , Liam ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` A Look At Google Drive 's Material Design In Android 5.0 Lollipop '' . Android Police . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ; MacAskill , Ewen ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple , Google and others '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCullaugh , Declan ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Google tests encryption to protect users ' Drive files against government demands '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Googlers say `` F * * * you '' to NSA , company encrypts internal network `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Tom ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` How to make Google Drive more secure '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google announces Drive for Work with unlimited storage at $10 a month '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Scott ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Unlimit your business with Google Drive for Work '' . Official Google Cloud Blog . Google . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crandall , Marc ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Google Apps for Work adopts ISO 27018 cloud privacy standard '' . Official Google Cloud Blog . Google . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogenthaler , Alex ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Introducing new , enterprise - ready tools for Google Drive '' . The Keyword Google Blog . Google . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitwam , Ryan ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Drive File Stream for G Suite lets you access all your files without using all your disk space '' . Android Police . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summers , Nick ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Google unveils Drive for Education with free , unlimited storage and ' Classroom ' integration '' . The Next Web . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Early Adopter Programs : Team Drives and a new Hangouts video meetings experience '' . G Suite Updates . Google . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Team Drives Early Adopter Program now accepting applications '' . G Suite Updates . Google . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grabham , Dan ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Hands on : Google Drive review '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Muchmore , Michael ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Google Drive '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Zack ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Who owns your files on Google Drive ? '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Google clones Dropbox : lock , stock , and privacy gaffe '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Will Google Drive Snoop Inside Your Data ? Google Needs to Be Clearer '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patel , Nilay ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Is Google Drive worse for privacy than iCloud , Skydrive , and Dropbox ? '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Gmail Users No Longer Need To Download Attachments , As Google Drive Gets Baked Into The Inbox '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kokalitcheva , Kia ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Google Drive now has 190M users & a brand new tablet app for presentations '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Protalinski , Emil ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Google announces 10 % price cut for all Compute Engine instances , Google Drive has passed 240M active users '' . The Next Web . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Scott ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Making Google Drive the safest place for all your work '' . Medium . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google updates Drive with a focus on its business users '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dignan , Larry ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Google plans to leverage G Drive for broader enterprise footprint , team management and collaboration '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Google Drive now hosts more than 2 trillion files '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Humphries , Matthew ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Google Drive Passes 2 Trillion Files Stored '' . PC Magazine . Ziff David . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reliability '' . Google Cloud Help . Google . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Sarah ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Google Drive Experiencing Outage ( UPDATE : Google Says Resolved ) '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Ben ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Google Drive and Docs are down for some users , company is investigating ( Update : Fixed now ! ) '' . The Next Web . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Gmail , Google Drive down : Many Google services hit by widespread outage '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , Ben ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Google Drive and Gmail are down for some users around the world ( Update : They 're back ! ) '' . The Next Web . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mix ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Google suffered a meltdown as Gmail , Maps and YouTube went down '' . The Next Web . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Svetlik , Joe ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Google goes down for 5 minutes , Internet traffic drops 40 % '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Google Drive section of Google 's The Keyword updates blog Google Overview Alphabet Inc . History List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet Products Criticism Privacy concerns Censorship Easter eggs Do n't be evil Advertising AdMob Adscape AdSense AdWords Analytics Contributor Partners DoubleClick DoubleClick for Publishers Wallet Communication Allo Alerts Apps Script Duo Calendar Contacts Gmail history interface Google+ Groups Hangouts Inbox Sync Text - to - Speech Translate Transliteration Voice Software Assistant Lens Chrome for Android for iOS Chrome Web Store Apps Extensions Cloud Print Earth Sky Moon Mars Gadgets Gboard Goggles IME Japanese Pinyin Photos Keep News & Weather Now OpenRefine Search Operating systems Android version history software development Android Auto Android TV Chrome OS Chromebit Chromebook Chromebox Chrome Zone Fuchsia Wear OS Programming languages Dart Go Sawzall Platforms Account Authenticator Body Books Library Project Caja Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Cast Chromecast Cloud Platform App Engine BigQuery Bigtable Compute Engine Storage Contact Lens Custom Search Daydream Earth Engine Fit GFS Firebase G Suite Classroom Glass Enterprise Home Jamboard Marketplace Native Client Nexus OnHub OpenSocial Pay Send Primer Pixel Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Public DNS Safe Browsing URL Shortener Wifi YouTube TV Development tools AJAX APIs App Inventor Closure Tools Developers Dialogflow Flutter GData Googlebot Guava Guice GWS KML Kythe MapReduce Mediabot Sitemaps Summer of Code Web Toolkit Search Console Website Optimizer Swiffy Publishing Blogger Bookmarks Drive Docs , Sheets , Slides , Forms Drawings My Maps Sites Fusion Tables Domains FeedBurner Map Maker YouTube YouTube Instant YouTube Red Vevo Zagat Search ( timeline ) Appliance Blog Search Books Ngram Viewer Custom Search Finance Flights Images Maps Mars Moon Sky Street View Coverage Competition Privacy concerns News Archive Patents Public Data Scholar Shopping Tenor Usenet Videos Algorithms PageRank Panda Penguin Hummingbird Features Personalized Real - Time Instant Search SafeSearch Voice Search Analysis Insights for Search Trends Knowledge Graph Knowledge Vault Discontinued Aardvark Answers Ara Browser Sync Base Buzz Checkout Chrome Frame Click - to - Call Cloud Connect Code Search Currents Desktop Dictionary Directory Dodgeball Fast Flip Friend Connect Gears Glass Glass OS GOOG - 411 Google TV Jaiku Knol Health iGoogle Image Labeler Labs Latitude Lively Mashup Editor Notebook Offers Orkut Pack Page Creator Panoramio Picasa Picasa Web Albums Picnik PowerMeter Questions and Answers Reader Script Converter SearchWiki Sidewiki Slide Squared Talk Toolbar Updater Urchin Videos Wallet Wave Web Accelerator Other Arts & Culture Calico Current Chrome Experiments Code - in Code Jam Developer Day Google Business Groups Made with Code Data Liberation Takeout Google Developer Expert Google for Work Self - driving car Earth Outreach Fiber GV `` Google '' Google China Google Express Googlization Grants Google.org Lunar X Prize Project Fi Material Design Motorola Mobility reCAPTCHA WiFi X Events Science Fair Searchology I / O Developer Day Code Jam Highly Open Participation Contest Code - in Projects Loon Tango Sunroof Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Chelsea Market Googleplex Logo Doodle4Google Google Doodles People Al Gore Alan Eustace Alan Mulally Amit Singhal Ann Mather David Drummond Eric Schmidt Jeff Dean John Doerr John L. Hennessy Krishna Bharat Matt Cutts Patrick Pichette Paul Otellini Omid Kordestani Rachel Whetstone Rajen Sheth Ram Shriram Ray Kurzweil Ruth Porat Salar Kamangar Sanjay Ghemawat Shirley M. Tilghman Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hölzle Vint Cerf Hal Varian Gayglers Founders Larry Page Sergey Brin Related AI Challenge Bomb GmailFS `` Google : Behind the Screen '' ( 2006 documentary ) Google : The Thinking Factory ( 2008 documentary ) Google and the World Brain ( 2013 documentary ) Goojje Monopoly City Streets Unity Category Portal hide File hosting services Active Accellion Amazon Drive Box CloudLocker CloudMe Digify DriveHQ Dropbox FilesAnywhere FileDropper FileServe Firmex GameFront Google Drive Handy Backup IBM Connections iCloud Drive Infinit Jumpshare Livedrive MagicVortex MediaFire Mega Memopal OneDrive Peer Impact ShareFile ShareNow SpiderOak SugarSync Tencent Weiyun TitanFile Tresorit WeTransfer Yandex Disk Cloud.Mail.Ru Inactive Drop.io FileServe Hotfile Humyo i - drive iDisk infinit IonGrid LIBOX Library.nu Megaupload Norton Zone Pogoplug RapidShare SteekR Twango Ubuntu One Wuala Xdrive Yahoo ! Briefcase ZumoDrive Category Comparison of file hosting services Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Google_Drive&oldid=846450738 '' Categories : 2012 software Cloud storage Companies ' terms of service File hosting for MacOS File hosting for Windows Google software Online backup services Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia Developers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Drive
| 8,437 |
||
when does dc legends of tomorrow season 4 come out
|
Legends of Tomorrow
|
legends of tomorrow
|
DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , or simply Legends of Tomorrow , is an American superhero action - adventure television series developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim , Andrew Kreisberg , and Phil Klemmer , who are also executive producers along with Sarah Schechter and Chris Fedak ; Klemmer and Fedak serve as showrunners . The series , based on the characters of DC Comics , airs on The CW and is a spin - off from Arrow and The Flash , existing in the same fictional universe . The series premiered on January 21 , 2016 . In January 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which debuted on October 10 , 2017 .
|
Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home release 7 Arrowverse 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Legends of Tomorrow episodes Time Master Rip Hunter goes rogue after Vandal Savage murders Hunter 's family . Intending to stop Savage , Hunter recruits a team consisting of Ray Palmer / The Atom , Sara Lance / White Canary , Martin Stein and Jefferson `` Jax '' Jackson , who together become the hero Firestorm , Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl , Carter Hall / Hawkman , Leonard Snart / Captain Cold , and Mick Rory / Heat Wave . They discover that the Time Masters are backing Savage in his domination of the world in 2166 to facilitate a successful repulsion of a Thanagarian invasion . Due to Snart 's sacrifice , the Time Masters are destroyed . In season two , with the Time Masters defeated , the team are left to guard the timeline themselves , and learn to cope in Rip 's absence after he disappears . However , they are continually plagued by the Legion of Doom , a time - travelling supervillain team led by Reverse Flash ( Eobard Thawne ) , who has recruited past versions of Damien Darhk , Malcolm Merlyn , and Leonard Snart to help him find the Spear of Destiny of Biblical fame , with which they can rewrite their fates . The team is joined by new members Amaya Jiwe / Vixen , an African superhero from 1940s superhero team the Justice Society of America , and Nate Heywood / Steel , a modern - day historian with the power to become solid metal and recently by Zari Adrianna Tomaz , a hacktivist from 2042 who can manipulate air by using a totem she wears around her neck . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 135 3.16 17 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 141 2.57 18 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) TBA TBA TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Legends of Tomorrow characters and List of Arrowverse cast members Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm : A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation who is also half of the character Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson . Graeme McComb portrays a young Stein in the 1970s and 1980s . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Brandon Routh as Ray Palmer / Atom : A scientist , inventor , businessman and former CEO of Palmer Technologies who developed a power - suit that is now capable of shrinking . The character was first introduced on Arrow . Arthur Darvill as Rip Hunter : A roguish time traveler and leader of the team , who hides the strains of being responsible for history itself behind a façade of charm and wit . His goal is to defeat Vandal Savage in order to save the world and his family . He and Savage are archenemies throughout the timeline . Aiden Longworth portrays a young Rip Hunter . In the second season , Rip disappears and gives command of the Waverider to the Legends . He later returns , first as a film student in the 60s who has no recollection of his past life , then as a brainwashed killer working for the Legion and later back to his original self . He remains with the team for a while , allowing Sara to remain captain . He later departs for good , as he realizes that the Legends no longer need him as their captain . Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary : A Star City vigilante and former League of Assassins member suffering from rage issues after being resurrected by the mystical Lazarus Pit . The character is partially based on the Black Canary and was first introduced on Arrow . In the second season , Sara becomes the leader of the Legends and captain of the Waverider . Franz Drameh as Jefferson `` Jax '' Jackson / Firestorm : A former high school athlete whose pro career was derailed by an injury who now works as an auto mechanic . He serves as the other half of the character Firestorm with Martin Stein . The producers decided to create Jax as the other half of Firestorm to have him be someone in his early 20s and different from Ronnie 's Firestorm , bringing comedy and camaraderie with Stein . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Ciara Renée as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl : A young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries . When provoked , her ancient warrior persona manifests itself along with wings that grow out of her back . She chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season . Saunders is also known by her Egyptian name Chay - Ara , and Edith Boardman in the series . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Anna Deavere Smith portrays an older Kendra in 1871 , known as Cinnamon . Falk Hentschel as Carter Hall / Hawkman : The latest reincarnation of the Egyptian prince Khufu who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate Kendra , with powers similar to hers . A reincarnated version is recruited by Vandal Savage where he is known as Scythian Torvil before remembering his life as Carter Hall . He chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season . Hall is also known by the name Joe Boardman in the series . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Hentschel received guest credit in his subsequent appearances in season one after the character 's death in `` Pilot , Part 2 '' . Amy Pemberton voices Gideon : The artificial intelligence of the Waverider . Pemberton portrayed a physical version of the character in the second - season episode , `` Land of the Lost '' . An alternate version of Gideon was first introduced in The Flash . Dominic Purcell as Mick Rory / Heat Wave : An arsonist , career criminal , and accomplice of Leonard Snart who , in contrast to his partner , uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything . After being deserted in the past by Snart , he is recruited by the Time Masters and becomes the bounty hunter Chronos , who hunts the team , but he becomes again a member of the team . Mitchell Kummen portrays a young Rory . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold : The son of a career criminal who turns to the quick and easy life of crime , and uses a cryonic gun to freeze objects and people on contact . Trestyn Zradicka portrays a young Leo . At the end of the first season , Snart sacrificed himself to save his team . In the second season , the Legion of Doom recruits a past version of Snart from before he joined the team with the promise of averting his future death . Following the Legion 's defeat , Mick returns Snart to the exact moment where he was recruited by the Legion , wiping his memories in the process and ensuring that Snart will eventually join the Legends . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Matt Letscher as Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash : A supervillain speedster from the future and the archenemy of The Flash . He is the leader of the Legion of Doom . In the season 2 finale , he is finally defeated by the Legends and the Black Flash , erasing him from existence . The character was first introduced on The Flash . Maisie Richardson - Sellers as Amaya Jiwe / Vixen : Able to magically channel the abilities of animal kingdom thanks to the mysterious Tantu Totem , Amaya is a member of the Justice Society of America in the 1940s , and grandmother of the Vixen Mari McCabe , who is portrayed by Megalyn Echikunwoke in other Arrowverse series . It was originally intended for the McCabe version of Vixen to be used in Legends as well , but Echikunwoke was unable to reprise the role due to previous commitments . Nick Zano as Nate Heywood / Steel : A historian from Star City who has the ability to transform himself into a steel - like form , and is the grandson of Commander Steel , a member of the Justice Society of America . Tala Ashe as Zari Adrianna Tomaz : A Muslim - American computer hacker from the year 2042 who lives a double life with powers from a mystical amulet . Neal McDonough as Damien Darhk : A former member of the League of Assassins and the former leader of H.I.V.E. . Darhk appeared in a recurring capacity during the second season as a member of the Legion of Doom . McDonough was promoted to the main cast for the third season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2015 , co-creator Greg Berlanti stated that there were `` very early '' preliminary talks for an additional spin - off series centered on Ray Palmer / Atom ( Brandon Routh ) , from Arrow and The Flash . In February 2015 , it was reported that a spin - off series , described as a superhero team - up show , was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015 -- 16 midseason release . Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Marc Guggenheim , and Sarah Schechter would serve as executive producers . The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash , including Palmer , Leonard Snart ( Wentworth Miller ) , and Dr. Martin Stein ( Victor Garber ) . Caity Lotz was also mentioned to be among the main cast . There would be potential for other Arrow / Flash characters to cross over to the new series , and the series would be casting `` three major DC Comics characters who have never appeared in a TV series '' . In March 2015 , Stephen Amell , who portrays Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on Arrow , confirmed the series would air in the 2015 -- 16 midseason . Additionally , Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of Arrow 's third season , specifically why Lotz is slated to appear , given her previous character , Sara , was killed at the start of Arrow season three . Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm -- Ronnie Raymond ( Robbie Amell ) , as seen on The Flash -- not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement . On the purpose of the series , Berlanti said it was designed to be `` most similar to our crossover episodes , where you feel that ' event - iness ' , but all the time . For us , first and foremost , with all of ( our shows ) , it 's about ' how is it its own thing ? ' Because we do n't just want to do it to do it . '' He also revealed the producers were focusing on `` making sure that the villain that we have on ( the ) show is distinct too ... another big character who has n't been used yet . '' Also in March , Dominic Purcell was revealed to be reprising his role as Heat Wave in the series , and Blake Neely , composer of Arrow and The Flash , would serve as composer . At the end of the month , Arthur Darvill was cast as Rip Hunter , one of the `` new to TV '' DC characters , while Ciara Renée was cast as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl . In April 2015 , in a Variety article on the recent MipTV event , it noted the title for the series would be Legends of Tomorrow , despite it still being unconfirmed by those involved with the series . Also in the month , Franz Drameh was cast as Jax Jackson . In May 2015 , actor Victor Garber said that The CW was impressed with what was shown to them , giving the project a straight - to - series order . The network officially confirmed the order for the series on May 7 , 2015 , as well as the official title , DC 's Legends of Tomorrow . Later in the month , it was confirmed that Lotz would reprise her role as Sara Lance , who would be taking the name White Canary , as well as revealing the antagonist as Vandal Savage . In June 2015 , it was announced that Phil Klemmer had been made the series showrunner as well as executive producer ; Chris Fedak serves as executive producer and co-showrunner with Klemmer . At the end of the month , Grant Gustin stated he would appear in the series as Barry Allen / Flash , though he ultimately did not appear in the first season . In August 2015 , Casper Crump was cast as Vandal Savage . On March 11 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season , which debuted in October 2016 . The producers have considered adjusting the Legends team for additional seasons , with Joseph David - Jones ' Connor Hawke and Megalyn Echikunwoke 's Vixen potential additions . For the second season , Klemmer revealed that Arrow writer Keto Shimizu and The Flash writer Grainne Godfree would be working on Legends in order to `` make our stories work in concert '' with Arrow and The Flash . Klemmer also noted the challenges of creating more crossover elements , since Amell and Gustin work full days for their respective shows . In terms of working within the Arrowverse , Klemmer said that the death of Laurel Lance on Arrow would `` resonate into Season 2 ... ( since ) something that happens on Arrow can create ripples that appear on our show in a huge way . It fundamentally alters the DNA of our series . '' The second season initially consisted of 13 episodes , with four more ordered in November 2016 to bring the season total to 17 . Teasing the premise of season two in April 2016 , Klemmer stated , `` We 're coming at it from a completely different angle . We 're determined to make every part of season two feel like its own show . ( The first episode of season two ) will very much be a new pilot with new good guys , new bad guys , new stakes , new dynamics , new goals . The team will basically have to find a new purpose . Once you save the world , what do you do then ? ... The fact that the world was in peril sort of forced our team to fall into its own dysfunctional version of lockstep . Season two , they 're no longer going to be hunted by Time Masters . They 're no longer going to be burdened with having to save the world . It 's no longer going to be about saving Miranda and Jonas . The interesting thing about season two is I think it 's going to have a much , much different tone because our Legends are going to have a totally different purpose . They 're actually going to have a totally different constitution . There will be new faces and new everything . '' The season also introduced members of the Justice Society of America . The Society consisted of Hourman , Vixen , Commander Steel , Obsidian , Stargirl and Dr. Mid-Nite . The season also featured a version of the Legion of Doom , composed of the Reverse - Flash , Malcolm Merlyn , Damien Darhk and Captain Cold . Filming ( edit ) In May 2015 , Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015 , for a January 2016 premiere . The series shot a presentation for the network 's upfront showcase , which was filmed over the course of one night , and directed by Arrow and The Flash veteran Dermott Downs . Filming of the series began on September 9 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Director / producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with Comic Book Resources the process of filming key elements of the series ' Pilot , The new facet for Legends was that there 's no # 1 ( actor ) on the call sheet . There are seven or eight leads . For me , that was the intimidating part . I was n't as worried about the action and tone as I was with wrangling all these personalities and finding out how they all work together . Or , how to shoot a scene with eight people in the Waverider , day after day . He stated of the series style of shooting on location as opposed to predominantly shooting on a soundstage , As is typical with any pilot , most of the time you are going to shoot more on location . Because you do n't necessarily know if you are going to have a show that 's been picked up , they do n't want to invest a lot of money in the infrastructure , so you end up shooting more on location . The only set that was built was the Waverider . That being said , because we knew there was a pickup for the show , it was n't a conventional pilot . All the resources of construction went into the Waverider . That 's continuing into the series . I do n't think they tend to build much . I think they tend to adapt locations because there 's so much time travel and so many eras to create . Broadcast ( edit ) Legends of Tomorrow premiered in the United States on January 21 , 2016 , and the first season consisted of sixteen episodes . The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20 , 2016 , however it was pushed back until January 22 . It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The pilot was well - reviewed for its potential . Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying , `` The series delivers a sharp , enjoyable pilot that 's arguably the most attention - grabbing and entertaining from any of the current crop of superhero shows . '' Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the first part of the pilot episode a 7.7 / 10 , praising the show 's `` epic scope '' , `` fun character dynamics '' , and Arthur Darvill 's performance ; and gave the second part of the pilot a 8.4 / 10 , saying it `` improved in its sophomore episode thanks to great character dynamics and superhero action '' . However , review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the complete first season only a 58 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6 / 10 based on 36 reviews . The website 's consensus reads : `` Fancy effects , comic - book nostalgia , and an alluring cast help keep it afloat , but DC 's Legends of Tomorrow suffers from an overloaded cast of characters that contribute to a distractingly crowded canvas . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a 77 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.1 / 10 based on 13 reviews . The website 's consensus reads : `` Though the narrative remains too ambitious , DC 's Legends of Tomorrow enjoys a freer creative arc with the removal of problem characters . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3.21 May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1.85 2015 -- 16 135 3.16 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 2016 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 2017 ) 17 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) 1.82 April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 1.52 2016 -- 17 141 2.57 0.9 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 18 October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1.71 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Legends of Tomorrow : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Saturn Awards Best Superhero Adaption Television Series Legends of Tomorrow Nominated The Joey Awards Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 6 -- 10 Years Glen Gordon Won Young Actor in an Action TV Series Guest Starring / Principal Role Aiden Longworth Nominated Cory Gruter - Andrew Nominated Mitchell Kummen Won Young Actor in a TV Series Recurring Role 6 -- 9 Years Kiefer O'Reilly Won 2017 Leo Awards Best Direction in a Dramatic Series David Geddes Nominated Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Armen V. Kevorkian , Meagan Condito , Rick Ramirez , Andranik Taranyan , James Rorick Nominated Best Sound in a Dramatic Series Kristian Bailey Won Home Release ( edit ) Complete Season DVD / Blu - ray Release dates Additional info Region 1 / A Region 2 / B Region 4 / C August 23 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 The Blu - ray / DVD box - sets include featurettes , deleted scenes , gag reels and highlights from Comic - Con . August 15 , 2017 August 14 , 2017 August 16 , 2017 Arrowverse ( edit ) Main article : Arrowverse In May 2015 , Renée made a cameo in the final episode of The Flash 's first season , `` Fast Enough '' , and later made appearances in the show 's second season in November 2015 . In July 2015 , Guggenheim revealed that the resurrection of Sara Lance would be launched in the first few episodes of Arrow 's fourth season , with the events of the eighth episodes of Arrow and The Flash -- which were a crossover event -- being used to set up the other characters of Legends of Tomorrow . Franz Drameh was introduced as the new other half of Firestorm in the fourth episode of the second season of The Flash . Crump , Hentschel and James debut in the crossover episodes for the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow . In November 2016 , the cast of Legends of Tomorrow appeared on The Flash and Arrow as part of the three - part `` Invasion ! '' crossover event ; the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist , reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series Supergirl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beedle , Tim ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Breaking News : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , a New Arrow and Flash Spinoff Series , is Coming to The CW '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow / Flash Superhero Team - Up Spinoff In Works At CW ; Brandon Routh , Victor Garber , Wentworth Miller , Caity Lotz Star '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Russ ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow 's Phil Klemmer on Fighting Nazis , Killing Characters and The Time Masters ' Secret Agenda '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` PLOT SYNOPSIS FOR `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' PILOT PART 2 PROMISES STEIN VS . STEIN `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Arrow / Flash Spinoff Enlists Arthur Darvill To Play Rip Hunter '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Team Meets Their Younger Selves in Legends of Tomorrow Episode 12 Photos '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow reveals Caity Lotz 's character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Edge of Tomorrow star joins the Arrow / Flash spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 204 ) `` The Fury of Firestorm '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahadeo , Kevin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` KREISBERG & PANABAKER ON LATEST `` FLASH '' DEVELOPMENTS AND WEST FAMILY REVELATIONS `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Arrow / Flash Spinoff Casts Ciara Renée As Hawkgirl '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Almalvez , Laurence ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' EPs Tease Character Deaths , Hawkman Details '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' : Ciara Renée To Depart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : `` THE MAGNIFICENT EIGHT '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` The # DCTV Secrets of DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : Ep. 11 `` The Magnificent Eight '' `` . DC Comics . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` COMIC CON 2015 : HAWKMAN COMING TO LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Falk Hentschel To Play Hawkman In ' Legends Of Tomorrow ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : PHIL KLEMMER TALKS HAWKMAN , ROMANCE , ATOM VS . ANT - MAN & MORE '' . DCLegendsTV . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 115 ) `` Destiny '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow EP Spills a Secret Behind the Big Lie -- Plus : Grade It ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : `` LAND OF THE LOST '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Dominic Purcell Joins Arrow / Flash Spinoff '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sage , Alyssa ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` TV News Roundup : ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Casts Young Heat Wave , Shark Week Sets Premiere Date '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Danmore , Meghan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' WELCOMES THE JUSTICE SOCIETY OF AMERICA & MORE `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominick ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Letscher Joins Cast ; Obsidian , Stargirl & Dr. Mid-Nite Coming In Season 2 -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Maisie Richardson - Sellers is DC 's Legends of Tomorrow 's New Vixen '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Recruits Vixen ... With a Twist ! '' . TV Insider . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Lincoln , Ross ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' : Nick Zano Joins As New Hero With Steel Pedigree '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The CW Television Network ( October 6 , 2016 ) . DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Nick Zano Interview The CW . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 10 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Season 3 Adds Muslim - American Superhero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow : Captain Cold , Damien Darhk book returns '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CW Eyeing ' Atom ' As Next DC Series -- TCA '' . Deadline.com . January 11 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow / Flash ' Spinoff Does n't Have A Title Yet ; Will Air During Next Midseason '' . Screenrant . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` CW 's new Flash - Arrow spin - off to honor the ' great team - up movies ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` CW 's ' Arrow ' - ' Flash ' Spinoff Will Feature ' Big ' DC Comics Villain ' Who Has n't Been Used Yet ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Neely , Blake ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` @ darthtardis @ MoreTVMag @ PSPatel yes to both ! Woohoo ! ! '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . @ darthtardis : @ MoreTVMag @ cowonthewall @ PSPatel Will the awesome Blake Neely be scoring the new spinoff or Supergirl ? ; @ cowonthewall : @ darthtardis @ MoreTVMag @ PSPatel yes to both ! Woohoo ! ! Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ; Hopewell , John ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Premium Drama Takes Center Stage in International Marketplace '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . With MipTV wrapped , the focus now shifts to the L.A. Screenings in May . Big product suppliers were using MipTV to talk up L.A. Screenings bows that include , in terms of shows attracting attention for WBITVD , `` Supergirl '' for CBS , `` Blindspot '' for NBC , `` Legends of Tomorrow '' for CW , and also `` The Curse of the Fuentes Women , '' for NBC . ^ Jump up to : Dyce , Andrew ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Flash / Arrow ' Spinoff Going Straight to Series ; Premieres January 2016 '' . screenrant.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Vandal Savage Announced as `` Legends of Tomorrow '' Villain `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' Taps Phil Klemmer As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Buys FBI Drama From Chris Fedak , Magician David Kwong & Berlanti TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vieira , Anthony ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Star Grant Gustin Teases New Big Bad & ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Appearances '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow Casts Season 1 Big Bad Vandal Savage '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Could Lose Calista Flockhart as Series Regular in Season 2 '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lauren ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` DAVID - JONES DISCUSSES CONNOR HAWKE 'S POSSIBLE RETURN TO `` LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` VIXEN ANIMATED SERIES RENEWED FOR SEASON 2 ; CW PONDERS MORE IN LIVE - ACTION '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : PHIL KLEMMER ON ARROW CROSSOVER , SEASON 2 VILLAINS '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` CW Boss on Fifth Superhero Night , Supergirl Predictions , Episode Counts , Little Women Status and More '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` The CW Orders More ' Legends of Tomorrow ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow to introduce Justice Society of America in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Justice Society of America in new Legends of Tomorrow photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow begins production today . @ GBerlanti @ AJKreisberg @ philklemmer @ Glen__Winter '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lotz , Caity ( September 5 , 2015 ) . `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow table read ! Stuff is about to go down when filming begins on Wednesday ! # LegendsInTheMaking '' . Facebook . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` 6 ' Legends of Tomorrow ' teases that prove it 's nothing like ' Arrow ' or ' The Flash ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Brian ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` '' LEGENDS OF TOMORROW '' DIRECTOR PROMISES TO `` PUSH THE BOUNDARIES '' OF SUPERHERO ACTION `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissel , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` CW Slots ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' for Thursdays ; ' Vampire Diaries ' to Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- dc 's legends of tomorrow on the cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Foxtel Upfronts 2016 : Local thrillers , Lifestyle & US Drama '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow '' . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Chuck ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` New In January : 200 + shows including DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow , Andrew Winter 's Tiny House & more '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` DC 's ' Legends of Tomorrow ' Docks With Sky in U.K '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Legends of Tomorrow Advance Review : The Best DC Pilot Yet '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : `` PILOT , PART 1 '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` DC 'S LEGENDS OF TOMORROW : `` PILOT , PART 2 '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . May 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Notorious ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' The Middle ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Bull , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC 's Legends of Tomorrow : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Awards -- 2016 WINNERS '' . The Joey Awards . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 1 on Blu - ray from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of Tomorrow - Official Warner Press Release , Street Date for ' The Complete 2nd Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DC Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buy DC 'S Legends of Tomorrow : Season 2 on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Enough '' . The Flash . Season 1 . Episode 23 . 42 minutes in . The CW . Jump up ^ `` The Darkness and the Light '' . The Flash . Season 2 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` Gorilla Warfare '' . The Flash . Season 2 . Episode 7 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` Spoiler Chat : Scoop on American Horror Story , Pretty Little Liars , Arrow , The Mindy Project and More ! '' . E ! Online . July 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Legends of Tomorrow Casts Peter Francis James As Key Part of Hawkman / Hawkgirl Story '' . Cominbook.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Legends of Tomorrow Official website Legends of Tomorrow on IMDb Legends of Tomorrow at TV.com Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Constantine Supergirl `` Worlds Finest '' The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Valor ( since 2017 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Book Category Live - action television programs based on DC Comics TV series Former Adventures of Superman ( 1952 -- 58 ) Batman ( 1966 -- 68 ) Shazam ! ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Secrets of Isis ( 1975 - 77 ) Wonder Woman ( 1975 -- 79 ) Superboy ( 1988 -- 92 ) Swamp Thing : The Series ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Flash ( 1990 -- 91 ) Human Target ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 -- 97 ) Smallville ( 2001 -- 11 ) Birds of Prey ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Human Target ( 2010 -- 11 ) Constantine ( 2014 -- 15 ) Powerless ( 2017 ) Current Arrow ( since 2012 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Supergirl ( since 2015 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Krypton ( 2018 ) Scalped ( TBA ) Titans ( 2018 ) TV films Wonder Woman The New Original Wonder Woman Justice League of America TV specials Unsold pilots The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy Global Frequency Aquaman Wonder Woman It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Legends of the Superheroes See also Arrowverse Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legends_of_Tomorrow&oldid=808944896 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American action television series American adventure television series American LGBT - related television shows American science fiction television series Arrowverse Black Canary in other media Flash ( comics ) in other media Green Arrow in other media Jonah Hex in other media DC Comics superhero teams English - language television programs Reincarnation in television Television spin - offs Television programs based on DC Comics Television series by Warner Bros. Television Time travel television series The CW shows Television series produced in Vancouver Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar მარგალური Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends%20of%20Tomorrow
| 10,709 |
||
who made the 2018 pro football hall of fame
|
With the election of the Class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard , Robert Brazile , Brian Dawkins , Jerry Kramer , Ray Lewis , Randy Moss , Terrell Owens and Brian Urlacher -- there are a total of 318 members of the Hall of Fame .
|
Bobby Beathard|Robert Brazile|Brian Dawkins|Jerry Kramer|Ray Lewis|Randy Moss|Terrell Owens|Brian Urlacher
|
Pro Football Hall of Fame
|
pro football hall of fame
|
Origins of American football
|
Early history of American football First game Walter Camp First pro player First pro league Modern history of American football Close relations : Medieval football Old division football Rugby football Association football Canadian football Black players in professional American football Homosexuality in American football Concussions in American football Rugby union comparison Rugby league comparison Canadian football comparison Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Years in American football NFL season - by - season College football season - by - season Glossary of American football American football Portal The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front - office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to `` Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . '' With the election of the Class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard , Robert Brazile , Brian Dawkins , Jerry Kramer , Ray Lewis , Randy Moss , Terrell Owens and Brian Urlacher -- there are a total of 318 members of the Hall of Fame . Contents 1 History 1.1 Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame 2 Inductees 2.1 Selection process 2.1. 1 Selection Committee 2.1. 2 Voting procedure 2.2 Enshrinement ceremony 3 Hall of Fame Game 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio The community of Canton , Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons : first , the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 ( at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association ) ; second , the now - defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league . Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11 , 1962 . The original building contained just two rooms , and 19,000 square feet ( 1,800 m ) of interior space . In April 1970 , ground was broken for the first of many expansions . This first expansion cost $ 620,000 , and was completed in May 1971 . The size was increased to 34,000 square feet ( 3,200 m ) by adding another room . The pro shop opened with this expansion . This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time . This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL - NFL World Championship games . Inside the original structure in 2008 . In November 1977 , work began on another expansion project , costing US $1,200,000 . It was completed in November 1978 , enlarging the gift shop and research library , while doubling the size of the theater . The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet ( 4,690 m ) , more than 2.5 times the original size . The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993 . The Hall then announced yet another expansion , costing US $9,200,000 , and adding a fifth room . This expansion was completed in October 1995 . The building 's size was increased to 82,307 square feet ( 7,647 m ) . The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium , which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) by 42 - foot ( 13 m ) Cinemascope screen . In 2013 , the Hall of Fame completed its largest expansion and renovation today . Currently , the Hall of Fame consists of 118,000 square feet . An $800 million expansion project , Johnson Controls Hall of Fame Village , is underway and will be completed to coincide with the NFL 's Centennial in 2020 . Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame ( edit ) Dick McCann ( April 4 , 1962 -- November 1967 ) Dick Gallagher ( April 1968 -- December 31 , 1975 ) Pete Elliott ( February 1979 -- October 31 , 1996 ) John Bankert ( November 1 , 1996 -- December 31 , 2005 ) Steve Perry ( April 24 , 2006 -- January 2014 ) David Baker ( January 6 , 2014 -- present ) Inductees ( edit ) The Hall is made up of several sections , at heart is the display of inductees . Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Through 2018 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League , Arena Football League and / or Indoor Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls . The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league 's franchises with either 34 or 28 enshrinees depending on whether you count players that only played a small portion of their careers with the team . Selection Process ( edit ) Selection Committee ( edit ) Enshrinees are selected by a 48 - person committee , largely made up of media members , officially known as the Selection Committee . Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee . A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise . There are also 15 at - large delegates including one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association . Except for the PFWA representative , who is appointed to a two - year term , all other appointments are open - ended and terminated only by death , incapacitation , retirement , or resignation . Voting procedure ( edit ) Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right To be eligible for the nominating process , a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years . Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time . Fans may nominate any player , coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email . The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists : once in March , once in September , and once in October . In November , the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting . A Seniors and Contributors Committee , subcommittees of the overall Selection Committee , nominate Seniors ( those players who completed their careers more than 25 years ago ) and Contributors ( individuals who made contributions to the game in areas other than playing or coaching ) . The Seniors Committee and Contributors Committee add two or one finalist ( s ) on alternating years which makes a final ballot of 18 finalists under consideration by the full committee each year . Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate 's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors . The Selection Committee then meets on `` Selection Saturday , '' the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class . To be elected , a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board , with at least four , but no more than eight , candidates being elected annually . Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall , they can not be banished and remain an inductee forever . Enshrinement ceremony ( edit ) A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August . An enshrinement celebration is held throughout the week in Canton surrounding the enshrinement ceremony . Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team . Rather , all of an enshrinee 's affiliations are listed equally . While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club 's cap ( with a few exceptions , such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux ) , the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team . In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame , inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies . Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day ( Sunday from 1999 -- 2005 , Saturday in 2006 ) , situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building . Starting in 2002 , the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium ( now Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium ) , where it was held from 1963 to 1965 . Since 2007 , the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night . Hall of Fame game ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Hall of Fame Game , the annual NFL preseason opener , is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton , Ohio . In 2017 , the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night . The preseason classic kicks off Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls and officially kicks off the NFL preseason . Criticism ( edit ) The `` Other Leagues '' display includes the USFL ; inductee Jim Kelly 's jersey is in the foreground . The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees . This , along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year ( six in certain years past ) , with a current maximum of two `` senior '' candidates and five `` non-seniors , '' has been criticized by sports columnists , former players , and football fans . Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors , rotating panel members on and off the selection committee , and allowing former players to participate in the voting . The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player , with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular , special teams players , wide receivers , deserving players who primarily played on bad teams , and those from the `` seniors '' category , being slighted . This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot , also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position . ( At least two inductees , Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary , punted in addition to playing other positions . ) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame . There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers . The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall ; only one , 1966 inductee Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , has been enshrined . The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off - field contributors , the Hall of Fame added a `` Contributors '' committee beginning with the class of 2015 , which will nominate officials , general managers , owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large . Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports - journalist Howard Cosell , who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award despite his well - known association with Monday Night Football . An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been `` blacklisted '' by the NFL . As the late 2010s approached , a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall . Terrell Owens 's exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate . Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2018 but refused to attend the enshrinement ceremony . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( old entrance ) . See also ( edit ) Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame Canadian Football Hall of Fame Arena Football Hall of Fame Dick McCann Memorial Award -- sometimes referred to as the `` writer 's wing '' of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` List of Hall of Fame members '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pro Football Hall of Fame : Then and Now '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tendler , Alexandra . `` $800 million ' Disneyland ' for football will open in 2020 , NFL Hall of Fame pres. says '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears : Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process FAQ '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson '' . ESPN.com . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2007 Presenters '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joyner , KC ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barall , Andy ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` How to Fix Football 's Hall of Fame Voting System '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( October 21 , 2014 ) . Behind the HOF 's New Contributor Committee . SI.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billson , Marky ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` As strange as it sounds , Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Researcher , NFL ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ? '' . NFL Sports Blog . Jump up ^ `` One Hall of Fame voter sheds light on why Terrell Owens did n't make it in '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=864230158 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame American football museums and halls of fame Buildings and structures in Canton , Ohio Halls of fame in Ohio History of American football American national museums in Ohio Museums in Stark County , Ohio Sports museums in Ohio Tourist attractions in Canton , Ohio Awards established in 1963 1963 establishments in Ohio Halls of fame in the United States Hidden categories : Articles with short description Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 23 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro%20Football%20Hall%20of%20Fame
| 1,322 |
little league baseball® regional and world series results - little league
|
Little League World Series
|
little league world series
|
The Little League Baseball World Series is an annual baseball tournament in the eastern United States for children aged 10 to 12 years old . Originally called the National Little League Tournament , it was later renamed for the World Series in Major League Baseball . The Series was first held 71 years ago in 1947 and is held every August in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . ( Although the postal address of the organization is in Williamsport , the Series itself is played at Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Volunteer Stadium at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport . )
|
Initially , only teams from the United States competed in the Series , but it has since become a worldwide tournament . The tournament has gained popular renown , especially in the United States , where games from the Series and even from regional tournaments are broadcast on ESPN . The United States collectively as a country has won majority of the series , although from 1969 to 1991 teams from Taiwan dominated the series , winning in 15 out of those 23 years . Taiwan 's dominance during those years has been attributed to a national effort to combat its perceived diplomatic isolation around the world . From 2010 to the present , teams from Tokyo , Japan , have similarly dominated the series , winning five of the last nine matchups . While the Little League Baseball World Series is frequently referred to as just the Little League World Series , it is actually one of twelve tournaments sponsored by Little League International , in twelve different locations . Each of them brings community teams from different Little League International regions around the world together in baseball ( five age divisions ) , girls ' softball ( four age divisions ) , and boys ' softball ( three divisions ) . The tournament structure described here is that used for the Little League Baseball World Series . The structure used for the other World Series is similar , but with different regions . Contents 1 Qualifying tournaments 1.1 Regions 2 World Series tournament format 2.1 Venues 3 Age requirements 4 Notable events 5 Little League World Series champions 6 Championship tally 6.1 Championships won by country / state 6.2 Championship notes 7 Notable participants in the Little League World Series 7.1 Major League Baseball players 7.2 National Football League players 7.3 National Hockey League players 7.4 Other 8 Media coverage 9 Other divisions in Little League Baseball 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Qualifying tournaments ( edit ) A Little League World Series game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in 2007 In the summer months leading up to the Little League World Series , held each year in August , Little Leagues around the world select and a All - Star team made up of players from its league . It is these All - Star teams that compete in district , sectional and / or divisional , and regional tournaments , hoping to advance to Williamsport for the Little League World Series . How many games a team has to play varies from region to region . In the United States , the tournaments at the lowest ( district ) level lack nationwide standardization . Some use pool play or double elimination , while others use single elimination . In the United States , the fate of district winners varies widely from state to state . In some larger states such as Pennsylvania , New York , and California , the district winners advance to one of many sectional tournaments . The winners of each sectional tournament then advance to a state or divisional tournament , the latter only being held in Texas and California and are similar to the state tournaments held in less populous states . Most smaller states lack competition at the sectional level and go straight from district to state tournaments . A handful of states are composed of only one district , and the district champion is the automatic state champion . With 4 exceptions , every state as well as the District of Columbia crowns a state champion , and sends that team to represent it to one of eight regional tournaments . The exceptions involve California , Texas , North Dakota , and South Dakota . Because of their large geographic and population sizes , California and Texas send two representatives to their regional tournament ; Northern California and Southern California in the West region tournament and Texas East and Texas West ( whose areas encompass more than the geographical areas of East Texas and West Texas , splitting roughly along the I - 35 / I - 37 corridor ) compete in the Southwest region tournament . Conversely , North Dakota has only one city ( Fargo ) that operates Little League -- sponsored competitions ; the Dakotas have one district spanning the two states , and its winner becomes the joint champion and advances to the Midwest region tournament . The state champions ( as well as the Northern California , Southern California , Texas East , Texas West , and Dakotas champions ) compete in one of eight different regional tournaments . Each regional tournament winner then advances to the Little League World Series . See ( 4 ) for a comprehensive breakdown of current and historical US regional tournament locations , participants and results . Other countries and regions pick their own way of crowning a champion . Little League Canada holds tournaments at the provincial and divisional level to field six champions ( five provincial and one divisional ) at the national tournament : Alberta , Ontario , Quebec , British Columbia , Saskatchewan , and the Atlantic Provinces . The host site of the national tournament varies from year to year , and the host team gets an automatic berth as the seventh team . The tournament is played as a round robin and uses the page playoff format . The winner of the national tournament earns the right to represent Canada at the Little League World Series . Regions ( edit ) See also : Junior , Senior & Big League Baseball § Regions ; and Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban The eight regional tournament winners which compete in the United States Bracket of the Little League World Series , as well as the states those regional champions could possibly hail from are as follows : New England ( ME , NH , VT , MA , RI , CT ) Mid-Atlantic ( PA , NY , NJ , MD , DC , DE ) Midwest ( ND / SD , NE , KS , MN , IA , MO ) Great Lakes ( MI , WI , OH , IN , IL , KY ) Southeast ( VA , WV , NC , SC , GA , FL , AL , TN ) Southwest ( MS , LA , AR , TX East , TX West , OK , CO , NM ) * Known as Gulf States during 2001 LLWS Northwest ( AK , WA , OR , ID , MT , WY ) West ( AZ , NV , UT , Northern CA , Southern CA , HI ) The eight divisions which compete in the International Bracket are as follows : Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico The eight divisions which compete in the United States bracket represent 96 % of the players in Little League with over 2.2 million players while the eight divisions in the International bracket represent 4 % of the Little League or less than 130 thousand players . Prior to 2008 , instead of two separate geographic regions , Europe , the Middle East , and Africa held two coterminous regions : Europe -- Middle East -- Africa ( EMEA ) Transatlantic The Transatlantic and EMEA regions were geographically identical . Leagues from the Transatlantic region generally consisted of children and other dependents of American expatriates , typically Armed Forces personnel , international organization members , and oil company workers ( such as the team representing the Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran , which advanced to the World Series 19 times through 2007 , including all the tournaments from 2001 through 2007 ) . The leagues within the `` EMEA '' region consisted of players native to the league 's own country . Representative teams for the Trans - Atlantic region had to have at least 51 % nationals of Canada , the U.S. or Japan , while teams for the EMEA region could have no more than three players from those three countries . Teams in the reorganized Europe and MEA regions did not have nationality restrictions , as evidenced by the 2009 series . In that year , both regions were won by teams made up primarily of children of American expatriates . Europe was represented by a team from Ramstein Air Base , a United States Air Force base in Germany , while MEA was represented for the second time in its two - year existence by the team from the Saudi Aramco camp . On August 29 , 2012 , Little League announced a significant realignment of the international regions , which took effect in 2013 : Australia left the former Asia - Pacific Region and received an automatic berth in the LLWS . Australia has now become the fourth - largest country , and the largest outside North America , in Little League participation . The former MEA ( Middle East -- Africa ) Region was disbanded . Middle Eastern countries , except for Israel and Turkey ( see below ) , were placed in the former Asia - Pacific Region , which was renamed the Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region . African countries were placed in the former Europe Region , which was renamed the Europe and Africa Region . Israel and Turkey remained in the renamed Europe and Africa region ; they had been in the former Europe Region as members of the European zone of the International Baseball Federation . World Series tournament format ( edit ) A Little League World Series Game at Howard J. Lamade Stadium in South Williamsport The Little League World Series currently consists of 16 teams ; eight from the United States , and eight from other countries . From the inaugural 1947 tournament through 1956 , there were predominantly U.S. - based teams , usually eight , competing in a single - elimination format . One Canadian team played in 1952 , and one in 1953 . Regions were introduced in 1957 , and that tournament included the first non-U.S. champion , Monterrey , Mexico , although they represented the U.S. South region . International regions were added in 1958 . From 1962 through 2000 , the eight teams in the tournament came from four U.S and four international regions : United States : Central , East , South , West International : Canada , Europe , Far East , Latin America Through 1975 , all teams competed in one bracket . That year , the tournament was held with only the teams from the U.S. regions . The international teams returned in 1976 , when two brackets were established , one with U.S. teams , and the other with international teams . The U.S. bracket winner and the international bracket winner would then meet in the championship game , an arrangement that has continued to the present , independent of subsequent changes made to early rounds of the tournament . In 2001 , the number of regions was doubled to 16 . The tournament started with eight U.S. teams , randomly assigned into two four - team pools ; and eight international teams , also randomly assigned into two four - team pools . Teams competed round - robin within their own pool , with the top two teams of each pool advancing to single - elimination play for a spot in the U.S. final or international final , followed by the U.S champion and international champion meeting in the World Championship game . In 2010 , round - robin play was replaced by a double - elimination bracket in each four - team pool . The winners of each pool advanced to a single - elimination U.S. championship or international championship game , with those winners advancing to the World Championship game . Additionally , each team in the tournament played a minimum of three games , as any team that lost its first two games would play in a consolation U.S. vs. international game . In 2011 , pools were eliminated , with the eight U.S. teams continuing to compete in one bracket and the eight international teams in another bracket . The tournament is double - elimination until the U.S. championship and international championship games , which remain single - elimination , with those winners advancing to the World Championship game . Each team in the tournament still plays a minimum of three games , via consolation games as noted above . Venues ( edit ) Welcome sign in the Little League World Series Complex Two venues host World Series games : Howard J. Lamade Stadium and Little League Volunteer Stadium . Lamade Stadium has hosted games since 1959 , and added lights in 1992 . Volunteer Stadium opened in 2001 when the field expanded to 16 teams . Prior to 1959 , the Little League World Series was held at Original Little League on West Fourth Street in Williamsport . Both fields have symmetrical fences , with a distance of 68.6 m ( 225 feet ) from home plate to each of the outfield positions . That distance had been 62.5 m ( 205 feet ) before 2006 . Admission to all LLWS games is free for all spectators . However , stadium seats for the championship game are distributed in a random drawing of all interested parties due to high demand . Some early round games , mostly games with Pennsylvania teams , will use first - come , first - served admission if a big crowd is to be expected . Lamade Stadium has a berm beyond the fences that has allowed the facility to hold up to 45,000 spectators . Age Requirements ( edit ) From 1947 to 2005 , the age limit for players was set at children who turned 13 on August 1 of that year or later . In 2006 , the age limit was loosened to include players who turn 13 after April 30 . As the Series takes place in August , this led to many of the players having already turned 13 before the Series started . In 2014 Little League voted to change the age cutoff from April 30 to December 31 . However , this caused outrage by parents because the players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 would have lost their 12 - year - old season because they would be considered to be 13 years old even though they have not reached their 13th birthday . Effective November 2015 , a new implementation plan was established , which `` grandfathered '' players born between May 1 and August 31 , 2005 as 12 - year - olds for the 2018 season , using the current April 30 age determination date for the 2018 season . Beginning in 2019 , a new determination date of August 31 will be used , which will effectively ban 13 - year - old players from participating in the Series . Notable events ( edit ) 1952 -- A team from Montreal , Canada , became the first team outside of the United States to play in the tournament . 1955 -- The first walk - off home run in the championship game was hit by Rich Cominski , from Morrisville , Pennsylvania , in the 7th inning . 1957 -- Monterrey , Mexico , only the third team from outside the United States to compete , became the first such team to win the tournament . Pitcher Miguel Ángel Macias threw a perfect game , which has not occurred in a championship game since , as of 2017 . 1970 -- This was the last tournament to have an all - United States championship final , with the exception of 1975 , when organizers banned teams from outside the United States . 1971 -- Lloyd McClendon , from Gary , Indiana , hit five home runs in five official at bats over the span of three games . He was intentionally walked in his other five plate appearances . 1982 -- Kirkland , Washington , won the championship over Chiayi County , Taiwan . This snapped a streak of 31 consecutive wins by Taiwanese teams at the LLWS , prompting the game 's live announcer , Jim McKay , to declare it the biggest upset in the history of Little League . 1993 -- Long Beach , California , became the first team from the United States to win consecutive championships . 2005 -- Michael Memea , from Ewa Beach , Hawaii , won the championship with a walk - off home run in the 7th inning . 2007 -- Dalton Carriker , from Warner Robins , Georgia , hit a walk off home run in the 8th inning in the championship game . 2012 -- A team from Lugazi , Uganda , became the first team from Africa to play in the tournament . Little League World Series champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Runner - Up 1947 Williamsport , Pennsylvania 16 -- 7 Lock Haven , Pennsylvania 1948 Lock Haven , Pennsylvania 6 -- 5 St. Petersburg , Florida 1949 Hammonton , New Jersey 5 -- 0 Pensacola , Florida 1950 Houston , Texas 2 -- 1 Bridgeport , Connecticut 1951 Stamford , Connecticut 3 -- 0 Austin , Texas 1952 Norwalk , Connecticut 4 -- 3 Monongahela , Pennsylvania 1953 Birmingham , Alabama 1 -- 0 Schenectady , New York 1954 Schenectady , New York 7 -- 5 Colton , California 1955 Morrisville , Pennsylvania 4 -- 3 Delaware Township , New Jersey 1956 Roswell , New Mexico 3 -- 1 Delaware Township , New Jersey 1957 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 4 -- 0 La Mesa , California 1958 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 10 -- 1 Kankakee , Illinois 1959 Hamtramck , Michigan 12 -- 0 Auburn , California 1960 Levittown , Pennsylvania 5 -- 0 Ft . Worth , Texas 1961 El Cajon , California 4 -- 2 El Campo , Texas 1962 San Jose , California 3 -- 0 Kankakee , Illinois 1963 Granada Hills , California 2 -- 1 Stratford , Connecticut 1964 Staten Island , New York 4 -- 0 Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico 1965 Windsor Locks , Connecticut 3 -- 1 Stoney Creek , Ontario 1966 Houston , Texas 8 -- 2 West New York , New Jersey 1967 West Tokyo , Japan 4 -- 1 Chicago , Illinois 1968 Wakayama , Osaka , Japan 1 -- 0 Richmond , Virginia 1969 Taichung , Taiwan 5 -- 0 Santa Clara , California 1970 Wayne , New Jersey 2 -- 0 Campbell , California 1971 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 3 ( F / 9 ) Gary , Indiana 1972 Taipei , Taiwan 6 -- 0 Hammond , Indiana 1973 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 0 Tucson , Arizona Kaohsiung , Taiwan 12 -- 1 Red Bluff , California Lakewood , New Jersey 4 -- 3 Tampa , Florida 1976 Chofu , Tokyo , Japan 10 -- 3 Campbell , California 1977 Kaohsiung , Taiwan 7 -- 2 El Cajon , California 1978 Pingtung , Taiwan 11 -- 1 Danville , California 1979 Chiayi County , Taiwan 2 -- 1 ( F / 8 ) Campbell , California 1980 Hua - Lien , Taiwan 4 -- 3 Tampa , Florida 1981 Taichung , Taiwan 4 -- 2 Tampa , Florida 1982 Kirkland , Washington 6 -- 0 Chiayi , Taiwan Marietta , Georgia 3 -- 1 Barahona , Dominican Republic 1984 Seoul , South Korea 6 -- 2 Altamonte Springs , Florida 1985 Seoul , South Korea 7 -- 1 / Mexicali , BC / Calexico , CA 1986 Tainan , Taiwan 12 -- 0 Tucson , Arizona Hua - Lien , Taiwan 21 -- 1 Irvine , California 1988 Taichung , Taiwan 10 -- 0 Pearl City , Hawaii 1989 Trumbull , Connecticut 5 -- 2 Kaohsiung , Taiwan 1990 Tainan County , Taiwan 9 -- 0 Shippensburg , Pennsylvania 1991 Taichung , Taiwan 11 -- 0 San Ramon Valley , California 1992 Long Beach , California 6 -- 0 ‡ Zamboanga City , Philippines 1993 Long Beach , California 3 -- 2 David , Chiriquí , Panama 1994 Maracaibo , Venezuela 4 -- 3 Northridge , California 1995 Tainan , Taiwan 17 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) Spring , Texas Kaohsiung , Taiwan 13 -- 3 ( F / 5 ) Cranston , Rhode Island 1997 Guadalupe , Nuevo León , Mexico 5 -- 4 South Mission Viejo , California 1998 Toms River , New Jersey 12 -- 9 Kashima , Japan 1999 Hirakata , Osaka , Japan 5 -- 0 Phenix City , Alabama 2000 Maracaibo , Venezuela 3 -- 2 Bellaire , Texas 2001 Tokyo Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 2 -- 1 Apopka , Florida 2002 Pleasure Ridge Park , Kentucky 1 -- 0 Sendai , Japan 2003 Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan 10 -- 1 East Boynton Beach , Florida Willemstad , Curaçao 5 -- 2 Thousand Oaks , California 2005 Ewa Beach , Hawaii 7 -- 6 ( F / 7 ) Willemstad , Curaçao 2006 Columbus , Georgia 2 -- 1 Kawaguchi City , Japan 2007 Warner Robins , Georgia 3 -- 2 ( F / 8 ) Tokyo , Japan 2008 Waipahu , Hawaii 12 -- 3 Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico 2009 Chula Vista , California 6 -- 3 Taoyuan County , Taiwan Edogawa Minami , Tokyo , Japan 4 -- 1 Waipahu , Hawaii 2011 Huntington Beach , California 2 -- 1 Hamamatsu City , Japan 2012 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) Goodlettsville , Tennessee 2013 Musashi - Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan 6 -- 4 Chula Vista , California 2014 Seoul , South Korea 8 -- 4 ‡ Las Vegas , Nevada 2015 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 18 -- 11 Lewisberry , Pennsylvania 2016 Maine - Endwell , New York 2 -- 1 Seoul , South Korea 2017 Tokyo - Kitasuna , Tokyo , Japan 12 -- 2 ( F / 5 ) Lufkin , Texas 2018 Honolulu , Hawaii 3 -- 0 Seoul , South Korea Forfeits due to ineligible players : Zamboanga City , Philippines , was disqualified and stripped of its 1992 championship . Chicago , Illinois , was stripped of its 2014 U.S. championship title , which was given to runner - up Las Vegas , Nevada . Championship tally ( edit ) Championships won by country / state ( edit ) Rank Team Titles Years Taiwan 17 1969 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 Japan 11 1967 , 1968 , 1976 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 California 7 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1992 , 1993 , 2009 , 2011 Pennsylvania 1947 , 1948 , 1955 , 1960 Connecticut 1951 , 1952 , 1965 , 1989 New Jersey 1949 , 1970 , 1975 , 1998 7 Mexico 1957 , 1958 , 1997 Georgia 1983 , 2006 , 2007 South Korea 1984 , 1985 , 2014 New York 1954 , 1964 , 2016 Hawaii 2005 , 2008 , 2018 12 Texas 1950 , 1966 Venezuela 1994 , 2000 14 Alabama 1953 New Mexico 1956 Michigan 1959 Washington 1982 Kentucky 2002 Curaçao Championship notes ( edit ) In November 1974 , Little League Baseball banned all non-U.S. teams from the World Series for the 1975 event . After considerable criticism , the ban was rescinded prior to the 1976 event . In 1976 , the tournament was split into two brackets ; one for International teams , and one for teams representing the United States . As a result , a team representing the United States is assured of being in the finals each year . In 1985 , Mexicali , Mexico , represented the West Region of the United States in the Little League World Series . Because of its proximity to the El Centro / Calexico area in Southern California , Mexicali competed in and represented California 's District 22 in the Southern California division from 1957 to 1985 , representing the bordering city of Calexico , California . In 1992 , Long Beach was declared a 6 -- 0 winner after the international tournament committee determined that Zamboanga City had used ineligible players that were either not from within its city limits , over age , or both . The championship game was originally won by Zamboanga City 15 - 4 . From 1997 to 2002 , no teams from Taiwan participated in the tournament . In 1997 , the Taiwan Baseball Association decided its leagues would no longer charter with Little League , claiming inability to comply with rules enacted in 1992 regarding the maximum size of player pools and number of participating teams in leagues based at schools , and residency requirements , which Little League Baseball had stated it would enforce more strictly , especially after the 1992 incident . From the introduction of Far East teams in 1967 until after 1996 , Taiwan had won 17 of a possible 30 championships and had been runner - up twice . Due to complicated relations with the People 's Republic of China , the Republic of China -- commonly known as Taiwan -- is recognized by the name Chinese Taipei by a majority of international organizations , including Little League Baseball . For more information , see Cross-Strait relations . LLWS records and news accounts may use Republic of China , Taiwan , or Chinese Taipei to refer to the same entity . In 2014 , Chicago defeated Las Vegas for the U.S. championship before losing to Seoul , South Korea , in the LLWS championship . On February 11 , 2015 , Chicago was stripped of its U.S. title for fielding ineligible players ; it was retroactively awarded to Las Vegas . Notable participants in the Little League World Series ( edit ) Major League Baseball players ( edit ) Wilson Álvarez -- Former MLB player / ( 1982 World Series ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Jim Barbieri -- Former MLB player / First player to play in a World Series , and a Little League World Series / 1966 MLB World Series / ( 1954 World Series champion ) Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS World Series runner - up / Played in back to back LLWS World Series . Jason Bay -- Former MLB player / 2004 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year / ( 1990 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . Derek Bell -- Former MLB player / 1992 MLB World Series champion / ( 1980 runner - up & 1981 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . Cody Bellinger -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Dodgers / 2007 World Series / Chandler , Arizona North Little League Christian Bethancourt -- MLB player for the San Diego Padres / ( 2004 World Series ) Panama City , Panama . Larvell Blanks -- Former MLB player / ( 1962 World Series ) Del Rio , Texas . Jim Brower -- Former MLB pitcher / ( 1985 World Series ) East Tonka , Minnesota . Sean Burroughs -- Former MLB player / ( 1992 & 1993 World Series champions ) Long Beach , California . Kevin Cash -- Former MLB player / Current manager for the Tampa Bay Rays , 2007 MLB World Series champion with the Boston Red Sox / ( 1989 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . Gavin Cecchini -- MLB Player for the New York Mets / ( 2006 World Series ) Lake Charles , Louisiana . Chin - Feng Chen -- Former MLB player / First Taiwanese - born player in MLB history / ( 1990 World Series champion ) Tainan County , Taiwan . Jeff Clement -- Former MLB player / ( 1996 World Series ) Marshalltown , Iowa . Michael Conforto -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2004 World Series ) Redmond North , Washington . Billy Connors -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) , Schenectady , New York 1953 LLWS runner - up Schenectady , New York . / Played in back to back LLWS . David Cortés -- Former MLB player / 1985 World Series ( 1985 US champions ) Mexicali , Mexico . Stephen Fife -- MLB player for the Chicago Cubs / ( 1999 World Series ) Boise , Idaho . Jeff Frazier -- Former MLB player / ( 1995 & 1996 World Series ) Toms River , New Jersey . Todd Frazier -- MLB player for the New York Mets / 2015 MLB Home Run Derby champion / ( 1998 World Series champion ) Toms River , New Jersey . Jace Fry -- MLB player for the Chicago White Sox / ( 2006 ) Beaverton , Oregon . Randal Grichuk -- MLB player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 2003 & 2004 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . Charlie Hayes -- Former MLB player / 1996 MLB World Series champion / ( 1977 World Series ) Hattiesburg , Mississippi . Ken Hubbs -- Former MLB player / 1962 National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year & Gold Glove Winner / ( 1954 World Series ) Colton , California . Erik Johnson -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series US champion , WS runner - up ) San Ramon , California . Scott Kingery MLB player / Phildelphia Phillies 2006 Little League World Series , Ahwatukee Little League , Phoenix , Arizona Keith Lampard -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . Carney Lansford -- Former MLB player , 1988 & 1990 MLB World Series runner - up / 1989 MLB World Series champion / 1981 MLB Batting champ / 1988 American League ( AL ) All Star / 1992 Hutch Award Winner / ( 1969 World Series ) Santa Clara , California . Adam Loewen -- Former MLB player for the Arizona Diamondbacks / ( 1996 World Series ) Surrey , British Columbia . Vance Lovelace -- Former MLB player / ( 1975 World Series ) Tampa , Florida . Lance Lynn -- MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals / ( 1999 World Series ) Brownsburg , Indiana . Jason Marquis -- Former MLB player / 2005 NL Silver Slugger Award / 2006 MLB World Series champion / 2009 National League ( NL ) All Star / ( 1991 World Series ) Staten Island , New York . Lloyd McClendon -- Former MLB player / Current hitting coach for the ( Detroit Tigers ) ) / ( 1971 World Series runner - up ) Gary , Indiana . Lastings Milledge -- Former MLB player / ( 1997 World Series ) Bradenton , Florida . Bobby Mitchell -- Former MLB player / ( 1967 World Series ) Northridge , California . Max Moroff -- MLB Player for the Pittsburgh Pirates / ( 2005 World Series ) Maitland , Florida . Jim Pankovits -- Former MLB player / ( 1968 World Series Runner - up ) Richmond , Virginia . Francisco Peña -- MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . Yusmeiro Petit -- MLB player for the Oakland Athletics / 2014 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Only Player to win a LLWS title and an MLB World Series Title . Marc Pisciotta -- Former MLB player / ( 1983 World Series ) Marietta , Georgia . Boog Powell -- Former MLB player / 1969 & 1971 MLB World Series runner - up / 1966 & 1970 MLB World Series champion / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . Jurickson Profar -- MLB player for the Texas Rangers / ( 2004 World Series champion / 2005 World Series runner - up ) Willemstad , Curaçao . Guillermo Quiróz -- MLB player for the Cleveland Indians / ( 1994 World Series champion ) Maracaibo , Venezuela . Colby Rasmus -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . Cory Rasmus -- MLB player for the Los Angeles Angels / ( 1999 World Series runner - up ) Phenix City , Alabama . Brady Rodgers -- MLB player for the Houston Astros / ( 2003 World Series ) Richmond , Texas . Michael Saunders -- MLB player for the Kansas City Royals / ( 1999 World Series ) Victoria , British Columbia . Jonathan Schoop -- MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles / ( 2003 World Series & 2004 World Series champion ) Willemstad , Curaçao . Gary Sheffield -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series champion / 1992 MLB Batting Champ / 7 - Time National League ( NL ) All - Star / 2 - Time American League ( AL ) All - Star / 5 - Time Silver Slugger Award / ( 1980 World Series runner - up ) Tampa , Florida . Andrew Stevenson -- MLB player for the Washington Nationals / ( 2005 ) Lafayette , Louisiana . Carl Taylor -- Former MLB player / ( 1954 World Series ) Lakeland , Florida . Rubén Tejada -- MLB player for the New York Mets / ( 2001 World Series ) Santiago de Veraguas , Panama . Clete Thomas -- MLB player that is a free agent / ( 1996 World Series ) Panama City , Florida . Héctor Torres -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series Champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . Devon Travis -- MLB Player for the Toronto Blue Jays / ( 2003 World Series Runner - up ) Boynton Beach , Florida . Carlos `` Bobby '' Treviño -- Former MLB player / ( 1958 World Series champions ) Monterrey , Mexico . George Tsamis -- Former MLB player / ( 1979 World Series Runner - up ) Campbell , California . Jason Varitek - Former MLB player / 2004 and 2007 World Series Champion Boston Red Sox / 1984 Little League World Series US Champion / LL World Series Runner - up Altamonte Springs , Florida Dave Veres -- Former MLB player / ( 1978 World Series ) Torrejón AFB , Spain . Ed Vosberg -- Former MLB player / 1997 MLB World Series Won 1997 World Series The Florida Marlins / Won NCAA World Series title with University of Arizona / ( 1973 World Series runner - up ) Tucson , Arizona . Dan Wilson -- Former MLB player / 1996 American League ( AL ) All - Star / ( 1981 World Series ) Barrington , Illinois . Rick Wise -- Former MLB player / Played in 1975 World Series with the Boston Red Sox ( 1958 World Series ) Portland , Oregon . National football League players ( edit ) Matt Cassel -- NFL quarterback for the Detroit Lions / ( 1994 World Series runner - up ) Northridge , California . Gale Gilbert -- Former NFL quarterback / Played in 4 Super Bowls XXV - XXVII With the Buffalo Bills and Super Bowl XXIX with the San Diego Chargers / ( 1974 World Series runner - up ) Red Bluff , California . Billy Hunter -- Former NFL player / U.S. Prosecutor for Northern District of California / Executive Director of the National Basketball Players Association / ( 1955 World Series runner - up ) Delaware Township , New Jersey . Jack Losch -- Former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers / ( 1947 World Series ) Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Chad Pennington -- Former NFL quarterback / ( 1991 World Series ) Hamilton , Ohio . Turk Schonert -- Former NFL player / Played in Super Bowl XVI & XXIII with the Cincinnati Bengals / ( 1968 World Series ) Garden Grove , California . Brian Sipe -- Former NFL quarterback & 1980 NFL MVP / ( 1961 World Series ) El Cajon , California . Julian Vandervelde -- NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles / ( 2000 World Series ) Davenport , Iowa . National hockey League players ( edit ) Chris Drury -- Former NHL player / 2001 Stanley Cup champion / 1998 Hobey Baker Award winner / 1999 Calder Memorial Trophy winner / ( 1989 World Series champion ) Trumbull , Connecticut . Ray Ferraro -- Former NHL player / ( 1976 World Series ) Trail , British Columbia . Stephane Matteau -- Former NHL player / 1994 Stanley Cup champion / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . Pierre Turgeon -- Former NHL player / 4 - time NHL All - Star / ( 1982 World Series ) Rouyn - Noranda , Quebec . Other ( edit ) Danny Almonte -- The center of significant controversy following the 2001 series due to age falsification / ( 2001 World Series ) Bronx , New York . Mo'ne Davis -- First girl to record a win as a pitcher and to pitch a shutout / First little league player to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated at the time of tournament play / 2014 AP Female Athlete of the Year ( 2014 World Series ) Philadelphia . Austin Dillon -- 2011 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champion / 2013 NASCAR Nationwide Series champion / ( 2002 World Series ) Forsyth County , North Carolina . Krissy Wendell -- U.S. women 's national hockey team / ( 1994 World Series ) Brooklyn Park , Minnesota . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : Little League World Series on television and List of Little League World Series Championship Game broadcasters The first broadcast of the Little League World Series on television was on ABC Sports ( now ESPN on ABC ) in 1963 . For years , only the championship game was televised . Since the late 1980s , when the tournament was reorganized , both the U.S. and international championships , the `` semifinals '' , have been shown . As the years passed , more telecasts were added on ABC , ESPN , and ESPN2 . In 2006 , 28 of the 36 games were televised on the three networks . The 2006 world championship game was to be the last telecast on ABC Sports before ESPN 's complete takeover of the sports division and name change . However , the final was postponed one day because of rain and was shown by ESPN2 . In January 2007 , it was announced that ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC had extended their contract with the Little League organization through 2014 . That year , every game of the LLWS was scheduled to be televised for the first time , with all but one game live on ESPN , ESPN2 , or ABC . ( The other game was to be available online at ESPN3 60 , then shown on ESPN2 the next day . ) In addition , a number of games were to be shown in high - definition on ESPN , ESPN2 , and ABC . The championship games in all other divisions , as well as the semifinals and finals of the Little League Softball World Series , was scheduled for either ESPN , ESPN2 or ESPNU . In June 2011 , it was announced that ESPN would add 17 games to its schedule on ESPN 3D . Coverage of the qualifying games has increased substantially in the US within the past decade : as of 2018 , all regional group games ( with the exception of the Southwest region ) are available via subscription online through the ESPN+ platform , with the last three games of each regional tournament on an ESPN network . The aforementioned Southwest regional games are aired in full on the Longhorn Network ( itself owned by ESPN ) . The increased level of participation , competition , and publicity of the Little League World Series in recent years has established a trend in the opposite direction of many other preteen sports . Most LLWS games are broadcast live on local radio station WRAK 1400AM , which is owned by Clear Channel . The radio broadcasts are also streamed online at the LLWS page at littleleague.org . Other divisions in Little League Baseball ( edit ) Each of the other eleven divisions of Little League Baseball has its own World Series format ( including three in boys ' softball ) . Division Location Years active Age of players Series Little League Baseball South Williamsport , Pennsylvania 1947 -- present 11 -- 12 years old Little League World Series Little League Intermediate Division Livermore , California 2013 -- present 11 -- 13 years old Intermediate Little League World Series Junior League Baseball Taylor , Michigan 1981 -- present 13 -- 14 years old Junior League World Series Senior League Baseball Easley , South Carolina 1961 -- present 14 -- 16 years old Senior League World Series Big League Baseball Easley , South Carolina 1968 -- 2016 16 -- 18 years old Big League World Series Little League Softball Portland , Oregon 1974 -- present 11 -- 12 years old Little League World Series ( softball ) Junior League Softball Kirkland , Washington 1999 -- present 12 -- 14 years old Junior League World Series ( softball ) Senior League Softball Sussex County , Delaware 1976 -- present 13 -- 16 years old Senior League World Series ( softball ) Big League Softball Sussex County , Delaware 1982 -- 2016 14 -- 18 years old Big League World Series ( softball ) See also ( edit ) List of Little League World Series champions by division List of Little League World Series broadcasters Little League World Series on television The Little League World Series Baseball video game series published by Activision Mexico in the Little League World Series Amateur baseball in the United States List of organized baseball leagues Baseball awards § World ( world , international - bracket , and regional champions ) Baseball awards § U.S. youth baseball ( national , regional , and state champions ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Player Age Requirements '' . Little League World Series . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Player Age Requirements '' . Little League International . 2013 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ World Series History Archived 2010 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chi , Samuel ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` What Happened to Taiwan 's Little League Champs ? '' . The Diplomat . ^ Jump up to : For an overview of Little League 's tournament process , go to Japanese Regional Little League Tournament Historical Results and click on `` LL Tournament Process Overview '' ( at the bottom of the left - hand margin ) , for `` The Little League Baseball International Tournament . '' Unpage Publications . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Little League Baseball State Champions Archived 2013 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1950 -- 2007 ) . Little League International . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Canadian Region Little League Tournament Historical Results . Unpage Publications . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Little League EMEA Region . Eteamz.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Regions Realigned for 2013 : Australia to Play in Little League Baseball World Series '' ( Press release ) . Little League Baseball . August 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : See : Little League World Series ( Far East Region ) § 1975 Ban . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule Announced '' . Little League . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Little League Baseball World Series Schedule '' . Little League . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Little Leaguers are set to play under the lights '' . Moscow - Pullman Daily News . ( Idaho - Washington ) . Associated Press . August 24 , 1992 . p. 1C . Jump up ^ Wuff , Steve ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` As Williamsport opened its arms to Mexico 's team , its players embraced the legacy of their predecessors from Monterrey '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Craig ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` 1982 Kirkland story retold '' . seattletimes.com . The Seattle Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little League authorities ban imports from playoffs '' . Free Lance - Star . ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . Associated Press . November 12 , 1974 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Little League takes it back : foreigners can play '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . Associated Press . December 31 , 1975 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ See : Mexico in the Little League World Series . Jump up ^ Taiwan , once dominant , to return to Little League . Associated Press Newswires , 25 April 2003 , The Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` From Little League to the major leagues '' . From Little League to the major leagues . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/custom/extras/la-spw-tvcol5jan05,1,6528696.column?page=2&coll=la-sports-extras . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived October 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Communications Division ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ESPN 3D Adds Little League World Series Games to its Broadcast Schedule '' . Little League . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Softball - Divisions of Play '' . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little League World Series . Little League official website Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum The Little League Baseball International Tournament ( comprehensive information on district , sectional , state / provincial / country , and regional tournaments ) . Unpage Publications Coordinates : 41 ° 14 ′ N 76 ° 59 ′ W / 41.23 ° N 76.98 ° W / 41.23 ; - 76.98 Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Little League Baseball Boys Little League Baseball Intermediate League Baseball Junior League Baseball Senior League Baseball Big League Baseball Girls Little League Softball ( girls ) Junior League Softball ( girls ) Senior League Softball ( girls ) Big League Softball ( girls ) Boys softball Little League Softball ( boys ) Senior League Softball ( boys ) Big League Softball ( boys ) United States Central Great Lakes Midwest East Mid-Atlantic New England South Southeast Southwest West Northwest West International Far East Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Japan Latin America Caribbean Latin America Mexico Other Canada Europe and Africa World Series Boys baseball Regions ( Little , Intermediate , Junior , Senior , Big WS ) List of Champions Little League World Series Intermediate WS Junior WS Senior WS Big WS Girls softball List of Champions Girls Little WS Girls Junior WS Girls Senior WS Girls Big WS Boys softball Boys Little League Softball WS Boys Senior League Softball WS Boys Big League Softball WS Notable figures Carl Stotz Honors Little League Baseball awards Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum Popular culture Movies Mickey Video games Little League World Series Baseball Well - known players Danny Almonte Mo'ne Davis Aaron Durley Carolyn King Maria Pepe Related Little League elbow White House Tee Ball Initiative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_League_World_Series&oldid=860492287 '' Categories : Little League World Series Little League Baseball playoffs and champions International baseball Youth baseball Baseball in Pennsylvania Baseball in Williamsport , Pennsylvania 1947 in baseball Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States World youth sports competitions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Papiamentu Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 01 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20League%20World%20Series
| 500 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.