Split (2)

train · 307k rows

query stringlengths 15 100	long_answer stringlengths 0 440k	short_answer stringlengths 0 1.27k	title stringlengths 0 135	bert_title stringlengths 0 134	abstract stringlengths 0 6.05k	content stringlengths 317 468k	url stringlengths 31 204	index int64 0 67.3k
solar flares occur in which layer of the sun	Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere ( photosphere , chromosphere , and corona ) . The plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of kelvin , while electrons , protons , and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light . Flares produce electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths , from radio waves to gamma rays . Most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and so the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments . Flares occur in active regions around sunspots , where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior . Flares are powered by the sudden ( timescales of minutes to tens of minutes ) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona . The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections ( CMEs ) , although the relationship between CMEs and flares is still not well understood .		Solar flare	solar flare	A solar flare is a sudden flash of increased brightness on the Sun , usually observed near its surface . Powerful flares are often , but not always , accompanied by a coronal mass ejection . Even the most powerful flares are barely detectable in the total solar irradiance .	Solar flares occur in a power - law spectrum of magnitudes ; an energy release of typically 10 joules of energy is considered to be the median for a well - observed event , while a major event can emit up to 10 joules . The flare ejects clouds of electrons , ions , and atoms along through the Sun 's corona into outer space , and also emits radio waves . If ejection is in the direction of the Earth , the particles hitting the upper atmosphere can cause bright auroras , and may even disrupt long range radio communication . It usually takes a day or two for the particles to reach Earth . Flares also occur on other stars , where the term stellar flare applies . On July 23 , 2012 , a massive , potentially damaging , solar storm ( solar flare , coronal mass ejection and electromagnetic radiation ) barely missed Earth . According to NASA , there may be as much as a 12 % chance of a similar event occurring between 2012 and 2022 . Contents 1 Description 2 Cause 3 Classification 3.1 H - alpha classification 4 Hazards 5 Observations 5.1 History 5.1. 1 Optical observations 5.1. 2 Radio observations 5.1. 3 Space telescopes 5.2 Optical telescopes 5.3 Radio telescopes 5.4 Space telescopes 5.5 Examples of large solar flares 6 Flare spray 7 Prediction 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere ( photosphere , chromosphere , and corona ) . The plasma medium is heated to tens of millions of kelvin , while electrons , protons , and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light . Flares produce electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths , from radio waves to gamma rays . Most of the energy is spread over frequencies outside the visual range and so the majority of the flares are not visible to the naked eye and must be observed with special instruments . Flares occur in active regions around sunspots , where intense magnetic fields penetrate the photosphere to link the corona to the solar interior . Flares are powered by the sudden ( timescales of minutes to tens of minutes ) release of magnetic energy stored in the corona . The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections ( CMEs ) , although the relationship between CMEs and flares is still not well understood . X-rays and UV radiation emitted by solar flares can affect Earth 's ionosphere and disrupt long - range radio communications . Direct radio emission at decimetric wavelengths may disturb the operation of radars and other devices that use those frequencies . Solar flares were first observed on the Sun by Richard Christopher Carrington and independently by Richard Hodgson in 1859 as localized visible brightenings of small areas within a sunspot group . Stellar flares can be inferred by looking at the lightcurves produced from the telescope or satellite data of variety of other stars . The frequency of occurrence of solar flares varies , from several per day when the Sun is particularly `` active '' to less than one every week when the Sun is `` quiet '' , following the 11 - year cycle ( the solar cycle ) . Large flares are less frequent than smaller ones . Cause ( edit ) Flares occur when accelerated charged particles , mainly electrons , interact with the plasma medium . Evidence suggests that the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection leads to this copious acceleration of charged particles . On the Sun , magnetic reconnection may happen on solar arcades -- a series of closely occurring loops following magnetic lines of force . These lines of force quickly reconnect into a lower arcade of loops leaving a helix of magnetic field unconnected to the rest of the arcade . The sudden release of energy in this reconnection is the origin of the particle acceleration . The unconnected magnetic helical field and the material that it contains may violently expand outwards forming a coronal mass ejection . This also explains why solar flares typically erupt from active regions on the Sun where magnetic fields are much stronger . Although there is a general agreement on the source of a flare 's energy , the mechanisms involved are still not well understood . It is not clear how the magnetic energy is transformed into the kinetic energy of the particles , nor is it known how some particles can be accelerated to the GeV range ( 10 electron volt ) and beyond . There are also some inconsistencies regarding the total number of accelerated particles , which sometimes seems to be greater than the total number in the coronal loop . Scientists are unable to forecast flares . Classification ( edit ) Play media Powerful X-class flares create radiation storms that produce auroras and can give airline passengers flying over the poles small radiation doses . On August 1 , 2010 , the Sun shows a C3 - class solar flare ( white area on upper left ) , a solar tsunami ( wave - like structure , upper right ) and multiple filaments of magnetism lifting off the stellar surface . Play media Multi-spacecraft observations of the March 20 , 2014 X-class flare . The classification system for solar flares uses the letters A , B , C , M or X , according to the peak flux in watts per square metre ( W / m ) of X-rays with wavelengths 100 to 800 picometre , as measured at the Earth by the GOES spacecraft . Classification Peak flux range at 100 -- 800 picometre ( watts / square metre ) < 10 10 -- 10 10 -- 10 10 -- 10 X > 10 The strength of an event within a class is noted by a numerical suffix ranging from 1 to 9 , which is also the factor for that event within the class . Hence , an X2 flare is twice the strength of an X1 flare , an X3 flare is three times as powerful as an X1 , and only 50 % more powerful than an X2 . An X2 is four times more powerful than an M5 flare . H - alpha classification ( edit ) An earlier flare classification was based on Hα spectral observations . The scheme uses both the intensity and emitting surface . The classification in intensity is qualitative , referring to the flares as : faint ( f ) , normal ( n ) or brilliant ( b ) . The emitting surface is measured in terms of millionths of the hemisphere and is described below . ( The total hemisphere area A = 15.5 × 10 km . ) Classification Corrected area ( millionths of hemisphere ) < 100 100 -- 250 250 -- 600 600 -- 1200 > 1200 A flare then is classified taking S or a number that represents its size and a letter that represents its peak intensity , v.g. : Sn is a normal sunflare . Hazards ( edit ) Play media Massive X6. 9 class solar flare , August 9 , 2011 . While this flare produced a coronal mass ejection ( CME ) , this CME is not traveling towards the Earth , and no local effects are expected . Solar flares strongly influence the local space weather in the vicinity of the Earth . They can produce streams of highly energetic particles in the solar wind or stellar wind , known as a solar proton event . These particles can impact the Earth 's magnetosphere ( see main article at geomagnetic storm ) , and present radiation hazards to spacecraft and astronauts . Additionally , massive solar flares are sometimes accompanied by coronal mass ejections ( CMEs ) which can trigger geomagnetic storms that have been known to disable satellites and knock out terrestrial electric power grids for extended periods of time . The soft X-ray flux of X class flares increases the ionization of the upper atmosphere , which can interfere with short - wave radio communication and can heat the outer atmosphere and thus increase the drag on low orbiting satellites , leading to orbital decay . Energetic particles in the magnetosphere contribute to the aurora borealis and aurora australis . Energy in the form of hard x-rays can be damaging to spacecraft electronics and are generally the result of large plasma ejection in the upper chromosphere . The radiation risks posed by solar flares are a major concern in discussions of a manned mission to Mars , the Moon , or other planets . Energetic protons can pass through the human body , causing biochemical damage , presenting a hazard to astronauts during interplanetary travel . Some kind of physical or magnetic shielding would be required to protect the astronauts . Most proton storms take at least two hours from the time of visual detection to reach Earth 's orbit . A solar flare on January 20 , 2005 released the highest concentration of protons ever directly measured , giving astronauts as little as 15 minutes to reach shelter . Observations ( edit ) Flares produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum , although with different intensity . They are not very intense in visible light , but they can be very bright at particular atomic lines . They normally produce bremsstrahlung in X-rays and synchrotron radiation in radio . History ( edit ) Optical observations ( edit ) Richard Carrington observed a flare for the first time on 1 September 1859 projecting the image produced by an optical telescope through a broad - band filter . It was an extraordinarily intense white light flare . Since flares produce copious amounts of radiation at Hα , adding a narrow ( ≈ 1 Å ) passband filter centered at this wavelength to the optical telescope , allows the observation of not very bright flares with small telescopes . For years Hα was the main , if not the only , source of information about solar flares . Other passband filters are also used . Radio observations ( edit ) During World War II , on February 25 and 26 , 1942 , British radar operators observed radiation that Stanley Hey interpreted as solar emission . Their discovery did not go public until the end of the conflict . The same year Southworth also observed the Sun in radio , but as with Hey , his observations were only known after 1945 . In 1943 Grote Reber was the first to report radioastronomical observations of the Sun at 160 MHz . The fast development of radioastronomy revealed new peculiarities of the solar activity like storms and bursts related to the flares . Today ground - based radiotelescopes observe the Sun from c. 15 MHz up to 400 GHz . Space telescopes ( edit ) Since the beginning of space exploration , telescopes have been sent to space , where they work at wavelengths shorter than UV , which are completely absorbed by the atmosphere , and where flares may be very bright . Since the 1970s , the GOES series of satellites observe the Sun in soft X-rays , and their observations became the standard measure of flares , diminishing the importance of the Hα classification . Hard X-rays were observed by many different instruments , the most important today being the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager ( RHESSI ) . Nonetheless , UV observations are today the stars of solar imaging with their incredible fine details that reveal the complexity of the solar corona . Spacecraft may also bring radio detectors at extremely long wavelengths ( as long as a few kilometers ) that can not propagate through the ionosphere . Optical telescopes ( edit ) Two successive photos of a solar flare phenomenon . The solar disc was blocked in these photos for better visualization of the flare 's accompanying protruding prominence . Big Bear Solar Observatory , located in Big Bear Lake , California and operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology , is a solar dedicated observatory with different instruments , as well as a huge data bank of full disk Hα images . Swedish 1 - m Solar Telescope , operated by the Institute for Solar Physics ( Sweden ) , is located in the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos on the island of La Palma ( Spain ) . McMath - Pierce Solar Telescope , located at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona , is the world 's largest solar telescope . Radio telescopes ( edit ) Nançay Radioheliographe ( NRH ) is an interferometer composed of 48 antennas observing at meter - decimeter wavelengths . The radioheliographe is installed at the Nançay Radio Observatory , France . Owens Valley Solar Array ( OVSA ) is a radio interferometer operated by the New Jersey Institute of Technology consisting of 7 antennas , observing from 1 to 18 GHz in both left and right circular polarization . OVSA is located in Owens Valley , California . It is now being improved , increasing to 15 the total number of antennas and upgrading its control system . Nobeyama Radioheliograph ( NoRH ) is an interferometer installed at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory , Japan , formed by 84 small ( 80 cm ) antennas , with receivers at 17 GHz ( left and right polarization ) and 34 GHz operating simultaneously . It continuously observes the Sun , producing daily snapshots . Siberian Solar Radio Telescope ( SSRT ) is a special - purpose solar radio telescope designed for studying solar activity in the microwave range ( 5.7 GHz ) where the processes occurring in the solar corona are accessible to observation over the entire solar disk . It is a crossed interferometer , consisting of two arrays of 128x128 parabolic antennas 2.5 meters in diameter each , spaced equidistantly at 4.9 meters and oriented in the E-W and N-S directions . It is located in a wooded valley separating two mountain ridges of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and Khamar - Daban , 220 km from Irkutsk , Russia . Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters are a set of radio telescopes installed at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory that continuously observes the full Sun ( no images ) at the frequencies of 1 , 2 , 3.75 , 9.4 , 17 , 35 , and 80 GHz , at left and right circular polarization . Solar Submillimeter Telescope is a single dish telescope , that observes continuously the Sun at 212 and 405 GHz . It is installed at Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito in Argentina . It has a focal array composed by 4 beams at 212 GHz and 2 at 405 GHz , therefore it can instantaneously locate the position of the emitting source SST is the only solar submillimeter telescope currently in operation . Polarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun ( POEMAS ) is a system of two circular polarization solar radio telescopes , for observations of the Sun at 45 and 90 GHz . The novel characteristic of these instruments is the capability to measure circular right - and left - hand polarizations at these high frequencies . The system is installed at Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito in Argentina . It started operations in November 2011 . In November 2013 it went offline for repairs . It is expected to return to observing in January 2015 . Bleien Radio Observatory is a set of radio telescopes operating near Gränichen ( Switzerland ) . They continuously observe the solar flare radio emission from 10 MHz ( ionospheric limit ) to 5 GHz . The broadband spectrometers are known as Phoenix and CALLISTO . Space telescopes ( edit ) The following spacecraft missions have flares as their main observation target . Yohkoh -- The Yohkoh ( originally Solar A ) spacecraft observed the Sun with a variety of instruments from its launch in 1991 until its failure in 2001 . The observations spanned a period from one solar maximum to the next . Two instruments of particular use for flare observations were the Soft X-ray Telescope ( SXT ) , a glancing incidence low energy X-ray telescope for photon energies of order 1 keV , and the Hard X-ray Telescope ( HXT ) , a collimation counting instrument which produced images in higher energy X-rays ( 15 - 92 keV ) by image synthesis . WIND -- The Wind spacecraft is devoted to the study of the interplanetary medium . Since the Solar Wind is its main driver , solar flares effects can be traced with the instruments aboard Wind . Some of the WIND experiments are : a very low frequency spectrometer , ( WAVES ) , particles detectors ( EPACT , SWE ) and a magnetometer ( MFI ) . GOES -- The GOES spacecraft are satellites in geostationary orbits around the Earth that have measured the soft X-ray flux from the Sun since the mid-1970s , following the use of similar instruments on the Solrad satellites . GOES X-ray observations are commonly used to classify flares , with A , B , C , M , and X representing different powers of ten -- an X-class flare has a peak 1 - 8 Å flux above 0.0001 W / m . RHESSI -- The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectral Imager is designed to image solar flares in energetic photons from soft X rays ( c. 3 keV ) to gamma rays ( up to c. 20 MeV ) and to provide high resolution spectroscopy up to gamma - ray energies of c. 20 MeV . Furthermore , it has the capability to perform spatially resolved spectroscopy with high spectral resolution . SOHO -- The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory is collaboration between the ESA and NASA which is in operation since December 1995 . It carries 12 different instruments , among them the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope ( EIT ) , the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph ( LASCO ) and the Michelson Doppler Imager ( MDI ) . SOHO is in a halo orbit around the earth - sun L1 point . TRACE -- The Transition Region and Coronal Explorer is a NASA Small Explorer program ( SMEX ) to image the solar corona and transition region at high angular and temporal resolution . It has passband filters at 173 Å , 195 Å , 284 Å , 1600 Å with a spatial resolution of 0.5 arc sec , the best at these wavelengths . SDO -- The Solar Dynamics Observatory is a NASA project composed of 3 different instruments : the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager ( HMI ) , the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly ( AIA ) and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment ( EVE ) . It has been operating since February 2010 in a geosynchronous earth orbit . Hinode -- The Hinode spacecraft , originally called Solar B , was launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in September 2006 to observe solar flares in more precise detail . Its instrumentation , supplied by an international collaboration including Norway , the U.K. , the U.S. , and Africa focuses on the powerful magnetic fields thought to be the source of solar flares . Such studies shed light on the causes of this activity , possibly helping to forecast future flares and thus minimize their dangerous effects on satellites and astronauts . ACE -- The Advanced Composition Explorer was launched in 1997 into a halo orbit around the earth - sun L1 point . It carries spectrometers , magnetometers and charged particle detectors to analyze the solar wind . The Real Time Solar Wind ( RTSW ) beacon is continually monitored by a network of NOAA - sponsored ground stations to provide early warning of earth - bound CMEs . MAVEN -- The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN ( MAVEN ) mission , which launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on November 18 , 2013 , is the first mission devoted to understanding the Martian upper atmosphere . The goal of MAVEN is to determine the role that loss of atmospheric gas to space played in changing the Martian climate through time . The Extreme Ultraviolet ( EUV ) monitor on MAVEN is part of the Langmuir Probe and Waves ( LPW ) instrument and measures solar EUV input and variability , and wave heating of the Martian upper atmosphere . In addition to these solar observing facilities , many non-solar astronomical satellites observe flares either intentionally ( e.g. , NuSTAR ) , or simply because the penetrating hard radiations coming from a flare can readily penetrate most forms of shielding . Examples of large solar flares ( edit ) Play media Short narrated video about Fermi 's observations of the highest - energy light ever associated with an eruption on the sun as of March 2012 Play media Active Region 1515 released an X1. 1 class flare from the lower right of the sun on July 6 , 2012 , peaking at 7 : 08 PM EDT . This flare caused a radio blackout , labeled as an R3 on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations scale that goes from R1 to R5 . Space weather -- March 2012 . The most powerful flare ever observed was the first one to be observed , on September 1 , 1859 , and was reported by British astronomer Richard Carrington and independently by an observer named Richard Hodgson . The event is named the Solar storm of 1859 , or the `` Carrington event '' . The flare was visible to a naked eye ( in white light ) , and produced stunning auroras down to tropical latitudes such as Cuba or Hawaii , and set telegraph systems on fire . The flare left a trace in Greenland ice in the form of nitrates and beryllium - 10 , which allow its strength to be measured today . Cliver and Svalgaard reconstructed the effects of this flare and compared with other events of the last 150 years . In their words : `` While the 1859 event has close rivals or superiors in each of the above categories of space weather activity , it is the only documented event of the last ∼ 150 years that appears at or near the top of all of the lists . '' In modern times , the largest solar flare measured with instruments occurred on November 4 , 2003 . This event saturated the GOES detectors , and because of this its classification is only approximate . Initially , extrapolating the GOES curve , it was estimated to be X28 . Later analysis of the ionospheric effects suggested increasing this estimate to X45 . This event produced the first clear evidence of a new spectral component above 100 GHz . Other large solar flares also occurred on April 2 , 2001 ( X20 ) , October 28 , 2003 ( X17. 2 and 10 ) , September 7 , 2005 ( X17 ) , February 17 , 2011 ( X2 ) , August 9 , 2011 ( X6. 9 ) , March 7 , 2012 ( X5. 4 ) , July 6 , 2012 ( X1. 1 ) . On July 6 , 2012 , a solar storm hit just after midnight UK time , when an X1. 1 solar flare fired out of the AR1515 sunspot . Another X1. 4 solar flare from AR 1520 region of the Sun , second in the week , reached the Earth on July 15 , 2012 with a geomagnetic storm of G1 -- G2 level . A X1. 8 - class flare was recorded on October 24 , 2012 . There has been major solar flare activity in early 2013 , notably within a 48 - hour period starting on May 12 , 2013 , a total of four X-class solar flares were emitted ranging from an X1. 2 and upwards of an X3. 2 , the latter of which was one of the largest year 2013 flares . Departing sunspot complex AR2035 - AR2046 erupted on April 25 , 2014 at 0032 UT , producing a strong X1. 3 - class solar flare and an HF communications blackout on the dayside of Earth . NASA 's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded a flash of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the explosion . The Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded an X9. 3 - class flare at around 1200 UTC on September 6 , 2017 . Flare spray ( edit ) Flare sprays are a type of eruption associated with solar flares . They involve faster ejections of material than eruptive prominences , and reach velocities of 20 to 2000 kilometers per second . Prediction ( edit ) Current methods of flare prediction are problematic , and there is no certain indication that an active region on the Sun will produce a flare . However , many properties of sunspots and active regions correlate with flaring . For example , magnetically complex regions ( based on line - of - sight magnetic field ) called delta spots produce the largest flares . A simple scheme of sunspot classification due to McIntosh , or related to fractal complexity . is commonly used as a starting point for flare prediction . Predictions are usually stated in terms of probabilities for occurrence of flares above M or X GOES class within 24 or 48 hours . The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) issues forecasts of this kind . See also ( edit ) Aurora Flare star Gamma - ray burst List of plasma ( physics ) articles List of solar storms Moreton wave Neupert effect Superflare Supra - arcade downflows References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kopp , G. ; Lawrence , G. ; Rottman , G. ( 2005 ) . `` The Total Irradiance Monitor ( TIM ) : Science Results '' . Solar Physics. 20 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 129 -- 139 . Bibcode : 2005SoPh ... 230 ... 129K . doi : 10.1007 / s11207 - 005 - 7433 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Solar Flare ? '' . NASA . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Menzel , Whipple , and de Vaucouleurs , `` Survey of the Universe '' , 1970 ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Dr. Tony ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Near Miss : The Solar Superstorm of July 2012 '' . NASA . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Video ( 04 : 03 ) -- Carrington - class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth '' . NASA . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1 , 1859 '' , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , v20 , pp13+ , 1859 Jump up ^ Zhu et al , ApJ , 2016 , 821 , L29 Jump up ^ `` The Mysterious Origins of Solar Flares '' , Scientific American , April 2006 Jump up ^ `` Great Ball of Fire '' . NASA . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/active-region-on-sun-continues-to-emit-solar-flares Jump up ^ Schrijver , Carolus J. ; Siscoe , George L. , eds. ( 2010 ) , Heliophysics : Space Storms and Radiation : Causes and Effects , Cambridge University Press , p. 375 , ISBN 1107049040 Jump up ^ Tandberg - Hanssen , Einar ; Emslie , A. Gordon ( 1988 ) . Cambridge University Press , ed . `` The physics of solar flares '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun Unleashes X6. 9 Class Flare '' . NASA . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Study Questions the Effects of Cosmic Proton Radiation on Human Cells '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` A New Kind of Solar Storm -- NASA Science '' . nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bear Solar Observatory . '' New Jersey Institute of Technology . Retrieved : 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OVSA Expanstion Project . '' New Jersey Institute of Technology . Retrieved : 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nobeyama Radioheliograph . '' Nobeyama Radio Observatory . Retrieved : 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters . '' Nobeyama Radio Observatory . Retrieved : 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gimenez de Castro , C.G. , Raulin , J. - P. , Makhmutov , V. , Kaufmann , P. , Csota , J.E.R. , Instantaneous positions of microwave solar bursts : Properties and validity of the multiple beam observations Astron . Astrophys . Suppl . Ser. , 140 , 3 , December II 1999 doi : 10.1051 / aas : 1999428 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` About the SDO Mission '' Solar Dynamics Observatory . Retrieved : 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan launches Sun ' microscope ' '' . BBC . 2006 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ lasp.colorado.edu/maven Jump up ^ `` Extreme Space Weather Events '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Super Solar Flare '' . NASA . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Trudy E. ; Phillips , Tony ( 2008 ) . `` A Super Solar Flare '' . Science@NASA . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Battersby ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Cliver ; Svalgaard ( 2004 ) . `` The 1859 solar -- terrestrial disturbance and the current limits of extreme space weather activity '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` SOHO Hotshots '' . Sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest ever solar flare was even bigger than thought SpaceRef -- Your Space Reference '' . SpaceRef. 2004 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Pierre ; Raulin , Jean - ierre ; Giménez de Castro , C.G. ; Levato , Hugo ; Gary , Dale E. ; Costa , Joaquim E.R. ; Marun , Adolfo ; Pereyra , Pablo ; Silva , Adriana V.R. ; Correia , Emilia ( March 10 , 2004 ) . `` A new solar burst spectral component emitting only in the terahertz range '' ( pdf ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 603 : 121 -- 124 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 603L. 121K . doi : 10.1086 / 383186 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIGGEST SOLAR X-RAY FLARE ON RECORD -- X20 '' . NASA . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` X 17.2 AND 10.0 FLARES ! '' . NASA . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hendrix , Susan ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Valentine 's Day Solar Flare '' ( video included ) . Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar flare to jam Earth 's communications '' . ABC . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kremer , Ken . `` Sun Erupts with Enormous X2 Solar Flare '' . Universe Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bergen , Jennifer . `` Sun fires powerful X6. 9 - class solar flare '' . Geek.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Gimme Some Space : Solar Flare , Solar Storm Strike '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geomagnetic Storm Strength Increases '' . NASA . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fox , Karen ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Sunspot 1515 Release X1. 1 Class Solar Flare '' . Nasa Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Massive ' X Class ' Solar Flare Bursts From Sun , Causing Radio Blackouts ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post UK . July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Sunspot 1520 Releases X1. 4 Class Flare With Earth - Directed CME '' . NASA . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Solar storm rising , to hit Earth today '' . The Times of India . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Minor ' solar storm reaches Earth '' . aljazeera.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Space Weather Alerts and Warnings Timeline : July 16 , 2012 '' . NOAA . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sun Unleashes Powerful Solar Flare '' . Sky News . October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sun unleashes four massive solar flares in two days ( PHOTOS , VIDEO ) '' . RT English . Jump up ^ `` Three X-class Flares in 24 Hours '' . NASA . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Major Solar Flare Erupts from the Sun , Strongest of 2013 '' . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Two Significant Solar Flares Imaged by NASA 's SDO '' . 6 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tarou Morimoto ; Hiroki Kurokawa . `` Effects of Magnetic and Gravity forces on the Acceleration of Solar Filaments and Coronal Mass Ejections '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ E. Tandberg - Hanssen ; Sara F. Martin & Richard T. Hansen ( 1980 ) . `` Dynamics of flare sprays '' . Solar Physics. 65 : 357 -- 368 . Bibcode : 1980SoPh ... 65 ... 357T . doi : 10.1007 / BF00152799 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Visible Earth : Biggest Solar Flare on Record '' . nasa.gov . Jump up ^ McAteer , James ( 2005 ) . `` Statistics of Active Region Complexy '' . The Astrophysical Journal . IOP Publishing . 631 ( 2 ) : 638 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 631 ... 628M . doi : 10.1086 / 432412 . Jump up ^ Wheatland , M.S. ( 2008 ) . `` A Bayesian approach to solar flare prediction '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . IOP Publishing . 609 ( 2 ) : 1134 -- 1139 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0403613 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 609.1134 W . doi : 10.1086 / 421261 . Jump up ^ `` Space Weather Prediction Center '' . NOAA . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Sources `` Superflares could kill unprotected astronauts '' . NewScientist.com . Retrieved 17 June 2005 . Mewaldt , R.A. , et al. 2005 . Space weather implications of the 20 January 2005 solar energetic particle event . Joint meeting of the American Geophysical Union and the Solar Physics Division of the American Astronomical Society . May 23 -- 27 . New Orleans . Abstract . Solar Flares NASA Video from 2003 Solar Flares Solar & Heliospheric Observatory Video from 2002 Miracle of the Sun ( speculated ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar flares . Real - time space weather on the iPhone , iPad , and Android from 150 data streams and 19 institutions . Live Solar Images and Data Site Includes x-ray flare , geomagnetic , space weather information detailing current solar events . Solar Cycle 24 and VHF Aurora Website ( www.solarcycle24.com ) Solar Weather Site Current Solar Flare -- and geomagnetic activity in dashboard style ( www.solar-flares.info ) STEREO Spacecraft Site BBC report on the November 4 , 2003 flare NASA SOHO observations of flares ' The Sun Kings ' , lecture by Dr Stuart Clark on the discovery of solar flares given at Gresham College , 12 September 2007 ( available as a video or audio download as well as a text file ) . NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day : An X Class Flare Region on the Sun ( 6 November 2007 ) Sun trek website An educational resource for teachers and students about the Sun and its effect on the Earth NASA -- Carrington Super Flare NASA May 6 , 2008 Archive of the most severe solar storms Animated explanation of Solar Flares from the Photosphere ( University of South Wales ) 1 min . 35 sec . Mini documentary : How big are solar flares ' prominences ? A simplified explanation of the size of solar flares ' prominences as compared to Earth . The Most Powerful Solar Flares Ever Recorded -- spaceweather.com ( X9+ summary ) Most Energetic Flares since 1976 ( X5. 7 + details ) Davis , Chris . `` Tracking the X Flare '' . Backstage Science . Brady Haran . Study solar flares with Sunspot Data . ( ) Solar Flare Monitoring Network by DLR Projectlab Neustrelitz . ( ) The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation Spectral class : G2V Magnetospherics Submagnetosphere Atmospheric circulation Aurora Earth 's magnetic field Geosphere Jet stream Polar wind Earth 's magnetosphere Birkeland current Ionosphere Magnetopause Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere particle motion Plasmasphere Ring current Van Allen radiation belt Solar wind Coronal cloud Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Geomagnetic storm Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Heliospheric current sheet Heliopause Space weather Satellites Full list Arase ( 2016 ) Cluster II Double Star Geotail IMAGE MMS ( 2015 ) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes WIND Research projects HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN Other magnetospheres Hermian Lunar Jovian Ganymedian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Related topics Flux tube Gas torus Lunar swirls Planetary rings Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Natural disasters Geological Earthquakes Mass wasting Landslides Mudflows Lahars Ice calving Volcano eruption Avalanches Sinkholes Quicksands Water Flood Coastal flood Flash flood Storm surge Limnic eruption Tsunami Cloudburst Meteotsunami Weather Ice Cold wave Winter storm Thundersnow Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Hail Freezing rain Whiteout ( weather ) Black ice Cryoseism Freezing drizzle Ice jacking Ice jam Jumble ice Heat Droughts Heat waves Heat burst Backdraft Megadrought Torridness Wind Storms Storm surge Dust storm Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Supercell Firestorm Gale Sirocco Simoon Haboob Cyclone Mesocyclone Tropical cyclones Extratropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone European windstorm Derechos Atlantic hurricane Typhoon Downdraft Tornado Multiple - vortex tornado Landspout Waterspout Fire whirl Gustnado Dust devil Whirlwind Lightning strike Air - mass thunderstorm Hypercane Microburst Monsoon Fire Wildfires Firestorm Fire whirl Health Outbreak Epidemic Pandemic Famine Space Gamma - ray burst Fast radio burst Cosmic rays ( Ultra-high - energy cosmic ray ) Impact event Meteor shower Particle shower Solar proton event Solar flare Coronal mass ejection Astrophysical jet Tidal disruption event Geomagnetic storm Gravitational collapse Kilonova Nova Supernova impostor Pair - instability supernova Supernova Hypernova Quark - nova Stellar collision Galactic collision Galactic merger Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch False vacuum metastability event Global catastrophic risks Future of the Earth Ultimate fate of the universe Technological Grey goo Kinetic bombardment Mutual assured destruction Dead Hand Doomsday device Synthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence Existential risk from artificial intelligence AI takeover Technological singularity Transhumanism Sociological Malthusian catastrophe New World Order ( conspiracy theory ) Nuclear holocaust winter famine cobalt Societal collapse World War III Ecological Climate change Extinction risk from global warming Runaway climate change Global terrestrial stilling Ice age Ecocide Human impact on the environment Ozone depletion Cascade effect Earth Overshoot Day Overexploitation Overpopulation Human overpopulation Biological Extinction Extinction event Human extinction Genetic erosion Genetic pollution Others Dysgenics Pandemic Biological agent Transhumanism Physical Big Crunch Big Rip Coronal mass ejection Gamma - ray burst Hypercane Impact event Asteroid impact avoidance Potentially hazardous object Rogue planet Solar flare Supervolcano winter Mythological Eschatology Buddhist Hindu Last Judgment Christian Book of Revelation Islamic Jewish Norse Zoroastrian Others 2011 end times prediction 2012 phenomenon Apocalypse Armageddon Blood moon prophecy Doomsday Clock End time List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events Nibiru cataclysm Rapture Revelation 12 sign prophecy Third Temple Year 2000 problem Fictional Alien invasion Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic films Disaster films List of disaster films List of fictional doomsday devices Zombie apocalypse Categories Apocalypticism Future problems Hazards Risk analysis Doomsday scenarios Astronomy portal Physics portal Science portal Space portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_flare&oldid=852907661 '' Categories : Solar phenomena Space plasmas Plasma physics Space hazards Doomsday scenarios Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 04 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20flare	25,816
when was the data protection act first introduced			Data Protection Act 1998	data protection act 1998	The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection , processing and movement of data . Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of protection 2.2 Data protection principles 2.3 Exceptions 2.4 Police and court powers 2.5 Offences 2.6 Complexity 2.7 Definition of personal data 2.8 Subject Access Requests 2.9 Information Commissioner 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 UK legislation Background ( edit ) The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt in box . Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . Contents ( edit ) Scope of Protection ( edit ) Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . In some cases paper records may be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' , such as an address book or a salesperson 's diary used to support commercial activities . The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . A person who has their data processed has the following rights : under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . Data Protection principles ( edit ) Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met . Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . Conditions relevant to the first principle Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . Consent Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent . Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . Exceptions ( edit ) The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . Police and court powers ( edit ) The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . Offences ( edit ) The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject . However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force on 10 March 2015 . Complexity ( edit ) The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity . While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy , interpreting the act is not always simple . Many companies , organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims , content and principles of the Act . Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic , publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction . The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes , not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies . Definition of personal data ( edit ) The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified from that data or from that data and other information in the possession of , or is likely to come into the possession of , the data controller Sensitive personal data concerns the subject 's race , ethnicity , politics , religion , trade union status , health , sex life or criminal record . Subject access requests ( edit ) The Information Commissioner 's Office website states : You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you . This is known as a subject access request . This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data . The Act calls these organisations ' data controllers ' . You can ask the organisation you think is holding , using or sharing the personal information you want , to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information . Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to : £ 2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing £ 50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form £ 10 in all other circumstances Information Commissioner ( edit ) Main article : Information Commissioner 's Office Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority , the Information Commissioner 's Office , which maintains guidance relating to the Act . EU 's Article 29 Working Party ( edit ) In January 2017 the Information Commissioner 's Office invited public comments on the EU 's Article 29 Working Party 's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act , the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation . See also ( edit ) Data Protection Act , 2012 ( Ghana ) Computer Misuse Act 1990 Data privacy Data Protection Directive ( EU ) Freedom of Information Act 2000 Gaskin v United Kingdom List of UK government data losses Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 General Data Protection Regulation -- a 2016 EU regulation on data protection Smith v Lloyds TSB Bank plc Durant v Financial Services Authority ( 2003 ) EWCA Civ 1746 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions ) , Section 36 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Jersey : Data Protection In Jersey And Other Offshore Jurisdictions 23 July 2008 Article by Wendy Benjamin , mondaq.com , Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 , Basic interpretative provisions '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Determining what information is ' data ' for the purposes of the DPA '' ( PDF ) . Information Commissioner 's Office . 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is personal data ? Information Commissioner updates guidance '' . Pinsent Masons. 30 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . In the case involving Michael Durant he sought information held on him by the Financial Services Authority . The Court of Appeal ruled that just because a document contained his name it was not necessarily defined as personal data . This changed the perception of how wide a definition of personal data could be . Jump up ^ Your rights , ICO , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ `` The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) '' , ICO , accessed 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claiming compensation '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 10 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part II ( Rights of data subjects and others ) , Section 11 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 6 September 2007 Jump up ^ The rights of individuals ( Principle 6 ) , ICO.org.uk , accessed 14 April 2011 Jump up ^ OPSI.gov.uk Data Protection Act 1998 Schedule 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Conditions for Processing -- Guide to Data Protection -- ICO '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exceptions -- Crime and taxation ) , Section 29 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part IV ( Exemptions -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings etc . ) , Section 35 ^ Jump up to : Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 21 , Office of Public Sector Information ) Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part III ( Notification by Data Controllers ) , Section 25 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 55 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ Data Protection Act 1998 , Part VI ( Miscellaneous and General ) , Section 56 , Office of Public Sector Information , accessed 14 September 2007 Jump up ^ http://www.lewissilkin.com/Journal/2015/March/Forced-data-subject-access-requests-are-now-a-criminal-offence.aspx Jump up ^ Bainbridge , D: `` Introduction to Computer Law -- Fifth Edition '' , page 430 . Pearson Education Limited , 2005 Jump up ^ Data Protection myths and realities , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 30 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Data Protection Act 1998 '' . UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how to request your personal information '' . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to Data Protection '' . Information Commissioner 's Office . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Guidance -- The Data Protection Act , Page of Assorted Guidance , Information Commissioner 's Office , accessed 20 October 2007 Jump up ^ `` Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) '' . ico.org.uk. 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Data Protection Act 1998 Information Commissioner 's Office The Department for Constitutional Affairs Council of Europe -- ETS no . 108 -- Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data ( 1981 ) -- basis for Data Protection Act 1984 Directive 95 / 46 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data -- basis for Data Protection Act 1998 UK legislation ( edit ) Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_Protection_Act_1998&oldid=832439390 '' Categories : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998 Information privacy Cybercrime Computing legislation United Kingdom privacy law Data laws Data protection Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 01 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20Protection%20Act%201998	38,853
who is the first assamese woman to be awarded sangeet natak academi award			Sangeet Natak Akademi award	sangeet natak akademi award	Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar ( Akademi Award ) ( IPA : Saṅgīta Nāṭaka Akādamī Puraskāra ) is an award given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi , India 's National Academy of Music , Dance & Drama . It is the highest Indian recognition given to practicing artists . The award consists since 2003 of Rs. 50,000 , a citation , an angavastram ( a shawl ) , and a tamrapatra ( a brass plaque ) . The awards are given in the categories of music , dance , theatre , other traditional arts and puppetry , and for contribution / scholarship in performing arts .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Award recipients 1.1 Music 1.1. 1 Hindustani music 1.1. 1.1 Vocal 1.1. 1.2 Instrumental 1.1. 2 Carnatic music 1.1. 2.1 Vocal 1.1. 2.2 Instrumental 1.1. 3 Creative and experimental music 1.1. 4 Other major traditions of music 1.2 Dance 1.2. 1 Other major traditions of dance and dance theatre 1.2. 2 Music for dance 1.3 Theatre 1.3. 1 Acting 1.3. 1.1 From 1952 -- 2003 ( language-wise ) 1.3. 1.2 From 2004 onwards 1.3. 2 Mime 1.3. 3 Direction 1.3. 4 Playwriting 1.3. 4.1 2012 onwards 1.3. 5 Allied Theatre Arts 1.3. 6 Major traditions of theatre 1.4 Other Traditional / Folk / Tribal / Dance / Music / Theatre and Puppetry 1.4. 1 Other Traditional / Folk / Tribal / Music / Dance and Theatre 1.4. 2 Puppetry / Mime / Allied arts of traditional forms 1.5 Overall Contribution / Scholarship 1.6 Films 2 References 3 External links Award recipients ( edit ) Music ( edit ) Hindustani music ( edit ) Vocal ( edit ) 1952 -- Mushtaq Hussain Khan 1953 -- Kesarbai Kerkar 1954 -- Rajab Ali Khan 1955 -- Anant Manohar Joshi 1956 -- Rajabhaiyya Poonchhwale 1957 -- Rasoolan Bai 1958 -- Ganesh Ramachandra Behere 1959 -- Krishnarao Shankar Pandit 1960 -- Altaf Hussain Khan 1961 -- Y.S. Mirashi Buwa 1962 -- Bade Ghulam Ali Khan 1963 -- Omkarnath Thakur 1964 -- Rahimuddin Khan Dagar 1965 -- Hirabai Barodekar 1966 -- Siddheswari Devi 1967 -- Amir Khan 1968 -- Mogubai Kurdikar 1969 -- Ramchatur Mallick 1970 -- Nisar Hussain Khan 1971 -- Mallikarjun Mansur 1972 -- Begum Akhtar 1973 -- Gangubai Hangal 1974 -- Kumar Gandharva 1975 -- Bhimsen Joshi 1975 - 76 Gavri Devi ( Vocal ) ( Jodhpur , Rajasthan ) 1976 -- Narayanrao Vyas 1977 -- Girija Devi 1978 -- Khadim Hussain Khan 1979 -- Sarachchandra Arolkar 1980 -- Nivruttibua Sarnaik 1981 -- Basavaraj Rajguru 1982 -- Vasantrao Deshpande 1983 -- Mahadev Prasad Mishra 1984 -- Sharafat Hussain Khan 1985 -- Kishori Amonkar , Aminuddin Dagar 1986 - Gavri Devi ( Vocal ) ( Jodhpur , Rajasthan ) 1986 -- Asgari Bai , Firoz Dastur , Manik Varma 1987 -- C.R. Vyas , Shobha Gurtu , Pandit Jasraj 1988 -- Padmavati Gokhale Shaligram 1989 -- Jitendra Abhisheki 1990 -- K.G. Ginde , Dhondutai Kulkarni 1991 -- N. Zahiruddin Dagar , Prabha Atre 1992 -- Ramarao V. Naik , Shiv Kumar Shukla 1993 -- Bala Saheb Poochwale , Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar 1994 -- Sulochana Brahaspati , Zia Fariddudin Dagar 1995 -- A. Kanan 1996 -- Dinkar Kaikini , Hafeez Ahmad Khan 1997 -- L.K. Pandit 1998 -- Puttaraj Gawaigalu , Parveen Sultana , Rajan and Sajan Mishra 1999 -- 2000 -- Ajoy Chakraborty , Rita Ganguly , Malabika Kanan 2001 -- Abhay Narayan Mallick , Sangameshwar Gurav , Malini Rajurkar 2002 -- Sushila Rani Patel , Sharayu Kalekar 2003 -- Ghulam Mustafa Khan , Yeshwant Balkrishna Joshi 2004 -- Balwant Rai Bhatt , Tejpal Singh and Surinder Singh 2005 -- S.C.R. Bhat , Ramashreya Jha 2006 -- Vijay Kumar Kichlu , Rashid Khan 2007 -- Vidyadhar Vyas , Govardhan Mishra 2008 -- Ulhas Kashalkar , M.R. Gautam 2009 -- Abdul Rashid Khan , Vasundhara Komkali 2010 -- Chhannulal Mishra , Yashpaul 2011 -- Shruti Sadolikar , Pandit Venkatesh Kumar 2012 - Rajashekhar Mansur , Ajay Pohankar 2013 - Ritwik Sanyal , Veena Sahasrabuddhe 2014 - Ashwini Bhide - Deshpande , Iqbal Ahmad Khan , Nath Narelkar 2015 - Mashkoor Ali Khan Instrumental ( edit ) Been / Rudra Veena / Vichitra Veena 1969 -- Dabir Khan 1977 -- Asad Ali Khan 1981 -- Zia Mohiuddin Dagar 1994 -- Pandit Gopal Krishan 1995 -- ( ( ) ) 2012 - Bahauddin Dagar Flute 1983 -- Hari Prasad Chaurasia 1986 -- Devendra Murdeshwar 1994 -- Raghunath Seth 2010 -- Nityanand Haldipur 2014 - Ronu Majumdar Guitar 2005 -- Brij Bhushan Kabra Harmonium 1999 -- 2000 -- Appa Jalgaonkar 2005 -- Tulsidas Vasant Borkar Pakhavaj 1955 -- Govind Rao Burhanpurkar 1965 -- Sakharam Tavde 1967 -- Ayodhya Prasad 1978 -- Purushottam Das 1988 -- Ramshankardas Pagaldas 1991 -- Chatrapati Singh 1993 -- Gopaldas Panse 1995 -- Ram Ashish Pathak 2003 -- Bhawani Shankar 2011 -- Totaram Sharma Santoor 1986 -- Shivkumar Sharma 1993 -- Bhajan Sopori Sarangi 1966 -- Shakoor Khan 1975 -- Ram Narayan 1976 -- Gopal Misra 1986 -- Sabri Khan 1988 -- Hanuman Prasad Mishra 1990 -- Abdul Lateef Khan 1992 -- Sultan Khan 1996 -- Inderlal Dhandra 2008 -- Ramesh Mishra 2013 - Dhruba Ghosh Sarod 1952 -- Allauddin Khan 1953 -- Hafiz Ali Khan 1963 -- Ali Akbar Khan 1971 -- Radhika Mohan Maitra 1986 -- Sharan Rani Backliwal 1988 -- Zarin Sharma 1989 -- Amjad Ali Khan 1993 -- Buddhadev Das Gupta 1999 -- 2000 -- Rajeev Taranath 2004 -- Aashish Khan Shehnai 1956 -- Bismillah Khan 1985 -- Ali Hussain Khan 1989 -- Anant Lal 1996 -- Raghunath Prasanna 2008 -- Krishna Ram Chaudhary 2009 -- Ali Ahmad Hussain Sitar 1958 -- Yusuf Ali 1960 -- Wahid Khan 1962 -- Ravi Shankar 1968 -- Mushtaq Ali Khan 1974 -- Nikhil Banerjee 1987 -- Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan , Imrat Khan ( also Surbahar ) 1989 -- Balaram Pathak 1992 -- Uma Shankar Mishra 1994 -- Shamim Ahmed Khan 1996 -- Debu Chaudhuri 2001 -- Mani Lal Nag 2003 -- Arvind Parikh 2006 -- Shahid Parvez 2010 -- Budhaditya Mukherjee Surbahar 1991 -- Annapurna Devi 2011 -- Pushparaj Koshti Tabla 1954 -- Ahmed Jan Thirakwa 1959 -- Jahangir Khan 1961 -- Kanthe Maharaj 1970 -- Masit Khan 1976 -- Karamatulla Khan 1979 -- Samta Prasad Maharaj 1982 -- Alla Rakha 1984 -- Kishan Maharaj 1990 -- Zakir Hussain 1991 -- Shaikh Dawood 1997 -- Swapan Chaudhuri , Lalji Gokhale 1998 -- Pandharinath Gangadhar Nageshkar 1999 -- 2000 -- Shankar Ghosh 2002 -- Suresh B. Gaitonde , Anindo Chatterjee 2004 -- Suresh Talwalkar 2006 -- Kumar Bose 2007 -- Nandan Mehta 2009 -- Lachman Singh Seen 2012 - Sabir Khan 2013 - Hashmat Ali Khan 2014 - Nayan Ghosh Violin 1972 -- Gajananrao Joshi 1980 -- V.G. Jog 1990 -- N. Rajam 1995 -- D.K. Datar 1996 -- Annavarapu Ramaswamy 1997 -- Sisir Kana Dhar Chowdhury 2007 -- Ramoo Prasad Shastri 2017 - Jakir khan bhapang vadak Carnatic music ( edit ) Vocal ( edit ) 1952 -- Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar 1953 -- Semmangudi R. Srinivasa Iyer 1954 -- Mysore K. Vasudevacharya 1955 -- Maharajapuram Vishwanatha Iyer 1956 -- M.S. Subbulakshmi 1957 -- Musiri Subramania Iyer 1958 -- Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar 1959 -- G.N. Balasubramaniam 1960 -- Madurai Mani Iyer 1961 -- Mudikondan C. Venkatarama Iyer 1962 -- D.K. Pattammal 1963 -- B. Devendrappa 1964 -- Chittoor S. Subramanyam 1965 -- T. Brinda 1966 -- M.R. Srirengam Iyengar 1967 -- C. Venkata Rao 1968 -- Alathur Srinivasa Iyer 1969 -- Dandapani Desikar 1970 -- M.L. Vasanthakumari 1971 -- N. Channakeshaviah 1972 -- T. Muktha 1973 -- B.S. Raja Iyengar 1974 -- M.D. Ramanathan 1975 -- M. Balamurali Krishna 1976 -- K.V. Narayanaswamy 1977 -- Sripada Pinakapani 1978 -- Madurai S. Somasundaram 1979 -- RK Srikanthan 1980 -- Seerkhazhi S. Govindarajan 1981 -- Radha and Jayalakshmi 1982 -- T.M. Thiagarajan 1983 -- D.K. Jayaraman 1984 -- Maharajapuram V. Santhanam 1985 -- Voleti Venkatesvarulu 1986 -- B. Rajam Iyer 1986 -- Nedunuri Krishnamoorthy 1987 -- Madurai N. Krishnan 1987 -- Mani Krishnaswami 1988 -- Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana 1989 -- Titte Krishna Iyengar 1990 -- T.V. Sankaranarayanan 1991 -- S. Rajam 1992 -- K.R. Kumaraswamy Iyer 1993 -- Trichy Swaminathan Iyer 1994 -- C.S. Krishna Iyer 1995 -- R. Vedavalli 1996 -- T.K. Govinda Rao 1997 -- M.S. Balasubramanya Sarma 2000 - S.R. Janakiraman 2002 -- T.R. Subramanyam 2003 -- Trichur V. Ramachandran , M.A. Narasimhachar 2004 -- Thiruvengadu A. Jayaraman , C. Saroja & C. Lalitha 2005 -- S.V. Parthasarrathy , P.S. Narayanaswamy 2006 -- D. Pasupathi , Chingleput Ranganathan 2007 -- B. Krishnamoorti 2008 -- Puranam Purushottama Sastri 2009 -- Parassala B Ponnammal 2010 -- Suguna Purushothaman , Mysore Nagamani Srinath 2011 - J Venkataraman 2012 - O.S. Thyagarajan 2013 - Aruna Sairam , D. Seshchari & D. Raghavachari ( Hyderabad Brothers ) 2014 - Neyveli Santhanagopalan Instrumental ( edit ) Clarionet 1994 -- A.K.C. Natarajan Flute 1954 -- Palladam Sanjiva Rao 1961 -- T.N. Swaminatha Pillai 1965 -- T.R. Mahalingam 1984 -- Natesan Ramani 1987 -- T. Viswanathan 1989 -- Sikkil Sisters - Kunjumani & Neela 1997 -- Kesi Narayanaswamy 1999 -- 2000 -- T.S Sankaran 2004 -- Prapancham Sitaram Ghatam 1988 -- Thetakudi Harihara Vinayakram 1995 -- Umayalpuram K. Narayanaswamy 2011 - E.M. Subramaniam 2014 - Sukanya Ramgopal Gottuvadhyam 1958 -- Budalur Krishnamurthi Sastri 2006 -- N. Ravikiran Kanjira 2001 -- G. Harishankar Mandolin 2009 -- U. Srinivas Mridangam 1956 -- Palghat Mani Iyer 1975 -- C.S. Murugabhupathy 1979 -- Kolanka Venkata Raju 1983 -- Palghat R. Raghu 1987 -- T.K. Murthy 1990 -- T.V. Gopalakrishnan 1991 -- Vellore G. Ramabhadran 1992 -- Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman 1994 -- Dandamudi Rammohan Rao 1996 -- Guruvayur Dorai 1998 -- Karaikudi Mani 1999 -- 2000 V. Kamalakar Rao 2002 -- Yella Venkateshwara Rao 2004 -- Madras A. Kannan 2006 -- Thiruvarur Bakthavathsalam 2008 -- Mannargudi Easwaran 2009 -- Dandamudi Sumathi Rama Mohan Rao 2010 -- Srimushnam V. Raja Rao 2012 - K.V. Prasad 2013 - Trichy Sankaran Nagaswaram 1955 -- T.N. Rajarathinam Pillai 1962 -- Dr. Thiruvengadu Subramania Pillai 1966 -- P.S. Veeruswamy Pillai 1972 -- T.S. Natarajasundaram Pillai 1976 -- Sheik Chinna Moulana 1981 -- Namagiripettai Krishnan 1995 -- Domada Chittiabbayi 2005 -- Ongale N. Rangaiah 2007 -- S.R.D. Vaithiyanathan 2011 - Seshampatti T Sivalingam 2013 - Thiruvizha Jayashankar Saxophone 2003 -- Kadri Gopalnath Thavil 1985 -- Valangaiman A. Shanmugasundaram Pillai 1988 -- Valayapatti A.R. Subramaniam 2001 -- Haridwaramangalam A.K. Palanivel 2014 - T.A. Kaliyamurthy Veena 1952 -- Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer 1960 -- L. Subramanya Sastri 1968 -- K.S. Narayanaswamy 1969 -- Devakottai A. Narayana Iyengar 1970 -- Mysore V. Doreswamy Iyengar 1973 -- Emani Sankara Sastry 1977 -- Sundaram Balachander 1980 -- Tanjavur K.P. Sivanandam 1986 -- Raajeswari Padmanabhan 1988 -- R. Pichumani Iyer 1990 -- Chitti Babu 1992 -- M.K. Kalyanakrishna Bhagavathar 1993 -- Kalpakam Swaminathan 2001 -- R.N. Doreswamy 2002 -- E. Gayathri 2007 -- Vidya Shankar 2011 - Ayyagari Syamasundaram 2012 - Mysore M. Nagaraja 2014 - Dwaram Durga Prasad Rao Violin 1953 -- Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu 1957 -- Tirumakudalu Chowdiah 1959 -- Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai 1963 -- T.K. Jayarama Iyer 1964 -- K.N. Chinnaswamy Iyer 1967 -- K.S. Venkataramiah ' Papa ' 1971 -- Madurai S. Subramanya Iyer 1974 -- T.N. Krishnan 1978 -- Lalgudi Jayaraman 1982 -- M.S. Gopalakrishnan 1986 -- M. Chandrasekaran 1988 -- Chalakudy N.S. Narayanaswamy 1989 -- R.K. Venkatarama Sastry 1991 -- Kandadevi S. Alagiriswamy 1993 -- Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan 1996 -- Annavarapu Ramaswamy 1997 -- T. Rukmini 1998 -- M.S. Anantharaman 1999 -- 2000 - R.R. Keshavamurthy 2003 -- A. Kanyakumari 2005 -- V.V. Subrahmanyam 2008 -- B. Sasikumar 2010 -- Nagai Muralidharan Creative and experimental music ( edit ) 1973 -- Vishnudas Shirali 1976 -- Timir Baran Bhattacharya 1978 -- Rai Chand Boral 1982 -- Vijay Raghav Rao 1983 -- Chidambaram S. Jayaraman 1986 -- Anil Biswas 1986 -- M.B. Srinivasan 1986 -- Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay 1988 -- Bhaskar Chandavarkar 1989 -- Vanraj Bhatia 1990 -- L. Subramaniam 1994 -- V. Balsara 1995 -- Atul Desai 1997 -- Satish Bhatia 1998 -- Vishwa Mohan Bhatt 2001 -- S. Rajaram 2002 -- K.P. Udayabhanu 2007 -- Khayyam 2012 -- Ilaiyaraaja Other major traditions of music ( edit ) 2008 -- Ningombam Ibobi Singh ( Nata Sankirtana , Manipur ) 2009 -- L. Ibohalmacha Singh ( Nata Sankirtana , Manipur ) 2010 -- M.V. Simhachala Sastry ( Harikatha , Tirupathi ) 2011 - Gopal Chandra Panda ( Odissi Music ) 2012 - Bhai Balbir Singh Ragi ( Gurbani ) 2013 - Bankim Sethi ( Odissi Music ) Dance ( edit ) Bharatanatyam 1955 -- T. Balasaraswati 1957 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale 1959 -- Mylapore Gouri Amma 1962 -- R. Muthurathnambal 1965 -- P. Chockkalingam Pillai 1966 -- Vazhuvoor B. Ramiah Pillai , Swarnasaraswathi 1968 -- Kamala 1969 -- T.K. Swaminatha Pillai 1970 -- Shanta Rao 1971 -- T. Chandrakanthamma 1972 -- Sikkil Ramaswami Pillai 1973 -- Kumbakonam K. Bhanumathi 1974 -- K.P. Kittappa Pillai 1976 -- M. Muthiah Pillai 1977 -- Yamini Krishnamurthy 1979 -- Pandanallur Subbaraya Pillai 1981 -- Indrani Rahman 1982 -- Vyjayanthimala 1983 -- Padma Subramanyam 1984 -- Subramaniam Sarada , Sudharani Raghupathy 1985 -- T.K. Mahalingam Pillai 1986 -- Krishnaveni Lakshmanan 1987 -- U.S. Krishna Rao and Chandrabhaga Devi , Chitra Viswaswaran 1989 -- V.S. Muthuswamy Pillai 1990 -- Kalanidhi Narayanan 1991 -- Adyar K. Lakshman 1992 -- K.J. Sarasa 1993 -- Guru Kubernath Tanjorkar ( Tanjavurkar ) , C.V. Chandrasekhar 1994 -- V.P. Dhananjayan and Shanta Dhananjayan 1995 -- M.K. Saroja , Indira Rajan 1996 -- Sarada Hoffman 1997 -- Kanaka Srinivasan 1998 -- Lakshmi Viswanathan 1999 -- 2000 -- K. Kalyanasundaram Pillai , Leela Samson , H.R. Keshava Murthy 2001 -- Alarmel Valli , Pratibha Prahlad 2002 -- Malavika Sarukkai 2003 -- C.K. Balagopalan 2004 -- Nirmala Ramachandran 2005 -- R Rhadha 2006 -- S. Narmada 2007 -- Sucheta Bhide Chapekar 2008 -- Saroja Vaidyanathan 2009 -- Ananda Shankar Jayant 2011 - Narthaki Natraj ( First Transgender to receive SN Akademi Award ) 2012 - Priyadarsini Govind 2013 - Jamuna Krishnan , B. Herabhanathan 2014 - Adayar Janardanan 2015 - Ranganayaki Jayaraman Chhau 1963 -- Suddhendra Narayan Singh Deo ( Seraikella ) 1971 -- Ananta Charan Sai ( Mayurbhanj ) 1975 -- Krishna Chandra Naik ( Mayurbhanj ) 1981 -- Kedar Nath Sahoo ( Seraikella ) 1982 -- Gambhir Singh Mura ( Purulia ) 1987 -- Madan Mohan Lenka ( Mayurbhanj ) 1988 -- Srihari Nayak ( Mayurbhanj ) 1990 -- Bikram Kumbhakar ( Seraikella ) 1991 -- Chandra Sekhar Bhanj ( Mayurbhanj ) 2004 -- Shashadhar Acharya 2012 - Jai Narayan Samal 2014 - Jagru Mahato Creative dance / Choreography 1960 -- Uday Shankar 1970 -- Mrinalini Sarabhai 1976 -- Narendra Sharma 1979 -- Prabhat Ganguli 1980 -- R.K. Priyagopal Sana 1981 -- Parvati Kumar 1984 -- Rajkumar Singhajit Singh 1989 -- Maya Rao 1991 -- Chandralekha 1992 -- Sachin Shankar 1993 -- Manjusri Chaki Sircar 1995 -- Astad Deboo 1999 -- 2000 Mallika Sarabhai 2001 -- Gul Bardhan 2002 -- Sambhu Bhattacharya 2005 -- Th . Chaotombi Singh 2006 -- Gorima Hazarika 2008 -- Yogsunder Desai 2009 -- Daksha Sheth 2010 -- Uttara Asha Coorlawala 2011 - Tanushree Shankar 2014 - Navtej Singh Johar Kathak 1955 -- Shambhu Maharaj 1957 -- Baijnath Prasad `` Lacchu Maharaj '' 1959 -- Sunder Prasad 1962 -- Mohan Rao Kallianpurkar 1964 -- Birju Maharaj 1968 -- Damayanti Joshi 1969 -- Sitara Devi 1974 -- Gauri Shankar Devilal Kathak 1975 -- Roshan Kumari 1979 -- Rohini Bhate 1982 -- Kartik Ram , Kumudini Lakhia 1984 -- Durga Lal 1987 -- Uma Sharma 1991 -- Reba Vidyarthi 1995 -- Ramlal Bareth 1996 -- Rani Karnaa 1998 -- Sunderlal Sathyanarayan Gangani 1999 -- 2000 -- Shovana Narayan 2002 -- Rajendra Gangani 2003 -- Sunayana Hazarilal Agarwal , Urmila Nagar 2004 -- Saswati Sen 2005 -- Tirath Ram Azad 2006 -- Munna Shukla 2007 -- Geetanjali Lal 2008 -- Shashi Sankhla 2009 -- Prerana Shrimali 2010 -- Malabika Mitra 2011 - Manjushree Chatterjee 2012 - Vijay Shankar 2013 - Rajashree Shirke 2014 - Uma Dogra Kathakali 1956 -- Guru Kunchu Kurup 1958 -- Thotton K. Chandu Panikkar 1961 -- Thekinkatti Ramunni Nair 1963 -- Chenganoor Raman Pillai 1965 -- Guru Gopinath 1967 -- Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair 1968 -- Kurichi Kunjan Panickar 1969 -- Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair 1970 -- M. Vishnu Namboodiri 1971 -- Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair 1972 -- M. Madhava Panicker 1973 -- Velinezhi K. Nanu Nayar 1973 -- Kavungal Chathunni Panicker 1974 -- Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair 1975 -- K. Sankarankutty Panicker 1983 -- Champakulam Pachu Pillai 1985 -- Mankompu Sivasankara Pillai 1987 -- Kalamandalam Gopi 1988 -- Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair 1989 -- Oyoor Kochugovinda Pillai 1991 -- Chennithala Chellapan Pillai 1993 -- Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair 1996 -- Kottakkal Krishnan Kutty Nair 1997 -- Madavoor Vasudevan Nair 1998 -- Kottakkal Sivaraman 1999 -- 2000 Nelliyode Vasudevan Namboodiri 2003 -- Sadanam P.V. Balakrishnan 2004 -- Kalamandalam Vasu Pisharody 2005 -- Mathoor Govindam Kutty 2006 -- Kottakkal Chandrasekharan 2007 -- Sadanam Krishnankutty 2008 -- Kalamandalam Kuttan 2009 -- Kalamandalam Rajan 2010 -- Kalamandalam K.G. Vasudevan 2011 - Thonnakkal Peethambaram 2012 - Vazhengada Vijayan 2013 - Kalamandalam M.P.S. Namboodiri Kuchipudi 1961 -- Vedantam Satyanarayana Sarma ' Satyam ' 1968 -- Chinta Krishnamurthy 1978 -- C. Ramacharyalu 1981 -- Vempati Chinna Satyam 1983 -- Nataraj Ramakrishna ( also Bharatanatyam ) 1985 -- Vedantam Prahlada Sarma 1987 -- Pasumarthi Venugopala Krishna Sarma 1990 -- Shobha Naidu 1991 -- Raja Reddy and Radha Reddy 1993 -- Josyula Seetharamaiah 1994 -- Vedantam Parvateesam 1998 -- Veernala Jayarama Rao and Banashree Rao 1999 -- 2000 -- Swapnasundari Rao 2003 -- K. Uma Rama Rao 2004 -- Pasumarthi Seetha Ramiah 2005 -- Korada Narasimha Rao 2006 -- Pasumarthi Rathiah Sarma 2007 -- Yelesarapu Nageswara Sarma 2008 -- Vasanta Lakshmi and Narasimhachari 2009 -- Vyjayanthi Kashi 2010 -- Ratna Kumar 2011 - Alekhya Punjala 2012 - Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry 2013 - Chinta Seetha Ramanjaneyulu 2014 - Vedantam Radhesyam 2015 - G Padmaja Reddy Kuttiyattam 2012 - Painkulam Damodara Chakyar Manipuri 1956 -- Maisnam Amubi Singh 1958 -- Haobam Atomba Singh 1961 -- T. Amudon Sharma 1963 -- Atombapu Sharma 1965 -- Guru Bipin Singh 1969 -- Ojha Thangjam Chaoba Singh 1972 -- Kshetri Tombi Devi 1973 -- L. Koireng Singh 1974 -- L. Ibemhal Devi 1975 -- Rajani Maibi 1976 -- Ojha Maibam Ibungohal Singh 1977 -- Nayana Susheel Jhaveri 1980 -- L. Thouranishabi Devi 1982 -- L. Tombi Devi 1985 -- Khaidem Lokeshwar Singh 1987 -- Tarun Kumar Singh 1988 -- Ibopishak Sharma 1990 -- Th . Babu Singh 1993 -- H. Ngangbi Devi 1994 -- T. Nadia Singh 1995 -- L. Thambalangoubi Devi 1996 -- Darshana Jhaveri 1997 -- Samanduram Tondon Devi 1998 -- N. Madhabi Devi 1999 -- 2000 -- Sorokhaibam Naran Singh 2001 -- Charu Sija Mathur 2002 -- K. Ongbi Leipaklotpi Devi 2003 -- Thiyam Suryamukhi Devi , Kalavati Devi 2005 -- K. Radhamohon Sharma 2009 -- L. Bino Devi 2010 -- Phanjoubam Iboton Singh 2011 - Priti Patel 2014 - N. Amusana Devi Mohiniattam 1972 -- T. Chinnammu Amma 1978 -- Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma 1994 -- Kalamandalam Satyabhama 1998 -- Kalamandalam Kshemavathy 1999 -- 2000 -- Bharati Shivaji 2004 -- Kalamandalam Sugandhi 2006 -- Kalamandalam Vimala Menon 2007 -- Deepti Omchery Bhalla 2008 -- Kalamandalam Leelamma 2011 - V.K. Hymavathy Odissi 1966 -- Kelucharan Mohapatra 1970 -- Pankaj Charan Das 1976 -- Sanjukta Panigrahi ( joint award with Raghunath Panigrahi for Orissi music ) 1977 -- Deba Prasad Das 1985 -- Mayadhar Raut 1986 -- Priyambada Mohanty Hejmadi 1987 -- Sonal Mansingh 1992 -- D.N. Pattnaik 1994 -- Kumkum Mohanty 1995 -- Raghunath Dutta 1997 -- Gangadhar Pradhan 1999 -- 2000 -- Minati Mishra , Madhavi Mudgal 2002 -- Kiran Segal 2003 -- Hare Krishna Behera 2004 -- Durllav Chandra Singh 2005 -- Durga Charan Ranbir 2006 -- Surendra Nath Jena 2007 -- Ranjana Gauhar 2008 -- Ramani Ranjan Jena 2009 -- Geeta Mahalik 2010 -- Aruna Mohanty 2011 - Ramli Ibrahim 2012 - Sharmila Biswas 2013 - Sangeeta Dash 2014 - Sudhakar Sahoo 2015 - Aloka Kanungo Sattriya 1963 -- Maniram Datta Moktar 1978 -- Bapuram Bayan Attai 1980 -- Roseshwar Saikia Bayan Moktar 1996 -- Indira P.P. Bora 1998 -- Pradip Chaliha 1999 -- 2000 -- Parmanand Borbayan 2001 -- Ghanakanta Bora 2004 -- Jatin Goswami 2007 -- Ganakanta Dutta Borbayan 2010 -- Manik Borbayan 2013 - Jogen Dutta Bayan 2014 - Anita Sharma Other major traditions of dance and dance theatre ( edit ) 2007 -- Kalamandalam Sivan Namboodiri ( Kutiyattam ) 2009 -- Kala Krishna ( Andhranatyam ) 2010 -- Painkulam Rama Chakyar ( Kutiyattam ) 2013 - Srinivasa Rangachariar ( Arayer Sevai ) Music for dance ( edit ) 2005 -- Josyula Krishna Murthy ( Kuchipudi Bhagavatha Maddalla ) 2006 -- Kalamandalam Gangadharan ( Kathakali Pattu ) 2008 -- Ramhari Das ( Orissi ) 2010 -- S. Rajeswari ( Bharatanatyam ) 2011 - Karaikudi Krishnamurthi 2012 - Jwala Prasad 2013 - Dhaneshwar Swain 2014 - Varanasi Vishnu Namboothiri ( Kathakali ) Theatre ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) From 1952 -- 2003 ( language-wise ) ( edit ) Assamese 1961 -- Mitradev Mahanta Adhikari 2001 -- Girish Chowdhury Bengali theatre 1958 -- Ahindra Choudhury 1962 -- Tripti Mitra 1967 -- Sabitabrata Dutta 1970 -- Saraju Bala Devi 1973 -- Shobha Sen 1975 -- Molina Devi 1977 -- Krishna Roy 1983 -- Kumar Roy 1989 -- Sekhar Chatterjee 1995 -- Satya Bandopadhyay 1998 -- Soumitra Chatterjee 1999 -- 2000 -- Ketaki Dutta , Sabitri Chatterjee 2003 -- Shaoli Mitra Gujarati theatre 1960 -- Ashraf Khan 1965 -- Muljibhai Khushalbhai Nayak 1968 -- Jaswant D. Thaker 1974 -- Pransukh Manilal Nayak 1980 -- Dina Pathak ( Gandhi ) 1988 -- Sarita Joshi Hindi theatre 1979 -- Amrish Puri 1982 -- Manohar Singh 1984 -- Uttara Baokar 1985 -- Fida Hussain 1989 -- Surekha Sikri 1990 -- Naseeruddin Shah ( also Urdu ) 1999 -- 2000 Seema Biswas Kannada 1955 -- Gubbi Veeranna 1961 -- Subbaiah Naidu 1985 -- B. Jayamma 1992 -- R. Nagarathnamma 1994 -- Balappa Yenagi 1996 -- B. Jayashree 2003 -- C.R. Simha Malayalam 1960 -- C.I. Parameswaran Pillai 1965 -- V.T. Aravindaksha Menon 1969 -- N.N. Pillai Manipuri 1991 -- Sabitri Heisnam 1997 -- R.K. Bhogen Marathi theatre 1955 -- Narayan Rao Rajhans ' Bal Gandharva ' 1956 -- Ganesh Govind Bodas 1957 -- Chintaman Ganesh Kolhatkar 1960 -- Gopal Govind Pathak 1964 -- Keshav Trimbak Date 1971 -- Shreeram Lagoo 1976 -- Jyotsna Bhole 1978 -- Dattaram N. Walwaikar 1981 -- Chintamani Govind Pendse 1983 -- Dattatray Ramachandra Bhat 1986 -- Prabhakar V. Panshikar 1987 -- Sulabha Deshpande ( also Hindi ) 1990 -- Bhakti Barve Inamdar 1991 -- Neelu Phule 1996 -- Mohan Agashe Oriya 1961 -- Samuel Sahu Sanskrit 1965 -- Krishnachandra Moreshwar `` Daji Bhatawadekar '' Tamil 1959 -- Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar 1962 -- T.K. Shanmugam 1967 -- S.V. Sahasranamam 1992 -- Poornam Vishwanathan Telugu theatre 1961 -- Sthanam Narasimha Rao 1963 -- Banda Kanakalingeswara Rao 1973 -- Kalyanam Raghuramaiah 1986 -- Peesapati Narasimha Murty Urdu 1963 -- Zohra Sehgal 1994 -- Uzra Butt From 2004 onwards ( edit ) 2004 -- Rohini Hattangady , Ramcharan Nirmalkar 2005 -- Chindodi Leela 2006 -- Dharani Barman , Gita Dey , K. Kaladharan Nair 2007 -- Ramesh Mehta 2008 -- Markand Bhatt , Arundhati Nag 2009 -- Sudha Shivpuri , Neeta Mohindra 2010 -- Dilip Prabhavalkar , Banwari Taneja , Maya Krishna Rao , Swatilekha Sengupta 2012 - Parvesh Seth , Nirmal Rishi , Purisai Kannappa Sambandan 2013 - Vasant Josalkar , Kusum Haidar 2014 - Debshankar Haldar , Ramdas Kamat Mime ( edit ) 1993 -- Jogesh Dutta 2002 -- Niranjan Goswami 2009 -- Moinul Haque Direction ( edit ) 1957 - Jaishankar Bhojak ' Sundari ' 1959 - Sombhu Mitra 1961 - Kasambhai Nathubhai Mir 1962 - Ebrahim Alkazi 1964 - T.S. Rajamanikkam 1969 - Habib Tanvir 1970 - Adi Ferozeshah Marzban 1971 - Satyadev Dubey 1972 - Shyamanand Jalan 1973 - Ajitesh Bandopadhyay 1974 - Damodar Kashinath Kenkre 1975 - Vijaya Mehta 1976 - B.V. Karanth 1977 - Rajinder Nath 1978 - Jabbar Patel 1979 - B.M. Shah 1980 - Rudra Prasad Sengupta 1981 - R.S. Manohar 1982 - Sheila Bhatia 1983 - Kavalam Narayana Panikkar 1985 - Heisnam Kanhailal 1986 - Alyque Padamsee 1987 - Tarun Roy 1987 - Ratan Thiyam 1989 - Bibhash Chakraborty 1990 - Geoffrey Kendal & Laura Kendal ( Joint Award ) 1991 - Fritz Bennewitz 1992 - Mohan Maharishi 1993 - Kailash Pandya 1993 - Barry John 1995 - M.K. Raina 1995 - Bansi Kaul 1996 - Purushottam Darwhekar 1997 - Bhanu Bharti 1998 - Amal Allana 1998 - Dulal Roy 1998 - Usha Ganguly 1999 -- 2000 - Balwant Thakur 1999 -- 2000 - Nadira Zaheer Babbar 1999 -- 2000 - Prasanna 2001 - Shanta Gandhi 2002 - Arun Mukherjee , Satish Anand , 2003 - Devendra Raj Ankur , Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry 2004 - Anuradha Kapoor , Arambam Lokendra Singh , Raj Besaria 2005 - Ranjit Kapoor , V.K. Sharma 2006 - E. Joychandra Singh , R. Nagesh , Amitava Dasgupta 2007 - Hari Madhab Mukherjee , N.C. Thakur 2008 - S. Ramanujam , Probir Guha 2009 - Joy Michael , Dinesh Thakur 2010 - Veenapani Chawla , Urmil Kumar Thapaliyal 2011 - Alakhnandan , Kirti Jain 2012 - Tripurari Sharma , Waman Kendre 2013 - Kamalkar Muralidhar Sontakke , Kewal Dhaliwal , Prasanna Ramaswamy 2014 - Surya Mohan Kulshreshtha , Chidambar Rao Jambe 2015 - Parvez Akhtar& Mushtaq Kak Playwriting ( edit ) Assamese 1986 -- Satya Prasad Barua 2003 -- Aruna Sarma Bengali 1968 -- Badal Sircar 1969 -- Manmatha Ray 1975 -- Bijon Bhattacharya 1985 -- Manoj Mitra 1991 -- Mohit Chattopadhyaya Dogri 2008 -- Narsingh Dev Jamwal Gujarati 1961 -- Prabhulal Dayaram Dwivedi 1971 -- C.C. Mehta , Pragji Dossa , Hindi 1965 -- Upendra Nath Ashk 1968 -- Mohan Rakesh 1977 -- Lakshmi Narain Lal 1988 -- Dharamvir Bharati 1992 -- Surendra Verma 2001 -- Bhisham Sahni , D.P. Sinha 2006 -- Prabhat Kumar Bhattacharya 2004 -- Swadesh Deepak 2007 -- Reoti Sharan Sharna 2008 -- Mudra Rakshasa Kannada 1963 -- Adya Rangacharya ' Shriranga ' 1972 -- Girish Karnad 1983 -- Chandrashekhara Kambara 1980 -- Narasinga Rao Parwathavani 1989 -- G.B. Joshi 1997 -- H.S. Shiva Prakash Kashmiri 1997 -- Moti Lal Kemmu Malayalam 1979 -- G. Sankara Pillai 1983 - Kavalam Narayana Panikkar 1986 -- K.T. Muhammed 1997 -- N. Krishna Pillai 2009 -- Vayala Vasudevan Pillai Manipuri 2007 -- Yumnam Rajendra Singh Marathi 1958 -- B.V. ' Mama ' Warerkar 1967 -- P.L. Deshpande 1970 -- Vijay Tendulkar 1976 -- C.T. Khanolkar 1982 -- M.G. Rangnekar 1984 -- Vasant Shankar Kanetkar 1987 -- V.V. Shirwadkar 1989 -- Mahesh Elkunchwar 1994 -- Satish Alekar 1996 -- G.P. Deshpande 2003 -- Ratnakar Ramkrishna Matkari 2009 -- Shankar Narayan Navre Mizo 2007 -- Lathangfala Sailo Oriya 1981 -- Manorajan Das 1982 - Biswajit Das 1987 -- Gopal Chhotray Punjabi 1993 -- Gursharan Singh 1998 -- Balwant Gargi 2010 -- Atamjeet Singh Tamil 1974 -- S.D. Sundaram 1999 -- 2000 -- Na . Muthuswamy 2004 -- Indira Parthasarathy Telugu 2010 -- D. Vizai Bhaskar 2012 onwards ( edit ) 2012 - Arjun Deo Charan 2013 - Rameshwar Prem , Pundalik Narayan Naik 2014 - Asgar Wajahat Allied Theatre Arts ( edit ) Lighting 1974 -- Tapas Sen 1977 -- V , Ramamurthy 1989 -- G.N. Dasgupta 1994 -- Kanishka Sen 1997 -- Mansukh Joshi ( for scenic design also ) 1999 -- 2000 -- R.K. Dhingra 2002 -- Ashok Sagar Bhagat 2003 -- Sreenivas G. Kappanna 2005 -- Suresh Bhardwaj 2006 - Gautam Bhattacharya 2011 - Kamal Jain Scenic Design 1985 -- Goverdhan Panchal 1986 -- Khaled Choudhury 1988 -- Dattatraya Ganesh Godse 1997 -- Mansukh Joshi 1999 -- 2000 -- Robin Das 2007 -- Mahendra Kumar Costumes / Make - up 1981 -- Ashok Srivastava ( Make - up ) 1990 -- Roshan Alkazi ( Costume Design ) 1999 -- 2000 -- Shakti Sen ( Make - up ) 2001 -- Dolly Ahluwalia ( Costume Design ) 2003 -- Anant Gopal Shinde ( Make - up ) 2004 -- Prema Karanth ( Costume Design ) 2008 - Amba Sanyal ( Costume Designing ) 2009 -- Kamal Arora ( Make - up ) 2013 - Krishna Borkar ( Make - up ) Music for Theatre 1999 -- 2000 -- Kajal Ghosh , Kamal Tewari 2005 - R. Paramashivan 2009 -- Kuldeep Singh 2012 - Murari Roychoudhury 2014 - Amod Bhatt , Amardas Manikpuri ( Chhattisgarh ) Stagecraft 1993 -- M.S. Sathyu 1995 -- N. Krishnamoorthy 2002 -- Nissar Allana 2005 - H.V. Sharma Major traditions of theatre ( edit ) 2007 -- Kolyur Ramachandra Rao ( Yakshagana ) 2008 -- Bansi Lal Khiladi , Khayal ( Rajasthan ) 2012 - Ghulam Rasool Bhagat ( Bhand Pather ) 2014 - Manjunath Bhagwat Hostota ( Yakshagana ) Other Traditional / Folk / Tribal / Dance / Music / Theatre and Puppetry ( edit ) Other Traditional / Folk / Tribal / Music / Dance and Theatre ( edit ) 1964 -- Mani Madhava Chakyar ( Kutiyattam ) , Kerala 1969 - Gahan Chandra Goswami ( Ankia Nat , Assam ) 1972 -- Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair ( Kathakali ) , Kerala 1981 - Kamini Kumar Narzary ( Bodo Tribal Dance , Assam ) 1983 - Lalit Chandra Ojha ( Ojapali and Deodhani Dances , Assam ) 1985 - Mohan Chandra Barman ( Bhaona , Assam ) 1987 - Bhupen Hazarika ( Folk Music , Assam ) 1988 - Pratima Barua Pandey ( Folk Music , Assam ) 1989 - Rajen Pam ( Tribal Music , Assam ) 1990 - Rameswar Pathak ( Folk Music , Assam ) 1991 -- Puranchand Wadali & Pyarelal Wadali ( Folk Music ) , Punjab 1992 - Khagen Mahanta ( Folk Music , Assam ) 1994 -- M. Boyer ( Tiatr ) , Goa 1995 -- Teejan Bai ( Pandavani ) , Madhya Pradesh 1997 - Arghya sen ( Rabindra sangeet ) , West Bengal 1997 - P.R. Thilagam , Kuravanji performer , Tamil Nadu 2002 - Dilip Sarma & Sudakshina Sarma ( Jyoti Sangeet , Assam - Joint Award ) 2003 - Prabhat Sarma ( traditional & Folk Music , Assam ) 2003 - Kosha Kanta Deva Goswami ( Mask Making Bhaona , Assam ) 2005 - Khirod Khakhlari ( Bodo Dance & Music , Assam ) 2005 -- Mathoor Govindan Kutty ( Kathakali ) , Kerala 2008 -- Mangi Bai Arya ( Mand ) , Rajasthan 2008 -- Lakha Khan Mangniyar , ( Folk Music ) , Rajasthan 2008 -- Bansi Lal Khilari ( Khayal ) , Rajasthan 2009 -- Bhikhudan Gadhvi ( Folk music ) , Gujarat 2010 -- Harbhajan Singh Namdhari ( Gurbani Kirtan ) , Punjab 2010 -- Nazeer Ahmed Khan Warsi and Naseer Ahmed Khan Warsi ( Qawwali ) , Andhra Pradesh 2010 -- Dwijen Mukherjee ( Rabindra Sangeet ) , West Bengal 2010 -- Chandabai Tiwadi ( Bharud ) , Maharashtra 2010 -- T. Somasundaram ( Folk dance ) , Tamil Nadu 2010 -- Krishna Kumari ( Folk music : Bhakha ) , Jammu and Kashmir 2010 -- Chand Jagdish Tiwadi ( Folk theatre : Bharud ) , Maharashtra 2011 - Trippekulam Achuta Marar ( Kerla ) 2011 - Hemant Chauhan for Folk Music ( Gujarat ) 2011 - Gurmeet Bawa for Folk Music ( Punjab ) 2011 - Kashiram Sahu for Folk Theatre ( Chhattisgarh ) 2011 - Mipham Otsal for Traditional Theatre ( Jammu & Kashmir ) 2011 - Bellagallu Veeranna for Togalu Gombeyatta , Puppetry ( Karnataka ) 2011 - Gopal Chandra Das for Putul Nach ( Tripura ) 2011 - Kasmi Khan Niyazi for Making of musical Instrument ( DeIhi ) 2012 - Go Ru Channabasappa ( Folk Music - Karnataka ) 2012 - Kinaram Nath Oja ( Suknani Ojapali - Assam ) 2012 - Prem Singh Dehati ( Folk Music - Haryana ) 2012 - Sulochana Chavan ( Lavani - Maharashtra ) 2012 - Mattannur Sankaran Kutty Marar ( Thayambaka - Kerala ) 2012 - Govind Ram Nirmalkar ( Nacha - Chhattisgarh ) 2012 - Heera Das Negi ( Mask Making - Himachal Pradesh ) 2013 - Meeenakshi K. ( Instrument Making - Ghatam - Tamil Nadu ) 2013 - Raj Begum , Traditional , Folk Music / Dance & Theatre ( Jammu & Kashmir ) 2013 - T.A.R. Nadi Rao & N Jeeva Rao ( Joint Award ) , Folk Music ( Tamil Nadu ) 2013 - Gurdial Singh , Instrument Making ( Punjab ) 2013 - Mohan Singh Khangura , Rabindra Sangeet ( West Bengal ) 2013 - Umakanta Gogoi ( Bairagi ) , Tokari Geet and Dehbichar Geet , ( Assam ) 2013 - Sheikh Riyajuddin alias Rajubaba , Folk Theatre ( Maharashtra ) 2014 - Puran Shah Koti ( Traditional Music - Punjab ) 2014 - Kalamandalam Ram Mohan ( Makeup / Costume for Kathakali ) 2014 - Reba Kanta Mohanta ( Mask Making - Assam ) 2014 - Abdul Rashid Hafiz ( Folk Music - Jammu & Kashmir ) 2014 - K. Shanathoiba Sharma ( Thang - Ta - Manipur ) 2014 - Ramdayal Sharma ( Nautanki - U.P. ) 2014 - Thanga Darlong ( Folk Music - Tripura ) 2015 - Ramchandra Singh ( Folk Theater - Bihar ) Puppetry / Mime / Allied arts of traditional forms ( edit ) 1978 -- Kathinanada Das ( Ravanchhaya puppetry ) , Orissa 1979 -- U. Kogga Devanna Kamath ( Gombeatta puppetry ) , Karnataka 1980 -- K.L. Krishnan Kutty Pulavar ( Tholpava Koothu ) , Kerala 1981 -- M.R. Ranganatha Rao , Karnataka 1983 -- Meher Rustom Contractor , Gujarat 1987 -- Suresh Dutta , West Bengal 1992 -- Dadi Dorab Pudumjee , Delhi 1995 -- T. Hombiah , Karnataka 1998 -- Kolhacharan Sahu ( Ravanchhaya puppetry ) , Orissa 1999 -- B.H. Puttashamachar , Karanataka 2001 -- Hiren Bhattacharya , West Bengal 2003 -- Puran Bhatt , Rajasthan 2005 - Ganpat Sakharam Masge , Maharashtra 2010 -- K. Chinna Anjannamma ( Shadow puppetry : Tolu Bommalata ) , Andhra Pradesh 2010 -- K.V. Ramakrishnan and K.C. Ramakrishnan ( Glove puppetry : Pava Kathakali ) , Kerala 2012 - Prafulla Karmakar ( Traditional Puppetry - West Bengal ) 2013 - Lilavati M Kavi ( Bajaj ) , Puppetry 2014 - K. Kesavasamy ( Puppetry - Puducherry ) Overall Contribution / Scholarship ( edit ) List of recipients , showing the year and field Year Recipient Field 1994 Rele , Kanak Kanak Rele Dance 1994 Subbanna , K.V. K.V. Subbanna Theatre 1995 Kothari , Sunil Sunil Kothari Dance Bajaj , Ram Gopal Ram Gopal Bajaj Theatre 2000 Sastry , B.V.K. B.V.K. Sastry Performing Arts 2000 Jain , Nemi Chandra Nemi Chandra Jain Performing Arts 2000 Singh , Shanta Serbjeet Shanta Serbjeet Singh Performing Arts 2001 Awasthi , Suresh Suresh Awasthi Performing Arts 2002 Chander , Romesh Romesh Chander Theatre 2002 Kaushal , J.N. J.N. Kaushal Theatre 2003 Subramanium ' Subbudu ' , P.V. P.V. Subramanium ' Subbudu ' Performing Arts Saxena , Sushil Kumar Sushil Kumar Saxena Performing Arts 2005 Agrawal , Pratibha Pratibha Agrawal Theatre 2006 Jain , Rekha Rekha Jain Performing Arts 2007 Lath , Mukund Mukund Lath Performing Arts 2008 Sathyanarayana , R. R. Sathyanarayana Performing Arts 2009 Venkataraman , Leela Leela Venkataraman Performing Arts Ranade , Ashok Ashok Ranade Performing Arts - Music Taneja , Jaidev Jaidev Taneja Performing Arts - Theatre 2011 Goswami , Shrivatsa Shrivatsa Goswami 2011 Shridharani , Sundari K. Sundari K. Shridharani 2012 Kakade , Arun Arun Kakade 2012 Ramani , Nandini Nandini Ramani 2013 Ramanathan , N. N. Ramanathan 2013 Subramanya , Mysore V. Mysore V. Subramanya 2014 Nirody , Indudhar Indudhar Nirody 2014 V. , Akshara K. Akshara K.V. 2015 Ahuja , Chaman Lal Chaman Lal Ahuja Performing Arts 2015 Gokhale , Shanta Shanta Gokhale Performing Arts 2015 Kaur , Rani Balbir Rani Balbir Kaur Theatre Films ( edit ) Key # Indicates an award for the performing arts in the media List of recipients , showing the year and field Year Recipient Field 1957 Bose , Debaki Debaki Bose Direction 1957 Madgulkar , Gajanan Digambar Gajanan Digambar Madgulkar Screenplay 1958 Burman , Sachin Dev Sachin Dev Burman Music Direction 1958 Khote , Durga Durga Khote Acting 1959 Kumar , Ashok Ashok Kumar Acting 1959 Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Direction 1960 Biswas , Chhabi Chhabi Biswas Acting 1961 Pawar , Lalita Lalita Pawar Acting 1961 Pradeep , Kavi Kavi Pradeep Lyricist 1961 Sharma , Mukhram Mukhram Sharma Screenplay Chowdhury , Salil Salil Chowdhury # Music 1991 Phadke , Sudhir Sudhir Phadke # Music 1992 Naushad , Naushad # Music 1992 Yesudas , K.J. K.J. Yesudas # Music 2001 Matiyani , Prem Prem Matiyani # Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gursharan gets ' Akademi Ratna ' '' . United News of India , Press Trust of India . The Tribune . 2007 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guidelines for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna and Akademi Puraskar '' . Sangeet Natak Akademi . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` List of Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar awardees 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards '' . New Delhi : Sangeet Natak Akademi . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . 3 . ^ Find Biography of Pandit Hanuman Prasad Mishra . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangeet Natak Akademi Award . `` SNA : List of Akademi Awardees '' . Sangeet Natak Akademi Official website . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangeet_Natak_Akademi_Award&oldid=804681575 '' Categories : Awards established in 1952 Civil awards and decorations of India Indian film awards Indian music awards Indian art awards Dance awards Sangeet Natak Akademi Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangeet%20Natak%20Akademi%20Award	44,286
i waited all day you waited all day but you left before sunset lyrics			Vitalogy	vitalogy	Vitalogy is the third studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam , released on November 22 , 1994 , through Epic Records . Pearl Jam wrote and recorded Vitalogy while touring behind its previous album Vs. ( 1993 ) . The music on the record was more diverse than previous releases , and consists of aggressive rock songs , ballads and other elements making this Pearl Jam 's first experimental album .	The album was first released on vinyl , followed by a release on CD and cassette two weeks later on December 6 , 1994 . The LP sold 34,000 copies in its first week of release , and until Jack White 's 2014 album Lazaretto it held the record for most vinyl sales in one week since SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 . Upon its CD release , Vitalogy became the second - fastest selling album in history , only behind the band 's previous release Vs. , selling 877,000 copies in its first week and went multi-platinum quickly . The album has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA in the United States . This is Pearl Jam 's last album to feature drummer Dave Abbruzzese . Contents 1 Recording 2 Music and lyrics 3 Release and reception 4 Packaging 5 Tour 6 Track listing 7 Outtakes 8 Chart history 8.1 Album 8.1. 1 Decade - end charts 8.2 Certifications 8.3 Singles 9 Personnel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Recording ( edit ) For its third album , Pearl Jam again worked with producer Brendan O'Brien . The band wrote many of the songs during soundchecks on its Vs. Tour and the majority of the album 's tracks were recorded during breaks on the tour . The first session took place late in 1993 in New Orleans , Louisiana , where the band recorded `` Tremor Christ '' and `` Nothingman '' . The rest of the material was written and recorded in 1994 in sessions in Seattle , Washington and Atlanta , Georgia , with the band finishing the album at Bad Animals Studio in Seattle after the tour 's completion . `` Immortality '' was written in April 1994 when the band was on tour in Atlanta . Sources state that most of the album was completed by early 1994 , but that either a forced delay by Epic , or the band 's battle with ticket vendor Ticketmaster , were to blame for the delay . Tensions within the band had dramatically increased by this time . Producer Brendan O'Brien said , `` Vitalogy was a little strained . I 'm being polite -- there was some imploding going on . '' Bassist Jeff Ament said that `` communication was at an all - time low . '' Drummer Dave Abbruzzese stated that the communication problems started once guitarist Stone Gossard stopped acting as the band 's mediator . According to Gossard , Vitalogy was the first album in which lead vocalist Eddie Vedder made the final decisions . At the time , Gossard thought of quitting the band . Gossard said that the band was having trouble collaborating , so most of the songs were developed out of jam sessions . He added that `` eighty percent of the songs were written 20 minutes before they were recorded . '' During the production of Vitalogy , lead guitarist Mike McCready went into rehabilitation to receive treatment for alcohol and cocaine abuse . Drums on `` Satan 's Bed '' were performed by Abbruzzese 's drum tech Jimmy Shoaf . On the day it was recorded , Abbruzzese was in the hospital having his tonsils removed . Vedder and Gossard asked for Shoaf 's help to get a drum machine working , and after setting it up , the pair asked Shoaf to perform the same beat on the drums . He is credited on the lyric sheet as `` Jimmy '' . Months after finishing the initial recording sessions for Vitalogy , Abbruzzese was fired in August 1994 due to personality conflicts with the band members . Gossard said , `` It was the nature of how the politics worked in our band : It was up to me to say , ' Hey , we tried , it 's not working ; time to move on . ' On a superficial level , it was a political struggle : For whatever reason his ability to communicate with Ed and Jeff was very stifled . I certainly do n't think it was all Dave Abbruzzese 's fault that it was stifled . '' Jack Irons , the original drummer for the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Abbruzzese 's successor , plays drums on `` Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me '' . Gossard said , `` Jack entered the band right at the end of making Vitalogy . Jack 's a breath of fresh air , a family man . Everybody had a strong sense of friendship with him immediately . He was just there to play drums and help out . '' Music and lyrics ( edit ) `` Better Man '' A sample of `` Better Man '' , from Vitalogy . Considered a `` blatantly great pop song '' by producer Brendan O'Brien , Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility . The lyrics for the song , written by Vedder , are about an abusive relationship . `` Immortality '' A sample of `` Immortality '' , the third single released from the album . The lyrics for the song have been claimed by some to be about Kurt Cobain , however Vedder has denied this , suggesting instead that it 's about `` the pressures on someone who is on a parallel train . '' Problems playing these files ? See media help . In a 1995 interview , Guitar World writer Jeff Gilbert described Vitalogy as `` strange '' and `` very eclectic . '' McCready agreed , saying , `` There is some weird stuff on there . '' McCready attributed the album 's sound to the group recording it on tour . During this period Vedder began to contribute in a large capacity as a guitarist . Gossard said , `` Vitalogy is the first one where Ed plays guitar and he wrote three to four songs . I remember thinking , ' This is so different . Is anyone going to like this ? ' ... It had a more punk feel to it . Simple songs recorded really quickly . '' The album has a notable lack of guitar solos compared with the band 's first two albums . McCready said , `` Vitalogy is not really a ' solo ' album . I do n't think the songs demanded solos ; it was more of a rhythmic album . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that `` thanks to its stripped - down , lean production , Vitalogy stands as Pearl Jam 's most original and uncompromising album . '' He added that `` in between the straight rock numbers and the searching slow songs , Pearl Jam contribute their strangest music -- the mantrafunk of ' Aye Davanita ' , the sub-Tom Waits accordion romp of ' Bugs ' , and the chilling sonic collage ' Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me ' . '' `` Bugs '' features Vedder playing an accordion that he found at a thrift shop , while `` Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me '' was created using looped recordings of real patients from a psychiatric hospital . Many of the songs on the album seem to be based on the pressures of fame and dealing with the resulting loss of privacy . These include `` Not for You '' , `` Pry , To '' , `` Corduroy '' , `` Bugs '' , `` Satan 's Bed '' , and `` Immortality '' . Vedder said , `` I 'm just totally vulnerable . I 'm way too fucking soft for this whole business , this whole trip . I do n't have any shell . There 's a contradiction there , because that 's probably why I can write songs that mean something to someone and express some of these things that other people ca n't necessarily express . '' The lyrics of `` Not for You '' express anger at the bureaucracy of the music industry and `` how youth is being sold and exploited , '' while Vedder said `` Corduroy '' is about `` one person 's relationship with a million people . '' In `` Pry , To '' the phrase `` P-r-i-v-a-c-y is priceless to me '' is repeated . Many think that the lyrics of `` Immortality '' may be about Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain 's suicide , although Vedder has denied this , suggesting instead that it 's about `` the pressures on someone who is on a parallel train . '' The lyrics that appeared in the first live version of `` Immortality '' were altered before the song was released as part of the album . Vedder said regarding `` Nothingman '' that `` if you love someone and they love you , do n't fuck up ... ' cause you are left with less than nothing . '' `` Better Man '' is a song about an abusive relationship . Vedder wrote `` Better Man '' when he was in high school and performed it with his previous band , Bad Radio . Considered a `` blatantly great pop song '' by producer Brendan O'Brien , Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and had initially rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility . Release and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Chicago Sun - Times Entertainment Weekly B+ Los Angeles Times Pitchfork 8.3 / 10 Q Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide USA Today The Village Voice A − Vitalogy was released first on vinyl on November 22 , 1994 , two weeks before its CD and cassette release , and debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard 200 album chart . The LP sold 34,000 copies in its first week of release , and until Jack White 's Lazaretto album in 2014 it held the record for most vinyl sales in one week . It was also the first album to chart on the Billboard 200 due to vinyl sales alone since the CD had become the dominant format at that time . When Vitalogy was released on CD and cassette on December 6 , 1994 , it went to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart , selling more than 877,000 copies in its first week . It was the second - fastest selling album in history , behind only the band 's previous release Vs. Vitalogy has been certified five times platinum by the RIAA , and , as of July 2013 , has sold 4.77 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . In July 2013 , Rolling Stone ranked Vitalogy as # 2 in a reader 's poll of the Pearl Jam 's best albums . Rolling Stone staff writer Al Weisel gave Vitalogy four out of five stars , describing the album as `` a wildly uneven and difficult record , sometimes maddening , sometimes ridiculous , often powerful . '' While Weisel praised several songs as `` ( matching ) the soaring anthems of Ten , '' he criticized some of the more experimental songs as `` throwaways and strange experiments that do n't always work . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times praised the album 's diversity compared to the band 's previous records . He commented that the band incorporated `` fast but brutal punk , fuzz - toned psychedelia and judicious folk - rock , all of it sounding more spontaneous than before . '' Pareles felt that the band continued to be `` unremittingly glum '' , and described the majority of the songs as `` tortured first - person proclamations . '' Pareles concluded , `` Vedder sounds more alone than ever . '' Time reviewer Christopher John Farley singled out `` Bugs '' as one of the album 's `` share of stinkers . '' Farley added , `` But that 's one admirably experimental failure on a largely successful album . '' Despite writing negatively of the album 's `` shapeless high - energy riff - rockers '' , Newsday staff writer Ira Robbins lauded Vitalogy 's sound and called it a `` compelling triumph of surface over substance '' . In a mixed review of the album , Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post perceived a lack of subject matter and lyrical substance as Vitalogy 's weakness . Q magazine gave the album four out of five stars , stating `` It speaks volumes for Pearl Jam 's continuing creative acumen that they can respond so confidently to a new punk scene that has sprung up . '' Robert Christgau of The Village Voice gave the album an A - rating , writing that `` Three or four of these songs are faster and riffier than anything else in P. Jam 's book , token experiments like `` Bugs '' are genuinely weird , and in an era of compulsory irony ( Vedder 's ) sincerity is something like a relief -- a Kurtlike relief at that . '' David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+ . He said , `` Vitalogy marks the first time it 's possible to respect the band 's music as much as its stance . '' He added that `` despite its musical advances , Vitalogy leaves an odd , unsettling aftertaste . You walk away from it energized , but wondering what price Eddie Vedder , and Pearl Jam , will ultimately pay for it . '' Chicago Sun - Times writer Jim DeRogatis gave it three out of four stars and commended Pearl Jam for their earnest songwriting . However , DeRogatis also wrote that the album `` leaves you wishing that they 'd just lighten up '' . USA Today 's Edna Gundersen gave Vitalogy three and a half out of four stars and stated that it `` delivers the band 's most compelling , inventive and confident music to date '' , while calling it `` the rebel yell of a band that is maturing without mellowing '' . Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn gave Vitalogy four out of four stars and viewed its music as an improvement over Pearl Jam 's previous work , writing `` This is n't just the best Pearl Jam album but a better album than the band once even seemed capable of making '' . AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four and a half out of five stars , saying , `` Pearl Jam are at their best when they 're fighting , whether it 's Ticketmaster , fame , or their own personal demons . '' According to The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , `` By Vitalogy PJ hit their apex ... the band 's creative zenith , finding them doing a Led Zeppelin III on acoustic tracks like ' Corduroy ' and turning in a Tom Waits - like weird attack on ' Bugs ' '' . Three singles were released from Vitalogy . The lead single `` Spin the Black Circle '' ( backed with B - side `` Tremor Christ '' , also from the album ) , was the band 's first to enter the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching number 18 . At the 1996 Grammy Awards , `` Spin the Black Circle '' won the band its first Grammy Award , receiving the award for Best Hard Rock Performance . Neither of the album 's other commercially released singles , `` Not for You '' and `` Immortality '' , charted on the Hot 100 , but both placed on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts . Album tracks `` Better Man '' and `` Corduroy '' also charted . `` Better Man '' was the most successful song from Vitalogy on the rock charts , spending a total of eight weeks at number one on the Mainstream Rock charts and reaching number two on the Modern Rock charts . At the 1996 Grammy Awards , Vitalogy received nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album . In 2003 , the album was ranked number 492 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . The album was listed at number 485 on the magazine 's revised list in 2012 . In May 2014 , Loudwire placed Vitalogy at number ten on its `` 10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994 '' list . In July 2014 Guitar World placed the album on its `` Superunknown : 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 '' list . In 2011 Pearl Jam released a remastered Vitalogy , along with Vs. , in three formats : an Expanded Version , a three - CD Deluxe Edition and a Limited Edition Collector 's Boxed Set . The Expanded Version will feature three bonus tracks : the previously unreleased guitar / organ - only mix of `` Better Man '' ; a previously unreleased alternate take of `` Corduroy '' from the Vitalogy session ( recorded by Brendan O'Brien ) ; and a previously unreleased demo version of `` Nothingman '' , taken from the original DAT ( recorded at John and Stu 's in Seattle on October 14 , 1993 , featuring Richard Stuverud on drums ) . The three - CD Deluxe Edition features both the Legacy Versions of Vitalogy and Vs. with their bonus tracks and a copy of Live at the Orpheum Theater , Boston , April 12 , 1994 . Packaging ( edit ) The original title for the album was Life . The first single , `` Spin the Black Circle '' , was released before the album was released , and on the back of the single it states `` From the Epic album Life . '' The album title Vitalogy comes from an early twentieth - century medical book on which the cover art and liner notes are based . Vitalogy literally means `` the study of life . '' Vedder found the medical book at a garage sale . Ament stated , `` Ed brought in that book , and we said man that would make a great album cover . '' He explained that from Vs. onwards the band tried to take different approaches to packaging its records . Ament said , `` We tried really hard , to make it like a book , kind of tipped it so it opened horizontally , which pissed off record stores : they had to put it in sideways . '' The packaging cost an extra 50 cents per copy . Problems arose when the band discovered that later versions of the book were still under copyright . The band had to confer with their lawyers in order to work out a final version utilizing the material they wanted to include with the album . The booklet contains outdated discussions of health and well - being . Other notes in the booklet , dealing with life and death reflections , seem to be more personal , like a message typed on one of the last pages , supposedly referring to the loss of a loved one ( `` I waited all day . You waited all day ... but you left before sunset ... and I just wanted to tell you the moment was beautiful . Just wanted to dance to bad music ... drive bad cars ... watch bad TV ... should have stayed for the sunset ... if not for me . '' ) . The booklet also displays some poems or original sayings not belonging to the songs ' lyrics , but to be interpreted as a commentary to the songs and , again , as a reflection on how life should or should n't be lived . An example is the poem typed on the `` Aye Davanita '' page . The song 's subtitle is `` The song without words '' , as it is an instrumental track . But the page displays a sort of poem about the wasted life of a young girl . Another episode of `` intruder words '' is on the `` Not for You '' lyrics page . After the second refrain , instead of the actual lyrics , the typed words give a hint about the Sisyphus myth ( `` Yeah , you call me Sisyphus love . Yeah , I move the rock . I just do n't want to talk about moving the rock . Anything that distracts me from moving the rock '' ) . The lyrics to `` Whipping '' are written on a copy of a petition to Bill Clinton against `` pro-life '' killings of abortion doctors . An X-ray of Vedder 's teeth was pictured instead of lyrics on the page for `` Corduroy '' . Tour ( edit ) Main article : Vitalogy Tour Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in Asia , Oceania , and the United States in 1995 . The band was joined by new drummer Jack Irons . The short tour of the United States focused on the Midwest and the West Coast . The band continued its boycott against Ticketmaster during its tour of the United States , refusing to play in Ticketmaster 's venue areas , but was surprised that virtually no other bands joined it in refusing to play at Ticketmaster venues . The band chose to use alternate ticketing companies for the shows . The tour of the United States faced various troubles . Ament said that the band and its crew had to `` ( build ) shows from the ground up , a venue everywhere we went . '' In June 1995 , the band was scheduled to play at San Francisco , California 's Golden Gate Park in front of 50,000 people . Before the concert Vedder was forced to stay at a hospital after suffering from the effects of food poisoning . Vedder left the hospital to play the show , however he was not able to finish and ended up performing just seven out of twenty - one songs with the band . Neil Young filled in for Vedder for the rest of the show that day . Vedder said , `` That whole ( Golden Gate Park ) thing was a blur based on some bad food . It was really , really bad . Looking back at it , it does n't seem as intense as it was , but it was horrible . I just felt not human and looking back I should have got through that show somehow , and I think the fact that Neil ( Young ) was there made me feel like I could get off the hook in some way and I did go out for a few songs . '' Because of Vedder 's health the band was forced to cancel the remaining dates of its tour of the United States . Some dates were reinstated while the rest were rescheduled for the fall . About canceling the dates , Vedder said , `` I think we all agreed that it had gotten insane , that it was no longer about the music . '' Ament later said , `` We were so hardheaded about the 1995 tour . Had to prove we could tour on our own , and it pretty much killed us , killed our career . '' Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Eddie Vedder . All music is credited to Pearl Jam with the exceptions as ( * ) . Actual music composers listed below . Side one No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Last Exit '' Abbruzzese , Gossard 2 : 54 2 . `` Spin the Black Circle '' Stone Gossard 2 : 48 3 . `` Not for You '' Vedder 5 : 52 4 . `` Tremor Christ '' Jeff Ament , Mike McCready 4 : 12 Side two No . Title Music Length 5 . `` Nothingman '' ( * ) Ament 4 : 35 6 . `` Whipping '' Vedder 2 : 35 7 . `` Pry , To '' Abbruzzese , Ament , McCready , Gossard , Vedder 1 : 03 8 . `` Corduroy '' Vedder 4 : 37 Side three No . Title Music Length 9 . `` Bugs '' Vedder 2 : 45 10 . `` Satan 's Bed '' ( * ) Gossard 3 : 31 11 . `` Better Man '' ( * ) Vedder 4 : 28 12 . `` Aye Davanita '' Abbruzzese , Ament , McCready , Gossard , Vedder 2 : 58 Side four No . Title Music Length 13 . `` Immortality '' Vedder 5 : 28 14 . `` Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me '' ( * ) ( Also known as `` Stupid Mop '' ) Ament , Gossard , Jack Irons , McCready , Vedder 7 : 44 Total length : 55 : 30 Reissue bonus tracks All lyrics written by Vedder . No . Title Music Length 15 . `` Better Man '' ( guitar and organ only mix ) Vedder 3 : 55 16 . `` Corduroy '' ( alternate take ) Vedder 4 : 44 17 . `` Nothingman '' ( 1993 demo featuring Richard Stuverud on drums ) Ament 4 : 36 Outtakes ( edit ) `` Hard to Imagine '' , a song previously rejected from Vs. , was also recorded during the Vitalogy sessions . This version found its way on to the soundtrack for the 1998 film , Chicago Cab . `` Hard to Imagine '' is also included on the 2003 rarities compilation , Lost Dogs ; however , that version is the one from the Vs. sessions . According to Gossard , `` Hard to Imagine '' was cut from Vitalogy because it did n't fit with the other songs the band was writing at the time . `` Out of My Mind '' , which is featured as a B - side on the `` Not for You '' single , was premiered on the band 's 1994 spring tour of the United States and was played twice . According to Vedder , the song was just a live improv . Chart history ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Australian Albums Chart Irish Albums Chart New Zealand Albums Chart Swedish Albums Chart US Billboard 200 Finnish Albums Chart Danish Albums Chart Portuguese Albums Chart UK Albums Chart Austrian Albums Chart 7 Dutch Albums Chart 7 Norwegian Albums Chart 7 German Albums Chart 8 Spanish Albums Chart 11 Italian Albums Chart 16 Swiss Albums Chart 17 French Albums Chart 22 Japanese Albums Chart 28 Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Canadian Albums Chart Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard 200 76 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 500,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Singles ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions US US Main US Mod AUS CAN GER IRE NLD NOR NZ SWE UK `` Spin the Black Circle '' 18 16 11 -- 92 6 21 5 16 10 `` Tremor Christ '' -- 16 16 -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 `` Better Man '' -- -- 9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Corduroy '' -- 22 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Not for You '' -- 12 38 29 -- -- 26 -- -- 10 -- 34 `` Immortality '' -- 10 31 51 62 -- -- -- -- 29 -- -- `` -- '' denotes singles that did not chart . Personnel ( edit ) Pearl Jam Dave Abbruzzese -- drums Jeff Ament -- bass guitar , double bass , vocals , black and white photography Stone Gossard -- guitar , vocals , mellotron Jack Irons -- drums on `` Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me '' Mike McCready -- guitar , slide guitar Eddie Vedder -- vocals , guitar , accordion ; credited as `` e.v. '' for book concept , theory of Vitalogy , typist Additional musicians and production Barry Ament -- layout John Burton , Caram Costanzo , Adam Kasper , Kevin Scott , Trina Shoemaker -- assistance Nick DiDia -- engineering Brett Eliason -- recording / mixing on `` Hey Foxymophandlemama , That 's Me '' Lance Mercer -- 8 - Baby photo Brendan O'Brien -- production , piano , pipe organ , Hammond organ , recording Pearl Jam -- production Jimmy Shoaf -- drums on `` Satan 's Bed '' Joel Zimmerman -- art direction Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Jack White 's ' Lazaretto ' Debuts at No. 1 , Sets Vinyl Sales Record '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Philips , Chuck ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Vitalogy ' Makes for a Real Pearl Jam of a Seller '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gold and Platinum Database Search Archived 2007 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... RIAA.com . Retrieved on February 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Garbarini , Vic . `` Mother of Pearl '' . Musician . May 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Jeff . `` Alive '' . Guitar World . April 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Hilburn , Robert . `` All Revved Up ( As Usual ) '' . Los Angeles Times . November 20 , 1994 . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim . Milk It ! : Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the 90 's . Cambridge : Da Capo , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81271 - 1 , pg. 60 ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric , et al. `` Ten Past Ten '' . Spin . August 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Hilburn , Robert . `` Working Their Way Out of a Jam '' . Los Angeles Times . December 22 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , John , et al. `` Who is the drummer on `` Satan 's Bed '' ? `` . TwoFeetThick.com . May 12 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Stone Gossard and Mike McCready '' . Total Guitar . November 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Vitalogy -- Pearl Jam '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Marks , Craig . `` Let 's Get Lost '' . Spin . December 1994 . Jump up ^ Vedder , Eddie . `` Pearl Jam 's First Online Chat at Lycos '' . Lycos.com . May 15 , 2000 . Retrieved on March 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Weisel , Al ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Vitalogy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan . `` Pearl Jam Tells Its ' Story ' At VH1 Taping '' . Billboard . June 2 , 2006 . Retrieved on March 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : DeRogatis , Jim ( December 11 , 1994 ) . `` Wide - Ranging ' Vitalogy ' Is n't Pearl Jam 's Best '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( December 9 , 1994 ) . `` Vitalogy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hilburn , Robert ( November 20 , 1994 ) . `` Album Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jayson ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Pearl Jam : Vs. ( Legacy Edition ) / Vitalogy ( Legacy Edition ) '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pearl Jam : Vitalogy '' . Q ( 100 ) : 248 -- 49 . January 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Charles R. ( 2004 ) . `` Pearl Jam '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . pp. 625 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gundersen , Edna ( November 21 , 1994 ) . `` Pearl Jam cuts the consumer culture no slack '' . USA Today . p. 01. D. Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( February 21 , 1995 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basham , David . `` Got Charts ? Creed Vs. Pearl Jam , Shakira 's Machisma , Kid Rock 's Curse '' . MTV.com . November 29 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Neil . `` Music Lovers Are Voting for Vinyl '' . The New York Times . December 8 , 1994 . Retrieved on March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam : Timeline '' . pearljam.com . Jump up ^ http://www.greasylake.org/the-circuit/index.php?/topic/113673-rem-pearl-jam-and-nirvanausa-album-sales/ Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Best Pearl Jam Albums '' . Rolling Stone . July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 1994 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Review : Vitalogy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John . Review : Vitalogy . Time . December 19 , 1994 . Retrieved on March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira . `` Review : Vitalogy '' . Newsday : 25 . November 27 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mark . `` Review : Vitalogy '' . The Washington Post : c. 07 . December 7 , 1994 . ^ Jump up to : Pearl Jam -- Billboard Singles . AllMusic . Retrieved on June 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : 38th Grammy Awards . Rockonthenet.com . Retrieved on September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 492 ) Vitalogy . Rolling Stone . November 2003 . Retrieved on April 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Hard Rock Albums of 1994 '' . Loudwire . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Superunknown : 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994 '' . GuitarWorld.com . July 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vs. and Vitalogy 20th Anniversary Editions '' . pearljam.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pearl Jam : Set Lists . pearljam.com . Jump up ^ DeRogatis , Jim . Milk It ! : Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the 90 's . Cambridge : Da Capo , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81271 - 1 , pg. 64 Jump up ^ `` 1995 Concert Chronology '' . fivehorizons.com . Jump up ^ Marks , Craig . `` The Road Less Traveled '' . Spin . February 1997 . Jump up ^ Fricke , David . `` Eddie Vedder 's Combat Rock '' . Rolling Stone . May 29 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Jeff . `` Prime Cuts : Mike McCready - The Best of Pearl Jam ! '' . Guitar School . May 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Hilburn , Robert . `` All Revved Up ( As Usual ) '' . Los Angeles Times . November 20 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Scaggs , Austin . `` Eddie Vedder : Addicted to Rock '' . Rolling Stone . April 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 1994 ) Album notes for Vitalogy by Pearl Jam , ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Music . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan . `` Pearl Jam : Spreading The Jam '' . Billboard . March 30 , 2001 . Jump up ^ ( 2003 ) Album notes for Lost Dogs by Pearl Jam , ( CD booklet ) . New York : Sony Music . Jump up ^ Letkemann , Jessica . `` Interview with Stone Gossard '' . Tickle My Nausea Pearl Jam Fanzine. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Songs : `` Out of My Mind '' '' Archived 2012 - 06 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... pearljam.com . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Concert Chronology part 3 '' . fivehorizons.com . ^ Jump up to : Peaks in Australia : All except noted : Pearl Jam in Australian Charts . Australian-Charts.com . Retrieved on May 28 , 2008 . `` Immortality '' : Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?lr=&rview=1&id=ZAgEAAAAMBAJ&q=pearl+jam#v=snippet&q=pearl%20jam&f=false . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Pearl Jam in New Zealand Charts . Charts.Org.NZ . Retrieved on May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam -- Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` EveryHit.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yenda/lpe1994.htm . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Hitparade '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150715183553/http://www.infodisc.fr/Albums_Detail.php . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/129344/ranking/cd_album/ . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CDs - Volume 60 , No. 25 , January 23 , 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1996 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Pearl Jam -- Vitalogy '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Polish album certifications -- Pearl Jam -- Vitalogy '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Pearl Jam -- Vitalogy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter Vitalogy in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Pearl Jam -- Vitalogy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 60 , No. 24 , January 16 , 1994 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 61 , No. 5 , March 06 1995 '' . RPM . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 62 , No. 1 , August 14 , 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Pearl Jam / Single '' . musicline.de . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Single / Album Chart / Pearl Jam / Longplay '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . References ( edit ) Nathan Brackett , Christian Hoard ( 2004 ) . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide . Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Vitalogy at Discogs Vitalogy information and lyrics at pearljam.com 1906 edition of Vitalogy : Encyclopedia of Health and Home at the Internet Archive . Pearl Jam Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Additional personnel Boom Gaspar Former members Dave Abbruzzese Matt Chamberlain Jack Irons Dave Krusen Studio albums Ten Vs . Vitalogy No Code Yield Binaural Riot Act Pearl Jam Backspacer Lightning Bolt Live albums Live on Two Legs Official Bootlegs Live at Benaroya Hall Live in NYC 12 / 31 / 92 Live at Easy Street Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 Live at Lollapalooza 2007 Live on Ten Legs Pearl Jam Twenty 9.11. 2011 Toronto , Canada Let 's Play Two Compilations Lost Dogs Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) Pearl Jam Twenty Extended plays Merkin Ball Videos Single Video Theory Touring Band 2000 Live at the Showbox Live at the Garden Vote for Change ? 2004 Immagine in Cornice Pearl Jam Twenty Let 's Play Two Singles `` Alive '' `` Even Flow '' `` Jeremy '' `` Oceans '' `` Go '' `` Daughter '' `` Animal '' `` Dissident '' `` Spin the Black Circle '' `` Not for You '' `` Immortality '' `` I Got Id '' `` Who You Are '' `` Hail , Hail '' `` Off He Goes '' `` Given to Fly '' `` Wishlist '' `` Nothing as It Seems '' `` Light Years '' `` I Am Mine '' `` Save You '' `` Love Boat Captain '' `` Man of the Hour '' `` World Wide Suicide '' `` Life Wasted '' `` Gone '' `` The Fixer '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Amongst the Waves '' `` Crown of Thorns '' `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Sirens '' `` Ca n't Deny Me '' Other songs `` Once '' `` Black '' `` Porch '' `` State of Love and Trust '' `` Breath '' `` Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town '' `` Glorified G '' `` W.M.A. `` Rearviewmirror '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Tremor Christ '' `` Better Man '' `` Nothingman '' `` Corduroy '' `` I Got Id '' `` Red Mosquito '' `` In Hiding '' `` Do the Evolution '' `` Grievance '' `` Thumbing My Way '' `` You Are '' `` 1⁄2 Full '' `` Brother '' Tours Mookie Blaylock 1991 United States Tour 1991 United States Tour Ten Tour Lollapalooza 1992 1993 European and North American Tour Vs. Tour Vitalogy Tour No Code Tour Yield Tour Binaural Tour Riot Act Tour Vote for Change 2005 North American and Latin American Tour 2006 World Tour 2007 European Tour 2008 United States Tour Backspacer Tour Pearl Jam Twenty Tour 2012 Tour Lightning Bolt Tour 2015 Latin America Tour 2016 North America Tour 2018 Tour Related articles Articles Discography Band members Awards and nominations Monkeywrench Records Pearl Jam Radio Bands Green River Soundgarden Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Brad Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Hovercraft Mad Season Red Hot Chili Peppers Three Fish The Rockfords RNDM Albums Mirror Ball Bayleaf Into the Wild Tone Ukulele Songs Water on the Road Moonlander Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitalogy&oldid=855236771 '' Categories : 1994 albums Albums produced by Brendan O'Brien ( record producer ) Epic Records albums Pearl Jam albums Albums produced by Stone Gossard Albums produced by Eddie Vedder Albums produced by Jeff Ament Albums produced by Mike McCready Albums produced by Jack Irons Albums produced by Dave Abbruzzese Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 21 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalogy	107,723
how many countries in asia can you name			Asia	asia	Metropolitan areas of Asia List of cities in Asia	List ( show ) Bangkok Bangalore Beijing Busan Chittagong Delhi Dhaka Doha Dubai Guangzhou Hanoi Ho Chi Minh Hong Kong Istanbul Jakarta Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Manila Mumbai Osaka Pyongyang Riyadh Shanghai Shenzhen Singapore Seoul Taipei Tehran Tokyo Ulaanbaatar Asia ( / ˈeɪʒə , ˈeɪʃə / ( listen ) ) is Earth 's largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres . It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro - Eurasia with both Europe and Africa . Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres ( 17,212,000 sq mi ) , about 30 % of Earth 's total land area and 8.7 % of the Earth 's total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements , as well as vast barely populated regions . Its 4.5 billion people constitute roughly 60 % of the world 's population . In general terms , Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean , and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them . It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity . The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East - West cultural , linguistic , and ethnic differences , some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line . The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal , the Ural River , the Ural Mountains , and the Turkish Straits , and south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas . China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE . China was a major economic power and attracted many to the east , and for many the legendary wealth and prosperity of the ancient culture of India personified Asia , attracting European commerce , exploration and colonialism . The accidental discovery of a trans - Atlantic route from Europe to America by Columbus while in search for a route to India demonstrates this deep fascination . The Silk Road became the main East - West trading route in the Asian hinterlands while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route . Asia has exhibited economic dynamism ( particularly East Asia ) as well as robust population growth during the 20th century , but overall population growth has since fallen . Asia was the birthplace of most of the world 's mainstream religions including Christianity , Islam , Judaism , Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Taoism , Jainism , Sikhism , Zoroastrianism , as well as many other religions . Given its size and diversity , the concept of Asia -- a name dating back to classical antiquity -- may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography . Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups , cultures , environments , economics , historical ties and government systems . It also has a mix of many different climates ranging from the equatorial south via the hot desert in the Middle East , temperate areas in the east and the continental centre to vast subarctic and polar areas in Siberia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition and boundaries 1.1 Asia - Africa boundary 1.2 Asia -- Europe boundary 1.3 Asia -- Oceania boundary 1.4 Ongoing definition 2 Etymology 2.1 Bronze Age 2.2 Classical antiquity 3 History 4 Geography and climate 4.1 Main Regions 4.2 Climate change 5 Economy 6 Tourism 7 Demographics 7.1 Languages 7.2 Religions 7.2. 1 Abrahamic 7.2. 2 Indian and East Asian religions 8 Modern conflicts 9 Culture 9.1 Nobel prizes 10 Political geography 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Definition and boundaries Further information on Asian borders : Geography of Asia § Boundary , Boundaries between continents , List of transcontinental countries § Asia and Europe , and Copenhagen criteria Asia - Africa boundary The boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea , the Gulf of Suez , and the Suez Canal . This makes Egypt a transcontinental country , with the Sinai peninsula in Asia and the remainder of the country in Africa . Asia -- Europe boundary Statue representing Asia at Palazzo Ferreria , in Valletta , Malta The border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics . The Don River became unsatisfactory to northern Europeans when Peter the Great , king of the Tsardom of Russia , defeating rival claims of Sweden and the Ottoman Empire to the eastern lands , and armed resistance by the tribes of Siberia , synthesized a new Russian Empire extending to the Ural Mountains and beyond , founded in 1721 . The major geographical theorist of the empire was actually a former Swedish prisoner - of - war , taken at the Battle of Poltava in 1709 and assigned to Tobolsk , where he associated with Peter 's Siberian official , Vasily Tatishchev , and was allowed freedom to conduct geographical and anthropological studies in preparation for a future book . In Sweden , five years after Peter 's death , in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia . The Russians were enthusiastic about the concept , which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography . Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg . The latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary . Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century . The border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects . The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains , although it is sometimes placed further north . Asia -- Oceania boundary The border between Asia and the region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago . The Maluku Islands in Indonesia are often considered to lie on the border of southeast Asia , with New Guinea , to the east of the islands , being wholly part of Oceania . The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania , devised in the 19th century , have had several vastly different geographic meanings since their inception . The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the colonial possessions of the various empires there ( not all European ) . Lewis and Wigen assert , `` The narrowing of ' Southeast Asia ' to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process . '' Ongoing definition Afro - Eurasia shown in green Geographical Asia is a cultural artifact of European conceptions of the world , beginning with the Ancient Greeks , being imposed onto other cultures , an imprecise concept causing endemic contention about what it means . Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe . It does not exactly correspond to the cultural borders of its various types of constituents . From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three - continent system ( Europe , Africa , Asia ) on the grounds that there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them . For example , Sir Barry Cunliffe , the emeritus professor of European archeology at Oxford , argues that Europe has been geographically and culturally merely `` the western excrescence of the continent of Asia '' . Geographically , Asia is the major eastern constituent of the continent of Eurasia with Europe being a northwestern peninsula of the landmass . Asia , Europe and Africa make up a single continuous landmass -- Afro - Eurasia ( except for the Suez Canal ) and share a common continental shelf . Almost all of Europe and the better part of Asia sit atop the Eurasian Plate , adjoined on the south by the Arabian and Indian Plate and with the easternmost part of Siberia ( east of the Chersky Range ) on the North American Plate . Etymology Ptolemy 's Asia The English name `` Asia '' was originally a concept of Greek civilization . The place name `` Asia '' in various forms in a large number of modern languages is of unknown ultimate provenience . Its etymology and language of origin are uncertain . It appears to be one of the most ancient of recorded names . A number of theories have been published . English Asia can be traced through the formation of English literature to Latin literature , where it has the same form , Asia . Whether all uses and all forms of the name derive also from the Latin of the Roman Empire is much less certain . One of the first classical writers to use Asia as a name of the whole continent was Pliny . This metonymical change in meaning is common and can be observed in some other geographical names , such as Skandinavia ( from Scania ) . Bronze Age Before Greek poetry , the Aegean Sea area was in a Greek Dark Age , at the beginning of which syllabic writing was lost and alphabetic writing had not begun . Prior to then in the Bronze Age the records of the Assyrian Empire , the Hittite Empire and the various Mycenaean states of Greece mention a region undoubtedly Asia , certainly in Anatolia , including if not identical to Lydia . These records are administrative and do not include poetry . The Mycenaean states were destroyed about 1200 BCE by unknown agents although one school of thought assigns the Dorian invasion to this time . The burning of the palaces baked clay diurnal administrative records written in a Greek syllabic script called Linear B , deciphered by a number of interested parties , most notably by a young World War II cryptographer , Michael Ventris , subsequently assisted by the scholar , John Chadwick . A major cache discovered by Carl Blegen at the site of ancient Pylos included hundreds of male and female names formed by different methods . Some of these are of women held in servitude ( as study of the society implied by the content reveals ) . They were used in trades , such as cloth - making , and usually came with children . The epithet , lawiaiai , `` captives , '' associated with some of them identifies their origin . Some are ethnic names . One in particular , aswiai , identifies `` women of Asia . '' Perhaps they were captured in Asia , but some others , Milatiai , appear to have been of Miletus , a Greek colony , which would not have been raided for slaves by Greeks . Chadwick suggests that the names record the locations where these foreign women were purchased . The name is also in the singular , Aswia , which refers both to the name of a country and to a female of it . There is a masculine form , aswios . This Aswia appears to have been a remnant of a region known to the Hittites as Assuwa , centered on Lydia , or `` Roman Asia . '' This name , Assuwa , has been suggested as the origin for the name of the continent `` Asia '' . The Assuwa league was a confederation of states in western Anatolia , defeated by the Hittites under Tudhaliya I around 1400 BCE . Alternatively , the etymology of the term may be from the Akkadian word ( w ) aṣû ( m ) , which means ' to go outside ' or ' to ascend ' , referring to the direction of the sun at sunrise in the Middle East and also likely connected with the Phoenician word asa meaning east . This may be contrasted to a similar etymology proposed for Europe , as being from Akkadian erēbu ( m ) ' to enter ' or ' set ' ( of the sun ) . T.R. Reid supports this alternative etymology , noting that the ancient Greek name must have derived from asu , meaning ' east ' in Assyrian ( ereb for Europe meaning ' west ' ) . The ideas of Occidental ( form Latin Occidens ' setting ' ) and Oriental ( from Latin Oriens for ' rising ' ) are also European invention , synonymous with Western and Eastern . Reid further emphasizes that it explains the Western point of view of placing all the peoples and cultures of Asia into a single classification , almost as if there were a need for setting the distinction between Western and Eastern civilizations on the Eurasian continent . Ogura Kazuo and Tenshin Okakura are two outspoken Japanese figures on the subject . Classical antiquity The province of Asia highlighted ( in red ) within the Roman Empire . Latin Asia and Greek Ἀσία appear to be the same word . Roman authors translated Ἀσία as Asia . The Romans named a province Asia , located in western Anatolia ( in modern - day Turkey ) . There was an Asia Minor and an Asia Major located in modern - day Iraq . As the earliest evidence of the name is Greek , it is likely circumstantially that Asia came from Ἀσία , but ancient transitions , due to the lack of literary contexts , are difficult to catch in the act . The most likely vehicles were the ancient geographers and historians , such as Herodotus , who were all Greek . Ancient Greek certainly evidences early and rich uses of the name . The first continental use of Asia is attributed to Herodotus ( about 440 BCE ) , not because he innovated it , but because his Histories are the earliest surviving prose to describe it in any detail . He defines it carefully , mentioning the previous geographers whom he had read , but whose works are now missing . By it he means Anatolia and the Persian Empire , in contrast to Greece and Egypt . Herodotus comments that he is puzzled as to why three women 's names were `` given to a tract which is in reality one '' ( Europa , Asia , and Libya , referring to Africa ) , stating that most Greeks assumed that Asia was named after the wife of Prometheus ( i.e. Hesione ) , but that the Lydians say it was named after Asies , son of Cotys , who passed the name on to a tribe at Sardis . In Greek mythology , `` Asia '' ( Ἀσία ) or `` Asie '' ( Ἀσίη ) was the name of a `` Nymph or Titan goddess of Lydia . '' In ancient Greek religion , places were under the care of female divinities , parallel to guardian angels . The poets detailed their doings and generations in allegoric language salted with entertaining stories , which subsequently playwrights transformed into classical Greek drama and became `` Greek mythology . '' For example , Hesiod mentions the daughters of Tethys and Ocean , among whom are a `` holy company '' , `` who with the Lord Apollo and the Rivers have youths in their keeping . '' Many of these are geographic : Doris , Rhodea , Europa , Asia . Hesiod explains : `` For there are three - thousand neat - ankled daughters of Ocean who are dispersed far and wide , and in every place alike serve the earth and the deep waters . '' The Iliad ( attributed by the ancient Greeks to Homer ) mentions two Phrygians ( the tribe that replaced the Luvians in Lydia ) in the Trojan War named Asios ( an adjective meaning `` Asian '' ) ; and also a marsh or lowland containing a marsh in Lydia as ασιος . History Main article : History of Asia The Silk Road connected civilizations across Asia The history of Asia can be seen as the distinct histories of several peripheral coastal regions : East Asia , South Asia , Southeast Asia and the Middle East , linked by the interior mass of the Central Asian steppes . The coastal periphery was home to some of the world 's earliest known civilizations , each of them developing around fertile river valleys . The civilizations in Mesopotamia , the Indus Valley and the Yellow River shared many similarities . These civilizations may well have exchanged technologies and ideas such as mathematics and the wheel . Other innovations , such as writing , seem to have been developed individually in each area . Cities , states and empires developed in these lowlands . The central steppe region had long been inhabited by horse - mounted nomads who could reach all areas of Asia from the steppes . The earliest postulated expansion out of the steppe is that of the Indo - Europeans , who spread their languages into the Middle East , South Asia , and the borders of China , where the Tocharians resided . The northernmost part of Asia , including much of Siberia , was largely inaccessible to the steppe nomads , owing to the dense forests , climate and tundra . These areas remained very sparsely populated . The center and the peripheries were mostly kept separated by mountains and deserts . The Caucasus and Himalaya mountains and the Karakum and Gobi deserts formed barriers that the steppe horsemen could cross only with difficulty . While the urban city dwellers were more advanced technologically and socially , in many cases they could do little in a military aspect to defend against the mounted hordes of the steppe . However , the lowlands did not have enough open grasslands to support a large horsebound force ; for this and other reasons , the nomads who conquered states in China , India , and the Middle East often found themselves adapting to the local , more affluent societies . The Islamic Caliphate took over the Middle East and Central Asia during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century , an area extending from China to Europe . Before the Mongol invasion , Song dynasty reportedly had approximately 120 million citizens ; the 1300 census which followed the invasion reported roughly 60 million people . The Black Death , one of the most devastating pandemics in human history , is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia , where it then travelled along the Silk Road . The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century , and would eventually take control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century . The Ottoman Empire controlled Anatolia , most of the Middle East , North Africa and the Balkans from the mid 16th century onwards . In the 17th century , the Manchu conquered China and established the Qing dynasty . The Islamic Mughal Empire and the Hindu Maratha Empire controlled much of India in the 16th and 18th centuries respectively . Map of western , southern , and central Asia in 1885 The map of Asia in 1796 , which also included the continent of Australia ( then known as New Holland ) . 1890 map of Asia Geography and climate Main articles : Geography of Asia and Climate of Asia See also : Category : Biota of Asia The Himalayan range is home to some of the planet 's highest peaks . Asia is the largest continent on Earth . It covers 9 % of the Earth 's total surface area ( or 30 % of its land area ) , and has the largest coastline , at 62,800 kilometres ( 39,022 mi ) . Asia is generally defined as comprising the eastern four - fifths of Eurasia . It is located to the east of the Suez Canal and the Ural Mountains , and south of the Caucasus Mountains ( or the Kuma -- Manych Depression ) and the Caspian and Black Seas . It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . Asia is subdivided into 48 countries , three of them ( Russia , Kazakhstan and Turkey ) having part of their land in Europe . Asia has extremely diverse climates and geographic features . Climates range from arctic and subarctic in Siberia to tropical in southern India and Southeast Asia . It is moist across southeast sections , and dry across much of the interior . Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia . The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections , due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer . Southwestern sections of the continent are hot . Siberia is one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere , and can act as a source of arctic air masses for North America . The most active place on Earth for tropical cyclone activity lies northeast of the Philippines and south of Japan . The Gobi Desert is in Mongolia and the Arabian Desert stretches across much of the Middle East . The Yangtze River in China is the longest river in the continent . The Himalayas between Nepal and China is the tallest mountain range in the world . Tropical rainforests stretch across much of southern Asia and coniferous and deciduous forests lie farther north . Kerala backwaters Mongolian steppe South China Karst Altai Mountains Hunza Valley Main Regions North Asia ( Siberia ) East Asia ( Far East ) West Asia ( Middle East or Near East ) Central Asia South Asia Southeast Asia ( Indochina and East Indies ) Climate change A survey carried out in 2010 by global risk analysis farm Maplecroft identified 16 countries that are extremely vulnerable to climate change . Each nation 's vulnerability was calculated using 42 socio , economic and environmental indicators , which identified the likely climate change impacts during the next 30 years . The Asian countries of Bangladesh , India , Vietnam , Thailand , Pakistan and Sri Lanka were among the 16 countries facing extreme risk from climate change . Some shifts are already occurring . For example , in tropical parts of India with a semi-arid climate , the temperature increased by 0.4 ° C between 1901 and 2003 . A 2013 study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) aimed to find science - based , pro-poor approaches and techniques that would enable Asia 's agricultural systems to cope with climate change , while benefitting poor and vulnerable farmers . The study 's recommendations ranged from improving the use of climate information in local planning and strengthening weather - based agro-advisory services , to stimulating diversification of rural household incomes and providing incentives to farmers to adopt natural resource conservation measures to enhance forest cover , replenish groundwater and use renewable energy . Economy Main articles : Economy of Asia , List of Asian countries by GDP , List of countries in Asia - Pacific by GDP ( nominal ) , and List of Asian and Pacific countries by GDP ( PPP ) Singapore has one of the busiest ports in the world and is the world 's fourth largest foreign exchange trading center . Rank Country GDP ( PPP , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year China 25,238,563 2018 India 10,385,432 2018 Japan 5,619,492 2018 Russia 4,168,884 2018 5 Indonesia 3,492,208 2018 6 Turkey 2,320,641 2018 7 South Korea 2,138,242 2018 8 Saudi Arabia 1,844,751 2018 9 Iran 1,749,428 2018 10 Thailand 1,310,573 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , Peak Year ) millions of USD Peak Year China 14,092,514 2018 Japan 6,203,213 2012 India 2,848,231 2018 Russia 2,297,125 2013 5 South Korea 1,693,246 2018 6 Indonesia 1,074,966 2018 7 Turkey 950,328 2013 8 Saudi Arabia 756,350 2014 9 Taiwan 613,295 2018 10 Iran 577,214 2011 Asia has the second largest nominal GDP of all continents , after Europe , but the largest when measured in purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . As of 2011 , the largest economies in Asia are China , Japan , India , South Korea and Indonesia based on GDP in both nominal and PPP . Based on Global Office Locations 2011 , Asia dominated the office locations with 4 of the top 5 being in Asia : Hong Kong , Singapore , Tokyo , Seoul and Shanghai . Around 68 percent of international firms have office in Hong Kong . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , the economies of China and India have been growing rapidly , both with an average annual growth rate of more than 8 % . Other recent very - high - growth nations in Asia include Israel , Malaysia , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Pakistan , Thailand , Vietnam , Mongolia , Uzbekistan , Cyprus and the Philippines , and mineral - rich nations such as Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , Iran , Brunei , the United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , Bahrain and Oman . According to economic historian Angus Maddison in his book The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective , India had the world 's largest economy during 0 BCE and 1000 BCE . China was the largest and most advanced economy on earth for much of recorded history , until the British Empire ( excluding India ) overtook it in the mid-19th century . For several decades in the late twentieth century Japan was the largest economy in Asia and second - largest of any single nation in the world , after surpassing the Soviet Union ( measured in net material product ) in 1986 and Germany in 1968 . ( NB : A number of supernational economies are larger , such as the European Union ( EU ) , the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) or APEC ) . This ended in 2010 when China overtook Japan to become the world 's second largest economy . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , Japan 's GDP was almost as large ( current exchange rate method ) as that of the rest of Asia combined . In 1995 , Japan 's economy nearly equaled that of the US as the largest economy in the world for a day , after the Japanese currency reached a record high of 79 yen / US $ . Economic growth in Asia since World War II to the 1990s had been concentrated in Japan as well as the four regions of South Korea , Taiwan , Hong Kong and Singapore located in the Pacific Rim , known as the Asian tigers , which have now all received developed country status , having the highest GDP per capita in Asia . Mumbai is one of the most populous cities on the continent . The city is an infrastructure and tourism hub , and plays a crucial role in the Economy of India . It is forecasted that India will overtake Japan in terms of nominal GDP by 2020 . By 2027 , according to Goldman Sachs , China will have the largest economy in the world . Several trade blocs exist , with the most developed being the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . Asia is the largest continent in the world by a considerable margin , and it is rich in natural resources , such as petroleum , forests , fish , water , rice , copper and silver . Manufacturing in Asia has traditionally been strongest in East and Southeast Asia , particularly in China , Taiwan , South Korea , Japan , India , the Philippines , and Singapore . Japan and South Korea continue to dominate in the area of multinational corporations , but increasingly the PRC and India are making significant inroads . Many companies from Europe , North America , South Korea and Japan have operations in Asia 's developing countries to take advantage of its abundant supply of cheap labour and relatively developed infrastructure . According to Citigroup 9 of 11 Global Growth Generators countries came from Asia driven by population and income growth . They are Bangladesh , China , India , Indonesia , Iraq , Mongolia , Philippines , Sri Lanka and Vietnam . Asia has four main financial centers : Tokyo , Hong Kong , Singapore and Shanghai . Call centers and business process outsourcing ( BPOs ) are becoming major employers in India and the Philippines due to the availability of a large pool of highly skilled , English - speaking workers . The increased use of outsourcing has assisted the rise of India and the China as financial centers . Due to its large and extremely competitive information technology industry , India has become a major hub for outsourcing . In 2010 , Asia had 3.3 million millionaires ( people with net worth over US $1 million excluding their homes ) , slightly below North America with 3.4 million millionaires . Last year Asia had toppled Europe . Citigroup in The Wealth Report 2012 stated that Asian centa - millionaire overtook North America 's wealth for the first time as the world 's `` economic center of gravity '' continued moving east . At the end of 2011 , there were 18,000 Asian people mainly in Southeast Asia , China and Japan who have at least $100 million in disposable assets , while North America with 17,000 people and Western Europe with 14,000 people . Tourism Wat Phra Kaeo in the Grand Palace is among Bangkok 's major tourist attractions . With growing Regional Tourism with domination of Chinese visitors , MasterCard has released Global Destination Cities Index 2013 with 10 of 20 are dominated by Asia and Pacific Region Cities and also for the first time a city of a country from Asia ( Bangkok ) set in the top - ranked with 15.98 international visitors . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Asia Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1500 243,000,000 -- 1700 436,000,000 + 79.4 % 1900 947,000,000 + 117.2 % 1950 1,402,000,000 + 48.0 % 1999 3,634,000,000 + 159.2 % 2016 4,462,676,731 + 22.8 % Source : `` UN report 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . The figure for 2016 is provided by the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects . Graph showing population by continent as a percentage of world population ( 1750 -- 2005 ) East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index ( HDI ) improvement of any region in the world , nearly doubling average HDI attainment over the past 40 years , according to the report 's analysis of health , education and income data . China , the second highest achiever in the world in terms of HDI improvement since 1970 , is the only country on the `` Top 10 Movers '' list due to income rather than health or education achievements . Its per capita income increased a stunning 21-fold over the last four decades , also lifting hundreds of millions out of income poverty . Yet it was not among the region 's top performers in improving school enrollment and life expectancy . Nepal , a South Asian country , emerges as one of the world 's fastest movers since 1970 mainly due to health and education achievements . Its present life expectancy is 25 years longer than in the 1970s . More than four of every five children of school age in Nepal now attend primary school , compared to just one in five 40 years ago . Japan and South Korea ranked highest among the countries grouped on the HDI ( number 11 and 12 in the world , which are in the `` very high human development '' category ) , followed by Hong Kong ( 21 ) and Singapore ( 27 ) . Afghanistan ( 155 ) ranked lowest amongst Asian countries out of the 169 countries assessed . Languages Main article : Languages of Asia Asia is home to several language families and many language isolates . Most Asian countries have more than one language that is natively spoken . For instance , according to Ethnologue , more than 600 languages are spoken in Indonesia , more than 800 languages spoken in India , and more than 100 are spoken in the Philippines . China has many languages and dialects in different provinces . Religions See also : Eastern philosophy , Religion in Asia , and List of Asian mythologies The Western Wall and the Dome of the Rock , Jerusalem Pilgrims in the annual Hajj at the Kaabah in Mecca . The hindu Meenakshi temple in Madurai , Tamil Nadu , India . Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County , Henan , China is the world 's tallest statue . Many of the world 's major religions have their origins in Asia , including the five most practiced in the world ( excluding irreligion ) , which are Christianity , Islam , Hinduism , Chinese folk religion ( classified as Confucianism and Taoism ) , and Buddhism respectively . Asian mythology is complex and diverse . The story of the Great Flood for example , as presented to Jews in the Hebrew Bible in the narrative of Noah -- and later to Christians in the Old Testament , and to Muslims in the Quran -- is earliest found in Mesopotamian mythology , in the Enûma Eliš and Epic of Gilgamesh . Hindu mythology similarly tells about an avatar of Vishnu in the form of a fish who warned Manu of a terrible flood . Ancient Chinese mythology also tells of a Great Flood spanning generations , one that required the combined efforts of emperors and divinities to control . Abrahamic The Abrahamic religions including Judaism , Christianity , Islam and Bahá'í Faith originated in West Asia . Judaism , the oldest of the Abrahamic faiths , is practiced primarily in Israel , the indigenous homeland and historical birthplace of the Hebrew nation : which today consists both of those Israelites who remained in Asia / North Africa and those who returned from diaspora in Europe , North America , and other regions ; though various diaspora communities persist worldwide . Jews are the predominant ethnic group in Israel ( 75.6 % ) numbering at about 6.1 million , although the levels of adherence to Jewish religion vary . Outside of Israel there are small ancient Jewish communities in Turkey ( 17,400 ) , Azerbaijan ( 9,100 ) , Iran ( 8,756 ) , India ( 5,000 ) and Uzbekistan ( 4,000 ) , , among many other places . In total , there are 14.4 -- 17.5 million ( 2016 , est . ) Jews alive in the world today , making them one of the smallest Asian minorities , at roughly 0.3 to 0.4 percent of the total population of the continent . Christianity is a widespread religion in Asia with more than 286 million adherents according to Pew Research Center in 2010 , and nearly 364 million according to Britannica Book of the Year 2014 . Constituting around 12.6 % of the total population of Asia . In the Philippines and East Timor , Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion ; it was introduced by the Spaniards and the Portuguese , respectively . In Armenia , Cyprus , Georgia and Asian Russia , Eastern Orthodoxy is the predominant religion . In the Middle East , such as in the Levant , Syriac Christianity ( Church of the East ) and Oriental Orthodoxy are prevalent minority denominations , which are both Eastern Christian sects . Saint Thomas Christians in India trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century . Islam , which originated in Saudi Arabia , is the largest and most widely spread religion in Asia with at least 1 billion Muslims constituting around 23.8 % of the total population of Asia . With 12.7 % of the world Muslim population , the country currently with the largest Muslim population in the world is Indonesia , followed by Pakistan ( 11.5 % ) , India ( 10 % ) , Bangladesh , Iran and Turkey . Mecca , Medina and to a lesser extent Jerusalem are the holiest cities for Islam in all the world . These religious sites attract large numbers of devotees from all over the world , particularly during the Hajj and Umrah seasons . Iran is the largest Shi'a country . The Bahá'í Faith originated in Asia , in Iran ( Persia ) , and spread from there to the Ottoman Empire , Central Asia , India , and Burma during the lifetime of Bahá'u'lláh . Since the middle of the 20th century , growth has particularly occurred in other Asian countries , because Bahá'í activities in many Muslim countries has been severely suppressed by authorities . Lotus Temple is a big Baha'i Temple in India . Indian and East Asian religions The Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple in Delhi , according to the Guinness World Records is the World 's Largest Comprehensive Hindu Temple Almost all Asian religions have philosophical character and Asian philosophical traditions cover a large spectrum of philosophical thoughts and writings . Indian philosophy includes Hindu philosophy and Buddhist philosophy . They include elements of nonmaterial pursuits , whereas another school of thought from India , Cārvāka , preached the enjoyment of the material world . The religions of Hinduism , Buddhism , Jainism and Sikhism originated in India , South Asia . In East Asia , particularly in China and Japan , Confucianism , Taoism and Zen Buddhism took shape . As of 2012 , Hinduism has around 1.1 billion adherents . The faith represents around 25 % of Asia 's population and is the second largest religion in Asia . However , it is mostly concentrated in South Asia . Over 80 % of the populations of both India and Nepal adhere to Hinduism , alongside significant communities in Bangladesh , Pakistan , Bhutan , Sri Lanka and Bali , Indonesia . Many overseas Indians in countries such as Burma , Singapore and Malaysia also adhere to Hinduism . Buddhism has a great following in mainland Southeast Asia and East Asia . Buddhism is the religion of the majority of the populations of Cambodia ( 96 % ) , Thailand ( 95 % ) , Burma ( 80 -- 89 % ) , Japan ( 36 -- 96 % ) , Bhutan ( 75 -- 84 % ) , Sri Lanka ( 70 % ) , Laos ( 60 -- 67 % ) and Mongolia ( 53 -- 93 % ) . Large Buddhist populations also exist in Singapore ( 33 -- 51 % ) , Taiwan ( 35 -- 93 % ) , South Korea ( 23 -- 50 % ) , Malaysia ( 19 -- 21 % ) , Nepal ( 9 -- 11 % ) , Vietnam ( 10 -- 75 % ) , China ( 20 -- 50 % ) , North Korea ( 2 -- 14 % ) , and small communities in India and Bangladesh . In many Chinese communities , Mahayana Buddhism is easily syncretized with Taoism , thus exact religious statistics is difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated . The Communist - governed countries of China , Vietnam and North Korea are officially atheist , thus the number of Buddhists and other religious adherents may be under - reported . Jainism is found mainly in India and in oversea Indian communities such as the United States and Malaysia . Sikhism is found in Northern India and amongst overseas Indian communities in other parts of Asia , especially Southeast Asia . Confucianism is found predominantly in Mainland China , South Korea , Taiwan and in overseas Chinese populations . Taoism is found mainly in Mainland China , Taiwan , Malaysia and Singapore . Taoism is easily syncretized with Mahayana Buddhism for many Chinese , thus exact religious statistics is difficult to obtain and may be understated or overstated . Jews praying at Western Wall , Jerusalem , Israel Japanese wedding at the Meiji Shrine Hindu festival celebrated by Singapore 's Tamil community Orthodox cross procession in Novosibirsk Catholic procession of the Black Nazarene in Manila Muslim men praying in Turkey The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch of the Entrance of the Theotokos in Hama , Syria The Monastery of St. Matthew , located atop Mount Alfaf in northern Iraq , is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence . Cathedral of Saint Ephrem in Aleppo , Syria The Church of São António de Motael , Dili Maronite Church of Saidet et Tallé in Deir el Qamar , Lebanon Modern conflicts US forces drop Napalm on suspected Viet Cong positions in 1965 Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo during the Syrian Civil War , October 2012 Some of the events pivotal in the Asia territory related to the relationship with the outside world in the post-Second World War were : The Chinese Civil War The Kashmir conflict The Insurgency in Northeast India The Korean War The French - Indochina War The Vietnam War The Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation The Sino - Vietnamese War The Bangladesh Liberation War The Yom Kippur War The Iranian Revolution The Soviet war in Afghanistan The Iran -- Iraq War The Indonesian occupation of East Timor The Cambodian Killing Fields The Insurgency in Laos The Lebanese Civil War The Sri Lankan Civil War The Dissolution of the Soviet Union The Gulf War The Nepalese Civil War The India - Pakistan Wars The Nagorno - Karabakh War The War in Afghanistan The Iraq War The 2006 Thai coup d'état The Burmese Civil War The Saffron Revolution The Arab Spring The Arab -- Israeli conflict The Syrian Civil War The Sino - Indian War The 2014 Thai coup d'état The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Culture This section needs expansion with : More information about general cultural topics other than Nobel prizes . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2011 ) Main article : Culture of Asia Nobel Prizes Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 , and became Asia 's first Nobel laureate The polymath Rabindranath Tagore , a Bengali poet , dramatist , and writer from Santiniketan , now in West Bengal , India , became in 1913 the first Asian Nobel laureate . He won his Nobel Prize in Literature for notable impact his prose works and poetic thought had on English , French , and other national literatures of Europe and the Americas . He is also the writer of the national anthems of Bangladesh and India . Other Asian writers who won Nobel Prize for literature include Yasunari Kawabata ( Japan , 1968 ) , Kenzaburō Ōe ( Japan , 1994 ) , Gao Xingjian ( China , 2000 ) , Orhan Pamuk ( Turkey , 2006 ) , and Mo Yan ( China , 2012 ) . Some may consider the American writer , Pearl S. Buck , an honorary Asian Nobel laureate , having spent considerable time in China as the daughter of missionaries , and based many of her novels , namely The Good Earth ( 1931 ) and The Mother ( 1933 ) , as well as the biographies of her parents of their time in China , The Exile and Fighting Angel , all of which earned her the Literature prize in 1938 . Also , Mother Teresa of India and Shirin Ebadi of Iran were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their significant and pioneering efforts for democracy and human rights , especially for the rights of women and children . Ebadi is the first Iranian and the first Muslim woman to receive the prize . Another Nobel Peace Prize winner is Aung San Suu Kyi from Burma for her peaceful and non-violent struggle under a military dictatorship in Burma . She is a nonviolent pro-democracy activist and leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma ( Myanmar ) and a noted prisoner of conscience . She is a Buddhist and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991 . Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for `` his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China '' on 8 October 2010 . He is the first Chinese citizen to be awarded a Nobel Prize of any kind while residing in China . In 2014 , Kailash Satyarthi from India and Malala Yousafzai from Pakistan were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize `` for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education '' . Sir C.V. Raman is the first Asian to get a Nobel prize in Sciences . He won the Nobel Prize in Physics `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' . Japan has won the most Nobel Prizes of any Asian nation with 24 followed by India which has won 13 . Amartya Sen , ( born 3 November 1933 ) is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory , and for his interest in the problems of society 's poorest members . Other Asian Nobel Prize winners include Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , Abdus Salam , Malala Yousafzai , Robert Aumann , Menachem Begin , Aaron Ciechanover , Avram Hershko , Daniel Kahneman , Shimon Peres , Yitzhak Rabin , Ada Yonath , Yasser Arafat , José Ramos - Horta and Bishop Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo of Timor Leste , Kim Dae - jung , and 13 Japanese scientists . Most of the said awardees are from Japan and Israel except for Chandrasekhar and Raman ( India ) , Abdus Salam and Malala yousafzai , ( Pakistan ) , Arafat ( Palestinian Territories ) , Kim ( South Korea ) , and Horta and Belo ( Timor Leste ) . In 2006 , Dr. Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the establishment of Grameen Bank , a community development bank that lends money to poor people , especially women in Bangladesh . Dr. Yunus received his PhD in economics from Vanderbilt University , United States . He is internationally known for the concept of micro credit which allows poor and destitute people with little or no collateral to borrow money . The borrowers typically pay back money within the specified period and the incidence of default is very low . The Dalai Lama has received approximately eighty - four awards over his spiritual and political career . On 22 June 2006 , he became one of only four people ever to be recognized with Honorary Citizenship by the Governor General of Canada . On 28 May 2005 , he received the Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom . Most notable was the Nobel Peace Prize , presented in Oslo , Norway on 10 December 1989 . Political geography Main article : Politics of Asia See also : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia From 1841 to 1997 , Hong Kong was a British colony . Iran China Saudi Arabia Japan Kazakhstan India Mongolia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Vietnam Singapore South Korea North Korea Afghanistan Pakistan Thailand Laos Cambodia East Timor Brunei Myanmar Bhutan Bangladesh Nepal Taiwan Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Oman Yemen UAE Qat . Bah . Kuw . Iraq Jordan Israel Syria Turkey Georgia Azer . Armenia Cyp . Egypt Maldives Sri Lanka Russia H.K. Macau Flag Name Population ( 2016 ) Area ( km2 ) Capital Afghanistan 34,656,032 647,500 Kabul Armenia 2,924,816 29,743 Yerevan Azerbaijan 9,725,376 86,600 Baku Bahrain 1,425,171 760 Manama Bangladesh 162,951,560 147,570 Dhaka Bhutan 797,765 38,394 Thimphu Brunei 423,196 5,765 Bandar Seri Begawan Cambodia 15,762,370 181,035 Phnom Penh China ( PRC ) 1,403,500,365 9,596,961 Beijing Cyprus 1,170,125 9,251 Nicosia East Timor 1,268,671 14,874 Dili Egypt 95,688,681 1,010,408 Cairo Georgia 3,925,405 69,700 Tbilisi India 1,324,171,354 3,287,263 New Delhi Indonesia 261,115,456 1,904,569 Jakarta Iran 80,277,428 1,648,195 Tehran Iraq 37,202,572 438,317 Baghdad Israel 8,191,828 20,770 Jerusalem ( disputed ) Japan 127,748,513 377,915 Tokyo Jordan 9,455,802 89,342 Amman Kazakhstan 17,987,736 2,724,900 Astana Kuwait 4,052,584 17,818 Kuwait City Kyrgyzstan 5,955,734 199,951 Bishkek Laos 6,758,353 236,800 Vientiane Lebanon 6,006,668 10,400 Beirut Malaysia 31,187,265 329,847 Kuala Lumpur Maldives 427,756 298 Malé Mongolia 3,027,398 1,564,116 Ulaanbaatar Myanmar 52,885,223 676,578 Naypyidaw Nepal 28,982,771 147,181 Kathmandu North Korea 25,368,620 120,538 Pyongyang Oman 4,424,762 309,500 Muscat Pakistan 211,103,000 796,095 Islamabad Palestine 4,790,705 6,220 Ramallah ( Jerusalem ) ( claimed ) Philippines 103,320,222 343,448 Manila Qatar 2,569,804 11,586 Doha Russia 143,964,513 17,098,242 Moscow Saudi Arabia 32,275,687 2,149,690 Riyadh Singapore 5,622,455 697 Singapore South Korea 50,791,919 100,210 Seoul Sri Lanka 20,798,492 65,610 Colombo Syria 18,430,453 185,180 Damascus Taiwan ( ROC ) 23,556,706 36,193 Taipei Tajikistan 8,734,951 143,100 Dushanbe Thailand 68,863,514 513,120 Bangkok Turkey 79,512,426 783,562 Ankara Turkmenistan 5,662,544 488,100 Ashgabat United Arab Emirates 9,269,612 83,600 Abu Dhabi Uzbekistan 31,446,795 447,400 Tashkent Vietnam 94,569,072 331,212 Hanoi Yemen 27,584,213 527,968 Sana'a Within the above - mentioned states are several partially recognized countries with limited to no international recognition . None of them are members of the UN : Flag Name Population Area ( km2 ) Capital Abkhazia 242,862 8,660 Sukhumi Artsakh 146,573 11,458 Stepanakert Northern Cyprus 285,356 3,355 Nicosia South Ossetia 51,547 3,900 Tskhinvali See also Main articles : Outline of Asia and Index of Asia - related articles References to articles : Subregions of Asia Special topics : Asian Century Asian cuisine Asian furniture Asian Games Asian Monetary Unit Asian people Eastern world Eurasia Far East East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia Central Asia Fauna of Asia Flags of Asia Middle East Eastern Mediterranean Levant Near East Pan-Asianism Lists : List of cities in Asia List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia References Jump up ^ National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society ( U.S. ) . 2006 . p. 264 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMF ( WEO April 2017 Edition ) GDP nominal per capita -- international dollar '' . Jump up ^ World urban areas Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2 ^ Jump up to : National Geographic Atlas of the World ( 7th ed . ) . Washington , DC : National Geographic . 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 7528 - 2 . `` Europe '' ( pp. 68 -- 69 ) ; `` Asia '' ( pp. 90 -- 91 ) : `` A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains , Ural River , Caspian Sea , Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea with its outlets , the Bosporus and Dardanelles . '' Jump up ^ `` Professor M.D. Nalapat . Ensuring China 's `` Peaceful Rise '' . Accessed January 22 , 2016 . '' Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dahlman , Carl J ; Aubert , Jean - Eric . China and the Knowledge Economy : Seizing the 21st Century . WBI Development Studies . World Bank Publications . Accessed January 22 , 2016 '' . Eric.ed.gov . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Great Leap Forward . The Economist . Sept 30 , 2004 '' . The Economist . Archived from the original on 27 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Like herrings in a barrel '' . The Economist . The Economist online , The Economist Group ( Millennium issue : Population ) . 23 December 1999 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 ... ^ Jump up to : `` Asia '' . AccessScience . McGraw - Hill . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neal Lineback ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` Geography in the News : Eurasia 's Boundaries '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997 , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997 , pp. 170 -- 173 Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997 , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997 , pp. 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Benjamin ( December 2008 ) . `` Geography Is Destiny '' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Magazine . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , T.R. Confucius Lives Next Door : What living in the East teaches us about living in the west Vintage Books ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ `` Asia -- Origin and meaning of Asia by Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Etymonline.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Ventris & Chadwick 1973 , p. 536 . Jump up ^ Ventris & Chadwick 1973 , p. 410 Jump up ^ Bossert , Helmut T. , Asia , Istanbul , 1946 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell ; Robert Scott ; Henry Stuart Jones ; Roderick McKenzie ( 2007 ) ( 1940 ) . `` Ἀσία '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Medford : Perseus Digital Library , Tufts University . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Book IV , Articles 37 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Book IV , Article 45 . Jump up ^ `` Asie '' . Encyclopedia : Greek Gods , Spirits , Monsters . Theoi Greek Mythology , Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art . 2000 -- 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Theogony , Line 345 ff . Jump up ^ Theogony , Line 364ff . Jump up ^ Μ95 , Π717 . Jump up ^ Β461 . Jump up ^ Silkroad Foundation , Adela C.Y. Lee . `` Ancient Silk Road Travellers '' . Silk-road.com . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Ping - ti Ho . `` An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung - Chin China '' , in Études Song , Series 1 , No 1 , ( 1970 ) . pp. 33 -- 53 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- History -- Black Death '' . BBC . 17 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra Nath ( 2010 ) . An Advanced History of Modern India . p. 11 . ISBN 9780230328853 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Map of the Countries between Constantinople and Calcutta : Including Turkey in Asia , Persia , Afghanistan and Turkestan '' . Wdl.org . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Vulnerability to Climate Change : Adaptation Strategies and layers of Resilience Archived 26 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , ICRISAT , Policy Brief No. 23 , February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Largest_Economies_in_Asia '' . Aneki.com . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong , Singapore , Tokyo World 's Top Office Destinations '' . CFO innovation ASIA . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five Years of China WTO Membership : EU and US Perspectives About China 's Compliance With Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism '' . SSRN 916768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The World Economy : Historical Statistics , Angus Maddison Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Professor M.D. Nalapat . Ensuring China 's `` Peaceful Rise '' . Accessed 30 January 2008 `` . Bharat-rakshak.com. 11 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dahlman , Carl J ; Aubert , Jean - Eric . China and the Knowledge Economy : Seizing the 21st century . WBI Development Studies . World Bank Publications . Accessed 30 January 2008 '' . Eric.ed.gov . Archived from the original on 4 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Great Leap Forward '' . The Economist. 30 September 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Rise of Japan and 4 Asian Tigers from '' . emergingdragon.com . Archived from the original on 22 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Business Council - Asia '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2007 . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine potential cited '' . sme.com.ph. 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Asia has more millionaires than Europe '' . Toronto . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Vallikappen , Sanat ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Citigroup Study Shows Asian Rich Topping North American '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milan and Rome named among the most widely visited cities in the world in the Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index report '' . Italianavenue.com. 28 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Human Development Report : Asian countries lead development progress over 40 years '' ( PDF ) . UNDP . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 November 2010 . Retrieved 22 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Population of the World '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Yoram Ettinger ( 5 April 2013 ) . `` Defying demographic projections '' . Israel Hayom . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Virtual Jewish History Tour Jewish Virtual Library '' . jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 '' . Pop-stat.mashke.org. 7 April 1971 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish woman brutally murdered in Iran over property dispute '' . The Times of Israel . 28 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . A government census published earlier this year indicated there were a mere 8,756 Jews left in Iran See Persian Jews # Iran Jump up ^ World Jewish Population 2007 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , American Jewish Yearbook , vol. 107 ( 2007 ) , p. 592 . Jump up ^ `` World Jewish Population 2016 ( DellaPergola , AJYB ) Berman Jewish DataBank '' . www.jewishdatabank.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Christians '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . 18 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc ( 1 March 2014 ) . Britannica Book of the Year 2014 . ISBN 9781625131713 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 5 by Erwin Fahlbusch . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . 2008 , p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2417 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Region : Asia - Pacific '' . Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Jha , Preeti ( 26 December 2007 ) . `` Guinness comes to east Delhi : Akshardham world 's largest Hindu temple '' . ExpressIndia.com . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka - 2011 '' . Department of Census and Statistics . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China ( includes Taiwan only ) : International Religious Freedom Report 2005 '' . US Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 8 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China ( includes Taiwan only ) : International Religious Freedom Report 2006 '' . US Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 15 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` China ( includes Taiwan only ) : International Religious Freedom Report 2007 '' . US Department of State : Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 15 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CThe World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Han Nationality : Language , Religion , Customs '' . Travelchinaguide.com . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Culture of North Korea -- Alternative name , History and ethnic relations '' . Countries and Their Cultures . Advameg Inc . Archived from the original on 5 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs ( 2009 ) . `` Background Note : North Korea '' . U.S. State Department . Archived from the original on 1 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ His Holiness 's Teachings at TCV . `` A Brief Biography -- The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama '' . Dalailama.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : transcontinental country . Jump up ^ Eastern Thrace region of Turkey is in Europe . Therefore Turkey is a transcontinental country . Bibliography Find more aboutAsiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Lewis , Martin W. ; Wigen , Kären ( 1997 ) . The myth of continents : a critique of metageography . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20743 - 2 . Ventris , Michael ; Chadwick , John ( 1973 ) . Documents in Mycenaean Greek ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : University Press . Further reading Higham , Charles . Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Facts on File library of world history . New York : Facts On File , 2004 . Kamal , Niraj . `` Arise Asia : Respond to White Peril '' . New Delhi : Wordsmith , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 87412 - 08 - 3 Kapadia , Feroz , and Mandira Mukherjee . Encyclopaedia of Asian Culture and Society . New Delhi : Anmol Publications , 1999 . Levinson , David , and Karen Christensen . Encyclopedia of Modern Asia . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2002 . External links `` Display Maps '' . The Soil Maps of Asia . European Digital Archive of Soil Maps -- EuDASM . Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . `` Asia Maps '' . Perry - Castañeda Library Map Collection . University of Texas Libraries . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . `` Asia '' . Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Bowring , Philip ( 12 February 1987 ) . `` What is Asia ? '' . Eastern Economic Review . Columbia University Asia For Educators. 135 ( 7 ) . Asia portal Geography portal Articles Related to Asia hide Asia articles History Chronology Indian Ocean trade Silk Road Imperialism Decolonisation By topic Military conflicts Sovereignty Geography Cities metropolitan areas tallest buildings Countries and territories by population Extreme points Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Regions Asia - Pacific Central Asia East Asia Eurasia Inner Asia North Asia Northeast Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Tropical Asia Western Asia Politics Heads of government Heads of state Elections political parties Human rights Law Military Intergovernmental Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) Bay of Bengal Initiative ( BIMSTEC ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( CCASG / GCC ) Mekong -- Ganga Cooperation ( MGC ) Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Economy Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Currencies Stock exchanges Technology renewable energy Transport airports high - speed rail Markets Bond markets Property markets Society Demographics Education Etiquette Health Languages People ethnic groups Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Music Philosophy Religion Sport Future Asian Century Chinese Century Indian Century Pacific Century Outline Index Book Category Portal Maps Countries and dependencies of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and special administrative regions Australia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands China Hong Kong Macau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Indian Ocean Territory Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Former supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Historical continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica India Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category GND : 4003217 - 6 LCCN : sh85008606 NARA : 10035693 NDL : 00560427 SELIBR : 139940 VIAF : 315526119 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia&oldid=845330455 '' Categories : Asia Continents Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles to be expanded from June 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from October 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino Лезги ລາວ لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Luganda Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Română Romani Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Тоҷикӣ Lea faka - Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली ГӀалгӀай Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 259 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 02 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia	20,462
what functional group is formed when saponification product is treated with hcl			Saponification	saponification	Saponification is a process that produces soap . Soaps are salts of fatty acids .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Saponification of fats 1.1 Saponification value 1.2 Mechanism of base hydrolysis 2 Saponification of fatty acids 3 Applications 3.1 Soft versus hard soap 3.2 Lithium soaps 3.3 Fire extinguishers 4 Oil paints 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Saponification of fats ( edit ) Vegetable oils and animal fats are the traditional materials that are saponified . These greasy materials , triesters called triglycerides , are mixtures derived from diverse fatty acids . Triglycerides can be converted to soap in either a one - or a two - step process . In the traditional one - step process , the triglyceride is treated with a strong base ( e.g. , lye ) , which cleaves the ester bond , releasing fatty acid salts ( soaps ) and glycerol . This process is also the main industrial method for producing glycerol . In some soap - making , the glycerol is left in the soap . If necessary , soaps may be precipitated by salting it out with sodium chloride . Skeletal formula of stearin , a triglyceride that is converted by saponification with sodium hydroxide into glycerol and soap . The conversion of the fat of a corpse into adipocere , often called `` grave wax '' . This process is more common where the amount of fatty tissue is high and the agents of decomposition are absent or only minutely present . Saponification value ( edit ) The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample . Soap makers formulate their recipes with a small deficit of lye , to account for the unknown deviation of saponification value between their oil batch and laboratory averages . Mechanism of base hydrolysis ( edit ) Main article : ester The hydroxide anion adds to ( or `` attacks '' ) the carbonyl group of the ester . The immediate product is called an orthoester : Expulsion of the alkoxide generates a carboxylic acid : The alkoxide ion is a strong base so that the proton is transferred from the carboxylic acid to the alkoxide ion creating an alcohol : In a classic laboratory procedure , the triglyceride trimyristin is obtained by extracting it from nutmeg with diethyl ether . Saponification to the sodium soap of myristic acid takes place using NaOH in water . The acid itself can be obtained by adding dilute hydrochloric acid . Saponification of fatty acids ( edit ) The reaction of fatty acids with base is the other main method of saponification . In this case , the reaction involves neutralization of the carboxylic acid . The neutralization method is used to produce industrial soaps such as those derived from magnesium , the transition metals , and aluminium . This method is ideal for producing soaps that are derived from a single fatty acid , which leads to soaps with predictable physical properties , as required by many engineering applications . Applications ( edit ) Soft versus hard soap ( edit ) Depending on the nature of the alkali used in their production , soaps have distinct properties . Sodium hydroxide ( NaOH ) gives `` hard soap '' ; hard soaps can also be used in water containing Mg , Cl , and Ca salts . By contrast , potassium soaps , ( derived using KOH ) are soft soap . The fatty acid source also affects the soap 's melting point . Most early hard soaps were manufactured using animal fats and KOH extracted from wood ash ; these were broadly solid . However , the majority of modern soaps are manufactured from polyunsaturated triglycerides such as vegetable oils . As in the triglycerides they are formed from the salts of these acids have weaker inter-molecular forces and thus lower melting points . Lithium soaps ( edit ) Lithium derivatives of 12 - hydroxystearate and other fatty acids are important constituents of lubricating greases . In lithium - based greases , lithium carboxylates are thickeners . `` Complex soaps '' are also common , these being combinations of metallic soaps , such as lithium and calcium soaps . Fire extinguishers ( edit ) Fires involving cooking fats and oils ( classified as class K ( US ) or F ( Australia / Europe / Asia ) ) burn hotter than most flammable liquids , rendering a standard class B extinguisher ineffective . Flammable liquids have flash points under 37 degrees Celsius . Cooking oil is a combustible liquid , since it has a flash point over 37 degrees Celsius . Such fires should be extinguished with a wet chemical extinguisher . Extinguishers of this type are designed to extinguish cooking fats and oils through saponification . The extinguishing agent rapidly converts the burning substance to a non-combustible soap . This process is endothermic , meaning that it absorbs thermal energy from its surroundings , which decreases the temperature of the surroundings , further inhibiting the fire . Oil paints ( edit ) Detail of Madame X ( Madame Pierre Gautreau ) , John Singer Sargent , 1884 , showing saponification in the black dress . Saponification can occur in oil paintings over time , causing visible damage and deformation . Oil paints are composed of pigment molecules suspended in an oil binding medium . Heavy metal salts are often used as pigment molecules , such as in lead white , red lead , and zinc white . If those heavy metal salts react with free fatty acids in the oil medium , metal soaps may form in a paint layer that can then migrate outward to the painting 's surface . Saponification in oil paintings was described as early as 1912 . It is believed to be widespread , having been observed in many works dating from the fifteenth through the twentieth centuries ; works of different geographic origin ; and works painted on various supports , such as canvas , paper , wood , and copper . Chemical analysis may reveal saponification occurring in a painting 's deeper layers before any signs are visible on the surface , even in paintings centuries old . The saponified regions may deform the painting 's surface through the formation of visible lumps or protrusions that can scatter light . These soap lumps may be prominent only on certain regions of the painting rather than throughout . In John Singer Sargent 's famous Portrait of Madame X , for example , the lumps only appear on the blackest areas , which may be because of the artist 's use of more medium in those areas to compensate for the tendency of black pigments to soak it up . The process can also form chalky white deposits on a painting 's surface , a deformation often described as `` blooming '' or `` efflorescence '' , and may also contribute to the increased transparency of certain paint layers within an oil painting over time . Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings and many details are unresolved . At present , retouching is the only known restoration method . See also ( edit ) Book : Soap Soap Unsaponifiable References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schumann , Klaus ; Siekmann , Kurt ( 2000 ) . `` Soaps '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a24_247 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30673 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Quality Laboratory Oil Examination Procedures and Practices '' . American Oil Chemists ' Society . Archived from the original on 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ G.D. Beal ( 1926 ) . `` Trimyristin '' . Organic Syntheses. 6 : 100 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 006.0100 . Jump up ^ G.D. Beal ( 1926 ) . `` Myristic Acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 6 : 66 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 006.0066 . Jump up ^ `` Double bonds and hydrogenation '' . GCSE Bitesize . BBC . Jump up ^ Bartels , Thorsten ; Bock , Wolfgang ; Braun , Jürgen ; Busch , Christian ; Buss , Wolfgang ; Dresel , Wilfried ; Freiler , Carmen ; Harperscheid , Manfred ; Heckler , Rolf - Peter ; Hörner , Dietrich ; Kubicki , Franz ; Lingg , Georg ; Losch , Achim ; Luther , Rolf ; Mang , Theo ; Noll , Siegfried ; Omeis , Jürgen ( 2003 ) . `` Lubricants and Lubrication '' . Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a15_423 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 30673 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Pigment Grove Art '' . doi : 10.1093 / gao / 9781884446054.001. 0001 / oao - 9781884446054 - e-7000067586 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Silvia A. Centeno ; Dorothy Mahon ( Summer 2009 ) . Macro Leona , ed . `` The Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings : Metal Soaps and Visual Changes '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 67 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 . JSTOR 40588562 . See pages : 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Fleury , Paul ( 1912 ) . `` MANUFACTURE AND TREATMENTS OF WHITE ZINC '' . The Preparation and Uses of White Zinc Paints ( 1st ed . ) . London : London , Scott , Greenwood & son. and although Petit declares this theory false , it is none the less on it and on its data that he bases his system of manufacture of hydrated white zinc , of which he is the inventor that is to say , the saponification of the oil , or the formation of metallic salts , dissolved therein Jump up ^ Silvia A. Centeno ; Dorothy Mahon ( Summer 2009 ) . Macro Leona , ed . `` The Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings : Metal Soaps and Visual Changes '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 67 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 . JSTOR 40588562 . See page 16 . Jump up ^ Silvia A. Centeno ; Dorothy Mahon ( Summer 2009 ) . Macro Leona , ed . `` The Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings : Metal Soaps and Visual Changes '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 67 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 . JSTOR 40588562 . See pages 12 -- 13 , 15 . Jump up ^ Silvia A. Centeno ; Dorothy Mahon ( Summer 2009 ) . Macro Leona , ed . `` The Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings : Metal Soaps and Visual Changes '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 67 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 . JSTOR 40588562 . See pages 16 , 19 . Jump up ^ Silvia A. Centeno ; Dorothy Mahon ( Summer 2009 ) . Macro Leona , ed . `` The Chemistry of Aging in Oil Paintings : Metal Soaps and Visual Changes '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 67 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 19 . JSTOR 40588562 . See page 19 . External links ( edit ) Animation of the mechanism of base hydrolysis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saponification&oldid=825285292 '' Categories : Substitution reactions Chemical processes Soaps Bases ( chemistry ) Conservation and restoration of paintings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Limburgs Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification	18,928
winx club the secret of the lost kingdom kisscartoon			List of Winx Club episodes	list of winx club episodes		Winx Club is an Italian animated series which premiered on 28 January 2004 on Rai 2 and was later moved to Rai Gulp midway through season 6 . The series involves Bloom , who is an ordinary 16 - year - old girl from Earth , who finds out she is a powerful fairy . Together with an ever - expanding circle of friends , including fellow fairies Stella , Aisha / Layla , Flora , Musa and Tecna , she deals not only with the challenges of growing up different , but also learning how to use her new - found powers against those who either want to destroy her , take her power for their own , or both . In the United States , the show was originally licensed by 4Kids Entertainment , which aired and dubbed the first three seasons of the show for Fox 's Saturday morning block , the Fox Box , later renamed 4Kids TV , from 2004 to 2007 . In 2010 , Nickelodeon acquired the rights to localize the series across the United States . Nickelodeon created four one - hour specials to summarize the first two seasons , re-dubbed the third season , produced a new dub for the fourth season , and also co-produced the fifth and sixth seasons . From 26 July 2015 to 23 August 2016 , re-runs were shown on Nick Jr . Re-runs began on airing on the Sinclair Broadcast Group children 's block , KidsClick , on 9 October 2017 . Contents 1 Overview 2 Music 2.1 Opening themes 2.2 Closing themes 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2004 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2005 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2007 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 3.8 Specials ( 2011 ) 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Italian airdate Italian network ( s ) English airdate Network ( s ) First aired Last aired First aired Last aired 26 28 January 2004 26 March 2004 Rai 2 Rai Gulp 19 June 2004 11 December 2004 Fox ( FoxBox ) * 26 19 April 2005 14 July 2005 10 September 2005 11 March 2006 Fox ( 4Kids TV ) * 26 29 January 2007 28 March 2007 30 September 2006 14 November 2011 22 September 2007 26 December 2011 Fox ( 4Kids TV ) Nickelodeon 26 15 April 2009 13 November 2009 6 May 2012 29 July 2012 Nickelodeon 5 26 16 October 2012 24 April 2013 26 August 2012 22 September 2013 Nickelodeon Nick Jr . 6 26 6 January 2014 4 August 2014 29 September 2013 22 November 2015 Nickelodeon 7 26 21 September 2015 3 October 2015 10 January 2016 10 April 2016 Nick Jr . * Nickelodeon created four one - hour specials to recap the first two seasons . Music ( edit ) Opening themes ( edit ) `` Under the Sign of Winx '' ( seasons 1 -- 3 , original ) `` We are the Winx '' , performed by The 4Kids 5 , ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 4Kids ) `` Winx ! ( You 're Magic Now ) '' performed by Cymphonique Miller ( one hour specials , seasons 3 - 4 , Nickelodeon ) `` Winx Are Back '' ( season 4 , original ) `` We 're the Winx '' , performed by Cassidy Ladden and Kathryn Raio ( season 5 ) `` Winx Rising Up Together '' , performed by Kathryn Raio ( season 6 ) `` We 're Magic All the Way '' , performed by Alessia Orlando ( season 7 ) Closing themes ( edit ) `` The Girls of the Winx Club '' ( seasons 1 -- 2 , original ) `` If You 're a Winx '' ( season 3 , original ) `` Superheroes '' , performed by Elisa Rosselli ( season 4 , original , one hour specials , seasons 3 -- 4 , Nickelodeon ) `` Underwater Mission '' , performed by Elisa Rosselli ( season 5 ) `` Living the Magic '' , performed by Alessia Orlando and Elisa Aramonte ( season 6 ) `` The Magic World of Winx '' , performed by Alessia Orlando and Elisa Aramonte ( season 7 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 1 ) A seemingly ordinary 16 - year - old girl named Bloom travels with Stella to the Magic Dimension to study at Alfea School for Fairies . She meets her apartment mates : Flora , Musa and Tecna . She also learns about the two other schools in Magix : Red Fountain , the all - boys school for Specialists where she meets Brandon ( Prince Sky ) , and Cloud Tower , the school for witches which is where the Trix - Icy , Darcy and Stormy attend . The Trix are the main villains in the first season . No . overall No. in season Italian Title / RAI English Title 4Kids English title Italian air date American air date `` Una Fata a Gardenia '' / `` An Unexpected Event '' `` It Feels Like Magic '' 28 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 28 ) 19 June 2004 `` Benvenuti a Magix ! '' / `` Welcome to Magix ! '' `` More Than High School '' 30 January 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 30 ) 26 June 2004 `` L'anello di Stella '' / `` Alfea College for Fairies '' `` Save the First Dance '' 2 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 02 ) 3 July 2004 `` La palude di Melmamora '' / `` The Black - Mud Swamp '' `` The Voice of Nature '' 4 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) 10 July 2004 5 5 `` Appuntamento al buio '' / `` Date with Disaster '' `` Date with Disaster '' 6 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 06 ) 17 July 2004 6 6 `` Missione a Torrenuvola '' / `` Mission at Cloudtower '' `` Secret Guardian '' 9 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 09 ) 24 July 2004 7 7 `` A che servono gli amici ? '' / `` Friends in Need '' `` Grounded '' 11 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) 31 July 2004 8 8 `` La festa della rosa '' / `` A Friendship Sundered '' `` The Day of the Rose '' 13 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 13 ) 7 August 2004 9 9 `` Il tradimento di Riven '' / `` Betrayed ! '' `` Spelled '' 16 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 16 ) 14 August 2004 10 10 `` La fiamma del drago '' / `` Bloom Tested '' `` Magical Reality Check '' 18 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 18 ) 21 August 2004 11 11 `` Il regno delle ninfe '' / `` The Monster and The Willow '' `` Junior League '' 20 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 20 ) 28 August 2004 12 12 `` Miss Magix '' 23 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 23 ) 4 September 2004 13 13 `` La figlia del fuoco '' / `` A Great Secret Revealed '' `` Meant to Be '' 25 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 25 ) 11 September 2004 14 14 `` Il segreto di Bloom '' / `` Bloom 's Dark Secret '' `` Witch Trap '' 27 February 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 27 ) 18 September 2004 15 15 `` Voci dal passato '' / `` Honor Above All '' `` Pushing the Envelope '' 1 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 01 ) 25 September 2004 16 16 `` Il nemico nell'ombra '' / `` Cold Spell '' `` The Nightmare Monster '' 3 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 03 ) 2 October 2004 17 17 `` Il segreto di Brandon '' / `` Secrets Within Secrets '' `` Royal Heartbreak '' 5 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) 9 October 2004 18 18 `` Addio Magix ! '' / `` The Font of Dragon Fire '' `` Senior Witches Go to Earth '' 8 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 08 ) 16 October 2004 19 19 `` Attacco ad Alfea '' / `` The Fall of Magix '' `` The Army of Decay '' 10 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 10 ) 23 October 2004 20 20 `` La scomparsa di Bloom '' / `` Mission to Domino '' `` Sparks of Hope '' 12 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 12 ) 30 October 2004 21 21 `` Trappola di ghiaccio '' / `` The Crown of Dreams '' `` The Frozen Palace '' 15 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 15 ) 6 November 2004 22 22 `` Il ritorno di Riven '' / `` Storming Cloudtower '' `` Mission to Cloud Tower '' 17 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 17 ) 13 November 2004 23 23 `` Fuga da Torrenuvola '' / `` Power Play '' `` The Search for the Flame '' 19 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 19 ) 20 November 2004 24 24 `` Il mistero del lago '' / `` The Witches ' Siege '' `` Battle for Alfea '' 22 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 22 ) 27 November 2004 25 25 `` Il sonno di Magix '' / `` The Ultimate Challenge '' `` The Great Witch Invasion '' 24 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 24 ) 4 December 2004 26 26 `` Battaglia finale '' / `` The Witches ' Downfall '' `` Fire and Ice '' 26 March 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 26 ) 11 December 2004 RC1 RC1 `` Attack of the Senior Witches '' N / A 22 May 2004 Season 2 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 2 ) The second season introduces Aisha ( named Layla in the 4Kids and Rai English versions ) , the Fairy of Waves , and princess of the distant watery world of Andros ( called The Realm of Tides in the 4Kids version ) . The newly expanded Winx Club face a new villain , Lord Darkar , who has the Trix become his helpful allies and loyal minions . They also meet the Pixies of Pixie Village , who they each bond with psionically . As sophomore students , the six Winx Club girls will earn their Charmix powers ; a secondary fairy evolution that greatly amplifies a fairy 's unique magical powers and spells tenfold , which is achieved when a fairy does something that will help her get in touch with her true self . No . overall No. in season Italian title / RAI English title 4Kids English title Italian air date American air date 27 `` La fenice d'ombra '' `` The Shadow Phoenix '' `` Back to School '' 19 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 19 ) 10 September 2005 28 `` Il ritorno delle Trix '' `` Up to their old Trix '' `` Princess of Tides '' 21 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 21 ) 17 September 2005 29 `` Missione di salvataggio '' `` Rescue Mission '' `` Into the Under Realm '' 26 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 26 ) 24 September 2005 30 `` La Principessa Amentia '' `` Princess Amentia '' `` Queen of Perfection '' 28 April 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 28 ) 1 October 2005 31 5 `` Magico Bonding '' `` Magic Bonding '' `` Rescuing the Pixies '' 3 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 03 ) 8 October 2005 32 6 `` Il matrimonio di Brandon '' `` Runaway Groom '' `` My Boyfriend 's Wedding '' 5 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 05 ) 15 October 2005 33 7 `` La pietra misteriosa '' `` The Mysterious Stone '' `` The Dark Tower '' 10 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 10 ) 22 October 2005 34 8 `` Il guastafeste '' `` Party Crasher '' `` Party Monster '' 12 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 12 ) 29 October 2005 35 9 `` Il segreto del professor Avalon '' `` Professor Avalon 's Secret '' `` The Angel of Doom '' 17 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 17 ) 5 November 2005 36 10 `` La cripta del codice '' `` Crypt of the Codex '' `` Reaching for the Sky '' 19 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) 12 November 2005 37 11 `` Corsa contro il tempo '' `` Race Against Time '' `` Homesick '' 24 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) 19 November 2005 38 12 `` Unite per la vittoria '' `` Winx Together ! '' `` Truth or Dare '' 26 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 26 ) 26 November 2005 39 13 `` La dama del ballo '' `` The Invisible Pixies '' `` Gangs of Gardenia '' 31 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) 3 December 2005 40 14 `` Battaglia sul pianeta Eraklyon '' `` Battle on Planet Eraklyon '' `` The Wrong Righters '' 2 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 02 ) 28 January 2006 41 15 `` Lo spettacolo continua '' `` The Show Must Go On ! '' `` Magic in My Heart '' 7 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 07 ) 4 February 2006 42 16 `` Hallowinx ! '' `` The Fourth Witch '' 9 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 09 ) 11 February 2006 ( After episode 44 ) 43 17 `` Gemellaggio con le Streghe '' `` Twinning with the Witches '' `` Exchange Students '' 14 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 14 ) 4 February 2006 ( After episode 41 ) 44 18 `` Nel Cuore di Torrenuvola '' `` In the Heart of Cloud Tower '' `` The Heart of Cloud Tower '' 16 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 16 ) 11 February 2006 ( Before episode 42 ) 45 19 `` La spia nell'ombra '' `` The Spy in the Shadows '' `` Shadows in Bloom '' 21 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 21 ) 18 February 2006 46 20 `` Il villaggio delle Pixies '' `` Pixie Village '' `` The First Charmix '' 23 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 23 ) 18 February 2006 47 21 `` Il potere del Charmix '' `` Charmix Power '' `` Trouble in Paradise '' 28 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 28 ) 25 February 2006 48 22 `` Wildland : La grande trappola '' `` Danger in the Wildland '' `` Last Resorts '' 30 June 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 30 ) 25 February 2006 49 23 `` Il momento della verità '' `` The Time for Truth '' `` Darkness and Light '' 5 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) 4 March 2006 50 24 `` Prigioniera di Darkar '' `` Darkar 's Prisoner '' `` Desperately Seeking Bloom '' 7 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 07 ) 4 March 2006 51 25 `` Faccia a faccia con il nemico '' `` Face to Face with the Enemy '' `` Storming Shadowhaunt '' 12 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) 11 March 2006 52 26 `` Le ceneri della Fenice '' `` The Phoenix Revealed '' `` The Ultimate Power Couple '' 14 July 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 14 ) 11 March 2006 Season 3 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 3 ) In this season , the Trix escape from their prison and bring back a new villain named Valtor , who has a special connection with Bloom 's tragic past . Now in their third and final year at Alfea , the Winx Club girls must all achieve their full - fledged fairy forms , Enchantix , which is earned only by bravely rescuing another from her own home world via self - sacrifice . No . overall No. in season Italian Title / RAI English Title F 4KidsTv / Nick English Title Italian air date American air dates ( 4Kids / Nick ) 53 `` Il ballo della principessa '' `` The Princess ' Ball '' `` The Princess Ball / The Perfect Dress '' 29 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 29 ) 30 September 2006 14 November 2011 54 `` Il marchio di Valtor '' `` Valtor 's Mark '' `` Beauty is a Beast / Valtor 's Plan '' 31 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) 7 October 2006 15 November 2011 55 `` La principessa e la bestia '' `` The Fairy and the Beast '' `` Pretty Pretty Princess / The Monster 's Escape '' 2 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) 28 October 2006 16 November 2011 56 `` Lo specchio della verità '' `` The Mirror of Truth '' `` Mirror of Truth / Stella 's Truth '' 5 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 05 ) 4 November 2006 17 November 2011 57 5 `` Il Mare della Paura '' `` Sea of Fear '' `` Mission to Tides / Andros in Danger '' 7 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 07 ) 11 November 2006 18 November 2011 58 6 `` La scelta di Aisha '' `` Aisha / Layla 's Choice '' `` The Mermaid Queen / Aisha 's Courage '' 9 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) 18 November 2006 28 November 2011 59 7 `` La compagnia della luce '' `` The Company of the Light '' `` Royal Behavior / Heroes of the Past '' 12 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 12 ) 25 November 2006 29 November 2011 60 8 `` Una sleale avversaria '' `` Disloyal Adversary '' `` Dark Sky / Diaspro 's Deception '' 14 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) 24 February 2007 30 November 2011 61 9 `` Il cuore e la spada '' `` The Heart and The Sword '' `` Operation Boyfriend Rescue / Breaking the Mark '' 16 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) 3 March 2007 1 December 2011 62 10 `` Alfea sotto assedio '' `` Alfea Under Siege '' `` Attack of the Zombie Witches / Taking Over Cloudtower '' 19 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) 10 March 2007 2 December 2011 63 11 `` Trappola per fate '' `` A Trap for Fairies '' `` Missing in Action / Facing the Enemy '' 21 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) 17 March 2007 5 December 2011 64 12 `` Le lacrime del salice nero '' `` The Black Willow 's Tears '' `` Tears From the Black Willow / A Journey to Lynphea '' 23 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) 24 March 2007 6 December 2011 65 13 `` Un ultimo battito d'ali '' `` One Last Fluttering of Wings '' `` Point of No Return / Tecna 's Sacrifice '' 26 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) 31 March 2007 7 December 2011 66 14 `` Furia ! '' `` Fury ! '' `` Payback / Revenge ! '' 28 February 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) 7 April 2007 8 December 2011 67 15 `` L'isola dei draghi '' `` The Island of Dragons '' `` The Island of Dragons / Dragon Quest '' 2 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 14 April 2007 9 December 2011 68 16 `` Dalle ceneri '' `` From the Ashes '' `` The Power Within / Building Hope '' 5 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 ) 21 April 2007 12 December 2011 69 17 `` Nella tana del serpente '' `` In the Snake 's Lair '' `` The Omega Mission / The Omega Mission '' 7 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 07 ) 28 April 2007 13 December 2011 70 18 `` Lo scrigno di Valtor '' `` Valtor 's Box '' `` Day at the Museum / The Museum of Magic '' 9 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) 28 July 2007 14 December 2011 71 19 `` All'ultimo minuto '' `` At the Last Moment '' `` Biker Chick Wedding Crashers / Back to Solaria '' 12 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) 4 August 2007 15 December 2011 72 20 `` La carica delle Pixies '' `` The Pixies ' Charge '' `` Little Big Shots / The Pixies Fight Back '' 14 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 14 ) 11 August 2007 16 December 2011 73 21 `` La torre rossa '' `` The Red Tower '' `` The Golden Kingdom / Beyond the Magic Dimension '' 16 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 16 ) 18 August 2007 19 December 2011 74 22 `` Il labirinto di cristallo '' `` The Crystal Labyrinth '' `` The Crystal Labyrinth / Finding Your Way '' 19 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) 25 August 2007 20 December 2011 75 23 `` La sfida dei maghi '' `` The Wizards ' Challenge '' `` The Wizard 's Challenge / The Water Stars '' 21 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 21 ) 1 September 2007 21 December 2011 76 24 `` La rivelazione delle streghe '' `` Witches ' Revelation '' `` The Witches ' Crypt / Seeking the Truth '' 23 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) 8 September 2007 22 December 2011 77 25 `` L'ira dello stregone '' `` Wizard 's Anger '' `` The Spell of the Elements / Valtor 's Fury '' 26 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 26 ) 15 September 2007 23 December 2011 78 26 `` Un nuovo inizio '' `` A New Beginning '' `` Fire and Flame / The Final Battle '' 28 March 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 28 ) 22 September 2007 26 December 2011 Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 4 ) In the fourth season , which takes place one year later after the events of Winx Club : The Secret of the Lost Kingdom , the Winx Club become teachers at Alfea , but a new threat arrives : The four Wizards of the Black Circle , who mistake Bloom for the last terrestrial fairy of Earth . The Winx Club resign as teachers and travel to Earth , where they must find and protect the last terrestrial fairy of Earth , who lives in Bloom 's hometown of Gardenia , who is named Roxy , the Fairy of Animals . The Winx Club must evolve into Believix fairies to beat the wizards ' and restore all of the magic on Earth that was lost centuries ago . It is the first season to use Flash animation and digital ink instead of hand drawn traditonal animation which is used in Seasons 1 , 2 , & 3 . No . overall No. in season Italian Title / RAI English Title Nick English Title Italian air date American air date ( Nick ) 79 `` I cacciatori di fate '' `` The Fairy Hunters '' `` The Wizards of the Black Circle '' 15 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 15 ) 6 May 2012 80 `` L'albero della vita '' `` The Tree of Life '' `` Fear in Pixie Village '' 17 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 17 ) 6 May 2012 81 `` L'ultima fata della terra '' `` The Last Fairy of Earth '' `` Winx on Earth '' 20 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) 13 May 2012 82 `` Love & Pet '' `` Love & Pet '' `` Magic Pets '' 22 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ) 13 May 2012 83 5 `` Il regalo di Mitzi '' `` Mitzi 's Present '' `` Ogron 's Spell '' 24 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 20 May 2012 84 6 `` Una fata in pericolo '' `` A Fairy in Danger '' `` A Fairy Found '' 27 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 27 ) 20 May 2012 85 7 `` Winx Believix '' `` Winx Believix '' `` I Believe in You '' 29 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) 27 May 2012 86 8 `` Il cerchio bianco '' `` The White Circle '' `` Hidden in the Country '' 1 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 27 May 2012 87 9 `` Nebula '' `` Nebula '' `` Nebula 's White Circle '' 4 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) 3 June 2012 88 10 `` La canzone di Musa '' `` Musa 's Song '' `` The Audition '' 6 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 06 ) 3 June 2012 89 11 `` Winx Club per sempre '' `` Winx Club Forever '' `` Superheroes '' 8 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 10 June 2012 90 12 `` Papà ! Sono una fata ! '' `` Dad ! I 'm a Fairy '' `` The Pets ' Pursuit '' 11 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10 June 2012 91 13 `` L'attacco degli stregoni '' `` The Wizards ' Attack '' `` Roxy 's Energy '' 13 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 13 ) 17 June 2012 92 14 `` 7 : Il numero perfetto '' `` 7 : The Perfect Number '' `` Bringing Magic Back '' 14 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 14 ) 17 June 2012 93 15 `` Lezioni di magia '' `` Magic Lessons '' `` The New Witch in Town '' 16 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 24 June 2012 94 16 `` Un mondo virtuale '' `` A Virtual World '' `` A Virtual Hideout '' 19 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) 24 June 2012 95 17 `` L'isola incantata '' `` The Enchanted Island '' `` Island Tricks '' 21 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) 1 July 2012 96 18 `` La furia della natura '' `` The Nature Rage '' `` Diana 's Attack '' 26 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) 1 July 2012 97 19 `` Nel regno di Diana '' `` In Diana 's Kingdom '' `` In the Amazon Forest '' 28 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) 8 July 2012 98 20 `` I doni del destino '' `` The Gifts of Destiny '' `` Diana 's Redemption '' 30 October 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) 8 July 2012 99 21 `` La caverna di Sibylla '' `` Sibylla 's Cave '' `` The Fairy of Justice '' 2 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 02 ) 15 July 2012 100 22 `` La Torre Gelata '' `` The Frozen Tower '' `` Aurora 's Tower '' 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 15 July 2012 101 23 `` La prova di Bloom '' `` Bloom 's Trial '' `` Bloom 's Challenge '' 6 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 22 July 2012 102 24 `` Il giorno della giustizia '' `` The Day of Justice '' `` The Wizard 's Trap '' 9 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) 22 July 2012 103 25 `` Il segreto di Morgana '' `` Morgana 's Secret '' `` Home at Last '' 11 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 11 ) 29 July 2012 104 26 `` Ghiaccio e fuoco '' `` Ice and Fire '' `` Duel in the Omega Dimension '' 13 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 29 July 2012 Season 5 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 5 ) The fifth season had first premiered on 26 August 2012 in America and on 16 October 2012 in Italy under the name `` Winx Club : Beyond Believix '' . Two fairy transformations were confirmed : Harmonix and Sirenix . This was the first season to be co-produced with Nickelodeon , the first produced in HD and the first to use computer - animated graphics . Scenes using Harmonix were in 2D , while scenes set in world of the Infinite Ocean were rendered in CGI . No . overall No. in season Italian Title Nick English Title Italian air date American air date 105 `` Minaccia dall'oceano '' `` The Spill '' 16 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) 2 September 2012 106 `` L'ascesa di Tritannus '' `` The Rise of Tritannus '' 17 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 9 September 2012 107 `` Ritorno ad Alfea '' `` Return to Alfea '' 18 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) 16 September 2012 108 `` Il Libro Sirenix '' `` The Sirenix Book '' 19 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 19 ) 23 September 2012 109 5 `` Il magico Lilo '' `` The Lilo '' 22 October 2012 ( 22 October 2012 ) 26 August 2012 110 6 `` Potere Harmonix '' `` The Power of Harmonix '' 23 October 2012 ( 23 October 2012 ) 7 October 2012 111 7 `` Le Conchiglie Luccicanti '' `` The Shimmering Shells '' 24 October 2012 ( 24 October 2012 ) 14 October 2012 112 8 `` La melodia del rubino '' `` Secret of the Ruby Reef '' 25 October 2012 ( 25 October 2012 ) 28 October 2012 113 9 `` La Gemma dell'Empatia '' `` The Gem of Empathy '' 26 October 2012 ( 26 October 2012 ) 4 November 2012 114 10 `` Natale ad Alfea '' `` A Magix Christmas '' 29 October 2012 ( 29 October 2012 ) 9 December 2012 115 11 `` Le Trix in agguato '' `` Trix Tricks '' 30 October 2012 ( 30 October 2012 ) 11 November 2012 116 12 `` Prova di coraggio '' `` Test of Courage '' 1 November 2012 ( 1 November 2012 ) 18 November 2012 117 13 `` Le fate Sirenix '' `` Sirenix '' 2 November 2012 ( 2 November 2012 ) 25 November 2012 118 14 `` Il Trono dell'Imperatore '' `` The Emperor 's Throne '' 8 April 2013 ( 8 April 2013 ) 17 February 2013 119 15 `` Il Pilastro della Luce '' `` The Pillar of Light '' 9 April 2013 ( 9 April 2013 ) 24 February 2013 120 16 `` L'Eclisse '' `` The Eclipse '' 10 April 2013 ( 10 April 2013 ) 3 March 2013 121 17 `` L'occhio Che Ispira Le fate '' `` Faraway Reflections '' 11 April 2013 ( 11 April 2013 ) 10 March 2013 122 18 `` Il divoratore '' `` The Devourer '' 12 April 2013 ( 12 April 2013 ) 17 March 2013 123 19 `` Le Balene del Canto '' `` The Singing Whales '' 15 April 2013 ( 15 April 2013 ) 31 March 2013 124 20 `` Problemi sentimentali '' `` The Problems of Love '' 16 April 2013 ( 16 April 2013 ) 31 March 2013 125 21 `` Un appuntamento perfetto '' `` A Perfect Date '' 17 April 2013 ( 17 April 2013 ) 7 April 2013 126 22 `` Ascolta il tuo cuore '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' 18 April 2013 ( 18 April 2013 ) 5 May 2013 127 23 `` Sulle tracce di Politea '' `` The Shark 's Eye '' 19 April 2013 ( 19 April 2013 ) 12 May 2013 128 24 `` Il Respiro dell'Oceano '' `` Saving Paradise Bay '' 22 April 2013 ( 22 April 2013 ) 8 September 2013 129 25 `` Scontro epico '' `` Battle for the Infinite Ocean '' 23 April 2013 ( 23 April 2013 ) 15 September 2013 130 26 `` La fine dell'incubo '' `` The End of Tritannus '' 24 April 2013 ( 24 April 2013 ) 22 September 2013 Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 6 ) The Trix take over Cloud Tower and ally themselves with a new witch from Earth , Selina . Selina possesses a magical book called the Legendarium that can make myths and legends become real . To stop both the Trix and Selina , the Winx Club must achieve two new transformations named Bloomix and Mythix . The Winx Club must search for Eldora . Eldora is the Fairy Godmother who is the only one who knows how to lock the evil Legendarium book for good . In Italy , episodes 1 -- 14 were broadcast on Rai 2 . Following a hiatus after episode 14 , episodes 15 -- 26 were broadcast on Rai Gulp . The season concluded in Italy and Europe on 4 August 2014 . In the United States , the season premiered on Nickelodeon on 29 September 2013 . Episodes 1 -- 8 were broadcast on Nickelodeon . After the 8th episode , episodes 9 -- 26 were broadcast on Nick Jr . Nickelodeon released episodes 9 -- 20 online between 17 May 2014 and 31 March 2015 . The season concluded in the United States on 22 November 2015 on Nick Jr . No . overall No. in season Italian Title Nick English Title Italian air date American air date 131 `` L'ispirazione del Sirenix '' `` Inspiration of Sirenix '' 6 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 29 September 2013 132 `` Legendarium '' `` The Legendarium '' 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 3 November 2013 133 `` Il collegio volante '' `` The Flying School '' 20 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 3 November 2013 134 `` Il potere Bloomix '' `` Bloomix Power '' 31 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) 15 December 2013 135 5 `` Golden Auditorium '' `` The Golden Auditorium '' 7 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) 15 December 2013 136 6 `` I Mangiafuoco '' `` Vortex of Flames '' 14 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 12 January 2014 137 7 `` La biblioteca perduta '' `` The Lost Library '' 17 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 16 February 2014 138 8 `` L'attacco Della Sfinge '' `` Attack of the Sphinx '' 10 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 16 February 2014 139 9 `` Il Tempio del Drago Verde '' `` Shrine of the Green Dragon '' 3 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 3 August 2015 140 10 `` La serra di Alfea '' `` The Secret Greenhouse '' 10 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 5 August 2015 141 11 `` Sogni infranti '' `` Broken Dreams '' 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 7 August 2015 142 12 `` I figli della notte '' `` Shimmer in the Shadows '' 24 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 10 August 2015 143 13 `` La Fata Madrina '' `` The Fairy Godmother '' 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 12 August 2015 144 14 `` Mythix '' `` Mythix '' 7 April 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 14 August 2015 145 15 Il mistero di Calavera `` Mystery of Calavera '' 31 July 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) 17 August 2015 146 16 L'invasione degli Zombie `` Zombie Invasion '' 1 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) 19 August 2015 147 17 La maledizione di Fearwood `` The Curse of Fearwood '' 1 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) 21 August 2015 148 18 Il totem magico `` The Magic Totem '' 1 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) 9 September 2015 149 19 Regina Per un Giorno `` Queen for a Day '' 2 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 11 September 2015 150 20 Il Banchetto di Solaria `` Stella 's Big Party '' 2 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 15 September 2015 151 21 Un Amore Mostruoso `` A Monster Crush '' 2 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 02 ) 17 September 2015 152 22 Music Café `` The Music Cafe '' 3 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 8 November 2015 153 23 L'inno di Alfea `` The Anthem '' 3 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 8 November 2015 154 24 Scontro fra campioni `` Legendary Duel '' 3 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 15 November 2015 155 25 Acheron `` Acheron '' 3 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 03 ) 15 November 2015 156 26 Winx per Sempre `` Winx Forever '' 4 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 22 November 2015 Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Winx Club ( season 7 ) This season focuses on the rare and powerful fairy animals of the magic universe . Each one possess a great power or secret that maintains order in the universe . The Winx Club , along with their good friend Roxy , must find and protect the fairy animals from Kalshara and her brother Brafilius . Kalshara is an evil fairy who has a shared history with headmistress Faragonda . Kalshara and her brother Brafilius plan to have all fairy animals as their own army . To succeed , Kalshara must locate the fairy animal who possesses `` the Ultimate Power . '' The Winx achieve two additional fairy transformations named Butterflix and Tynix . The Winx Club encounter wild magic for the first time . Roxy plays a much more important role in this season , although she does not accompany the Winx on most missions as she does n't have as much powers as the others . This season first premiered on 21 September 2015 in Italy and concluded on 3 October 2015 . The English dub debuted on Nick Jr. on 10 January 2016 and concluded on 10 April 2016 . No . overall No. in season Italian Title English Title Italian air date American air date 157 Il parco naturale di Alfea `` The Alfea Natural Park '' 21 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 10 January 2016 Faragonda shows the girls the Alfea Natural Park , which she created to welcome the last specimens of Fairy Animals . However , an evil bird of prey enters the park and abducts the last specimen of Digmole . 158 Giovani fate crescono `` Young Fairies Grow Up '' 21 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 10 January 2016 Faragonda is deeply concerned : as each Fairy Animal has a special talent , they need to solve the mystery of the Digmole . The girls receive the Stones of Memories to travel back in time and be able to save the Digmoles . 159 Butterflix `` Butterflix '' 22 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 17 January 2016 In the Alfea of the past , Kalshara , a fairy with dark intentions , manages to access an old hall . Crossing a Wild Magic source , she becomes a shapeshifting creature , the first step to obtaining the Ultimate Power . The Winx fight against the elemental creature cast by Brafilius and after defeating the monster ( and realising their Bloomix powers are not nature based to save the Digmoles ) , they earn a new magical power derived from nature itself - Butterflix . 160 Il primo colore dell'universo `` The First Color of the Universe '' 22 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) 17 January 2016 Back in the present , the Winx organize the inauguration of the Alfea Natural Park , where now there are many Digmoles , saved by the Winx in the past . The Digmoles however , hide a mysterious enigma . 161 5 Un amico dal passato `` A Friend from the Past '' 23 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 24 January 2016 Brafilius can now use the stone stolen from Roxy to travel back in time , and he also knows how to find the Animal with the First Color of the Universe , thanks to the information that the fairy unwittingly gave him . 162 6 Avventura su Lynphea `` Adventure on Lynphea '' 23 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 24 January 2016 Roxy calls the Winx in her room at Alfea , because she knows that the MagiWolves species is in danger on Lynphea . The fairies go to the home planet of Flora and meet her parents , who are healing two MagiWolves . The Winx go into the heart of nature to find the source of this dilemma as why the MagiWolves are afraid to enter the forests of nature and the girls see that wild magic has contaminated the trees , so transform into their Butterflix forms , but they are thwarted by dark magic trees that drain all their powers - leaving Flora unable to reach the magic seeds . 163 7 Attenti al Magilupo `` Beware of the Wolf '' 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 31 January 2016 Miele comes to help the fairies , using the antidote get rid of the fungi . Noticing that nature is spontaneously reacting , Flora gets the idea of helping nature itself with her own Butterflix special spell . 164 8 Ritorno al medioevo `` Back in the Middle Ages '' 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 31 January 2016 After a few attempts to make Squonk and Amarok become friends , the Winx use the Stones of Memories to travel back to Medieval Italy , where another species of Fairy Animals - Quillcat used to live . 165 9 Il gatto magico `` The Fairy Cat '' 25 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 7 February 2016 Orlando , a minstrel who knows how to summon the Quillcat , decides to help the Winx . Brafilius ambushes the cat , but Musa stops him with her Butterflix power . 166 10 Winx in trappola ! `` Winx Trapped ! '' 25 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 7 February 2016 Brafilius fails to catch the Quillcat and finding out if the animal has the Ultimate Power . A furious Kalshara goes to Alfea alone and abducts Critty . 167 11 Missione nella giungla `` Mission in the Jungle '' 26 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) 14 February 2016 The Sumatran tigers are in danger because they are hunted by shapeshifting poachers , contaminated by a source of wild magic , so Roxy asks the Winx for help . 168 12 Un animale fatato per Tecna `` A Fairy Animal for Tecna '' 26 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 26 ) 14 February 2016 In the ancient core of Tecna 's home world , Brafilius has an evil plan to make Zenith unstable . To save the endangered Techsquirrels , Tecna must bring balance to her home world . 169 13 Il segreto dell'unicorno `` The Unicorn 's Secret '' 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 21 February 2016 Everyone of the girls have their Fairy Animal , except a desperately worried Bloom . Meanwhile , the Winx travel to China to save the pandas from a mysterious creature . When the creature is revealed to be a unicorn under a Wild Magic spell , Bloom must bond with it to defeat the magic . 170 14 Potere Tynix `` Tynix Transformation '' 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 21 February 2016 After finding the magic harmony among them , the six Fairy Animals give the Winx the Tynix bracelets , which will let them explore the MiniWorlds - a dimension that support every ecosystem . 171 15 Le pietre magiche `` The Magic Stones '' 28 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 28 February 2016 The Dragons are getting weaker since the fire of Pyros has been absorbed by the Vampire of Fire . Kalshara demands to be let go in exchange for calling it back . 172 16 Ritorno a Baia Paradiso `` Back to Paradise Bay '' 28 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 28 February 2016 Roxy warns the Winx that the entire ecosystem is in danger for an unknown reason , so the Winx work hard to solve the mystery . 173 17 Viaggio in una goccia `` Lost in a Droplet '' 29 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 6 March 2016 The Winx need to grow new Gems of Light , traveling to the Water Cradles where they each have to plant a magic seed . 174 18 Il rapimento di Stella `` Banana Day '' 29 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 6 March 2016 As the Winx take a group of lemurs and robots back to their natural habitat , a sudden attack by Kalshara and Brafilius transforms all the bananas into monsters . 175 19 L'arcobaleno di Magic `` The Magix Rainbow '' 30 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 13 March 2016 As an important ball is taking place at Domino Castle , Kalshara and Brafilius are at Graynor Ruins to catch the Creature with the Rainbow Coat . 176 20 Baby Winx `` Baby Winx '' 30 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 30 ) 13 March 2016 Kalshara and Brafilius think that the Animal with the Ultimate Power is one of the Fairy Animals bonded with the Winx , and set a miniaturisation trap for the fairies . 177 21 Pazzo , pazza mondo `` It 's a Crazy , Crazy World ! '' 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 20 March 2016 The Winx decide to go back to Alfea with their Fairy Animals . In order to catch them , Kalshara has to find a way to enter the school for fairies . 178 22 Il Regno dei diamanti `` The Kingdom of Diamonds '' 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 20 March 2016 The Digmole the Winx show to Faragonda says it 's bonded with the Alfea headmistress , but Faragonda has vague memories about it . When Bloom realizes that the Ultimate Power is in the Adamantine MiniWorld , the Winx go to the MiniWorld . As Flora uses her magic , she frees the gem which is the Ultimate Power , she also causes the cave to crumble , burying her in a pile of rocks . When Braffilius gets hold if if , he summons three people the Winx knew all their magical lives - the Trix ! 179 23 Il cuore di Alfea `` The Secret of Alfea '' 2 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 3 April 2016 The Fairy Animals arrive to save Flora . Meanwhile , the Trix begin their second attack of Alfea . 180 24 La farfalla dorata `` The Golden Butterfly '' 2 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 3 April 2016 Outside Alfea , the fight between the Trix and the fairies of the college continues , the Winx use their Stones of Memories to go back to Alfea in the past . 181 25 Un patto inatteso `` New Magic Harmony '' 3 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 10 April 2016 In the Flower MiniWorld , Bloom is rescued by Elas , whose horn becomes golden for his bravery . Before the Winx arrive at Alfea , the Trix try to destroy the college once again and using the Ultimate Power and their Fairy Animals , But the Trix are warted away from the new magical barrier and sent away and they retreat to Under Realm to find the original source of Wild Magic and obtain its power . The Winx go back to the present to watch the victory of Alfea . At the end Kalshara comes with a plea to ask the winx for their help to save Brafilius from the Trix . 182 26 Il potere degli animali fatati `` The Power of the Fairy Animals '' 3 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) 10 April 2016 Kalshara wants to save Brafilius from the Trix , so she joins forces with the Winx , but to contain the Ultimate Power . They must defeat the Trix in order to retrieve the Ultimate Power from the three witches . As the Winx battle the Trix in their newly - hybrid witch form , they proved too difficult for the Winx as their powers are much weaker than the Trix and their Fairy Animal used the Ultimate Spell to form the Swan of Infinity - the Trix are encased in the magical orb by the Swan of Infinity and the Ultimate Power goes to the Swan of Infinity for safe keeping . The Winx use their stones to trap the Trix in limbo and never to cause harm again . After dealing with the Trix , Kalshara goes on a rage - she wanted the Ultimate Power for herself and she shockingly disowns her brother - she then falls into the dark abyss of the source of Wild Magic - after that , Brafilius changes and finds new friends who care about him . The Winx return back to Alfea and perform a concert alongside the Specialists and the Fairy Animals . Specials ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Title Italian release date ( Rai 2 ) American release date ( Nickelodeon ) OH1 `` Il Destino di Bloom '' `` The Fate of Bloom '' 21 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 21 ) 27 June 2011 In the premiere , which roughly summarises the first ten episodes of season one , 16 - year - old Bloom is on summer vacation . One day , she goes to the park and finds a 17 - year - old fairy from Solaria named Stella battling an ogre named Knut and his ghouls . Bloom stands against the monsters and suddenly discovers she has magical powers . After saving her , Stella offers Bloom the opportunity to attend the Alfea College for fairies . Bloom joins Stella to go to Alfea . The two of them meet their other roommates : Flora , Tecna and Musa . After having an encounter against Cloudtower witches , namely the Trix , the fairies decide to form their own group . Bloom calls the five of them the Winx . OH2 `` La Vendetta delle Trix '' `` Revenge of the Trix '' 28 November 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 28 ) 1 August 2011 This special episode summarises the plots between episodes 7 -- 9 , 13 -- 15 , and 17 -- 18 . Bloom dreams about a mysterious nymph named Daphne . Bloom recognises her from a display board in Magix City . During Spring Break , Bloom returns home to Earth and bonds with her parents . While at Earth , Bloom dreams about her father rescuing a baby -- unharmed in a fire . The next morning , Mike tells Bloom that baby she saw , was her . Bloom then realises this means that she is not Mike and Vanessa 's daughter . Later on , Bloom tells Sky she wants go to the library in Cloudtower to learn more about herself . Meanwhile , the Trix plan to steal Bloom 's powers as she contains the Dragon Flame inside her . OH3 `` Battaglia per Magix '' `` The Battle for Magix '' 5 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 05 ) 18 September 2011 After the Trix take Bloom 's powers , the three witches take over Cloudtower and take down Headmistress Griffin . By using the power of the Dragon Flame , the Trix summon the Army of Darkness to start a reign of terror . Bloom returns to Alfea , yet powerless without the Dragon Flame . She , along with Stella , Sky , Brandon and Knut head to Cloudtower and confront the Trix , and get the flame back . After a turn of events , and from meeting with Daphne , Bloom was able to regain her powers , save Sky and join her friends in the final battle . She faced Icy one - on - one while the rest of the Winx faced Darcy and Stormy . Bloom managed to beat her rival and she and Sky have their first kiss . She then joins the celebration with her friends . OH4 `` La Fenice D'Ombra '' `` The Shadow Phoenix '' 12 December 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 12 ) 16 October 2011 In the final special , Aisha , the 17 - year - old princess of Andros and fairy of waves , is seen rescuing pixies from the Shadow Phoenix . She is caught by him , and is forced down a cliff . She arrives at Alfea where she meets the Winx , but quickly faints . After waking , Bloom and Stella offer to help her . They leave Flora , Musa and Tecna in care of Piff , Aisha 's bonded pixie and merely a baby . Meanwhile , The Shadow Phoenix breaks the Trix out of prison . Bloom and Stella duel with The Trix , while Aisha gets the Pixies . Later , a paladin , Professor Avalon , enrolls at Alfea , offering to help Bloom find out about her past . He takes her to the Phoenix , turning out to be a slave , where she is turned evil . The Trix are sent back to prison , however , The Trix get the Codex for him . Bloom and the Phoenix enter the Codex dimension , and the rest of the Winx and Pixies quickly follow . A duel between Bloom and the Winx occur , while Sky and the specialists arrive . Sky gets Bloom to remember him , which turns her good again . The Phoenix is defeated and everyone celebrates . The real Professor Avalon arrives . Aisha joins the Winx Club . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winx Club '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) 4kids season three episode guide at TV.com Winx Club Iginio Straffi TV series Seasons 3 ( Enchantix ) 4 ( The Power of Believix ) 5 ( Beyond Believix ) 6 ( Bloomix ) 7 Films The Secret of the Lost Kingdom ( 2007 ) Magical Adventure ( 2010 ) Winx Club : The Mystery of the Abyss ( 2014 ) Related Characters Rainbow S.r.l. PopPixie World of Winx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Winx_Club_episodes&oldid=853333339 '' Categories : Winx Club Lists of Italian animated television series episodes Winx Club films Hidden categories : EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Hrvatski Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 00 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Winx%20Club%20episodes	107,724
what metaphor is evoked in the inscriptions and architecture of the taj mahal			Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal	origins and architecture of the taj mahal	The ' Taj Mahal ' represents the finest and most sophisticated example of Mughal architecture . Its origins lie in the moving circumstances of its commission and the culture and history of an Islamic Mughal empire 's rule of large parts of India . The distraught Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned the mausoleum upon the death of his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal .	Today it is one of the most famous and recognizable buildings in the world and while the large , domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar part of the monument , the Taj Mahal is an extensive complex of buildings and gardens that extends over 22.44 hectares ( 55.5 acres ) and includes subsidiary tombs , waterworks infrastructure , the small town of ' Taj Ganji ' to the south and a ' moonlight garden ' to the north of the river . Construction of Taj Mahal began in 1632 AD , ( 1041 AH ) , on the south bank of the River Yamuna in Agra , and was substantially complete by 1648 AD ( 1058 AH ) . The design was conceived as both an earthly replica of the house of Mumtaz Mahal in paradise and an instrument of propaganda for the emperor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mumtaz and Shah Jahan 2 Site 2.1 16th -- 17th century Agra 2.2 Interactive plan 3 Precedents 3.1 Mughal tombs 3.2 Paradise gardens 3.3 Mausolea 3.4 Minarets 4 Concepts , symbolism and interpretations 4.1 Symmetry and hierarchy 4.2 Throne of God 4.3 Symbol of love 5 Construction and interment 5.1 Foundations 5.2 Dating 5.3 Materials 5.4 Cost 6 Architects and craftsmen 6.1 Calligraphy and decoration 7 Dimensional organisation 8 Components of the complex 8.1 Mausoleum ( Rauza - i munauwara ) 8.2 Riverfront terrace ( Chameli Farsh ) 8.3 Garden ( Charbagh ) 8.4 Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) 8.5 Forecourt ( Jilaukhana ) 8.6 Bazaar and caravanserai ( Taj Ganji ) 8.7 Perimeter walls and ancillary buildings 8.8 Waterworks 8.9 Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Citations 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Mumtaz and Shah Jahan ( edit ) In 1607 ( AH 1025 ) the Mughal Prince Khurrum ( later to become Shah Jahan ) was betrothed to Arjumand Banu Begum , the grand daughter of a Persian noble . She would become the unquestioned love of his life . They were married five years later in 1612 . After their wedding celebrations , Khurram `` finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time , '' gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal ( Jewel of the Palace ) . The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal and Kandahari Mahal , but according to the official court chronicler Qazwini , the relationship with his other wives `` had little more than the status of marriage . The intimacy , deep affection , attention and favour which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence ( Mumtaz ) lacked by a thousand times what he felt for any other . '' The epitome of chaste Muslim love - Majnun , going mad in the wilderness Mumtaz died in Burhanpur on 17 June 1631 , after complications with the birth of their fourteenth child , a daughter named Gauhara Begum . She had been accompanying her husband whilst he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau . Her body was temporarily buried in a garden called Zainabad on the banks of the Tapti River in Burhanpur . The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to this event and Shah Jahan 's grief at her demise . Immediately after hearing the news the emperor was reportedly inconsolable . He was not seen for a week at court and considered abdicating and living his life as a religious recluse . The court historian Muhammad Amin Qazwini , wrote that before his wife 's death the emperor 's beard had `` not more than ten or twelve grey hairs , which he used to pluck out ' , turned grey and eventually white '' and that he soon needed spectacles because his eyes deteriorated from constant weeping . Since Mumtaz had died on Wednesday , all entertainments were banned on that day . Jahan gave up listening to music , wearing jewelry , sumptuous clothes or perfumes for two years . So concerned were the imperial family that an honorary uncle wrote to say that `` if he continued to abandon himself to his mourning , Mumtaz might think of giving up the joys of Paradise to come back to earth , this place of misery -- and he should also consider the children she had left to his care . '' The Austrian scholar Ebba Koch compares Shah Jahan to `` Majnun , the ultimate lover of Muslim lore , who flees into the desert to pine for his unattainable Layla . '' Jahan 's eldest daughter , the devoted Jahanara Begum Sahib , gradually brought him out of grief and fulfilled the functions of Mumtaz at court . Immediately after the burial in Burhanpur , Jahan and the imperial court turned their attentions to the planning and design of the mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra . Site ( edit ) 16th -- 17th century Agra ( edit ) The first Mughal garden was created in 1526 in Agra by Babur , the founder of the dynasty . Thereafter , gardens became important Mughal symbols of power , supplanting the emphasis of pre-Mughal power symbols such as forts . The shift represented the introduction of a new ordered aesthetic -- an artistic expression with religious and funerary aspects and as a metaphor for Babur 's ability to control the arid Indian plains and hence the country at large . Babur rejected much of the indigenous and Lodhi architecture on the opposite bank and attempted to create new works inspired by Persian gardens and royal encampments . The first of these gardens , Aram Bagh , was followed by an extensive , regular and integrated complex of gardens and palaces stretching for more than a kilometre along the river . A high continuous stone plinth bounded the transition between gardens and river and established the framework for future development in the city . In the following century , a thriving riverfront garden city developed on both banks of the Yamuna . This included the rebuilding of Agra Fort by Akbar , which was completed in 1573 . By the time Jahan ascended to the throne , Agra 's population had grown to approximately 700,000 and was , as Abdul Aziz wrote , `` a wonder of the age -- as much a centre of the arteries of trade both by land and water as a meeting - place of saints , sages and scholars from all Asia ... a veritable lodestar for artistic workmanship , literary talent and spiritual worth '' . Agra became a city centered on its waterfront and developed partly eastwards but mostly westwards from the rich estates that lined the banks . The prime sites remained those that had access to the river and the Taj Mahal was built in this context , but uniquely ; as a related complex on both banks of the river . Interactive plan ( edit ) Click image to navigate The Taj Mahal complex can be conveniently divided into 5 sections : 1 . The ' moonlight garden ' to the north of the river Yamuna . 2 . The riverfront terrace , containing the Mausoleum , Mosque and Jawab . 3 . The Charbagh garden containing pavilions . 4 . The jilaukhana containing accommodation for the tomb attendants and two subsidiary tombs . 5 . The Taj Ganji , originally a bazaar and caravanserai only traces of which are still preserved . The great gate lies between the jilaukhana and the garden . Levels gradually descend in steps from the Taj Ganji towards the river . Contemporary descriptions of the complex list the elements in order from the river terrace towards the Taj Ganji . Precedents ( edit ) Mughal tombs ( edit ) The simple Tomb of Babur in Kabul , Afghanistan , open to the sky . The erection of Mughal tombs to honour the dead was the subject of a theological debate conducted in part , through built architecture over several centuries . For the majority of Muslims , the spiritual power ( barakat ) of visiting the resting places ( ziyarat ) of those venerated in Islam , was a force by which greater personal sanctity could be achieved . However , orthodox Islam found tombs problematic because a number of Hadith forbade their construction . As a culture also attempting to accommodate , assimilate and subjugate the majority Hindu populace , opposition also came from local traditions which believed dead bodies and the structures over them were impure . For many Muslims at the time of the Taj 's construction , tombs could be considered legitimate providing they did not strive for pomp and were seen as a means to provide a reflection of paradise ( Jannah ) here on earth . The ebb and flow of this debate can be seen in the Mughul 's dynastic mausoleums stretching back to that of their ancestor Timur . Built in 1403 AD ( 810 AH ) Timur is buried in the Gur - e Amir in Samarkand , under a fluted dome . The tomb employs a traditional Persian iwan as an entrance . The 1528 AD ( 935 AH ) Tomb of Babur in Kabul is much more modest in comparison , with a simple cenotaph exposed to the sky , laid out in the centre of a walled garden . Humayun 's tomb surmounted by a dome Humayun 's tomb commissioned in 1562 AD , was one of the most direct influences on the Taj Mahal 's design and was a response to the Gur - e Amir , borrowing a central dome , geometric symmetrical planning and iwan entrances , but incorporating the more specifically Indian Mughal devices of chhatris , red sandstone face work , and a ' Paradise garden ' ( Charbagh ) . Akbar 's tomb c. 1600 at Sikandra , Agra , retains many of the elements of Humayan 's tomb but possesses no dome and reverts to a cenotaph open to the sky . A theme which was carried forward in the Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb also at Agra , built between 1622 and 1628 , commissioned by his daughter Nur Jahan . The Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara ( Lahore ) , begun in 1628 AD ( 1037 AH ) , only 4 years before the construction of the Taj and again without a dome , takes the form of a simple plinth with a minaret at each corner . Paradise gardens ( edit ) The large charbagh ( a form of Persian garden divided into four parts ) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal , UNESCO World Heritage Site The concept of the paradise garden ( charbagh ) was brought from Persia by the Mughals as a form of Timurid garden . They were the first architectural expression the new empire made in the Indian sub-continent , and fulfilled diverse functions with strong symbolic meanings . The symbolism of these gardens is derived from mystic Islamic texts describing paradise as a garden filled with abundant trees , flowers and plants , with water playing a key role : In Paradise four rivers source at a central spring or mountain . In their ideal form they were laid out as a square subdivided into four equal parts . These rivers are often represented in the charbagh as shallow canals which separate the garden by flowing towards the cardinal points . The canals represent the promise of water , milk , wine and honey . The centre of the garden , at the intersection of the divisions is highly symbolically charged and is where , in the ideal form , a pavilion , pool or tomb would be situated . The tombs of Humayun , Akbar and Jahangir , the previous Mughal emperors , follow this pattern . The cross axial garden also finds independent precedents within South Asia dating from the 5th century where the royal gardens of Sigiriya in Sri Lanka were laid out in a similar way . For the tomb of Jahan 's late wife though , where the mausoleum is sited at the edge of the garden , there is a debate amongst scholars regarding why the traditional charbagh form has not been used . Ebba Koch suggests a variant of the charbagh was employed ; that of the more secular waterfront garden found in Agra , adapted for a religious purpose . Such gardens were developed by the Mughuls for the specific conditions of the Indian plains where slow flowing rivers provide the water source , the water is raised from the river by animal driven devices known as purs and stored in cisterns . A linear terrace is set close to the riverbank with low - level rooms set below the main building opening on to the river . Both ends of the terrace were emphasised with towers . This form was brought to Agra by Babur and by the time of Shah Jahan , gardens of this type , as well as the more traditional charbagh , lined both sides of the Jumna river . The riverside terrace was designed to enhance the views of Agra for the imperial elite who would travel in and around the city by river . Other scholars suggest another explanation for the eccentric siting of the mausoleum . If the Midnight Garden to the north of the river Jumna is considered an integral part of the complex , then the mausoleum can be interpreted as being in the centre of a garden divided by a real river and thus can be considered more in the tradition of the pure charbagh . Mausolea ( edit ) Tomb of Jahangir with minarets The favoured form of both Mughal garden pavilions and mausolea ( seen as a funerary form of pavilion ) was the hasht bihisht which translates from Persian as ' eight paradises ' . These were a square or rectangular planned buildings with a central domed chamber surrounded by eight elements . Later developments of the hasht bihisht divided the square at 45 degree angles to create a more radial plan which often also includes chamfered corners ; examples of which can be found in Todar Mal 's Baradari at Fatehpur Sikri and Humayun 's Tomb . Each element of the plan is reflected in the elevations with iwans and with the corner rooms expressed through smaller arched niches . Often such structures are topped with chhatris ( small pillared pavilions ) at each corner . The eight divisions and frequent octagonal forms of such structures represent the eight levels of paradise for Muslims . The paradigm however was not confined solely to Islamic antecedents . The Chinese magic square was employed for numerous purposes including crop rotation and also finds a Muslim expression in the wafq of their mathematicians . Ninefold schemes find particular resonance in the Indian mandalas , the cosmic maps of Hinduism and Buddhism . In addition to Humayun 's tomb , the more closely contemporary Tomb of Itmad - Ud - Daulah marked a new era of Mughal architecture . It was built by the empress Nur Jehan for her father from 1622 -- 1625 AD ( 1031 -- 1034 AH ) and is small in comparison to many other Mughal - era tombs . So exquisite is the execution of its surface treatments , it is often described as a jewel box . The garden layout , hierarchical use of white marble and sandstone , Parchin kari inlay designs and latticework presage many elements of the Taj Mahal . The cenotaph of Nur Jehan 's father is laid , off centre , to the west of her mother . This break in symmetry was repeated in the Taj where Mumtaz was interred in the geometric centre of the complex and Jahan is laid to her side . These close similarities with the tomb of Mumtaz have earned it the sobriquet - The Baby Taj . Minarets ( edit ) Minarets did not become a common feature of Mughal architecture until the 17th century , particularly under the patronage of Shah Jahan . A few precedents exist in the 20 years before the construction of the Taj in the Tomb of Akbar and the Tomb of Jahangir . Their increasing use was influenced by developments elsewhere in the Islamic world , particularly in Ottoman and Timurid architecture and is seen as suggestive of an increasing religious orthodoxy of the Mughal dynasty . Concepts , symbolism and interpretations ( edit ) The mausoleum at sunset . Light as a Mughal metaphor for God . Under the reign of Shah Jahan , the symbolic content of Mughal architecture reached a peak . The Taj Mahal complex was conceived as a replica on earth of the house of the departed in paradise ( inspired by a verse by the imperial goldsmith and poet Bibadal Khan . This theme , common in most Mughal funerary architecture , permeates the entire complex and informs the detailed design of all the elements . A number of secondary principles also inform the design , of which hierarchy is the most dominant . A deliberate interplay is established between the building 's elements , its surface decoration , materials , geometric planning and its acoustics . This interplay extends from what can be experienced directly with the senses , into religious , intellectual , mathematical and poetic ideas . The constantly changing sunlight reflected from the Taj 's translucent marble is not a happy accident , it had a deliberate metaphoric role associated with the presence of god as light . Symmetry and hierarchy ( edit ) Symmetry and geometric planning played an important role in ordering the complex and reflected a trend towards formal systematisation that was apparent in all of the arts emanating from Jahan 's imperial patronage . Bilateral symmetry expressed simultaneous ideas of pairing , counterparts and integration , reflecting intellectual and spiritual notions of universal harmony . A complex set of implied grids based on the Mughul Gaz unit of measurement provided a flexible means of bringing proportional order to all the elements of the Taj Mahal . Hierarchical ordering of architecture is commonly used to emphasise particular elements of a design and to create drama . In the Taj Mahal , the hierarchical use of red sandstone and white marble contributes manifold symbolic significance . The Mughals were elaborating on a concept which traced its roots to earlier Hindu practices , set out in the Vishnudharmottara Purana , which recommended white stone for buildings for the Brahmins ( priestly caste ) and red stone for members of the Kshatriyas ( warrior caste ) . By building structures that employed such colour - coding , the Mughals identified themselves with the two leading classes of Indian social structure and thus defined themselves as rulers in Indian terms . Red sandstone also had significance in the Persian origins of the Mughal empire where red was the exclusive colour of imperial tents . In the Taj Mahal the relative importance of each building in the complex is denoted by the amount of white marble ( or sometimes white polished plaster ) that is used . The use of naturalist ornament demonstrates a similar hierarchy . Wholly absent from the more lowly jilaukhana and caravanserai areas , it can be found with increasing frequency as the processional route approaches the climactic Mausoleum . Its symbolism is multifaceted , on the one hand evoking a more perfect , stylised and permanent garden of paradise than could be found growing in the earthly garden ; on the other , an instrument of propaganda for Jahan 's chroniclers who portrayed him as an ' erect cypress of the garden of the caliphate ' and frequently used plant metaphors to praise his good governance , person , family and court . Plant metaphors also find common cause with Hindu traditions where such symbols as the ' vase of plenty ' ( Kalasha ) can be found . Sound was also used to express ideas of paradise . The interior of the mausoleum has a reverberation time ( the time taken from when a noise is made until all of its echoes have died away ) of 28 seconds . This provided an atmosphere where the words of those employed to continually recite the Qu'ran ( the Hafiz ) , in tribute and prayer for the soul of Mumtaz , would linger in the air . Throne of God ( edit ) Diagram of `` Plain of Assembly '' ( Ard al - Hashr ) on the Day of Judgment , from autograph manuscript of Futuhat al - Makkiyya by Sufi mystic and philosopher Ibn Arabi , ca . 1238 . Wayne E. Begley put forward an interpretation in 1979 that exploits the Islamic idea that the ' Garden of paradise ' is also the location of the Throne of God on the Day of Judgement . In his reading the Taj Mahal is seen as a monument where Shah Jahan has appropriated the authority of the ' throne of god ' symbolism for the glorification of his own reign . Koch disagrees , finding this an overly elaborate explanation and pointing out that the ' Throne ' verse from the Qu'ran ( sura 2 , verse 255 ) is missing from the calligraphic inscriptions . In 1996 Begley stated that it is likely that the diagram of `` Plain of Assembly '' ( Ard al - Hashr ) on the Day of Judgment by Sufi mystic and philosopher Ibn Arabi ( ca . 1238 ) was a source of inspiration for the layout of the Taj Mahal garden . Ibn Arabi was held in high regard at the time and many copies of the Futuhat al - Makkiyya , that contains the diagram , were available in India . The diagram shows the ' Arsh ( Throne of God ; the circle with the eight pointed star ) , pulpits for the righteous ( al - Aminun ) , seven rows of angels , Gabriel ( al - Ruh ) , A'raf ( the Barrier ) , the Hauzu'l - Kausar ( Fountain of Abundance ; the semi-circle in the center ) , al - Maqam al - Mahmud ( the Praiseworthy Station ; where the prophet Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful ) , Mizan ( the Scale ) , As - Sirāt ( the Bridge ) , Jahannam ( Hell ) and Marj al - Jannat ( Meadow of Paradise ) . The general proportions and the placement of the Throne , the pulpits and the Kausar Fountain show striking similarities with the Taj Mahal and its garden . Symbol of love ( edit ) The popular view of the Taj Mahal as one of the world 's monuments to a great `` love story '' is borne out by the contemporary accounts and most scholars accept this has a strong basis in fact . The building was also used to assert Jahani propaganda concerning the ' perfection ' of the Mughal leadership . The extent to which the Taj uses propaganda is the subject of some debate amongst contemporary scholars . This period of Mughal architecture best exemplifies the maturity of a style that had synthesised Islamic architecture with its indigenous counterparts . By the time the Mughals built the Taj , though proud of their Persian and Timurid roots , they had come to see themselves as Indian . Copplestone writes `` Although it is certainly a native Indian production , its architectural success rests on its fundamentally Persian sense of intelligible and undisturbed proportions , applied to clean uncomplicated surfaces . '' Construction and interment ( edit ) Agra Burhanpur Makrana Sri Lanka Tibet Afghanistan Punjab Location of the Taj Mahal at Agra , Burhanpur where Mumtaz died and the locations where some of the building materials were sourced A site was chosen on the banks of the Yamuna River on the southern edge of Agra and purchased from Raja Jai Singh in exchange for four mansions in the city . The site , `` from the point of view of loftiness and pleasantness appeared to be worthy of the burial of that one who dwells in paradise '' . In January 1632 AD ( 1041 AH ) , Mumtaz 's body was moved with great ceremony from Burhanpur to Agra while food , drink and coins were distributed amongst the poor and deserving along the way . Work had already begun on the foundations of the river terrace when the body arrived . A small domed building was erected over her body , thought to have been sited , and now marked , by an enclosure in the western garden near the riverfront terrace . Foundations ( edit ) The foundations represented the biggest technical challenge to be overcome by the Mughal builders . In order to support the considerable load resulting from the mausoleum , the sands of the riverbank needed to be stabilised . To this end , wells were sunk and then cased in timber and finally filled with rubble , iron and mortar -- essentially acting as augured piles . After construction of the terrace was completed , work began simultaneously on the rest of the complex . Trees were planted almost immediately to allow them to mature as work progressed . Dating ( edit ) The initial stages of the build were noted by Shah Jahan 's chroniclers in their description of the first two anniversary celebrations in honour of Mumtaz -- known as the ' Urs . The first , held on the 22 June 1632 AD ( 1041 AH ) , was a tented affair open to all ranks of society and held in the location of what is now the entrance courtyard ( jilaukhana ) . Alms were distributed and prayers recited . By the second Urs , held on 26 May 1633 AD ( 1042 AH ) , Mumtaz Mahal had been interred in her final resting place , the riverside terrace was finished ; as was the plinth of the mausoleum and the tahkhana , a galleried suite of rooms opening to the river and under the terrace . It was used by the imperial retinue for the celebrations . Peter Mundy , an employee of the British East India company and a western eye witness , noted the ongoing construction of the caravanserais and bazaars and that `` There is alreadye ( sic ) about Her Tombe a raile ( sic ) of gold '' . To deter theft it was replaced in 1643 AD ( 1053 AH ) with an inlaid marble jali . After the second Urs further dating of the progress can be made from several signatures left by the calligrapher Amanat Khan . The signed frame of the south arch of the domed hall of the mausoleum indicates it was reaching completion in 1638 / 39 AD ( 1048 / 1049 AH ) . In 1643 AD ( 1053 AH ) the official sources documenting the twelfth Urs give a detailed description of a substantially completed complex . Decorative work apparently continued until 1648 AD ( 1058 AH ) when Amanat Khan dated the north arch of the great gate with the inscription `` Finished with His help , the Most High '' . Materials ( edit ) The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . The buildings are constructed with walls of brick and rubble inner cores faced with either marble or sandstone locked together with iron dowels and clamps . Some of the walls of the mausoleum are several metres thick . Over 1,000 elephants were used to transport the building materials during the construction . The bricks were fired locally and the sandstone was quarried 28 miles ( 45 km ) away near Fatehpur Sikri . The white marble was brought 250 miles ( 400 km ) from quarries belonging to Raja Jai Singh in Makrana , Rajasthan . The Jasper was sourced from the Punjab and the Jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , 28 types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . Jean - Baptiste Tavernier records that the scaffolding and centering for the arches was constructed entirely in brick . Legend says that the emperor offered these scaffolding bricks to anyone who would remove them and that at the end of the construction they were removed within a week . Modern scholars dispute this and consider it much more likely that the scaffolding was made of bamboo and materials were elevated by means of timber ramps . Cost ( edit ) Initial estimates for the cost of the works of 4,000,000 rupees had risen to 5,000,000 by completion . A waqf ( trust ) was established for the perpetual upkeep of the mausoleum with an income of 300,000 Rupees . One third of this income came from 30 villages in the district of Agra while the remainder came from taxes generated as a result of trade from the bazaars and caravanserais which had been built at an early stage to the south of the complex . Any surplus would be distributed by the emperor as he saw fit . As well as paying for routine maintenance , the waqf financed the expenses for the tomb attendants and the Hafiz , the Quran reciters who would sit day and night in the mausoleum and perform funerary services praying for the eternal soul of Mumtaz Mahal . Architects and craftsmen ( edit ) We do not know precisely who designed the Taj Mahal today . In the Islamic world at the time , the credit for a building 's design was usually given to its patron rather than its architects . From the evidence of contemporary sources , it is clear that a team of architects were responsible for the design and supervision of the works , but they are mentioned infrequently . Shah Jahan 's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that , more than any other Mughal emperor , he showed the greatest interest in building , holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors . The court chronicler Lahouri , writes that Jahan would make `` appropriate alterations to whatever the skilful architects designed after many thoughts , and asked competent questions . '' Two architects are mentioned by name , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri and Mir Abd - ul Karim in writings by Lahauri 's son Lutfullah Muhandis . Ustad Ahmad Lahauri had laid the foundations of the Red Fort at Delhi . Mir Abd - ul Karim had been the favourite architect of the previous emperor Jahangir and is mentioned as a supervisor , together with Makramat Khan , of the construction of the Taj Mahal . Expand and add craftsmen Bebadal Khan , the poet and goldsmith Hindu craftsmen Calligraphy and decoration ( edit ) In the complex , passages from the Qur'an are used as decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by a Persian calligrapher Abd ul - Haq , who came to India from Shiraz , Iran , in 1609 . As a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' , Shah Jahan gave him the title of `` Amanat Khan '' . This is supported by an inscription near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome that reads `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Passages from the Qur'an referring to themes of judgment : Surah 36 -- Ya Sin Surah 39 -- Az - Zumar The Crowds Surah 48 -- Al - Fath Victory Surah 67 -- Al - Mulk Dominion Surah 77 -- Al - Mursalat Those Sent Forth Surah 81 -- At - Takwir The Folding Up Surah 82 -- Al - Infitar The Cleaving Asunder Surah 84 -- Al - Inshiqaq The Rending Asunder Surah 89 -- Al - Fajr Daybreak Surah 91 -- Ash - Shams The Sun Surah 93 -- Ad - Dhuha Morning Light Surah 94 -- Al - Inshirah The Solace Surah 95 -- At - Teen The Fig Surah 98 -- Al - Bayyinah The Evidence Surah 112 -- Al - Ikhlas The Purity of Faith The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script , made of jasper or black marble , inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour , creating geometric patterns of considerable complexity . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb there are white marble dados that have been sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings and the dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and leveled to the surface of the walls . Dimensional Organisation ( edit ) The Taj complex is ordered by grids . The complex was originally surveyed by J.A. Hodgson in 1825 , however the first detailed scholastic examination of how the various elements of the Taj might fit into a coordinating grid was not carried out until 1989 by Begley and Desai . Numerous 17th - century accounts detail the precise measurements of the complex in terms of the gaz or zira , the Mughal linear yard , equivalent to approximately 80 -- 92 cm . Begley and Desai concluded a 400 - gaz grid was used and then subdivided and that the various discrepancies they discovered were due to errors in the contemporary descriptions . Research and measurement by Koch and Richard André Barraud in 2006 suggested a more complex method of ordering that relates better to the 17th century records . Whereas Begley and Desai had used a simple fixed grid on which the buildings are superimposed , Koch and Barraud found the layout 's proportions were better explained by the use of a generated grid system in which specific lengths may be divided in a number of ways such as halving , dividing by three or using decimal systems . They suggest the 374 - gaz width of the complex given by the contemporary historians was correct and the Taj is planned as a tripartite rectangle of three 374 - gaz squares . Different modular divisions are then used to proportion the rest of the complex . A 17 - gaz module is used in the jilaukhana , bazaar and caravanserais areas whereas a more detailed 23 - gaz module is used in the garden and terrace areas ( since their width is 368 gaz , a multiple of 23 ) . The buildings were in turn proportioned using yet smaller grids superimposed on the larger organisational ones . The smaller grids were also used to establish elevational proportion throughout the complex . Koch and Barraud explain such apparently peculiar numbers as making more sense when seen as part of Mughal geometric understanding . Octagons and triangles , which feature extensively in the Taj , have particular properties in terms of the relationships of their sides . A right - angled triangle with two sides of 12 will have a hypotenuse of approximately 17 ( 16.97 + ) ; similarly if it has two sides of 17 its hypotenuse will be approximately 24 ( 24.04 + ) . An octagon with a width of 17 will have sides of approximately 7 ( 7.04 + ) , which is the basic grid upon which the mausoleum , mosque and Mihman Khana are planned . Discrepancies remain in Koch and Barraud 's work which they attribute to numbers being rounded fractions , inaccuracies of reporting from third persons and errors in workmanship ( most notable in the caravanserais areas further from the tomb itself ) . Element Metres Gaz length / width / diameter breadth / depth / side height length / width / diameter breadth / depth / side height Overall complex 896.1 300.84 1112.5 374 Overall preserved complex 561.2 300.84 696 374 Taj Ganji 334.9 300.84 416.5 374 Jilaukhana 165.1 - 165.23 123.51 204 153 Great gate 41.2 34 23.07 51 42 28.5 Charbagh 296.31 296.31 368 368 Riverfront terrace 300 111.89 8.7 373 138 Mausoleum 56.9 56.9 67.97 70 70 84 Minaret 5.65 43.02 7 53.5 Mosque 56.6 23.38 20.3 70 29 25 - 29 All dimensions from Koch , p. 258 - 259 credited to Richard André Barraud A 2009 paper by Prof R. Balasubramaniam of the Indian Institute of Technology found Barraud 's explanation of the dimensional errors and the transition between the 23 and 17 gaz grid at the great gate unconvincing . Balasubramaniam conducted dimensional analysis of the complex based on Barraud 's surveys . He concluded that the Taj was constructed using the ancient Aṅgula as the basic unit rather than the Mughal ' gaz ' , noted in the contemporary accounts . The Aṅgula , which equates to 1.763 cm and the Vistasti ( 12 Angulams ) were first mentioned in the Arthashastra in c. 300 BC and may have been derived from the earlier Indus Valley Civilisation . In this analysis the forecourt and caravanserai areas were set out with a 60 Vistasti grid , and the riverfront and garden sections with a 90 - vistari grid . The transition between the grids is more easily accommodated , 90 being easily divisible by 60 . The research suggests that older , pre-Mughal methods of proportion were employed as ordering principles in the Taj . Components of the complex ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mausoleum ( rauza - i munauwara ) ( edit ) Base , dome , and minaret The focus and climax of the Taj Mahal complex is the symmetrical white marble tomb ; a cubic building with chamfered corners , with arched recesses known as pishtaqs . It is topped by a large dome and several pillared , roofed chhatris . In plan , it has a near perfect symmetry about 4 axes . It comprises 4 floors ; the lower basement storey containing the tombs of Jahan and Mumtaz , the entrance storey containing identical cenotaphs of the tombs below in a much more elaborate chamber , an ambulatory storey and a roof terrace . Elevations The mausoleum is cubic with chamfered edges . On the long sides , a massive pishtaq , or vaulted archway frames an arch - shaped doorway , with a similar arch - shaped balcony above . These main arches extend above the roof the building by use of an integrated facade . To either side of the main arch , additional pishtaqs are stacked above and below . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas . The design is completely uniform and consistent on all sides of the building . Dome The marble dome that surmounts the tomb is its most spectacular feature . Its height is about the same size as the base building , about 35 m . Its height is accentuated because it sits on a cylindrical `` drum '' about 7 metres high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome ( also called an amrud or apple dome ) . The dome is topped by a gilded finial , which mixes traditional Islamic and Hindu decorative elements . The dome shape is emphasised by four smaller domed chhatris placed at its corners . The chhatri domes replicate the onion shape of main dome . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb , and provide light to the interior . The chhatris also are topped by gilded finials . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from the edges of the base walls , and provide visual emphasis of the dome height . Lower chamber Cenotaphs in Lower chamber Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves , so the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are laid in a relatively plain , marble faced chamber , beneath the main chamber of the Taj . They are buried in graves on a north - south axis , with faces turned right ( west ) toward Mecca . Two cenotaphs above mark the graves . Mumtaz 's cenotaph is placed at the precise center of the inner chamber . On a rectangular marble base about 1.5 by 2.5 metres is a smaller marble casket . Both base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on top of the casket recite verses from the Koran and on the sides express the Ninety - Nine beautiful names of Allah . Main chamber The inner chamber of the Taj Mahal contains the cenotaphs of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan . It is a masterpiece of artistic craftsmanship , virtually without precedent or equal . The inner chamber is an octagon . While the design allows for entry from each face , only the south ( garden facing ) door is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres high , topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level . As is typical with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas ; each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by the chhatris at the corners of the exterior dome . Each of the chamber walls has been highly decorated with dado bas relief , intricate lapidary inlay , and refined calligraphy panels . The hierarchical ordering of the entire complex reaches its crescendo in the chamber . Mumtaz 's cenotaph sits at the geometric centre of the building ; Jahan was buried at a later date by her side to the west -- an arrangement seen in other Mughal tombs of the period such as Itmad - Ud - Daulah . Marble is used exclusively as the base material for increasingly dense , expensive and complex parchin kari floral decoration as one approaches the screen and cenotaphs which are inlaid with semi-precious stones . The use of such inlay work is often reserved in Shah Jahani architecture for spaces associated with the emperor or his immediate family . The ordering of this decoration simultaneously emphasises the cardinal points and the centre of the chamber with dissipating concentric octagons . Such hierarchies appear in both Muslim and Indian culture as important spiritual and atrological themes . The chamber is an abundant evocation of the garden of paradise with representations of flowers , plants and arabesques and the calligraphic inscriptions in both the thuluth and the less formal naskh script , Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side . It is the only asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : A larger casket on slightly taller base , again decorated with astonishing precision with lapidary and calligraphy which identifies Shah Jahan . On the lid of this casket is a sculpture of a small pen box . ( The pen box and writing tablet were traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating men 's and women 's caskets respectively . ) An octagonal marble screen or jali borders the cenotaphs and is made from eight marble panels . Each panel has been carved through with intricate piercework . The remaining surfaces have been inlaid with semiprecious stones in extremely delicate detail , forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Riverfront terrace ( chameli farsh ) ( edit ) Plinth and terrace Tahkhana Riverfront terrace Towers Minarets At the corners of the plinth stand minarets : four large towers each more than 40 metres tall . The towers are designed as working minarets , a traditional element of mosques , a place for a muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chhatri that echoes the design of those on the tomb . The minaret chhatris share the same finishing touches : a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . Each of the minarets was constructed slightly out of plumb to the outside of the plinth , so that in the event of collapse ( a typical occurrence with many such tall constructions of the period ) the structure would fall away from the tomb . Jawab and Mosque Mosque The mausoleum is flanked by two almost identical buildings on either side of the platform . To the west is the Mosque , to the east is Jawab . The Jawab , meaning ' answer ' balances the bilateral symmetry of the composition and was originally used as a place for entertaining and accommodation for important visitors . It differs from the mosque in that it lacks a mihrab , a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca , and the floors have a geometric design , while the mosque floor was laid out with the outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic tripartite design is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i - Jahan Numa in Delhi -- a long hall surmounted by three domes . Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas : a main sanctuary with slightly smaller sanctuaries to either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an enormous vaulting dome . Garden ( charbagh ) ( edit ) Walkways beside reflecting pool The large charbagh ( a form of Persian garden divided into four parts ) provides the foreground for the classic view of the Taj Mahal . The garden 's strict and formal planning employs raised pathways which divide each quarter of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . A raised marble water tank at the center of the garden , halfway between the tomb and the gateway , and a linear reflecting pool on the North - South axis reflect the Taj Mahal . Elsewhere the garden is laid out with avenues of trees and fountains . The charbagh garden is meant to symbolise the four flowing Rivers of Paradise . The raised marble water tank ( hauz ) is called al Hawd al - Kawthar , literally meaning and named after the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad in paradise where the faithful may quench their thirst upon arrival . Two pavilions occupy the east and west ends of the cross axis , one the mirror of the other . In the classic charbargh design , gates would have been located in this location . In the Taj they provide punctuation and access to the long enclosing wall with its decorative crenellations . Built of sandstone , they are given a tripartite form and over two storeys and are capped with a white marble chhatris supported from 8 columns . The original planting of the garden is one of the Taj Mahal 's remaining mysteries . The contemporary accounts mostly deal just with the architecture and only mention ' various kinds of fruit - bearing trees and rare aromatic herbs ' in relation to the garden . Cypress trees are almost certainly to have been planted being popular similes in Persian poetry for the slender elegant stature of the beloved . By the end of the 18th century , Thomas Twining noted orange trees and a large plan of the complex suggests beds of various other fruits such as pineapples , pomegranates , bananas , limes and apples . The British , at the end of the 19th century thinned out a lot of the increasingly forested trees , replanted the cypresses and laid the gardens to lawns in their own taste . The layout of the garden , and its architectural features such as its fountains , brick and marble walkways , and geometric brick - lined flowerbeds are similar to Shalimar 's , and suggest that the garden may have been designed by the same engineer , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including roses , daffodils , and fruit trees in abundance . As the Mughal Empire declined , the tending of the garden declined as well . When the British took over management of the Taj Mahal , they changed the landscaping to resemble the formal lawns of London . Great gate ( darwaza - i rauza ) ( edit ) The great gate stands to the north of the entrance forecourt ( jilaukhana ) and provides a symbolic transition between the worldly realm of bazaars and caravanserai and the spiritual realm of the paradise garden , mosque and the mausoleum . Its rectangular plan is a variation of the 9 - part hasht bihisht plan found in the mausoleum . The corners are articulated with octagonal towers giving the structure a defensive appearance . External domes were reserved for tombs and mosques and so the large central space does not receive any outward expression of its internal dome . From within the great gate , the Mausoleum is framed by the pointed arch of the portal . Inscriptions from the Qu'ran are inlaid around the two northern and southern pishtaqs , the southern one ' Daybreak ' invites believers to enter the garden of paradise . Southern galleries ( Iwan Dar Iwan ) Running the length of the northern side of the southern garden wall to the east and west of the great gate are galleried arcades . The galleries were used during the rainy season to admit the poor and distribute alms . A raised platform with geometric paving provides a seating for the column bases and between them are cusped arches typical of the Mughul architecture of the period . The galleries terminate at each end with a transversely placed room with tripartite divisions . Forecourt ( jilaukhana ) ( edit ) The jilaukhana ( literally meaning ' in front of house ' ) was a courtyard feature introduced to mughal architecture by Shah Jahan . It provided an area where visitors would dismount from their horses or elephants and assemble in style before entering the main tomb complex . The rectangular area divides north - south and east - west with an entry to the tomb complex through the main gate to the north and entrance gates leading to the outside provided in the eastern , western and southern walls . The southern gate leads to the Taj Ganji quarter . Bazaar streets Two identical streets lead from the east and west gates to the centre of the courtyard . They are lined by verandahed colonnades articulated with cusped arches behind which cellular rooms were used to sell goods from when the Taj was built until 1996 . The tax revenue from this trade was used for the upkeep of the Taj complex . The eastern bazaar streets were essentially ruined by the end of the 19th century and were restored by Lord Curzon restored 1900 and 1908 . Inner subsidiary tombs ( Saheli Burj ) Two mirror image tombs are located at the southern corners of the jilaukhana . They are conceived as miniature replicas of the main complex and stand on raised platforms accessed by steps . Each octagonal tomb is constructed on a rectangular platform flanked by smaller rectangular buildings in front of which is laid a charbargh garden . Some uncertainty exists as to whom the tombs might memorialise . Their descriptions are absent from the contemporary accounts either because they were unbuilt or because they were ignored , being the tombs of women . On the first written document to mention them , the plan drawn up by Thomas and William Daniel in 1789 , the eastern tomb is marked as that belonging to Akbarabadi Mahal and the western as Fatehpuri Mahal ( two of Jahan 's other wives ) . Northern courtyards ( Khawasspuras ) A pair of courtyards is found in the northern corners of the jilaukhana which provided quarters ( Khawasspuras ) for the tombs attendants and the Hafiz . This residential element provided a transition between the outside world and the other - worldy delights of the tomb complex . The Khawasspurs had fallen into a state of disrepair by the late 18th century but the institution of the Khadim continued into the 20th century . The Khawasspuras were restored by Lord Curzon as part of his repairs between 1900 and 1908 , after which the western courtyard was used as a nursery for the garden and the western courtyard was used as a cattle stable until 2003 . Bazaar and caravanserai ( Taj Ganji ) ( edit ) The Bazaar and caravanserai were constructed as an integral part of the complex , initially to provide the construction workers with accommodation and facilities for their wellbeing , and later as a place for trade , the revenue of which supplemented the expenses of the complex . The area became a small town in its own right during and after the building of the Taj . Originally known as ' Mumtazabad ' , today it is called Taj Ganji or ' Taj Market ' . Its plan took the characteristic form of a square divided by two cross axial streets with gates to the four cardinal points . Bazaars lined each street and the resultant squares to each corner housed the caravanserais in open courtyards accessed from internal gates from where the streets intersected ( Chauk ) . Contemporary sources pay more attention to the north eastern and western parts of the Taj Ganji ( Taj Market ) and it is likely that only this half received imperial funding . Thus , the quality of the architecture was finer than the southern half . The distinction between how the sacred part of the complex and the secular was regarded is most acute in this part of the complex . Whilst the rest of the complex only received maintenance after its construction , the Taj Ganji became a bustling town and the centre of Agra 's economic activity where `` different kinds of merchandise from every land , varieties of goods from every country , all sorts of luxuries of the time , and various kinds of necessities of civilisation and comfortable living brought from all parts of the world '' were sold . An idea of what sort of goods might have been traded is found in the names for the caravanserais ; the north western one was known as Katra Omar Khan ( Market of Omar Khan ) , the north eastern as Katra Fulel ( Perfume Market ) , the south western as Katra Resham ( Silk Market ) and the south - eastern as Katra Jogidas . It has been constantly redeveloped ever since its construction , to the extent that by the 19th century it had become unrecognisable as part of the Taj Mahal and no longer featured on contemporary plans and its architecture was largely obliterated . Today , the contrast is stark between the Taj Mahal 's elegant , formal geometric layout and the narrow streets with organic , random and un-unified constructions found in the Taj Ganji . Only fragments of the original constructions remain , most notably the gates . Perimeter walls and ancillary buildings ( edit ) The Taj Mahal complex is bounded on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls , with the river - facing side left open . The garden - facing inner sides of the wall are fronted by columned arcades , a feature typical of Hindu temples which was later incorporated into Mughal mosques . The wall is interspersed with domed chhatris , and small buildings that may have been viewing areas or watch towers . Outside the walls are several additional mausolea . These structures , composed primarily of red sandstone , are typical of the smaller Mughal tombs of the era . The outer eastern tomb has an associated mosque called the Black Mosque ( Kali Masjid ) or the Sandalwood Mosque ( Sandli Masjid ) . The design is closely related to the inner subsidiary tombs found in the Jilhaukhana -- small , landlocked versions of the riverfront terrace with a garden separating the mosque from the tomb . The person interred here is unknown , but was likely a female member of Jahan 's household . Waterworks ( edit ) Water for the Taj complex was provided through a complex infrastructure . It was first drawn from the river by a series of purs - an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism . The water then flowed along an arched aqueduct into a large storage tank , where , by thirteen additional purs , it was raised to large distribution cistern above the Taj ground level located to the west of the complex 's wall . From here water passed into three subsidiary tanks and was then piped to the complex . The head of pressure generated by the height of the tanks ( 9.5 m ) was sufficient to supply the fountains and irrigate the gardens . A 0.25 metre diameter earthenware pipe lies 1.8 metres below the surface , in line with the main walkway which fills the main pools of the complex . Some of the earthenware pipes were replaced in 1903 with cast iron . The fountain pipes were not connected directly to the fountain heads , instead a copper pot was provided under each fountain head : water filled the pots ensuring an equal pressure to each fountain . The purs no longer remain , but the other parts of the infrastructure have survived with the arches of the aqueduct now used to accommodate offices for the Archaeological Survey of India 's Horticultural Department . Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) ( edit ) 18th - century view of the Taj Mahal complex with the Moonlight garden shown at the top of the page . To the north of the Taj Mahal complex , across the river is another Charbagh garden , Mahtab Bagh . It was designed as an integral part of the complex in the riverfront terrace pattern seen elsewhere in Agra . Its width is identical to that of the rest of the Taj . The garden historian Elizabeth Moynihan suggests the large octagonal pool in the centre of the terrace would reflect the image of the Mausoleum and thus the garden would provide a setting to view the Taj Mahal . The garden has been beset by flooding from the river since Mughal times . As a result , the condition of the remaining structures is quite ruinous . Four sandstone towers marked the corners of the garden , only the south - eastward one remains . The foundations of two structures remain immediately north and south of the large pool which were probably garden pavilions . From the northern structure a stepped waterfall would have fed the pool . The garden to the north has the typical square , cross-axial plan with a square pool in its centre . To the west an aqueduct fed the garden . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The UNESCO evaluation omits the Bazaar , Caravenserai ( Taj Ganji ) and Moonlight garden ( Mahtab Bagh ) from its area calculations -- the total area with the historic Taj Ganji is 26.95 ha Jump up ^ `` May the abode of Mumtaz Mahal be paradise '' . ) Jump up ^ The grandson of Raja Man Singh of Amber and a relative of Shah Jahan through his Great Uncle Raja Bhagwant Das . Jump up ^ The Islamic Calendar is lunar and so the anniversary dates vary when expressed in the Gregorian Calendar . Jump up ^ In 1637 -- 39 AD ( 1047 -- 1049 AH ) , an Indian servant of the Dutch East India company could expect to receive 36 Rupees a year , a mansabdar would receive 9000 Rupees a year . Jump up ^ There is some disagreement as to whether the translation of darogha imarat is ' Superintendent of Buildings ' as Begley and Koch contend or ' Chief architect ' as Qaisar contends . Jump up ^ 1643 ( 1053 AH ) by Lahouri . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ICOMOS advisory body evaluation '' ( PDF ) . ICOMOS. 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 18 Jump up ^ Qazwini . fol . 233a translated by Begley and Desai ( 1984 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Bloom , J. and Blair , S. ( 1994 ) . `` The Art and Architecture of Islam : 1250 - 1800 '' . New Haven and London : Yale University Press ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 210 Jump up ^ Dr. Daljeet . `` Mumtaz Mahal '' . Exotic Indian Art . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Begley and Desai , 1989 - translating Qazwini , fol . 232b ( refol . 233b ) ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 20 Jump up ^ Koch ( 1997 ) , p. 143 Jump up ^ Petruccioli ( 2006 ) , p. 358 - 359 Jump up ^ Aziz , p. 129 Jump up ^ Koch , p , 23 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 112 Jump up ^ Fairchild , , Ruggles , ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Islamic Gardens and Landscapes . University of Pennsylvania Press , Inc . ISBN 9780812207286 . OCLC 934666204 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 85 - 88 Jump up ^ `` Char Bagh Gardens Taj Mahal '' . About Taj Mahal . Archived from the original on 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 24 Jump up ^ Leoshko , Janice ( 2002 ) . `` Book Review : The Moonlight Garden : New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal '' . Persimmon -- Asian literature , Arts and Culture . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Harkness , p. 63 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 26 Jump up ^ `` Itmad - ud - Daulah Agra '' . Taj Mahal India . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Asher p. 130 - 133 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 180 Jump up ^ Asher , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 216 - 217 ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 214 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , p. 105 - 120 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 218 - 224 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 228 Jump up ^ Begley ( 1979 ) p. 7 - 37 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 225 Jump up ^ Begley , Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal : A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism , in : Wescoat , James L. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn , Joachim ( 1996 ) . Mughal Gardens : Sources , Places , Representations , and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks , Washington D.C. , ISBN 0 - 88402 - 235 - 8 . pp. 229 - 231 . Jump up ^ Lahauri , p. 384 -- 89 Jump up ^ Kambo , p. 275 Jump up ^ Copplestone , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Asher , p. 212 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 97 quoting Qazwini ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 97 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Tahkhana Complex '' . Banglapedia -- National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. 2006 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : `` Taj Mahal -- A symbol of love '' . Advent InfoSoft Pvt. Ltd . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 91 - 92 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 89 Jump up ^ Begley and Desai ( 1989 ) , p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Dunkeld , Malcolm ( Ed ) ( June 2007 ) . `` Construction history society newsletter '' ( PDF ) . Chartered Institute of Building . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Anon . `` The Taj mahal '' . Islamic architecture . Islamic Arts and Architecture Organisation . Retrieved 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Calligraphy '' . Tajmahal.org.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Calligraphy '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 108 - 109 Jump up ^ Begley ( 1989 ) , p. 64 - 76 Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , p. 42 - 49 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 174 - 175 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 152 - 179 Jump up ^ Koch , p180 - 181 Jump up ^ Begley , Wayne E. ( March 1979 ) . `` The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning '' . The Art Bulletin . 61 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 37 . JSTOR 3049862 . doi : 10.2307 / 3049862 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 137 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 139 Jump up ^ Allan , John ( 1958 ) . The Cambridge Shorter History of India ( First ed . ) . Cambridge : S. Chand . pp. 288 pages . , p. 318 Jump up ^ The Taj by Jerry Camarillo Dunn Jr ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 126 - 134 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 114 - 120 . Jump up ^ Koch , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 120 Jump up ^ Buyers , Christopher ( November 2006 ) . `` India , The Timurid Dynasty , Genealogy '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , p. 201 - 208 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 201 quoting Lahauri and Kambo ^ Jump up to : Koch , p209 - 213 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 208 Jump up ^ Koch , p. 56 Jump up ^ Leoshko , Janice ( 2002 ) . `` Book review -- The Moonlight Garden : New Discoveries at the Taj Mahal '' . Persimmon -- Asian Literature , Arts and Culture . p. 1 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 02 . Bibliography ( edit ) Asher , Catherine Ella Blanshard ( 2003 ) ( first published 1992 ) . The New Cambridge History of India , Vol I : 4 - Architecture of Mughal India ( Hardback ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 368 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 26728 - 5 . Aziz , Abdul ( 1928 ) . `` History of the Reign of Shah Jahan '' . Journal of Indian History . 6 : 127 -- 47 . Balasubramaniam , R ( 10 July 2009 ) . `` New insights on the modular planning of the Taj Mahal '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 97 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 49 . `` The myth of the Taj - Mahal and a new theory of its symbolic meaning '' . Art Bulletin . 61 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 37 . March 1979 . JSTOR 3049862 . doi : 10.2307 / 3049862 . Begley , Wayne E. ; Desai , Z.A. ( 1989 ) . Taj Mahal -- The Illumined Tomb ( Hardback ) . University of Washington Press . p. 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 96944 - 2 . Begley , Wayne E. ; Grabar , Oleg ( Ed . ) ( 1983 ) . `` Four Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan '' ( pdf ) . Muqarnas Volume I : An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture . Yale University Press ( Newhaven ) . pp. 167 -- 180 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Bernier , François ( 1891 ) . Travels in the Moghul Empire A.D. 1657 - 1668 . Westminster : Archibald Constable & Co . Chaghtai , Muhammad Abdullah ( 1938 ) . Le Tadj Mahal d'Agra ( Inde ) . Histoire et description ( in French ) . Brussels : Editions de la Connaissance. ( 1 ) . Copplestone , Trewin . ( ed ) . ( 1963 ) . World architecture -- An illustrated history ( Hardback ) . London : Hamlyn . ASIN B0000CNOL6 . Encyclopædia Britannica , 1964 Ed. , Vol. 21 , Badshahnama , Vol . I , line 35 - sale ayandeh , The Illustrated Weekly of India dated Dec. 30 , 1951 and Travels in India , ibid . `` Taj Mahal Vedic Features '' . HariBhakt Blog . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Harkness , Terence ; Sinha , Amita ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Places / Projects -- Taj Heritage Corridor : Intersections between History and Culture on the Yamuna Riverfront '' ( pdf ) . Vol. 16 : No. 2 , . Places . pp. 62 -- 69 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . Kambo , Muhammad Salih ( Vol I. 1923 , Vol. II 1927 ) . Yazdani , Ghulam , ed . Amal - i - Salih or Shah Jahan Namah . Calcutta : Baptist Mission Press . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Kennedy , Thalia ( March 2007 ) . `` The Notion Of Hierarchy : The ' Parchin Kari ' Programme At The Taj Mahal '' . Archnet - IJAR , International Journal of Architectural Research . 1 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 121 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 14 June 2009 . Koch , Ebba ( August 2006 ) . The Complete Taj Mahal : And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra ( Hardback ) ( First ed . ) . Thames & Hudson Ltd . pp. 288 pages . ISBN 0 - 500 - 34209 - 1 . Lahauri , Abd al - Hamid ( Vol I. 1867 , Vol. II 1868 ) . Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of William Nassau Lees , ed . Badshah Namah . Calcutta : College Press . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Latif , Syad Muhammad ( April 2003 ) ( 1896 ) . Agra : Historical and Descriptive -- With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra . Asian Educational Services . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1709 - 6 . Petruccioli , Attilio ( ed . ) ; Koch , Ebba ( 1997 ) . `` The Mughal Waterfront Garden . Gardens in the Time of the Great Muslim Empires : Theory and Design '' . E.J. Brill . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 13 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Petruccioli , Attilio ( June 2006 ) . `` Rethinking the Islamic Garden '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin 103 . Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Qaisar , Ahsan Jan ( April 1989 ) . Building Construction in Mughal India ( Hardback ) . Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 83 pages . ISBN 0 - 19 - 562260 - X . Further reading ( edit ) Carroll , David ( August 1975 ) . Taj Mahal ( Hardback ) . Wonders of Man . Newsweek , US . pp. 172 pages . ISBN 0 - 88225 - 024 - 8 . Gascoigne , Bamber ; Gascoigne , Christina ( November 1971 ) . The Great Moghuls. Harper Collins . pp. 264 pages . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011467 - 3 . Havel , E.B. ( 1913 ) . Indian Architecture : Its Psychology , Structure and History , John Murray pdf version Lall , John ( December 1994 ) . Taj Mahal . Tiger Books . ISBN 1 - 85501 - 590 - 0 . Rothfarb , Ed ( 1998 ) . In the Land of the Taj Mahal , Henry Holt ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5299 - 2 Saksena , Banarsi Prasad History of Shahjahan of Dihli ( Allahabad : The Indian Press Ltd . ) 1932 Stielin , Henri ( December 1994 ) . Islamic India ( Architecture of the World ) ( Paperback ) . S.A. : Compagnie du Livre d ' Art . ASIN B000ASTXA0 . Tillotson , G.H.R. ( April 1990 ) . Mughal India ( Architectural Guides for Travelers ) ( Paperback ) . Chronicle books . pp. 150 pages . ISBN 0 - 87701 - 686 - 0 . Wescoat , James L. ; Wolschke - Bulmahn , Joachim ( 1996 ) . Mughal Gardens : Sources , Places , Representations , and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks , Washington D.C. , ISBN 0 - 88402 - 235 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taj Mahal . Archaeological Survey of India description Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Citizendium article Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 32 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04222 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04222 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal&oldid=804683966 '' Categories : Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Islamic architecture Islamic architectural elements World Heritage Sites in India Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 14 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins%20and%20architecture%20of%20the%20Taj%20Mahal	13,130
who wrote life is the name of the game	During his spell of hosting Sunday Night at the London Palladium as part of the show he hosted the 15 - minute game show Beat the Clock . Forsyth 's next success was The Generation Game ( BBC1 , 1971 -- 1977 , 1990 -- 1994 ) , which proved popular and attracted huge Saturday evening audiences . It was on this show that Forsyth introduced his `` The Thinker '' pose , emulating Rodin 's sculpture , appearing in silhouette each week after the opening titles . This pose is reminiscent of the circus strong - man attitude . He also wrote and sang the theme for the show `` Life is the Name of the Game . '' Millions of viewers became familiar with the rasp of Forsyth 's north London accented voice and his `` distinctively pointy '' chin that he emphasised in poses such as the `` human question mark '' , with chin over raised knee . He was replaced on The Generation Game by Larry Grayson .		Bruce Forsyth	bruce forsyth	Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth - Johnson CBE ( 22 February 1928 -- 18 August 2017 ) was a British presenter , actor , comedian , singer , dancer , and screenwriter whose career spanned more than 75 years . In 2012 , Guinness World Records recognised Forsyth as having the longest television career for a male entertainer . Forsyth came to national attention from the mid-1950s through the ITV series Sunday Night at the London Palladium . He went on to host several game shows , including The Generation Game , Play Your Cards Right , The Price Is Right and You Bet ! . He co-presented Strictly Come Dancing from 2004 to 2013 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Boy Bruce , the Mighty Atom 2.2 Post-war work 2.3 Game show host 2.4 Career revival 3 Tributes and honours 4 Personal life 5 Illness and death 6 Filmography 6.1 Film and television 6.2 Stage 7 Discography 7.1 Singles 7.2 Albums 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Forsyth was born on Victoria Road in Edmonton , Middlesex ( today part of the London Borough of Enfield ) on 22 February 1928 , the son of Florence Ada ( née Pocknell ) and John Thomas Forsyth - Johnson . His family owned a car repair garage , and as members of the Salvation Army , his parents played brass instruments and his mother was a singer . His great - grandfather Joseph Forsyth Johnson ( 1840 -- 1906 ) was a landscape architect who worked in multiple countries , and great - great - great - great - grandfather William Forsyth ( 1737 -- 1804 ) was a founder of the Royal Horticultural Society and the namesake of the plant genus Forsythia . During World War II , his older brother John , a pilot in the Royal Air Force , was killed in 1943 during a training exercise at RAF Turnberry . Forsyth attended the Latymer School . After watching Fred Astaire in films at age eight , he trained in dance in Tottenham and then Brixton . Career ( edit ) Boy Bruce , the Mighty Atom ( edit ) Forsyth started his live public performances aged 14 , with a song , dance and accordion act called `` Boy Bruce , the Mighty Atom '' . His first appearance was at the Theatre Royal in Bilston , with The Great Marzo at the top of the bill . He had made his television debut in 1939 as a child , singing and dancing on BBC talent show Come and Be Televised , broadcast from Radiolympia , and introduced by Jasmine Bligh . Post-war work ( edit ) After the war , with the goal of joining Moss Empires theatres , he spent years on stage with little success and travelled the UK working seven days a week , doing summer seasons , pantomimes and circuses , where he became renowned for his strong - man act . His act was interrupted by call - up papers for National Service when he was drafted into the Royal Air Force . In 1958 , an appearance with the comedian Dickie Henderson led to his being offered the job of compère of Val Parnell 's weekly TV variety show , Sunday Night at the London Palladium . He hosted the show for two years , followed by a year 's break , then returned for another year . His schedule of stage performances , which continued throughout the 1960s , forced him to give up the job of host . Forsyth on front of `` Every Night at the Palladium '' souvenir brochure , 1962 Forsyth appeared in the London production of Little Me , along with Avril Angers in 1964 . In the musical film Star ! ( 1968 ) , a biopic of stage actress Gertrude Lawrence , he played alongside lead performer Julie Andrews as Lawrence 's father . In January 1968 Pye Records issued as a single `` I 'm Backing Britain '' , supporting the campaign of the same name , written by Tony Hatch and Jackie Trent , and sung by Forsyth . The chorus included `` The feeling is growing , so let 's keep it going , the good times are blowing our way '' . All involved in making the single took cuts in their fees or royalties so that the single sold for 5 s . instead of the going rate of 7s . 41⁄2d . Forsyth happily endorsed the campaign , saying `` The country has always done its best when it is up against the wall . If everyone realises what we are up against we can get out of trouble easily . '' The song did not make the charts , selling only 7,319 copies . On 7 October 1968 , he was top of the bill on the opening night of the Golden Garter nightclub , Wythenshawe . Two years later , he played Swinburne in the Disney fantasy film Bedknobs and Broomsticks . In 1976 , he appeared on The Muppet Show , where he took on the famous duo of Statler and Waldorf . Game show host ( edit ) During his spell of hosting Sunday Night at the London Palladium as part of the show he hosted the 15 - minute game show Beat the Clock . Forsyth 's next success was The Generation Game ( BBC1 , 1971 -- 1977 , 1990 -- 1994 ) , which proved popular and attracted huge Saturday evening audiences . It was on this show that Forsyth introduced his `` The Thinker '' pose , emulating Rodin 's sculpture , appearing in silhouette each week after the opening titles . This pose is reminiscent of the circus strong - man attitude . He also wrote and sang the theme for the show `` Life is the Name of the Game . '' Millions of viewers became familiar with the rasp of Forsyth 's north London accented voice and his `` distinctively pointy '' chin that he emphasised in poses such as the `` human question mark '' , with chin over raised knee . He was replaced on The Generation Game by Larry Grayson . In 1977 he announced that he was leaving television to take the star role in a new musical , The Travelling Music Show , based on the songs of Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse . The show did reasonably well in provincial theatre , but got bad reviews when it moved to London and closed after four months in July 1978 . London Weekend Television persuaded him to return to the screen later that year to present Bruce Forsyth 's Big Night , a two - hour Saturday - night show on ITV encompassing a variety of different entertainment formats ( later reduced to 90 minutes ) . However , the show was not a success and lasted for just one series . Forsyth remained with ITV , hosting the game show Play Your Cards Right , which was the UK version of the US original Card Sharks , from 1980 to 1987 , 1994 to 1999 , and a brief period from 2002 to 2003 , before the show was cancelled mid-run due to low ratings . In 1986 , he went to the United States to host a game show on ABC , Bruce Forsyth 's Hot Streak , which ran for 65 episodes from January to April that year . Forsyth starred in the Thames Television sitcom Slinger 's Day in 1986 and 1987 , a sequel to Tripper 's Day which had starred Leonard Rossiter , whom Forsyth replaced in the new show . He was the original host of You Bet ! ( 1988 to 1990 ) , before the show reached mainstream success under the stewardship of Matthew Kelly . Forsyth fronted the third version of The Price Is Right ( 1995 to 2001 ) . His unsuccessful gameshows include Takeover Bid ( 1990 to 1991 ) , Hollywood Or Bust ( 1984 ) , and Did n't They Do Well ! ( 2004 ) . During the 1970s Forsyth featured in the Stork margarine adverts on television , and then during the 1980s and 1990s he appeared in an advertising campaign for the furniture retailer Courts , in which he dressed as a judge . Forsyth celebrated his 70th birthday in 1998 and appeared in a week - long run of his one - man show at the London Palladium . In 2000 , Forsyth hosted a revived series called Tonight at the London Palladium . Career revival ( edit ) In 2003 , and again in 2010 , Forsyth was a guest presenter on the news and satire quiz show Have I Got News for You . Forsyth had called Paul Merton , one of the team captains on the show , to suggest himself as a guest presenter . During the first of these appearances , he presented a parody of his Play Your Cards Right format entitled Play Your Iraqi Cards Right . He co-presented Strictly Come Dancing from 2004 to 2013 , formally stepping down from hosting the regular live show in April 2014 . This decision was made to reduce his workload and for the preparation of pre-recorded specials . On 7 April 2010 , Forsyth became one of the first three celebrities to be subjected to the British version of the American institution of a comedy roast , on Channel 4 's A Comedy Roast . Forsyth was the subject of the BBC genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are ? , broadcast on 19 July 2010 . On 20 March 2010 , Forsyth appeared on the autobiography - interview programme Piers Morgan 's Life Stories , which was broadcast on ITV . In 2011 , Forsyth released a collection of songs on CD called These Are My Favourites . He chose the songs for their personal and musical importance , including a duet with his granddaughter , Sophie Purdie . These Are My Favourites also includes a recording of `` Paper Moon '' with Nat King Cole . Tributes and Honours ( edit ) Forsyth opening The Sir Bruce Forsyth Auditorium at the Millfield Theatre , Enfield , in October 2009 Forsyth 's showbiz awards include Variety Club Show Business Personality of the Year in 1975 ; TV Times Male TV Personality of the Year , in 1975 , 1976 , 1977 and 1978 ; and BBC TV Personality of the Year in 1991 . On 7 June 1959 Forsyth was inducted into the elite entertainers ' fraternity , the Grand Order of Water Rats , Water Rat number 566 . In 1987 , a fan club was created -- the Great Bruce Forsyth Social Club . They would later go on to assist Forsyth in singing his opening number , `` It 's Never Too Late '' , at his Audience With show . He repaid this favour by adding the society to his busy schedule in June 1997 and appeared at their 10th AGM in Plymouth . Forsyth was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1998 Birthday Honours , and Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2006 New Year Honours . On 27 February 2005 , the BBC screened A BAFTA Tribute to Bruce Forsyth to mark the entertainer 's 60 years in show business . He had a bronze bust of himself unveiled at the London Palladium in May 2005 . The sculpture was created by his son - in - law and is on display in the theatre 's Cinderella Bar . In 2008 , Forsyth received the BAFTA Fellowship . In 2009 , he was awarded the Theatre Performer 's Award at the annual Carl Alan Awards . Hosted by the International Dance Teachers ' Association , the awards are voted for by the leading dance organisations in the United Kingdom and recognise those who have made an exceptional contribution to the world of dance and theatre . Forsyth received a Royal Television Society Lifetime Achievement Award on 17 March 2009 . On 26 January 2011 he received the National Television Awards special recognition award . Forsyth was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to entertainment and charity . This followed a years - long public campaign to award him a knighthood . His investiture , by the Queen , took place on 12 October 2011 and he became Sir Bruce Forsyth CBE . In July 2012 , Forsyth was given the honour of carrying the Olympic flame through London , as it finally reached the city on the penultimate day of the London 2012 Torch Relay . Forsyth earned a place in the 2013 Guinness Book of World Records as the male TV entertainer having had the longest career , calling it a `` wonderful surprise '' . He also appeared at the 2013 Glastonbury Festival on the Avalon stage , becoming the oldest performer to ever play at the festival. . In 2018 the NTA 's honoured the memory of Sir Bruce by naming an NTA award after him . Personal Life ( edit ) Forsyth was married to Penny Calvert from 1953 until their divorce in 1973 , with whom he had three daughters named Debbie , Julie , and Laura . In 1973 , he married Anthea Redfern , the hostess on The Generation Game . They had two daughters , Charlotte and Louisa , before divorcing in 1979 . Asked to judge the 1980 Miss World competition , Forsyth met Puerto Rican beauty queen Wilnelia Merced , who was a fellow judge . They were married from 1983 until his death in 2017 . They had one son together , Jonathan Joseph , better known as `` JJ '' . By his six children , Forsyth had nine grandchildren and three great - grandchildren . Forsyth was a supporter and ambassador for the children 's charity Caudwell Children , regularly appearing at many of their fundraising events . In August 2014 , Forsyth was one of 200 public figures who signed a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September 's referendum on that issue . Forsyth lived at the exclusive Wentworth Estate in Surrey . Until 2000 , he also occupied a flat in Nell Gwynn House , Sloane Avenue , Chelsea . Illness and death ( edit ) Towards the end of his life , Forsyth suffered from ill health , which reduced his appearances in public . On 8 October 2015 , he was admitted to hospital for cuts and minor concussion after falling at his home , caused by his tripping over a rug and hitting his head as a result . A month later , he made his last full TV appearance on Strictly Children in Need Special , with filming for this taking place prior to him undergoing surgery for an abdominal aortic aneurysm on 12 November . As a result of his surgery , Forsyth was unable to host that year 's Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special as planned , but a spokesman representing him later stated he would play a part in the production , recording a special video message for it . After 2015 , Forsyth made no further public appearances , as his health began to decline , with his wife commenting that he struggled to move easily following his surgery . On 26 February 2017 , he was again admitted to hospital with a severe chest infection and spent five days in intensive care , before returning home on 3 March 2017 . On 18 August 2017 , Forsyth died of bronchial pneumonia at his Wentworth Estate home in Virginia Water , aged 89 . Several celebrities paid tribute to Forsyth following his death , including his former Strictly Come Dancing co-host Tess Daly ; his friends Michael Parkinson , Jimmy Tarbuck , and Des O'Connor , the BBC director general Tony Hall and Prime Minister Theresa May . BBC One aired Sir Bruce Forsyth -- Mr Entertainment , in place of the scheduled The One Show , in tribute . Forsyth was laid to rest on 5 September 2017 in a private ceremony attended only by close family and friends . A few days later , on 9 September 2017 , when that year 's series of Strictly Come Dancing began , it paid tribute to Forsyth with a special ballroom dance routine from their professional dancers . On 14 December 2017 , BBC announced that it would produce a tribute show to Forsyth at the London Palladium on 21 February 2018 . Hosted by Tess Daly , Sir Bruce : A Celebration was broadcast on BBC One on 11 March 2018 . Filmography ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1958 -- 1964 Sunday Night at the London Palladium Host TV 1960 The Royal Variety Performance ' Host TV 1961 The Royal Variety Performance Host TV 1965 -- 1969 , 1973 The Bruce Forsyth Show Host TV 1966 Frankie and Bruce Co-star TV 1968 Star ! Arthur Lawrence Film 1969 Can Heironymus Merkin Ever Forget Mercy Humppe and Find True Happiness ? Uncle Limelight Film 1969 Red Peppers George Pepper TV 1971 Bedknobs and Broomsticks Swinburne , Bookman 's henchman Film 1971 The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins Clayton ( segment `` Avarice '' ) Film 1971 -- 1977 1990 -- 1994 The Generation Game Host TV 1971 The Royal Variety Performance Host TV 1973 The Good Old Days Guest star TV Bruce Forsyth Meets Lulu Host TV 1976 The Mating Season Bruce Gillespie TV 1976 The Muppet Show Guest star TV 1978 Bruce Forsyth 's Big Night Host TV 1980 Sammy and Bruce Co-star TV 1980 -- 1987 1994 -- 1999 2002 -- 2003 Play Your Cards Right Host TV Anna Pavlova Alfred Batt Film 1984 Hollywood or Bust Host TV 1986 Bruce Forsyth 's Hot Streak Host TV 1986 Magnum , P.I. -- Episode : `` A Little Bit of Luck ... A Little Bit of Grief '' Lottery Host TV 1986 -- 1987 Slinger 's Day Slinger TV 1988 The Royal Variety Performance Co-host with Ronnie Corbett TV 1988 Bruce and Ronnie Co-star TV 1988 -- 1990 You Bet ! Host TV 1990 -- 1991 Takeover Bid Host TV 1992 -- 1993 Bruce 's Guest Night Host TV Fiddly Foodle Bird Narrator TV 1995 -- 2001 Bruce 's Price Is Right Host TV An Audience with Bruce Forsyth Host TV 2000 House ! Bruce Forsyth Film 2000 Tonight at the London Palladium Host TV 2003 / 2010 Have I Got News for You Guest Host TV Did n't They Do Well Host TV 2004 -- 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Strictly Come Dancing Co-host with Tess Daly TV Who Do You Think You Are ? Guest Host TV 2011 The Rob Brydon Show Guest TV 2012 National Television Awards Guest ( With Ant & Dec ) TV 2013 Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway ( Little Ant & Dec segment ) Guest TV 2013 When Miranda Met Bruce Guest star TV 2014 Perspectives : Bruce Forsyth on Sammy Davis Jr Host TV 2014 Bruce 's Hall of Fame Host TV Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1958 -- 2004 One - man show which had various titles Himself Intermittently toured UK 1962 Every Night at the Palladium Himself Starred with Morecambe and Wise in a season at the London Palladium 1964 Little Me Various Characters A 334 performance season at the Cambridge Theatre 1978 The Traveling Music Show Fred Limelight A four - month season at Her Majesty 's Theatre , before touring the UK 1979 Bruce Forsyth on Broadway Himself A five performance season of his one - man show at the Winter Garden Theatre from 12 -- 17 June 2012 -- 2015 Bruce Forsyth Entertains Himself Toured the UK Discography ( edit ) Singles ( edit ) 1959 , `` Excerpts from The Desert Song ( No. 2 ) '' , with June Bronhill , Edmund Hockridge , Inia Te Wiata , The Williams Singers , Michael Collins and His Orchestra , ( 7 `` , EP , Mono ) , His Master 's Voice : 7EG 8676 1960 , `` I 'm A Good Boy '' , Parlophone , ( 2 versions ) 1960 , `` I 'm In Charge '' , ( 7 `` ) , Parlophone : 45 - R 4535 1962 , `` The Oh - Be-Joyfuls , ( 7 '' ) , Piccadilly : 7N. 35086 1964 , `` Real Live Girl '' , ( 7 `` , Single ) , Pye Records : 7N. 15744 1964 , `` Saturday Sunshine '' , ( 7 `` ) , Piccadilly : 7N. 35169 1964 , `` The Mysterious People '' , ( 7 `` , Single ) , Piccadilly : 1189 1965 , `` Real Live Girl '' , ( 7 `` , Single ) , Blue Cat : BC 105 1968 , `` I 'm Backing Britain '' / `` There 's Not Enough Love in the World '' , Pye Records ( 2 versions ) 1973 , `` Did n't He Do Well ? '' ( 7 `` , Single , Lar ) , Phillips : 6006 285 1978 , `` Love Medley '' , with Valerie Walsh , ( 7 `` , Single , Promo ) , CBS : S CBS 6469 Albums ( edit ) Title Album details Peak chart positions UK The Musical Side Of Bruce Released : 1973 Label : Pye Records : NSPL 18405 -- Both Sides of Bruce ( Live ) Released : 1977 Label : Warner Bros. Records -- Come Get It ! Released : 1979 Label : Pye Records -- Mr. Entertainment Released : 19 March 2007 Label : EMI Records -- These Are My Favourites Released : 7 November 2011 Label : EMI Records 58 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ He was guest host for three specials after 2013 - the Children in Need specials in 2014 and 2015 , and the 2014 Christmas Special . He made a guest appearance for the 2015 Christmas Special via Video Message . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth breaks TV career world record '' . Guinness World Records . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth steps down from Strictly Come Dancing '' . BBC News . 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why I have done so well , by Bruce Forsyth , great - grandfather , at 80 '' , The Times , 23 February 2008 . Retrieved 23 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Biography ( 1928 - ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Rachel ( 16 December 2007 ) . `` Did n't he do well ... '' The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth discovers ' bigamist ' in his family tree '' . BBC News . London : BBC . 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Barratt , Nick ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Family detective : Bruce Forsyth '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Wintle , Angela ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth : My family values '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth War Graves Commission '' . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loxley , Tom ( 5 April 2014 ) . `` 9 facts you might not know about Sir Bruce Forsyth '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BFI Screenonline : Forsyth , Bruce ( 1928 - ) Biography '' . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Sir Bruce Forsyth dies : Remembering the iconic TV host , entertainer and Strictly Come Dancing star '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth to celebrate 70 years in Showbiz on the BBC '' . ATV Today . 20 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm in Charge '' . Archive on 4 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60 years of Sunday Night at the Palladium : A look back at some classic archive shots '' . British Telecom . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Dennis ( 14 November 2005 ) . `` Obituary : Avril Angers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Adler , Renata ( 23 October 1968 ) . `` Screen : ' Star ! ' Arrives : Julie Andrews Featured in Movie at Rivoli '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back Britain drive hits chord in music field '' . Billboard : 40 . 20 January 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Song for the typists '' ( Business Diary ) , The Times , 8 January 1968 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Craig Brown , `` Way of the world : A mutual case of wow '' , Daily Telegraph , 4 June 2005 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ McClatchey , Caroline ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` Buy British : Why is n't there a new campaign ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Bruce ( 2015 ) . Strictly Bruce : Stories Of My Life . Penguin Random House . ISBN 9780593075982 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , Robert ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth : The face of Saturday night television who has died at the age of 89 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The stars share their Muppet memories '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` BFI to show entire night of television recorded in 1964 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth 's old - fashioned appeal '' . BBC News . 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth dies aged 89 '' . Classic FM . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forsyth 's old - fashioned appeal '' . BBC News . 31 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce : The Autobiography '' . Jump up ^ Dean , Will ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` The Fight for Saturday Night , TV review : Top marks for Michael Grade 's illuminating look at television 's golden age '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Viner , Brian ( 26 October 2000 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth ' humiliated ' by ITV director 's lack of ' respect ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Play Your Cards Right , 1980 '' . British Classic Comedy . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Forsyth : a timeline '' . The Daily Telegraph . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bettridge , Daniel ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Six to watch : Gameshow hosts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Belcher , David ( 10 April 1984 ) . `` TV '' . The Glasgow Herald . p. 26 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Billings , Claire ( 30 October 2003 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth returns to TV with new quiz show on BBC '' . Campaign . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stork '' . Unilever . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Treanor , Jill ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Courts furniture chain collapses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth to celebrate 70 years in showbiz with stage show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 19 August 2017 ) . `` Sir Bruce Forsyth : 8 little - known facts about his career '' . BBC News - Entertainment & Arts . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Heritage , Stuart ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` What makes the perfect Have I Got News For You host ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth steps down as presenter of Strictly Come Dancing live shows '' . The Guardian . 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Tom ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Last Night 's Television : Bruce Forsyth : A Comedy Roast , Channel 4 Embarrassing Bodies : Charlotte 's Story , Channel 4 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Series 3 -- Episode 3 Piers Morgan 's Life Stories : Bruce Forsyth '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth , granddaughter duet on album ' These Are My Favourites ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly host Tess Daly pays tribute to legendary Sir Bruce Forsyth with heartfelt message '' . Daily Record . 18 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Profile : Bruce Forsyth '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIR BRUCE FORSYTH CBE Blue Collar Rat '' . Grand Order of Water Rats . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plymouth mourns Sir Bruce Forsyth after his death aged 89 '' . Plymouth Herald . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hordes of people obsessed with Sir Bruce Forsyth are going to invade Plymouth '' . Plymouth Herald . 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 55155 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 15 June 1998 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` No. 57855 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 2005 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nice to see you : bust marks Bruce Forsyth 's six decades in showbiz '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Michael ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Brucie 's big night at TV awards '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the 2009 Carl - Alan Awards '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programme Awards Winners 2008 '' . Royal Television Society . 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Winners 2011 '' . National Television Awards . 26 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 59808 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2011 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth collects knighthood from the Queen '' . BBC News . BBC . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Michael ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` Olympic torch : BBC greets flame and Sir Bruce Forsyth '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth becomes record breaker '' . BBC . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth acknowledged for long career with Guinness World Record '' . The Independent . London . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ MacInnes , Paul ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth at Glastonbury 2013 -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Selby , Jenn ( 20 April 2015 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth backs assisted dying campaign : ' If I had Alzheimer 's or dementia I would do something about it ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth '' . The Observer . London . 12 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forsyth 's six decades in limelight '' . BBC News . 6 May 2005 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Glanfield , Tim ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth : `` Not just another British entertainer ; he was the embodiment of British entertainment '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity ambassadors '' . Caudwell Children . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Picture -- Bruce Forsyth Photo 3051844 '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities ' open letter to Scotland -- full text and list of signatories '' . The Guardian . London . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury living at the Wentworth Estate : home to royalty , business tycoons and Sir Bruce Forsyth '' . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 celebrity retirement hot spots '' . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Homepage of Nell Gwynn House at nellgwynnchelsea. london , accessed 13 January 2018 Jump up ^ Khomami , Nadia . `` Sir Bruce Forsyth taken to hospital after fall at home Television & radio '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth recovering after surgery for aneurysm '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Sir Bruce Forsyth pulls out of Strictly Come Dancing Christmas special over health '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Sir Bruce Forsyth '' . BBC . 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth spends five days in intensive care with chest infection '' . Daily Telegraph . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth : King of UK gameshows dies aged 89 '' . The Guardian . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth : TV legend dies aged 89 '' . BBC News . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth : Tributes paid to ' a national hero ' '' . BBC News . 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline . `` BBC One to air tribute to Bruce Forsyth in place of The One Show in the wake of his death '' . Metro . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce Forsyth 's private funeral held '' . BBC News . BBC . 5 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce : A Celebration to air on BBC One '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Bruce : A Celebration '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Forsyth '' . BFI . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth meets Lulu '' . BBC . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rob Brydon Show '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Little Ant and Dec meet Bruce Forsyth '' . ITV.com . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Perspectives episode 6 '' . ITV . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Bob ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Bruce Forsyth proves he can still work a crowd as he entertains Cardiff audience '' . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Coveney , Michael ( 18 August 2017 ) . `` Sir Bruce Forsyth obituary : a TV presenter in a class of his own '' . Retrieved 19 August 2017 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Bruce . Bruce : The Autobiography . ISBN 9780330475945 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Bruce Forsyth obituary '' . Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tour archive for Bruce Forsyth '' . untw.co.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Forsyth discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Bruce Forsyth at Wikimedia Commons Bruce Forsyth at the British Film Institute Bruce Forsyth on IMDb Bruce Forsyth discography at Discogs Preceded by None Host of The Generation Game 1971 -- 77 Succeeded by Larry Grayson Preceded by None Host of You Bet ! 1988 -- 90 Succeeded by Matthew Kelly Preceded by Larry Grayson Host of The Generation Game 1990 -- 94 Succeeded by Jim Davidson Preceded by Jim Davidson Host of The Generation Game 2007 Succeeded by Mel Giedroyc & Sue Perkins Preceded by Bob Warman Host of The Price is Right 1995 -- 2001 Succeeded by Joe Pasquale Preceded by None Host of Strictly Come Dancing 2004 -- 13 Succeeded by Tess Daly Claudia Winkleman ( hide ) BAFTA Fellowship recipients 1971 -- 2000 Alfred Hitchcock ( 1971 ) Freddie Young ( 1972 ) Grace Wyndham Goldie ( 1973 ) David Lean ( 1974 ) Jacques Cousteau ( 1975 ) Charlie Chaplin ( 1976 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Denis Forman ( 1977 ) Fred Zinnemann ( 1978 ) Lew Grade ( 1979 ) Huw Wheldon ( 1979 ) David Attenborough ( 1980 ) John Huston ( 1980 ) Abel Gance ( 1981 ) Michael Powell & Emeric Pressburger ( 1981 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1983 ) Hugh Greene ( 1984 ) Sam Spiegel ( 1984 ) Jeremy Isaacs ( 1985 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1986 ) Federico Fellini ( 1987 ) Ingmar Bergman ( 1988 ) Alec Guinness ( 1989 ) Paul Fox ( 1990 ) Louis Malle ( 1991 ) John Gielgud ( 1992 ) David Plowright ( 1992 ) Sydney Samuelson ( 1993 ) Colin Young ( 1993 ) Michael Grade ( 1994 ) Billy Wilder ( 1995 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1996 ) Ronald Neame ( 1996 ) John Schlesinger ( 1996 ) Maggie Smith ( 1996 ) Woody Allen ( 1997 ) Steven Bochco ( 1997 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Oswald Morris ( 1997 ) Harold Pinter ( 1997 ) David Rose ( 1997 ) Sean Connery ( 1998 ) Bill Cotton ( 1998 ) Eric Morecambe & Ernie Wise ( 1999 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1999 ) Michael Caine ( 2000 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 2000 ) Peter Bazalgette ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Albert Finney ( 2001 ) John Thaw ( 2001 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Warren Beatty ( 2002 ) Merchant Ivory Productions ( 2002 ) Andrew Davies ( 2002 ) John Mills ( 2002 ) Saul Zaentz ( 2003 ) David Jason ( 2003 ) John Boorman ( 2004 ) Roger Graef ( 2004 ) John Barry ( 2005 ) David Frost ( 2005 ) David Puttnam ( 2006 ) Ken Loach ( 2006 ) Anne V. Coates ( 2007 ) Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Will Wright ( 2007 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2008 ) Bruce Forsyth ( 2008 ) Dawn French & Jennifer Saunders ( 2009 ) Terry Gilliam ( 2009 ) Nolan Bushnell ( 2009 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2010 ) Shigeru Miyamoto ( 2010 ) Melvyn Bragg ( 2010 ) Christopher Lee ( 2011 ) Peter Molyneux ( 2011 ) Trevor McDonald ( 2011 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2012 ) Rolf Harris ( 2012 ) Alan Parker ( 2013 ) Gabe Newell ( 2013 ) Michael Palin ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Rockstar Games ( 2014 ) Julie Walters ( 2014 ) Mike Leigh ( 2015 ) David Braben ( 2015 ) Jon Snow ( 2015 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2016 ) John Carmack ( 2016 ) Ray Galton & Alan Simpson ( 2016 ) Mel Brooks ( 2017 ) Joanna Lumley ( 2017 ) Ridley Scott ( 2018 ) Tim Schafer ( 2018 ) Kate Adie ( 2018 ) BNF : cb14067102m ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0003 6150 1602 LCCN : nb90476815 MusicBrainz : 2c00272a - 0905 - 48c5 - 9e9f - 001e7c4fb31c VIAF : 223113615 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Forsyth&oldid=843114432 '' Categories : 1928 births 2017 deaths Actors awarded British knighthoods BAFTA fellows Deaths from bronchopneumonia English entertainers English television presenters English male television actors English male film actors Knights Bachelor Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Grand Order of Water Rats members British people of English descent English people of Scottish descent English game show hosts People from Edmonton , London Strictly Come Dancing English television personalities People educated at The Latymer School People from Virginia Water 20th - century British comedians 21st - century British comedians Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2018 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Nederlands Scots Simple English Tagalog Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Forsyth	81,731
who is the most popular in running man			Running Man ( TV series )	running man ( tv series )	Running Man ( Korean : 런닝 맨 ) is a South Korean variety show , forming part of SBS 's Good Sunday lineup . It first aired on July 11 , 2010 .	Running Man was classified as an `` urban action variety '' ; a genre of variety shows in an urban environment . The MCs and guests were to complete missions at a landmark to win the race . The show has since shifted to a more familiar reality - variety show concept focused on games . It has garnered attention as being the comeback program for Yoo Jae - suk , the main MC of the program , after leaving Good Sunday 's Family Outing in February 2010 . The show has become popular in other parts of Asia , and has gained online popularity among Hallyu fans , having been fansubbed into various languages , such as English , Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , Thai , Vietnamese , Chinese , Malay , Indonesian , Burmese , Arabic , Russian , and Turkish . The show has made it to the list of Business Insider 's 20 TV Shows of 2016 . Since April 2017 , Running Man is airing as the first part of Good Sunday at 4 : 50 pm KST and competing against KBS2 's The Return of Superman and MBC 's King of Mask Singer . Running Man previously aired at 6 : 25 pm KST on Sundays , as the second part of Good Sunday , airing after Flower Crew , competing against KBS2 's 1 Night 2 Days and MBC 's Secretly Greatly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Current 1.2 Previous 1.3 Special series 1.3. 1 Yoo - mes Bond 1.3. 2 Best of the Best Match 1.3. 3 Running Man - Grasshopper Hunting 1.3. 4 Running Man Olympics 1.3. 5 Running Man Football 1.3. 6 Fan - based episodes 1.3. 7 Tru - Gary Show 1.4 Long - term projects 1.4. 1 Member 's Week 1.4. 2 Global Race 1.4. 3 1 % People 's Recommendation 1.4. 4 Half and Half Tour 2 Personnel 2.1 Cast 2.1. 1 Current cast 2.1. 2 Former cast 2.1. 3 Timeline 2.1. 4 Relationships 2.1. 5 Former relationships 2.2 Production staff 2.3 Guests with the most appearances 3 List of episodes 4 List of guests 5 Reception 6 Ratings 6.1 2010 6.2 2011 6.3 2012 6.4 2013 6.5 2014 6.6 2015 6.7 2016 6.8 2017 6.9 2018 7 International 7.1 International episodes 7.2 Tour 8 Other works 8.1 Merchandising 8.2 Animation 8.3 Comic book 8.4 Other appearances 9 Controversy 9.1 Gary 's departure 9.2 Season 2 proposal 10 Awards and nominations 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) Current ( edit ) Main article : Lists of Running Man missions As of episode 48 , the members take part in a series of missions to become the winner ( s ) at the end of the race . Missions form the basis of Running Man as members try to avoid punishment in earlier episodes or to win prizes . Multiple missions are presented in each episode , with the highlight of Running Man being race missions . The format of the show moves away from the `` race mission + others '' , to `` one continuous race + missions '' Previous ( edit ) Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Notes July 11 , 2010 The MCs and guests were locked in a landmark during closed hours and were required to leave before opening hours . In the first episode , they were divided into two teams and raced to find the codes hidden within the landmark that were required to unlock the main doors . With a total of 5 numbers , after one was found , a game was played to determine which team would start first in the next race , and the losing team received a punishment while the other team was given a head start . After all the numbers had been found by either of the teams , they approached the main door and entered the code which they believed was correct . The exact team was allowed to leave the landmark while the losing team was required to complete a punishment inside the landmark . 2 -- 5 July 18 , 2010 -- August 8 , 2010 The second episode to the fifth episode , both teams competed to find golden pigs filled with money that was hidden within the landmark and participated in games in the attempt to win more money . At the end of each episode , the team with the most money was declared the winner and was allowed to leave the landmark while the losing team received a punishment . The money collected by the teams was donated in the winning team 's honor . Viewers could vote on the official Running Man homepage on who they believed would be the winning team , and a lucky audience who guessed correctly was allowed to have his / her name included in the donation . 6 -- 10 August 15 , 2010 -- September 12 , 2010 Episodes 6 to 10 , a consistent game format was used where both teams competed to obtain the most Running Man Balls ( shortened to Running Balls in future episodes ) . Running Balls were awarded to the team that found a ball , and were also given to individuals who won a game , who received a Running Ball of their team 's color ( blue or red ) . Each of the games and races was referred to as missions , and were as follows : Mission 1 featured games related to the landmark . Previously , the Photo Zone Game was played at every landmark . Mission 2 was the race mission . Mission 3 was Leisure Time for a Cup of Tea . This mission was discontinued after episode ten due to controversies . Mission 4 was Morning Team Sports . This mission aired in full only in episode six and only highlights were shown in episode seven due to time constraints . At the end of each episode , the Running Man Balls collected throughout the night were placed into a lottery machine , and the color of the first ball ejected determined the winning team for the evening . The losing team was required to commute home using public transportation while undertaking an embarrassing punishment . 11 -- 25 September 19 , 2010 -- January 9 , 2011 As of the eleventh episode , the Running Man members and guests were no longer split into two main teams except for during the race mission , with smaller teams or individual game - play being used during the other missions . Everyone individually earned Running Balls throughout the missions and the balls selected during the lottery machine segment represented the individuals who were the winners for the night . The format of missions was also changed : Mission 1 was Challenge 1 vs. X . Mission 2 was Find the Thief . From episode 15 this was changed to different games related to the landmark . Mission 3 was the race mission , Bells Hide and Seek . As of the eighteenth episode , only those who had earned no Running Balls at all throughout the night were the ones to be punished . 26 -- 43 January 16 , 2011 -- May 15 , 2011 Beginning with the twenty - sixth episode , the race mission , Bells Hide and Seek , was replaced with a Find the Guests mission . The MCs and guests were locked inside a landmark and were required to earn Running Balls for a chance to escape punishment . Through a series of missions , the Running Man members were divided into teams and / or individually earned Running Balls . The format for the missions in episodes 26 to 43 were : Mission 1 was the race mission , Find the Guests . From episodes 39 to 41 , it was Catch the Running Man . Mission 2 featured games related to the landmark . Mission 3 was the One Chance challenge , which was played in episodes 27 to 31 . If there were many members with no Running Balls , they were automatically punished and no lottery was conducted . Additionally , if the members succeeded in the One Chance mission , they were all relieved of the punishment regardless of how many Running Balls each of them possessed . As of episode 38 and onwards , there were some episodes which included spy / spies . These spies could either be part of the cast , guest , or both . 44 -- 47 May 22 , 2011 -- June 12 , 2011 From episodes 44 to 47 , staff ( of the landmark location involved in the game ) voted for who they believed would be the overall winner of the games and became supporters of that member / team . Teams were decided by the winner of the race mission , who received the first Running Ball , and the two teams then competed for more Running Balls throughout missions spread over two days ( two episodes ) . The format for the missions was as follows : Mission 1 was the race mission , Find the Guests . Mission 2 featured missions related to the staff of the landmark . Mission 3 was a second race mission . Mission 4 featured missions related to the landmark . The team with the most Running Balls was declared the winner and their supporters received a bonus from their boss . 119 , 131 , 144 November 11 , 2012 ; February 3 , 2013 ; May 5 , 2013 In these episodes , the members would arrive at the starting venue separately . An announcer would announce that `` The XX Running Man is entering the arena '' . This announcement would include the guests for the day . After all the guest were introduced , the announcer would immediately announce their first mission . The race would officially begin after the first mission ends . The winner of the first mission would be given an advantage to his / her team in the race . The format for the missions are as follows : Mission 1 was the opening mission : Name Tag Elimination Mission 2 onwards would follow the usual format of the show : one long race with continuous missions during the race . Special series ( edit ) Throughout the history of Running Man , special series have progressed with storytelling and movie - like episodes . Many of these series have been praised for their thrill and excitement , and are considered some of the more higher quality episodes of Running Man . Yoo - mes Bond ( edit ) The Yoo - mes Bond series is famous for its protagonist , Yoo Jae - suk as Yoo - mes Bond , who is known to use a water gun to eliminate his foes to complete his missions . This series features Yoo Jae - suk against the other Running Man members , who do not know Yoo Jae - suk 's identity or mission . At the end of both episodes 91 and 140 , the words `` Yoo - mes Bond Never Die '' appeared , hinting at future episodes in the series . These two episodes have been praised for being like a movie instead of a variety show . List of Yoo - mes Bond Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 38 April 10 , 2011 No guests Yoo Jae - suk was given the mission to secretly eliminate the other members by spraying their name tag with a water gun . 91 April 22 , 2012 All members were arrested for various crimes they have committed . Yoo Jae - suk was given the opportunity of a pardon , where he must re-imprison the escaped members by spraying their name tags before they can escape the building . If he is successful in re-imprisoning the other members , he will be free to leave while the other members continue to serve time . 140 April 7 , 2013 Yoo Jae - suk was framed for spreading the `` anger virus '' and infecting his fellow members . He must find that person impersonating him and eliminate them to retrieve the vaccine . 196 May 18 , 2014 The members `` traveled back in the time '' to the second Yoo - mes Bond mission , giving the members a second chance at changing the results . Although , Yoo Jae - suk is replaced by Kim Jong - kook to carry the mission . 231 January 25 , 2015 Yoo - mes Bond must work together with `` The Successor '' to eliminate the other members , but they must always stay together , and Yoo Jae - suk will decide who and when they must eliminate the members . 318 -- 319 September 25 , 2016 -- October 2 , 2016 Tasked to be a `` Scene Stealer '' , Yoo - mes Bond must obtain the highest number of views by stealing other members ' views . 336 January 29 , 2017 Gary ( Leessang ) During the sixth `` Best of the Best Match '' , Yoo - mes Bond had to shoot other members ' name tag with a water gun to get them ousted in the final mission . Best of the Best Match ( edit ) The `` Best of the Best Matches '' take place once in a while as the opportunity to decide who is the best `` Running Man '' . List of Best of the Best Match Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 42 May 8 , 2011 No guests A race to complete missions first then eliminate each other , with the last standing member declared as the first generation best `` Running Man '' . 74 December 25 , 2011 Each member was granted a superpower , which can be used to aid their efforts to eliminate the other members . 130 January 27 , 2013 A special story , where half of the race takes place in the year 1938 and the other half in 2013 . The members are reincarnated in the process , and must find who the final surviving member was in 1938 , and who they have been reincarnated as the present time , to solve the mystery and win the race . 196 May 18 , 2014 The members `` traveled back in the time '' to the second Best of the Best Match , giving the members a second chance at changing the results . 257 July 26 , 2015 Hong Jin - ho Hyun Joo - yup Kim Yeon - koung Shin Soo - ji Song Jong - gook Instead of being alone , now the Running Man members are accompanied by heroes with special powers . However , the heroes do not know of their superpowers so they must complete a mission to obtain their superpowers . Later , the members with their own heroes face - off in a name tag elimination match , with the heroes acting as helpers . 285 February 7 , 2016 No guests The production staff created 3 missions , specifically for the members using data from the past 6 years they have been together on Running Man ; involving agility , nerve , and strength . The results of the missions determine the conditions for the final mission , which was a `` Standardized Name Tag Elimination '' race -- each member are given advantages or disadvantages to create equal attributes among the members . 336 January 29 , 2017 Gary ( Leessang ) Gary and the production staff hosted another `` Best of the Best Match '' where , at the beginning , each member must complete missions to determine their superpowers and their levels . The final mission is a name tag elimination race . Running Man - Grasshopper Hunting ( edit ) `` Running Man Hunter '' is an epithet given to Choi Min - soo who is tasked to eliminate the Running Man members . There is a rivalry between him and Yoo Jae - suk , who betrayed him during his first attempt in the mission . Since then , he had return to appear in the program to hunt the members and always leave Yoo Jae - suk to be the last surviving member . List of Running Man - Grasshopper Hunting Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 52 -- 53 July 17 -- 24 , 2011 Choi Min - soo Yoon So - yi Choi Min - soo was tasked to eliminate all the members . He was later betrayed by Yoo Jae - suk who previously agreed to work together with Choi Min - soo to place name tags on the other team 's back first , before turning on each other . However , Yoo Jae - suk quickly placed Choi Min - soo 's name tag on his back , eliminating him from the race . 69 November 20 , 2011 Choi Min - soo The other members are tied up to a chair and confined in different rooms . Yoo Jae - suk was given four name tags , and must save the other six members . Then , they have to find the way to escape together before Choi Min - soo eliminates him four times . 118 November 4 , 2012 Choi Min - soo eliminates every member , except Yoo Jae - suk and will leave a piece of his name tag at the place where they were eliminated . Yoo Jae - suk must collect all six pieces , in order to defeat Choi Min - soo . At the end of the episode 118 , Choi Min - soo hinted at a possible return to the Running Man Hunter series in the future . Running Man Olympics ( edit ) The Running Man members competes with guests and each other in order to win the `` Olympic '' battle . List of Running Man Olympics Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 86 March 18 , 2012 Gaeko ( Dynamic Duo ) Ha Ji - won They were grouped into three ( Red , Blue , Yellow ) and they were tasked to finish the Olympics courses in order to win the gold medal . The courses were bowling , badminton , high jump , and name tag ripping relay . 104 July 22 , 2012 Eun - hyuk ( Super Junior ) Ham Eun - jeong ( T - ara ) Jung Yong - hwa ( CNBLUE ) Lee Joon ( MBLAQ ) Nickhun ( 2PM ) Si - wan ( ZE : A ) Yoon Doo - joon ( Beast ) They were tasked to defeat the other team in the courses -- name tag relay , trampoline volleyball , pool hurdles , and the hide - and - seek switch off . 129 January 20 , 2013 Jung Yong - hwa Lee Jong - hyun ( CNBLUE ) Kwang - hee ( ZE : A ) L ( Infinite ) Lee Joon ( MBLAQ ) Min - ho ( Shinee ) Sulli ( f ( x ) ) Idols battle head - to - head against the Running Man team for the second time around . At the end , instead of getting a gold medal , the winners received gold colored name tags . 184 February 9 , 2014 Baro ( B1A4 ) Kang Ye - won Park Seo - joon Seo In - guk Son Ho - jun They were to compete against each other on various courses -- speed - skating relay race , test of concentration while crossing the stream , test of teamwork to get the flag , and the name tag ripping on ice . 195 May 11 , 2014 Chansung ( 2PM ) Taec - yeon ( 2PM ) Nichkhun ( 2PM ) Jun . K ( 2PM ) Wooyoung ( 2PM ) Junho ( 2PM ) CL ( 2NE1 ) Minzy ( 2NE1 ) Sandara Park ( 2NE1 ) Park Bom ( 2NE1 ) Jo Jung - chi Muzie ( ko ) Yoon Jong - shin Running Man football ( edit ) The Running Man members were given a chance to participate in charity football matches alongside Park Ji - sung . Each year , the members would participate in training missions with Park Ji - sung to prepare for the football game prior to the match . List of Running Man Football Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 95 -- 97 May 20 , 2012 -- June 3 , 2012 Park Ji - sung IU The 2012 Asian Dream Cup held in Thailand . Kim Jong - kook and Gary were selected after completing missions given by Park Ji - sung . 153 -- 154 July 7 -- 14 , 2013 Park Ji - sung Koo Ja - cheol Sulli ( f ( x ) ) Patrice Evra The 2013 Asian Dream Cup held in Shanghai , China . Yoo Jae - suk , Kim Jong - kook , Haha , and Lee Kwang - soo were selected by Park Ji - sung and Patrice Evra . 199 -- 200 June 8 -- 15 , 2014 Park Ji - sung The 2014 Asian Dream Cup held in Indonesia . All members , except Song Ji - hyo , were able to participate in the game . 283 January 24 , 2016 Park Ji - sung Jong Tae - se Ji So - yun The 2016 Smile Cup held in Shanghai , China . All members were able to participate in the game . Fan - based episodes ( edit ) Aside from the episodes created by the team , the Running Man members undergo challenges suggested by fans or made by the team through their fans ' ideas . List of Fan - based Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 165 September 29 , 2013 No guests A fan wanted the Running Man members to visit her town with the guidance of her scrapbook . No other clues were given but they knew about her along the way . They were able to meet her , who really admires Lee Kwang - soo , when they surprised her in school to finish the mission . 182 January 26 , 2014 Do - hee ( Tiny - G ) Si - wan ( ZE : A ) Yeo Jin - goo An avid fan from Hong Kong was given an opportunity to propose an entire episode solely designed by her for the Running Man members to play . She was also brought to South Korea by the program to observe the filming of the episode and meet the members . 242 April 12 , 2015 Jung Il - woo Jung Yong - hwa ( CNBLUE ) Lee Hong - gi ( F.T. Island ) With over 2,000 suggestions , the Running Man members chose and played the games put together by their fans around the world . Tru - Gary show ( edit ) Gary , who is gullible and unable to lie , has been asking the production staff to give him a spy mission . However , when the production staff decided to give him the mission , they decided to trick him and created hidden camera episodes instead . List of Tru - Gary Show Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 60 September 11 , 2011 No guests Gary was assigned as a spy and was tasked to eliminate the members . Unbeknownst to him , his entire actions and plans were watched by the rest of the members , knowing that Gary is the spy . The members were later tasked to fool Gary until the end of recording . 265 September 20 , 2015 John Park Kyuhyun ( Super Junior ) Rap Monster ( BTS ) Ye - eun ( Wonder Girls ) The members and the guests were trapped on an island and must find and complete their name tags to escape before the exit path is closed , which will caused them to stay overnight . Unbeknownst to Gary , the production staff informs the other members and guests to prevent Gary from completing his mission and make him the last member to stay in the island . Long - term projects ( edit ) Since 2017 , Running Man has been initiating various long - term projects , which span over multiple episodes with a single objective , rather than the previous episodic format . Member 's week ( edit ) This is a Running Man project to celebrate the members hard work for more than seven years , which allow members to choose a theme for each week and allowed to construct the episode as they wish . List of Member 's Week Specials Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 333 January 8 , 2017 No guests The first week was Song Ji - hyo 's week and she decided to go on an MT Trip , but the PD put a twist and set it during the freezing cold weather . 334 January 15 , 2017 The second week was Kim Jong - kook 's week , which he decided to leave his theme to the PD . So , the production staff decided to set a blind date for him . 335 January 22 , 2017 The third week was Ji Suk - jin 's week and he designed a special prison for the members with himself as the boss . In the end , the mission was to escape from prison and attend Ji Suk - jin 's renewal vows ceremony with his wife . 336 January 29 , 2017 Gary ( Leessang ) The fourth week was Gary 's week and he decided to hold the sixth `` Best of the Best Match '' episode , but as a twist , the members were not told who is the week 's host and Gary 's involvement in the episode . 337 February 5 , 2017 No guests The fifth week was Haha 's week and the producers prepared various missions where he had to keep making difficult choices . Eventually , the final mission was to prevent Haha from winning because the other members already prepared a surprise to congratulate Haha 's second to - be-born son . 339 February 19 , 2017 Heo Kyung - hwan KCM Kim Won - hee Kim Yong - man Lee Chun - hee The sixth week was Yoo Jae - suk 's week , where he held an athletic competition and invited several guests to join with a twist for the final mission . 340 February 20 , 2017 No guests The seventh and final week was Lee Kwang - soo 's week and he planned a night trip with other members to prove their loyalty and bond of friendship . He designed a twist to get revenge for always making him the first person to be suspected in the past episodes . During the course of the special episodes , Lee Kwang - soo is the only cast member that did not get water - bombed . Yoo Jae - suk is the only cast member who got water - bombed twice , while Ji Suk - jin 's water - bombed moment during the preparation episode for the Member 's Week project was not aired . Global race ( edit ) Episodes 346 -- 354 This is a Running Man project to commemorate the new members and production staff shift . It involves filming the program in overseas locations with penalties involve visiting dangerous tourist attractions around the world . The penalties are given to members that have collected three Tourist Cards , which are given when they lost during missions . Results : In ep 350 -- 351 , Yoo Jae - suk , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , Jeon So - min and Yang Se - chan collected three Tourist Cards and selected for the dangerous mission . In ep 351 , The venue for the dangerous mission was chosen , which was `` Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear '' in Fuji - Q Highland , Japan . In ep 352 -- 353 , Kim Jong - kook exempted Haha from the dangerous mission . In ep 353 -- 354 , Yoo Jae - suk , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , Jeon So - min and Yang Se - chan visited Fuji - Q Highland for the scary labyrinth penalty in Japan . In ep 353 -- 354 , Haha , Kim Jong - kook and Song Ji - hyo visited Yokohama as a reward for avoiding the penalty . 1 % people 's recommendation ( edit ) Episodes 355 -- 359 , 369 -- 371 This was a Running Man project where the production staff solicited fan recommendations for relatively unique tourist attractions , selecting from those that received only 1 % of the total vote . Two Running Man members were chosen to complete the project , signified by the accumulation of three I - Go Stickers . Results : In ep 359 , Both Haha and Jeon So - min individually received three I - Go stickers with the former being accompanied by Yang Se - chan and the latter by Lee Kwang - soo . In ep 370 , it was revealed that their visit to the Giant Canyon Swing at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park in Colorado , U.S had to be moved to the Nevis Swing in Queenstown , New Zealand due to visa complications . In ep 369 -- 371 , Jeon So - min and Lee Kwang - soo visited Timang Beach for the cable cart ride penalty in Yogyakarta , Indonesia . In ep 378 -- 379 , Haha and Yang Se - Chan visited Nevis Highwire Platform for the Nevis Swing penalty in Queenstown , New Zealand . Kim Jong - kook and Song Ji - hyo who accompanied them also took the penalty due to a chance card they chose . Half and half tour ( edit ) Episodes 365 -- 369 , 372 This is a Running Man project where the members are competing against the production staff , where the former is requesting for the program to visit vacation venues for delight missions while the latter want to send them to visit distinctive venues for dangerous missions . Each episode will have both sides compete where the winner is allowed to put their recommendation into a spinning wheel with a member 's name attached to complete the mission . The final decision will be conducted after 4 venues have been decided . Results : In ep 365 , Yoo Jae - suk was chosen to visit the Nevis Swing in Queenstown , New Zealand for a dangerous mission . In ep 366 , Jeon So - min was chosen to visit Bora Bora , French Polynesia for a delight mission . In ep 367 -- 368 , Yoo Jae - suk was chosen to visit Rome , Italy for a delight mission . In ep 369 , Lee Kwang - soo was chosen to visit Darwin , Australia for a dangerous mission . In ep 369 , the final penalty was given to Lee Kwang - soo and another member where they will visit Crocosaurus Cove 's Cage of Death in Darwin , Australia . In ep 372 , Lee Kwang - soo chose Yoo Jae - suk as his partner to visit Crocosaurus Cove 's Cage of Death . In ep 378 -- 379 , Lee Kwang - soo and Yoo Jae - suk visited the Crocosaurus Cove for the penalty in Darwin , Australia . Ji Suk - jin was forced to take the penalty as well , due to a chance card they chose . Personnel ( edit ) Cast ( edit ) The original members of Running Man are Yoo Jae - suk , Gary , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , and Song Joong - ki . Song Ji - hyo was originally a guest for the second ( episode 2 - 3 ) and third landmark ( episode 4 - 5 ) . She officially joined the program in the fourth landmark ( episode 6 ) but was unable to attend until the fifth landmark ( episode 7 ) . In April 2011 , Song Joong - ki recorded his last episode ( episode 41 ) in May , and has left the program to focus on his acting career but returned on episode 66 as a guest after leaving for almost half a year , and later made cameo appearances in several episodes . Lizzy was initially a guest for episode 13 and episode 14 , but later officially joined the program , starting episode 18 . However , she has left the crew since episode 26 due to schedule conflicts with After School , the K - pop group she joined . She later makes a comeback as a guest in episode 292 , after 5 years since her last appearance . On October 25 , 2016 , Gary announced to be leaving the show to focus on his music career after being with Running Man for 6 years , but later returned as a guest , only a week after his final recording . On April 3 , 2017 , it was confirmed through various media outlets that Running Man is adding actress Jeon So - min and comedian Yang Se - chan . The decision came after seeing their chemistry with the other members and their performances during their time as guests . Current cast ( edit ) Name Nickname ( s ) Duration Notes Yoo Jae - suk Yoo - ruce Willis ( 유 르스 윌리스 ) Yoo - hyuk ( 유혁 ) Yoo - mes Bond ( 유임 스 본드 ) Grasshopper ( 메뚜기 ) Cicadanem ( 매미 넴 ) Ddakji King ( 딱지 왕 ) Dog - nosed Yoo - hyuk ( 개코 유역 ) Yoda ( 요다 ) Grasshopper King ( 뚜 기왕 ) Janny ( 재니 ) Ladle ( 국자 ) Love Expert ( 연애 고수 ) Kwang - soo 's Love Coach ( 광수 의 연애 코치 ) Small Yoo Jae Suk ( 작은 유재석 ) Yoomerang ( 유메 랑 ) Troublemaker ( 사고 뭉치 ) Goblin ( 고블린 ) Episode 1 -- present The main host of the show , who is known for his escaping abilities and quick thinking during race missions . As a main host , he has been featured as a protagonist in many special episodes , which presented him with a nickname of Yoo - mes Bond . He is shown to have a close relationship with a lot of the guests on the show , which he often boasts about to the other members . He is also often referenced to the color green throughout the show and is also known for his nickname `` Grasshopper '' from his first television appearances . He started off as a weak player during the race missions , but later becomes one of the strongest players in the series , and is , along with Kim Jong - kook , considered to be one of the two main powers in the race missions . His theme songs are `` Step by Step '' by New Kids on the Block and `` Extreme Ways '' by Moby . His official colour is green . His animal is a Grasshopper . Haha Haroro ( 하로 로 ) Roro ( 로로 ) Mad / Crazy Haroro ( 미친 하로 로 ) Penguin ( 펭귄 ) Playboy ( 난봉꾼 ) Kid / Little Brat ( 꼬마 ) Little Hunter ( 꼬마 사냥꾼 ) Schemer ( 모사꾼 ) Ha - Rad Pitt ( 하 래드 피트 ) Octopus ( 주꾸미 ) Spaghetti ( 스파게티 ) Speed ( 스피드 ) King of Nonsense ( 넌센스 의 왕 ) Se - chan 's Hero ( 세찬 의 헤로 ) Ha Pills ( 하 알약 ) Episode 1 -- present The primary joker of the cast and is usually picked on by other members because of his height and his similar appearance to Pororo the Little Penguin . In the earliest episodes of the program , Haha had a tendency to feel as though he is the main lead in a movie created by his imagination , as well as be the playboy of the cast , as he always confesses his love to female guests . When things do n't go his way , he lashes out verbally , causing great laughter among the cast . However , this ended when he became engaged to singer Byul , changing to a `` married man '' and becoming very rough to female guests . He was initially a weak player during the race missions , occasionally being picked on even while on the chasing team . However he has improved over the course of the show , highlighted when he won the Best of the Best Match two times , along with Gary who also held the same title . He was shown to be in a rivalry with Gary , before the latter left the show . His theme songs are `` Perfect Love '' by Lutricia McNeal and the theme song of Pororo the Little Penguin . His official colour is yellow . His animal is a Penguin . Ji Suk - jin Big Nose ( 왕코 ) Impala ( 임팔라 ) Race Starter ( 레이스 스타터 ) Yoo Jae Suk 's Sunflower ( 유재석 의 해바라기 ) Black Hole ( 블랙 홀 ) Celebrity Paparazzi ( 연예인 파파라치 ) Suk - ja ( 석자 ) Jae - suk Parody ( 재수 패러디 ) Ji - dolph ( 지 돌프 ) Power ( 파워 ) Third - wheel ( 세번째 바퀴 ) Ji Suk - jin Game ( 지석진 게임 ) ( a.k.a Nonsense Quiz ( 동문서답 퀴즈 ) ) Sinsa - dong Mudfish ( 신사동 이어 ) Awkward Ji ( 지석 바리 ) Episode 1 -- present The oldest member of the show and one of Yoo Jae - suk 's closest friends , having known each other for more than 20 years . He is shown to be jealous of the good relationship between Yoo Jae - suk and Kim Jong - kook . Dubbed the `` Race Starter '' during the race missions , he is shown to be one of the weakest members and is the most frequently eliminated , so easily that the other members would declare that the race has officially started after his elimination . He 's even dubbed as the group 's `` black hole '' because of this . He is also the most gullible among the cast , as he gets easily tricked , particularly towards business investments , though he is also sometimes portrayed to be smart , particularly towards Korean history . His theme song is `` House You Live In '' by Park Jin - young . His official colour is orange . His animal is an Impala . Kim Jong - kook Sparta - kook ( 스파르타 국 ) Commander ( 능력자 ) Kookie ( 꾹 이 ) Tiger ( 호랑이 ) Coach Kook ( 꾹 코치 ) Mr. Capable ( 능력 씨 ) Father - in - law ( 시아버지 ) Kook - minator ( 꾹 네이터 ) Jong - sook ( 종숙 ) Lackey 's Boss ( 래키 의 보스 ) Gang Boss ( 갱 보스 ) Anyang Hothead ( 안양 꼬라지 ) Jong - kook 's Zero Game ( 종국 제로 게임 ) Episode 1 -- present The strongest member of the cast , Kim Jong - kook is known for his strength and skill during the race missions . During the missions , he is known for his sudden appearances that are often accompanied by the soundbite `` This is Sparta ! '' taken from the movie 300 . His smart tactics are often successful to eliminate the other members and as a result , he is known for having both brains and brawn . He is also shown at times to show off his aegyo . His only apparent weakness is women and he is often teased for having a particular fondness towards Yoon Eun - hye . His theme songs are `` What We Need Is A Hero '' by Alan Silvestri , his own song , `` One Man '' and `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' by Coolio . His official colour is red . His animal is a Tiger . Lee Kwang - soo Framer Kwang - soo ( 모함 광수 ) Dance Machine ( 댄싱 머신 ) Giraffe ( 기린 ) Giraffe 's Tricks ( 꼼수 기린 ) Kwangvatar ( 광 바타 ) Betrayer Kwang - soo ( 배신 광수 ) Icon of Betrayal ( 배신 의 아이콘 ) Icon of Bad Luck ( 불운 의 아이콘 ) Prince of Asia ( 아시안 프린스 ) God of Variety ( 예능 신 ) KwangToad ( 광 두꺼비 ) Kwang - ja ( 광자 ) Lee Sa - rang ( 이사 랑 ) Man who Easily Falls in Love ( 쉽게 사랑 에 빠지는 남자 / 쉽 사빠 ) 10 - Slot Kwang - soo ( 십 광수 ) 20 - Slot Kwang - soo ( 이십 광수 ) Kawaii ( 카와이 ) Jong - kook 's Veteran Lackey ( 종국 베테랑 래키 ) Henchmen ( 성급한 ) Abandoned ( 버림 받은 ) Scoundrel ( 얌생이 ) Episode 1 -- present The tallest member of the cast , initially introduced alongside Gary and Song Joong - ki as one of the `` variety rookies '' due to his lack of experience on variety shows prior to Running Man . During the earlier episodes , he was known for framing his fellow members with embarrassing and often absurd rumors . He is often picked on by the rest of the cast , particularly Kim Jong - kook , due to his timid nature . He is one of the weakest players , often the first to be eliminated during race missions . However , he has grown to easily betray his fellow members without hesitation . He is also known to be one of the most unluckiest and most penalized member , having earned the worst results in nearly every luck - based missions . It was revealed that he is one of the most popular members and earned a great reputation in various regions of Asia through the series , which left the others in shock . His theme songs are `` Saint Agnes and the Burning Train '' by Sting and `` Theme of False Emperor '' from Sangokushi Taisen . His official colour is black . His animal is a Giraffe . Song Ji - hyo Blank Ji ( 멍지 ) Ace ( 에이스 ) Bad / Gangster Ji - hyo ( 불량 지효 ) Monday Girlfriend ( 월요 여친 ) Song Ji - yok ( 송지 욕 ) Beardy Ji - hyo ( 수염 지효 ) Gold Ji - hyo ( 금지 효 ) Goddess of Luck ( 행운 의 여신 ) Goddess of Sleep ( 잠 의 여신 ) Finger Lady ( 손가락 숙녀 ) Queen of Extreme Sports ( 익스트림 스포츠 의 여왕 ) Big Mama of Variety Show ( 버라이어티 쇼 의 빅 마마 ) Wonder Blank Ji ( 원더 멍지 ) 5 Second 's Talk Master ( 5 초 토크 마스터 ) Song Kwan - tae ( 송관 태 ) Witch ( 마녀 ) Episode 2 -- 5 ( guest ) Episode 7 -- present ( regular ) The bravest and luckiest member of the show , who initially only appeared as a guest , but was added to the main cast in episode 6 . During the earlier episodes , Song Ji - hyo was often known to swear during broadcasts especially towards Haha and Lee Kwang - soo . She is often seen with confused or blank facial expressions most of the time . Throughout the series , she has been involved in the official loveline of the show alongside Gary . She is one of the strongest players during race missions with similar running and catching capabilities as well as comparable intelligence to Yoo Jae - suk and Kim Jong - kook . Her theme song is the Angry Birds theme song . Her official colour is purple . Her animal is a Cat . Jeon So - min Female Kwang - soo ( 여자 광수 ) Female Traitor ( 여성 반역자 ) Missing Person ( 누락 된 사람 ) Wandering Girl ( 떠돌아 다니는 여자 ) Crazy Lady ( 돌 + 아이 ) Frog ( 개구리 ) Parrot ( 앵무새 ) Magnet Lady ( 인간 자석 ) Investigator ( 수사관 ) Love Prosecutor So - min ( 연애 검찰 돌 소민 ) Clumsy Jeon ( 전 어리 ) Psycho ( 정신병자 ) Pervert ( 나쁜 길로 이끌다 ) So - min 's Show ( 소민 의 쇼 ) Episode 224 , 343 ( guest ) Episode 346 -- present ( regular ) One of the youngest members of the show , who initially appeared as a guest for a couple of episodes . She was officially added to the main cast since episode 346 . She is often referred as the female version of Lee Kwang - soo because of her attitude to turn back from her team and betray them , and she is often paired as Lee Kwang - soo 's partner by the other members . She has a capability to hold steel objects on her body like a magnet . Her theme song is `` Careless Whisper '' , by George Michael . Her official colour is dark blue . Her animals are a Frog and a Parrot . Yang Se - chan Strawberry Yang ( 양딸기 ) The New King of Misfortunes ( 불운 의 새로운 왕 ) Number 8 ( 여덟 번째 ) The Emerging Unlucky Guy ( 신흥 꽝손 ) Butler ( 집사 ) Cunning ( 쌥쌥 이 ) Jong - kook 's Junior Lackey ( 종국 주니어 래키 ) My New Henchmen ( 내 새로운 초벌 구아 ) Commander 's Favorite ( 사령관 의 즐겨 찾기 ) Yang No Name ( 양 무명 ) Catfish ( 메기 ) Episode 321 , 323 ( guest ) Episode 346 -- present ( regular ) One of the youngest members of the show , who initially appeared as a guest for a couple of episodes . He was officially added to the main cast since episode 346 . Since becoming a member , he quickly becomes a member of the unlucky group along with Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin and Lee Kwang - soo . He is also referred as the # 8 , in terms of appearance . He replace Kwang - soo 's role as Jong - kook 's lackey , and become his favourite person , accidentally making Kwang - soo fury and became abandoned . His official colour is grey . His animal is a Catfish . Former cast ( edit ) Name Nickname ( s ) Duration Notes Lizzy Busan Girl ( 부산 소녀 ) Cowardly Girl ( 겁 많은 소녀 ) 19 Years Old Girl ( 19 살 소녀 ) Vitamin ( 비타민 ) Episode 13 -- 14 , 292 ( guest ) Episode 18 -- 25 ( regular ) Formerly known as the youngest member of the show ( at 19 years old ) , Lizzy is known for her cute looks and her `` aegyo '' . She originally appeared as a guest in episodes 13 and 14 , but later joined the main cast in episode 18 . She also uses a unique Busan dialect when speaking . Lizzy has left Running Man since episode 26 . Her reason for leaving was never mentioned in the show , but possibly due to scheduling conflicts between the show and After School activities . After 5 years of not appearing in the show , she makes a comeback as a guest in episode 292 . Her theme song is `` A-ing '' , by After School 's sub-unit Orange Caramel . Her official colour is pink . Song Joong - ki Flower Joong - ki ( 꽃 중기 ) Pretty Boy Joong - ki ( 꽃미남 중기 ) Brain Joong - ki ( 브레인 중기 ) Active Young Man ( 적극 청년 ) Detective Joong - ki ( 형사 중기 ) Episode 1 -- 41 ( regular ) Episode 66 ( guest ) Episode 71 , 97 , 251 , 283 ( cameo ) The visual member of the show , who was introduced alongside Gary and Lee Kwang - soo as one of the `` variety rookies '' due to his lack of experience on variety shows prior to Running Man . He was known for his intelligence , enthusiasm and optimism , often trying out new things and attempting to figure out puzzles and strategize during the race missions ; but often result in ultimate failure . As of episode 41 , he left the cast to focus on his acting career . However , he reappeared in episode 66 as a guest . He was initially set to return as a guest in episode 283 for the 2016 Smile Cup , but later appeared in that episode as a special appearance only due to his injury to his knee , preventing him from taking part in the missions . His theme song is `` Pretty Boy '' , by M2M . His official colour is sky blue . Gary Peaceful Gary ( 평온 개리 ) Stress Gary ( 스트레스 개리 ) Industrial Spy ( 산업 의 스파이 ) Straight - Going Gary ( 직진 개리 ) Boxer Gae ( 개 복서 ) Tycoon ( 태풍 ) Gaelly ( 갤리 ) Monday Boyfriend ( 월요 남친 ) Mr. Gary ( 개리 쒸 ) Wild Gary ( 야생 개리 ) Sudden Commander ( 뜬금 능력자 ) Mr. Random Capable ( 임의 씨 가능 ) Squid ( 오징어 ) Episode 1 -- 324 ( regular ) Episode 325 , 336 ( guest ) The most gullible and honest member of the show , who was introduced alongside Lee Kwang - soo and Song Joong - ki as one of the `` variety rookies '' due to his lack of experience on variety shows prior to Running Man . Throughout the series , he has been involved in the official loveline of the show alongside Song Ji - hyo , as well as an unofficial rival of Haha . Although shown to be quite clueless at times , he is known as `` The man full of surprises '' and the `` dark horse '' of Running Man during race missions , highlighted when the show held the Best of the Best Match with him winning the match twice in a row . He is also known to be easily irritated whenever the members , particularly Haha , called him a `` squid '' ( as the byword for being ugly ) , which often leaves him depressed . His theme songs are his various Leessang songs . He left the cast as of episode 324 to focus on his music career , but briefly return in the following episode 325 as a guest . His official colour is blue . His animal is a Monkey . Timeline ( edit ) Relationships ( edit ) Members Relation Details Yoo Jae - suk , Kim Jong - kook Eternal Rivals ( 영원한 숙적 ) Running Man 's Two Pillars of Power ( 런닝 맨 권력 양대 산맥 ) These two are often arguing , joking and fighting with each other when they meet . Usually Kim Jong - kook wins the battle . They have been known as rivals since the 1st episode , and are considered as two of the strongest players in the series . Kim Jong - kook , Song Ji - hyo SpartAce ( 스파 르트 에이스 ) Commander and Ace ( 능력자 & 에이스 ) Fearless Duo ( 용감한 듀오 ) Extreme Sports Duo ( 익스트림 스포츠 의 듀오 ) The two are the bravest among all the members in the series . They are also considered as one of the strongest teams in Running Man since they first worked together from episode 21 . In episode 379 , the duo proved their love for extreme sports and rode New Zealand 's scary Nevis Swing upside down facing the landscape , the most dangerous and extreme way to experience the ride . Yoo Jae - suk , Song Ji - hyo Candy Alliance ( 사탕 동맹 ) Yoo - Mong ( 유멍 ) In episode 42 , Song Ji - hyo gives Yoo Jae - suk a candy to make an alliance with him . In the end , Song Ji - hyo betrays Yoo Jae - suk by ripping off his name tag . Lee Kwang - soo , Ji Suk - jin New Dumb and Dumber ( 신형 덤앤 더머 ) Easy Brothers ( 이지 브라더스 ) Feel , Touch , Cross ! ( 필촉 크로스 ) The New Dumb and Dumber relation was first depicted in episode 65 , when they became a duo , acting similarly to the Dumb and Dumber couple of Family Outing . Later , they were known as the Easy Brothers when they were designated spies for episode 68 , and a clue was offered to the other members that threatened to reveal their identities . The clue was `` Easy '' , a combination of their surnames 이 ( Lee , pronounced ee ) and 지 ( Ji ) . Whenever they are paired up , they are also known for performing their `` Feel , Touch , Cross ! '' ( 필 , 촉 , 크로스 ! ) cheer before each mission . Kim Jong - kook , Ji Suk - jin The Strongest And The Weakest ( 최강 과 최약 ) The Awkward Partners ( 어색한 파트너 ) During the first Running Man Hunting ( episode 52 ) , Kim Jong - kook and Ji Suk - jin were the first members to be eliminated via rolling the dice in the Race to Kyungjoo mission . Since it was the first time the strongest and weakest member were together , the mood after the elimination was awkward . Yoo Jae - suk was the first to pinpoint the series ' latest combination . Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Ji Suk - jin Serengeti ( 세렝게티 ) Animal Kingdom ( 동물 의 왕국 ) Kook - Easy Brothers ( 국 이지 브라더스 ) This group has a set of animal nicknames . Kim Jong - kook is the tiger , Ji Suk - jin is the Impala , and Lee Kwang - soo is the giraffe . When they are grouped , they always have an serengeti atmosphere as Kim Jong - kook says in episode 87 . Lee Kwang - soo , Haha Betrayal Masters ( 배신 마스터 ) Tallest and Shortest ( 가장 높고 가장 짧은 ) In the series , these two are known for betraying other members . In episode 99 , they 've given a spy mission to oust their kings respectively but they fail the mission . Yoo Jae - suk , Lee Kwang - soo Yoo - Lee ( 유이 ) Yoo - Lee , I miss you ! ( 유이 보고 싶다 ) Lee - Yoo ( 이유 ) Dumb and Dumber ( 덤앤 더머 ) The Unlucky Duo ( 꽝손 듀오 ) This was formed when Yoo Jae - suk and Lee Kwang - soo was paired up as a team in Episode 90 by combining both their surnames together , 유 ( Yoo ) and 이 ( Lee , pronounced ee ) . Throughout episode 90 , Yoo Jae - suk and Lee Kwang - soo often does the `` Yoo - Lee '' cross . Often at which , Lee Kwang - soo would state that it sounds like the name of After School 's Uee , and would lead to the members claiming that they miss her . They finally met and become a team with Uee in episode 137 , doing the `` Yoo - Lee '' cross . The name also pertains to IU , a popular Korean singer . Lee Kwang - soo , Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin Jail Regulars Trio ( 감옥 단골 3 인방 ) Lee - Yoo - Ji Brothers ( 이유 지 브라더스 ) The Unlucky Trio ( 꽝손 트리오 ) The Unlucky Brothers ( 꽝손 브라더스 ) In earlier episodes , this trio was often eliminated the earliest during Bells Hide and Seek , and met each other at the jail . They are also known as Lee - Yoo - Ji , an evolved form of Easy Brothers . It was created when Ji Suk - jin was getting jealous of Lee Kwang - soo being close with Yoo Jae - suk , and calling themselves Lee - Yoo in episode 81 . Asking whether Lee Kwang - soo was with Easy or the new Lee - Yoo , Yoo Jae - suk replies `` that is the reason '' ( `` the reason '' is `` Lee - Yoo - Ji '' in Korean ) , and Ji Suk - jin reluctantly joins them to become Lee - Yoo - Ji , which is their last names put together . They are also known for being the most unlucky members in Running Man , particularly in missions . Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin Suk - Brothers ( 석 브라더스 ) Two - Suks ( 투석 스 ) Yoo - Ji ( 유지 ) The two MCs have been close friends for more than 20 years and that they both have `` Suk '' in their name . However , Ji Suk - jin is always jealous of the good relationship Jae - suk has with Kim Jong - kook . In episode 27 , Ji Suk - jin was referred to as Yoo Jae - suk 's `` sunflower '' ( always facing towards him ) and was officially christened as such in Episode 40 . Kim Jong - kook , Haha My Big Brother and My Little Brother ( 우리 형 , 내 동생 ) The Grim Reapers ( 저승 사자 ) These two are often on the same team and they have an endearing older brother / little brother relationship throughout the show and often address each other as such in a playful manner . The two have performed and toured together as the Running Man Brothers . Haha , Yoo Jae - suk Ha - Suk ( 하석 ) This `` loveline '' was formed after the announcement that Song Ji - hyo was dating the CEO of her company in episode 82 . Ji Suk - jin commented that a new loveline was needed in the show . Following which , Haha commented that he was preparing for a love line and Yoo Jae - suk immediately jokingly replied , saying that he could n't sleep because he has been thinking about Haha too much . They often argue with each other with the superpowers given on episode 74 . `` The one who controls time '' and `` The one who drives me crazy '' are the top two phrases said by Yoo Jae - suk and Haha . Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo Commander Jong Kook and Disciple Soo ( 능력자 종국 과 그의 조수 ) Kook - Soo ( 국수 ) Tiger and Giraffe ( 호랑이 와 기린 ) This was formed in episode 82 when Lee Kwang - soo and Kim Jong - kook were paired in a team . Since Kim Jong - kook resembles a tiger and Lee Kwang - soo resembles a giraffe , their relationship is known as Tiger and Giraffe . This happened again in episode 84 where Lee Kwang - soo and Kim Jong - kook were chosen by the opposing team to pair up together with paper handcuffs , leaving both of them stuck to each other for the rest of the episode . The two show a Tom and Jerry-esque relationship . Haha , Lee Kwang - soo , Ji Suk - jin Betrayers Club ( 배신자 클럽 ) After Haha and Lee Kwang - soo became betrayal masters , Ji Suk - jin was added and they became the Betrayal Team . They were known for their constant betrayals in missions . They could even betray each other , thus distrust always exist in the team . In episode 146 , there was an episode featuring them , where they were listed as the Betrayers Club who attempts to steal a treasure . Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo Kwang - Mong Siblings ( 광멍 남매 ) These two are often seen playing around with each other . Although they often bicker , they take care of each other just like close siblings . They also show a Tom and Jerry-esque relationship , similar to Lee Kwang - soo 's relationship with Kim Jong - kook . Lee Kwang - soo , Jeon So - min Kwang - Dol Siblings ( 광돌 남매 ) Ever since her first appearance in the program , Jeon So - min has been showing similar personalities as Lee Kwang - soo . Additionally , they have a great chemistry and easily betray the other members and each other , even when being partnered together . Kim Jong - kook , Jeon So - min Kook - Min Siblings ( 국민 남매 ) As the relation name implies , Kook from Kim Jong - Kook and Min from Jeon So - min . These two paired for the first time during episode 349 's secret mission named Kook - Min 's Pick in relation to the Global Race Project . During the missions , as soon as the PD announced that they fail , the pair needs to secretly touch each other and call out the name of the member who will get the Whale Badge within a minute . However , if other members noticed the secret mission , he / she will be exempted from the penalty , and if more that three members notice it , both of them will get it . In the end , they were caught by Yoo Jae - suk and Haha . Song Ji - hyo , Jeon So - min Blank - Dumb Sisters ( 멍돌 자매 ) This was formed in Episode 351 when Yoo Jae - Suk calls them the ' Blank - Dumb sisters ' and says that the ' Blank ' applies to Song Ji - hyo cause she 's known to be Blank aka Mong in Korean and the ' dumb ' applies to Jeon So - min because she 's deceitful and dumb . Kim Jong - kook , Haha , Lee Kwang - soo , Yang Se - chan Kim Jong - kook and His Three Lackeys ( 김종국 과 삼 개의 협박 ) This alliance was formed after Yoo Jae - suk created it , due to the fact that the mentioned members were in one team . Kim Jong - kook was the leader and the three other members had to serve Jong - kook so that he would n't pick one of the three lackeys to go to the dangerous attraction . The four members also often to have a special connection , which the other members of the show could n't understand . Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , Jeon So - min , Yang Se - chan Unlucky Ones ( 똥 덩어리 ) The Ugly Tribe ( 오징어 족 ) Unlucky Avengers ( 운 이 없는 복수 자 ) Before Yang Se - chan joined the show , Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin and Lee Kwang - soo were known as the unlucky members or the unlucky trio . Now Yang Se - chan is also deemed unlucky and has joined the unlucky trio to form a group called `` Unlucky Ones . '' They are also given the nickname `` the ugly tribe '' in Episode 346 when it was concluded that when the world comes to an end , the four males would be together . Jeon So - min was part of the group that consisted of all the lucky members called `` the team that will survive the apocalypse . '' However , ever since Episode 353 , she is now in the `` unlucky avengers '' because she was chosen to take part in the mission involving `` Super Scary Labyrinth of Fear '' . Yoo Jae - suk , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , Jeon So - min , Yang Se - chan Moths ( 불나방 ) In Episode 356 , the members have to choose an exit to get a certain amount of money for the mission . In that episode , Yang Se - chan predicts that Yoo Jae - suk , Lee Kwang - soo and Jeon So - min will go to exit eight which has the highest amount . His reason was because they are `` moths drawn to flames '' . Surely enough , Yoo Jae - suk and Jeon So - min go to exit eight along with Haha , Ji Suk - jin and Yang Se - chan . They split the money by 5 and each get 20 dollars ( since the highest was 100 dollars ) . Even though Lee Kwang - soo goes to a different exit , he 's still identified as one because of his betraying behaviour . Jeon So - min , Ji Suk - jin Clumsy Jeon and Awkward Ji ( 전 어리 와 지석 바리 ) Clumsy and Awkward Duo ( 어리 바리 듀오 ) In Episode 372 , when Lee Kwang - soo is choosing members to join Kim Jong - kook 's team for a game , Ji Suk - jin suggests he add the `` clumsy ones '' to the team . Lee Kwang - soo adds him to the team and ends up adding Jeon So - min to the team as well deeming them both as `` clumsy . '' This encourages other members to call them `` Team Clumsy '' and Yoo Jae - suk makes up a new nickname for them which is `` Clumsy Jeon and Awkward Ji . '' When Jeon So - min first entered the show , she used to take care of Yoo Jae - suk and Ji Suk - jin because they were old . However , the duo have gotten a lot closer and have great chemistry together . Haha , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo Fashion Thug Trio ( 패션 깡패 3 인조 ) In Episode 377 , Haha , Kim Jong - kook and Lee Kwang - soo was chosen by the race winners Song Ji - hyo , Kim Se - jeong and Go Seung - hee , to receive the penalty of wearing embarrassing outfits in the airport . The three appeared wearing the outfits at the start of episode 378 while on their way to receive the fore - longing penalty in Australia and New Zealand . Hence , they were dubbed as such . Haha , Song Ji - hyo Ha - Hyo Siblings ( 하효 형제 ) Mapo - Gu Siblings ( 마포구 의 형제 ) Back in the old running man times when Gary was still a member , Ji - Hyo and Haha used to be involved in a love triangle with Gary . However Haha gets married and the love triangle between the three ends . Nowadays they have a great sibling bond with each other and when they team up , the success rate is very high . Ji - Hyo also tends to pick Haha in couple races because she likes his charm and that results to them teaming up a lot . They 're neighbours and both live in Mapo - Gu which is where the name comes from . Former relationships ( edit ) Members Relation Details Gary , Song Ji - hyo Monday Couple ( 월요 커플 ) The primary loveline of the show , they show interest in each other on Mondays , which is the day the show was filmed . The first mention of the term `` Monday Couple '' was in episode 12 , although the relationship had been developing a few episodes prior . The relationship seemed one - sided until episode 16 when Ji - hyo told the cast that on Mondays she has a man , referring to Gary . Song Joong - ki would attempt to come between them on several occasions and many jokes were made from other cast members about Gary 's appearance ( the fact that compared to Joong - ki , he was far inferior ) . It became a major loveline after Song Joong - ki left the program . ( Later , the show was filmed on both Mondays and Tuesdays , leading to jokes about the couple not being in effect on Tuesdays . ) Gary , Song Ji - hyo , Haha Song Ji - Hyo and the Two Kids ( 송지효 와 두 아이 ) Love Triangle ( 삼각 관계 ) At the beginning of Running Man history , there exist a love triangle between to Monday Couple and Haha . It has been shown on earlier episodes like 20 and 43 how Haha and Gary compete over Song Ji - hyo . Though unlike loyal Gary , Haha is known to be a playboy . During Song Ji - hyo 's week ( episode 333 ) , Haha even jokingly apologized for marrying his wife Byul and said that he could have won her love . Gary , Song Ji - hyo , Ji Suk - jin Father and the Monday Couple ( 아버지 와 월요 커플 ) Monday Couple and the Third - Wheel ( 월요 커플 과 제 3 의 바퀴 ) The first time Ji Suk - jin and the Monday Couple were together in one team , Yoo Jae - suk recognized that it 's as if the Monday Couple are going on a date with a father / chaperone / third - wheel . Even Ji Suk - jin himself acknowledged the comment as he felt that the two were somewhat dating while doing the mission ( episode 206 ) . Song Joong - ki , Song Ji - hyo Song - Song Siblings ( 송송 남매 ) Another popular loveline , it first attracted attention from episode 15 when Song Joong - ki kissed Song Ji - hyo on the cheek . They later evolved into a siblings relationship as the Song - Song Siblings . Kim Jong - kook , Gary , Haha , Lizzy Kim Jong - kook and the Two Kids ( 김종국 과 아이 둘 ) Kim Jong - kook and the Three Kids ( 김종국 과 세 자녀 ) A twist on the name of the former Korean band Seo Taiji and Boys ( 서태지와 아이들 ) . In earlier episodes , Gary and Haha were often found in the same team , and were usually under the control of the domineering Kim Jong - kook . Thus , they are often shown as being afraid of Kim Jong - kook . Lizzy later joined the team at episode 20 to form `` Kim Jong - kook and the Three Kids '' . Lee Kwang - soo , Song Joong - ki Same - Aged Friends ( 동갑 내기 ) Lee Kwang - soo claims to be close friends with Song Joong - ki as they were of the same age ( both born in 1985 ) , but Song Joong - ki would often deny their close friendship , leaving Kwang - soo appearing depressed . Song Joong - ki finally admitted to their close friendship in his leaving speech during the filming of his last episode ( Episode 41 ) . Gary , Haha Ga - Ha Combination ( 가하 컴비 ) Two Kids ( 아이둘 ) Real Rivals ( 레알 라이벌 ) Squid and Octopus ( 오징어 와 주꾸미 ) The rivalry between Gary and Haha had existed since way back but was just recently confirmed in episode 275 where they 'd have been bickering a lot more than usual in the past few episodes . Ironically , they were often in the same team and have won in many occasions . Production staff ( edit ) The staff run the games , often showing up on cameras either by actively participating in the game or influencing the outcome of various missions . This includes the personal cameramen ( VJs ) , production directors ( PDs ) , floor directors ( FDs ) , stylists , boom operators , etc . Chief producer , Nam Seung - yong , is responsible for the production of the program , with PD Jo Hyo - jin , Im Hyung - taek , and Kim Joo - hyung mainly responsible for the directing and production of the recordings of the program since inception . Other PDs have joined the program to assist as the program shifts from a single landmark to multiple locations for recording , notably Hwang Seon - man and Lee Hwan - jin . FD Go Dong - wan assists in the recordings of the program and is known to be shown on camera many times , as well as delivering and assisting the members in missions . Producer Kim Joo - hyung has left the show as of episode 182 as he was reassigned to Inkigayo . Each member has their own personal cameramen who follow them around exclusively during recordings . Notable cameramen include Ryu Kwon - ryeol ( Yoo Jae - suk 's primary VJ ) , Kim Yoo - seok ( Ji Suk - jin 's primary VJ ) , Choi Yoon - sang ( Lee Kwang - soo 's primary VJ ) , Yoon Sung - yong ( Haha 's primary VJ ) , Sung Gyu ( Song Ji - hyo 's primary VJ ) , Jo Seong - Oh ( Gary 's primary VJ , now Yang Se - chan 's primary VJ ) , Kim Ki - jin ( Kim Jong - kook 's primary VJ ) , and Kim Si - yeon ( Jeon So - min 's primary VJ ) On November 19 , 2014 , the show 's head director , Jo Hyo - jin , announced his departure from the show after working with the members for four years . On March 20 , 2016 , the show 's main PD , Im Hyung - taek left the show ( as of episode 291 ) as he became the producer of Hurry Up , Brother , resulting in new generation PDs to take over , notably PD Lee Hwan - jin , PD Jung Chul - min , and PD Park Yong - woo . FD Go Dong - wan also announced his leave via his Instagram . On July 3 , 2016 , SBS confirmed the return of producer Kim Joo - hyung to the show . That same month , it is confirmed that he will be the new main PD of the show . However , it did n't last long as PD Kim Joo - hyung announced that he is leaving the show shortly after . Subsequently , PD Lee Hwan - jin has taken over as the main PD of Running Man until March 2017 . As of April 2017 , Running Man main PD is Jung Chul - min . Guests with the most appearances ( edit ) During its run , some of the guests were occasionally featured or invited to the show . These guests were notable for their constant appearances and were often considered to be the `` 8th / 9th / 10th Running Man '' . The following list is the list of the guests who appeared the most often as of 4 February 2018 . Position Name No. of episodes Episodes Occupation Jung Yong - hwa 12 7 , 11 , 17 , 35 -- 36 , 72 -- 73 , 104 , 127 , 129 , 186 , 242 Member of CNBLUE Nichkhun 11 4 -- 5 , 19 , 40 , 50 -- 51 , 104 , 195 , 248 , 256 , 306 Member of 2PM Park Ji - sung 9 96 -- 97 , 152 -- 154 , 199 -- 200 , 283 -- 284 Soccer player ( retired ) Suzy 8 55 , 93 -- 94 , 117 , 155 , 172 -- 173 , 208 Former member of miss A 5 Lee Chun - hee 7 2 -- 3 , 76 -- 77 , 226 , 269 , 339 Actor Lee Joon 7 8 , 95 , 104 , 108 , 129 , 162 , 320 Former member of MBLAQ , Actor Kim Kwang - kyu 7 15 , 32 , 159 , 176 , 271 -- 272 , 274 Actor Kim Woo - bin 7 138 , 166 , 188 -- 189 , 191 , 225 , 240 Actor Son Na - eun 7 162 , 202 -- 203 , 356 -- 357 , 360 -- 361 Member of Apink Jo Se - ho 7 305 , 360 -- 361 , 367 -- 368 , 374 -- 375 Comedian 11 Seungri 6 30 , 84 -- 85 , 163 , 190 , 250 Member of Big Bang Daesung 6 35 -- 36 , 84 -- 85 , 163 , 250 Member of Big Bang Noh Sa - yeon 6 49 , 103 , 137 , 313 , 374 -- 375 Singer Sulli 6 55 , 75 , 129 , 152 -- 154 Former member of f ( x ) Lee Dong - wook 6 133 -- 134 , 136 , 179 -- 180 , 263 Actor Park Seo - joon 6 184 , 198 , 246 , 263 , 295 , 362 Actor Park Soo - hong 6 179 -- 180 , 207 , 220 , 274 , 321 MC , Comedian Lim Ju - hwan 6 192 -- 194 , 266 , 271 -- 272 Actor Hong Jin - young 6 205 , 221 , 266 , 299 , 356 -- 357 Singer 20 Goo Hara 5 2 -- 3 , 49 , 122 , 388 Former member of Kara Jessica 5 4 -- 5 , 63 -- 64 , 141 Former member of Girls ' Generation Kim Su - ro 5 9 , 67 -- 68 , 138 , 262 Actor Kim Je - dong 5 11 , 21 , 79 , 106 , 207 MC , Comedian Yuri 5 16 , 63 -- 64 , 254 , 363 Member of Girls ' Generation Uee 5 34 , 137 , 249 , 271 -- 272 Former member of After School Yoona 5 39 , 63 -- 64 , 254 , 363 Member of Girls ' Generation Ok Taec - yeon 5 40 , 150 , 234 -- 235 , 256 Member of 2PM IU 5 43 , 77 , 96 -- 97 , 168 Singer , Actress Ji Sung 5 54 , 116 -- 117 , 202 -- 203 Actor Taeyeon 5 63 -- 64 , 112 , 254 , 363 Member of Girls ' Generation Choi Min - ho 5 75 , 129 , 201 , 254 , 323 Member of Shinee Hyo - rin 5 75 , 162 , 307 , 348 -- 349 Former member of Sistar Ji Jin - hee 5 76 -- 77 , 116 -- 117 , 308 Actor Lee Seung - gi 5 120 -- 121 , 174 , 228 -- 229 Actor , Singer Han Hye - jin 5 133 -- 134 , 136 , 174 , 317 Actress Eun Ji - won 5 141 , 209 , 252 , 326 , 383 Member of Sechs Kies Chansung 5 150 , 162 , 195 , 201 , 256 Member of 2PM Junho 5 151 -- 152 , 195 , 240 , 256 Member of 2PM Andy 5 160 -- 161 , 236 , 278 -- 279 Member of Shinhwa Yoon Bo - mi 5 202 -- 203 , 255 , 344 , 372 Member of Apink So - you 5 209 , 255 , 307 , 366 , 383 Former member of Sistar Kim Jun - hyun 5 249 , 271 -- 272 , 305 , 323 Comedian List of episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Running Man episodes Year Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 July 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 11 ) December 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 26 ) 2011 51 January 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 02 ) December 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 25 ) 2012 52 January 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 01 ) December 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) 2013 52 January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) December 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 29 ) 2014 49 January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) December 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 28 ) 2015 52 January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) 2016 52 January 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 2017 52 January 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) List of guests ( edit ) Five of Running Man 's permanent cast ( Haha , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo , Kim Jong - kook and Ji Suk - jin ) in Malaysia at a fan meeting Many guests have taken part in Running Man . The following is a compilation of guests and the number of times they have been on the show . With regards to guest - turned - members ( Song Ji - hyo , Jeon So - min , Yang Se - chan ) or former members of the show ( Lizzy , Song Joong - ki , Gary ) , only the times they were a guest are counted . The guests were sorted according to their appearances and the number of episodes appeared . ( show ) Guest Episode ( s ) No. of episodes No. of appearances Jung Yong - hwa ( CNBLUE ) 7 , 11 , 17 , 35 -- 36 , 72 -- 73 , 104 , 127 , 129 , 186 , 242 12 10 Nichkhun ( 2PM ) 4 -- 5 , 19 , 40 , 50 - 51 , 104 , 195 , 248 , 256 , 306 11 9 Park Ji - sung 96 -- 97 , 152 -- 154 , 199 -- 200 , 283 -- 284 9 Suzy ( Miss A ) 55 , 93 -- 94 , 117 , 155 , 172 -- 173 , 208 8 6 Lee Joon 8 , 95 , 104 , 108 , 129 , 162 , 320 7 7 Kim Kwang - kyu 15 , 32 , 159 , 176 , 271 -- 272 , 274 7 6 Kim Woo - bin 138 , 166 , 188 -- 189 , 191 , 225 , 240 7 6 Lee Chun - hee 2 -- 3 , 76 -- 77 , 226 , 269 , 339 7 5 Son Na - eun ( Apink ) 162 , 202 -- 203 , 356 -- 357 , 360 -- 361 7 Jo Se - ho 305 , 360 -- 361 , 367 -- 368 , 374 -- 375 7 Park Seo - joon 184 , 198 , 246 , 263 , 295 , 362 6 6 Seungri ( Big Bang ) 30 , 84 -- 85 , 163 , 190 , 250 6 5 Noh Sa - yeon 49 , 103 , 137 , 313 , 374 -- 375 6 5 Park Soo - hong 179 -- 180 , 207 , 220 , 274 , 321 6 5 Hong Jin - young 205 , 221 , 266 , 299 , 356 -- 357 6 5 Dae - sung ( Big Bang ) 35 -- 36 , 84 -- 85 , 163 , 250 6 Sulli 55 , 75 , 129 , 152 -- 154 6 Lee Dong - wook 133 -- 134 , 136 , 179 -- 180 , 263 6 Lim Ju - hwan 192 -- 194 , 266 , 271 -- 272 6 Kim Je - dong 11 , 21 , 79 , 106 , 207 5 5 Min - ho ( Shinee ) 75 , 129 , 201 , 254 , 323 5 5 Eun Ji - won ( Sechs Kies ) 141 , 209 , 252 , 326 , 383 5 5 Chansung ( 2PM ) 150 , 162 , 195 , 201 , 256 5 5 So - you ( Sistar ) 209 , 255 , 307 , 366 , 383 5 5 Goo Ha - ra 2 -- 3 , 49 , 122 , 388 5 Kim Su - ro 9 , 67 -- 68 , 138 , 262 5 Uee ( After School ) 34 , 137 , 249 , 271 -- 272 5 Taecyeon ( 2PM ) 40 , 150 , 234 -- 235 , 256 5 IU 43 , 77 , 96 -- 97 , 168 5 Hyo - rin ( Sistar ) 75 , 162 , 307 , 348 -- 349 5 Junho ( 2PM ) 151 -- 152 , 195 , 240 , 256 5 Kim Jun - hyun 249 , 271 -- 272 , 305 , 323 5 Yuri ( Girls ' Generation ) 16 , 63 -- 64 , 254 , 363 5 Yoona ( Girls ' Generation ) 39 , 63 -- 64 , 254 , 363 5 Taeyeon ( Girls ' Generation ) 63 -- 64 , 112 , 254 , 363 5 Yoon Bo - mi ( Apink ) 202 -- 203 , 255 , 344 , 372 5 Jessica 4 -- 5 , 63 -- 64 , 141 5 Ji Sung 54 , 116 -- 117 , 202 -- 203 5 Ji Jin - hee 76 -- 77 , 116 -- 117 , 308 5 Lee Seung - gi 120 -- 121 , 174 , 228 -- 229 5 Han Hye - jin 133 -- 134 , 136 , 174 , 317 5 Andy ( Shinhwa ) 160 -- 161 , 236 , 278 -- 279 5 Park Bo - young 25 , 118 , 181 , 269 Go Ara 80 , 139 , 298 , 329 Lee Jong - hyun ( CNBLUE ) 127 , 129 , 138 , 186 Jo Jung - chi ( Shinchireem ) 159 , 195 , 274 , 312 Wooyoung ( 2PM ) 162 , 195 , 210 , 256 Bo - ra ( Sistar ) 174 , 201 , 255 , 307 Kang Ha - neul 190 , 240 , 314 , 362 Song Eun - yi 24 , 149 , 211 -- 212 Park Ye - jin 37 , 67 -- 68 , 241 Choi Min - soo 52 -- 53 , 69 , 118 Shin Se - kyung 57 -- 58 , 103 , 241 Hyoyeon ( Girls ' Generation ) 63 -- 64 , 254 , 363 Joo Sang - wook 76 -- 77 , 169 , 219 G - Dragon ( Big Bang ) 84 -- 85 , 163 , 250 T.O.P ( Big Bang ) 84 -- 85 , 170 , 250 Ryu Hyun - jin 119 , 172 -- 173 , 227 Park Shin - hye 120 -- 121 , 166 , 304 John Park 159 , 179 -- 180 , 265 Sung - kyu ( Infinite ) 162 , 179 -- 180 , 201 Kim Kyung - ho 179 -- 180 , 221 , 312 Seolhyun ( AOA ) 210 , 255 , 278 -- 279 Jung Il - woo 242 , 283 , 289 -- 290 Jang Do - yeon 244 , 323 , 347 -- 348 Park Joon - hyung ( g.o.d ) 248 , 260 -- 261 , 272 Lee Ha - neul ( DJ Doc ) 260 -- 261 , 272 , 319 Yoon Park 268 , 271 -- 272 , 345 Song Ji - hyo 2 -- 3 , 4 -- 5 Kim Min - jong 22 , 192 -- 194 Lee Da - hae 82 -- 83 , 289 -- 290 Han Hyo - joo 123 -- 124 , 151 -- 152 Rain 188 -- 189 , 191 , 214 Ryu Seung - soo 192 -- 194 , 204 Kim Dong - jun ( ZE : A ) 192 -- 194 , 236 Im Seulong 211 -- 212 , 271 -- 272 Kim Soo - young 271 -- 272 , 360 -- 361 Park Geun - sik 271 -- 272 , 360 -- 361 Park Jun - gyu 8 , 34 , 90 Shin Bong - sun 9 , 43 , 56 Lizzy ( After School ) 13 , 14 , 292 Heechul ( Super Junior ) 20 , 207 , 275 Choi Si - won ( Super Junior ) 22 , 75 , 135 Park Bo - young 25 , 181 , 269 Sunny ( Girls ' Generation ) 39 , 254 , 363 Kim Sook 56 , 149 , 272 Gaeko ( Dynamic Duo ) 59 , 86 , 107 Park Sang - myun 90 , 125 , 159 Yoon Jong - shin 101 , 195 , 312 Si - wan ( ZE : A ) 104 , 182 , 282 Eunhyuk ( Super Junior ) 104 , 266 , 376 Kwang - hee ( ZE : A ) 129 , 236 , 272 Lee Kyung - kyu 143 , 305 , 317 Lee Hyun - woo 147 , 225 , 329 Sandara Park ( 2NE1 ) 156 , 195 , 345 Yu - ra ( Girl 's Day ) 162 , 263 , 322 Muzie 176 , 195 , 272 Kim Min - kyo 220 , 262 , 272 Leeteuk ( Super Junior ) 221 , 275 , 376 Kyung Soo - jin 224 , 299 , 380 Hong Jong - hyun 230 , 243 , 314 Kim Dong - hyun 239 , 305 , 317 Jang Su - won ( Sechs Kies ) 243 , 326 , 383 Hong Jin - ho 257 , 275 , 292 Park Na - rae 268 , 272 , 321 Mark ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 , 318 Cha Tae - hyun 10 , 57 -- 58 Kim Min - jung 50 -- 51 , 167 Kim Joo - hyuk 61 -- 62 , 65 Lee Yeon - hee 61 -- 62 , 139 Seohyun ( Girls ' Generation ) 63 -- 64 , 254 , 3 Taeyang ( Big Bang ) 84 -- 85 , 250 Hyuna ( 4Minute ) 93 -- 94 , 132 Krystal ( f ( x ) ) 93 -- 94 , 214 Son Yeon - jae 109 -- 110 , 322 Juvie Train ( Buga Kingz ) 125 , 271 -- 272 Jung Doo - hong 150 , 271 -- 272 Eric ( Shinhwa ) 160 -- 161 , 236 Jun Jin ( Shinhwa ) 160 -- 161 , 236 Lee Min - woo ( Shinhwa ) 160 -- 161 , 236 Shin Hye - sung ( Shinhwa ) 160 -- 161 , 236 Ha Yeon - soo 198 , 374 -- 375 Heo Kyung - hwan 202 -- 203 , 339 Fei ( Miss A ) 205 , 234 -- 235 Baek Ji - young 205 , 367 -- 368 Kim Won - hyo 210 , 271 -- 272 Seo Woo 213 , 234 -- 235 Kim Ki - bang 214 , 271 -- 272 Jo Jin - woong 217 , 303 -- 304 Oh Yeon - seo 218 , 310 -- 311 Hwang Seung - eon 253 , 367 -- 368 Hyun Joo - yup 257 , 271 -- 272 Stephanie ( The Grace ) 268 , 278 -- 279 M. TySON 271 -- 272 , 319 Ma Ah - sung 271 -- 272 , 319 Kim Ji - min 278 -- 279 , 377 Ha Jae - sook 310 -- 311 , 313 Sung Hoon 317 , 367 -- 368 Lee Elijah 367 -- 368 , 383 Kim Jung - nan 192 -- 194 Lee Sang - hwa 192 -- 194 Oh Man - seok 192 -- 194 Eun - jung ( T - ara ) 7 , 104 Lee Hong - gi ( F.T. Island ) 9 , 242 Jang Dong - min 13 , 220 Tony An 15 , 32 Max Changmin ( TVXQ ) 27 , 115 U-Know Yunho ( TVXQ ) 27 , 115 Kim Byung - man 28 , 145 Oh Ji - ho 33 , 83 Ahn Mun - sook 56 , 313 Simon Dominic ( Supreme Team ) 59 , 127 Yoon Do - hyun 79 , 101 Chun Jung - myung 92 , 167 Kim Soo - hyun 102 , 147 Yoon Doo - joon ( Beast ) 104 , 162 Jeon Mi - seon 113 , 158 Yoo Hae - jin 113 , 320 Jin Se - yeon 119 , 198 Lee Gi - kwang ( Beast ) 127 , 162 L ( Infinite ) 129 , 162 Choo Sung - hoon 131 , 150 Hwang Jung - min 132 , 258 Lee Jong - suk 138 , 181 Lee Sang - yoon 142 , 190 Ryu Hyun - kyung 143 , 272 Seo Jang - hoon 144 , 309 Uhm Jung - hwa 146 , 183 CL ( 2NE1 ) 156 , 195 Minzy ( 2NE1 ) 156 , 195 Park Bom ( 2NE1 ) 156 , 195 Kim Hee - won 157 , 269 Ahn Gil - kang 157 , 287 Son Hyun - joo 158 , 246 Jung - in 159 , 221 Min - ah ( Girl 's Day ) 162 , 198 Jung Eun - ji ( Apink ) 162 , 218 Da - som ( Sistar ) 162 , 307 Lee Se - young 181 , 343 Yeo Jin - goo 182 , 302 Son Ho - jun 184 , 243 Kang Min - hyuk ( CNBLUE ) 186 , 201 Jun . K ( 2PM ) 195 , 256 Narsha ( Brown Eyed Girls ) 198 , 221 Lee Guk - joo 205 , 255 Moon Hee - joon ( H.O.T. ) 209 , 317 Yoo In - young 213 , 299 Jo Jung - suk 215 , 327 Kim Sung - kyun 217 , 298 Kangnam ( M.I.B ) 220 , 248 Kyuhyun ( Super Junior ) 221 , 265 Lee Sung - kyung 224 , 304 Jeon So - min 224 , 343 Choi Tae - joon 230 , 343 Niel ( Teen Top ) 233 , 274 Hani ( EXID ) 237 , 275 Ye Ji - won 238 , 322 Yoo Byung - jae 243 , 312 Jessi ( Lucky J ) 244 , 252 Jinu ( Jinusean ) 245 , 272 Hae - ryung ( Bestie ) 253 , 319 Sooyoung ( Girls ' Generation ) 254 , 363 Tiffany ( Girls ' Generation ) 254 , 363 Joy ( Red Velvet ) 268 , 376 Wax 272 , 292 BamBam ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 Jackson ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 JB ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 Jin - young ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 , 318 Youngjae ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 Yugyeom ( Got7 ) 272 , 316 Zizo 272 , 319 Hong Yoon - hwa ( People Looking for a Laugh ) 273 , 319 Lee Eun - hyung ( People Looking for a Laugh ) 273 , 319 Lim Ji - yeon 281 , 320 Park Mi - sun 287 , 322 Chae - young ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Da - hyun ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Jeong - yeon ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Ji - hyo ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Mina ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Momo ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Na - yeon ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Sana ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Tzuyu ( Twice ) 302 , 328 Lee Ki - woo 306 , 309 Shownu ( Monsta X ) 307 , 319 Kim Se - jeong ( Gugudan ) 313 , 377 Yang Se - chan 321 , 323 Gary ( Leessang ) 325 , 336 Kang Sung - hoon ( Sechs Kies ) 326 , 383 Kim Jae - duc ( Sechs Kies ) 326 , 383 Lee Jai - jin ( Sechs Kies ) 326 , 383 Kang Han - na 343 , 380 Jang Hyuk 44 -- 45 Kim Hyun - joong ( SS501 ) 46 -- 47 Kang Ji - young 61 -- 62 Kim Suna 65 -- 66 Lee Min - jung 72 -- 73 Kim Sung - soo 76 -- 77 BoA 88 -- 89 Jung Jae - hyung 88 -- 89 Han Seung - yeon 93 -- 94 Park Gyu - ri 93 -- 94 Han Ji - min 105 -- 106 Park Tae - hwan 109 -- 110 Ko Chang - seok 111 -- 112 Lee Jong - won 111 -- 112 Shin Jung - geun 111 -- 112 Son Byong - ho 111 -- 112 Moon Geun - young 114 -- 115 Song Chang - eui 116 -- 117 Go Soo 123 -- 124 Choi Ji - woo 126 -- 127 Jung Woo - sung 151 -- 152 Koo Ja - cheol 152 -- 153 Jae - kyung ( Rainbow ) 179 -- 180 Song Kyung - ah 179 -- 180 Baek Sung - hyun 202 -- 203 Cha Yu - ram 202 -- 203 Fabien 202 -- 203 Ju Ji - hoon 202 -- 203 Sam Okyere 202 -- 203 Ailee 211 -- 212 Ji Chang - wook 211 -- 212 Kim Tae - woo ( g.o.d ) 211 -- 212 Lee Sung - jae 211 -- 212 Skull 211 -- 212 Moon Chae - won 228 -- 229 Kim Sung - ryung 234 -- 235 Shoo 234 -- 235 Yoo Sun 234 -- 235 Yeon Jung - hoon 234 -- 235 Kim Gun - mo 260 -- 261 Koo Jun - yup 260 -- 261 Lee Jae - hoon ( Cool ) 260 -- 261 Kim Ki - tae 271 -- 272 Lee Won - hee 271 -- 272 Noh Ji - sim 271 -- 272 Taemi 271 -- 272 Im Hyung - joon 271 -- 272 Yang Sang - guk 271 -- 272 Chang Jung - koo 271 -- 272 Choi Kyung - ho 271 -- 272 DJ Pumpkin ( AOMG ) 271 -- 272 Hwang Choong - jae 271 -- 272 Young - jun ( Brown Eyed Soul ) 271 -- 272 DJR2 271 -- 272 King Kong 271 -- 272 Lee Jung 271 -- 272 Linda ( Rapercussion ) 271 -- 272 Recto Luz ( Rapercussion ) 271 -- 272 Zion Luz ( Rapercussion ) 271 -- 272 Mino ( Free Style ) 271 -- 272 Nuol 271 -- 272 Oh Jung - suk 271 -- 272 Sam Hammington 271 -- 272 San 271 -- 272 Shim Hyung - tak 271 -- 272 Superbee 271 -- 272 Wang - bae 271 -- 272 Yui - yeop 271 -- 272 Chi In - jin 271 -- 272 Go Woo - ri ( Rainbow ) 271 -- 272 Heo Tae - hee 271 -- 272 Jung Tae - ho 271 -- 272 Lee Sang - ho 271 -- 272 Lee Sang - min 271 -- 272 Bobby ( iKon ) 278 -- 279 B.I ( iKon ) 278 -- 279 Chae - yeon 278 -- 279 Kim Jung - nam ( Turbo ) 278 -- 279 Lee Ji - hyun 278 -- 279 Lee Jong - soo 278 -- 279 Ji So - yun 283 -- 284 Jong Tae - se 283 -- 284 Ahn Sung - ki 303 -- 304 Han Ye - ri 303 -- 304 Kwon Yul 303 -- 304 Soo Ae 310 -- 311 Lee Sun - bin 356 -- 357 Lee Tae - hwan ( 5urprise ) 356 -- 357 Oh Ha - young ( Apink ) 356 -- 357 Son Yeo - eun 356 -- 357 Cheon Sung - moon ( Song Ji - hyo 's brother ) 360 -- 361 Jeon Wook - min ( Jeon So - min 's brother ) 360 -- 361 Kim Jong - myung ( Kim Jong - kook 's brother ) 360 -- 361 Tae Hang - ho 360 -- 361 Kei ( Lovelyz ) 367 -- 368 Sol Bi 367 -- 368 Sunmi 367 -- 368 Kang Daniel ( Wanna One ) 374 -- 375 Lee Hyo - ri Hwang Jung - eum Kim Shin - young 6 Se7en 6 Son Dam - bi 6 Jo Kwon ( 2AM ) 7 Victoria ( f ( x ) ) 8 Yoon Se - ah 10 Ko Joo - won 17 Shim Hyung - rae 23 Lee Kyung - shil 24 Jung Jin - young 26 Lee Moon - sik 26 Hyun Young 31 Lee Sun - kyun 41 Park Joong - hoon 41 Yoon So - yi 53 Choi Kang - hee 54 Luna ( f ( x ) ) 55 Ji - yeon ( T - ara ) 55 Yang Jung - a 56 Choiza ( Dynamic Duo ) 59 Tiger JK ( Drunken Tiger ) 59 Yoon Mi - rae 59 Song Joong - ki 66 Lee Min - ki 70 Park Chul - min 70 Son Ye - jin 70 Jo Hye - ryun 71 Oh Yeon - soo 71 Ahn So - hee 75 Hong Soo - hyun 78 Lee Beom - soo 78 Hyo - min ( T - ara ) 80 Im Soo - hyang 80 Ha Ji - won 86 Han Ga - in 87 Lee Deok - hwa 90 Park Jin - young 92 Im Ho 99 Lee Tae - gon 99 Kim Hee - sun 100 Kim Bum - soo 101 Yoo Jun - sang 103 Jang Shin - young 107 Kim Sang - joong 107 Gong Hyo - jin 108 Im Ha - ryong 111 Yum Jung - ah 113 Yubin ( Wonder Girls ) 117 Choo Shin - soo 119 Jung Won - gwan ( Sobangcha ) 122 Kim Tae - hyung ( Sobangcha ) 122 Lee Sang - won ( Sobangcha ) 122 Kang Susie 122 Kim Wan - sun 122 Park Nam - jung 122 Jeong Hyeong - don 125 Ryu Dam 125 Shindong ( Super Junior ) 125 Park Shin - yang 128 Uhm Ji - won 128 Lee Si - young 131 Park Sung - woong 132 Jackie Chan 135 Min Hyo - rin 138 Lee Bo - young 142 Kim In - kwon 143 Cha In - pyo 144 Ricky Kim 144 Jeon Hye - bin 145 Jung Jin - woon 145 Noh Woo - jin 145 Park Jung - chul 145 Kim Sang - kyung 146 Jeong Jun - ha 148 So Yi - hyun 148 Kim Soo - mi 149 Kwon Ri - se ( Ladies ' Code ) 149 Park So - hyun 149 Patrice Evra 154 Jung Woong - in 157 Moon Jung - hee 158 Sayuri Fujita 159 Kim Ye - rim ( Togeworl ) 159 Seung - ho ( MBLAQ ) 162 Yoo Ah - in 164 Kim Hae - sook 164 Choi Jin - hyuk 166 Park Myeong - su 168 Yang Dong - geun 169 Kim Yoo - jung 170 Yoon Je - moon 170 D.O ( Exo ) 171 - 172 , 327 Baekhyun ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Chen ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Kris ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Lay ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Lu Han ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Suho ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Tao ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Xiumin ( Exo ) 171 - 172 Kai ( Exo ) 171 - 172 , 209 Sehun ( Exo ) 171 - 172 , 209 Gong Yoo 175 Park Hee - soon 175 Jang Ki - ha 176 Jun Hyun - moo 176 Lee Juck 176 Gil ( Leessang ) 177 Do - hee 182 Jo Min - su 183 Moon So - ri 183 Baro ( B1A4 ) 184 Kang Ye - won 184 Seo In - guk 184 Lee Jung - shin ( CNBLUE ) 186 Shim Eun - kyung 186 Gong Hyung - jin 190 Kim Ji - seok 190 Kwon Hae - hyo 190 Ku Hye - sun 190 Choi Hee 198 Han Hye - jin 198 Hoya ( Infinite ) 201 Jinyoung ( B1A4 ) 201 Kang Seung - hyun 205 Hong Seok - cheon 206 Joo Won 206 Lee So - yeon 207 Nam Hee - suk 207 Chun Myung - hoon ( NRG ) 209 Danny Ahn ( g.o.d ) 209 Tae - min ( Shinee ) 209 Choi Bu - kyung ( Seoul SK Knights ) 210 Lee Hye - jeong 210 Yook Jook - wan 210 Kim Hwan 210 Choi Yeo - jin 213 Kim Min - seo 213 Lee Yoo - ri 213 Park Young - gyu 214 Alex 214 Shin Min - a 215 Oh Sang - jin 217 Kim Ji - hoon 218 Han Sang - jin 219 Han Ye - seul 219 Jung Gyu - woon 219 Wang Ji - hye 219 Song Jae - rim 220 Kim Yeon - woo 221 Bobby Kim 221 Han Groo 224 Song Ga - yeon 224 Kim Hye - ja 226 Kang Hye - jung 226 Kang Jung - ho 227 Lee Seo - jin 229 Nam Joo - hyuk 230 Seo Ha - joon 230 Seo Kang - joon ( 5urprise ) 230 Hong Kyung - min 232 Kim Ji - soo 232 Kim Won - jun 232 Miryo ( Brown Eyed Girls ) 232 Oh Hyun - kyung 232 Park Ji - yoon 232 Shin Da - eun 232 Dongwoo ( Infinite ) 233 Dongwoon ( Beast ) 233 Eric Nam 233 Minhyuk ( BtoB ) 233 N ( VIXX ) 233 Ryeowook ( Super Junior ) 233 Sohyun ( 4Minute ) 233 Sojin ( Girl 's Day ) 233 Kim Dongwan ( Shinhwa ) 236 Jung Hee - cheol ( ZE : A ) 236 Kim Tae - heon ( ZE : A ) 236 Lee Hoo ( ZE : A ) 236 Park Hyung - sik ( ZE : A ) 236 Jung So - min 237 Nam Ji - hyun 237 Yerin ( GFriend ) 237 Yoon So - hee 237 Kim Seo - hyung 238 Sung Si - kyung 239 Yoon Jin - seo 241 Kang Kyun - sung 243 Choa ( AOA ) 244 Kim Yoo - ri 244 Seo Ye - ji 244 Sean ( Jinusean ) 245 Amber ( f ( x ) ) 248 Henry ( Super Junior - M ) 248 Byul 251 Kim So - hyun 251 Son Jun - ho 251 Jay Park 252 San E 252 Verbal Jint 252 Do Sang - woo 253 Irene Kim 253 Park Ha - na 253 Seo Hyun - jin 253 Ye - eun ( CLC ) 253 Baek Jin - hee 256 Kim Yeon - koung 257 Shin Soo - ji 257 Song Jong - gook 257 Jang Yoon - ju 258 Jung Man - sik 258 Cha Ye - ryun 259 Lee Yo - won 259 Kang Sung - jin 262 Nam Bo - ra 262 Park Gun - hyung 262 Kwon Sang - woo 264 Sung Dong - il 264 Rap Monster ( BTS ) 265 , 300 Ye - eun ( Wonder Girls ) 265 Gong Seung - yeon 268 Hwang Seok - jeong 268 Jung Kyung - ho 268 Kim Ja - in 268 Park Han - byul 268 Sa Sung - woong 272 Digili ( Honey Family ) 272 Ducky 272 Kim Chang - keun 272 Lee Sung - mi 272 Byun Seung - yoon 272 Cha Hun ( N. Flying ) 272 Kim Jae - hyun ( N. Flying ) 272 Kwon Kwang - jin ( N. Flying ) 272 Lee Seung - hyub ( N. Flying ) 272 Moon Ji - ae 272 Roy Kim 272 Hwang Chi - yeul 272 Hyun Woo 272 Tim 272 Cho Yoon - woo 272 Dino ( Seventeen ) 272 DK ( Seventeen ) 272 Hoshi ( Seventeen ) 272 Jeonghan ( Seventeen ) 272 Joshua ( Seventeen ) 272 Jun ( Seventeen ) 272 Mingyu ( Seventeen ) 272 S. Coups ( Seventeen ) 272 Seungkwan ( Seventeen ) 272 The8 ( Seventeen ) 272 Vernon ( Seventeen ) 272 Wonwoo ( Seventeen ) 272 Woozi ( Seventeen ) 272 Jung Dong - hyun 272 Kim Ji - an 272 Jung Chan - woo ( Cultwo ) 273 Kim Tae - gyun ( Cultwo ) 273 Kim Jung - hwan ( People Looking for a Laugh ) 273 Kim Tae - hwan ( People Looking for a Laugh ) 273 Min Kyung - hoon ( Buzz ) 274 Lim Yo - hwan 275 Go Ah - sung 282 Lee Hee - joon 282 Kim Ga - yeon 286 Kim Do - kyun 287 Kim Jo - han 287 Kim Won - hae 287 Lee Hong - ryul 287 Yoo Yul 287 Jeong Jeong - ah 292 Kang Hyeon - soo 292 Lee Wan 292 Mikey ( Turbo ) 292 Nam Chang - hee 292 Park Myeong - ho 292 Hyeri ( Girl 's Day ) 294 Nam Tae - hyun ( Winner ) 294 Song Min - ho ( Winner ) 294 Eun - seo ( Cosmic Girls ) 297 Jin Goo 297 Kim Ji - won 297 Lee Je - hoon 298 Jo Bo - ah 299 Stephanie Lee 299 Uhm Hyun - kyung 299 Zico ( Block B) 299 Kim Min - seok 304 Yoon Kyun - sang 304 Lee Jung - jin 305 Lee Soo - min 305 Yoo Jae - hwan 305 Kyung - ri ( Nine Muses ) 306 Kim Hee - ae 308 Hong Jin - kyung 309 Bada 312 Lee Mi - joo ( Lovelyz ) 313 Lee Joon - gi 314 Cha Seung - won 315 Key ( Shinee ) 317 Yoon Hyung - bin 317 Chae Soo - bin 319 Cho Jae - hyun 319 Dino ( HALO ) 319 Hee - chun ( HALO ) 319 In - haeng ( HALO ) 319 Jae - yong ( HALO ) 319 Ooon ( HALO ) 319 Yoon - dong ( HALO ) 319 Hae - bin ( Gugudan ) 319 Hana ( Gugudan ) 319 Hye - yeon ( Gugudan ) 319 Mimi ( Gugudan ) 319 Na - young ( Gugudan ) 319 Sally ( Gugudan ) 319 So - yee ( Gugudan ) 319 Jang Hong - je 319 Jang Jae - young 319 Kang Jae - joon 319 Kim Min - ki 319 Kim Sung - ki 319 Lee Soo - han 319 Maeng Seung - ji 319 Oh Bok - nam 319 Son Min - hyuk 319 Buffy ( Madtown ) 319 Dae - won ( Madtown ) 319 Heo - jun ( Madtown ) 319 H.O ( Madtown ) 319 Lee - geon ( Madtown ) 319 Moos ( Madtown ) 319 Joon - hyeon ( ALL - STAR ) 319 Noah ( ALL - STAR ) 319 Pabi ( ALL - STAR ) 319 Kim Kyung - jin 319 Hyung - won ( Monsta X ) 319 I.M ( Monsta X ) 319 Joo - heon ( Monsta X ) 319 Ki - hyun ( Monsta X ) 319 Min - hyuk ( Monsta X ) 319 Won - ho ( Monsta X ) 319 Hee - jun ( KNK ) 319 In - seong ( KNK ) 319 Ji - hun ( KNK ) 319 Seung - jun ( KNK ) 319 You - jin ( KNK ) 319 Chan - yong ( 100 % ) 319 Hyuk - jin ( 100 % ) 319 Jong - hwan ( 100 % ) 319 Min - woo ( 100 % ) 319 Rok - hyun ( 100 % ) 319 Chang - sun ( 24K ) 319 Cory ( 24K ) 319 Hong - seob ( 24K ) 319 Hui ( 24K ) 319 Jeong - uk ( 24K ) 319 Jin - hong ( 24K ) 319 Ki - su ( 24K ) 319 Da - hye ( Bestie ) 319 Hye - yeon ( Bestie ) 319 U-Ji ( Bestie ) 319 Hyun - kyung ( Romeo ) 319 Kang - min ( Romeo ) 319 Kyle ( Romeo ) 319 Milo ( Romeo ) 319 Minsung ( Romeo ) 319 Seung - hwan ( Romeo ) 319 Yoon - sung ( Romeo ) 319 Hyuk ( VIXX ) 319 Ken ( VIXX ) 319 Ravi ( VIXX ) 319 Kim Chang - ryeol ( DJ Doc ) 319 FeelDog ( Big Star ) 319 Jude ( Big Star ) 319 Rae - hwan ( Big Star ) 319 Sung - hak ( Big Star ) 319 Sang - ho ( Snuper ) 319 Sang - il ( Snuper ) 319 Se - bin ( Snuper ) 319 Su - hyun ( Snuper ) 319 Tae - woong ( Snuper ) 319 Woo - seong ( Snuper ) 319 A-Tom ( Topp Dogg ) 319 B - Joo ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Han - sol ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Ho - joon ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Nakta ( Topp Dogg ) 319 P - Goon ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Xero ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Yano ( Topp Dogg ) 319 Lee Dong - yeob 319 Lee Ho - chan 319 Jo Yoon - hee 320 Lee Kyu - han 321 Solbin ( Laboum ) 321 Kang Min - kyung ( Davichi ) 322 Seo Ji - hye 323 Hwang Woo - seul - hye 326 Jennie ( Black Pink ) 330 Jisoo ( Black Pink ) 330 Lisa ( Black Pink ) 330 Rosé ( Black Pink ) 330 Kim So - hyun 331 Irene ( Red Velvet ) 338 , 376 Seulgi ( Red Velvet ) 338 Wendy ( Red Velvet ) 338 Yeri ( singer ) ( ko ) ( Red Velvet ) 338 KCM 339 Kim Won - hee 339 Kim Yong - man 339 Park Jin - joo 343 Umji ( GFriend ) 343 Choi Min - yong 344 Han Jae - suk 345 Jung Hye - sung 355 Shin Sung - rok 372 Donghae ( Super Junior ) 376 Yesung ( Super Junior ) 376 Im Se - mi 377 Ko Sung - hee 377 Choi Gwi - hwa 381 Go Bo - gyeol 381 Heo Sung - tae 381 Lee Sang - yeob 381 Lee Da - hee 388 Kang Mi - na ( Gugudan ) 388 Seol In - ah 388 Reception ( edit ) Kim Jong - kook ( middle ) and Haha ( right ) in Dallas in 2014 , at a Running Man Brothers concert The first episode of the show received mixed reviews . According to Asiae the show concept was promising but the crew could not use the location to full potential and the pace was not fast and dynamic enough . Despite a slow start , Running Man became increasingly popular in South Korea and throughout Asia . In its home country the show is watched by 2.1 million people on average . Due to the existence of fansubs , it is watched outside of Asia as well , being translated into English , Spanish and Arabic , among others . According to The Straits Times , the popularity of the show is due to its unpredictability , the comedy involved , the celebrity guests and the chemistry between the regular cast members . Assistant professor Liew Kai Khiun at the Nanyang Technological University attributes the appeal of Running Man to the ability of using public space in a creative way : `` Running Man is about taking audiences to the various corners of not only South Korea , but the region as well . In the rather fast - paced urban societies in Asia , the show helps to provide release from the daily tensions that such streets and buildings are associated with . '' Liew thinks that the cast members are not particularly good looking , thus have nothing to lose , even if they `` wrestle with one another like children '' . According to producer Jo Hyo - jin , the show is popular because the concept of having to choose a winner is culturally easy to understand . He also named the good relationship between the regular members as one of the reasons for the show 's success . Celebrity guests like Super Junior , Girls ' Generation and f ( x ) play an important part in the success as well , although they sometimes induce criticism . For example , after the airing of the Big Bang episodes , some viewers complained that the band won too easily . Jo Hyo - jin , however , denied any special treatment of the celebrities . Jo explained that fans are also highly critical of the games , therefore it is not possible for the crew to reuse games without changing them . The regular members of Running Man have held several fan meetings throughout Asia . In October 2013 , their Singapore fan meeting drew a crowd of 3000 . When the cast arrived for shooting in Vietnam and other countries , they were greeted by thousands of fans at the airport . Ratings ( edit ) In the ratings below , the highest rating for the show will be in red , and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue each year . List of ratings ( episode 1 -- 23 ) Good Sunday divides its program into two parts , Running Man airs as Good Sunday Part 1 . Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul Capital Area Nationwide Seoul Capital Area July 11 , 2010 12.0 % 12.5 % 10.0 % 10.7 % July 18 , 2010 8.0 % 8.1 % 7.8 % 8.7 % July 25 , 2010 6.7 % 7.8 % 7.4 % 8.1 % August 1 , 2010 7.8 % 8.6 % 6.3 % 7.0 % 5 August 8 , 2010 8.0 % 8.9 % 7.3 % 8.8 % 6 August 15 , 2010 7.6 % 7.9 % 7.8 % 8.5 % 7 August 22 , 2010 8.4 % 9.3 % 6.6 % 7.7 % 8 August 29 , 2010 8.4 % 8.9 % 7.9 % 8.1 % 9 September 5 , 2010 9.3 % 9.5 % 7.4 % 8.2 % 10 September 12 , 2010 7.8 % 8.2 % 6.6 % 6.8 % 11 September 19 , 2010 8.2 % 8.5 % 7.0 % 7.9 % 12 September 26 , 2010 6.7 % 6.8 % 5.6 % 6.5 % 13 October 3 , 2010 7.0 % 7.2 % 7.1 % 8.1 % 14 October 17 , 2010 11.1 % 11.8 % 8.8 % 8.8 % 15 October 24 , 2010 13.2 % 14.1 % 11.1 % 11.4 % 16 October 31 , 2010 11.0 % 11.5 % 10.3 % 11.0 % 17 November 7 , 2010 13.2 % 14.1 % 9.8 % 10.2 % 18 November 21 , 2010 10.3 % 10.8 % 8.9 % 9.5 % 19 November 28 , 2010 13.2 % 14.0 % 9.3 % 9.9 % 20 December 5 , 2010 11.8 % 12.6 % 9.3 % 9.8 % 21 December 12 , 2010 12.7 % 13.7 % 11.2 % 12.1 % 22 December 19 , 2010 13.2 % 14.2 % 10.6 % 11.1 % 23 December 26 , 2010 12.6 % 13.9 % 10.7 % 11.6 % 2011 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 24 -- 74 ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul Capital Area Nationwide Seoul Capital Area 24 January 2 , 2011 9.7 % 12.9 % 11.1 % 12.1 % 25 January 9 , 2011 11.7 % 15.7 % 10.9 % 11.1 % 26 January 16 , 2011 11.8 % 14.4 % 11.5 % 12.0 % 27 January 23 , 2011 12.6 % 15.8 % 13.2 % 14.5 % 28 January 30 , 2011 13.7 % 17.5 % 14.9 % 16.3 % 29 February 6 , 2011 13.1 % 16.6 % 15.0 % 16.2 % 30 February 13 , 2011 10.4 % 12.5 % 10.7 % 11.4 % 31 February 20 , 2011 11.2 % 13.7 % 12.6 % 13.4 % 32 February 27 , 2011 11.2 % 13.7 % 12.8 % 13.7 % 33 March 6 , 2011 10.4 % 13.1 % 11.2 % 12.0 % 34 March 13 , 2011 8.3 % 10.7 % 10.1 % 11.2 % 35 March 20 , 2011 8.7 % 10.4 % 9.9 % 10.6 % 36 March 27 , 2011 9.6 % 11.7 % 11.2 % 12.3 % 37 April 3 , 2011 10.5 % 12.9 % 11.7 % 12.5 % 38 April 10 , 2011 10.2 % 13.4 % 11.1 % 12.5 % 39 April 17 , 2011 9.5 % 12.6 % 10.8 % 12.4 % 40 April 24 , 2011 9.6 % 12.4 % 10.7 % 11.2 % 41 May 1 , 2011 8.0 % 9.7 % 9.8 % 10.8 % 42 May 8 , 2011 8.0 % 9.9 % 7.7 % 8.1 % 43 May 15 , 2011 9.1 % 11.9 % 9.6 % 10.0 % 44 May 22 , 2011 6.1 % 8.0 % 6.6 % 8.0 % 45 May 29 , 2011 6.1 % 7.6 % 6.2 % 7.3 % 46 June 5 , 2011 5.7 % 7.2 % 7.0 % 8.2 % 47 June 12 , 2011 6.6 % 8.9 % 8.8 % 9.7 % 48 June 19 , 2011 7.9 % 10.3 % 7.9 % 9.4 % 49 June 26 , 2011 9.2 % 12.0 % 10.3 % 10.5 % 50 July 3 , 2011 11.5 % 14.2 % 13.3 % 14.6 % 51 July 10 , 2011 12.0 % 13.9 % 12.9 % 13.5 % 52 July 17 , 2011 12.6 % 14.5 % 13.1 % 13.7 % 53 July 24 , 2011 12.2 % 14.2 % 13.3 % 13.9 % 54 July 31 , 2011 12.3 % 14.2 % 13.0 % 14.4 % 55 August 7 , 2011 14.5 % 17.4 % 14.7 % 15.3 % 56 August 14 , 2011 13.2 % 16.8 % 13.9 % 15.6 % 57 August 21 , 2011 12.8 % 15.1 % 13.4 % 15.3 % 58 August 28 , 2011 13.2 % 15.0 % 14.8 % 15.7 % 59 September 4 , 2011 14.0 % 16.0 % 14.0 % 15.3 % 60 September 11 , 2011 13.4 % 14.8 % 13.2 % 13.8 % 61 September 18 , 2011 16.4 % 17.8 % 16.2 % 16.6 % 62 September 25 , 2011 14.3 % 18.5 % 14.3 % 15.5 % 63 October 2 , 2011 13.0 % 16.0 % 13.8 % 15.0 % 64 October 9 , 2011 13.0 % 14.2 % 13.7 % 14.0 % 65 October 23 , 2011 13.5 % 16.8 % 14.6 % 15.1 % 66 October 30 , 2011 15.5 % 17.5 % 14.5 % 14.9 % 67 November 6 , 2011 15.3 % 18.3 % 15.8 % 16.8 % 68 November 13 , 2011 16.0 % 19.4 % 15.7 % 16.9 % 69 November 20 , 2011 15.0 % 17.1 % 16.9 % 18.2 % 70 November 27 , 2011 16.5 % 19.8 % 18.0 % 19.8 % 71 December 4 , 2011 14.7 % 17.6 % 16.1 % 17.9 % 72 December 11 , 2011 17.1 % 20.4 % 17.5 % 19.0 % 73 December 18 , 2011 17.2 % 18.9 % 19.2 % 20.8 % 74 December 25 , 2011 16.5 % 18.7 % 17.7 % 18.3 % 2012 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 75 -- 126 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul Capital Area Nationwide Seoul Capital Area 75 January 1 , 2012 18.6 % 21.5 % 19.2 % 21.7 % 76 January 8 , 2012 18.5 % 20.9 % 18.6 % 20.6 % 77 January 15 , 2012 18.0 % 20.7 % 20.1 % 22.7 % 78 January 22 , 2012 12.4 % 12.6 % 15.7 % 17.6 % 79 January 29 , 2012 14.4 % 15.7 % 18.0 % 20.7 % 80 February 5 , 2012 17.0 % 18.8 % 17.2 % 18.7 % 81 February 12 , 2012 16.7 % 18.8 % 17.4 % 19.3 % 82 February 19 , 2012 17.9 % 21.9 % 16.7 % 18.2 % 83 February 26 , 2012 17.5 % 20.6 % 18.1 % 20.7 % 84 March 4 , 2012 17.6 % 21.6 % 17.7 % 20.2 % 85 March 11 , 2012 17.8 % 22.0 % 16.9 % 19.5 % 86 March 18 , 2012 16.0 % 19.8 % 16.9 % 19.2 % 87 March 25 , 2012 16.4 % 19.7 % 17.4 % 19.8 % 88 April 1 , 2012 17.5 % 21.5 % 16.7 % 18.5 % 89 April 8 , 2012 15.4 % 20.1 % 16.1 % 18.1 % 90 April 15 , 2012 13.1 % 15.9 % 14.3 % 15.8 % 91 April 22 , 2012 17.5 % 21.9 % 17.6 % 20.0 % 92 April 29 , 2012 13.1 % 15.8 % 14.3 % 15.7 % 93 May 6 , 2012 18.3 % 21.2 % 17.7 % 19.6 % 94 May 13 , 2012 17.2 % 20.5 % 17.0 % 18.9 % 95 May 20 , 2012 18.1 % 22.2 % 19.5 % 22.2 % 96 May 27 , 2012 19.3 % 23.2 % 19.2 % 20.6 % 97 June 3 , 2012 22.1 % 27.6 % 20.4 % 22.0 % 98 June 10 , 2012 18.6 % 22.5 % 17.2 % 19.0 % 99 June 17 , 2012 17.1 % 19.4 % 17.6 % 18.7 % 100 June 24 , 2012 19.6 % 23.1 % 17.6 % 19.0 % 101 July 1 , 2012 19.0 % 21.5 % 17.6 % 19.1 % 102 July 8 , 2012 19.6 % 22.6 % 19.3 % 21.2 % 103 July 15 , 2012 22.6 % 25.2 % 20.2 % 22.0 % 104 July 22 , 2012 20.5 % 23.3 % 19.2 % 20.6 % 105 August 5 , 2012 16.2 % 17.7 % 17.1 % 18.5 % 106 August 12 , 2012 21.1 % 23.9 % 19.5 % 20.6 % 107 August 19 , 2012 20.1 % 23.9 % 18.6 % 20.3 % 108 August 26 , 2012 18.6 % 21.4 % 15.8 % 17.5 % 109 September 2 , 2012 22.7 % 24.5 % 19.9 % 21.1 % 110 September 9 , 2012 22.0 % 23.8 % 19.9 % 21.4 % 111 September 16 , 2012 21.4 % 22.0 % 19.4 % 20.5 % 112 September 23 , 2012 19.0 % 20.7 % 16.9 % 18.0 % 113 September 30 , 2012 17.3 % 18.2 % 15.9 % 17.7 % 114 October 7 , 2012 18.9 % 20.1 % 17.8 % 19.1 % 115 October 14 , 2012 19.4 % 21.8 % 18.8 % 20.1 % 116 October 21 , 2012 19.6 % 21.3 % 18.4 % 20.3 % 117 October 28 , 2012 20.9 % 23.2 % 19.4 % 21.1 % 118 November 4 , 2012 21.2 % 23.1 % 19.6 % 20.7 % 119 November 11 , 2012 23.3 % 24.9 % 20.9 % 22.6 % 120 November 18 , 2012 22.9 % 24.3 % 20.7 % 22.1 % 121 November 25 , 2012 21.8 % 22.9 % 18.3 % 19.9 % 122 December 2 , 2012 20.6 % 21.1 % 17.7 % 19.5 % 123 December 9 , 2012 22.2 % 25.1 % 20.0 % 21.6 % 124 December 16 , 2012 23.4 % 25.7 % 19.0 % 20.5 % 125 December 23 , 2012 21.0 % 22.9 % 17.9 % 18.9 % 126 December 30 , 2012 22.2 % 24.2 % 18.1 % 19.3 % 2013 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 127 -- 178 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul Capital Area Nationwide Seoul Capital Area 127 January 6 , 2013 20.2 % 22.0 % 19.9 % 21.6 % 128 January 13 , 2013 20.5 % 22.4 % 19.4 % 21.2 % 129 January 20 , 2013 19.1 % 21.1 % 18.4 % 20.1 % 130 January 27 , 2013 19.8 % 21.2 % 19.5 % 21.7 % 131 February 3 , 2013 23.6 % 25.9 % 20.4 % 22.2 % 132 February 10 , 2013 15.4 % 16.3 % 14.2 % 15.3 % 133 February 17 , 2013 23.1 % 24.6 % 21.0 % 22.7 % 134 February 24 , 2013 19.9 % 21.2 % 17.3 % 18.6 % 135 March 3 , 2013 19.9 % 21.9 % 19.1 % 21.0 % 136 March 10 , 2013 19.5 % 21.2 % 20.4 % 22.6 % 137 March 17 , 2013 18.5 % 20.3 % 18.4 % 20.3 % 138 March 24 , 2013 19.8 % 21.7 % 19.6 % 21.5 % 139 March 31 , 2013 18.1 % 20.3 % 18.4 % 20.4 % 140 April 7 , 2013 17.2 % 19.0 % 16.6 % 18.7 % 141 April 14 , 2013 17.2 % 18.3 % 18.1 % 19.4 % 142 April 21 , 2013 15.3 % 15.7 % 17.5 % 19.0 % 143 April 28 , 2013 14.5 % 15.5 % 15.3 % 17.1 % 144 May 5 , 2013 11.9 % 12.7 % 12.7 % 13.8 % 145 May 12 , 2013 13.4 % 13.6 % 14.6 % 15.5 % 146 May 19 , 2013 12.4 % 12.7 % 14.5 % 15.4 % 147 May 26 , 2013 15.0 % 15.4 % 17.0 % 19.6 % 148 June 2 , 2013 12.9 % 13.2 % 13.7 % 14.8 % 149 June 9 , 2013 12.4 % 12.8 % 12.8 % 13.8 % 150 June 16 , 2013 10.7 % 11.3 % 11.4 % 11.6 % 151 June 23 , 2013 11.7 % 12.0 % 12.4 % 13.2 % 152 June 30 , 2013 13.2 % 14.2 % 13.6 % 14.7 % 153 July 7 , 2013 13.2 % 13.4 % 14.5 % 15.6 % 154 July 14 , 2013 15.6 % 17.2 % 15.0 % 16.2 % 155 July 21 , 2013 13.1 % 13.7 % 13.2 % 14.5 % 156 July 28 , 2013 12.5 % 13.5 % 13.0 % 14.5 % 157 August 4 , 2013 11.8 % 12.4 % 9.8 % 10.0 % 158 August 11 , 2013 11.6 % 12.4 % 11.7 % 11.7 % 159 August 18 , 2013 13.9 % 15.1 % 14.3 % 15.7 % 160 August 25 , 2013 12.1 % 12.7 % 12.3 % 12.4 % 161 September 1 , 2013 10.9 % 11.6 % 11.3 % 11.9 % 162 September 8 , 2013 12.2 % 12.8 % 13.6 % 13.9 % 163 September 15 , 2013 11.6 % 12.7 % 12.0 % 12.9 % 164 September 22 , 2013 13.2 % 13.5 % 14.1 % 14.2 % 165 September 29 , 2013 12.3 % 13.1 % 13.5 % 13.8 % 166 October 6 , 2013 11.9 % 12.6 % 12.3 % 13.2 % 167 October 13 , 2013 11.2 % 12.0 % 11.7 % 12.5 % 168 October 20 , 2013 12.1 % 13.7 % 12.6 % 13.6 % 169 October 27 , 2013 10.7 % 11.8 % 12.1 % 13.2 % 170 November 3 , 2013 11.8 % 13.2 % 11.5 % 12.0 % 171 November 10 , 2013 13.1 % 14.1 % 14.3 % 15.7 % 172 November 17 , 2013 12.2 % 12.9 % 12.5 % 13.5 % 173 November 24 , 2013 13.9 % 15.5 % 14.4 % 15.9 % 174 December 1 , 2013 12.5 % 14.2 % 13.3 % 14.5 % 175 December 8 , 2013 11.5 % 13.4 % 13.2 % 14.8 % 176 December 15 , 2013 11.6 % 13.2 % 13.3 % 14.0 % 177 December 22 , 2013 11.6 % 13.4 % 12.3 % 12.7 % 178 December 29 , 2013 11.6 % 13.2 % 13.8 % 15.6 % 2014 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 179 -- 227 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide Seoul Capital Area Nationwide Seoul Capital Area 179 January 5 , 2014 13.6 % 15.4 % 15.1 % 16.2 % 180 January 12 , 2014 12.2 % 14.0 % 15.1 % 17.3 % 181 January 19 , 2014 12.2 % 14.1 % 12.3 % 13.2 % 182 January 26 , 2014 14.1 % 15.7 % 15.5 % 17.4 % 183 February 2 , 2014 13.5 % 16.3 % 13.8 % 15.1 % 184 February 9 , 2014 12.9 % 14.9 % 14.9 % 16.4 % 185 February 16 , 2014 12.1 % 13.8 % 12.6 % 13.9 % 186 February 23 , 2014 11.2 % 12.8 % 11.6 % 12.9 % 187 March 2 , 2014 9.1 % 10.8 % 12.9 % 15.2 % 188 March 9 , 2014 11.8 % 13.3 % 13.0 % 14.5 % 189 March 16 , 2014 9.9 % 11.8 % 12.8 % 14.1 % 190 March 23 , 2014 11.1 % 13.2 % 13.6 % 15.8 % 191 March 30 , 2014 9.0 % 10.7 % 10.4 % 12.0 % 192 April 6 , 2014 12.6 % 14.7 % 13.6 % 15.4 % 193 April 13 , 2014 10.9 % 13.0 % 12.0 % 13.0 % 194 May 4 , 2014 9.6 % 10.5 % 8.7 % 9.8 % 195 May 11 , 2014 11.6 % 13.7 % 11.2 % 12.3 % 196 May 18 , 2014 9.4 % 10.8 % 9.6 % 10.7 % 197 May 25 , 2014 11.1 % 13.3 % 10.7 % 11.4 % 198 June 1 , 2014 12.6 % 13.2 % 12.1 % 13.4 % 199 June 8 , 2014 13.4 % 15.5 % 12.8 % 13.4 % 200 June 15 , 2014 11.1 % 12.9 % 10.9 % 12.1 % 201 June 22 , 2014 10.4 % 11.7 % 9.5 % 10.0 % 202 June 29 , 2014 11.1 % 11.8 % 10.9 % 11.2 % 203 July 6 , 2014 10.3 % 10.6 % 9.0 % 9.5 % 204 July 13 , 2014 9.9 % 10.3 % 9.2 % 9.5 % 205 July 20 , 2014 10.8 % 11.9 % 10.1 % 10.7 % 206 July 27 , 2014 9.6 % 11.4 % 8.6 % 9.0 % 207 August 3 , 2014 9.5 % 10.0 % 10.0 % 10.2 % 208 August 10 , 2014 9.0 % 10.3 % 9.1 % 9.8 % 209 August 17 , 2014 10.6 % 12.4 % 10.5 % 11.6 % 210 August 24 , 2014 9.0 % 9.7 % 8.5 % 9.2 % 211 August 31 , 2014 9.1 % 10.4 % 9.2 % 10.0 % 212 September 7 , 2014 5.6 % 6.3 % 6.2 % 6.6 % 213 September 21 , 2014 6.8 % 8.5 % 7.2 % 8.1 % 214 September 28 , 2014 7.6 9.7 % 7.5 % 7.8 % 215 October 5 , 2014 9.2 % 10.0 % 10.1 % 11.1 % 216 October 12 , 2014 8.5 % 9.8 % 8.9 % 9.5 % 217 October 19 , 2014 11.0 % 13.0 % 12.1 % 13.7 % 218 October 26 , 2014 9.2 % 10.3 % 9.3 % 10.5 % 219 November 2 , 2014 10.3 % 11.7 % 10.8 % 11.1 % 220 November 9 , 2014 8.6 % 10.2 % 9.1 % 9.8 % 221 November 16 , 2014 9.2 % 10.4 % 9.3 % 9.9 % 222 November 23 , 2014 8.6 % 10.6 % 9.8 % 10.3 % 223 November 30 , 2014 10.1 % 12.2 % 10.8 % 11.5 % 224 December 7 , 2014 11.7 % 15.2 % 12.1 % 13.3 % 225 December 14 , 2014 10.3 % 13.0 % 11.9 % 13.3 % 226 December 21 , 2014 9.6 % 11.5 % 10.9 % 11.5 % 227 December 28 , 2014 11.7 % 14.5 % 12.9 % 13.4 % 2015 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 228 -- 279 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide 228 January 4 , 2015 15.7 % 17.8 % 229 January 11 , 2015 14.7 % 15.8 % 230 January 18 , 2015 12.0 % 11.3 % 231 January 25 , 2015 10.3 % 10.8 % 232 February 1 , 2015 11.3 % 12.8 % 233 February 8 , 2015 10.4 % 11.6 % 234 February 15 , 2015 11.0 % 12.6 % 235 February 22 , 2015 10.6 % 12.0 % 236 March 1 , 2015 10.3 % 11.1 % 237 March 8 , 2015 11.2 % 12.1 % 238 March 15 , 2015 10.0 % 10.6 % 239 March 22 , 2015 9.7 % 9.5 % 240 March 29 , 2015 11.0 % 10.9 % 241 April 5 , 2015 10.7 % 10.3 % 242 April 12 , 2015 10.8 % 10.3 % 243 April 19 , 2015 9.7 % 9.3 % 244 April 26 , 2015 9.5 % 8.8 % 245 May 3 , 2015 9.0 % 8.5 % 246 May 10 , 2015 8.7 % 9.2 % 247 May 17 , 2015 10.5 % 9.9 % 248 May 24 , 2015 8.2 % 8.1 % 249 May 31 , 2015 9.8 % 10.3 % 250 June 7 , 2015 9.3 % 10.7 % 251 June 14 , 2015 10.4 % 11.0 % 252 June 21 , 2015 7.4 % 7.4 % 253 June 28 , 2015 8.2 % 8.0 % 254 July 5 , 2015 9.1 % 9.7 % 255 July 12 , 2015 11.3 % 11.0 % 256 July 19 , 2015 9.4 % 8.9 % 257 July 26 , 2015 8.4 % 7.7 % 258 August 2 , 2015 7.9 % 6.8 % 259 August 9 , 2015 9.2 % 9.0 % 260 August 16 , 2015 10.6 % 9.4 % 261 August 23 , 2015 8.2 % 8.6 % 262 August 30 , 2015 8.6 % 8.9 % 263 September 6 , 2015 7.9 % 8.7 % 264 September 13 , 2015 8.1 % 7.7 % 265 September 20 , 2015 8.1 % 9.0 % 266 September 27 , 2015 7.5 % 7.5 % 267 October 4 , 2015 8.5 % 8.7 % 268 October 11 , 2015 10.0 % 10.8 % 269 October 18 , 2015 7.8 % 8.9 % 270 October 25 , 2015 8.8 % 10.1 % 271 November 1 , 2015 10.1 % 9.6 % 272 November 8 , 2015 6.5 % 8.0 % 273 November 15 , 2015 4.4 % 5.4 % 274 November 22 , 2015 5.2 % 5.5 % 275 November 29 , 2015 4.8 % 6.1 % 276 December 6 , 2015 5.2 % 6.4 % 277 December 13 , 2015 4.5 % 4.8 % 278 December 20 , 2015 6.4 % 6.9 % 279 December 27 , 2015 7.4 % 6.9 % 2016 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 280 -- 331 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide 280 January 3 , 2016 5.4 % 6.3 % 281 January 10 , 2016 6.0 % 6.6 % 282 January 17 , 2016 6.4 % 6.7 % 283 January 24 , 2016 6.2 % 7.2 % 284 January 31 , 2016 6.5 % 5.6 % 285 February 7 , 2016 5.4 % 5.9 % 286 February 14 , 2016 6.0 % 5.5 % 287 February 21 , 2016 6.0 % 6.1 % 288 February 28 , 2016 6.5 % 7.4 % 289 March 6 , 2016 7.1 % 7.5 % 290 March 13 , 2016 5.1 % 5.6 % 291 March 20 , 2016 6.4 % 6.4 % 292 March 27 , 2016 5.5 % 5.4 % 293 April 3 , 2016 6.8 % 8.0 % 294 April 10 , 2016 5.0 % 4.9 % 295 April 17 , 2016 7.0 % 7.4 % 296 April 24 , 2016 8.6 % 8.4 % 297 May 1 , 2016 9.3 % 9.1 % 298 May 8 , 2016 7.9 % 7.8 % 299 May 15 , 2016 8.0 % 9.1 % 300 May 22 , 2016 7.6 % 6.8 % 301 May 29 , 2016 7.1 % 7.7 % 302 June 5 , 2016 6.2 % 6.8 % 303 June 12 , 2016 6.6 % 6.8 % 304 June 19 , 2016 7.4 % 7.0 % 305 June 26 , 2016 6.3 % 7.4 % 306 July 3 , 2016 6.6 % 7.2 % 307 July 10 , 2016 7.4 % 7.4 % 308 July 17 , 2016 6.7 % 7.8 % 309 July 24 , 2016 7.2 % 7.1 % 310 July 31 , 2016 7.5 % 6.8 % 311 August 7 , 2016 5.9 % 5.3 % 312 August 14 , 2016 5.9 % 5.7 % 313 August 21 , 2016 5.9 % 5.7 % 314 August 28 , 2016 5.9 % 5.5 % 315 September 4 , 2016 7.3 % 6.1 % 316 September 11 , 2016 7.1 % 6.7 % 317 September 18 , 2016 6.9 % 7.0 % 318 September 25 , 2016 7.5 % 6.8 % 319 October 2 , 2016 6.5 % 6.2 % 320 October 9 , 2016 6.5 % 7.2 % 321 October 16 , 2016 6.3 % 6.5 % 322 October 23 , 2016 7.1 % 7.5 % 323 October 30 , 2016 6.2 % 6.4 % 324 November 6 , 2016 6.8 % 6.7 % 325 November 13 , 2016 7.1 % 6.2 % 326 November 20 , 2016 6.3 % 6.2 % 327 November 27 , 2016 7.0 % 6.7 % 328 December 4 , 2016 7.9 % 6.2 % 329 December 11 , 2016 7.3 % 6.6 % 330 December 18 , 2016 6.3 % 5.9 % 331 December 25 , 2016 5.5 % 5.3 % 2017 ( edit ) List of ratings ( episode 332 -- 383 ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Note for TNmS ratings , the ones listed here is the higher ratings chosen amongst ratings for each episodes . Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide 332 January 1 , 2017 6.6 % 6.6 % 333 January 8 , 2017 6.7 % 7.5 % 334 January 15 , 2017 8.0 % 7.8 % 335 January 22 , 2017 6.8 % 6.6 % 336 January 29 , 2017 5.3 % 4.9 % 337 February 5 , 2017 7.0 % 6.8 % 338 February 12 , 2017 6.9 % 6.8 % 339 February 19 , 2017 7.2 % 6.4 % 340 February 26 , 2017 7.3 % 7.4 % 341 March 5 , 2017 6.5 % 6.2 % 342 March 19 , 2017 6.2 % 5.5 % 343 March 26 , 2017 5.5 % 5.2 % 344 April 2 , 2017 6.4 % 5.1 % 345 April 9 , 2017 4.4 % 3.4 % 346 April 16 , 2017 5.6 % 5.4 % 347 April 23 , 2017 7.1 % 6.4 % 348 April 30 , 2017 4.9 % 5.2 % 349 May 7 , 2017 5.9 % 6.3 % 350 May 14 , 2017 7.8 % 6.6 % 351 May 21 , 2017 6.4 % 5.9 % 352 May 28 , 2017 6.2 % 6.2 % 353 June 4 , 2017 6.7 % 6.1 % 354 June 11 , 2017 6.3 % 5.9 % 355 June 18 , 2017 5.6 % 6.2 % 356 June 25 , 2017 6.0 % 6.2 % 357 July 2 , 2017 6.6 % 6.9 % 358 July 9 , 2017 7.2 % 6.1 % 359 July 16 , 2017 6.9 % 6.6 % 360 July 23 , 2017 8.3 % 8.0 % 361 July 30 , 2017 7.7 % 5.4 % 362 August 6 , 2017 6.8 % 5.5 % 363 August 13 , 2017 7.2 % 7.0 % 364 August 20 , 2017 6.8 % 6.6 % 365 August 27 , 2017 6.7 % 6.1 % 366 September 3 , 2017 6.5 % 7.7 % 367 September 10 , 2017 9.0 % 7.9 % 368 September 17 , 2017 8.7 % 8.2 % 369 September 24 , 2017 9.6 % 8.7 % 370 October 1 , 2017 7.7 % 8.3 % 371 October 8 , 2017 7.4 % 7.9 % 372 October 15 , 2017 8.4 % 8.8 % 373 October 22 , 2017 8.2 % 8.8 % 374 October 29 , 2017 8.9 % 8.2 % 375 November 5 , 2017 6.6 % 6.9 % 376 November 12 , 2017 7.7 % 7.7 % 377 November 19 , 2017 8.8 % 8.7 % 378 November 26 , 2017 7.9 % 8.6 % 379 December 3 , 2017 10.5 % 10.3 % 380 December 10 , 2017 8.6 % 9.4 % 381 December 17 , 2017 8.6 % 9.4 % 382 December 24 , 2017 7.5 % 8.5 % 383 December 31 , 2017 7.1 % 6.8 % 2018 ( edit ) ( hide ) List of ratings ( episode 384 -- TBA ) Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Running Man . ( Note : Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time , which regular ratings include . ) Note for TNmS ratings , the ones listed is the highest ratings amongst ratings for each episodes . Ep . # Original Airdate TNmS Ratings AGB Ratings Nationwide 384 January 7 , 2018 7.7 % 8.5 % 385 January 14 , 2018 7.3 % 8.6 % 386 January 21 , 2018 7.5 % 8.6 % 387 January 28 , 2018 8.6 % 9.6 % 388 February 4 , 2018 10.2 % 9.2 % 389 February 18 , 2018 7.8 % 7.8 % 390 February 25 , 2018 International ( edit ) Running Man Cast in Malaysia for the 2014 Running Man Fan Meeting ; from left to right : Haha , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo , Kim Jong - kook , and Ji Suk - jin In November 2011 , the rights to air the show was sold to nine areas in Asia , namely Taiwan , Thailand , Indonesia , China , Hong Kong , Japan , Singapore , Cambodia , and Malaysia , proving Running Man 's rise in popularity as a Hallyu program . In January 2013 , SBS announced Running Man in Asia as one of the big projects of 2013 . Producer Jo Hyo - jin stated that the program would be touring two countries in Asia in the first half of 2013 . The program has previously travelled to Thailand , China , and Hong Kong for filming . Jo Hyo - jin has also mentioned interests raised by Singaporean television stations in purchasing the Running Man format , which reiterated Running Man 's popularity in Asia . Producer Im Hyung - taek confirmed that the program would be filming in Macau , China and Hanoi , Vietnam in early February , and the respective episodes were aired on television in late February and early March . In February 2014 , Jo Hyo - jin announced that the program was invited by the Australian Tourist Commission to film in Australia , and did so in mid-February which aired in March . A spin - off of Running Man , titled Keep Running , was announced in May 2014 . The spin - off , which is the Chinese version of Running Man was scheduled to air in the fourth quarter of 2014 on Zhejiang Television . Cast from the Korean version will participate in the Chinese version as well . The spin - off was a success , and currently the show has aired its fourth season . There was also an Indonesian adaptation of the show , titled Mission X , following a similar format on the show , with the exception that the members would using armbands , and the games would be played just for fun rather than playing it to win the prize . In February 2016 , it was reported that the crew were considering an episode set in Dubai , UAE , which they eventually filmed in the end of February . The episodes were aired in March . International episodes ( edit ) The popularity of Running Man throughout Asia provided the opportunity to take the show outside of South Korea . Running Man has traveled to various countries including China , Thailand , Vietnam , Australia , Indonesia , Taiwan , and the United Arab Emirates . International episodes are notable for their ability to draw large groups of fans to mission venues . Episode ( s ) Airdate ( s ) Location ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes 50 -- 51 July 3 -- 10 , 2011 Thailand Kim Min - jung Nichkhun ( 2PM ) 61 -- 62 September 18 -- 25 , 2011 Beijing , China Kang Ji - young ( Kara ) Kim Joo - hyuk Lee Yeon - hee Kang Ji - young appeared as substitute for Song Ji - hyo in episode 61 . 72 -- 73 December 11 -- 18 , 2011 Hong Kong , China Jung Yong - hwa ( CNBLUE ) Lee Min - jung 97 June 3 , 2012 Thailand Park Ji - sung IU IU missed half of the episode due to schedule conflicts , and Yoo Jae - suk had to leave early due to schedule conflicts as well . 133 February 17 , 2013 Macau , China Han Hye - jin Lee Dong - wook 134 , 136 February 24 , March 10 , 2013 Vietnam 154 July 14 , 2013 Shanghai , China Koo Ja - cheol Park Ji - sung Patrice Evra Sulli ( f ( x ) ) 188 -- 189 , 191 March 9 -- 16 , March 30 , 2014 Australia Kim Woo - bin Rain Song Ji - Hyo did not appear in episode 188 due to schedule conflicts . 200 June 15 , 2014 Indonesia Park Ji - sung 212 September 7 , 2014 Taiwan Ailee Lim Seul - ong ( 2AM ) Ji Chang - wook Kim Tae - woo ( g.o.d ) Lee Sung - jae Skull Song Eun - yi Only Yoo Jae - suk , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , Ji Chang - wook , Lee Sung - jae , and Skull appeared in the Taiwan section . Song Eun - yi originally was supposed to appear as well , but eventually did not due to schedule conflicts . 234 February 15 , 2015 Hong Kong , China Thailand Fei ( Miss A ) Kim Sung - ryung Seo Woo Shoo Taecyeon ( 2PM ) Yeon Jung - hoon Yoo Sun Certain parts of the episode . 283 -- 284 January 24 -- 31 , 2016 Shanghai , China Ji So - yun Jong Tae - se Park Ji - sung 289 -- 290 March 6 -- 13 , 2016 Dubai , United Arab Emirates Jung Il - woo Lee Da - hae 347 -- 348 April 23 -- 30 , 2017 Osaka , Japan Taipei , Taiwan Jang Do - yeon Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin , and Jeon So - min appeared in the Osaka section of the episode while Haha , Song Ji - hyo , and Yang Se - chan appeared in the Taipei section of the episode . 351 -- 352 May 21 -- 28 , 2017 Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Vladivostok , Russia No guests Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin , Song Ji - hyo , and Jeon So - min appeared in the Mongolia section of the episode while Kim Jong - kook , Haha , Lee Kwang - soo , and Yang Se - chan appeared in the Russia section of the episode . 353 -- 355 June 4 -- 18 , 2017 Yokohama , Japan Yamanashi , Japan Tokyo , Japan Jung Hye - sung Jung Hye - sung only appeared in episode 355 . 369 -- 371 September 24 -- October 8 , 2017 Yogyakarta , Indonesia No guests Only Lee Kwang - soo and Jeon So - min appeared in the Indonesia section of the episode . 378 -- 379 November 26 -- December 3 , 2017 Darwin , Australia Queenstown , New Zealand Yoo Jae - suk , Ji Suk - jin , Lee Kwang - soo , and Jeon So - min appeared in the Australia section of the episode while Haha , Kim Jong - kook , Song Ji - hyo and Yang Se - chan appeared in the New Zealand section of the episode . Tour ( edit ) The popularity of Running Man throughout Asia has also provided the opportunity for the production team to organize fan meeting tours in Asia since 2013 . Race Start ! Running Man Fan Meeting Asia Tour 2013 Date City Country Venue Attendees July 13 , 2013 Hong Kong Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Expo Gary , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook September 21 , 2013 Beijing China Beijing Exhibition Center October 5 , 2013 Shanghai Shanghai Indoor Stadium October 19 , 2013 Singapore Singapore Singapore Expo Gary , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Song Ji - hyo Race Start ! Running Man Fan Meeting Asia Tour Season 2 2014 Date City Country Venue Attendees September 27 , 2014 Bangkok Thailand Queen Sirikit National Convention Center Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo October 4 , 2014 Hong Kong Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Expo October 25 , 2014 Jakarta Indonesia Istora Senayan November 1 , 2014 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Stadium Negara November 29 , 2014 Singapore Singapore The Star Performing Arts Centre Race Start ! Season 3 -- Running Man Special Tour 2015 Date City Country Venue Attendees July 3 , 2015 Hong Kong Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Expo All Members August 21 , 2015 Shanghai China Mercedes - Benz Arena September 18 , 2015 Chongqing Chongqing International Expo Center Gary , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo October 23 , 2015 Beijing Capital Indoor Stadium All Members October 30 , 2015 Shenzhen Shenzhen Bay Sports Center Gary , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo November 20 , 2015 Nanjing Nanjing Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium December 11 , 2015 Wuhan Wuhan Gymnasium Yoo Jae - suk , Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo ( hide ) Race Start ! Season 4 -- Running Man Fan Meeting 2017 Date City Country Venue Attendees February 10 , 2017 Taipei Taiwan Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo , Gary ( Special Guest ) February 18 , 2017 Macao Macao Cotai Arena , The Venetian Macao Haha , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo , March 11 , 2017 Bangkok Thailand Thunder Dome , Muang Thong Thani March 25 , 2017 Hong Kong Hong Kong AsiaWorld - Expo April 22 , 2017 Selangor Malaysia The Mines International Exhibition And Convention Centre Other works ( edit ) Merchandising ( edit ) The Running Man 300th Anniversary Special hats and socks on display In order to `` relay the feeling of Running Man '' , Running Man has made merchandises available on sale since 2015 . The products ranging from stickers , socks , hats , shirts , and shoes . On May 26 , 2015 , a special project called the `` Running Man Challenge '' was made in collaboration with a footwear co-created platform , ROOY . Its main objective is for the fans to design a shoe that `` would unify and coordinate between the cast members . '' 777 submissions were made , and in June 2015 , a design made by a fan named Noh Seung - soo was selected to be the official design for the shoes . The shoes went on sale on February 22 , 2016 . Currently , a second `` Running Man Challenge '' is held . The winner for this challenge will have his / her design to be the new shoes . In 2016 , Running Man collaborated with NBA to make a 300th Anniversary special hats and shirts . Animation ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , it was announced that Running Man will be adapted into a half - hour animated show . It will features the original seven members , including former member Gary , in animal form . The show will have 24 episodes and EXO - CBX will provide the theme song for the show . Additionally , the animated show will be the first show to be broadcast in UHD in South Korea . Comic book ( edit ) In March 2013 , a comic book adaptation of the series was published . The series , titled Running Man : How do I Find the Kidnapped Idol ? , is written by Hong Yong - hoon and illustrated by Kim Moon - shik . The comic book , which is aimed for children , was released on March 25 , 2013 . Other appearances ( edit ) Year Title Network Member ( s ) Notes Ref 2015 A Girl Who Sees Smells SBS All Cameo ( episode 1 ) Game of Dice N / A Gary , Ji Suk - jin , Kim Jong - kook , Lee Kwang - soo , Song Ji - hyo Commercial film Controversy ( edit ) Gary 's departure ( edit ) On September 2012 , Gary made a surprising announcement on social media about his intention to leave the program . It is believed that his intention came from the recent criticism concerning the `` Super 7 Concert '' which his company , Leessang Company , was producing . Gary decided to take responsibility for its failure by resigning himself from any activities . Due to this , Running Man production staff and the members decided to postponed their filming schedule on September 24 -- 25 , 2012 to convince him to stay in the program . A week later , Gary officially apologized due to the controversy that he created and confirmed his decision to remain as a member of the program . Season 2 proposal ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was announced that Kim Jong - kook and Song Ji - hyo were leaving the show , as a new season with a new format starring the remaining cast members and new member Kang Ho - dong would air in January 2017 . Initial reception was mixed . However , it was revealed that Song Ji - hyo and Kim Jong - kook were not given any notice about their removal , resulting in an overwhelming negative reaction . In addition , news of Kang Ho - dong refusing the offer to join the new season resulted in a possible cancellation of Season 2 of Running Man . On December 16 , 2016 , an emergency meeting was held with the consensus reached that all members would leave , ending the program altogether in February 2017 with a subsequent program taking its place . However , on January 24 , 2017 , SBS announced that the show will continue airing with all of the remaining cast members . The decision came after Nam Seung - yong , the new Vice President of SBS Entertainment Headquarters , who was involved in conceiving Running Man , had further conversations with every member in regards to the show 's future . Subsequently , after apologizing to Kim Jong - kook for all of the issues regarding the program , the latter then became actively involved in convincing the other members to continue working on the program . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Running Man References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SBS ' 일요일 이 좋다 ' 유재석 새 코너 ' 런닝 맨 ' 출격 '' ( in Korean ) . Nocut News . 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ 유재석 진행 ' 런닝 맨 ' 베일 을 벗다 ! 차별화 된 웃음 ' 예고 ' ( in Korean ) . TV Daily . 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ 베일 벗은 ' 런닝 맨 ' , 역시 유재석 ! 新 버라이어티 탄생 예고 ( in Korean ) . Osen. 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheung , Gloria ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` China Fans Volunteer to Subtitle Content for Internet Auds -- Pirated or Not '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Suzira , Erny ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` '' Running Man '' cast to go on their very last Asia tour `` . thehive.asia . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Data reveals the 20 most popular TV shows of 2016 '' . Business Insider UK . 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) ' 판듀 2 ' , 이번엔 ' 1 박 2 일'과 맞대결 ... ' 런닝 맨 ' 편성 변경 '' ( in Korean ) . Osen. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ 첫방 ' 런닝 맨 ' , 독특한 포맷 은 ' 글쎄 ' 그래도 ... ( in Korean ) . Asia Economics . 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ 베일 벗은 ' 런닝 맨'의 기대 셋 , 우려 셋 ( in Korean ) . TV Report . 12 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ 런닝 맨 , 동전 이 가득 든 ' 황금 돼지 저금통'을 찾아 떠난 멤버 들 ( in Korean ) . Arts News . 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' , 게임 + 추격전 업그레이드 ... 재미 찾았다 ! ( in Korean ) . Osen. 22 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 뜨거운 쌍화차 언제 까지 원샷 ? ' 여유 아닌 안쓰러움 ' ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ' 런닝 맨 ' , 예능 을 넘어 영화 같은 긴장감 이 ' 쫄깃'하다 ( in Korean ) . Review Star . 5 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 - 바이러스 ' , 리얼 버라이어티 속에 영화 있다 ( in Korean ) . OSEN. 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 3 년 묵은 유임 스 본드 유재석 , 왜 신선 할까 ( in Korean ) . TV Daily . 8 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ' 런닝 맨 ' 치열한 초능력 자편 ... 최종 승자 는 ' 송지효 와 롤롤 ' ( in Korean ) . Xports News . 18 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' , ' 유임 스 본드 ' 다시 재연 ... 과거 로 돌아갔다 ( in Korean ) . Star News . 18 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' , 스릴 만점 초능력 전 ... 개리 2 연속 ' 최강자 ' ( in Korean ) . Star News . 25 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 반전 아이디어 + 최강 호흡 , 없이 ' 재미 꽉 ' ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 유재석 - 최민수 투톱 , 무엇 을 얻고 무엇 을 잃었나 ( in Korean ) . TV Daily . 21 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨'이라 가능한 박지성 활용법 , 비교 거부 국민 예능 ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 17 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ( in Korean ) Official Good Sunday page. Running Man members . SBS . Retrieved 29 November 2010 Jump up ^ 송지효 ' 런닝 맨 ' 예능 감 작렬 `` 고정 출연 해달라 '' 시청자 요구 봇물 ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 송중기 ' 런닝 맨 ' 하차 ... 5 월 1 일 마지막 방송 ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : SBS , Running - Man ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ( 런닝 맨 제 292 회 ⟨ 런닝 맨 제 1 회 꽝손 페스티벌 ⟩ 촬영 현장 사진 ) 런닝 맨 제 292 회 게스트 로 돌아온 # 리지 . `` 런닝 맨 중 누가 가장 운 이 없나요 ? '' 라는 시청자들 의 궁금증 을 해소 해 주기 위해 마련한 페스티벌 . 가장 운 없는 런닝 맨 이 우승 . 런닝 맨 제 292 회 3 월 27 일 오후 4 시 50 분 방송 예정 . `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Jong - kook ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Reunion # Lizzy from # OrangeCaramel ! ! She used to ba member of RM ~ Missed u ma lil sis ! Hope u rejoin RM ~ '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gary confirmed to leave ' Running Man ' '' . allkpop.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Joo - ae ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' 런닝 맨 ' 측 `` 양세찬 전소민 , 런닝 메이트 로 합류 ... 오늘 첫 촬영 '' ( 공식 ) '' ( in Korean ) . X sports news . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Dambi ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Reasons Why Gary and Song Ji Hyo Make the Best Monday Couple Ever '' . MWAVE . CJ E&M enewsWorld . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` '' Running Man '' Members Scream And Cry On Terrifying Rides Soompi `` . www.soompi.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 이지 브라더스 결투 ( in Korean ) . SBS Running Man . 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 덤앤 더머 의 역습 , 지석진 - 이광수 반전 드라마 썼다 ! ( in Korean ) . Joins. 2012 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : ' 런닝 맨 ' 광수 , 지석진 버리고 유재석 과 ' 이유 브라더스 ' 결성 ... 왜 ? . Review Star ( in Korean ) . Hankooki. 2012 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ ' 어머 ! 남사 스럽게 , 이 남자들 뭐야 ? ' ... 영화 예능 브 로맨스 열풍 ( in Korean ) . Sports Donga. 2012 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ 이광수 김종국 생일 인증 샷 , 호랑이 와 기린 의 ' 함박 웃음 ' ( in Korean ) . Seoul Broadcasting System . 2013 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ ' 톰 과 제리 ' 김종국 - 이광수 , ' 런닝 맨 ' 재미 업 시킨다 ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 2013 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ 런닝 맨 배신자 클럽 # 1 ( in Korean ) . SBS Running Man . 2013 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 월요 커플 개리 - 송지효 , 궁합 보니 ' 부부 의 사주 ' ( in Korean ) . Donga. 2014 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` HaHa says he could have won over Song Ji Hyo 's love allkpop.com '' . allkpop . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Running Man : Episode 206 '' Dramabeans Korean drama recaps `` . Dramabeans. 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ 송지효 졸업 사진 `` 노는 언니 포스 '' ... 송송 남매 송중기 졸업 사진 은 ? `` 모태 미남 인증 '' ( in Korean ) . 민중 의 소리. 2011 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ 런닝 맨 촬영 현장 화보 공개 ! ( in Korean ) . Seoul Broadcasting System . 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ 런닝 맨 이광수 , 동갑 내기 절친 송중기 하차 에 눈물 펑펑 ( in Korean ) . Epoch Times . 2011 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ 이광수 예능 - 드라마 - 광고 3 박자 다 통했다 ( in Korean ) . Donga. 2013 - 10 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kim , Joo - hyung ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` 3 년반 정든 런닝 맨 을 떠나 인기 가요 첫 생방 을 무사히 마쳤 습니다 ... ( 멱기 가요 ... ) ... '' Twitter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 中'런닝 맨 ' 조효진 PD `` ' 헐 ' 자막 위해 1 시간 회의 '' ( 韓 예능 中 한류 2 ) `` . Naver . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Running Man '' Producer to Leave the Show in March `` . soompi.com. 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Go , Dong - wan ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` 6 년간 의 런닝 맨 을 마감 하며 ~ 여러분 은 최고 입니다 두바이 에서 굿바이 '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SBS , Running - Man ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` ( 런닝 맨 제 306 회 ' 수상한 구조대 ' 촬영 현장 사진 ) 돌아온 멱 PD '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New `` Running Man '' PD Talks About The Future Of Name Tag Races And The Strengths Of The Show `` . soompi.com. 31 July 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW Variety segment `` Running Man '' `` . Asiae via Hancinema. 2010 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Variety Shows '' . CJ E&M enewsWorld. 2012 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Haha : ' I did n't expect Running Man to be so popular ' '' . Today Online . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` K - pop Stars to be on `` Running Man '' `` . 10Asia. 2013 - 08 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Lee Kwang Soo of `` Running Man '' Woos Singapore `` . The Diplomat. 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Running success from South Korea '' . The Star . 2013 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` FOCUS ON KOREA : How to Work with Korean Format Industry '' . MIPTV. 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ′ Running Man ′ Subbed in Many Languages Amazes Korean Fans '' . MWAVE . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4 reasons for Running Man 's success '' . The Straits Times . 2013 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Off and running : Running Man 's creator speaks '' . The Straits Times via Singapore Press Holdings . 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend date : Run and meet him '' . New Straits Times . 2014 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` S'pore fans go wild over Running Man cast members '' . The Straits Times via AsiaOne. 2013 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : ( in Korean ) TNmS Multimedia Ratings Page ^ Jump up to : ( in Korean ) AGB Nielsen Media Research Ratings Page Jump up ^ ⟨ 런닝 맨 ⟩ 대만 태국 중국 일본 등 亞 9 개국 수출 ... `` 한류 예능 으로 우뚝 '' ( in Korean ) . SBS Entertainment News . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' 런닝 맨 ' 조 PD , 상반기 아시아 레이스 추진 한다 '' ( in Korean ) . OSEN. 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 런닝 맨 해외 인기 한류 아이돌 능가 '' 제작진 도 놀랐다 ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ 런닝 맨 마카오 하노이 떠난다 `` 보안 상 극비 촬영 '' ( in Korean ) . Newsen. 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' 런닝 맨 ' , 호주 간다 ... PD `` 새로운 그림 담을 것 '' '' ( in Korean ) . Star News . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Running Man ' to Continue the Chase in Australia '' . MWAVE. 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 중국판 제작 확정 ... 中 절강 위성 우선 협상 ( in Korean ) . TV Report . 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , James ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Korean variety / game show ' Running Man ' to shoot in Taiwan : official '' . Central News Agency . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Park , Ji - ryun ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ′ Running Man ′ Confirms 2PM ′ s Taecyeon , miss A ′ s Fei , Shoo , Yeon Jung Hoon and More for Lunar New Year Special '' . Mwave . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 윤효정 ( 10 September 2015 ) . 유재석 , ' 런닝 맨 ' 충칭 팬 미팅 불참 `` 다른 6 인 모두 참여 '' . Newsen ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 윤상근 ( 20 October 2015 ) . ' 런닝 맨 ' 쉴틈 없는 팬 미팅 ... 23 일 베이징 서 완전체 뭉친다 . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : 이용욱 ( 21 November 2015 ) . ' 런닝 맨 ' 6 인 멤버 , 中 난징 팬 미팅 성황리 에 마쳐 . MyDaily ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' 런닝 맨 ' , 2 월 종영 앞두고 아시아 투어 ... 유재석 제외 5 인 팬 미팅 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 런닝 맨 Runningman '' . Gorunningman.com. 2016 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Shoes Designed by Running Man Fans Are Now a Reality '' . Soompi . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Running Man '' . ROOY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) . `` '' Running Man '' Brand Shoes Finally Go on Sale `` . Soompi . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Running Man : Canvas Shoes Submissions '' . ROOY . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NBA X Running Man '' . NBA style . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) ' 런닝 맨 ' 애니 나온다 ... ' 메뚜기 ' 유재석 ' 기린 ' 이광수 ... '' ( in Korean ) . Sports Donga. 2017 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cho Yoon - sun ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) . `` ( 공식 ) 첸백 시 , SBS ' 애니메이션 런닝 맨 ' 주제가 부른다 '' ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kim Cheol - gwan ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` 만화 로 들여다 본 SBS ' 런닝 맨 ' , 재능 발달 에 효과 '' ( in Korean ) . Jabo . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kim Cheol - gwan ( 2013 - 04 - 02 ) . `` 어린이 예능 만화 로 태어난 ' 런닝 맨 ' ' 납치 된 아이돌 을 구하라 -- 방송국 편 ' 출간 '' ( in Korean ) . Daily Korea . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' 냄새 를 보는 소녀'에 런닝 맨 등장 ... 온갖 지원 사격 출동 '' ( in Korean ) . Daily Spot News . 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ JOYCITY , 조이 시티 ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` 주사위 의 신 ! 티저 영상 대 공개 '' ( in Korean ) . Youtube . Jump up ^ `` LeeSsang ′ s Gary Announces He Will be Leaving ′ Running Man ′ and Variety in General '' . MWave. 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` '' Infinity Challenge '' and `` Running Man '' Cancel Shoot Due to Gil and Gary 's Absence `` . Soompi.com. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Apologizes for Quitting Debacle on ' Running Man ' '' . KpopStarz. 2012 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 단독 ) 김종국 송지효 , ' 런닝 맨 ' 하차 이틀 전 일방 통보 . Nate ( in Korean ) . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 단독 ) ' 유재석 X 강호동 ' 꿈 의 조합 , ' 런닝 맨 ' 새 시즌 연다 . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kang Ho Dong to join ' Running Man ' + Kim Jong Kook & Song Ji Hyo leaving ? '' . allkpop.com. 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong Kook and Song Ji Hyo 's labels confirmed they were blind - sided by ' Running Man ' producers '' . allkpop.com. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . ķ Jump up ^ `` ( BREAKING ) Song Ji Hyo and Kim Jong Kook were kicked out of Running Man , without being told '' . koreaboo.com. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Kang Ho Dong declines offer to join ' Running Man ' '' . allkpop.com. 14 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) ' 런닝 맨 ' 멤버 들 , 현재 여의도 긴급 회동 ' 전원 하차 논의 ' '' . Daum 연예 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( 단독 ) ' 런닝 맨 ' 2 월 종영 확정 ... ' 멤버 6 인 전원 합류 해 마무리 ' '' . Sports Chosun ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' 런닝 맨 ' PD `` 사과 받아 준 김종국 송지효 , 의리 감사 하다 '' ( 인터뷰 ) `` . twitter ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` SBS addresses rumors about the new season of ' Running Man ' completely falling apart '' . allkpop.com. 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ' 런닝 맨 ' 현 멤버 그대로 계속 달린다 ! ! . Nate ( in Korean ) . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee Jin - a ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Running Man ' will keep on running '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 피플 IS ) 다시 뛰는 ' 런닝 맨 ' , 김종국 이 설득 했다 '' . isplus.join.com ( in Korean ) . 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official website on SBS The Soty ( in Korean ) SBS : Good Sunday Previous program Running Man ( July 11 , 2010 -- Present ) Next program Family Outing 2 ( February 21 , 2010 -- July 11 , 2010 ) TBA ( hide ) Running Man Episodes 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Missions 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles Good Sunday Running Man Brothers List of awards and nominations received by Running Man ( hide ) Good Sunday Running Man members Current Yoo Jae - suk Haha Ji Suk - jin Kim Jong - kook Lee Kwang - soo Song Ji - hyo Jeon So - min Yang Se - chan Former Lizzy Song Joong - ki Gary Fantastic Duo MCs Jun Hyun - moo Lee So - ra Kim Bum - soo Yang Yo - seob Kim Jun - hyun Former segments Flower Crew Take Care of My Dad Roommate Barefooted Friends Kim Byung - man 's Law of the Jungle 2 K - pop Star 5 Heroes Family Outing 2 Family Outing Explorers of the Human Body X-man Reverse Drama Related articles List of Running Man episodes List of Family Outing episodes List of X-Man episodes List of programs broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running Man ( TV Series ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_Man_(TV_series)&oldid=826677169 '' Categories : Running Man ( TV series ) Seoul Broadcasting System television programmes South Korean variety television programmes South Korean game shows 2010 South Korean television series debuts 2010s South Korean television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) Articles with Korean - language external links Articles containing Korean - language text Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running%20Man%20%28TV%20series%29	107,725
retinol bound to retinol binding protein is a good measure of			Retinol - binding protein	retinol - binding protein	Retinol - binding proteins ( RBP ) are a family of proteins with diverse functions . They are carrier proteins that bind retinol . Assessment of retinol - binding protein is used to determine visceral protein mass in health - related nutritional studies .	Retinol and retinoic acid play crucial roles in the modulation of gene expression and overall development of an embryo . However , deficit or excess of either one of these substances can cause early embryo mortality or developmental malformations . Regulation of transport and metabolism of retinol necessary for a successful pregnancy is accomplished via RBP . Retinol - binding proteins have been identified within the uterus , embryo , and extraembryonic tissue of the bovine , ovine , and porcine , clearly indicating that RBP plays a role in proper retinol exposure to the embryo and successful transport at the maternal - fetal interface . Further research is necessary to determine the exact effects of poor RBP expression on pregnancy and threshold levels for said expression . Contents 1 Genes 2 RBP in pregnancy 2.1 Sites of synthesis 2.2 Types 2.3 Presence in livestock species during gestation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Genes ( edit ) Cellular : RBP1 , RBP2 , RBP5 , RBP7 Interstitial : RBP3 Plasma : RBP4 RBP in pregnancy ( edit ) Retinol plays a crucial role in the growth and differentiation of various body tissues , and it has been previously characterized that embryos are extremely sensitive to alterations in retinol concentration that can lead to spontaneous abortion and malformations occurring during development . Within a mature animal , retinol is transported from the liver via the circulatory system while bound to RBP to the desired target tissue . RBP is also bound to a carrier protein , transthyretin . The process by which RBP releases retinol for cellular availability is still unknown and not concisely determined . Sites of synthesis ( edit ) Traditionally , RBP is synthesized within the liver with secretion being dependent upon retinol concentrations . However , the concentrations levels do not appear to have an effect upon transcription of RBP messenger RNA ( mRNA ) which remains constant . Literature reveals that the bovine endometrium has also been identified as a location of RBP synthesis , as well as , the conceptus and extraembryonic tissues of various livestock species . Types ( edit ) Plasma retinol - binding protein , the retinol transport vehicle in serum . CRBP I / II , cellular - binding proteins involved in transport of retinol and metabolites into retinyl esters for storage or into retinoic acid . CRABPs , cellular retinoic acid -- binding proteins capable of binding retinol and retinoic acid with high affinity . It has also been characterized that CRABPs are involved in many aspects of the retinoic acid signaling pathway such as the regulation and availability of retinoic acid to nuclear receptors . Presence in livestock species during gestation ( edit ) Bovine / Ovine RBP , identical to that found in plasma has been identified in the placental tissues of both the ovine and the bovine , suggesting that RBP may be highly involved in retinol transport and metabolism during pregnancy . However , exact timing of expression had been yet to be identified . An antiserum specific for bovine conceptus RBP and immunohistochemistry has been utilized to identify the presence of RBP at different stages of early pregnancy . Strong immunostaining and hybridization were observed in the trophectoderm of tubular , but not spherical blastocysts at day 13 . RBP mRNA was localized to epithelial cells of the chorion , allantois , and amnion at day 45 of pregnancy . Lastly , RBP mRNA was detected in the cotyledons , the fetal contribution to the placenta and the site of attachment to the uterine epithelium for fetal / maternal exchange . Expression of RBP in developing conceptuses , extraembryonic membranes , and at the fetal - maternal interface indicate that there may be some regulation of retinol transport and metabolism that occurs due to RBP by the extraembryonic membranes . Within the uterus of pregnant bovines , it has been found that RBP synthesis in the luminal and glandular epithelium is quite similar to that of a cyclic animal 's ; however upon reaching day 17 of the estrous cycle , levels of RBP remain constant and continue to gradually rise throughout gestation . It has also been suggested that ovarian steroids may play a role in regulating uterine RBP expression . Porcine All three previously mentioned types of retinol - binding proteins ( RBP , CRBP , CRABP ) have been identified within the porcine placenta during pregnancy via immunohistochemistry . As previously mentioned , retinol and retinoic acid are modulators of gene expression and are necessary for the proper development and growth of a conceptus . Porcine exhibit a diffuse type placenta that has areolar - gland subunits which allows for transport of larger molecules between dam and fetus . RBP and CRBP have been identified in the endometrial glands and areolar trophoblasts , suggesting that RBP is crucial in transport of retinol from the gland to the trophectoderm of the conceptus . RBP expression has also been identified within the yolk sac , myometrium , oviduct , and numerous other fetal tissues . See also ( edit ) STRA6 ( Vitamin A receptor ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolf , G. ( 1984 ) . `` Multiple functions of vitamin A '' . Physiol. Rev. 64 : 873 -- 937 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Liu , K.H. ; Dore Jr. , J.J. ; Roberts , M.P. ; Krishnan , R. ; Hopkins , F.M. ; Godkin , J.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Expression and cellular localization of retinol - binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid in bovine blastocysts and extraembryonic membranes '' . Biol. Reprod. 49 ( 2 ) : 393 -- 400 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod49. 2.393 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , H.F.J. ; Brouer , J. ; Knook , D.L. ( 1987 ) . `` The role of hepatic fat - strong ( stellate ) cells in retinoid metabolism '' . Hepatology. 7 : 1368 -- 1371 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 1840070630 . Jump up ^ Hodam , J.R. ; St. Hilaire , P. ; Creek , K.E. ( 1991 ) . `` Comparison of the rate of uptake and biological effects of retinol added to human keratinocytes either directly to the culture medium or bound to serum retinol - binding protein '' . J. Invest . Dermatol. 97 : 298 -- 304 . doi : 10.1111 / 1523 - 1747. ep12480562 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , P.N. ; Bok , D. ; Ong , D.E. ( 1990 ) . `` Localization of cellular retinol - binding protein and retinol - binding protein in cells comprising the blood -- brain barrier of the rat and human '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 : 4265 -- 4269 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 87.11. 4265 . PMC 54089 . PMID 2190219 . Jump up ^ van Bennekum , A.M. ; Blaner , W.S. ; Seifert - Bock , I. ; Moukides , M. ; Brouwer , A. ; Hendricks , H.F.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Retinol uptake from retinol - binding protein ( RBP ) in liver parenchymal cells in - vitro does not specifically depend on its binding to RBP '' . Biochemistry . 32 : 1727 -- 1733 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00058a005 . Jump up ^ Blaner , W.S. ; Hedriks , J.F.J. ; Brouwer , A ; de Leeuw , A.M. ; Knook , D.L. ; Goodman , D.S. ( 1986 ) . `` Retinoids , retinol - binding proteins and retinyl palmitate hydrolase distributions in different types of rat liver cells '' . J. Lipid Res. 26 : 1241 -- 1251 . Jump up ^ Soprano , D.R. ; Soprano , K.J. ; Goodman , D.S. ( 1986 ) . `` Retinol - binding protein messenger RNA levels in the liver and in extrahepatic tissues of the rat '' . J. Lipid Res. 27 : 166 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Harney , J.P. ; Smith , L.C. ; Simmen , R.C.M. ; Fliss , A.E. ; Bazar , F.W. ( 1994 ) . `` Retinol - binding protein : immunolocalization of protein and abundance of messenger ribonucleic acid in conceptus and maternal tissues during pregnancy in pigs '' . Biol. Reprod. 50 : 1126 -- 1135 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod50. 5.1126 . ^ Jump up to : Liu , K.H. ; Godkin , J.D. ( 1992 ) . `` Characterization and immunolocalization of bovine uterine retinol - binding protein '' . Biology of Reproduction. 47 ( 6 ) : 1099 -- 1104 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod47. 6.1099 . Jump up ^ Liu , K.H. ; Gao , K.X. ; Baumbach , G.A. ; Godkin , J.D. ( 1992 ) . `` Purification and immunolocalization of ovine placental retinol - binding protein '' . Biology of Reproduction. 46 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 29 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod46. 1.23 . Jump up ^ Thomas , D.G. ; James , S.L. ; Fudge , A. ; Odgers , C. ; Teubner , J. ; Simmer , K. ( 1991 ) . `` Delivery of vitamin A from parenteral nutrition solutions in neonates '' . Journal of paediatrics and child health . 27 ( 3 ) : 180 -- 183 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1754.1991. tb00382. x . Jump up ^ Soprano , D.R. ; Gyda 3rd , M. ; Jiang , H. ; Harnish , D.C. ; Ugen , K. ; Satre , M. ; Chen , L. ; Soprano , K.J. ; Kochhar , D.M. ( 1994 ) . `` A sustained elevation in retinoic acid receptor - beta 2 mRNA and protein occurs during retinoic acid - induced fetal dysmorphogenesis '' . Mechanisms of development . 45 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 253 . doi : 10.1016 / 0925 - 4773 ( 94 ) 90011 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Johansson , S. ; Dencker , L. ; Dantzer , V. ( 2001 ) . `` Immunohistochemical localization of retinoid binding proteins at the materno - fetal interface of the porcine epitheliochorial placenta '' . Biol. Reprod. 64 : 60 -- 68 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod64. 1.60 . Jump up ^ Li , E. ; Norris , A.W. ( 1996 ) . `` Structure / function of cytoplasmic vitamin A -- binding proteins '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 16 : 205 -- 234 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 16.1. 205 . Jump up ^ Napoli , J.L. ; Boerman , M.H. ; Chai , X. ; Zhai , Y. ; Fiorella , P.D. ( 1995 ) . `` Enzymes and binding proteins affecting retinoic acid concentrations '' . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 53 ( 1 -- 6 ) : 497 -- 502 . doi : 10.1016 / 0960 - 0760 ( 95 ) 00096 - i . Jump up ^ Napoli , J.L. ( 1996 ) . `` Retinoic acid biosynthesis and metabolism '' . The FASEB Journal . 10 ( 9 ) : 993 -- 1001 . doi : 10.1096 / fasebj. 10.9. 8801182 . Jump up ^ Gustafson , A.L. ; Donovan , M. ; Annerwall , E. ; Dencker , L. ; eriksson , U. ( 1996 ) . `` Nuclear import of cellular retinoic acid - binding protein type I in mouse embryonic cells '' . Mechanisms of development . 58 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 27 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , S.H. ; Roberts , M.P. ; Liu , K.H. ; Dore , J.J.E. ; Godkin , J.D. ( 1997 ) . `` Bovine endometrial retinol - binding protein secretion , messenger ribonucleic acid expression , and cellular localization during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy '' . Biol. Reprod. 57 : 1445 -- 1450 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod57. 6.1445 . External links ( edit ) Noy N ( 2000 ) . `` Retinoid - binding proteins : mediators of retinoid action '' . Biochem J. 348 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 95 . doi : 10.1042 / 0264 - 6021 : 3480481 . PMC 1221089 . PMID 10839978 . link Retinol - Binding + Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Proteins : carrier proteins Fatty acid FABP1 FABP2 FABP3 FABP4 FABP5 FABP6 FABP7 Hormone peptide hormone : Follistatin Growth hormone binding protein Insulin - like growth factor binding protein IGFBP1 IGFBP2 IGFBP3 IGFBP4 IGFBP5 IGFBP6 IGFBP7 Neurophysins Neurophysin I II steroid hormone : Sex hormone binding globulin / Androgen binding protein Transcortin Thyroxine - binding globulin Transthyretin Metal / element calcium Calcium - binding protein Calmodulin - binding proteins copper Ceruloplasmin iron Iron - binding proteins Transferrin receptor Vitamin Retinol binding protein Transcobalamin Pigment Plant Light - Harvesting Complex Orange Carotenoid Protein Phycobiliprotein Photosynthetic Reaction Centers Phytochrome Rhodopsin Other Acyl carrier protein Adaptor protein Cholesterylester transfer protein F - box protein GTP - binding protein Latent TGF - beta binding protein Major urinary proteins Membrane transport protein Odorant binding protein Proteins : Globular proteins Serum globulins Alpha globulins serpins : alpha - 1 ( Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin , Alpha 1 - antitrypsin ) alpha - 2 ( Alpha 2 - antiplasmin ) Antithrombin ( Heparin cofactor II ) carrier proteins : alpha - 1 ( Transcortin ) alpha - 2 ( Ceruloplasmin ) Retinol binding protein other : alpha - 1 ( Orosomucoid ) alpha - 2 ( alpha - 2 - Macroglobulin , Haptoglobin ) Beta globulins carrier proteins : Sex hormone - binding globulin Transferrin other : Angiostatin Hemopexin Beta - 2 microglobulin Factor H Plasminogen Properdin Gamma globulin Immunoglobulins Other Fibronectin ( fFN : Fetal fibronectin ) Macroglobulin / Microglobulin Transcobalamin Edestin Other globulins Beta - lactoglobulin Lactoferrin Thyroglobulin Alpha - lactalbumin 11S globulin family ( seeds ) 7S globulin family ( seeds ) Albumins Egg white Conalbumin Ovalbumin Avidin Serum albumin Human serum albumin Bovine serum albumin Prealbumin Other C - reactive protein Lactalbumin ( Alpha - lactalbumin ) Parvalbumin Ricin see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Metabolism of vitamins , coenzymes , and cofactors Fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A Retinol binding protein Vitamin E Alpha - tocopherol transfer protein Vitamin D liver ( Sterol 27 - hydroxylase or CYP27A1 ) renal ( 25 - Hydroxyvitamin D 1 - alpha - hydroxylase or CYP27B1 ) degradation ( 1 , 25 - Dihydroxyvitamin D 24 - hydroxylase or CYP24A1 ) Vitamin K Vitamin K epoxide reductase Water soluble vitamins Thiamine ( B ) Thiamine diphosphokinase Niacin ( B ) Indoleamine 2 , 3 - dioxygenase Formamidase Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pantothenate kinase Folic acid ( B ) Dihydropteroate synthase Dihydrofolate reductase Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase Vitamin B MMAA MMAB MMACHC MMADHC Vitamin C L - gulonolactone oxidase Riboflavin ( B ) Riboflavin kinase Nonvitamin cofactors Tetrahydrobiopterin GTP cyclohydrolase I 6 - pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase Sepiapterin reductase PCBD1 PTS QDPR Molybdenum cofactor MOCS1 MOCS2 MOCS3 Gephyrin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retinol-binding_protein&oldid=849483487 '' Categories : Proteins Peripheral membrane proteins Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol-binding%20protein	107,726
report writing on metro rail project in hyderabad			Hyderabad Metro	hyderabad metro		The Hyderabad Metro is a rapid transit system , serving the city of Hyderabad , Telangana , India . It is in Secant Operational model . It is being implemented entirely on public - private partnership ( PPP ) basis , with the state government holding a minority equity stake . The 30 km stretch from Miyapur to Nagole , having 24 stations was inaugurated on 28 November 2017 by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi . No other rapid transit metro service in India opened for public operations on such a long stretch of 30 km . It is estimated to cost ₹ 18,800 crore ( US $2.9 billion ) . As of May 2018 , 70,000 people use the Metro per day . Trains are moderately crowded during the morning and evening hours , when employees travel to and from work . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Construction history 1.3 Mascot 1.4 Awards and nominations 2 Construction Phases 2.1 Phase I 2.2 Six Stage Construction Schedule 2.3 Phase II 2.4 Initial Bidding 2.5 Re-bidding 2.6 Construction stage 2.7 Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited ( HAML ) 2.7. 1 Gallery 3 Current status 4 Lines 4.1 Red Line : Miyapur -- L.B. Nagar 4.2 Green Line : JBS -- Falaknuma 4.3 Blue Line : Nagole - Raidurg 5 Reception 6 Cost 7 Infrastructure 7.1 CBTC Technology 7.2 Rolling stock 7.3 Ticketing 7.4 Stations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Metro Rail L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited is the Concessionaire for this Project . They are responsible for construction , operation , and maintenance of the metro . The project is built and maintained as a Public Private Partnership ( PPP ) . Background ( edit ) To respond the rising public transport needs and mitigate escalating vehicular traffic in the twin - cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad , the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh Government and the South Central Railway zone jointly launched the Multi Modal Transport System ( MMTS ) in ( August ) 2003 . This Rs. 167 crores worth transport system , 50 percent of which was financed by the State Government and the remaining by used the already existing rail lines of the Indian Railways in and around Hyderabad making it a highly cost effective one . However , within months of starting of its operation , it became apparent that it has been met with poor response . The reasons for this dismal response include poor punctuality of trains , lack of dedicated tracks for MMTS services , and absence of feeder bus services limiting the network 's reach . Though the ridership of the MMTS has increased over the years , the failure in augmentation of the services in line with the increasing ridership has led to its unpopularity among 150,000 passengers who avail the services daily . This notwithstanding , the Union Ministry of Urban Development , in October 2003 , gave its nod for the Hyderabad Metro Rail Project and directed the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation to conduct a survey on the project . Involving an investment of over Rs. 4000 crores , this project was seen necessary in view that the population of Hyderabad was forecasted to reach 13.6 million by the year 2021 . According to the initial plan , the metro was to be connected with the already existing MMTS to provide commuters with alternate modes of transport . Simultaneously , the proposals for taking up the construction of MMTS Phase - II were also taken forward . Like Delhi , Hyderabad 's metro project is ambitious in scope and swift in execution . Following a construction period of just five years , the first phase , comprising three lines totalling 71 km with 66 stations is expected to be completed in November 2018 . It is also a technical pioneer , bringing CBTC to an Indian city for the first time . Construction history ( edit ) The construction of the entire 71.16 km has been split into 6 stages with the first stage originally scheduled to be completed by March 2015 In November 2013 , L&T Hyderabad Metro started laying of rails on the metro viaduct between Nagole and Mettuguda , a stretch of 8 km . The first highly sophisticated train of the Hyderabad Metro Rail ( HMR ) came from Korea during the third week of May 2014 . Stringent trial runs commenced from June 2014 till February 2015 . The trial runs started on the Miyapur to Sanjeeva Reddy Nagar stretch in October 2015 . CMRS inspection for Stage - II ( Miyapur and S.R. Nagar Section ) was done on 9 , 10 August 2016 . Three interchanges are planned at Mahatma Gandhi Bus Terminus , Parade Grounds and Ameerpet . The steel bridge of the HMR was successfully placed over the Oliphant bridge in August 2017 . In November 2017 , Commissioner of Railway Safety ( CMRS ) granted safety approval for 12 km stretch from Miyapur to SR Nagar , 10 km stretch from SR Nagar to Mettuguda and 8 km stretch from Nagole to Mettuguda . Mascot ( edit ) The mascot of Hyderabad Metro Rail is Niz . It was derived from the word Nizam , who ruled the princely state of Hyderabad . Awards and nominations ( edit ) HMR project was showcased as one of the top 100 strategic global infrastructure projects at the Global Infrastructure Leadership Forum held in New York during February -- March 2013 . L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Limited ( LTMRHL ) has been conferred the SAP ACE Award 2015 in the ' Strategic HR and Talent Management ' category . Construction phases ( edit ) The construction work will be undertaken in two phases . There are six stages of completion in Phase I . Phase I ( edit ) The Phase I of the project includes 3 lines covering a distance of around 66.56 km . The metro rail stretches between Nagole and Secunderabad 11 km originally scheduled to be operational by December 2015 , is now partially operational since 29 November 2017 . The entire 66.56 km 57 - station first phase is due to be completed by December 2018 with Ameerpet - Hitech City line to be completed by June 2018 . Line 1 - Red Line - Miyapur -- LB Nagar - 29.2 km ( 18.1 mi ) Line 2 - Green Line - Parade Grounds - Falaknuma 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Line 3 - Blue Line - Nagole -- Raidurg - 27 km ( 17 mi ) Six Stage Construction Schedule ( edit ) Stage Target Section Distance Line Line Colour Status Stage 1 Nagole -- Mettuguda 8.01 km ( 4.98 mi ) Line III Blue Completed Stage 2 Miyapur -- Ameerpet 11.9 km ( 7.4 mi ) Line I Red Completed Stage 3 Mettuguda -- Ameerpet 9.4 km ( 5.8 mi ) Line III Blue Completed Stage 4 Ameerpet -- Raidurg 9.43 km ( 5.86 mi ) Line III Blue Under Construction Stage 5 Ameerpet -- LB Nagar 17.31 km ( 10.76 mi ) Line I Red under construction Stage 6 JBS -- Falaknuma 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Line II Green Under Construction Total 71.2 km ( 44.2 mi ) Phase II ( edit ) The Government is planning second phase of metro rail extending further . The proposed routes are as following : Target Section Distance ( in km ) Line Raidurg -- Gachibowli -- Shamshabad RGI Airport 30 km ( 19 mi ) Line IV Miyapur -- BHEL - Patancheru 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Line I extension LB Nagar -- Hayath Nagar 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) Line I extension JBS -- Alwal 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) Line II extension Nagole -- LB Nagar -- Falaknuma -- Shamshabad RGI Airport 28 km ( 17 mi ) Line III extension Miyapur -- Gachibowli -- Tolichowki -- Lakdi ka pul 20 km ( 12 mi ) Line V Tarnaka -- ECIL ' X ' Roads 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) Line VI Initial bidding ( edit ) The bidding process was completed by July 2008 and awarded to Maytas which failed to achieve financial closure for the project as per schedule By March 2009 . In July 2009 , the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh Government cancelled the contract and called for fresh bids for the project . Rebidding ( edit ) In the July - 2010 rebidding process , Larsen & Toubro ( L&T ) emerged as the lowest bidder for the ₹ 121.32 billion ( US $1.9 billion ) project . L&T came forward to take up the work for about ₹ 14.58 billion ( US $220 million ) as viability gap funding as against the sanctioned ₹ 48.53 billion ( US $740 million ) . Construction Stage ( edit ) Groundbreaking ( Bhoomi Puja ) for the project was conducted on 26 April 2012 the concessionaire started the pillar erection on the same day for Stage - I and on 6 June 2012 for Stage - II . The work for Corridor 2 has been delayed due to traders in Koti and Sultan Bazar demanding realignment of the route to safeguard traders and old age heritage markets . If the recent bill proposed in Parliament which allows construction within a 100 metre radius of heritage structures and sites of historical or archaeological importance is passed , Metro might receive a chance as it helps to connect the Old city with IT corridor . Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited ( HAML ) ( edit ) On March 26 , 2018 , Telangana Govt announced that it would set up a SPV `` Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited ( HAML ) '' , jointly promoted by HMRL and HMDA , to extend the Blue line from Raidurg to Rajiv Gandhi International Airport . Gallery ( edit ) Metrorail work under Progress near Secunderabad Railway Station as of June 2016 Segments being placed at the Uppal station as of March 2013 The Uppal Station under construction as of April 2014 Metrorail work under Progress on Mettuguda - Nagole Line near Uppal as of October 2014 Metrorail work under Progress on Miyapur - LB Nagar line near KPHB as of October 2014 Bharat Nagar Metro Station under construction as of January 2016 Current status ( edit ) Line First operational Last extension Stations Length Terminals Rolling stock Track gauge ( mm ) Power Average Frequency ( Minutes ) Red 29 November 2017 11 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) Miyapur Ameerpet 1435 25 kV OHE 7.5 Green 1435 25 kV OHE Blue 29 November 2017 14 17 km ( 11 mi ) Ameerpet Nagole 1435 25 kV OHE 7.5 25 30 km ( 19 mi ) Lines ( edit ) ( hide ) Hyderabad Metro Phase I Red Line : Miyapur -- LB Nagar ( 29.21 km ) Green Line : JBS -- Falaknuma ( 10.06 km ) Blue Line : Nagole -- Raidurg ( 29 km ) Legend Miyapur Raidurg JNTU Hitec City KPHB Colony COD Kukatpally Madhapur Balanagar Peddamma Temple Moosapet Jubilee Hills Checkpost Bharatnagar Jubilee Hills Erragadda Yousufguda ESI Maduranagar SR Nagar Ameerpet Panjagutta Begumpet Erra Manzil Prakash Nagar Khairtabad Rasoolpura Lakdikapul Paradise Assembly JBS Nampally Gandhi Bhavan Parade Grounds Osmania Medical College Secunderabad Secunderabad Mettuguda Gandhi Hospital Lalaguda Musheerabad Tarnaka RTC Cross Roads Habsiguda Chikkadapalli NGRI Narayanaguda Uppal Sultan Bazar Nagole MGBS Malakpet Salarjung Museum New Market Charminar Musarambagh Shalibanda Dilsukhnagar Shamsherganj Chaitanyapuri Jangametta Victory Memorial Falaknuma LB Nagar Since the first version of the plans , the three corridors mostly remained the same , but minor changes were introduced . These include the lack of stop at Lalaguda , or a stop at Lakdikapul instead of Secretariat . Also , the lines have been marked with several different combination of color . Hi - Tec City to Raidurg , 1.5 - kilometre stretch on Corridor Three - Nagole to Shilparmamam / Raidurg , is scheduled to be completed in November 2019 , as it involves construction of 49 pillars and the Raidurg terminal station . Efforts are being made to complete the 8.5 - km stretch from Ameerpet to Hi - Tec City by June 2018 . Red Line : Miyapur -- L.B. Nagar ( edit ) Route Length -- 29.21 km ( 18.15 mi ) Number of Stations ( All elevated ) -- 27 Link to other Corridors At Ameerpet -- Connecting Corridors 1 and 3 At Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station -- Connecting Corridors 1 and 2 # Station Name Operational Connections Miyapur Yes None J.N.T.U College Yes None K.P.H.B. Colony Yes None Kukatpally Yes None 5 Balanagar Yes None 6 Moosapet Yes None 7 Bharatnagar Yes None 8 Erragadda Yes None 9 ESI Hospital Yes None 10 S.R Nagar Yes None 11 Ameerpet Yes Blue Line 12 Punjagutta Pending None 13 Erra Manzil Pending None 14 Khairatabad Pending None 15 Lakdi - ka - pul Pending None 16 Assembly Pending None 17 Nampally Pending None 18 Gandhi Bhavan Pending None 19 Osmania Medical College Pending None 20 MG Bus Stand Pending Green Line 21 Malakpet ( Nalgonda ' X ' Road ) Pending None 22 New Market ( Super Bazaar ) Pending None 23 Musarambagh ( TV Tower ) Pending None 24 Dilsukh Nagar Pending None 25 Chaitanyapuri Pending None 26 Victoria Memorial Pending None 27 L.B. Nagar Pending None Green Line : JBS -- Falaknuma ( edit ) Route Length -- 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) Number of Stations ( All elevated ) -- 14 Link to other Corridors At Parade Grounds -- Connecting Corridors 2 and 3 At Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station -- Connecting Corridors 1 and 3 # Station Name Operational Connections Parade Grounds Pending Blue Line Secunderabad West Pending None Gandhi Hospital Pending None Musheerabad Pending None 5 R.T.C. Cross Roads Pending None 6 Chikkadpally Pending None 7 Narayanguda Pending None 8 Sultan Bazaar Pending None 9 M.G. Bus Station Pending Red Line 10 Salarjung Museum Pending None 11 Charminar Pending None 12 Shalibanda Pending None 13 Shamsherganj Pending None 14 Falaknuma Pending None Blue Line : Nagole - Raidurg ( edit ) Route Length -- 27 km ( 17 mi ) Number of Stations ( All elevated ) -- 23 Link to other Corridors At Ameerpet -- Connecting Corridors 3 and 1 At Parade Grounds -- Connecting Corridors 3 and 2 # Station Name Operational Connections Nagole Yes None Uppal Yes None Stadium Yes None NGRI Yes None 5 Habsiguda Yes None 6 Tarnaka Yes None 7 Mettuguda Yes None 8 Secunderabad East Yes None 9 Parade Grounds Yes Green Line 10 Paradise Yes None 11 Rasoolpura Yes None 12 Prakash Nagar Yes None 13 Begumpet Yes None 14 Ameerpet Yes Red Line 15 MadhuraNagar Pending None 16 Yousufguda Pending None 17 Jubilee Hills Road No. 5 Pending None 18 Jubilee Hills Checkpost Pending None 19 Peddamma Temple Pending None 20 Madhapur Pending None 21 Durgam Cheruvu Pending None 22 Hitec City Pending None 23 Raidurg Pending None Reception ( edit ) The Metro has opened to overwhelming response , with over 200,000 people using it on Day 1 . On the first Sunday of operations , the Metro was used by 240,000 people.. The ridership after the first month is around 70,000 daily . Trains are initially being operated at a frequency of 6.5 minutes ( between Miyapur - Ameerpet ) and ( between Ameerpet - Nagole ) , , though maximum achievable frequency is every 90 seconds . Similarly , three - car trains are being used currently , though it is planned to use six - car trains in the future . Cost ( edit ) The initial official estimated cost of the 72 km long Metro project stood at ₹ 14,132 crore ( US $2.2 billion ) . The Central Government decided to bear 10 % of it , while L&T was to bear the remaining 90 % of the cost . The construction work which was supposed to commence on 3 March 2011 commenced in 2012 . In March 2012 , the cost of the project was revised upwards to ₹ 15,957 crore ( US $2.4 billion ). . This has been further revised upwards to ₹ 18,800 crore ( US $2.9 billion ) ( as of November 2017 ) . Infrastructure ( edit ) The 71.3 km standard - gauge network will feature ballastless track throughout and will be electrified at 25kV ac 50 Hz . An operations control centre and depot are being constructed at Uppal . CBTC technology ( edit ) At the end of 2012 , L&T Metro Rail awarded Thales a Rs 7.4 bn ( $ US 134m ) contract to provide CBTC and integrated telecommunications and supervision systems on all three lines . Thales will supply its SelTrac CBTC technology , and trains will initially run in automatic train operation mode with minimum headways of 90 seconds , although the system will support eventual migration to unattended train operation ( UTO ) . Rolling stock ( edit ) On 12 September 2012 , Larsen and Toubro Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd ( LTMRHL ) announced that it has awarded tender for supply of rolling stock to Hyundai Rotem . The ₹ 18 billion ( US $280 million ) tender is for 57 trains consisting of 171 cars which will be delivered in phases at least 9 months before the commencement of each stage . On 2 October 2013 , LTMRHL unveiled its train car for Hyderabad Metro . A model coach which is half the size of the actual coach , was on public display at Necklace Road on the banks of Hussain Sagar in the heart of Hyderabad . The trains will be 3.2 m wide and 4m high . There will be 4 doors on each side of each coach . On 10 April 2014 , the first metro train for HMR rolled out of Hyundai Rotem factory at Changwon in South Korea and reached Hyderabad in May 2014 . On 31 December 2014 , Hyderabad Metro Rail successfully conducted a training run in Automatic Train Operation ( ATO ) mode for the first time between Nagole and Mettuguda . Ticketing ( edit ) The L&T Hyderabad project will have an automated ticketing system with features such as contactless smart card based ticketing , slim automatic gates , payment by cash and credit / debit card , passenger operated ticket vending machine and provision of common ticketing system . It will also have a provision of NFC - based technology to enable usage of mobile phones as fare media and high performance machine to avoid long queues . Samsung Data Systems India , a subsidiary of South Korean firm Samsung , has been awarded the automatic fare collection system package for the L&T metro rail project . The package involves design , manufacture , supply , installation , testing and commissioning of the system . Official ticket prices were announced on 25 November 2017 . The base fare is ₹ 10 for up to 2 km . Slab Distance ( km ) Metro Fare ( ₹ ) 0 - 2 10 2 - 4 15 4 - 6 25 6 - 8 30 5 8 - 10 35 6 10 - 14 40 7 14 - 18 45 8 18 - 22 50 9 22 - 26 55 10 > 26 60 Stations ( edit ) Hyderabad metro will have 64 stations in phase I. They will be provided with amenities such as escalators and elevators to reach the stations , announcement boards , electronic display systems among others for passengers . Commercial will also be provided on stations . Hyderabad metro stations will also have service roads underneath them to provide last mile connectivity by allowing other public transportation systems use it for dropping / picking passengers right in front of the stations and ensure uninterrupted traffic . Currently the service lane works are currently on at Nagole and Uppal stations . The signboards of Hyderabad Metro are displayed in Telugu , English , Hindi and Urdu at metro stations . Otis Elevator Company of United States won the contract to supply and maintain 670 elevators . In May 2018 , L&T Metro Rail announced that it had signed a contract with Powergrid Corporation of India to install electric vehicle charging facilities at all metro stations beginning with Miyapur and Dr. BR Ambedkar Balanagar stations . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal Hyderabad MMTS Rapid transit in India Secunderabad Railway Station South Central Railway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro rail flagged off today : See fares , timings , routes and other features '' . The Indian Express . 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Updates '' . Hyderabad Metro Rail. 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Description '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How metro rail networks are spreading across India '' . Jump up ^ `` EPC vs PPP in metro rail '' . Projectsmonitor.com. 2 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PM Modi inaugurates Hyderabad Metro Rail '' . Jump up ^ `` PM Narendra Modi flags off Hyderabad Metro '' . Jump up ^ `` SR Nagar - Mettuguda was missing link in 30 - km Metro rail corridor '' . Jump up ^ `` Metro Rail to get lease of life in November '' . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro patronage sees upward curve '' . Telangana Today . 2018 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro project delay by L&T pushes up cost by over 30 per cent '' . India Today . 26 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advani flags off first MMTS train '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad. 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rs 4,500 - crore MMTS project report under way '' . Business Standard . Hyderabad. 15 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nod for metro rail project '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad. 27 October 2003 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Dreams , Small Reality : Secunderabad - Hyderabad MMTS plagued by a variety of issues '' . Rail News.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Commuters fume over erratic MMTS train schedule '' . The Hindu . Hyderabad. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` L&T 's delay in Hyderabad metro project to escalate cost to tune of over Rs 4,600 crore '' . www.businesstoday.in . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Keith . `` Hyderabad Metro set for 2014 opening '' . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro Rail phase - I to be completed by 2014 '' . NDTV.com. 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Our Bureau . `` Hyderabad Metro rail stage I to be flagged off by June 2014 - Business Line '' . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kumar , V. Rishi ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` L&T Hyderabad Metro begins laying of rails '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , V. Rishi ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` L&T Hyderabad Metro phase I to be ready by March 2015 '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CMRS completes 1 day inspection for Hyderabad Metro Stage - II , Miyapur to S.R. Nagar '' . metrorailnews.info . Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , S. Sandeep ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` MGBS land sought for Metro Rail interchange station '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro ROB placed at Oliphant Bridge '' . telanganatoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Metro steel bridge crosses Oliphenta railway bridge '' . thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` L&T Hyderabad Metro Rail gets safety approval '' . Jump up ^ `` Niz is Hyderabad Metro Rail 's mascot '' . The Hindu . 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheHindu.com Metro in best 100 global projects '' . www.thehindubusinessline.com . Jump up ^ `` DeccanChronicle.com metro - among - 100 - global - projects '' . metro - among - 100 - global - projects . Archived from the original on 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L&T Metro Rail Hyd bags SAP award '' . 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` KTR wants Hyderabad Metro works in IT Corridor completed by June 1 '' . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State to seek Japanese help for Phase II works of Metro Rail Project '' . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L&T performs Bhoomi Puja for Hyderabad metro '' . The Hindu . 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L&T metro rail schedule on track '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Rail works picking up speed '' . The Deccan Chronicle. 31 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monument law amendment buoys Metro dream in Old City , but political will needed '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where 's my Metro to cyber city , ask techies '' . Jump up ^ `` Metro rail line to Raidurg another two years away '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 2 lakh passengers travel by Hyderabad metro rail on day 1 '' . The Indian Express . 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-record-24-lakh-commuters-travel-by-hyderabad-metro-on-sunday-32847 Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mania-peaks-2-1-lakh-riders-send-metro-in-tizzy/articleshow/61898886.cms Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/full-metro-service-from-launch-day/article19652407.ece Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro Rail Project will be completed by 2017 : Andhra Pradesh government '' . NDTV.com. 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyd Metro Rail Project will be completed on schedule : AP govt , IBN Live News '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 8 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro rail cost overshoots estimates '' . The Times Of India . 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro project delay by L&T pushes up cost by over 30 per cent '' . India Today . 26 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L&T Hyderabad Metro awards contracts to Thales '' . thehindubusinessline.com. 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` L&T Metro Rail grants Rs 1,800 cr contract to Hyundai Rotem '' . Zeenews.india.com . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Rotem cars to run on metro tracks '' . The Times Of India . 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L&T awards rolling stock contract to Hyundai Rotem '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Larsen and Tourbo Hyderabad Metro unveils train car '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First train for Hyderabad Metro rolls out of Korean factory '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Metro rail goes on first automatic trial run '' . 31 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 -- via www.thehindu.com . ^ Jump up to : Our Bureau ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Samsung bags fare collection system contract for Hyderabad Metro Business Line '' . Thehindubusinessline.com . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Udgirkar , Trushna . `` Hyderabad Metro in ticketing deal with Samsung '' . mydigitalfc.com . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro to get service lanes '' . 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No Language Wars Here , Hyderabad Metro to Use 4 Languages '' . Jump up ^ Bureau , Our ( 14 April 2011 ) . `` Fare structure for Hyderabad metro notified '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad Metro stations to have electric vehicle charging points '' . The Economic Times . 19 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ( 2 ) The Hindu Business Line , Hyderabad January 23 , 2018 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyderabad Metro Rail . Hyderabad Metro Rail Ltd Hyderabad Metro Timings Hyderabad Metro Hyderabad Metro rote map & metro train timings Urban rail transit in India Suburban rail Operational Chennai Suburban Railway Delhi Suburban Railway Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System Kolkata Kolkata Suburban Railway Kolkata Circular Railway Lucknow Barabanki -- Lucknow Suburban Railway Lucknow -- Kanpur Suburban Railway Mumbai Suburban Railway Pune Suburban Railway Planned Ahmedabad Suburban Railway Bengaluru Commuter Rail Proposed Delhi -- Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Delhi -- Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System Rapid transit Operational Chennai Metro Delhi Metro Rapid Metro Gurgaon Hyderabad Metro Jaipur Metro Kochi Metro Kolkata Metro Lucknow Metro Mumbai Metro Namma Metro Under construction Metro - Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad Nagpur Metro Navi Mumbai Metro Noida Metro Pune Metro Planned Agra Metro Bhopal Metro Chandigarh Metro Guwahati Metro Indore Metro Jabalpur Metro Kanpur Metro Ludhiana Metro Meerut Metro Patna Metro Surat Metro Varanasi Metro Vijayawada Metro Visakhapatnam Metro Proposed Allahabad Metro Bareilly Metro Coimbatore Metro Greater Gwalior Metro Greater Nasik Metro Ranchi Metro Srinagar Metro Western railway elevated corridor Monorail Operational Mumbai Monorail Planned Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Proposed Ahmedabad Monorail Aizawl Monorail Bengaluru Monorail Bhubaneswar Monorail Delhi Monorail Indore Monorail Kanpur Monorail Kolkata Monorail Navi Mumbai Monorail Patna Monorail Pune Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Light rail Proposed Delhi Light Rail Transit Kolkata Light Rail Transit Kozhikode Light Metro Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro Tram Operational Trams in Kolkata Keolis Asia Hyderabad Metro Australia Keolis Downer ( 51 % ) G : link Hornibrook Bus Lines Newcastle Transport Path Transit SouthLink Yarra Trams Europe Eurobahn Keolis Nederland Keolis Norge United Kingdom Docklands Light Railway ( 70 % ) Govia ( 35 % ) Govia Thameslink Railway Southeastern Keolis Amey Wales Manchester Metrolink ( 60 % ) Nottingham Express Transit ( 80 % ) North America GrandLinq Keolis Commuter Services Orléans Express ( 75 % ) Former operations Acadian Lines ( 75 % ) First TransPennine Express ( 45 % ) London Midland ( 35 % Govia ) Thameslink ( 35 % Govia ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyderabad_Metro&oldid=843470963 '' Categories : Keolis Transport in Hyderabad , India Rail transport in Telangana Hyderabad Metro Standard gauge railways in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Русский తెలుగు ไทย Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 10 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad%20Metro	107,727
what was the name of the helicopter pilot on magnum pi	Roger Earl Mosley ( born December 18 , 1938 ) is a retired American actor , director and writer best known for his role as the helicopter pilot Theodore `` T.C. '' Calvin in the television series , Magnum , P.I. .	Theodore `` T.C. '' Calvin	Roger E. Mosley	roger e. mosley	Roger Earl Mosley ( born December 18 , 1938 ) is a retired American actor , director and writer best known for his role as the helicopter pilot Theodore `` T.C. '' Calvin in the television series , Magnum , P.I. .	Contents 1 Biography 2 Career 3 Partial filmography 4 References 5 External links Biography ( edit ) Mosley was born in Los Angeles , California . He grew up in the Imperial Courts public housing with his mother Eloise Harris in Watts . In 1974 , he founded the Watts Repertory Company . Mosley is a licensed private helicopter pilot in real life , but when on the set of Magnum P.I. he was not allowed to do his own stunts ; a pilot wearing a body stocking with false muscles would be used instead . In 2013 at the HAI Heli - Expo in Las Vegas , a ceremony for the restored MD 500D helicopter was held . Both Mosley and fellow Magnum P.I. co-star Larry Manetti autographed the nose of the helicopter . Career ( edit ) Mosley appeared as Monk in Terminal Island ( 1973 ) . Other actors in the feature were Phyllis Davis , Don Marshall , Ena Hartman and Tom Selleck , who would later star in the television series Magnum , P.I. . Mosley 's most prominent film role to date was his 1976 starring turn as the title character in Leadbelly , directed by Gordon Parks . In an article in the November , 1982 issue of Ebony magazine , it was revealed that this was his favorite role . He appeared in Magnum , P.I. as Tom Selleck 's friend and helicopter pilot Theodore `` T.C. '' Calvin , who operates his own tourist charter , Island Hoppers , from 1980 - 1988 . He appeared in season five of Las Vegas as the billionaire friend of Montecito owner A.J. Cooper ( Tom Selleck ) . He has guest - starred on such shows as Night Court , Kung Fu , Starsky and Hutch , Kojak , The Rockford Files , Baretta , and Sanford and Son ; he also played a role in Roots : The Next Generations . Mosley made a memorable appearance in the 1973 film The Mack as the militant brother of the main character Goldie . He appeared in other blaxploitation films including Hit Man ( 1972 ) , Sweet Jesus , Preacherman ( 1973 ) , Darktown Strutters ( 1975 ) , and The River Niger ( 1976 ) . His other film credits include McQ ( 1974 ) with John Wayne , The Greatest ( 1977 , as Sonny Liston ) , Semi-Tough ( 1977 ) , Heart Condition ( 1990 ) and Pentathlon ( 1994 ) . He also starred in the television series Hangin ' With Mr. Cooper ( 1992 - 1993 ) as Coach Ricketts in a recurring role with comedian / actor Mark Curry , and in the film A Thin Line Between Love & Hate ( 1996 ) with Martin Lawrence , Lynn Whitfield , and Bobby Brown . He also appeared as a celebrity guest on The $25,000 Pyramid for a week 's worth of shows in July 1983 , July 1984 , in June 1985 . Partial filmography ( edit ) The New Centurions ( 1972 ) - Truck Driver Hickey & Boggs ( 1972 ) - ( uncredited ) Hit Man ( 1972 ) - Huey The Mack ( 1973 ) - Olinga Sweet Jesus , Preacherman ( 1973 ) - Holmes / Lee Terminal Island ( 1973 ) - Monk McQ ( 1974 ) - Rosey Darktown Strutters ( 1975 ) - Mellow The River Niger ( 1976 ) - Big Moe Hayes Stay Hungry ( 1976 ) - Newton Leadbelly ( 1976 ) - Huddie Ledbetter Drum ( 1976 ) - Slave ( uncredited ) The Greatest ( 1977 ) - Sonny Liston Big Time ( 1977 ) - J.J. Semi-Tough ( 1977 ) - Puddin Patterson Sr . Cruise Into Terror ( 1978 ) - Nathan The Jericho Mile ( 1979 ) - Cotton Crown Steel ( 1979 ) - Lionel Magnum , P.I. ( 1980 - 1988 , TV Series ) - Theodore ' TC ' Calvin Attica ( 1980 ) - Frank Green Pray TV ( 1980 ) - Willie Washington / Leroy Washington The White Lions ( 1981 ) - John Kani Heart Condition ( 1990 ) - Captain Wendt Unlawful Entry ( 1992 ) - Officer Roy Cole Pentathlon ( 1994 ) - John Creese A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) - Smitty Letters from a Killer ( 1998 ) - Horton Hammerlock ( 2000 ) - Sgt . James Hammer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tomselleck.de Roger E. Mosley Biographie Jump up ^ Loki Radoslav Pon Press , 1 Apr 2012 - Performing Arts Roger E. Mosley Pon Press , 2012 ISBN 9786137817421 Jump up ^ articles.latimes.com Helicopters Keep His Life in a Whirl : ' It 's Like Flying a Plane , Except You ... Go Sideways ' by Lynn Simross June 07 , 1985 Jump up ^ Police Helicopter Pilot Helicopter Aviation & Beyond Magnum PI Helicopter Flies Again In Hawaii Jump up ^ New York Times Movies Terminal Island ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ New York Times Movies & TV Tom Selleck Jump up ^ Bastrop Visitor Center Leadbelly 1976 , starring Roger E. Mosley and Paul Benjamin , directed by Gordon Parks . Jump up ^ Ebony Magazine November 1982 Page 85 Roger Mosley Continued Jump up ^ Huffington Post TV ' Magnum P.I. ' Cast : Where Are They Now ? by Kim Potts Jump up ^ Celebrity Networth Roger E. Mosley Net Worth Jump up ^ TV Guide Episode Detail : Puppy Love - Night Court Jump up ^ http://www.tomselleck.de Roger E. Mosley - Biographie Jump up ^ cinephilia The Mack USA 1973 Jump up ^ John Wayne : Actor , Artist , Hero By Richard D. McGhee Filmography Page 365 Jump up ^ Jet Magazine Page 62 Movies to see Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of African American Cinema by Torriano S. Berry , Venise T. Berry Page 335 Thin Line Between Love And Hate External links ( edit ) Roger E. Mosley on IMDb BNF : cb14056212r ( data ) GND : 114698197X ISNI : 0000 0000 0137 331X SNAC : w66979f0 VIAF : 71596197 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_E._Mosley&oldid=845181842 '' Categories : 1938 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors African - American male actors Male actors from Los Angeles American television directors Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2010 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from August 2010 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from August 2010 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Frysk Italiano Norsk Polski Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 00 : 37 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20E.%20Mosley	107,728
which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone activity			Vasopressin	vasopressin	551	11998 Ensembl ENSG00000101200 ENSMUSG00000037727 UniProt P01185 P35455 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000490 NM_009732 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_000481 NP_033862 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 20 : 3.08 -- 3.08 Mb Chr 20 : 130.58 -- 130.58 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Vasopressin , also named antidiuretic hormone ( ADH ) , arginine vasopressin ( AVP ) or argipressin , is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus , and is converted to AVP . It then travels down the axon of that cell , which terminates in the posterior pituitary , and is released from vesicles into the circulation in response to extracellular fluid hypertonicity ( hyperosmolality ) . AVP has two primary functions . First , it increases the amount of solute - free water reabsorbed back into the circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules ( nephrons ) . Second , AVP constricts arterioles , which increases peripheral vascular resistance and raises arterial blood pressure . A third function is possible . Some AVP may be released directly into the brain from the hypothalamus , and may play an important role in social behavior , sexual motivation and pair bonding , and maternal responses to stress . It has a very short half - life , between 16 -- 24 minutes . Vasopressin is available for use as a medication . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Function 1.1. 1 Kidney 1.1. 2 Central nervous system 1.2 Regulation 1.3 Production and secretion 1.4 Receptors 1.5 Structure and relation to oxytocin 2 Medical use 2.1 Pharmacokinetics 2.2 Side effects 2.3 Contraindications 2.4 Interactions 3 Role in disease 3.1 Deficiency 3.2 Excess 4 History 5 Animal studies 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Physiology ( edit ) Function ( edit ) Vasopressin regulates the tonicity of body fluids . It is released from the posterior pituitary in response to hypertonicity and causes the kidneys to reabsorb solute - free water and return it to the circulation from the tubules of the nephron , thus returning the tonicity of the body fluids toward normal . An incidental consequence of this renal reabsorption of water is concentrated urine and reduced urine volume . AVP released in high concentrations may also raise blood pressure by inducing moderate vasoconstriction . AVP also may have a variety of neurological effects on the brain . It may influence pair - bonding in voles . The high - density distributions of vasopressin receptor AVPr1a in prairie vole ventral forebrain regions have been shown to facilitate and coordinate reward circuits during partner preference formation , critical for pair bond formation . A very similar substance , lysine vasopressin ( LVP ) or lypressin , has the same function in pigs and is used in human AVP deficiency . Kidney ( edit ) Vasopressin has three main effects : Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney , thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine , i.e. , antidiuresis . This occurs through increased transcription and insertion of water channels ( Aquaporin - 2 ) into the apical membrane of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct epithelial cells . Aquaporins allow water to move down their osmotic gradient and out of the nephron , increasing the amount of water re-absorbed from the filtrate ( forming urine ) back into the bloodstream . This effect is mediated by V2 receptors . Vasopressin also increases the concentration of calcium in the collecting duct cells , by episodic release from intracellular stores . Vasopressin , acting through cAMP , also increases transcription of the aquaporin - 2 gene , thus increasing the total number of aquaporin - 2 molecules in collecting duct cells . Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters , which facilitates its reabsorption into the medullary interstitium as it travels down the concentration gradient created by removing water from the connecting tubule , cortical collecting duct , and outer medullary collecting duct . Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of henle . This adds to the countercurrent multiplication which aids in proper water reabsorption later in the distal tubule and collecting duct . Central nervous system ( edit ) Vasopressin released within the brain may have several actions : Vasopressin is released into the brain in a circadian rhythm by neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus . Vasopressin released from centrally projecting hypothalamic neurons is involved in aggression , blood pressure regulation , and temperature regulation . -- > Recent evidence suggests that vasopressin may have analgesic effects . The analgesia effects of vasopressin were found to be dependent on both stress and sex . Regulation ( edit ) Many factors influence the secretion of vasopressin : Ethanol ( alcohol ) reduces the calcium - dependent secretion of AVP by blocking voltage - gated calcium channels in neurohypophyseal nerve terminals in rats . Angiotensin II stimulates AVP secretion , in keeping with its general pressor and pro-volumic effects on the body . Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits AVP secretion , in part by inhibiting Angiotensin II - induced stimulation of AVP secretion . Cortisol inhibits secretion of antidiuretic hormone . Production and secretion ( edit ) The physiologic stimulus for secretion of vasopressin is increased osmolality of the plasma , monitored by the hypothalamus . A decreased arterial blood volume , ( such as can occur in cirrhosis , nephrosis and heart failure ) , stimulates secretion , even in the face of decreased osmolality of the plasma : it supersedes osmolality , but with a milder effect . In other words , vasopressin is secreted in spite of the presence of hypoosmolality ( hyponatremia ) when the arterial blood volume is low ... The AVP that is measured in peripheral blood is almost all derived from secretion from the posterior pituitary gland ( except in cases of AVP - secreting tumours ) . Vasopressin is produced by magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus ( PVN ) and Supraoptic nucleus ( SON ) . It then travels down the axon through the infundibulum within neurosecretory granules that are found within Herring bodies , localized swellings of the axons and nerve terminals . These carry the peptide directly to the posterior pituitary gland , where it is stored until released into the blood . However , there are two other sources of AVP with important local effects : AVP is also synthesized by magnocellular neurosecretory neurons at the PVN , transported and released at the median eminence , which then travels through the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary where it stimulates corticotropic cells synergistically with CRH to produce ACTH ( by itself it is a weak secretagogue ) . Receptors ( edit ) The following describes the actions of AVP : Type Second messenger system Locations Actions Agonists Antagonists AVPR1A Phosphatidylinositol / calcium Liver , kidney , peripheral vasculature , brain Vasoconstriction , gluconeogenesis , platelet aggregation , and release of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor ; social recognition , circadian tau Felypressin AVPR1B or AVPR3 Phosphatidylinositol / calcium Pituitary gland , brain Adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion in response to stress ; social interpretation of olfactory cues AVPR2 Adenylate cyclase / cAMP Basolateral membrane of the cells lining the collecting ducts of the kidneys ( especially the cortical and outer medullary collecting ducts ) Insertion of aquaporin - 2 ( AQP2 ) channels ( water channels ) . This allows water to be reabsorbed down an osmotic gradient , and so the urine is more concentrated . Release of von Willebrand factor and surface expression of P - selectin through exocytosis of Weibel - Palade bodies from endothelial cells AVP , desmopressin `` - vaptan '' diuretics , i.e. tolvaptan Structure and relation to oxytocin ( edit ) Chemical structure of the arginine vasopressin ( argipressin ) with an arginine at the 8th amino acid position . Lysine vasopressin differs only in having a lysine in this position . Chemical structure of oxytocin The vasopressins are peptides consisting of nine amino acids ( nonapeptides ) . ( NB : the value in the table above of 164 amino acids is that obtained before the hormone is activated by cleavage . ) The amino acid sequence of arginine vasopressin ( argipressin ) is Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH , with the cysteine residues forming a disulfide bond and the C - terminus of the sequence converted to a primary amide . Lysine vasopressin ( lypressin ) has a lysine in place of the arginine as the eighth amino acid , and is found in pigs and some related animals , whereas arginine vasopressin is found in humans . The structure of oxytocin is very similar to that of the vasopressins : It is also a nonapeptide with a disulfide bridge and its amino acid sequence differs at only two positions ( see table below ) . The two genes are located on the same chromosome separated by a relatively small distance of less than 15,000 bases in most species . The magnocellular neurons that secrete vasopressin are adjacent to magnocellular neurons that secrete oxytocin , and are similar in many respects . The similarity of the two peptides can cause some cross-reactions : oxytocin has a slight antidiuretic function , and high levels of AVP can cause uterine contractions . Below is a table showing the superfamily of vasopressin and oxytocin neuropeptides : Vertebrate Vasopressin Family Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Argipressin ( AVP , ADH ) Most mammals Cys - Tyr - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Lys - Gly - NH Lypressin ( LVP ) Pigs , hippos , warthogs , some marsupials Cys - Phe - Phe - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Phenypressin Some marsupials Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Vasotocin † Non-mammals Vertebrate Oxytocin Family Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Leu - Gly - NH Oxytocin ( OXT ) Most mammals , ratfish Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Pro - Gly - NH Prol - Oxytocin Some New World monkeys , northern tree shrews Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Mesotocin Most marsupials , all birds , reptiles , amphibians , lungfishes , coelacanths Cys - Tyr - Ile - Gln - Ser - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Seritocin Frogs Cys - Tyr - Ile - Ser - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Isotocin Bony fishes Cys - Tyr - Ile - Ser - Asn - Cys - Pro-Gln - Gly - NH Glumitocin skates Cys - Tyr - Ile - Asn / Gln - Asn - Cys - Pro-Leu / Val - Gly - NH Various tocins Sharks Invertebrate VP / OT Superfamily Cys - Leu - Ile - Thr - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Diuretic Hormone Locust Cys - Phe - Val - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Thr - Gly - NH Annetocin Earthworm Cys - Phe - Ile - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Lys - Gly - NH Lys - Connopressin Geography & imperial cone snail , pond snail , sea hare , leech Cys - Ile - Ile - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Arg - Gly - NH Arg - Connopressin Striped cone snail Cys - Tyr - Phe - Arg - Asn - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Cephalotocin Octopus Cys - Phe - Trp - Thr - Ser - Cys - Pro-Ile - Gly - NH Octopressin Octopus † Vasotocin is the evolutionary progenitor of all the vertebrate neurohypophysial hormones . Medical use ( edit ) Main article : Vasopressin ( medication ) Vasopressin is used to manage anti-diuretic hormone deficiency . It has off - label uses and is used in the treatment of vasodilatory shock , gastrointestinal bleeding , ventricular tachycardia and ventricular defibrillation . Vasopressin is used to treat diabetes insipidus related to low levels of antiduretic hormone.It is available as Pressyn . Vasopressin agonists are used therapeutically in various conditions , and its long - acting synthetic analogue desmopressin is used in conditions featuring low vasopressin secretion , as well as for control of bleeding ( in some forms of von Willebrand disease and in mild haemophilia A ) and in extreme cases of bedwetting by children . Terlipressin and related analogues are used as vasoconstrictors in certain conditions . Use of vasopressin analogues for esophageal varices commenced in 1970 . Vasopressin infusions are also used as second line therapy in septic shock patients not responding to fluid resuscitation or infusions of catecholamines ( e.g. , dopamine or norepinephrine ) . Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) Vasopressin is administered through an intravenous device , intramuscular injection or a subcutaneous injection . The duration of action depends on the mode of administration and ranges from thirty minutes to two hours . It has a half life of ten to twenty minutes . It is widely distributed throughout the body and remains in the extracellular fluid . It is degraded by the liver and excreted through the kidneys . Side effects ( edit ) The most common side effects during treatment with vasopressin are dizziness , angina , chest pain , abdominal cramps , heartburn , nausea , vomiting , trembling , fever , water intoxication , pounding sensation in the head , diarrhea , nausea , vomiting , sweating , and paleness. flatulence . The most severe adverse reactions are mycardial infarction and hypersensitivy . Contraindications ( edit ) The use of vasopressin is contraindicated in the presence of hypersentivity to beef or pork proteins , increased BUN and chronic renal failure . It recommended that it be cautiously used in instances of perioperative polyuria , sensitivity to the drug , asthma , seizures , heart failure , a comatose state , migraine headaches , and cardiovascular disease . Interactions ( edit ) alcohol - may lower the antidiuretic effect carbamazepine , chloropropamide , clofibrate , tricyclic antidepressants fludrocortisone may raise the diuretic effect lithium , demeclocycline , heparin or norepinephrine may lower the antidiuretic effect vasopressor effect may be higher with the concurrent use of ganglionic blocking medications Role in disease ( edit ) There may be a connection between arginine vasopressin and autism . Deficiency ( edit ) Decreased AVP release ( neurogenic -- i.e. due to alcohol intoxication or tumour ) or decreased renal sensitivity to AVP ( nephrogenic , i.e. by mutation of V2 receptor or AQP ) leads to diabetes insipidus , a condition featuring hypernatremia ( increased blood sodium concentration ) , polyuria ( excess urine production ) , and polydipsia ( thirst ) . Excess ( edit ) Main article : Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion ( SIADH ) in turn can be caused by a number of problems . Some forms of cancer can cause SIADH , particularly small cell lung carcinoma but also a number of other tumors . A variety of diseases affecting the brain or the lung ( infections , bleeding ) can be the driver behind SIADH . A number of drugs has been associated with SIADH , such as certain antidepressants ( serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants ) , the anticonvulsant carbamazepine , oxytocin ( used to induce and stimulate labor ) , and the chemotherapy drug vincristine . It has also been associated with fluoroquinolones ( including ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin ) . Finally , it can occur without a clear explanation . Hyponatremia can be treated pharmaceutically through the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists . History ( edit ) Vasopressin was elucidated and synthesized for the first time by Vincent du Vigneaud . Animal studies ( edit ) Evidence for an effect of AVP on monogamy vs promiscuity comes from experimental studies in several species , which indicate that the precise distribution of vasopressin and vasopressin receptors in the brain is associated with species - typical patterns of social behavior . In particular , there are consistent differences between monogamous species and promiscuous species in the distribution of AVP receptors , and sometimes in the distribution of vasopressin - containing axons , even when closely related species are compared . See also ( edit ) Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion ( SIADH ) Oxytocin Sexual motivation and hormones Vasopressin receptor Vasopressin receptor antagonists Copeptin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000101200 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000037727 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Anderson DA ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marieb E ( 2014 ) . Anatomy & physiology . Glenview , IL : Pearson Education , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 86158 - 0 . Jump up ^ Caldwell HK , Young WS III ( 2006 ) . `` Oxytocin and Vasopressin : Genetics and Behavioral Implications '' ( PDF ) . In Lajtha A , Lim R. Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology : Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides ( 3rd ed . ) . Berlin : Springer . pp. 573 -- 607 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 30348 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Babar SM ( October 2013 ) . `` SIADH associated with ciprofloxacin '' . The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 47 ( 10 ) : 1359 -- 63 . PMID 24259701 . doi : 10.1177 / 1060028013502457 . Jump up ^ Insel TR ( March 2010 ) . `` The challenge of translation in social neuroscience : a review of oxytocin , vasopressin , and affiliative behavior '' . Neuron. 65 ( 6 ) : 768 -- 79 . PMC 2847497 . PMID 20346754 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2010.03. 005 . Jump up ^ Lim MM , Young LJ ( 2004 ) . `` Vasopressin - dependent neural circuits underlying pair bond formation in the monogamous prairie vole '' . Neuroscience. 125 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 45 . PMID 15051143 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroscience. 2003.12. 008 . Jump up ^ Chapman , MBBS , PhD , University of Adelaide , Royal Adelaide Hospital , Ian . `` Central Diabetes Insipidus '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Sands JM , Blount MA , Klein JD ( 2011 ) . `` Regulation of renal urea transport by vasopressin '' . Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association . 122 : 82 -- 92 . PMC 3116377 . PMID 21686211 . Jump up ^ Knepper MA , Kim GH , Fernández - Llama P , Ecelbarger CA ( March 1999 ) . `` Regulation of thick ascending limb transport by vasopressin '' . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 10 ( 3 ) : 628 -- 34 . PMID 10073614 . Jump up ^ Forsling ML , Montgomery H , Halpin D , Windle RJ , Treacher DF ( May 1998 ) . `` Daily patterns of secretion of neurohypophysial hormones in man : effect of age '' . Experimental Physiology. 83 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 18 . PMID 9639350 . Jump up ^ Wiltshire T , Maixner W , Diatchenko L ( December 2011 ) . `` Relax , you wo n't feel the pain '' . Nature Neuroscience. 14 ( 12 ) : 1496 -- 7 . PMID 22119947 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 2987 . Jump up ^ Wang XM , Dayanithi G , Lemos JR , Nordmann JJ , Treistman SN ( November 1991 ) . `` Calcium currents and peptide release from neurohypophysial terminals are inhibited by ethanol '' . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 259 ( 2 ) : 705 -- 11 . PMID 1941619 . ^ Jump up to : Matsukawa T , Miyamoto T ( March 2011 ) . `` Angiotensin II - stimulated secretion of arginine vasopressin is inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide in humans '' . American Journal of Physiology . Regulatory , Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 300 ( 3 ) : R624 -- 9 . PMID 21123762 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpregu. 00324.2010 . Jump up ^ Collège des enseignants d'endocrinologie , diabète et maladie ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) . Endocrinologie , diabétologie et maladies métaboliques . Elsevier Masson . ISBN 978 - 2 - 294 - 72233 - 2 . Jump up ^ Salata RA , Jarrett DB , Verbalis JG , Robinson AG ( March 1988 ) . `` Vasopressin stimulation of adrenocorticotropin hormone ( ACTH ) in humans . In vivo bioassay of corticotropin - releasing factor ( CRF ) which provides evidence for CRF mediation of the diurnal rhythm of ACTH '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 81 ( 3 ) : 766 -- 74 . PMC 442524 . PMID 2830315 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI113382 . Jump up ^ Bielsky IF , Hu SB , Szegda KL , Westphal H , Young LJ ( March 2004 ) . `` Profound impairment in social recognition and reduction in anxiety - like behavior in vasopressin V1a receptor knockout mice '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 29 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 93 . PMID 14647484 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. npp. 1300360 . Jump up ^ Wersinger SR , Caldwell HK , Martinez L , Gold P , Hu SB , Young WS ( August 2007 ) . `` Vasopressin 1a receptor knockout mice have a subtle olfactory deficit but normal aggression '' . Genes , Brain , and Behavior . 6 ( 6 ) : 540 -- 51 . PMID 17083331 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1601 - 183X. 2006.00281. x . Jump up ^ Lolait SJ , Stewart LQ , Jessop DS , Young WS , O'Carroll AM ( February 2007 ) . `` The hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis response to stress in mice lacking functional vasopressin V1b receptors '' . Endocrinology. 148 ( 2 ) : 849 -- 56 . PMC 2040022 . PMID 17122081 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 2006 - 1309 . Jump up ^ Wersinger SR , Kelliher KR , Zufall F , Lolait SJ , O'Carroll AM , Young WS ( December 2004 ) . `` Social motivation is reduced in vasopressin 1b receptor null mice despite normal performance in an olfactory discrimination task '' . Hormones and Behavior . 46 ( 5 ) : 638 -- 45 . PMID 15555506 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yhbeh. 2004.07. 004 . Jump up ^ Kanwar S , Woodman RC , Poon MC , Murohara T , Lefer AM , Davenpeck KL , Kubes P ( October 1995 ) . `` Desmopressin induces endothelial P - selectin expression and leukocyte rolling in postcapillary venules '' . Blood . 86 ( 7 ) : 2760 -- 6 . PMID 7545469 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann JE , Oksche A , Wollheim CB , Günther G , Rosenthal W , Vischer UM ( July 2000 ) . `` Vasopressin - induced von Willebrand factor secretion from endothelial cells involves V2 receptors and cAMP '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 106 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 16 . PMC 314363 . PMID 10880054 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI9516 . Jump up ^ Burtis CA , Ashwood ER , Bruns DE ( 2012 ) . Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics ( 5th ed . ) . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 1833 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 5942 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donaldson D ( 2014 ) . `` Polyuria and Disorders of Thirst '' . In Williams DL , Marks V. Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . pp. 76 -- 102 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4831 - 9362 - 5 . Jump up ^ Li C , Wang W , Summer SN , Westfall TD , Brooks DP , Falk S , Schrier RW ( February 2008 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms of antidiuretic effect of oxytocin '' . Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 19 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 32 . PMC 2396735 . PMID 18057218 . doi : 10.1681 / ASN. 2007010029 . Jump up ^ Joo KW , Jeon US , Kim GH , Park J , Oh YK , Kim YS , Ahn C , Kim S , Kim SY , Lee JS , Han JS ( October 2004 ) . `` Antidiuretic action of oxytocin is associated with increased urinary excretion of aquaporin - 2 '' . Nephrology , Dialysis , Transplantation. 19 ( 10 ) : 2480 -- 6 . PMID 15280526 . doi : 10.1093 / ndt / gfh413 . Jump up ^ Acher R , Chauvet J ( July 1995 ) . `` The neurohypophysial endocrine regulatory cascade : precursors , mediators , receptors , and effectors '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 16 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 89 . PMID 7556852 . doi : 10.1006 / frne. 1995.1009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vasopressin '' ( PDF ) . F.A. Davis Company . 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Baum S , Nusbaum M , Tumen HJ ( 1970 ) . `` The control of gastrointestinal hemorrhage by selective mesenteric infusion of pitressin '' . Gastroenterology. 58 : 926 . Jump up ^ Carson DS , Garner JP , Hyde SA , Libove RA , Berquist SW , Hornbeak KB , Jackson LP , Sumiyoshi RD , Howerton CL , Hannah SL , Partap S , Phillips JM , Hardan AY , Parker KJ ( 2015 ) . `` Arginine Vasopressin Is a Blood - Based Biomarker of Social Functioning in Children with Autism '' . Plos One . 10 ( 7 ) : e0132224 . PMC 4511760 . PMID 26200852 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0132224 . Lay summary -- Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Verbalis JG , Goldsmith SR , Greenberg A , Schrier RW , Sterns RH ( November 2007 ) . `` Hyponatremia treatment guidelines 2007 : expert panel recommendations '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 120 ( 11 Suppl 1 ) : S1 -- 21 . PMID 17981159 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjmed. 2007.09. 001 . Jump up ^ Young LJ ( October 2009 ) . `` The neuroendocrinology of the social brain '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 30 ( 4 ) : 425 -- 8 . PMID 19596026 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yfrne. 2009.06. 002 . Further reading ( edit ) Rector FC , Brenner BM ( 2004 ) . Brenner & Rector 's the kidney ( 7th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0164 - 9 . Mastropietro CW ( May 2013 ) . `` Arginine vasopressin and paediatric cardiovascular surgery '' . OA Critical Care . 1 ( 1 ) : 7 . doi : 10.13172 / 2052 - 9309 - 1 - 1 - 680 . PDB gallery 1jk4 : DES 1 - 6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH VASOPRESSIN 1jk6 : UNCOMPLEXED DES 1 - 6 BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN 1npo : BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEX WITH OXYTOCIN 2bn2 : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF BOVINE NEUROPHYSIN II COMPLEXED WITH THE VASOPRESSIN ANALOGUE PHE - TYR AMIDE Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin ( pregnancy ) Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney JGA ( renin ) peritubular cells EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winter 's formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Peptides : neuropeptides Hormones see hormones Opioid peptides Dynorphins Big dynorphin Dynorphin A Dynorphin B Leumorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin - 1 Endomorphin - 2 Endorphins α - Endorphin β - Endorphin γ - Endorphin α - Neoendorphin β - Neoendorphin Enkephalins Met - enkephalin Leu - enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin - 4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptides Kinins Bradykinin Tachykinins : mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins U Orexins Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene - related peptide Carnosine Cocaine - and amphetamine - regulated transcript Delta sleep - inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin - like peptide Gastrin releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide RVD - Hpα VGF Neurotransmitters Amino acid - derived Major excitatory / inhibitory systems : Glutamate system : Agmatine Aspartic acid ( aspartate ) Cycloserine Glutamic acid ( glutamate ) Glutathione Glycine GSNO GSSG Kynurenic acid NAA NAAG Proline Serine ; GABA system : GABA GABOB GHB ; Glycine system : α - Alanine β - Alanine Glycine Hypotaurine Proline Sarcosine Serine Taurine ; GHB system : GHB T - HCA ( GHC ) Biogenic amines : Monoamines : 6 - OHM Dopamine Epinephrine ( adrenaline ) NAS ( normelatonin ) Norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) ; Trace amines : 3 - Iodothyronamine N - Methylphenethylamine N - Methyltryptamine m - Octopamine p - Octopamine Phenylethanolamine Phenethylamine Synephrine Tryptamine m - Tyramine p - Tyramine ; Others : Histamine Neuropeptides : See here instead . Lipid - derived Endocannabinoids : 2 - AG 2 - AGE ( noladin ether ) 2 - ALPI 2 - OG AA - 5 - HT Anandamide ( AEA ) DEA LPI NADA NAGly OEA Oleamide PEA RVD - Hpα SEA Virodhamine ( O - AEA ) Neurosteroids : See here instead . Nucleobase - derived Nucleosides : Adenosine system : Adenosine ADP AMP ATP Vitamin - derived Cholinergic system : Acetylcholine Miscellaneous Gasotransmitters : Carbon monoxide ( CO ) Hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) Nitric oxide ( NO ) ; Candidates : Acetaldehyde Ammonia ( NH ) Carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) Nitrous oxide ( N O ) Sulfur dioxide ( SO ) Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor modulators Oxytocin Agonists : Peptide : Aspartocin Carbetocin Cargutocin Demoxytocin Lipo - oxytocin - 1 Merotocin Nacartocin Oxytocin PF - 06478939 PF - 06655075 ( PF1 ) TGOT Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) ; Non-peptide : TC OT 39 WAY - 267464 Antagonists : Peptide : Atosiban Tocinoic acid ; Non-peptide : Barusiban Epelsiban Erlosiban IX - 01 L - 368,899 L - 371,257 L - 372,662 Nolasiban Retosiban SSR - 126768 WAY - 162720 Catabolism inhibitors : Amastatin Bestatin ( ubenimex ) EDTA L - Methionine Leupeptin o - Phenanthroline Phosphoramidon Puromycin Vasopressin V Agonists : Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Selepressin Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : Atosiban Conivaptan FR - 218944 JNJ - 17079166 JNJ - 17308616 LY - 307174 PF - 184563 Relcovaptan RG7314 SRX246 SRX251 TC OT 39 WAY - 267464 YM - 218 YM - 471 YM - 35471 V Agonists : Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : ABT - 436 ABT - 558 Nelivaptan ORG - 52186 ( SCH - 740935 ) TASP - 0233278 TASP - 0390325 TS - 121 Ligands : TASP - 699 V Agonists : Desmopressin Felypressin Lypressin Ornipressin TC OT 39 Terlipressin Vasopressin ( argipressin ) Vasotocin ( argiprestocin ) Antagonists : Conivaptan JNJ - 17079166 Lixivaptan Mozavaptan RWJ - 351647 Satavaptan Tolvaptan YM - 471 YM - 35471 Unsorted Antagonists : Balovaptan Ribuvaptan RWJ - 339489 VMAX - 367 VMAX - 372 VMAX - 382 YM - 222546 Other inhibitors : Demeclocycline Lithium ( lithium carbonate ) Others Carrier proteins : Neurophysin ( I , II ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasopressin&oldid=802270370 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 20 Neuropeptides Posterior pituitary hormones Neuroendocrinology Renal physiology Vasopressin receptor agonists Orgasm Antidiuretics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Drugs missing an ATC code Drugs with no legal status Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 02 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin	3,330
what is the name of the new capital of the andhra pradesh	On 2 June 2014 , the north - western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana ; the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , Hyderabad , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain as the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . The new riverfront de facto capital , Amaravati , is under the jurisdiction of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority ( APCRDA ) .	Amaravati	Andhra Pradesh	andhra pradesh		State in India Andhra Pradesh State Montage view of Andhra Pradesh . From Left to right Clockwise : Saripalli Dibbalingam Temple , Krishnapatnam port , Tirumala Sri Venkateswara Temple , Kondaveedu Fort , Lepakshi Nandi , Araku Valley Seal Anthem : `` Maa Telugu Thalliki '' Location of Andhra Pradesh in India Coordinates : 16 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 38 ′ E / 16.50 ° N 80.64 ° E / 16.50 ; 80.64 Coordinates : 16 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 38 ′ E / 16.50 ° N 80.64 ° E / 16.50 ; 80.64 Country India Statehood 1 November 1956 Capital city Amaravati ( de facto ) , Hyderabad ( de jure ) Largest city Visakhapatnam Districts 13 Government Body Government of Andhra Pradesh Governor E.S.L. Narasimhan Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu Legislature Bicameral ( 175 + 58 seats ) Lok sabha constituencies 25 High Court High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad Area Total 162,970 km ( 62,920 sq mi ) Area rank 8th Population ( 2011 ) Total 49,386,799 Rank 10th Density 308 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Telugu / Andhraite GDP ( 2018 -- 19 ) Total ₹ 8.70 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) Per capita ₹ 142,054 ( US $2,100 ) Time zone IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) UN / LOCODE AP Vehicle registration AP Literacy rate 67.41 % ( 2011 ) Official languages Telugu Coastline 974 kilometres ( 605 mi ) Website www.ap.gov.in ^ α The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 states that Hyderabad is common capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states for a period of time not exceeding 10 years . ^ β Common for Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . Symbols of Andhra Pradesh Emblem Poorna kumbham Language Telugu Song Maa Telugu Thalliki Animal Blackbuck Bird Rose - ringed parakeet Flower Jasmine Tree Neem Andhra Pradesh ( / ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ / ) ( pronunciation ( help info ) ) is one of the 29 states of India . Situated in the south - east of the country , it is the eighth - largest state in India , covering an area of 162,970 km ( 62,920 sq mi ) . As per the 2011 census , it is the tenth most populous state , with 49,386,799 inhabitants . The largest city in Andhra Pradesh is Visakhapatnam . On 2 June 2014 , the north - western portion of Andhra Pradesh was separated to form the new state of Telangana ; the longtime capital of Andhra Pradesh , Hyderabad , was transferred to Telangana as part of the division . However , in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 , Hyderabad was to remain as the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of time not exceeding ten years . The new riverfront de facto capital , Amaravati , is under the jurisdiction of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority ( APCRDA ) . Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of 974 km ( 605 mi ) -- the second longest coastline among the states of India , after Gujarat -- with jurisdiction over almost 15,000 km of territorial waters . The state is bordered by Telangana in the north - west , Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north - east , Karnataka in the west , Tamil Nadu in the south , and to the east lies the Bay of Bengal . The small enclave of Yanam , a district of Puducherry , lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state . The state is made up of the two major regions of Rayalaseema , in the inland southwestern part of the state , and Coastal Andhra to the east and northeast , bordering the Bay of Bengal . The state comprises thirteen districts in total , nine of which are located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema . The largest city and commercial hub of the state is Visakhapatnam , located on the Bay of Bengal , with a GDP of US $ 43.5 billion ; the second largest city in the state is Vijayawada , located on the banks of the Krishna River , which has a GDP of US $3 billion ( as of 2010 ) . The economy of Andhra Pradesh is the seventh - largest state economy in India with ₹ 8.70 lakh crore ( US $130 billion ) in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of ₹ 142,000 ( US $2,100 ) . Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015 , a 30 % growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year , making it the third most - visited state in India . The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the world 's most visited religious sites , with 18.25 million visitors per year . Other pilgrimage centres in the state include the Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga at Srisailam , the Srikalahasteeswara Temple at Srikalahasti , the Ameen Peer Dargah in Kadapa , the Mahachaitya at Amaravathi , the Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada , and Prasanthi Nilayam in Puttaparthi . The state 's natural attractions include the beaches of Visakhapatnam , hill stations such as the Araku Valley and Horsley Hills , and the island of Konaseema in the Godavari River delta . Contents 1 History 1.1 Toponomy 1.2 Early and medieval history 1.3 Modern history 1.4 Post-independence 2 Geography 2.1 Natural vegetation and conservation 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Languages 3.2 Religions 4 Administrative divisions 4.1 Regions 4.2 Districts 4.3 Revenue divisions 4.4 Mandals 4.5 Cities 5 Government and politics 6 Economy 6.1 Agriculture 6.2 Industrial sector 6.3 Resources 7 Culture 7.1 Arts , crafts and artifacts 7.2 Literature 7.3 Music and films 7.4 Cuisine 8 Transport 8.1 Roads 8.2 Railways 8.3 Airports 8.4 Sea ports 9 Education and research 9.1 Research 9.1. 1 Space research organisation 10 Sports 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Andhra Pradesh Toponomy ( edit ) A tribe named Andhra was mentioned in Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana ( 800 -- 500 BCE ) . According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda , the Andhras left north India and settled in south India . The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra , Andhrara - jateeya and Andhrabhrtya in the Puranic literature . They did not refer themselves as Andhra in any of their coins or inscriptions ; it is possible that they were termed as Andhras because of their ethnicity or because their territory included the Andhra region . Early and medieval History ( edit ) Telugu Thalli Archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati , Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire . Amaravati might have been a regional centre for Mauryan rule . After the death of Emperor Ashoka , Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE , and was replaced by several smaller kingdoms in the Andhra region . The Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BC to the 3rd century . The later Satavahanas made Dharanikota and Amaravathi their capital , which according to the Buddhists is the place where Nagarjuna , the philosopher of Mahayana lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries . The Andhra Ikshvakus , with their capital at Vijayapuri , succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley in the later half of the 2nd century . Pallavas , who were originally executive officers under the Satavahana kings , were not a recognised political power before the 2nd century AD and were swept away by the Western Chalukyan invasion , led by Pulakesin II in the first quarter of the 7th century CE . After the downfall of the Ikshvakus , the Vishnukundinas were the first great dynasty in the 5th and 6th centuries , and held sway over the entire Andhra country , including Kalinga and parts of Telangana . They played an important role in the history of Deccan during the 5th and 6th century CE , with Eluru , Amaravathi and Puranisangam . The Salankayanas were an ancient dynasty that ruled the Andhra region between Godavari and Krishna with their capital at Vengi ( modern Pedavegi ) from 300 to 440 CE . The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi , whose dynasty lasted for around five hundred years from the 7th century until 1130 C.E. , eventually merged with the Chola empire . They continued to rule under the protection of the Chola empire until 1189 C.E. , when the kingdom succumbed to the Hoysalas and the Yadavas . The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the fifth century CE . Kakatiyas ruled Andhra Pradesh state for nearly two hundred years and constructed several forts . They were succeeded by the Musunuri Nayaks . The Reddy dynasty ( 1325 -- 1448 CE ) was established by Prolaya Vema Reddi in the early 14th century , who ruled from present day Kondaveedu . Prolaya Vema Reddi was part of the confederation of states that started a movement against the invading Turkic Muslim armies of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE and succeeded in repulsing them from Warangal . They constructed Kondaveedu Fort which they ruled between 1328 -- 1428 , before it was taken over by the Gajpathis of Orissa , and later ravaged by the Muslim rulers of the Bahmani kingdom in 1458 . The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya captured it in 1516 . The Golconda Sultans fought for the fort in 1531 , 1536 and 1579 , and Sultan Quli Qutb Shah captured it in 1579 , renaming it Murtuzanagar . Again it was reconquered by Vijayanagarans who overthrew sultanate rule across the entirety of modern - day Andhra Pradesh ( excluding Telangana ) . After this rebellion , the Bahmani sultans launched no further military compaigns outside their kingdoms , because the Marathas soon emerged as the strongest power in India . Efforts are in progress to classify Kondaveedu Fort as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Pemmasani Nayaks , the greatest kings during Vijayanagara times ruled parts of Andhra Pradesh state with Gandikota as capital for nearly three hundred years . Rajmahal of Chandragiri Fort The Vijayanagara Empire originated in the Deccan Plateau region in the early 14th century . It was established in 1336 by Harihara Raya I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Sangama Dynasty . The empire 's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada , Telugu , Tamil and Sanskrit , while Carnatic music evolved into its current form . The Lepakshi group of monuments are culturally and archaeologically significant as it is the location of shrines dedicated to Shiva , Vishnu and Veerabhadra which were built during the Vijayanagara Kings ' period ( 1336 -- 1646 ) . The temples are the location of mural paintings of the Vijayanagara kings , dravidian art , and inscriptions . Near the temple complex is a large granite Nandi bull . On a hillock known as Kurma Saila ( ' tortoise shaped hill ' ) are other temples to Papanatheswara , Raghunatha , Srirama , and Durga . The Government of Andhra Pradesh has taken the initiative for including the `` Lepakshi Group of Monuments '' among the UNESCO World Heritage sites in India . Modern History ( edit ) Harihara and Bukka , who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal , founded the Vijayanagara Empire . In 1347 CE , an independent Muslim state , the Bahmani Sultanate , was established in south India by Ala - ud - Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate . The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the sixteenth century to the end of the seventeenth century . In the early nineteenth century Northern Circars was ceded to the British East India Company and became part of the Madras Presidency . Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region . Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British that eventually became the Rayalaseema region . The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad , acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy . However , Komaram Bheem , a tribal leader , started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State . Meanwhile , the French occupied Yanam , in the Godavari delta , and ( save for periods of British control ) would hold it until 1954 . In 1947 Vizianagaram was the largest Hindu princely state in Andhra Pradesh . India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947 . The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India , but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union . The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948 . Post-Independence ( edit ) See also : Andhra State and Vishalandhra Movement Archaeological Museums map of Andhra Pradesh In an effort to gain an independent state based on linguistic identity , and to protect the interests of the Telugu - speaking people of Madras State , Potti Sreeramulu fasted to death in 1952 . As Madras became a bone of contention , in 1949 a JVP committee report stated `` Andhra Province could be formed provided the Andhras give up their claim on the city of Madras ( now Chennai ) '' . After Potti Sreeramulu 's death , the Telugu - speaking area of Andhra State was carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953 , with Kurnool as its capital city . On the basis of the gentlemen 's agreement of 1 November 1956 , the States Reorganisation Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Andhra State with the Telugu - speaking areas of the already existing Hyderabad State . Hyderabad was made the capital of the new state . The Marathi - speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and the Kannada - speaking areas were merged with Mysore State . In February 2014 , the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 bill was passed by the Parliament of India for the formation of the Telangana state comprising ten districts . Hyderabad will remain as a joint capital for not exceeding ten years . The new state of Telangana came into existence on 2 June 2014 after approval from the President of India . Number of petitions questioning the validity of Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 are long pending for verdict since April 2014 before the supreme court constitutional bench . Geography ( edit ) Main articles : Geography of Andhra Pradesh and List of districts of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh topographical map Map of Andhra Pradesh Krishna River at Srisailam The state has varied topography ranging from the hills of Eastern Ghats and Nallamala Hills to the shores of Bay of Bengal that supports varied ecosystems , rich diversity of flora and fauna . There are two main rivers namely , Krishna and Godavari , that flow through the state . The seacoast of the state extends along the Bay of Bengal from Srikakulam to Nellore district . The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains . The coastal plains are for the most part of delta regions formed by the Godavari , Krishna , and Penner Rivers . The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names . The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state 's geography . The Kadapa Basin formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral - rich area . The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast . Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use . The Rayalaseema region has semi-arid conditions . Natural vegetation and conservation ( edit ) Main article : Natural vegetation and Wildlife of Andhra Pradesh Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary , Visakhapatnam The Andhra Pradesh Forest Department deals with protection , conservation and management of forests . The total forest cover of the state after the bifurcation is left with an area of 22,862 km . The forest in the state can be broadly divided into four major biotic provinces . They are : Deccan Plateau Central Plateau Eastern Highland East Coastal Plains Eastern Ghats region is home to dense tropical forests , while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau , where shrub vegetation is more common . The vegetation found in the state is largely of dry deciduous types with a mixture of teak , Terminalia , Dalbergia , Pterocarpus , Anogeissus , etc . The state has many sanctuaries , national parks and zoological parks , such as Coringa , Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary , Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve , Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary , Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park and Indira Gandhi Zoological Park . Atapaka Bird Sanctuary , Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attract many migratory birds . The state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei , Pterocarpus santalinus , Terminalia pallida , Syzygium alternifolium , Shorea talura , Shorea tumburgia , Psilotum nudum , etc . The diversity of fauna includes tigers , panthers , hyenas , black bucks , cheetals , sambars , sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles . The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna Rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species . Climate ( edit ) The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably , depending on the geographical region . Summers last from March to June . In the coastal plain , the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state , with temperature ranging between 20 ° C and 41 ° C. July to September is the season for tropical rains . About one third of the total rainfall is brought by the northeast monsoon . October and November see low - pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which , along with the northeast monsoon , bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state . November , December , January , and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh . Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold . The range of winter temperature is generally 12 ° C to 30 ° C. Lambasingi in Visakhapatnam district is the only place in South India which receives snowfall because of its location as at 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) above the sea level . It is also nicknamed as the Kashmir of Andhra Pradesh and the temperature ranges from 0 ° C to 10 ° C . Demographics ( edit ) show Population Trend Census Pop . % ± 1961 35,983,000 -- 1971 43,503,000 20.9 % 1981 53,550,000 23.1 % 1991 66,508,000 24.2 % 75,727,000 13.9 % 2011 84,665,533 11.8 % Includes Telangana . Source : Census of India Largest cities or towns in Andhra Pradesh As per the 2011 Census Rank Name District Pop . Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam 1,735,922 Guntur Nellore Vijayawada Krishna 1,434,358 Guntur Guntur 743,354 Nellore Nellore 600,869 5 Kurnool Kurnool 430,214 6 Kadapa Kadapa 343,054 7 Rajahmundry East Godavari 341,831 8 Kakinada East Godavari 312,538 9 Tirupati Chittoor 287,482 10 Eluru West Godavari 283,648 As of 2011 Census of India , the state had a population of 49,386,799 with a population density of 308 / km ( 800 / sq mi ) . According to Polavaram ordinance bill 2014 , 7 mandals of Khammam district in Telangana state merged with Andhra Pradesh to facilitate polavaram project , due to which population of 2 , 47,515 added to Andhra Pradesh . Thus final population of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2014 , as per census 2011 is 4 , 96 , 34,314 ; with a density of 304.5 / sqkm . The total population constitute , 70.4 % of rural population with 34,776,389 inhabitants and 29.6 % of urban population with 14,610,410 inhabitants . Children in the age group of 0 -- 6 years are 5,222,384 , constituting 10.6 % of the total population , among them 2,686,453 are boys and 2,535,931 are girls . Visakhapatnam district has the largest urban population of 47.5 % and Srikakulam district with 83.8 % , has the largest rural population , among others districts in the state . The overall population of the state comprises 17.1 % of Scheduled Caste and 5.3 % of Scheduled Tribe population . There are 24,738,068 male and 24,648,731 female citizens -- a sex ratio of 996 females per 1000 males , higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 . The literacy rate of the state stands at 67.41 % . However , Post bifurcation from Telangana , the state is expected to reach 91.1 % by 2021 . West Godavari district has the highest literacy rate of 74.6 % and Vizianagaram district has the least with 58.9 % . Visakhapatnam is the most populous city in Andhra Pradesh , and the 14th - largest city in India Religion in Andhra Pradesh Religion Percent Hinduism 90.87 % Islam 7.32 % Christianity 1.38 % Others 0.43 % Srikalahasti Temple Venkateswara Temple , Tirumala Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth of all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores with a score of 0.416 . The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Krishna , West Godavari and Chittoor are the three districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores in ascending order . Languages ( edit ) The official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu . The Minister of Tourism and Culture has issued a declaration of the Telugu language as a Classical Language . Religions ( edit ) Majority of the people in Andhra Pradesh are Hindus while Muslims constitute a sizeable minority . According to the 2011 census , the major religious groups in the state are Hindus ( 90.87 % ) , Muslims ( 7.32 % ) and Christians ( 1.38 % ) . Buddhists , Sikhs , Jains and the people who declined to state their religion make up the remaining portion of population . Hinduism Venkateswara Temple at Tirupati is the world 's second richest temple and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year . Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham . Other Hindu saints include Sadasiva Brahmendra , Bhaktha Kannappa , Yogi Vemana , Sathya Sai Baba and Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra . Mahayana - Buddhism Rock - cut Buddha statue at Bojjannakonda near Anakapalle , Visakhapatnam Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history . The Krishna River valley was `` a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years . '' The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley , including Amaravati , Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta `` can be traced to at least the third century BCE , if not earlier . '' The region played a central role in the development of Mahayana Buddhism , along with the Magadha - area in northeastern India . A.K. Warder holds that `` the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country . '' According to Xing , `` Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country , on the Krishna River . '' The Prajñāpāramitā Sutras belong to the earliest Mahayana Sutras . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Regions ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh comprises three regions : Uttarandhra , Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema . Districts ( edit ) Main article : List of districts in Andhra Pradesh It has a total of 13 districts , three in Uttarandhra , six in Coastal Andhra Region and four in Rayalaseema Region . Anantapur Chittoor East Godavari Guntur Kadapa Krishna Kurnool Prakasam Nellore Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram West Godavari Revenue divisions ( edit ) Main article : List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh These 13 districts are further divided into 50 revenue divisions . There are as many as 7 revenue divisions in East Godavari , and only 2 in Vizianagaram district . Mandals ( edit ) Main article : List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh The 50 revenue divisions are in turn divided into 670 mandals . Chittoor district has the most mandals with 66 and Vizianagaram has the least with 34 . Cities ( edit ) There are a total of 31 cities which include , 16 municipal corporations and 14 municipalities . There are two cities with more than one million inhabitants , namely Visakhapatnam and Vijayawada . Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government of Andhra Pradesh and Politics of Andhra Pradesh District Court , Guntur Kadapa district Collectorate Complex Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh is the lower house of the state and legislative council of andhra pradesh is the upper house with 58 members . In the Parliament of India , Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats in the Rajya Sabha , and 25 seats in the Lok Sabha . There are a total of 175 Assembly constituencies in the state . East Godavari district has the most number of constituencies with 19 and Vizianagaram district has the least with 9 assembly seats . Whereas , the legislative council of the state has 58 seats , which is one - third of total assembly seats . Until 1962 , the CPI , along with socialist parties namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played an important role in the 1950s . In the 1967 state assembly elections , all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status . The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India . In 1983 , the Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao became the chief minister of the state for the first time . This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982 . Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party . The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR , with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm . He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990 , who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992 . N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister ( 1995 to 2004 ) . In 1994 , Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again , and NTR became the chief minister again . Nara Chandrababu Naidu , the son - in - law of NTR , came to power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs . The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu . In what would be the last elections held in the unified state , Telugu Desam Party got a mandate in their favour in the residuary ( new ) state . Nara Chandrababu Naidu , the chief of Telugu Desam Party became Chief Minister on 8 June 2014 , for the new state of Andhra Pradesh . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam is an important commercial hub of the state Visakhapatnam Skyline , overlooking seaport Andhra Pradesh was ranked eighth among other Indian states in terms of GSDP for the financial year 2014 -- 2015 . The GSDP at current prices was ₹ 5,200.3 billion ( US $76 billion ) and at constant prices was ₹ 2,645.21 billion ( US $38 billion ) . The domestic product of agriculture sector accounts for ₹ 545.99 billion ( US $7.9 billion ) and Industrial sector for ₹ 507.45 billion ( US $7.4 billion ) . The service sector of the state accounts more percentage of the GSDP with a total of ₹ 1,305.87 billion ( US $19 billion ) . In the 2010 list by Forbes magazine , there were several from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians . Agriculture ( edit ) Lush green farms in Konaseema , East Godavari Map of Sugar industries in Andhra Pradesh ( click on the image for maximum view ) Andhra Pradesh economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock . Four important rivers of India , the Godavari , Krishna , Penna , and Thungabhadra flow through the state and provide irrigation. 60 percent of population is engaged in agriculture and related activities . Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state . It is an exporter of many agricultural products and is also known as `` Rice Bowl of India '' . The state has three Agricultural Economic Zones in Chittoor district for mango pulp and vegetables , Krishna district for mangoes , Guntur district for chilies . Besides rice , farmers also grow jowar , bajra , maize , minor millet , coarse grain , many varieties of pulses , oil seeds , sugarcane , cotton , chili pepper , mango nuts and tobacco . Crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts are popular . There are many multi-state irrigation projects under development , including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam . Livestock and poultry is also another profitable business , which involves rearing cattle in enclosed areas for commercial purposes . The state is also a largest producer of eggs in the country and hence , it is nicknamed as `` Egg Bowl of Asia '' . Fisheries contribute 10 % of total fish and over 70 % of the shrimp production of India . The geographical location of the state allows marine fishing as well as inland fish production . The most exported marine exports include Vannamei shrimp and are expected to cross $1 billion in 2013 -- 2014 . Industrial sector ( edit ) Tech Mahindra Development Centre , Visakhapatnam The industrial sector of the state includes some of the key sectors like Pharma , Automobile , Textiles etc . Sricity located in Chittoor district is an integrated business city which is home to many renowned firms like PepsiCo , Isuzu Motors , Cadbury India , Kellogg 's , Colgate - Palmolive , Kobelco etc . The PepsiCo firm has its largest plant in India at Sri City . The state is also emerging in information technology and biotechnology . The IT / ITES revenues of Visakhapatnam is at ₹ 14.45 billion ( US $210 million ) in 2012 -- 2013 . The development of IT in Tier - II and Tier - III cities like Vijayawada , Kakinada and Tirupati is also improving . In the fiscal year 2012 -- 2013 , Vijayawada 's IT / ITeS revenues were ₹ 1,153 million ( US $17 million ) crore . Tirupati with ₹ 693 million ( US $10 million ) and Kakinada with ₹ 615 million ( US $8.9 million ) stand next . For the benefit of state i.e. , After separating Telangana from andhra , people of andhra protested for special status during the month of January in 2017 Resources ( edit ) Andhra Pradesh is one of the storehouses of mineral resources in India . Andhra Pradesh with varied geological formations , contain rich and variety of industrial minerals and building stones . Andhra Pradesh is listed top in the deposit and production of mica in India . Minerals found in the state include limestone , reserves of oil and natural gas , manganese , asbestos , iron ore , ball clay , fire clay , gold diamonds , graphite , dolomite , quartz , tungsten , steatitic , feldspar , silica sand . It has about one third of India 's limestone reserves and is known for large exclusive deposits of barytes and galaxy granite in the international market . Mining Mining is identified as one of the growth engines for the overall development of industry and infrastructure . The Tummalapalle Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size . 700 million tonnes of metal grade Bauxite deposits in proximity to Visakhapatnam Port . Reliance Industries Limited struck nine trillion cubic feet of gas reserves in the KG basin , 150 km ( 93 mi ) off the Andhra Pradesh coast near Kakinada . Discovery of large quantity of natural gas in KG Basin is expected to provide rapid economic growth . During the year 2016 , nearly 134 trillion cubic feet of methane hydrate deposits were explored in KG basin whose extraction is adequate to impart energy security for many decades to India . Power plants Main article : Power sector of Andhra Pradesh The state is a pioneer nationwide in solar power generation . APGENCO is the power generating company owned by the state . The state has become power surplus with excess power generation being exported to other states . Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station Thermal ( natural gas and coal based ) and renewable power plants totalling to 21,000 MW were installed in the state by the year 2015 . Local power plants of 9,600 MW capacity only are supplying electricity in the state which includes Simhadri Super Thermal Power Plant ( 2000 MW ) of NTPC , Vizag Thermal Power Station ( 1040 MW ) , Rayalaseema Thermal Power Station ( 1050 MW ) , Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah Thermal Power Station ( 1600 MW ) , Vijayawada Thermal Power Plant ( 1760 MW ) , etc . Hydel power plants are having a capacity of 1671 MW . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh has rich culture and heritage . Kuchipudi , the state dance originated in the village of Kuchipudi in Krishna district , had entered the Guinness World Records for performing Mahabrinda Natyam with a total of 6,117 dancers in Vijayawada . It had thirteen geographical indications in categories of agricultural handicrafts , foodstuff and textiles as per Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 . It increased to fifteen with the addition of Banaganapalle Mangoes and Bandar laddu . The other GI tagged goods are , Bobbili Veena , Budithi Bell and Brass Craft , Dharmavaram Handloom Pattu Sarees and Paavadas , Guntur Sannam , Kondapalli Toys , Machilipatnam Kalamkari , Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics , Srikalahasti Kalamkari , Tirupati Laddu , Uppada Jamdani Sari and Venkatagiri Sari. and ponduru khaddaru . Arts , crafts and artifacts ( edit ) Kondapalli Toys at a house in Vijayawada Machilipatnam and Srikalahasti Kalamkari are the two unique textile art forms practised in India . There are also other notable handicrafts present in the state , like the soft limestone idol carvings of Durgi . Etikoppaka in Visakhapatnam district is notable for its Lac industry , producing lacquered wooden . The state has many museums , which features a varied collection of ancient sculptures , paintings , idols , weapons , cutlery and inscriptions , and religious artifacts such as the Amaravati Archaeological Museum , Visakha Museum and Telugu Cultural Museum in Visakhapatnam displays the history of the pre-Independence and the Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada with large collection of artifacts . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Telugu literature Nannayya , Tikkana and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu language . Nannayya wrote the first treatise on Telugu grammar called Andhra Shabda Chintamani in Sanskrit , as there was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to that . Pothana is the poet who composed the classic Srimad Maha Bhagavatamu , a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatam . Vemana is notable for his philosophical poems . The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada . Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam is termed as Adhunika Telugu Sahityam ( Modern Telugu literature ) . He is known as Gadya Tikkana and was the author of Telugu social novel , Satyavati Charitam . Jnanpith Award holders from the state include Viswanatha Satyanarayana , C. Narayana Reddy and Ravuri Bharadhwaja . The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature . Music and films ( edit ) Main articles : Music of Andhra Pradesh and Telugu theatre See also : Shadow Puppets of Andhra Pradesh Kuchipudi dance Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya , Kshetrayya , and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent . Modern Carnatic music composers and singers like Ghantasala , Sujatha Puligella and M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent . The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , P. Susheela , S. Janaki , PB Srinivas . Folk songs are very important and popular in the many rural areas of the state . Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today . Harikathaa Kalakshepam ( or Harikatha ) involves the narration of a story , intermingled with various songs relating to the story . Harikatha was originated in Andhra . Burra katha is an oral storytelling technique with the topic be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social issue . Rangasthalam is an Indian theatre in the Telugu language , based predominantly in Andhra Pradesh . Gurazada Apparao wrote the play , Kanyasulkam in 1892 , which is often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language . C. Pullaiah is cited as the father of Telugu theatre movement . The Telugu film industry had largely shifted from Chennai to Hyderabad . The Telugu film culture ( or , `` Tollywood '' ) is the second - largest film industry in India next to Bollywood Film Industry . Prolific film producer from the state , D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person . In the years 2005 , 2006 and 2008 the Telugu film industry produced the largest number of films in India , exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood . The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world . Cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Telugu cuisine Telugu people 's traditional sweet Pootharekulu originated from Atreyapuram village , Andhra Pradesh . A Vegetarian Andhra Meal served on important occasions Tourism Main article : Tourism in Andhra Pradesh The state has several beaches in its coastal districts such as , Rushikonda , Mypadu , Suryalanka etc. ; caves such as , Borra Caves , Indian rock - cut architecture depicting Undavalli caves and the country 's second longest caves named as Belum Caves . The valleys and hills include , Araku Valley , Horsley Hills , Papi Hills etc . Arma Konda peak located in Visakhapatnam district is the highest peak in Eastern Ghats . The state is home to various religious pilgrim destinations such as , Tirumala Temple , Simhachalam Temple , Annavaram , Srisailam temple , Kanaka Durga Temple , Amaravati , Srikalahasti Kadiri temple , Shahi jamia masjid in Adoni , Gunadala Church in Vijayawada , Buddhist centres at Amaravati , Nagarjuna Konda etc. , and many more as well . Transport ( edit ) The state is well connected to other states through road and rail networks . It is also connected to other countries by means of airways and seaports as well . With a long seacoast along the Bay of Bengal , it also has many ports for sea trade . The state has one of the largest railway junctions at Vijayawada and one of the largest seaports at Visakhapatnam . Roads ( edit ) See also : APSRTC Garuda Plus bus service of the APSRTC Vijayawada - Guntur Expressway section of NH - 16 Roads in Andhra Pradesh consist of National Highways and state highways with district roads as well . NH 5 , with a highway network of around 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) in the state , is a part of Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project . It also forms part of AH 45 which comes under the Asian Highway Network . The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation ( APSRTC ) is the major public bus transport owned by the state government which runs thousands of buses connecting different parts of the state . Pandit Nehru Bus Station ( PNBS ) in Vijayawada is one of the largest bus terminals in Asia . Railways ( edit ) See also : South Central Railway zone Vijayawada railway station Guntakal is one of the Major Junction in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh has a total broad gauge railway route of 3703.25 km and has no metre gauge railway . The rail density of the state is 16.59 per 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) , compared to an all India average of 20 . The Howrah -- Chennai main line which runs through the state is proposed to be upgraded into a high - speed rail corridor through the Diamond Quadrilateral project of the Indian Railways . The railway network spans two zones , further subdivided into divisions -- Vijayawada , Guntur and Guntakal railway divisions of South Central Railway zone. , and Waltair railway division of East Coast Railway zone . There is a demand for creating a unified zone for the state based out of Visakhapatnam . There are three A1 and twenty three A-category railway stations in the state . Visakhapatnam railway station has been declared the cleanest railway station in the country . The railway station of Shimiliguda was the first highest broad gauge railway station in the country . Airports ( edit ) See also : List of airports in Andhra Pradesh Map of airports and airstrips of Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Airport Visakhapatnam Airport , is the only airport in the state with operating international flights while Vijayawada Airport at Gannavaram is set to launch international flights shortly . The state has four other domestic airports , Rajahmundry Airport at Madhurapudi , at Renigunta , Cuddapah Airport and a privately owned , public use airport at Puttaparthi . There are also 16 small air strips located in the state . Sea ports ( edit ) See also : Ports and harbours of Andhra Pradesh Seaports Map of Andhra Pradesh ( click on the image for maximum view ) Andhra Pradesh has one of the country 's largest port at Visakhapatnam in terms of cargo handling . The other famous ports are Krishnapatnam Port ( Nellore ) , Gangavaram Port and Kakinada Port . Gangavaram Port is a deep seaport which can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000 -- 250,000 DWT . There are 14 notified non-major ports at Bheemunipatnam , S. Yanam , Machilipatnam , Nizampatnam , Vadarevu etc . Education and Research ( edit ) Main article : Education in Andhra Pradesh Universities Map of Andhra Pradesh ( Click on the image for a maximum view ) Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 67.41 % as per the 2011 Indian census . The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government , aided and private schools , under the administration of the state School Education Department . These schools include Municipal , Andhra Pradesh Residential , Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential , Zilla Parishad , aided and unaided private schools . There a total of 6,864,201 students enrolled in 61,529 schools . The mediums of instruction are Telugu , English , Urdu , Hindi , Kannada , Odia and Tamil . The Directorate of Government Examinations of the state administers the conduct of Secondary School Certificate examination . 652,374 candidates took the 2016 exam and recorded a pass percentage of 94.52 % for regular and 55.47 % by private candidates . Higher education in the state is administered by the Department of Higher Education . The central universities are All India Institute of Medical Sciences , IIM Visakhapatnam , IIT Tirupati , National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh , and IIITDM Kurnool , Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy . The Government of Andhra Pradesh established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies ( RGUKT ) in 2008 to cater to the education needs of the rural youth of Andhra Pradesh . As per the University Grants Commission , GITAM , KL University and Vignan University are the Deemed Universities in the state . There are 18 state universities in the districts providing higher education in horticulture , law , medical , technology , Vedic and veterinary . Andhra University is the oldest of the universities in the state , established in 1926 . Research ( edit ) Research institutes have been set up by the central state government . Naval Science & Technological Laboratory ( NSTL ) , National Institute of Oceanography , Visakhapatnam ( NIO ) , School of Planning and Architecture at Vijayawada is an autonomous research institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development of Government of India , National Atmospheric Research Laboratory carry out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Tirupati , Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering and Research , Visakhapatnam Central Tobacco Research Institute , Rajahmundry under control of ICAR ( Indian Council of Agriculture Research ) conducts fundamental and applied research on Tobacco for the benefit of the farming community , Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research ( IIOPR ) at Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district serves as a centre for conducting and co-ordinating research on all aspects of oil palm conservation , improvement , production , protection , post-harvest technology and transfer of technology , CCRH Regional Research Institute at Gudivada , Clinical Research Institute at Tirupati and National Institute of Oceanography at Visakhapatnam are some of them . Space Research Organisation ( edit ) Satish Dhawan Space Centre , also known as Sriharikota Range ( SHAR ) , at barrier island of Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh is a satellite launching station operated by Indian Space Research Organisation . It is India 's primary orbital launch site . India 's lunar orbiter Chandrayaan - 1 was launched from the centre at 6 : 22 AM IST on 22 October 2008 . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in Andhra Pradesh The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh , is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in cricket , field hockey , association football , Olympic weightlifting , chess , water sports , tennis , badminton , table tennis , cycling , etc . Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the state . The ACA - VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam is the home to Andhra Pradesh cricket team . The venue regularly hosts international as well as domestic matches . Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh , include Maharajkumar of Vizianagram , M.V. Narasimha Rao , M.S.K. Prasad , V.V.S. Laxman , Tirumalasetti Suman , Arshad Ayub , Ambati Rayudu , Venkatapathy Raju , Sravanthi Naidu , Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc . Humpy Koneru , from Gudivada of Krishna district of the state , is an Indian chess Grandmaster . Karnam Malleswari , the first female Indian to win an Olympic medal , hails from Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh . She won the bronze medal on 19 September 2000 , in the 69 kg category with a lift of 240 kg . Krishnam Raju Gadiraju of Bhimavaram , Andhra Pradesh is a four - time world record holder . He is a speedsolver and Unicyclist . Pullela Gopichand , is a former Indian badminton player . He won the All England Open Badminton Championships ( 2001 ) , to becoming the second Indian to achieve it after Prakash Padukone . Cherukuri Lenin 1985 or 1986 -- 24 October 2010 ) was an Indian archer and coach who won a silver medal at the Asian Grand Prix in Malaysia , and was a National Archery Coach . See also ( edit ) India -- Wikipedia book Index of Andhra Pradesh - related articles Middle kingdoms of India Part One of the Constitution of India List of people from Andhra Pradesh Luther Study Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SOCIO ECONOMIC SURVEY 2016 -- 17 '' ( PDF ) . AP State Portal . Government of Andhra Pradesh . p. 3 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography '' ( PDF ) . Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government . Government of Andhra Pradesh . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018 -- 19 '' ( PDF ) . PRS Legislative Research . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Maitreyi , M.L. Melly ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` No official State song for WTC '' . The Hindu . The Hindu Group . ^ Jump up to : `` Andhra Pradesh gets new state bird , state flower '' . Deccan Chronicle. 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` AP Socio - economic Survey 2016 -- 17 '' ( PDF ) . Official website of Government of Andhra Pradesh . Government of Andhra Pradesh . ^ Jump up to : `` The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . India Code Legislative Department . Ministry of Law and Justice . 1 March 2014 . p. 2 . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Capital City be named as `` Amaravati '' '' ( PDF ) . Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority . Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department -- Andhra Pradesh. 23 April 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Length of coastline '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yanam of Puducherry '' . Gov. t of Yanam . Archived from the original on 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shankarlal C. Bhatt ( 2006 ) . Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories ( Volume 2 ed . ) . Gyan Publishing House . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 358 - 6 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India 's top 15 cities with the highest GDP '' . Yahoo Finance . 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicole Bippen ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` The 10 Richest Indian Cities '' . The Richest . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh Budget Analysis 2016 -- 17 '' ( PDF ) . PRS Legislative Research . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` 30 % growth in AP tourist arrivals '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most - Visited Sacred Sites '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dance Dialects of India . Ragini Devi . Motilal Bansarsi Dass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0674 - 3 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Andhra Pradesh '' . Government of Andhra Pradesh . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh '' . P. Raghunadha Rao . Sterling Publishers , 1993 . p. iv . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sailendra Nath Sen ( 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History and Civilization . New Age International . pp. 172 -- 176 . ISBN 9788122411980 . Jump up ^ Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya ( 1974 ) . Some Early Dynasties of South India . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 17 -- 56 . ISBN 9788120829411 . Jump up ^ Carla M. Sinopoli ( 2001 ) . `` On the edge of empire : form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty '' . In Susan E. Alcock . Empires : Perspectives from Archaeology and History . Cambridge University Press . pp. 166 -- 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77020 - 0 . Jump up ^ Akira Shimada ( 2012 ) . Early Buddhist Architecture in Context : The Great St ? pa at Amar ? vat ? ( ca . 300 BCE - 300 CE ) . BRILL . pp. 33 -- 40 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 23283 - 4 . Jump up ^ Charles Higham ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations . Infobase Publishing . p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0996 - 1 . Jump up ^ David M. Knipe ( 2015 ) . Vedic Voices : Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition . Oxford University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 026673 - 8 . Jump up ^ Subramanian , K.R. Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. Asian Educational Services . ISBN 9788120604445 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh '' . P. Raghunadha Rao . Sterling Publishers , 1993 . p. 68 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History outline of Andhra Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Board of Intermediate Education , Government of Andhra Pradesh . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra Nath ( 1 January 1999 ) . Ancient Indian History and civilization By S.N. Sen. ISBN 9788122411980 . Jump up ^ `` About Eastern Chalukyas -- Official AP State Government Portal -- AP State Portal '' . Jump up ^ `` Age of Telugu language '' . The Hindu . 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salomon , Richard ( 1998 ) . Indian epigraphy : a guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit , Prakrit , and the other Indo - Aryan languages ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 106 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509984 - 2 . Jump up ^ The History of Andhras , Durga Prasad ( `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Gazetteer of India , v. 15 1931 '' . Kondaveedu . Digital South Asia Library . p. 393 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Robert ( 1884 ) . Lists of inscriptions , and sketch of the dynasties of Southern India , Archaeological Survey of India . Kondaveedu Reddy Chiefs ... . E. Keys at the Government Press . pp. 187 -- 188 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kondavid - durg near Guntur. 19 February 1804 . Signed ' W.R. ' '' . British on line Gallery . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kondaveedu fort likely to get UNESCO heritage status '' . Jump up ^ Burgess , James ( 1872 ) . Indian antiquary , Volume 1 . Popular Prakashan . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Stone from Gandikota fort to be used '' -- via www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ By James Mansel Longworth page 204 Jump up ^ edited by JC morris page 261 Jump up ^ Historians such as P.B. Desai ( History of Vijayanagar Empire , 1936 ) , Henry Heras ( The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara , 1927 ) , B.A. Saletore ( Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire , 1930 ) , G.S. Gai ( Archaeological Survey of India ) , William Coelho ( The Hoysala Vamsa , 1955 ) and Kamath ( Kamath 2001 , pp. 157 -- 160 ) Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh eyes Unesco tag for its heritage sites '' . 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Gopal , B. Madhu ; Gopal , B. Madhu ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Move to get world heritage status for Sankaram '' -- via www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` The Lepakshi heritage '' . www.thehindubusinessline.com . Jump up ^ Voice , Amaravati . `` Lepakshi May Get World Heritage Status '' . www.amaravativoice.com . Jump up ^ Sewell , Robert ; Nunes , Fernão ; Paes , Domingos ( 1900 ) . `` Origin of the Empire ( A.D. 1336 ) '' . A Forgotten Empire ( Vijayanagar ) : A contribution to the history of India . S. Sonnenschein & co . , ltd . Jump up ^ Richards , J.F. ( 1975 ) . `` The Hyderabad Karnatik , 1687 -- 1707 '' . Modern Asian Studies . 9 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 260 . doi : 10.1017 / S0026749X00004996 . Jump up ^ `` Tributes paid to Telangana martyrs '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 18 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` HYDERABAD : The Holdout '' . Time . 30 August 1948 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Independence Era , then and now '' . aponline.gov.in . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Know Hyderabad : History '' . Pan India Network . 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Telangana state formation gazette '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme court refers Telangana petitions to constitution bench '' . NDTV . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh Fact File '' ( PDF ) . Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government . AP state portal . p. 2 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kadapa basin '' . Directorate General of Hydrocarbons . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Forests in AP facts '' . AP Forest department . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural vegetation and wildlife '' . AP Forest Department . Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The List of Wetlands of International Importance '' ( PDF ) . The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands . The Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands ( Ramsar , Iran , 1971 ) . p. 20 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Nivedita ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Lambasingi set to become tourist hotspot '' . The Hindu . Visakhapatnam . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lambasingi records 2o c '' . Deccan Chronicle . Visakhapatnam. 16 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Literacy rate dismal in Telangana '' . 5 February 2016 -- via www.thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` INDIA AT A GLANCE : CENSUS 2011 '' . The Registrar General & Census Commissioner , India . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census of India -- Religious Composition '' . Government of India , Ministry of Home Affairs . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2007 '' ( PDF ) . APonline.gov.in . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu Language '' . AP State Portal . Government of India . Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 47th report ( July 2008 to June 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . pp. 122 -- 126 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classical Language '' . Press Information Bureau . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami '' . Mihira.com . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Ronald . Tibetan Renaissance . Columbia 2005 , pp. 29 . Jump up ^ Padma , Sree . Barber , Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra . SUNY Press 2008 , pg. 2 . Jump up ^ Padma , Sree . Barber , Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra . SUNY Press 2008 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Peter Harvey ( 2013 ) , An Introduction to Buddhism : Teachings , History and Practices , Cambridge University Press , p. 108 Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 313 Jump up ^ Guang Xing . The Concept of the Buddha : Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory . 2004 . pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Buddhist Thought . Routledge , 2000 , pages 131 . Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Mahayana Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition . Routledge , 2009 , pg. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Population of AP districts ( 2011 ) '' . ap.gov.in . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part - I State Administrative Divisions 2001 -- 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census of India . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Administrative and Geographical Profile '' ( PDF ) . msmehyd.ap.nic.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly '' . Archived from the original on 1 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . pp. 16 -- 28 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . AP Legislature . Government of Andhra Pradesh . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu , November 25 , 2012 '' . Chennai , India . 25 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hindu , on the election and Presidency '' . Chennai , India . 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Length of time as Chief Minister '' . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBN to be sworn as CM of Andhra on June 8th '' . Deccan - Journal . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian states by GDP '' . Statistics Times . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economy '' ( PDF ) . Official portal of Andhra Pradesh Government . AP state portal . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Richest '' . Forbes . 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Appaji Reddem . `` Rice bowl of India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ India Today . ABC - CLIO . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37462 - 3 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United AP stood second in agri exports '' . The Hindu . Vijayawada. 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Irrigation Projects '' . Press Information Bureau . Ministry of Water Resources . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Socio Economic Survey 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . AP State Portal . Government of Andhra Pradesh . p. 3 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mohanty , Muktikanta ( 2010 ) . Macmillan 's General Knowledge Manual 2010 . Macmillan . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 32874 - 7 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent . `` AP top producer of shrimp : MPEDA '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Vannamei Hatcheries '' . Coastal Aquaculture Authority . Archived from the original on 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The $ Billion Andhra Shrimp exports '' . viscan.in . Jump up ^ `` Firms in sricity '' . Sricity.in . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ V Rishi Kumar ( 3 April 2015 ) . `` PepsiCo inaugurates new facility at Sri City '' . Business Line . Hyderabad . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IT / ITES revenues '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Industrial & Fertilizer minerals '' ( PDF ) . Geological Survey of India portal . CGPB Committee - IV . pp. 17 -- 44 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Krishna Godavari Basin : Oil & Gas Resource '' . kgbasin.in . Archived from the original on 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ONGC hydrates discovery may be 4 times bigger than RIL 's gas find '' . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` APGENGO overview '' . APGENCO . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Davos Visit will Boost Andhra Pradesh 's Image , Says Naidu '' . The New Indian Express . Vijayawada. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Salient features of A.P. TransCo / A.P. GenCo / DisComs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Varma , P. Sujatha . `` ' Andhra Pradesh has a very rich culture , heritage ' '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , G.V.R. Subba . `` 6,117 Kuchipudi dancers put A.P. in Guinness book '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` State Wise Registration Details of G.I Applications ( 15th September , 2003 -- Till Date ) '' ( PDF ) . Geographical Indication Registry . p. 1 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Banaganapalle mangoes finally get GI tag '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 4 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Naidu , T. Appala . `` Bandar laddu gets GI tag '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kalamkari : Craft of the matter '' . mid-day . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durgi Stone Craft '' . Cesdeva . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Etikoppaka Vizag '' . Andhra Pradesh Tourism . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Rani ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` The lac industry of Etikoppaka -- An art form to cherish '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archaeological Museum , Amaravati -- Archaeological Survey of India '' . Asi.nic.in . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gopavaram , Padmapriya ; Subrahmanyam , Korada ( 2011 ) . `` 1 '' . A Comparative Study of Andhrasabdachintamani And Balavyakaranam . Hyderabad : University of Hyderabad . Jump up ^ `` Telugu Literature '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Manorma Sharma ( 2007 ) . Musical Heritage of India . APH . pp. 19 -- 32 . ISBN 81 - 313 - 0046 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thoomati Donappa . Telugu Harikatha Sarvasvam . OCLC 13505520 . Jump up ^ `` Burrakatha loses sheen sans patronage '' . The Times of India . 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ October 13 , 2012 11 : 45 pm ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Nandi Natakotsavam Awards '' . India Scanner . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Telugu Luminaries , Potti Sriramulu Telugu University , Hyderabad , 2005 Jump up ^ Narasimham , M.L. ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` SATI SAVITHRI ( 1933 ) '' . The Hindu . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bhagwan Das Garg ( 1996 ) . So many cinemas : the motion picture in India . Eminence Designs . p. 86 . ISBN 81 - 900602 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Telugu film industry '' . Preethi 's Web . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ramakrishnan , Sathyalaya ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Prestigious ' Phalke '' award conferred to Veteran Film producer D Rama Naidu `` . Asian Tribune . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers '' . The Times of India . 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu film industry enters new era '' . Business Line . 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Largest film studio '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh to develop beach front locations -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjee , Sumit . `` Natural world heritage status for Borra Caves sought '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` : : : - WELCOME TO GUNTUR DISTRICT OFFICIAL WEBSITE - : : : '' . Jump up ^ `` Film tourism to boost Kurnool economy '' . deccanchronicle.com/. 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tourist destinations in AP '' . Andhra Pradesh Tourism Department . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divine destinations '' . AP tourism department . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Templenet Encyclopedia -- Temples of Andhra Pradesh '' . Retrieved 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` citi - Charter '' . Apsrtc.gov.in . Archived from the original on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AP Budget 2018 -- 19 Highlights -- Sakshi '' . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Statewise Length of Railway Lines and Survey For New Railway Lines '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Infrastructure -- Connectivity -- Rail '' . apedb.gov.in . Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet Train Corridors '' . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Quadrilateral '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` State-wise Route Kilometerage '' . South Central Railway . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ECoR -- WALTAIR DIVISION '' . eastcoastrailwaywaltairdivision.blogspot.in . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statement showing category-wise No. of stations '' ( PDF ) . South Central Railway . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vizag billed the cleanest rail station '' . The Hindu . Special Correspondent. 2017 - 05 - 18 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ BHATTACHARJEE , SUMIT . `` Hidden 100 -- 58 tunnels. 84 bridges . Welcome to Araku Valley '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vijayawada airport to go International '' . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airports '' ( PDF ) . AP State Portal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vizag port info '' . vizagport . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity of port '' . gangavaram port . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh : Opening up ports '' . Andhra Pradesh Department of Ports . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ https://inc42.com/buzz/andhra-pradesh-hyperloop/ Jump up ^ `` School Education Department '' ( PDF ) . School Education Department , Government of Andhra Pradesh . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Department of School Education -- Official AP State Government Portal '' . www.ap.gov.in . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Nagaraju , M.T.V ( 2004 ) . Study Habits of Secondary School Students . Discovery Publishing House . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7141 - 893 - 0 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Working Groups '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner and Director of School Education . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Information '' . Commissionerate of School Education . Archived from the original on 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GIS Coordinates '' . Commissionerate of School Education . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of SSC 2015 Results '' . Board of Secondary Education Andhra Pradesh . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andhra Pradesh SSC Class 10 results 2016 likely to be declared today at 12 pm '' . ummid.com . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SSC Public Examinations March 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Intermediate Education . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Department of Higher Education -- Andhra Pradesh Portal AP State Portal '' . www.ap.gov.in . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Tutika , Kiranmai ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` VIT at Amaravati '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Ch . R. S ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` National status for Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy hailed '' . The Hindu Business Line . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies '' . Rgukt.in . Archived from the original on 7 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deemed University '' . University Grants Commission . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State University '' . University Grants Commissiom . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , , Special. `` Old - timers recollect glorious days of AU '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Profile of Universities in Andhra Pradesh '' ( PDF ) . Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NARL '' . National Atmospheric Research Laboratory . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IISER Tirupati '' . IISER Tirupati . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CTRI Rajahmundry '' . Jump up ^ `` IIOPR '' . Jump up ^ `` National Institute Of Oceanography ( NIO ) -- HOME '' . Jump up ^ `` ccrh '' . Jump up ^ `` SHAR '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan 1 '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh '' . SAAP . Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Karnam Malleswari at Olympics '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` He can solve Rubik 's Cube underwater '' . timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Pulella Gopichand '' . mapsofindia.com . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` P Gopichand '' . The Times of India . 11 December 2002 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pullela Gopichand -- The Founder '' . Gopichand Badminton Academy . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAndhra Pradeshat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government Andhra Pradesh Government Website Department of Tourism General information Andhra Pradesh Encyclopædia Britannica entry Andhra Pradesh at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geographic data related to Andhra Pradesh at OpenStreetMap State agencies of Andhra Pradesh Public Sector Undertakings Road Transport Corporation ( APSRTC ) Industrial Infrastructure Corporation ( APIIC ) Tourism Development Corporation ( APTDC ) FiberNet ( APSFL ) Andhra Pradesh Rajiv Swagruha Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh Road Development Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh State Agro Industries Development Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh State Civil Supplies Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh Foods ( APF ) Power Generation Corporation ( APGENCO ) Power Transmission Corporation ( APTRANSCO ) Southern Power Distribution Company Limited ( APSPDCL ) Eastern Power Distribution Company Limited ( APEPDCL ) Excise Department Beverages Corporation Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums Forest Department Agriculture Department Police Department Fire Department Anti-Corruption Bureau ( ACB ) Handloom Weavers Cooperative Society Andhra Pradesh Handicrafts Development Corporation Andhra Pradesh Heavy Machinery and Engineering Limited Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corporation Limited Andhra Pradesh Power Finance Corporation Limited Boards Intermediate Education ( BIE ) Secondary Education ( BSE ) Housing Board ( APHB ) Pollution Control Board ( APPCB ) Institutions Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority Public Service Commission ( APPSC ) Election Commission ( APSEC ) Vaidya Vidhana Parishad Andhra Pradesh Vigilance Commission Andhra Pradesh Information Commission Nodal Agencies Anantapur Municipal Corporation ( AMC ) Tirupati Municipal Corporation ( TMC ) Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation ( GVMC ) Guntur Municipal Corporation ( GMC ) Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation ( RMC ) Chittoor Municipal Corporation ( CMC ) Kakinada Municipal Corporation Kadapa Municipal Corporation Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ( VMC ) Kurnool Municipal Corporation Nellore Municipal Corporation Ongole Municipal Corporation Srikakulam Municipal Corporation Eluru Municipal Corporation Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority ( VUDA ) VGTM Urban Development Authority ( VGTMUDA ) State of Andhra Pradesh Capital : Amaravati ( de facto ) , Hyderabad ( de jure ) Topics Cinema Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Elections Geography Government Highest point History Language Politics Sports People Transport Tourism Regions Coastal Andhra Rayalaseema Districts Anantapur Chittoor East Godavari Guntur Kadapa Kurnool Krishna Prakasam Nellore Srikakulam Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram West Godavari Million - plus cities Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Cities ( population over 1 lakh ) Adoni Anantapur Bhimavaram Chilakaluripet Chittoor Dharmavaram Eluru Gudivada Guntakal Guntur Hindupur Kadapa Kakinada Kurnool Machilipatnam Madanapalle Nandyal Narasaraopet Nellore Ongole Palakollu Proddatur Rajahmundry Srikakulam Tadepalligudem Tadpatri Tenali Tirupati Vijayawada Visakhapatnam Vizianagaram Tourism Dams Forts Lakes National Parks Hindu Temples Churches Wildlife Sanctuaries Waterfalls Related lists List of cities in Andhra Pradesh List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh Portal : Andhra Pradesh States and union territories of India States Arunachal Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Union Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli National Capital Territory of Delhi Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Capitals in India Proposed states and territories Historical Regions British Provinces Geography portal Asia portal South Asia portal India portal Andhra Pradesh portal BNF : cb11960804p ( data ) GND : 4001934 - 2 ISNI : 0000 0000 9677 334X VIAF : 143056954 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=856752865 '' Categories : Andhra Pradesh South India States and union territories of India States and territories established in 1956 1956 establishments in India Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use Indian English from August 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles scheduled for update tagging Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 डोटेली 106 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 09 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra%20Pradesh	48,409
power comes from the barrel of a gun			Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun	political power grows out of the barrel of a gun	`` Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun '' is a slogan popular among Marxist - Leninist - Maoists . The quote came from Mao Zedong , as the final conclusive comments during the exigent meeting called by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China during August 1927 , as a consequence of the collapse of the Kuomintang - Communist cooperation . By the means of the quote , Mao suggested to the cadres that in order to take the outright political control , the armed struggle is an absolute necessity .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Mao 's speech at the sixth Plenary session 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Mao 's speech at the sixth Plenary session ( edit ) The phrase was uttered on 6 November 1938 during Mao 's concluding speech while addressing the `` Problems on War and Strategy '' on the party 's sixth Central Committee 's sixth Plenary session . Communists do not fight for personal military power ( they must in no circumstances do that , and let no one ever again follow the example of Chang Kuo - tao ) , but they must fight for military power for the Party , for military power for the people . As a national war of resistance is going on , we must also fight for military power for the nation . Where there is naivety on the question of military power , nothing whatsoever can be achieved . It is very difficult for the labouring people , who have been deceived and intimidated by the reactionary ruling classes for thousands of years , to awaken to the importance of having guns in their own hands . Now that Japanese imperialist oppression and the nation - wide resistance to it have pushed our labouring people into the arena of war , Communists should prove themselves the most politically conscious leaders in this war . Every Communist must grasp the truth , `` Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun . '' Our principle is that the Party commands the gun , and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party . Yet , having guns , we can create Party organizations , as witness the powerful Party organizations which the Eighth Route Army has created in northern China . We can also create cadres , create schools , create culture , create mass movements . Everything in Yenan has been created by having guns . All things grow out of the barrel of a gun . According to the Marxist theory of the state , the army is the chief component of state power . Whoever wants to seize and retain state power must have a strong army . Some people ridicule us as advocates of the `` omnipotence of war '' . Yes , we are advocates of the omnipotence of revolutionary war ; that is good , not bad , it is Marxist . The guns of the Russian Communist Party created socialism . We shall create a democratic republic . Experience in the class struggle in the era of imperialism teaches us that it is only by the power of the gun that the working class and the labouring masses can defeat the armed bourgeoisie and landlords ; in this sense we may say that only with guns can the whole world be transformed . We are advocates of the abolition of war , we do not want war ; but war can only be abolished through war , and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun . -- Selected Works of Mao Tse - tung , Vol. II , pp. 224 - 225 See also ( edit ) Enemy of the people He who does not work , neither shall he eat Monopoly on violence No War but the Class War Proletarians of all countries , unite ! Serve the People Struggle session To each according to his contribution From each according to his ability , to each according to his need List of political slogans References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mao Zedong '' . China Daily Information Co ( CDIC ) . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Li , Gucheng , ed. ( 1995 ) . A glossary of political terms of the People 's Republic of China ( illustrated ed . ) . Chinese University Press . p. 325 . ISBN 9622016154 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Works of Mao Tse - tung : Vol. II '' . Marxists Internet Archive ( transcription by the Maoist Documentation Project ) . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . chapter = ignored ( help ) External links ( edit ) Quotations from Mao Tse Tung -- War and Peace , Mao Tse Tung Internet Archive ( marxists.org ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun&oldid=783600886 '' Categories : Communism Maoist China Maoist terminology Political catchphrases Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 11 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20power%20grows%20out%20of%20the%20barrel%20of%20a%20gun	58,876
the constitution gives primary responsibility for the conduct of american foreign policy			Powers of the United States Congress	powers of the united states congress	Powers of the United States Congress are implemented by the United States Constitution , defined by rulings of the Supreme Court , and by its own efforts and by other factors such as history and custom . It is the chief legislative body of the United States . Some powers are explicitly defined by the Constitution and are called enumerated powers ; others have been assumed to exist and are called implied powers .	Contents ( hide ) 1 General powers 2 Enumerated powers 3 Implied powers and the commerce clause 4 References 5 External links General powers ( edit ) Former US general George Washington presided over the signing of the United States Constitution which included Alexander Hamilton , Benjamin Franklin , and James Madison . Article I of the Constitution sets forth most of the powers of Congress , which include numerous explicit powers enumerated in Section 8 . Constitutional amendments have granted Congress additional powers . Congress also has implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution . Congress has the power of the purse and it can tax citizens , spend money , and authorize the printing of currency such as this bill for $100,000 . Congress has authority over financial and budgetary matters , through the enumerated power to lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States . The Sixteenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , extended power of taxation to include income taxes . The Constitution also grants Congress exclusively the power to appropriate funds . This power of the purse is one of Congress ' primary checks on the executive branch . Other powers granted to Congress include the authority to borrow money on the credit of the United States , regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states , and coin money . Generally both Senate and House have equal legislative authority although only the House may originate revenue bills and , by tradition , appropriation bills . Congress authorizes defense spending to buy and maintain aircraft carriers such as the USS Bon Homme Richard . The name Richard is from a rough French language reference to Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard 's Almanac meaning Good man Richard . The Constitution also gives Congress an important role in national defense , including the exclusive power to declare war , to raise and maintain the armed forces , and to make rules for the military . Some critics charge that the executive branch has usurped Congress 's Constitutionally - defined task of declaring war . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , they asked for and received formal war declarations from Congress for the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I , and World War II , although President Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 did not get Congressional assent . Presidents have initiated war without Congressional war declarations ; Truman called the Korean War a `` police action '' and the Vietnam War lasted over a decade without a declaration of war . In 1970 , Time magazine noted : `` All told , it has been calculated , U.S. presidents have ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times '' before 1970 . In 1993 , one writer noted `` Congress 's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution , '' and that the `` real erosion ( of Congressional authority to declare war ) began after World War II . '' President George H.W. Bush claimed he could begin Operation Desert Storm and launch a `` deliberate , unhurried , post -- Cold War decision to start a war '' without Congressional approval . Critics charge that President George W. Bush largely initiated the Iraq War with little debate in Congress or consultation with Congress , despite a Congressional vote on military force authorization . Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation 's history . An enumerated congressional power is to establish post offices including this one in Athens , Georgia , pictured in 1942 . Congress also has the power to establish post offices and post roads , issue patents and copyrights , fix standards of weights and measures , establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court , and `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Article Four gives Congress the power to admit new states into the Union . One congressional power is oversight of other branches of the government . In the early 1970s , the Senate investigated the activities of President Richard Nixon regarding Watergate which led to the president 's resignation . One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch . Congressional oversight is usually delegated to committees and is facilitated by Congress ' subpoena power . Some critics have charged that Congress has in some instances failed to do an adequate job of overseeing the other branches of government . In the Valerie Plame Wilson episode sometimes known as the Plame affair , some critics , including Representative Henry A. Waxman , charged that Congress was not doing an adequate job of oversight in this case . Other critics charge Congress was lax in its oversight duties regarding presidential actions such as warrantless wiretapping , although others respond that Congress did investigate the legality of decisions by President George W. Bush involving such matters . Congress has the power to impeach officials including the president . In 1868 , this committee helped impeach president Andrew Johnson who was almost convicted ; Johnson stayed in office . Congress also has the exclusive impeachment power , allowing impeachment , trial , and removal of the President , federal judges and other federal officers . Enumerated powers ( edit ) Main article : Enumerated powers Among the powers specifically given to Congress in Article I Section 8 , are the following : 1.To lay and collect taxes , duties , imposts and excises , to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties , imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2 . To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3 . To regulate commerce with foreign nations , and among the several states , and with the Native American tribes ; 4 . To establish a uniform rule of naturalization , and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 5 . To coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 6 . To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 7 . To establish post offices and post roads ; 8 . To promote the progress of science and useful arts , by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9 . To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 10 . To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations ; 11 . To declare war , grant letters of marque and reprisal , and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 12 . To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13 . To provide and maintain a navy ; 14 . To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; 15 . To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 16 . To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 17 . To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten miles ( 16 km ) square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States , and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be , for the erection of forts , magazines , arsenals , dockyards , and other needful buildings . One of many congressional powers is to `` define and punish piracies on the high seas '' . Other congressional powers have been granted , or confirmed , by constitutional amendments . The Thirteenth ( 1865 ) , Fourteenth ( 1868 ) , and Fifteenth Amendments ( 1870 ) gave Congress authority to enact legislation to enforce rights of all citizens regardless of race , including voting rights , due process , and equal protection under the law . Generally militia forces are controlled by state governments , not Congress . Implied powers and the commerce Clause ( edit ) Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio was a principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment . Congress also has implied powers , which derive from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution and permit Congress `` To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Broad interpretations of this clause and of the Commerce Clause , the enumerated power to regulate commerce , in rulings such as McCulloch v Maryland , have effectively widened the scope of Congress ' legislative authority far beyond that prescribed in Section 8 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ editorial staff ( May 30 , 2008 ) . `` Congress and the Dollar '' . New York Sun . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 ... Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution ... the founders of America delegated to the Congress the power to , among other things , `` coin money , regulate the value thereof , and of foreign coin , and fix the standard of weights and measures . '' Jump up ^ John V. Sullivan ( July 24 , 2007 ) . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Unlike some other parliamentary bodies , both the Senate and the House of Representatives have equal legislative functions and powers with certain exceptions . For example , the Constitution provides that only the House of Representatives may originate revenue bills . By tradition , the House also originates appropriation bills . As both bodies have equal legislative powers , the designation of one as the upper House and the other as the lower House is not applicable . Jump up ^ KATE ZERNIKE ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Senate Passes Detainee Bill Sought by Bush '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Senate approved legislation this evening governing the interrogation and trials of terror suspects , establishing far - reaching new rules in the definition of who may be held and how they should be treated ... The legislation sets up rules for the military commissions ... Jump up ^ `` References about Congressional war declaring power '' . Dana D. Nelson ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Steve Holland ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Obama revelling in U.S. power unseen in decades '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 ^ Jump up to : Michael Kinsley ( March 15 , 1993 ) . `` The Case for a Big Power Swap '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Time Essay : Where 's Congress ? '' . Time Magazine . May 22 , 1972 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time Magazine . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Did Richard Nixon `` usurp '' the constitutional powers of Congress when he unilaterally ordered troops into Cambodia ? Swarms of lawyers went to Washington last week to join an increasingly intense debate on the issue ( see THE NATION ) . Their most persuasive arguments raised fundamental questions that go far beyond Cambodia and the Indochina war . Many of the antiwar lawyers conceded that proving the Cambodian `` attacks '' unconstitutional may be difficult . Jump up ^ `` THE PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS. ; SENATE '' . The New York Times . June 28 , 1862 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Mr. SUMNER spoke in favor of the House bills , contending that they were entirely free from all constitutional objections . They were just as constitutional as the Constitution itself . They only form a part of the means for the suppression of the rebellion . The war powers of Congress are clearly derived from the Constitution , and Congress has a perfect right to exercise war powers . He protested earnestly against the absurd and tyrannical doctrine that all war powers were centred in the President , and against any attempt to foist such an unconstitutional doctrine into the Constitution , as showing the effrontery with which ignorance and conceit excused unconstitutional doctrines . He contended , at length , that confiscation and liberation were among the war powers of Congress , and he had more hope from liberation than from confiscation . Jump up ^ David S. Broder ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Congress 's Oversight Offensive '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . A Congress under firm Republican control was somnolent when it came to oversight of the executive branch . No Republican committee chairman wanted to turn over rocks in a Republican administration . Jump up ^ Thomas Ferraro ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` House committee subpoenas Rice on Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Democratic lawmakers on Wednesday subpoenaed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to testify about a central and later refuted administration justification for the 2003 U.S. - led invasion of Iraq . But the administration said it might fight the subpoena , citing a legal doctrine that can shield a president and his aides from having to answer questions from Congress . `` Those matters are covered by executive privilege , '' said State Department spokesman Sean McCormack , moving toward a possible legal showdown with the Democratic - led Congress . Jump up ^ James Gerstenzang ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bush claims executive privilege in Valerie Plame Wilson case '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth B. Bazan and Jennifer K. Elsea , legislative attorneys ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Linda P. Campbell and Glen Elsasser ( October 20 , 1991 ) . `` Supreme Court Slugfests A Tradition '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Constitution says judges have lifetime appointments ` ` during good behavior ` ` but , like other federal officers , they can be removed from office for ` ` treason , bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors ... It 's entirely in Congress ` determination what the limitations of the impeachment clause may be , ` ` said John Killian , senior specialist in American constitutional law for the Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ Davidson ( 2006 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ J. LESLIE KINCAID ( January 17 , 1916 ) . `` TO MAKE THE MILITIA A NATIONAL FORCE. ; The Power of Congress Under the Constitution `` for Organizing , Arming , and Disciplining '' the State Troops `` . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . From the many articles which have appeared in the public press the general idea seems to prevail that the militia is essentially a State force . To whatever extent this may be true , at the present time , it has resulted from the failure of Congress adequately to provide for the militia as a national force . Jump up ^ Stephen Herrington ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red State Anxiety and The Constitution '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . The Tenth states , `` The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' It does not say that laws derived under and consistent with the Articles of the Constitution can not be enacted over and above the original writing or that State 's retain a power to overrule federal law . The authority for doing so is based in implied powers and is among the earliest arguments in Constitutional law . Implied powers are derived from the general welfare and necessary and proper clauses . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . CBS News . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . McCulloch v. Maryland states that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress , enabling it to carry out explicitly defined powers . The decision vastly augments Congress ' power to make laws . Jump up ^ RANDY E. BARNETT ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Case for a Federalism Amendment '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Finally , Section 5 authorizes judges to keep Congress within its limits by examining laws restricting the rightful exercise of liberty to ensure that they are a necessary and proper means to implement an enumerated power . This section also requires that the Constitution be interpreted according to its original meaning at the time of its enactment . But by expanding the powers of Congress to include regulating all interstate activity , the Amendment greatly relieves the political pressure on courts to adopt a strained reading of Congress 's enumerated powers . Monkeys External links ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powers_of_the_United_States_Congress&oldid=826006476 '' Categories : Legislative branch of the United States government Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Congress	4,484
who sang the original swing low sweet chariot	`` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' is an American negro spiritual . The earliest known recording was in 1909 , by the Fisk Jubilee Singers of Fisk University .	the Fisk Jubilee Singers	Swing Low , Sweet Chariot	swing low, sweet chariot	`` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' is an American negro spiritual . The earliest known recording was in 1909 , by the Fisk Jubilee Singers of Fisk University .	In 2002 , the Library of Congress honored the song as one of 50 recordings chosen that year to be added to the National Recording Registry . It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century , by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Traditional lyrics 3 Film and television appearances 4 Renditions 4.1 Biviano Accordion Sextette 4.2 Eric Clapton 4.2. 1 Weekly chart performance 5 Use in rugby union 5.1 England 's participation at the Rugby World Cup 5.2 Ella Eyre version 5.2. 1 Background 5.2. 2 Music video 5.2. 3 Track listing 5.2. 4 Chart performance 5.2. 5 Release history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' may have been written by Wallis Willis , a Choctaw freedman in the old Indian Territory in what is now Choctaw County , near the County seat of Hugo , Oklahoma sometime after 1865 . He may have been inspired by the Red River , which reminded him of the Jordan River and of the Prophet Elijah 's being taken to heaven by a chariot ( 2 Kings 2 : 11 ) . Some sources claim that this song and `` Steal Away '' ( also sung by Willis ) had lyrics that referred to the Underground Railroad , the freedom movement that helped black people escape from Southern slavery to the North and Canada . Alexander Reid , a minister at the Old Spencer Academy , a Choctaw boarding school , heard Willis singing these two songs and transcribed the words and melodies . He sent the music to the Jubilee Singers of Fisk University in Nashville , Tennessee . The Jubilee Singers popularized the songs during a tour of the United States and Europe . The song enjoyed a resurgence during the 1960s Civil Rights struggle and the folk revival ; it was performed by a number of artists . Perhaps the most famous performance during this period was that by Joan Baez during the legendary 1969 Woodstock festival . Oklahoma State Senator Judy Eason McIntyre from Tulsa proposed a bill nominating `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' as the Oklahoma State official gospel song in 2011 . The bill was co-sponsored by the Oklahoma State Black Congressional Caucus . Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed the bill into law on May 5 , 2011 , at a ceremony at the Oklahoma Cowboy Hall of Fame ; making the song the official Oklahoma State Gospel Song . Traditional lyrics ( edit ) Chorus : Swing low , sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home Swing low , sweet chariot Coming for to carry me home I looked over Jordan , and what did I see ? ( Coming for to carry me home ) A band of angels coming after me ( Coming for to carry me home ) Chorus : If you get there before I do ( Coming for to carry me home ) Tell all of my friends , that I 'm coming there too ( Coming for to carry me home ) Chorus ( 3 × ) Film and television appearances ( edit ) The song has frequently been used in films and television . 1931 Dirigible - sung by Clarence Muse 1936 Dimples - hummed by the Hall Johnson Choir 1936 The Lonely Trail - sung by a choir 1938 Everybody Sing - swing version sung by Judy Garland in blackface at an audition , with special lyrics . 1938 Room Service - sung by the Marx Brothers 1943 Dixie - sung by Bing Crosby and a chorus 1948 A Date with Judy 1950 Young Man with a Horn - sung by a chorus 1976 The Shaggy D.A. - sung by a dog in the dog pound 1982 Honkytonk Man 1993 Addams Family Values - sung by Gomez Addams ( played by Raúl Juliá ) on his deathbed 1993 Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood Episode 1663 - sung by François Clemmons 2016 The Birth of a Nation Renditions ( edit ) A popular early recording was by the Fisk University Jubilee Quartet for Victor Records ( No. 16453 ) on December 1 , 1909 and two years later the Apollo Jubilee Quartette on recorded the song on Monday , February 26 , 1912 , Columbia Records ( A1169 ) , New York City . Since then , numerous versions have been recorded including those by Bing Crosby ( recorded April 25 , 1938 ) , Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen ( included in the album The Kenny Ball Show -- 1962 ) , Louis Armstrong ( for his album Louis and the Good Book - 1958 ) , Sam Cooke ( for his album Swing Low - 1961 ) , Vince Hill ( 1993 ) , Peggy Lee ( 1946 ) , and Paul Robeson ( recorded January 7 , 1926 for Victor - ( No. 20068 ) . Biviano Accordion Sextette ( edit ) The noted jazz accordionist / composer John Serry Sr. recorded the composition with the jazz guitarist Tony Mottola as members of the Biviano Accordion & Rhythm Sextette in 1947 for Sonora Records on the album Accordion Capers ( Sonora # MS 476 ) . Eric Clapton ( edit ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album There 's One in Every Crowd B - side `` Pretty Blue Eyes '' Released May 1975 ( 1975 - 05 ) Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Blues rock reggae Length 3 : 33 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Wallace Willis Producer ( s ) Tom Dowd Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' ( 1974 ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' ( 1975 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1975 ) `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' ( 1974 ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' ( 1975 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1975 ) British rock musician Eric Clapton recorded a reggae version of the song for his 1975 studio album There 's One in Every Crowd . RSO Records released it with the B - side `` Pretty Blue Eyes '' as a seven - inch grammophone single in May the same year , produced by Tom Dowd . His version reached various singles charts , including Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . Weekly chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position Japan ( Oricon ) 89 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Use in Rugby union ( edit ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' has been sung by rugby players and fans for some decades , and there are associated gestures , sometimes used in a drinking game , which requires those who wrongly perform the gestures to buy a round of drinks . It became associated with the English national side , in particular , in 1988 . Coming into the last match of the 1988 season , against Ireland at Twickenham , England had lost 15 of their previous 23 matches in the Five Nations Championship . The Twickenham crowd had only seen one solitary England try in the previous two years and at half time against Ireland they were 0 -- 3 down . However , during the second half England scored six tries to give them a 35 -- 3 win . Three of the tries came in quick succession from black player Chris Oti making his Twickenham debut . A group of boys from the Benedictine school Douai following a tradition at their school games sang `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' whenever a try was scored . When Oti scored his second try , amused spectators standing close to the boys joined in , and when Oti scored his hat - trick the song was heard around the ground . The song is still regularly sung at matches by English supporters . The England national rugby union team returned from the 2003 Rugby World Cup triumph in Australia on a plane dubbed `` Sweet Chariot '' . England 's participation at the Rugby World Cup ( edit ) `` Swing Low '' Single by UB40 featuring United Colours of Sound from the album Homegrown B - side `` Swing Low '' ( Stadium mix ) Released 27 October 2003 Genre Reggae Label DEP International DEPDJ58 Songwriter ( s ) Charlie Skarbek Traditional Producer ( s ) Charlie Skarbek UB40 featuring United Colours of Sound singles chronology `` Cover Up '' ( 2002 ) `` Swing Low '' ( 2003 ) `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' ( 2005 ) `` Cover Up '' ( 2002 ) `` Swing Low '' ( 2003 ) `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' ( 2005 ) The song became the England Rugby World Cup theme for 1991 , when performed by `` Union featuring the England World Cup Squad '' . It reached number 16 on the UK singles chart . The song was then covered in 1995 for that year 's tournament by British reggae duo China Black together with South African male choral group , Ladysmith Black Mambazo . It reached number 15 on the chart , selling 200,000 copies . 1999 's tournament featured Russell Watson record a version which had less success , only peaking at number 38 on the UK chart . The song enjoyed more success in 2003 's tournament , but included the album Homegrown , when recorded by UB40 and the United Colours of Sound . It originally peaked at number 23 , but following England 's victory in the tournament returned to reach number 15 . In the wake of the tournament , UB40 performed the song at a concert at the NEC Arena Birmingham that was attended by England rugby fans and captain Martin Johnson . A new version was recorded by Blake for the 2007 Rugby World Cup . For 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand popular all - girl group Our Lady Muse ( O.L.M ) released an England Rugby World Cup Song . An upbeat party anthem version of Swing Low , Sweet Chariot -- The Song was premiered at the `` Polo Rocks '' concert in aid of The Prince 's Trust . Ella Eyre version ( edit ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' Single by Ella Eyre Released 7 September 2015 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 14 Label Virgin EMI Records Songwriter ( s ) Wallace Willis Producer ( s ) Glyn Aikins Mojam Ella Eyre singles chronology `` Good Times '' ( 2015 ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' ( 2015 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 2015 ) `` Good Times '' ( 2015 ) `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' ( 2015 ) `` Best of My Love '' ( 2015 ) English singer Ella Eyre released a cover version of the song on 7 September 2015 as a digital download in association with England Rugby , to coincide with the 2015 Rugby World Cup , with the song raising money for England Rugby 's All Schools programme . The song was produced by Glyn Aikins and Mojam , it peaked to number 134 on the UK Singles Chart and number 87 on the Scottish Singles Chart . Background ( edit ) On 1 July 2015 England Rugby announced that Ella Eyre would release a cover of `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' as England Rugby 's official single . Ella said : `` I 'm so proud to be singing Swing Low and getting behind the team in a World Cup year on home soil , I am really looking forward to helping bring the whole nation behind the England team . It 's inspiring to see the levels of support for the players and we 're raising money for a great cause . '' Former England international Rob Andrew added : `` Owned by the fans , Swing Low , Sweet Chariot is a song that is unique to England Rugby and has the power to instil a sense of hope and drive England teams forward when it 's sung at Twickenham . We are delighted that Brit Award winning artist Ella Eyre is behind the Every Voice Counts campaign . In what will be an exciting year for England Rugby , we hope that the fans will be louder than ever and help carry the team home in 2015 . '' Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' was first released onto YouTube on 10 September 2015 at a total length of three minutes and ten seconds . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' 3 : 14 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 87 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 134 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 7 September 2015 Digital download Virgin EMI Records See also ( edit ) Songs of the Underground Railroad Cwm Rhondda Flower of Scotland Ireland 's Call References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walls , Bryan . `` UNDERGROUND RAILROAD TERMINOLOGY '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Eversley , Melanie ( 12 August 2006 ) . `` Story behind spiritual ' Sweet Chariot ' emerges '' . USA Today . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Guide to The Underground Railroad in New Jersey '' ( PDF ) . Njstatelib . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Croce , Fernando . `` Dirigible ( Frank Capra / U.S. , 1931 ) '' . CinePassion . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Eugene Thamon ( 2008 ) . Hall Johnson : His Life , His Spirit , and His Music . Scarecrow Press . p. 116 . ISBN 0810860384 . Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2005 ) . Movie Westerns : Hollywood Films the Wild , Wild West . Lulu.com . p. 88 . ISBN 1411666100 . Jump up ^ Lupack , Barbara Tepa ( 1999 ) . Nineteenth - Century Women at the Movies : Adapting Classic Women 's Fiction to Film . Popular Press . p. 245 . ISBN 0879728051 . Jump up ^ Koestenbaum , Wayne ( 2012 ) . The Anatomy of Harpo Marx . University of California Press . p. 117 . ISBN 0520269012 . Jump up ^ Dunne , Michael ( 2004 ) . American Film Musical Themes and Forms . McFarland Publishing . pp. 45 -- 46 . ISBN 078641877X . Jump up ^ Cornelius , David . `` A Date With Judy '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Melissa ; Wilson , Paige ; Fonseca , Anthony ( 2016 ) . The Encyclopedia of Musicians and Bands on Film . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 1442269863 . Jump up ^ Scribner , John . `` Worst Disney 52 : The Shaggy D.A. '' Cinema 52 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Laurence ( 1996 ) . Directed by Clint Eastwood : Eighteen Films Analyzed . McFarland & Co. p. 113 . ISBN 0786402717 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Addams Family Values '' Cast Reveals Behind - The - Scenes Secrets 20 Years Later `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Michael ( 2015 ) . Peaceful Neighbor : Discovering the Countercultural Mister Rogers . Louisville , KY : Westminster John Knox Press . p. 97 . ISBN 9780664260477 . Jump up ^ `` The Birth of a Nation : how Nate Parker failed to remake history '' . The Guardian . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 159 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Discographical Project '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Robert M.W. Blues and Gospel Records : 1890 -- 1943 ( Blues and Gospel Records ) , Oxford University Press ( 1997 ) , page 23 -- ISBN 0 - 19 - 816239 - 1 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim . Lost Sounds : Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry , 1890 -- 1919 , University of Illinois Press ( 2004 ) , page 258 -- ISBN 0 - 252 - 02850 - 3 Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Peggy Lee Bio-Discography And Videography '' . peggyleediscography.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Online Discographical Project '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Accordion Capers on archive.org Jump up ^ Swing Low Sweet Chariot performed by the Joe Biviano Accordion and Rhythm Sextette including John Serry Sr. ( accodordion ) , Angelo Delleria ( accordion ) , and Tony Mattola ( guitar ) in 1947 on archive.org Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton -- Swing Low Sweet Chariot -- hitparade.ch '' . Schweizer Hitparade ( in German ) . Steffen Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatsaku , Ren ( 2011 ) . The Oricon Sales Report ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Oricon Style -- Recording Industry Association of Japan . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- Swing Low Sweet Chariot '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Swing Low Sweet Chariot '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The story behind `` Swing Low Sweet Chariot '' and how it became a rugby anthem `` . everyhit.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hash House Harriers , Hash Songs , Ankara Hash House Harriers Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ Hugh Farrelly . Oti the man to blame as ' Swing Low Sweet Chariot ' continues to roll , Irish Independent 13 March 2008 Jump up ^ `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' . rfu.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved August 2007 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Oliver Price Blood , mud and aftershave in The Observer Sunday February 5 , 2006 , Section O is for Oti Jump up ^ Holden , Jim ( 16 March 2014 ) . `` Italy 11 - England 52 : Stuart Lancaster 's men end with a flourish '' . Sunday Express . Jump up ^ England rugby heroes head home BBC , 24 November 2003 Jump up ^ `` UK Charts - UB40 '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swing Low '' . www.discogs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ UB40 - Swing Low Sweet Chariot ( live at the NEC Arena Birmingham , 2003 ) YouTube Jump up ^ Ella Eyre to release Swing Low , Sweet Chariot single . England Rugby . ^ Jump up to : Swing Low , Sweet Chariot - Single by Ella Eyre on iTunes Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ CHART : CLUK Update 19.09. 2015 ( wk38 ) . Official Charts Company . Zobbel.de/ External links ( edit ) Listen to an a cappella version of Swing Low Sweet Chariot -- sung by Gail Selkirk Hash House Harrier version of gestures for ' Swing Low ' at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 27 , 2009 ) Swing Low Sweet Chariot for choir Swing Low Sweet Chariot performed by the Joe Biviano Accordion and Rhythm Sextette including John Serry Sr. ( accodordion ) , Angelo Delleria ( accordion ) , and Tony Mattola ( guitar ) in 1945 on archive.org Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Signals lawn jockey Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada Eric Clapton Discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Today England national rugby union team Rugby Football Union History History Tries Players All Players Top Scorers Killed in the World Wars Home stadiums Twickenham Stadium Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam Calcutta Cup Cook Cup Hillary Shield Old Mutual Wealth Cup Millennium Trophy Related teams Sevens England Saxons RFU Championship XV England Counties XV U20s U18s Matches World Cup finals 1991 2003 2007 By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians France Ireland Italy New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Wales Results 1871 -- 79 1880 -- 89 1890 -- 99 1900 -- 09 1910 -- 14 1920 -- 29 1930 -- 39 1947 -- 49 1950 -- 59 1960 -- 69 1970 -- 79 1980 -- 89 1990 -- 99 2000 -- 09 2010 -- 19 See also All Matches Test Series Scotland ( 1871 ) England v President 's Overseas XV Tours Australia 1963 1988 1991 1997 1998 1999 2003 2006 2016 New Zealand 1963 1973 1985 1998 2003 2008 2014 South Africa 1972 1984 1998 2000 2007 2012 2018 Argentina 1981 1997 2002 2013 2017 Romania South Pacific 1973 1979 1988 1991 North America 1982 1993 Asia 1971 1979 See also Swing Low , Sweet Chariot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_Low,_Sweet_Chariot&oldid=843433573 '' Categories : 1860s songs African - American cultural history American folk songs Drinking songs Eric Clapton songs Lead Belly songs Johnny Mathis songs Paul Robeson songs Mildred Bailey songs Al Hirt songs Sporting songs United States National Recording Registry recordings African - American spiritual songs UB40 songs Year of song unknown England national rugby union team Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 errors : dates Accuracy disputes from May 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano Norsk nynorsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing%20Low%2C%20Sweet%20Chariot	37,952
in the bible what does the blood moon mean	The blood moon prophecy were a series of apocalyptic beliefs promoted by Christian ministers John Hagee and Mark Biltz , which state that a tetrad ( a series of four consecutive lunar eclipses -- coinciding on Jewish holidays -- with six full moons in between , and no intervening partial lunar eclipses ) which began with the April 2014 lunar eclipse is a sign of the beginning of the end times as described in the Bible in the Book of Joel , Acts 2 : 20 and Revelation 6 : 12 . The tetrad ended with the lunar eclipse on September 27 - 28 , 2015 .		Blood moon prophecy	blood moon prophecy	The blood moon prophecy were a series of apocalyptic beliefs promoted by Christian ministers John Hagee and Mark Biltz , which state that a tetrad ( a series of four consecutive lunar eclipses -- coinciding on Jewish holidays -- with six full moons in between , and no intervening partial lunar eclipses ) which began with the April 2014 lunar eclipse is a sign of the beginning of the end times as described in the Bible in the Book of Joel , Acts 2 : 20 and Revelation 6 : 12 . The tetrad ended with the lunar eclipse on September 27 - 28 , 2015 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Media attention and critics 3 References 4 Further reading 5 See also 6 External links Overview ( edit ) On April 15 , 2014 , there was a total lunar eclipse which was the first of four consecutive total eclipses in a series , known as a tetrad ; a second one took place on October 8 , 2014 , the third one on April 4 , 2015 , and the remaining one took place on September 27 , 2015 . It is one of eight tetrads to take place during the 21st century AD . As with most lunar eclipses , the moon appeared red during the April 15 , 2014 , eclipse . The red color is caused by Rayleigh scattering of sunlight through the Earth 's atmosphere , the same effect that causes sunsets to appear red . Hagee also connects the solar eclipse of March 20 , 2015 , in the middle of the sequence . 2014 Apr 15 2014 Oct 08 2015 Mar 20 2015 Apr 04 2015 Sep 28 The idea of a `` blood moon '' serving as an omen of the coming of the end times comes from the Book of Joel , where it is written `` the sun will turn into darkness , and the moon into blood , before the great and terrible day of the Lord comes . '' This phrase is again mentioned by Saint Peter during Pentecost , as recorded in Acts , although Peter says that the date of Pentecost , not some future date , was the fulfillment of Joel 's prophecy . The blood moon also appears in the Book of Revelation chapter 6 verses 11 - 13 , where verse 12 says `` And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal , and , lo , there was a great earthquake ; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair , and the moon became as blood '' . Around 2008 , Biltz began predicting that the Second Coming of Jesus would occur in the fall of 2015 with the seven years of the great tribulation beginning in the fall of 2008 . He said he had `` discovered '' an astronomical pattern that predicted the next tetrad would coincide with the end times . When the prediction failed , he pulled the article from his website , but continued to teach on the `` significance '' of the tetrad . Hagee would later seize on Biltz ' prediction to write Four Blood Moons , which would become a best seller , spending more than 150 days in Amazon.com 's top 150 by April 2014 . For the week ending March 30 , 2014 , it was the ninth best selling paperback , according to Publishers Weekly . By mid-April , Hagee 's book had hit No. 4 on The New York Times best - seller list in the advice category . Hagee 's book ( and subsequent sermon series at his home congregation , Cornerstone Church ) did not proclaim that any specific `` end times '' event would occur ( as did Biltz in his original prophecy ) , but claimed that every prior tetrad of the last 500 years coincided with events in Jewish and Israeli history that were originally tragic , yet followed by triumph . Media attention and critics ( edit ) Hagee and Biltz 's speculations gained mainstream media attention in publications such as USA Today and The Washington Post . Earth & Sky reported receiving `` a number of inquiries about Blood Moon '' , prompting a response . Samantha Blake of Christian Today wrote that only a `` small group of Christians '' saw the eclipse as significant . Writing for Earth & Sky Bruce McClure and Deborah Byrd point out that the referenced verse also says the `` sun will be turned into darkness '' , an apparent reference to a solar eclipse . They note that since the Jewish Calendar is lunar , one sixth of all eclipses will occur during Passover or Sukkot . Furthermore , there have been 62 tetrads since the first century AD , though only eight of them have coincided with both feasts . Additionally , three of the four eclipses in the tetrad were not even visible in the biblical homeland of Israel , casting further doubt on Hagee and Biltz 's interpretation ; even then , only the very end of the last eclipse was visible in Israel . Writing for Space.com , Geoff Gaherty said he was saddened that `` ' prophets of doom ' ... view these life - enriching events as portents of disaster '' and said the eclipse was `` hardly something to be concerned about '' . In January 2014 , Mike Moore , the then General Secretary of Christian Witness to Israel , wrote a lengthy article dismissing the claims of Biltz and Hagee . Moore 's view was that no significance can be drawn from the eclipses . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bruce McClure ; Deborah Byrd ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` What is a Blood Moon ? '' . Earth & Sky . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Weise ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Blood moon eclipse on April 15 is a special event '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Pulliam Bailey ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` ' Blood moon ' sets off apocalyptic debate among some Christians '' . Washington Post . Religion News Service . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joel 2 : 31 Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 20 Jump up ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+6:11-13&version=KJV Jump up ^ `` Bestsellers for week ending March 30 '' . Newsday. April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Samantha Blake ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` Lunar Eclipse April 15 , 2014 : Four Blood Moons a sign of End Times ? '' . Christian Today . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Four Blood Moons : Total Lunar Eclipse Series Not a Sign of Apocalypse '' . Space.com. April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Moore ( 20 January 2014 ) . `` Blood Moon Rising '' . Mike 's Musings . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Biltz , Mark ( 2014 ) . Blood Moons : Decoding the Imminent Heavenly Signs . Washington , DC : WND Books . ISBN 9781936488117 . Hagee , John ( 2013 ) . Four Blood Moons : Something Is About to Change . Brentwood , TN : Worthy Publishing . ISBN 9781617952142 . See also ( edit ) List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events Unfulfilled Christian religious predictions External links ( edit ) Astronomy portal Robbins , Stuart . `` Exposing PseudoAstronomy Ep 85 : Blood Moons , Jewish Holidays , and the End of All Things '' . Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_moon_prophecy&oldid=830752592 '' Categories : 2015 in Christianity Apocalypticism Lunar eclipses Prophecy September 2015 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 18 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20moon%20prophecy	30,833
how much is a share of green bay packers stock	2011 To raise money for a large $143 - million Lambeau Field expansion , which included approximately 6,700 new seats , new HD video boards , a new sound system , and two new gates , a fifth stock sale began on December 6 , 2011 . Demand exceeded expectations , and the original 250,000 share limit had to be increased by 30,000 . By the offering 's end on February 29 , 2012 over $64 million had been raised through 250,000 buyers purchasing 269,000 shares at $250 apiece . Buyers were from all 50 U.S. states , and for the first time , sales were briefly allowed in Canada , adding around 2,000 shareholders . Approximately 99 % of the shares were purchased online . In the summer of 2011 , when the team traveled to the White House to celebrate their Super Bowl XLV victory , Charles Woodson presented President Barack Obama , a Chicago Bears fan , with a share of the team stock .	$250 apiece	Green Bay Packers , Inc. .	green bay packers, inc..	Green Bay Packers , Inc. is the official name of the publicly held nonprofit corporation that owns the Green Bay Packers football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) .	The Packers are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL . Rather than being the property of an individual , partnership , or corporate entity , they are held as of 2016 by 360,760 stockholders . No one is allowed to hold more than 200,000 shares , which represents approximately four percent of the 5,011,558 shares currently outstanding . It is this broad - based community support and non-profit structure which has kept the team in Green Bay for nearly a century in spite of being the smallest market in all of North American professional sports . Green Bay is the only team with this public form of ownership structure in the NFL , grandfathered when the NFL 's current ownership policy stipulating a maximum of 32 owners per team , with one holding a minimum 30 % stake , was established in the 1980s . As a publicly held nonprofit , the Packers are also the only American major - league sports franchise to release its financial balance sheet every year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Board of directors 2 Shareholder rights 3 Stock sales 4 Green Bay Packers Foundation 5 References Board of directors ( edit ) Main article : Green Bay Packers Board of Directors Green Bay Packers , Inc. , is governed by a seven - member Executive Committee elected from a 45 - member board of directors . It consists of a president , vice president , treasurer , secretary and three members - at - large ; only the president is compensated . Responsibilities include directing corporate management , approving major capital expenditures , establishing broad policy , and monitoring management performance . The team 's elected president normally represents the Packers in NFL owners meetings . During his time as coach , Vince Lombardi generally represented the team at league meetings in his role as GM , except at owners - only meetings , where president Dominic Olejniczak appeared . Shareholder rights ( edit ) Even though it is referred to as `` common stock '' in corporate offering documents , a share of Packers stock does not share the same rights traditionally associated with common or preferred stock . It does not include an equity interest , does not pay dividends , can not be traded , and has no securities - law protection . It also brings no season ticket purchase privileges . All shareholders receive are voting rights , an invitation to the corporation 's annual meeting , and an opportunity to purchase exclusive shareholder - only merchandise . Shares of stock can not be resold , except back to the team for a fraction of the original price . While new shares can be given as gifts , transfers are technically allowed only between immediate family members once ownership has been established . Stock sales ( edit ) A 1923 Green Bay Packers stock certificate , as displayed at the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame There have been five stock issues over the history of the Packers organization : 1923 Shares of stock were first sold to establish the club as a corporation in 1923 . A total of $ 5,000 was raised through 1,000 shares offered at $5 apiece . Each stockholder was required to buy six season tickets . Based on the original `` Articles of Incorporation for the Green Bay Football Corporation '' enacted at that time , should the franchise to have been sold , any post-expenses money would have gone to the Sullivan - Wallen Post of the American Legion to build `` a proper soldier 's memorial . '' This stipulation was included to ensure there could never be any financial inducement for shareholders to move the club from Green Bay . At the November 1997 annual meeting , shareholders voted to change the beneficiary from the Sullivan - Wallen Post to the Green Bay Packers Foundation , which makes donations to many charities and institutions throughout Wisconsin . 1935 A second stock offering was held in 1935 , raising $15,000 after the corporation had gone into receivership . The nonprofit Green Bay Football Corporation was then reorganized as the Green Bay Packers , Inc. , the present company , with 300 shares of stock outstanding . 1950 A third was held in 1950 , to raise money to prevent the team from becoming insolvent and / or moving out of Green Bay on the heels of competition from the All - America Football Conference and founder Curly Lambeau 's departure after a 30 - year reign as coach . Club officers amended corporation 's bylaws to permit up to 10,000 total shares of stock to be held . To ensure no individual could assume control , a 200 share limit per stockholder was put in place , and the number of directors increased from 15 to 25 . Approximately half the potential 9,700 new shares were sold , raising over $118,000 on some 4,700 $25 shares . In addition to being publicly held , the Packers organization also enjoys substantial support directly from its community . In 1956 , voters of the city of Green Bay approved funding to construct a new municipally owned stadium . As with its predecessor , it was called City Stadium . On September 11 , 1965 , it was renamed Lambeau Field . 1997 -- 98 In mid-November 1997 the club 's then - 1,940 shareholders voted to create 1,000,000 new shares , giving themselves a 1000 to 1 split at the same time ( which rewarded each with 1,000 shares for every 1 they had owned , turning the original 1,940 into 1,940,000 before the first new share was sold ) . The net effect was to ensure existing shareholders retained the vast majority of voting power . A 400,000 share public offering followed to raise money for Lambeau Field redevelopment . Running for 17 weeks from late 1997 to March 16 , 1998 it raised over $24 million through the purchase of 120,010 shares by 105,989 new shareholders at $200 apiece . 2011 To raise money for a large $143 - million Lambeau Field expansion , which included approximately 6,700 new seats , new HD video boards , a new sound system , and two new gates , a fifth stock sale began on December 6 , 2011 . Demand exceeded expectations , and the original 250,000 share limit had to be increased by 30,000 . By the offering 's end on February 29 , 2012 over $64 million had been raised through 250,000 buyers purchasing 269,000 shares at $250 apiece . Buyers were from all 50 U.S. states , and for the first time , sales were briefly allowed in Canada , adding around 2,000 shareholders . Approximately 99 % of the shares were purchased online . In the summer of 2011 , when the team traveled to the White House to celebrate their Super Bowl XLV victory , Charles Woodson presented President Barack Obama , a Chicago Bears fan , with a share of the team stock . Green Bay Packers Foundation ( edit ) The team created the Green Bay Packers Foundation in December 1986 . It assists in a wide variety of activities and programs benefiting education , civic affairs , health services , human services and youth - related programs . At the team 's 1997 annual stockholders meeting , the foundation was designated , in place of a Sullivan - Wallen Post soldiers memorial , as recipient of any residual assets upon the team 's sale or dissolution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Executive Committee And Board of Directors '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholders '' . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shareholder History & Financial History '' ( PDF ) . Green Bay Packers . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Saunders , Laura ( 13 January 2012 ) . `` Are the Green Bay Packers the Worst Stock in America ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Daniel ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` NFL pares ownership rule '' . SportsBusiness Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Packers plan fifth stock sale '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers 2011 Common Stock Offering Document '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Michael McIntee ( 2011 - 08 - 12 ) , Super Bowl Champs Packers At White House , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 Green Bay Packers Founded in 1919 Based and headquartered in Green Bay , Wisconsin Franchise Franchise Team history Green Bay Packers , Inc . Board of Directors Records Seasons Coaches Players A -- D E -- K L -- R S -- Z Starting quarterbacks Pro Football Hall of Famers Retired numbers First - round draft picks Records Pro Bowlers Stadiums Draft history Stadiums Hagemeister Park Bellevue Park City Stadium Borchert Field Wisconsin State Fair Park Marquette Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Lambeau Field Training facilities Don Hutson Center Clarke Hinkle Field Ray Nitschke Field St. Norbert College ( training camp ) Rockwood Lodge ( former ) Culture Cheesehead Lambeau Leap Hall of Fame Packers Fan Hall of Fame `` Bang the Drum All Day '' Cheerleaders Fight song Lumberjack Band Pigskin Champions Vernon Biever Hungry Five George Whitney Calhoun The Dope Sheet Curly Lambeau Vince Lombardi Ron Wolf Receiver Statue Lombardi Pitch Perfect 2 Packers Heritage Trail Packers Pro Shop Lore Dolly Gray impostor The Ice Bowl The Snow Bowl The Mud Bowl 4th and 26 Fail Mary Miracle in Motown Rivalries Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Minnesota Vikings Dallas Cowboys Division championships ( 18 ) 1936 1938 1939 1944 1967 1972 1995 1997 2002 2003 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1960 1961 1962 1965 1966 1967 1997 League championships ( 13 ) 1929 1930 1931 1936 1939 1944 1961 1962 1965 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 2010 ( XLV ) does not include 1966 or 1967 NFL championships Retired numbers 14 15 66 92 Media Broadcasters Radio : Packers Radio Network WTMJ WKTI - HD2 WIXX WTAQ Television ( pre-season & official in - season team programming ) : WGBA - TV WTMJ - TV Personnel : Wayne Larrivee ( play - by - play ) Larry McCarren ( color / analysis ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1921 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 99 ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Current owners of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Terry and Kim Pegula ( Buffalo Bills ) Stephen M. Ross ( Miami Dolphins ) Robert Kraft ( New England Patriots ) Woody Johnson ( New York Jets ) Steve Bisciotti ( Baltimore Ravens ) Mike Brown ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Jimmy and Dee Haslam ( Cleveland Browns ) Rooney family ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bob McNair ( Houston Texans ) Jim Irsay ( Indianapolis Colts ) Shahid Khan ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) KSA Industries ( Tennessee Titans ) Pat Bowlen ( Denver Broncos ) Clark Hunt ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Alex Spanos ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Mark and Carol Davis ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jerry Jones ( Dallas Cowboys ) John Mara and Steve Tisch ( New York Giants ) Jeffrey Lurie ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Daniel Snyder ( Washington Redskins ) Virginia Halas McCaskey ( Chicago Bears ) Martha Firestone Ford ( Detroit Lions ) Green Bay Packers , Inc. ( governed by a Board of Directors ) ( Green Bay Packers ) Zygi Wilf ( Minnesota Vikings ) Arthur Blank ( Atlanta Falcons ) Jerry Richardson ( Carolina Panthers ) Tom Benson ( New Orleans Saints ) Glazer Family ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Bill Bidwill ( Arizona Cardinals ) Stan Kroenke ( Los Angeles Rams ) John and Denise York ( San Francisco 49ers ) Paul Allen ( Seattle Seahawks ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Bay_Packers,_Inc.&oldid=821389074 '' Categories : Green Bay Packers 1923 establishments in Wisconsin Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Bay%20Packers%2C%20Inc.	3,131
where does the blood in the vena cava come from	The inferior vena cava is a vein . It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart .		Inferior vena cava	inferior vena cava	The inferior vena cava ( or IVC ) ( Latin : vena , `` vein '' , cavus , `` hollow '' ) is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the heart . Its walls are rigid and has valves so the blood does not flow down via gravity . It is formed by the joining of the right and the left common iliac veins , usually at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra .	The inferior vena cava is the lower ( `` inferior '' ) of the two venae cavae , the two large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body : the inferior vena cava carries blood from the lower half of the body whilst the superior vena cava carries blood from the upper half of the body . It is a large retroperitoneal vein that lies posterior to the abdominal cavity and runs along the right side of the vertebral column . It enters the right atrium at the lower right , back side of the heart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Tributaries 1.2 Development 1.3 Variation 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is formed by the joining of the left and right common iliac veins and brings collected blood into the right atrium of the heart . It also joins with the azygos vein ( which runs on the right side of the vertebral column ) and venous plexuses next to the spinal cord . The inferior vena cava begins as the left and right common iliac veins behind the abdomen unite , at about the level of L5 . It passes through the thoracic diaphragm at the caval opening at the level of T8 . Tributaries ( edit ) The specific levels of the tributaries are as follows : Level Vein T8 hepatic veins , inferior phrenic vein L1 right suprarenal vein , renal veins L2 right gonadal vein L1 -- L5 lumbar veins L5 common iliac veins Because the inferior vena cava is located to the right of the midline , drainage of the tributaries is not always symmetrical . On the right , the gonadal veins and suprarenal veins drain into the inferior vena cava directly . On the left , they drain into the renal vein which in turn drains into the inferior vena cava . By contrast , all the lumbar veins and hepatic veins usually drain directly into the inferior vena cava . Development ( edit ) In the embryo , the inferior vena cava and right atrium are separated by the valve of the inferior vena cava , also known as the Eustachian valve . In the adult , this valve typically has totally regressed or remains as a small fold of endocardium . Variation ( edit ) Rarely , the inferior vena cava may vary in its size and position . In transposition of the great arteries the inferior vena cava may lie on the left . It may be replaced by two vessels beneath the level of the renal veins . Function ( edit ) The inferior vena cava is a vein . It carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium of the heart . The corresponding vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body is the superior vena cava . Clinical significance ( edit ) Health problems attributed to the IVC are most often associated with it being compressed ( ruptures are rare because it has a low intraluminal pressure ) . Typical sources of external pressure are an enlarged aorta ( abdominal aortic aneurysm ) , the gravid uterus ( aortocaval compression syndrome ) and abdominal maligancies , such as colorectal cancer , renal cell carcinoma and ovarian cancer . Since the inferior vena cava is primarily a right - sided structure , unconscious pregnant women should be turned on to their left side ( the recovery position ) , to relieve pressure on it and facilitate venous return ( ( citation needed ) ) . In rare cases , straining associated with defecation can lead to restricted blood flow through the IVC and result in syncope ( fainting ) . Blockage of the inferior vena cava is rare , and is treated urgently as a life - threatening condition . It is associated with deep vein thrombosis , IVC filters , liver transplantation and surgical procedures such as the insertion of a catheter in the femoral vein in the groin . Branches of Inferior Vena Cava Trauma to the vena cava is usually fatal as unstoppable excessive blood loss occurs . Additional images ( edit ) Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava front view See also ( edit ) Atriocaval shunt Inferior vena cava syndrome Recovery position References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turhan Yavuz ; Nazli , C ; Kinay , O ; Kutsal , A ( 2002 ) . `` Giant Eustachian Valve : with Echocardiographic Appearance of Divided Right Atrium '' . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 29 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 8 . PMC 140300 . PMID 12484622 . ^ Jump up to : Susan Standring ; Neil R. Borley ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brophy , CM ; Evans , L ; Sumpio , BE ( 1993 ) . `` Defecation syncope secondary to functional inferior vena caval obstruction during a Valsalva maneuver '' . Annals of Vascular Surgery . 7 ( 4 ) : 374 -- 7 . PMID 8268080 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02002893 . Jump up ^ Geehan DM , Inferior Vena Caval Thrombosis , emedicine.com , URL : http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2718.htm , Accessed : August 3 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 40 : 13 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Posterior Abdominal Wall : Tributaries to the Inferior Vena Cava '' Cross section image : pembody / body12a -- Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna ( hide ) Veins of the abdomen and pelvis To azygos system ascending lumbar subcostal IVC ( Systemic ) To IVC or left renal vein inferior phrenic hepatic central veins of liver liver sinusoid suprarenal renal gonadal ovarian ♀ / testicular ♂ pampiniform plexus ♂ lumbar common iliac Common iliac Unpaired median sacral vein Internal iliac posterior : iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral anterior : inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂ / clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂ / labial ♀ vaginal plexus / vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂ / vestibule ♀ rectal plexus External iliac inferior epigastric deep circumflex iliac vein Portal vein ( Portal ) Splenic short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic Superior mesenteric right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular Direct cystic left gastric / esophageal right gastric paraumbilical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferior_vena_cava&oldid=786524355 '' Categories : Veins of the torso Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2017 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20vena%20cava	32,576
in perfect competition p = mc is the condition that	Such markets are allocatively efficient , as output will always occur where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue ( MC = MR ) . In perfect competition , any profit - maximizing producer faces a market price equal to its marginal cost ( P = MC ) . This implies that a factor 's price equals the factor 's marginal revenue product . It allows for derivation of the supply curve on which the neoclassical approach is based . This is also the reason why `` a monopoly does not have a supply curve '' . The abandonment of price taking creates considerable difficulties for the demonstration of a general equilibrium except under other , very specific conditions such as that of monopolistic competition .	factor 's price equals the factor 's marginal revenue product	Perfect competition	perfect competition	In economics , specifically general equilibrium theory , a perfect market is defined by several idealizing conditions , collectively called perfect competition . In theoretical models where conditions of perfect competition hold , it has been theoretically demonstrated that a market will reach an equilibrium in which the quantity supplied for every product or service , including labor , equals the quantity demanded at the current price . This equilibrium will be a Pareto optimum , meaning that nobody can be made better off by exchange without making someone else worse off .	Perfect competition provides both allocative efficiency and productive efficiency : Such markets are allocatively efficient , as output will always occur where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue ( MC = MR ) . In perfect competition , any profit - maximizing producer faces a market price equal to its marginal cost ( P = MC ) . This implies that a factor 's price equals the factor 's marginal revenue product . It allows for derivation of the supply curve on which the neoclassical approach is based . This is also the reason why `` a monopoly does not have a supply curve '' . The abandonment of price taking creates considerable difficulties for the demonstration of a general equilibrium except under other , very specific conditions such as that of monopolistic competition . In the short - run , perfectly competitive markets are not necessarily productively efficient as output will not always occur where marginal cost is equal to average cost ( MC = AC ) . However , in long - run , productive efficiency occurs as new firms enter the industry . Competition reduces price and cost to the minimum of the long run average costs . At this point , price equals both the marginal cost and the average total cost for each good ( P = MC = AC ) . The theory of perfect competition has its roots in late - 19th century economic thought . Léon Walras is gave the first rigorous definition of perfect competition and derived some of its main results . In the 1950s , the theory was further formalized by Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu. Real markets are never perfect . Those economists who believe that in perfect competition as a useful approximation to real markets may classify those as ranging from close - to - perfect to very imperfect . Share and foreign exchange markets are commonly said to be the most similar to the perfect market . The real estate market is an example of a very imperfect market . In such markets , the Theory of the second best proves that if one optimality condition in an economic model can not be satisfied , it is possible that the next - best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Idealizing conditions of perfect competition 2 Normal profit 2.1 In competitive and contestable markets 2.2 In uncompetitive markets 2.3 Government intervention 3 Results 3.1 Profit 4 The shutdown point 5 Short - run supply curve 6 Examples 7 Criticisms 8 Equilibrium in perfect competition 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Idealizing conditions of perfect competition ( edit ) There is a set of market conditions which are assumed to prevail in the discussion of what perfect competition might be if it were theoretically possible to ever obtain such perfect market conditions . These conditions include : A large number of buyers and sellers -- A large number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price , and a large number of producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price . Perfect information -- All consumers and producers know all prices of products and utilities each person would get from owning each product . Homogeneous products -- The products are perfect substitutes for each other , ( i.e. , the qualities and characteristics of a market good or service do not vary between different suppliers ) . Well defined property rights -- These determine what may be sold , as well as what rights are conferred on the buyer . No barriers to entry or exit Every participant is a price taker -- No participant with market power to set prices Perfect factor mobility -- In the long run factors of production are perfectly mobile , allowing free long term adjustments to changing market conditions . Profit maximization of sellers -- Firms sell where the most profit is generated , where marginal costs meet marginal revenue . Rational buyers : Buyers make all trades that increase their economic utility and make no trades that do not increase their utility . No externalities -- Costs or benefits of an activity do not affect third parties . This criteria also excludes any government intervention . Zero transaction costs -- Buyers and sellers do not incur costs in making an exchange of goods in a perfectly competitive market . Non-increasing returns to scale and no network effects -- The lack of economies of scale or network effects ensures that there will always be a sufficient number of firms in the industry . Anti-competitive regulation - It is assumed that a market of perfect competition shall provide the regulations and protections implicit in the control of and elimination of anti-competitive activity in the market place . Normal profit ( edit ) In a perfect market the sellers operate at zero economic surplus : sellers make a level of return on investment known as normal profits . Normal profit is a component of ( implicit ) costs and not a component of business profit at all . It represents the opportunity cost , as the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running a different firm . The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth her or his while i.e. it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job . Particularly if enterprise is not included as a factor of production , it can also be viewed a return to capital for investors including the entrepreneur , equivalent to the return the capital owner could have expected ( in a safe investment ) , plus compensation for risk . In other words , the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries ; it is commensurate with the riskiness associated with each type of investment , as per the risk - return spectrum . Only normal profits arise in circumstances of perfect competition when long run economic equilibrium is reached ; there is no incentive for firms to either enter or leave the industry . In competitive and contestable markets ( edit ) Only in the short run can a firm in a perfectly competitive market make an economic profit . Economic profit does not occur in perfect competition in long run equilibrium ; if it did , there would be an incentive for new firms to enter the industry , aided by a lack of barriers to entry until there was no longer any economic profit . As new firms enter the industry , they increase the supply of the product available in the market , and these new firms are forced to charge a lower price to entice consumers to buy the additional supply these new firms are supplying as the firms all compete for customers ( See `` Persistence '' in the Monopoly Profit discussion ) . Incumbent firms within the industry face losing their existing customers to the new firms entering the industry , and are therefore forced to lower their prices to match the lower prices set by the new firms . New firms will continue to enter the industry until the price of the product is lowered to the point that it is the same as the average cost of producing the product , and all of the economic profit disappears . When this happens , economic agents outside of the industry find no advantage to forming new firms that enter into the industry , the supply of the product stops increasing , and the price charged for the product stabilizes , settling into an equilibrium . The same is likewise true of the long run equilibria of monopolistically competitive industries and , more generally , any market which is held to be contestable . Normally , a firm that introduces a differentiated product can initially secure a temporary market power for a short while ( See `` Persistence '' in Monopoly Profit ) . At this stage , the initial price the consumer must pay for the product is high , and the demand for , as well as the availability of the product in the market , will be limited . In the long run , however , when the profitability of the product is well established , and because there are few barriers to entry , the number of firms that produce this product will increase until the available supply of the product eventually becomes relatively large , the price of the product shrinks down to the level of the average cost of producing the product . When this finally occurs , all monopoly profit associated with producing and selling the product disappears , and the initial monopoly turns into a competitive industry . In the case of contestable markets , the cycle is often ended with the departure of the former `` hit and run '' entrants to the market , returning the industry to its previous state , just with a lower price and no economic profit for the incumbent firms . Profit can , however , occur in competitive and contestable markets in the short run , as firms jostle for market position . Once risk is accounted for , long - lasting economic profit in a competitive market is thus viewed as the result of constant cost - cutting and performance improvement ahead of industry competitors , allowing costs to be below the market - set price . In uncompetitive markets ( edit ) A monopolist can set a price in excess of costs , making an economic profit ( shaded ) . The above Picture shows a Monopolist ( only 1 Firm in the Industry / Market ) that obtains a ( Monopoly ) Economic Profit . An Oligopoly usually has `` Economic Profit '' also , but usually faces an Industry / Market with more than just 1 Firm ( they must share available Demand at the Market Price ) . Economic profit is , however , much more prevalent in uncompetitive markets such as in a perfect monopoly or oligopoly situation . In these scenarios , individual firms have some element of market power : Though monopolists are constrained by consumer demand , they are not price takers , but instead either price - setters or quantity setters . This allows the firm to set a price which is higher than that which would be found in a similar but more competitive industry , allowing them economic profit in both the long and short run . The existence of economic profits depends on the prevalence of barriers to entry : these stop other firms from entering into the industry and sapping away profits , like they would in a more competitive market . In cases where barriers are present , but more than one firm , firms can collude to limit production , thereby restricting supply in order to ensure the price of the product remains high enough to ensure all of the firms in the industry achieve an economic profit . However , some economists , for instance Steve Keen , a professor at the University of Western Sydney , argue that even an infinitesimal amount of market power can allow a firm to produce a profit and that the absence of economic profit in an industry , or even merely that some production occurs at a loss , in and of itself constitutes a barrier to entry . In a single - goods case , a positive economic profit happens when the firm 's average cost is less than the price of the product or service at the profit - maximizing output . The economic profit is equal to the quantity of output multiplied by the difference between the average cost and the price . Government intervention ( edit ) Often , governments will try to intervene in uncompetitive markets to make them more competitive . Antitrust ( US ) or competition ( elsewhere ) laws were created to prevent powerful firms from using their economic power to artificially create the barriers to entry they need to protect their economic profits . This includes the use of predatory pricing toward smaller competitors . For example , in the United States , Microsoft Corporation was initially convicted of breaking Anti-Trust Law and engaging in anti-competitive behavior in order to form one such barrier in United States v. Microsoft ; after a successful appeal on technical grounds , Microsoft agreed to a settlement with the Department of Justice in which they were faced with stringent oversight procedures and explicit requirements designed to prevent this predatory behaviour . With lower barriers , new firms can enter the market again , making the long run equilibrium much more like that of a competitive industry , with no economic profit for firms . In a regulated industry , the government examines firms ' marginal cost structure and allows them to charge a price that is no greater than this marginal cost . This does not necessarily ensure zero Economic profit for the firm , but eliminates a `` Pure Monopoly '' Profit . If a government feels it is impractical to have a competitive market -- such as in the case of a natural monopoly -- it will sometimes try to regulate the existing uncompetitive market by controlling the price firms charge for their product . For example , the old AT&T ( regulated ) monopoly , which existed before the courts ordered its breakup , had to get government approval to raise its prices . The government examined the monopoly 's costs , and determined whether or not the monopoly should be able raise its price and if the government felt that the cost did not justify a higher price , it rejected the monopoly 's application for a higher price . Although a regulated firm will not have an economic profit as large as it would in an unregulated situation , it can still make profits well above a competitive firm in a truly competitive market . Results ( edit ) In the short run , it is possible for an individual firm to make an economic profit . This situation is shown in this diagram , as the price or average revenue , denoted by P , is above the average cost denoted by C . However , in the long run , economic profit can not be sustained . The arrival of new firms or expansion of existing firms ( if returns to scale are constant ) in the market causes the ( horizontal ) demand curve of each individual firm to shift downward , bringing down at the same time the price , the average revenue and marginal revenue curve . The final outcome is that , in the long run , the firm will make only normal profit ( zero economic profit ) . Its horizontal demand curve will touch its average total cost curve at its lowest point . ( See cost curve . ) In a perfectly competitive market , the demand curve facing a firm is perfectly elastic . As mentioned above , the perfect competition model , if interpreted as applying also to short - period or very - short - period behaviour , is approximated only by markets of homogeneous products produced and purchased by very many sellers and buyers , usually organized markets for agricultural products or raw materials . In real - world markets , assumptions such as perfect information can not be verified and are only approximated in organized double - auction markets where most agents wait and observe the behaviour of prices before deciding to exchange ( but in the long - period interpretation perfect information is not necessary , the analysis only aims at determining the average around which market prices gravitate , and for gravitation to operate one does not need perfect information ) . In the absence of externalities and public goods , perfectly competitive equilibria are Pareto - efficient , i.e. no improvement in the utility of a consumer is possible without a worsening of the utility of some other consumer . This is called the First Theorem of Welfare Economics . The basic reason is that no productive factor with a non-zero marginal product is left unutilized , and the units of each factor are so allocated as to yield the same indirect marginal utility in all uses , a basic efficiency condition ( if this indirect marginal utility were higher in one use than in other ones , a Pareto improvement could be achieved by transferring a small amount of the factor to the use where it yields a higher marginal utility ) . A simple proof assuming differentiable utility functions and production functions is the following . Let w be the ' price ' ( the rental ) of a certain factor j , let MP and MP be its marginal product in the production of goods 1 and 2 , and let p and p be these goods ' prices . In equilibrium these prices must equal the respective marginal costs MC and MC ; remember that marginal cost equals factor ' price ' divided by factor marginal productivity ( because increasing the production of good by one very small unit through an increase of the employment of factor j requires increasing the factor employment by 1 / MP and thus increasing the cost by w / MP , and through the condition of cost minimization that marginal products must be proportional to factor ' prices ' it can be shown that the cost increase is the same if the output increase is obtained by optimally varying all factors ) . Optimal factor employment by a price - taking firm requires equality of factor rental and factor marginal revenue product , w = p MP , so we obtain p = MC = w / MP , p = MC = w / MP . Now choose any consumer purchasing both goods , and measure his utility in such units that in equilibrium his marginal utility of money ( the increase in utility due to the last unit of money spent on each good ) , MU / p = MU / p , is 1 . Then p = MU , p = MU . The indirect marginal utility of the factor is the increase in the utility of our consumer achieved by an increase in the employment of the factor by one ( very small ) unit ; this increase in utility through allocating the small increase in factor utilization to good 1 is MP MU = MP p = w , and through allocating it to good 2 it is MP MU = MP p = w again . With our choice of units the marginal utility of the amount of the factor consumed directly by the optimizing consumer is again w , so the amount supplied of the factor too satisfies the condition of optimal allocation . Monopoly violates this optimal allocation condition , because in a monopolized industry market price is above marginal cost , and this means that factors are underutilized in the monopolized industry , they have a higher indirect marginal utility than in their uses in competitive industries . Of course this theorem is considered irrelevant by economists who do not believe that general equilibrium theory correctly predicts the functioning of market economies ; but it is given great importance by neoclassical economists and it is the theoretical reason given by them for combating monopolies and for antitrust legislation . Profit ( edit ) In contrast to a monopoly or oligopoly , in perfect competition it is impossible for a firm to earn economic profit in the long run , which is to say that a firm can not make any more money than is necessary to cover its economic costs . In order not to misinterpret this zero - long - run - profits thesis , it must be remembered that the term ' profit ' is used in different ways : Neoclassical theory defines profit as what is left of revenue after all costs have been subtracted ; including normal interest on capital plus the normal excess over it required to cover risk , and normal salary for managerial activity . This means that profit is calculated after the actors are compensated for their opportunity costs . Classical economists on the contrary define profit as what is left after subtracting costs except interest and risk coverage . Thus , the classical approach does not account for opportunity costs . Thus , if one leaves aside risk coverage for simplicity , the neoclassical zero - long - run - profit thesis would be re-expressed in classical parlance as profits coinciding with interest in the long period ( i.e. the rate of profit tending to coincide with the rate of interest ) . Profits in the classical meaning do not necessarily disappear in the long period but tend to normal profit . With this terminology , if a firm is earning abnormal profit in the short term , this will act as a trigger for other firms to enter the market . As other firms enter the market , the market supply curve will shift out , causing prices to fall . Existing firms will react to this lower price by adjusting their capital stock downward . This adjustment will cause their marginal cost to shift to the left causing the market supply curve to shift inward . However , the net effect of entry by new firms and adjustment by existing firms will be to shift the supply curve outward . The market price will be driven down until all firms are earning normal profit only . It is important to note that perfect competition is a sufficient condition for allocative and productive efficiency , but it is not a necessary condition . Laboratory experiments in which participants have significant price setting power and little or no information about their counterparts consistently produce efficient results given the proper trading institutions . The shutdown point ( edit ) In the short run , a firm operating at a loss ( R < TC ( revenue less than total cost ) or P VC ) then the firm is covering all variable cost plus there is additional revenue ( `` contribution '' ) , which can be applied to fixed costs . ( The size of the fixed costs is irrelevant as it is a sunk cost . The same consideration is used whether fixed costs are one dollar or one million dollars . ) On the other hand , if VC > R then the firm is not even covering its production costs and it should immediately shut down . The rule is conventionally stated in terms of price ( average revenue ) and average variable costs . The rules are equivalent ( If you divide both sides of inequality TR > TVC by Q gives P > AVC ) . If the firm decides to operate , the firm will continue to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs because these conditions insure not only profit maximization ( loss minimization ) but also maximum contribution . Another way to state the rule is that a firm should compare the profits from operating to those realized if it shutdown and select the option that produces the greater profit . A firm that is shutdown is generating zero revenue and incurring no variable costs . However , the firm still has to pay fixed cost . So the firm 's profit equals fixed costs or − FC . An operating firm is generating revenue , incurring variable costs and paying fixed costs . The operating firm 's profit is R − VC − FC . The firm should continue to operate if R − VC − FC ≥ − FC , which simplified is R ≥ VC . The difference between revenue , R , and variable costs , VC , is the contribution to fixed costs and any contribution is better than none . Thus , if R ≥ VC then firm should operate . If R < VC the firm should shut down . A decision to shut down means that the firm is temporarily suspending production . It does not mean that the firm is going out of business ( exiting the industry ) . If market conditions improve , and prices increase , the firm can resume production . Shutting down is a short - run decision . A firm that has shut down is not producing . The firm still retains its capital assets ; however , the firm can not leave the industry or avoid its fixed costs in the short run . Exit is a long - term decision . A firm that has exited an industry has avoided all commitments and freed all capital for use in more profitable enterprises . However , a firm can not continue to incur losses indefinitely . In the long run , the firm will have to earn sufficient revenue to cover all its expenses and must decide whether to continue in business or to leave the industry and pursue profits elsewhere . The long - run decision is based on the relationship of the price and long - run average costs . If P ≥ AC then the firm will not exit the industry . If P < AC , then the firm will exit the industry . These comparisons will be made after the firm has made the necessary and feasible long - term adjustments . In the long run a firm operates where marginal revenue equals long - run marginal costs . Short - run supply curve ( edit ) The short run supply curve for a perfectly competitive firm is the marginal cost ( MC ) curve at and above the shutdown point . Portions of the marginal cost curve below the shut down point are not part of the SR supply curve because the firm is not producing in that range . Technically the SR supply curve is a discontinuous function composed of the segment of the MC curve at and above minimum of the average variable cost curve and a segment that runs with the vertical axis from the origin to but not including a point `` parallel '' to minimum average variable costs . Examples ( edit ) Though there is no actual perfectly competitive market in the real world , a number of approximations exist : An example is that of a large action of identical goods with all potential buyers and sellers present . By design , a stock exchange resembles this , not as a complete description ( for no markets may satisfy all requirements of the model ) but as an approximation . The flaw in considering the stock exchange as an example of Perfect Competition is the fact that large institutional investors ( e.g. investment banks ) may solely influence the market price . This , of course , violates the condition that `` no one seller can influence market price '' . Horse betting is also quite a close approximation . When placing bets , consumers can just look down the line to see who is offering the best odds , and so no one bookie can offer worse odds than those being offered by the market as a whole , since consumers will just go to another bookie . This makes the bookies price - takers . Furthermore , the product on offer is very homogeneous , with the only differences between individual bets being the pay - off and the horse . Of course , there are not an infinite amount of bookies , and some barriers to entry exist , such as a license and the capital required to set up . Free software works along lines that approximate perfect competition as well . Anyone is free to enter and leave the market at no cost . All code is freely accessible and modifiable , and individuals are free to behave independently . Free software may be bought or sold at whatever price that the market may allow . Criticisms ( edit ) The use of the assumption of perfect competition as the foundation of price theory for product markets is often criticized as representing all agents as passive , thus removing the active attempts to increase one 's welfare or profits by price undercutting , product design , advertising , innovation , activities that -- the critics argue -- characterize most industries and markets . These criticisms point to the frequent lack of realism of the assumptions of product homogeneity and impossibility to differentiate it , but apart from this the accusation of passivity appears correct only for short - period or very - short - period analyses , in long - period analyses the inability of price to diverge from the natural or long - period price is due to active reactions of entry or exit . Some economists have a different kind of criticism concerning perfect competition model . They are not criticizing the price taker assumption because it makes economic agents too `` passive '' , but because it then raises the question of who sets the prices . Indeed , if everyone is price taker , there is the need for a benevolent planner who gives and sets the prices , in other word , there is a need for a `` price maker '' . Therefore , it makes the perfect competition model appropriate not to describe a decentralize `` market '' economy but a centralized one . This in turn means that such kind of model has more to do with communism than capitalism . Another frequent criticism is that it is often not true that in the short run differences between supply and demand cause changes in price ; especially in manufacturing , the more common behaviour is alteration of production without nearly any alteration of price . The critics of the assumption of perfect competition in product markets seldom question the basic neoclassical view of the working of market economies for this reason . The Austrian School insists strongly on this criticism , and yet the neoclassical view of the working of market economies as fundamentally efficient , reflecting consumer choices and assigning to each agent his contribution to social welfare , is esteemed to be fundamentally correct . Some non-neoclassical schools , like Post-Keynesians , reject the neoclassical approach to value and distribution , but not because of their rejection of perfect competition as a reasonable approximation to the working of most product markets ; the reasons for rejection of the neoclassical ' vision ' are different views of the determinants of income distribution and of aggregated demand . In particular , the rejection of perfect competition does not generally entail the rejection of free competition as characterizing most product markets ; indeed it has been argued that competition is stronger nowadays than in 19th century capitalism , owing to the increasing capacity of big conglomerate firms to enter any industry : therefore the classical idea of a tendency toward a uniform rate of return on investment in all industries owing to free entry is even more valid today ; and the reason why General Motors , Exxon or Nestlé do not enter the computers or pharmaceutical industries is not insurmountable barriers to entry but rather that the rate of return in the latter industries is already sufficiently in line with the average rate of return elsewhere as not to justify entry . On this few economists , it would seem , would disagree , even among the neoclassical ones . Thus when the issue is normal , or long - period , product prices , differences on the validity of the perfect competition assumption do not appear to imply important differences on the existence or not of a tendency of rates of return toward uniformity as long as entry is possible , and what is found fundamentally lacking in the perfect competition model is the absence of marketing expenses and innovation as causes of costs that do enter normal average cost . The issue is different with respect to factor markets . Here the acceptance or denial of perfect competition in labour markets does make a big difference to the view of the working of market economies . One must distinguish neoclassical from non-neoclassical economists . For the former , absence of perfect competition in labour markets , e.g. due to the existence of trade unions , impedes the smooth working of competition , which if left free to operate would cause a decrease of wages as long as there were unemployment , and would finally ensure the full employment of labour : labour unemployment is due to absence of perfect competition in labour markets . Most non-neoclassical economists deny that a full flexibility of wages would ensure the full employment of labour and find a stickiness of wages an indispensable component of a market economy , without which the economy would lack the regularity and persistence indispensable to its smooth working . This was , for example , John Maynard Keynes 's opinion . Particularly radical is the view of the Sraffian school on this issue : the labour demand curve can not be determined hence a level of wages ensuring the equality between supply and demand for labour does not exist , and economics should resume the viewpoint of the classical economists , according to whom competition in labour markets does not and can not mean indefinite price flexibility as long as supply and demand are unequal , it only means a tendency to equality of wages for similar work , but the level of wages is necessarily determined by complex sociopolitical elements ; custom , feelings of justice , informal allegiances to classes , as well as overt coalitions such as trade unions , far from being impediments to a smooth working of labour markets that would be able to determine wages even without these elements , are on the contrary indispensable because without them there would be no way to determine wages . Equilibrium in perfect competition ( edit ) Equilibrium in perfect competition is the point where market demands will be equal to market supply . A firm 's price will be determined at this point . In the short run , equilibrium will be affected by demand . In the long run , both demand and supply of a product will affect the equilibrium in perfect competition . A firm will receive only normal profit in the long run at the equilibrium point . See also ( edit ) Supply and demand Contestable market Imperfect competition Monopolistic competition Microeconomics Bertrand competition Cournot competition Efficient - market hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gerard Debreu , Theory of Value : An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium , Yale University Press , New Haven CT ( September 10 , 1972 ) . ISBN 0 - 300 - 01559 - 3 Jump up ^ Lipsey , R.G. ; Lancaster , Kelvin ( 1956 ) . `` The General Theory of Second Best '' . Review of Economic Studies . 24 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2296233 . JSTOR 2296233 . Jump up ^ Bork , Robert H. ( 1993 ) . The Antitrust Paradox ( second edition ) . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 904456 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carbaugh , 2006 . p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Lipsey , 1975 . p. 217 . Jump up ^ Lipsey , 1975 . pp. 285 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Chiller , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , 1979 . ^ Jump up to : LeRoy Miller , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Tirole , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Black , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` United States of America , Plaintiff , v. Microsoft Corporation , Defendant '' , Final Judgement , Civil Action No. 98 - 1232 , November 12 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microeconomics -- Zero Profit Equilibrium '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Frank ( 2008 ) 351 . Jump up ^ Profit equals ( P − ATC ) × Q . Jump up ^ Smith ( 1987 ) 245 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. ( 2009 ) p. 231 . Jump up ^ Lovell ( 2004 ) p. 243 . Jump up ^ Revenue , R , equals price , P , times quantity , Q . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2003 ) p. 227 . Jump up ^ Melvin & Boyes , ( 2002 ) p. 222 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2003 ) p. 296 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J. ( 2009 ) p. 237 . Jump up ^ Samuelson , W & Marks , S ( 2006 ) p. 286 . Jump up ^ Png , I : 1999 . p. 102 Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 193 . Jump up ^ Bade and Parkin , pp. 353 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 193 Jump up ^ Landsburg , S ( 2002 ) p. 194 Jump up ^ Binger & Hoffman , Microeconomics with Calculus , 2nd ed . ( Addison - Wesley 1998 ) at 312 -- 14 . A firm 's production function may display diminishing marginal returns at all production levels . In that case both the MC curve and the AVC curve would originate at the origin and there would be no minimum avc ) or min avc = 0 ) Consequently the entire MC curve would be the SR supply curve . Jump up ^ This was the kind of criticism made by the `` autisme economie '' movement Example of this kind of criticisms : http://www.paecon.net/PAEtexts/Guerrien1.htm Jump up ^ Lee ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Kirzner ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Petri ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Clifton ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Garegnani ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Arrow , K.J. ( 1959 ) , `` Toward a theory of price adjustment '' , in M. Abramovitz ( ed . ) , The Allocation of Economic Resources , Stanford : Stanford University Press , pp. 41 -- 51 . Aumann , R.J. ( 1964 ) , `` Markets with a Continuum of Traders '' , Econometrica , Vol. 32 , No. 1 / 2 , Jan. -- Apr. , pp. 39 -- 50 . Frank , R. , Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed . ( McGraw - Hill ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 126349 - 8 . Garegnani , P. ( 1990 ) , `` Sraffa : classical versus marginalist analysis '' , in K. Bharadwaj and B. Schefold ( eds ) , Essays on Piero Sraffa , London : Unwin and Hyman , pp. 112 -- 40 ( reprinted 1992 by Routledge , London ) . Kirzner , I. ( 1981 ) , `` The ' Austrian ' perspective on the crisis '' , in D. Bell and I. Kristol ( eds ) , The Crisis in Economic Theory , New York : Basic Books , pp. 111 -- 38 . Kreps , D.M. ( 1990 ) , A Course in Microeconomic Theory , New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf . Lee , F.S. ( 1998 ) , Post-Keynesian Price Theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . McNulty , P.J. ( 1967 ) , `` A note on the history of perfect competition '' , Journal of Political Economy , vol. 75 , no . 4 pt. 1 , August , pp. 395 -- 99 Novshek , W. , and H. Sonnenschein ( 1987 ) , `` General Equilibrium with Free Entry : A Synthetic Approach to the Theory of Perfect Competition '' , Journal of Economic Literature , Vol. 25 , No. 3 , September , pp. 1281 -- 306 . Petri , F. ( 2004 ) , General Equilibrium , Capital and Macroeconomics , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar . Roberts , J. ( 1987 ) . `` Perfectly and imperfectly competitive markets '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3 , pp. 837 -- 41 . Smith V.L. ( 1987 ) . `` Experimental methods in economics '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , v. 2 , pp. 241 -- 49 . Stigler J.G. ( 1987 ) . `` Competition '' , The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics , Ist edition , vol. 3 , pp. 531 -- 46 . External links ( edit ) The Perfect Market Economy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_competition&oldid=810362117 '' Categories : Competition ( economics ) Market structure General equilibrium theory Perfect competition Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20competition	38,056
when did friday the 13th become a thing			Friday the 13th	friday the 13th	Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in Western superstition . It occurs when the 13th day of the month in the Gregorian calendar falls on a Friday , which happens at least once every year but can occur up to three times in the same year . In 2017 , it occurred twice , on January 13 and October 13 . In 2018 , it will also occur twice on April 13 and July 13 . There will be two Friday the 13ths every year until 2020 , where 2021 and 2022 will have just one occurrence , in August and May respectively .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tuesday the 13th in Hispanic and Greek culture 3 Friday the 17th in Italy 4 Social impact 4.1 Rate of accidents 5 Occurrence 5.1 Frequency 6 See also 7 References 8 See also 9 External links History The fear of the number 13 has been given a scientific name : `` triskaidekaphobia '' ; and on analogy to this the fear of Friday the 13th is called paraskevidekatriaphobia , from the Greek words Paraskeví ( Παρασκευή , meaning `` Friday '' ) , and dekatreís ( δεκατρείς , meaning `` thirteen '' ) . The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci The superstition surrounding this day may have arisen in the Middle Ages , `` originating from the story of Jesus ' last supper and crucifixion '' in which there were 13 individuals present in the Upper Room on the 13th of Nisan Maundy Thursday , the night before his death on Good Friday . While there is evidence of both Friday and the number 13 being considered unlucky , there is no record of the two items being referred to as especially unlucky in conjunction before the 19th century . An early documented reference in English occurs in Henry Sutherland Edwards ' 1869 biography of Gioachino Rossini , who died on a Friday 13th : He ( Rossini ) was surrounded to the last by admiring friends ; and if it be true that , like so many Italians , he regarded Fridays as an unlucky day and thirteen as an unlucky number , it is remarkable that on Friday 13th of November he passed away . Rossini by Henri Grevedon It is possible that the publication in 1907 of Thomas W. Lawson 's popular novel Friday , the Thirteenth , contributed to disseminating the superstition . In the novel , an unscrupulous broker takes advantage of the superstition to create a Wall Street panic on a Friday the 13th . A suggested origin of the superstition -- Friday , 13 October 1307 , the date Philip IV of France arrested hundreds of the Knights Templar -- may not have been formulated until the 20th century . It is mentioned in the 1955 Maurice Druon historical novel The Iron King ( Le Roi de fer ) , John J. Robinson 's 1989 work Born in Blood : The Lost Secrets of Freemasonry , Dan Brown 's 2003 novel The Da Vinci Code and Steve Berry 's The Templar Legacy ( 2006 ) . Tuesday the 13th in hispanic and Greek culture In Spanish - speaking countries , instead of Friday , Tuesday the 13th ( martes trece ) is considered a day of bad luck . The Greeks also consider Tuesday ( and especially the 13th ) an unlucky day . Tuesday is considered dominated by the influence of Ares , the god of war ( Mars in Roman mythology ) . The fall of Constantinople to the Fourth Crusade occurred on Tuesday , April 13 , 1204 , and the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans happened on Tuesday , 29 May 1453 , events that strengthen the superstition about Tuesday . In addition , in Greek the name of the day is Triti ( Τρίτη ) meaning the third ( day of the week ) , adding weight to the superstition , since bad luck is said to `` come in threes '' . Tuesday the 13th occurs on a month starting on Thursday . Friday the 17th in Italy In Italian popular culture , Friday the 17th ( and not the 13th ) is considered a day of bad luck . The origin of this belief could be traced in the writing of number 17 , in Roman numerals : XVII . By shuffling the digits of the number one can easily get the word VIXI ( `` I have lived '' , implying death in the present ) , an omen of bad luck . In fact , in Italy , 13 is generally considered a lucky number . However , due to Americanization , young people consider Friday the 13th unlucky as well . The 2000 parody film Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth was released in Italy with the title Shriek -- Hai impegni per venerdì 17 ? ( `` Shriek -- Do You Have Something to Do on Friday the 17th ? '' ) . Friday the 17th occurs on a month starting on Wednesday . Social impact According to the Stress Management Center and Phobia Institute in Asheville , North Carolina , an estimated 17 to 21 million people in the United States are affected by a fear of this day , making it the most feared day and date in history . Some people are so paralyzed by fear that they avoid their normal routines in doing business , taking flights or even getting out of bed . `` It 's been estimated that ( US ) $ 800 or $900 million is lost in business on this day '' . Despite this , representatives for both Delta Air Lines and Continental Airlines ( the latter now merged into United Airlines ) have stated that their airlines do not suffer from any noticeable drop in travel on those Fridays . In Finland , a consortium of governmental and nongovernmental organizations led by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health promotes the National Accident Day ( kansallinen tapaturmapäivä ) to raise awareness about automotive safety , which always falls on a Friday the 13th . The event is coordinated by the Finnish Red Cross and has been held since 1995 . Rate of accidents A study in the British Medical Journal , published in 1993 , concluded that there `` is a significant level of traffic - related incidences on Friday the 13th as opposed to a random day , such as Friday the 6th , in the UK . '' However , the Dutch Centre for Insurance Statistics on 12 June 2008 stated that `` fewer accidents and reports of fire and theft occur when the 13th of the month falls on a Friday than on other Fridays , because people are preventatively more careful or just stay home . Statistically speaking , driving is slightly safer on Friday the 13th , at least in the Netherlands ; in the last two years , Dutch insurers received reports of an average 7,800 traffic accidents each Friday ; but the average figure when the 13th fell on a Friday was just 7,500 . '' Occurrence In years which begin on the same day of the week and are of the same type ( that is , whether they are a common year or leap year ) , Friday the 13th occurs in the same months . Months that have a Friday the 13th for each year from 1900 through 2100 Month Years Year category Dominical letter January 1905 , 1911 , 1922 , 1928 , 1933 , 1939 , 1950 , 1956 , 1961 , 1967 , 1978 , 1984 , 1989 , 1995 , 2006 , 2012 , 2017 , 2023 , 2034 , 2040 , 2045 , 2051 , 2062 , 2068 , 2073 , 2079 , 2090 , 2096 Common : Sunday , Leap : Sunday A , AG February 1903 , 1914 , 1920 , 1925 , 1931 , 1942 , 1948 , 1953 , 1959 , 1970 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 , 1998 , 2004 , 2009 , 2015 , 2026 , 2032 , 2037 , 2043 , 2054 , 2060 , 2065 , 2071 , 2082 , 2088 , 2093 , 2099 Common : Thursday , Leap : Thursday D , DC March 1903 , 1908 , 1914 , 1925 , 1931 , 1936 , 1942 , 1953 , 1959 , 1964 , 1970 , 1981 , 1987 , 1992 , 1998 , 2009 , 2015 , 2020 , 2026 , 2037 , 2043 , 2048 , 2054 , 2065 , 2071 , 2076 , 2082 , 2093 , 2099 Common : Thursday , Leap : Wednesday D , ED April 1900 , 1906 , 1917 , 1923 , 1928 , 1934 , 1945 , 1951 , 1956 , 1962 , 1973 , 1979 , 1984 , 1990 , 2001 , 2007 , 2012 , 2018 , 2029 , 2035 , 2040 , 2046 , 2057 , 2063 , 2068 , 2074 , 2085 , 2091 , 2096 Common : Monday , Leap : Sunday G , AG May 1904 , 1910 , 1921 , 1927 , 1932 , 1938 , 1949 , 1955 , 1960 , 1966 , 1977 , 1983 , 1988 , 1994 , 2005 , 2011 , 2016 , 2022 , 2033 , 2039 , 2044 , 2050 , 2061 , 2067 , 2072 , 2078 , 2089 , 2095 Common : Saturday , Leap : Friday B , CB June 1902 , 1913 , 1919 , 1924 , 1930 , 1941 , 1947 , 1952 , 1958 , 1969 , 1975 , 1980 , 1986 , 1997 , 2003 , 2008 , 2014 , 2025 , 2031 , 2036 , 2042 , 2053 , 2059 , 2064 , 2070 , 2081 , 2087 , 2092 , 2098 Common : Wednesday , Leap : Tuesday E , FE July 1900 , 1906 , 1917 , 1923 , 1928 , 1934 , 1945 , 1951 , 1956 , 1962 , 1973 , 1979 , 1984 , 1990 , 2001 , 2007 , 2012 , 2018 , 2029 , 2035 , 2040 , 2046 , 2057 , 2063 , 2068 , 2074 , 2085 , 2091 , 2096 Common : Monday , Leap : Sunday G , AG August 1909 , 1915 , 1920 , 1926 , 1937 , 1943 , 1948 , 1954 , 1965 , 1971 , 1976 , 1982 , 1993 , 1999 , 2004 , 2010 , 2021 , 2027 , 2032 , 2038 , 2049 , 2055 , 2060 , 2066 , 2077 , 2083 , 2088 , 2094 , 2100 Common : Friday , Leap : Thursday C , DC September 1901 , 1907 , 1912 , 1918 , 1929 , 1935 , 1940 , 1946 , 1957 , 1963 , 1968 , 1974 , 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 2002 , 2013 , 2019 , 2024 , 2030 , 2041 , 2047 , 2052 , 2058 , 2069 , 2075 , 2080 , 2086 , 2097 Common : Tuesday , Leap : Monday F , GF October 1905 , 1911 , 1916 , 1922 , 1933 , 1939 , 1944 , 1950 , 1961 , 1967 , 1972 , 1978 , 1989 , 1995 , 2000 , 2006 , 2017 , 2023 , 2028 , 2034 , 2045 , 2051 , 2056 , 2062 , 2073 , 2079 , 2084 , 2090 Common : Sunday , Leap : Saturday A , BA November 1903 , 1908 , 1914 , 1925 , 1931 , 1936 , 1942 , 1953 , 1959 , 1964 , 1970 , 1981 , 1987 , 1992 , 1998 , 2009 , 2015 , 2020 , 2026 , 2037 , 2043 , 2048 , 2054 , 2065 , 2071 , 2076 , 2082 , 2093 , 2099 Common : Thursday , Leap : Wednesday D , ED December 1901 , 1907 , 1912 , 1918 , 1929 , 1935 , 1940 , 1946 , 1957 , 1963 , 1968 , 1974 , 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 2002 , 2013 , 2019 , 2024 , 2030 , 2041 , 2047 , 2052 , 2058 , 2069 , 2075 , 2080 , 2086 , 2097 Common : Tuesday , Leap : Monday F , GF This sequence , given here for 1900 -- 2099 , follows a 28 - year cycle from 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 . The months with a Friday the 13th are determined by the Dominical letter ( G , F , GF , etc . ) of the year . Any month that starts on a Sunday contains a Friday the 13th , and there is at least one Friday the 13th in every calendar year . There can be as many as three Friday the 13ths in a single calendar year ; either in February , March and November in a common year starting on Thursday ( such as 2009 , 2015 or 2026 ) ( D ) , or January , April and July in a leap year starting on Sunday ( such as 2012 ) ( AG ) . The longest period that occurs without a Friday the 13th is 14 months , either from July to September the following year being a common year starting on Tuesday ( F ) ( e.g. 2001 / 02 , 2012 / 13 and 2018 / 19 ) , or from August to October the following year being a leap year starting on Saturday ( BA ) ( e.g. 1999 / 2000 and 2027 / 28 ) . The shortest period that occurs with a Friday the 13th is just one month , from February to March in a common year starting on Thursday ( D ) ( e.g. 2009 , 2015 and 2026 ) . Each Gregorian 400 - year cycle contains 146,097 days ( with 97 leap days ) or exactly 20,871 weeks . Therefore , each cycle contains the same pattern of days of the week and thus the same pattern of Fridays that are on the 13th . The 13th day of the month is slightly more likely to be a Friday than any other day of the week . On average , there is a Friday the 13th once every 212.35 days , whereas Thursday the 13th occurs only once every 213.59 days . Distribution of the 13th day over the 4,800 months Day of the week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Occurrences 685 685 687 684 688 684 687 Frequency In the 2010s there were three Friday the 13ths in 2012 and 2015 , and two in 2013 . There will also be two 2017 , 2018 , 2019 , and 2020 . In the 2020s , there will be three F13 's in 2026 , and two in 2020 , 2023 , 2024 , 2029 , and 2030 . The rest of years have at least one F13 if there are fewer than two or three in the 2010s and 2020s . Assuming nothing is changed with the calendar there is never more than three F13s in year . There is a 28 - year cycle that repeats when there is a F13 in February , March and November , and the current start of that pattern was in 2009 . Although there is at least one F13 per calendar year , it can be as long as 14 months between two F13s . For the details see the table below . In Finland one F13 is chosen as National Accident Day to raise awareness about automotive safety , this is possible because there is at least one F13 each year . Year mod 28 1600 2000 1700 2100 1800 2200 1900 2300 Year mod 28 00 06 17 23 Jan Oct Feb Aug Jun Jan Apr Jul 00 06 17 23 01 07 12 18 Jan Apr Jul May Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec 01 07 12 18 02 13 19 24 Sep Dec Jan Oct Feb Aug Jun 02 13 19 24 03 08 14 25 Jun Jan Apr Jul May Feb Mar Nov 03 08 14 25 09 15 20 26 Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec Jan Oct Feb Aug 09 15 20 26 04 10 21 27 Feb Aug Jun Jan Apr Jul May 04 10 21 27 05 11 16 22 May Feb Mar Nov Sep Dec Jan Oct 05 11 16 22 The table is for the Gregorian calendar and Jan / Feb for leap years . See also Solar cycle ( calendar ) References ^ Jump up to : `` Months and Years having Friday the 13th '' . ^ Jump up to : Weisstein , Eric W. `` Triskaidekaphobia on MathWorld '' . MathWorld . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ DellaContrada , John ( 9 February 2004 ) . `` Fear of `` Friday the 13th may likely have originated from Jesus ' Last Supper and Crucifixion '' , Says UB Anthropologist `` . University at Buffalo , The State University of New York . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . There were 13 people at the table ( at the Last Supper ) and the 13th was Jesus . The Last Supper was on a Thursday , and the next day was Friday , the day of crucifixion . When ' 13 ' and Friday come together , it is a double whammy . Jump up ^ Hartston , Willam ( 1 June 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Useless Information . Sourcebooks , Incorporated . p. 365 . ISBN 9781402248382 . In Christian tradition , fear of Friday the 13th stems from the day of the Crucifixion ( Friday ) and the number at the Last Supper ( 13 ) . Despite these origins , the Friday the 13th superstition dates back only to the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ Friday has been considered an unlucky day to undertake journeys or begin new projects at least since the 14th century , as witnessed by Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales . ^ Jump up to : Nathaniel Lachenmeyer , 13 : The Story of the World 's Most Popular Superstition ch. 5 ( 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Roach , John ( 12 August 2004 ) . `` Friday the 13th Phobia Rooted in Ancient History '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 29 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Clar , Mimi ( 1957 ) . `` Friday the 13th '' . Western Folklore : 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Henry Sutherland Edwards , The Life of Rossini , Blackett , 1869 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Thomas W. Lawson . `` Thomas W. Lawson , ' ' Friday , the Thirteenth ' ' ( 1907 ) '' . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why Friday the 13th Is Unlucky '' . Urbanlegends.about.com . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Rafael Falcón , Christine Yoder Falcón Salsa : a taste of Hispanic culture , p. 64 , Praeger ( 1998 ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96121 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Chrysopoulos , Philip ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Why Superstitious Greeks Fear Tuesday the 13th '' . Greek Reporter . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Carlo Grande ( 17 February 2012 ) . `` Venerdì 17 porta davvero sfortuna ? '' ( in Italian ) . La Stampa . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Harris ( 15 November 2007 ) . `` Bad omen for Italy as their unlucky number comes up '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Venerdì 13 porta ( s ) fortuna ? Non in Italia '' ( in Italian ) . cafebabel.com . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venerdì 13 è un giorno che porta sfortuna -- Mara rimanda le nozze con Mezzaroma '' ( in Italian ) . Corriere del Mezzogiorno. 1 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh Sens , `` Some Do n't Count on lucky '' , Via Magazine , January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mikä on Tapaturmapäivä ? '' . www.kotitapaturma.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Roach , John . `` Friday the 13th Phobia Rooted in Ancient History '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . According to a 1993 study in the British Medical Journal , however , there is a significant level of traffic - related incidences on Friday the 13th as opposed to a random day , such as Friday the 6th , in the UK . Jump up ^ Mirror.co.uk , `` Friday 13th is no longer unlucky '' . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Friday 13th not more unlucky , Dutch study shows '' . Jump up ^ Bodin , Magnus ( 13 November 1998 ) . `` About the date + day - distribution along the epoch '' . x42 . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ B.H. Brown and Raphael Robinson , `` Solution to Problem E36 '' , American Mathematical Monthly , vol. 40 , issue 10 ( 1933 ) , p. 607 ; Jean Meeus , Mathematical Astronomy Morsels IV , 2007 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : `` Months and Years having Friday the 13th '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 13 Facts About Friday the 13th '' . Jump up ^ `` Johns Hopkins Magazine '' . See also F13 Tycho Brahe days Frigg Chronophobia External links Look up paraskavedekatriaphobia in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th Some do n't count on Lucky 13 -- Via Magazine Calendar Showing Friday 13s , Robslink.com S&P 500 Performance on Friday 13s , dailyspeculations.com All Ords Performance on Friday 13s , asxiq.com ( hide ) Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th&oldid=834271632 '' Categories : Clichés Folklore Friday Luck Superstitions about numbers Triskaidekaphobia Unofficial observances Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Македонски Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday%20the%2013th	26,626
where does splitting of water occur in photosynthesis			Photosystem II	photosystem ii	Photosystem II ( or water - plastoquinone oxidoreductase ) is the first protein complex in the light - dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis . It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants , algae , and cyanobacteria . Within the photosystem , enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol . The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen .	By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water , photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur . The hydrogen ions ( protons ) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP . The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce NADP to NADPH or are used in Non cyclic photophosphorylation . Contents 1 Structure 2 Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) 3 Water splitting 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) Cyanobacterial photosystem II , Monomer , PDB 2AXT . The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2 . Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers , in intact PSII the charge is mostly localized on one chlorophyll molecule ( 70 − 80 % ) . Because of this , P680 is highly oxidizing and can take part in the splitting of water . Photosystem II ( of cyanobacteria and green plants ) is composed of around 20 subunits ( depending on the organism ) as well as other accessory , light - harvesting proteins . Each photosystem II contains at least 99 cofactors : 35 chlorophyll a , 12 beta - carotene , two pheophytin , two plastoquinone , two heme , one bicarbonate , 20 lipid molecules , the Mn CaO cluster ( including two chloride ions ) , one non heme Fe and two putative Ca ions per monomer . There are several crystal structures of photosystem II . The PDB accession codes for this protein are 3WU2 , 3BZ1 , 3BZ2 ( 3BZ1 and 3BZ2 are monomeric structures of the Photosystem II dimer ) , 2AXT , 1S5L , 1W5C , 1ILX , 1FE1 , 1IZL . Photosystem II Light Harvesting complex protein Identifiers Symbol PSII Pfam PF00421 InterPro IPR000932 TCDB 3. E. 2 OPM superfamily OPM protein 3jcu Membranome 536 show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Protein Subunits ( only with known function ) Subunit Function D1 Reaction center Protein , binds Chlorophyll P680 , pheophytin , beta - carotene , quinone and manganese center D2 Reaction center Protein CP43 Binds manganese center CP47 PsbO Manganese Stabilizing Protein Coenzymes / Cofactors Molecule Function Chlorophyll Absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy Beta - carotene quench excess photoexcitation energy Heme b559 also Protoporphyrin IX containing iron Pheophytin Primary electron acceptor Plastoquinone Mobile intra-thylakoid membrane electron carrier Manganese center also known as the oxygen evolving center , or OEC Photosystem II Identifiers EC number 1.10. 3.9 Databases IntEnz IntEnz view BRENDA BRENDA entry ExPASy NiceZyme view KEGG KEGG entry MetaCyc metabolic pathway PRIAM profile PDB structures RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum show Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins Oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) ( edit ) Proposed structure of Manganese Center Main article : oxygen - evolving complex The oxygen - evolving complex is the site of water oxidation . It is a metallo - oxo cluster comprising four manganese ions ( in oxidation states ranging from + 2 to + 4 ) and one divalent calcium ion . When it oxidizes water , producing oxygen gas and protons , it sequentially delivers the four electrons from water to a tyrosine ( D1 - Y161 ) sidechain and then to P680 itself . The first structural model of the oxygen - evolving complex are solved by X-ray crystallography from frozen protein crystals with a resolution of 3.8 Å in 2001 . Over the next years the resolution of the model is gradually increased to 2.9 Å . While obtaining these structures , in itself was a great feat , they do not show the oxygen - evolving complex in full detail . In 2011 the OEC of PSII was resolved to a level of 1.9 Å revealing five oxygen atoms serving as oxo bridges linking the five metal atoms and four water molecules bound to the Mn4CaO5 cluster ; more than 1,300 water molecules were found in each photosystem II monomer , some forming extensive hydrogen - bonding networks that may serve as channels for protons , water or oxygen molecules . At this stage , it is suggested that the structures obtained by X-ray crystallography are biased , since there is evidence that the manganese atoms are reduced by the high - intensity X-rays used , altering the observed OEC structure . This incentivized researchers to take their crystals to a different X-ray facilities , called X-ray Free Electron Lasers , such as SLAC in the USA . In 2014 the structure observed in 2011 was confirmed . Knowing the structure of Photosystem II did not suffice to reveal how it works exactly . So now the race has started to solve the structure of Photosystem II at different stages in the mechanistic cycle ( discussed below ) . Currently structures of the S1 state and the S3 state 's have been published almost simultaneously from two different groups , showing the addition of an oxygen molecule designated O6 between Mn1 and Mn4 , suggesting that this may be the site on the oxygen evolving complex , where oxygen is produced . Water splitting ( edit ) Water - splitting process : Electron transport and regulation . The first level ( A ) shows the original Kok model of the S - states cycling , the second level ( B ) shows the link between the electron transport ( S - states advancement ) and the relaxation process of the intermediate S - states ( ( YzSn ) , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) formation Photosynthetic water splitting ( or oxygen evolution ) is one of the most important reactions on the planet , since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere 's oxygen . Moreover , artificial photosynthetic water - splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy - source . The mechanism of water oxidation is still not fully elucidated , but we know many details about this process . The oxidation of water to molecular oxygen requires extraction of four electrons and four protons from two molecules of water . The experimental evidence that oxygen is released through cyclic reaction of oxygen evolving complex ( OEC ) within one PSII was provided by Pierre Joliot et al. They have shown that , if dark - adapted photosynthetic material ( higher plants , algae , and cyanobacteria ) is exposed to a series of single turnover flashes , oxygen evolution is detected with typical period - four damped oscillation with maxima on the third and the seventh flash and with minima on the first and the fifth flash ( for review , see ) . Based on this experiment , Bessel Kok and co-workers introduced a cycle of five flash - induced transitions of the so - called S - states , describing the four redox states of OEC : When four oxidizing equivalents have been stored ( at the S - state ) , OEC returns to its basic S - state . In the absence of light , the OEC will `` relax '' to the S state ; the S state is often described as being `` dark - stable '' . The S state is largely considered to consist of manganese ions with oxidation states of Mn , Mn , Mn , Mn . Finally , the intermediate S - states were proposed by Jablonsky and Lazar as a regulatory mechanism and link between S - states and tyrosine Z . In 2012 , Renger expressed the idea of internal changes of water molecules into typical oxides in different S - states during water splitting . In 2017 , Dolai showed almost complete concept of water splitting by the way of structural analysis of S - states and developed oxides from the water molecules . Dolai 's Diagram of S - states ( Dolai 's Mechanism ) : Dolai 's diagrams are pictures of different S - states in water - splitting during photosynthesis . These diagrams can express estimated figures of intermediate S - states as well as the development of typical oxides ( monoxide ( 2H2O ) , hydroxide ( OH. H O ) , peroxide ( H O ) , super oxide ( HO ) and di - oxygen ( O ) ) ; which are formed due to interchange of water molecules in S - states . The arrangement of hydrogen bonding is main criteria of the diagrams . The effect of photon ( hv ) , emission of electron ( e ) and production of hydrogen ion ( H+ ) from water molecules can be shown by the diagrams in a more specific way of experimental detection . The diagrams almost completely analyze the pathway of water - splitting in photosynthesis . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Oxygen evolution P680 Photosynthesis Photosystem Photosystem I Photosystem II light - harvesting protein Reaction Centre Photoinhibition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Loll B , Kern J , Saenger W , Zouni A , Biesiadka J ( December 2005 ) . `` Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II '' . Nature . 438 ( 7070 ) : 1040 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 438.1040 L . doi : 10.1038 / nature04224 . PMID 16355230 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford AW , Faller P ( January 2003 ) . `` Photosystem II : evolutionary perspectives '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1429 ) : 245 -- 53 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1186 . PMC 1693113 . PMID 12594932 . Jump up ^ Okubo T , Tomo T , Sugiura M , Noguchi T ( April 2007 ) . `` Perturbation of the structure of P680 and the charge distribution on its radical cation in isolated reaction center complexes of photosystem II as revealed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy '' . Biochemistry . 46 ( 14 ) : 4390 -- 7 . doi : 10.1021 / bi700157n . PMID 17371054 . ^ Jump up to : Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Yano J , Kern J , Yachandra VK , Nilsson H , Koroidov S , Messinger J ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 2 , Section 3 X-Ray Diffraction and Spectroscopy of Photosystem II at Room Temperature Using Femtosecond X-Ray Pulses '' . In Kroneck PM , Sosa Torres ME . Sustaining Life on Planet Earth : Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 15 . Springer . p. 24 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 12415 - 5_2 . ^ Jump up to : Kuntzleman T , Yocum CF ( February 2005 ) . `` Reduction - induced inhibition and Mn ( II ) release from the photosystem II oxygen - evolving complex by hydroquinone or NH2OH are consistent with a Mn ( III ) / Mn ( III ) / Mn ( IV ) / Mn ( IV ) oxidation state for the dark - adapted enzyme '' . Biochemistry . 44 ( 6 ) : 2129 -- 42 . doi : 10.1021 / bi048460i . PMID 15697239 . Jump up ^ Zouni A , Witt HT , Kern J , Fromme P , Krauss N , Saenger W , Orth P ( February 2001 ) . `` Crystal structure of photosystem II from Synechococcus elongatus at 3.8 A resolution '' . Nature . 409 ( 6821 ) : 739 -- 43 . doi : 10.1038 / 35055589 . PMID 11217865 . Jump up ^ Kamiya N , Shen JR ( January 2003 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II from Thermosynechococcus vulcanus at 3.7 - A resolution '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 100 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 103 . Bibcode : 2003PNAS ... 100 ... 98K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0135651100 . PMC 140893 . PMID 12518057 . Jump up ^ Ferreira KN , Iverson TM , Maghlaoui K , Barber J , Iwata S ( March 2004 ) . `` Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen - evolving center '' . Science . 303 ( 5665 ) : 1831 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 303.1831 F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1093087 . PMID 14764885 . Jump up ^ Guskov A , Kern J , Gabdulkhakov A , Broser M , Zouni A , Saenger W ( March 2009 ) . `` Cyanobacterial photosystem II at 2.9 - A resolution and the role of quinones , lipids , channels and chloride '' . Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 16 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 1559 . PMID 19219048 . Jump up ^ Umena Y , Kawakami K , Shen JR , Kamiya N ( May 2011 ) . `` Crystal structure of oxygen - evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å '' . Nature . 473 ( 7345 ) : 55 -- 60 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 473 ... 55U . doi : 10.1038 / nature09913 . PMID 21499260 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Hirata K , Ueno G , Murakami H , Nakajima Y , Shimizu T , Yamashita K , Yamamoto M , Ago H , Shen JR ( January 2015 ) . `` Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution viewed by femtosecond X-ray pulses '' . Nature . 517 ( 7532 ) : 99 -- 103 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 517 ... 99S . doi : 10.1038 / nature13991 . PMID 25470056 . Jump up ^ Young ID , Ibrahim M , Chatterjee R , Gul S , Fuller F , Koroidov S , et al. ( December 2016 ) . `` Structure of photosystem II and substrate binding at room temperature '' . Nature . 540 ( 7633 ) : 453 -- 457 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 540 ... 453Y . doi : 10.1038 / nature20161 . PMC 5201176 . PMID 27871088 . Jump up ^ Suga M , Akita F , Sugahara M , Kubo M , Nakajima Y , Nakane T , et al. ( March 2017 ) . `` Light - induced structural changes and the site of O =O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL '' . Nature . 543 ( 7643 ) : 131 -- 135 . Bibcode : 2017Natur. 543 ... 131S . doi : 10.1038 / nature21400 . PMID 28219079 . Jump up ^ Joliot P. ; Barbieri G. ; Chabaud R. ( 1969 ) . `` Un nouveau modele des centres photochimiques du systeme II '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 10 ( 5 ) : 309 -- 329 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1969. tb05696. x . Jump up ^ Joliot P ( 2003 ) . `` Period - four oscillations of the flash - induced oxygen formation in photosynthesis '' . Photosynthesis Research . 76 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 65 -- 72 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024946610564 . PMID 16228566 . Jump up ^ Kok B , Forbush B , McGloin M ( June 1970 ) . `` Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic O2 evolution - I. A linear four step mechanism '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 11 ( 6 ) : 457 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1751 - 1097.1970. tb06017. x . PMID 5456273 . Jump up ^ Jablonsky J , Lazar D ( April 2008 ) . `` Evidence for intermediate S - states as initial phase in the process of oxygen - evolving complex oxidation '' . Biophysical Journal . 94 ( 7 ) : 2725 -- 36 . Bibcode : 2008BpJ ... 94.2725 J . doi : 10.1529 / biophysj. 107.122861 . PMC 2267143 . PMID 18178650 . Jump up ^ Renger G ( August 2012 ) . `` Mechanism of light induced water splitting in Photosystem II of oxygen evolving photosynthetic organisms '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1817 ( 8 ) : 1164 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2012.02. 005 . PMID 22353626 . Jump up ^ Dolai , U ( 2017 ) . `` Chemical Scheme of Water - Splitting Process during Photosynthesis by the way of Experimental Analysis '' . IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences . 12 ( 6 ) : 65 -- 67 . doi : 10.9790 / 3008 - 1206026567 . ISSN 2319 - 7676 . Oxidoreductases : diphenol family ( EC 1.10 ) 1.10. 1 Trans - acenaphthene - 1 , 2 - diol dehydrogenase 1.10. 2 Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase 1.10. 3 Catechol oxidase Laccase 1.10. 99 Cytochrome b6f complex Other Alternative oxidase Enzymes Activity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie -- Hofstee diagram Hanes -- Woolf plot Lineweaver -- Burk plot Michaelis -- Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases ( list ) EC2 Transferases ( list ) EC3 Hydrolases ( list ) EC4 Lyases ( list ) EC5 Isomerases ( list ) EC6 Ligases ( list ) Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photosystem_II&oldid=864125790 '' Categories : Photosynthesis Light reactions Manganese enzymes EC 1.10. 3 Hidden categories : Protein pages needing a picture Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 07 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem%20II	18,475
what is the most spoken language in the us	Many languages are spoken , or historically have been spoken , in the United States . Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population . The most commonly used language is English ( specifically , American English ) , which is the de facto national language of the United States . Since the 1965 Immigration Act , Spanish is the second most common language in the country . The United States does not have an official language , but some state governments recognize specific languages . For instance , the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French , as does New Mexico in Spanish . There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region . Hawaiian , although having few native speakers , is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii . Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages .	American English	Languages of the United States	languages of the united states	Abenaki , Achumawi , Acolapissa , Adai , Afro - Seminole Creole , Alabama , Aleut , Apalachee , Aranama , Arapaho , Arikara , Assiniboine , Atakapa , Atsugewi , Awaswas , Barbareño , Bay Miwok , Biloxi , Blackfoot , Buena Vista , Caddo , Cahto , Calusa , Carolina Algonquian , Catawba , Cayuga , Cayuse , Central Kalapuya , Central Pomo , Central Sierra Miwok , Chalon , Chemakum , Cheyenne , Chickasaw , Chico , Chimariko , Chinook Jargon , Chippewa , Chitimacha , Chiwere , Chochenyo , Choctaw , Chukchansi , Coast Miwok , Coast Tsimshian , Coahuilteco , Cocopah , Coeur d'Alene , Colorado River , Columbia - Moses , Comanche , Coree , Cotoname , Cowlitz , Cree , Crow , Cruzeño , Cupeño , Eastern Pomo , Erie , Esselen , Etchemin , Eyeri , Fox , Garza , Gashowu , Gros Ventre , Gullah , Halchidhoma , Halkomelem , Hanis , Havasupai , Havasupai -- Hualapai , Hawaiian Pidgin , Hidatsa , Hitchiti , Houma , Hupa , Ipai , Ivilyuat , Jicarilla , Kansa , Karankawa , Karkin , Karuk , Kashaya , Kathlamet , Kawaiisu , Kings River , Kiowa , Kitanemuk , Kitsai , Klallam , Klamath , Klickitat , Koasati , Konkow , Konomihu , Kumeyaay , Kutenai , Lake Miwok , Lipan , Louisiana Creole , Lower Tanana , Luiseño , Lummi , Lushootseed , Mahican , Maidu , Makah , Malecite - Passamaquoddy , Mandan , Maricopa , Massachusett , Mattole , Mednyj Aleut , Menominee , Mescalero - Chiricahua , Miami - Illinois , Mikasuki , Mi'kmaq , Miluk , Mitchigamea , Mobilian Jargon , Mohawk , Mohawk Dutch , Mohegan - Pequot , Mojave , Molala , Moneton , Mono , Munsee , Muscogee , Mutsun , Nanticoke , Natchez , Nawathinehena , Negerhollands , Neutral , New River Shasta , Nez Perce , Nicoleño , Nisenan , Nlaka'pamux , Nomlaki , Nooksack , Northeastern Pomo , Northern Kalapuya , Northern Paiute , Northern Pomo , Northern Sierra Miwok , Nottoway , Obispeño , Ofo , Okanagan , Okwanuchu , Omaha -- Ponca , Oneida , Onondaga , Osage , Ottawa , Palewyami , Pawnee , Pennsylvania German , Picuris , Piscataway , Plains Apache , Plains Cree , Plains Miwok Potawatomi , Powhatan , Purisimeño , Qawiaraq , Quapaw , Quechan , Quileute , Quinault , Quinipissa , Quiripi , Ramaytush , Rumsen , Saanich , Sahaptin , Salinan , Salish - Spokane - Kalispel , Scahentoarrhonon , Seneca , Serrano , Shasta , Shawnee , Shoshoni , Siuslaw , Solano , Southeastern Pomo , Southern Pomo , Southern Sierra Miwok , Southern Tiwa , Stoney , Susquehannock , Taensa , Takelma , Tamyen , Tangipahoa , Taos , Tataviam , Tawasa , Tequesta , Tewa , Texas German , Tillamook , Timbisha , Timucua , Tiipai , Tolowa , Tongva , Tonkawa , Tsetsaut , Tübatulabal , Tunica , Tuscarora , Tutelo , Tututni , Twana , Umatilla , Unami , Upper Chinook , Ute , Ventureño , Virgin Islands Creole , Wailaki , Wappo , Washo , Wenrohronon , Whulshootseed , Wichita , Winnebago , Wintu , Wiyot , Woccon , Wukchumni , Wyandot , Yamasee , Yana , Yaqui , Yavapai , Yoncalla , Yuchi , Yuki , Yurok	Regional languages Ahtna , Alutiiq , Carolinian , Central Alaskan Yup'ik , Central Siberian Yupik , Chamorro , Deg Xinag , Dena'ina , Eyak , French , Gwich'in , Haida , Hän , Hawaiian , Holikachuk , Inupiaq , Koyukon , Samoan , Tanacross , Tanana , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Upper Kuskokwim , Upper Tanana Main immigrant languages English , Spanish , Chinese , French , Tagalog , Vietnamese , Arabic , Korean , Indian , Sign languages American Sign Language ( BASL ) , Hawai'i Sign Language , Keresan Sign Language , Navajo Family Sign , Plains Indian Sign Language , Puerto Rican Sign Language , Samoan Sign Language Common keyboard layouts QWERTYUIOP Many languages are spoken , or historically have been spoken , in the United States . Today over 500 languages are used by the U.S. population . The most commonly used language is English ( specifically , American English ) , which is the de facto national language of the United States . Since the 1965 Immigration Act , Spanish is the second most common language in the country . The United States does not have an official language , but some state governments recognize specific languages . For instance , the state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French , as does New Mexico in Spanish . There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region . Hawaiian , although having few native speakers , is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii . Alaska officializes English and twenty native languages . Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census Bureau , American Community Survey 2016 ) List ( show ) English only -- 237,810,023 Spanish -- 40,489,813 Chinese -- 3,372,930 Tagalog -- 1,701,960 Vietnamese -- 1,509,994 Arabic -- 1,231,098 French -- 1,216,668 Korean -- 1,088,788 Russian -- 909,374 German -- 905,691 Haitian Creole -- 856,009 Hindi -- 810,877 Portuguese -- 767,210 Italian -- 576,154 Polish -- 539,151 Urdu -- 474,481 Persian -- 438,448 Japanese -- 464,535 Gujarati -- 407,520 Telugu -- 365,566 Bengali -- 324,008 Tai -- Kadai -- 307,442 Greek -- 288,255 Punjabi -- 287,491 Tamil -- 273,332 Armenian -- 237,550 Serbo - Croatian -- 236,761 Hebrew -- 225,147 Hmong -- 224,133 Bantu -- 223,334 Khmer -- 203,115 Navajo -- 163,784 other Indo - European languages -- 578,492 other Afro - Asiatic languages -- 521,932 other Niger -- Congo languages -- 515,629 other West Germanic languages -- 487,675 other Austronesian languages -- 467,718 other Indic languages -- 409,631 other languages of Asia -- 384,154 other Slavic languages -- 338,644 other Dravidian languages -- 241,678 other languages of North America -- 195,550 other and unspecified languages -- 258,257 According to the 2016 American Community Survey , a project of the United States Census Bureau , the languages spoken at home by the most people older than five years of age are : English only -- 237.8 million Spanish -- 40.5 million Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) -- 3.4 million Tagalog ( including Filipino ) -- 1.7 million Vietnamese -- 1.5 million Arabic -- 1.2 million French -- 1.2 million Korean -- 1.1 million Russian -- 0.91 million German -- 0.91 million Haitian Creole -- 0.86 million Hindi -- 0.81 million Portuguese -- 0.77 million Italian -- 0.58 million Polish -- 0.54 million Urdu -- 0.47 million Japanese -- 0.46 million Persian ( including Farsi and Dari ) -- 0.44 million Gujarati -- 0.41 million Telugu -- 0.37 million Bengali -- 0.32 million Tai -- Kadai ( including Thai and Lao ) -- 0.31 million Greek -- 0.29 million Punjabi -- 0.29 million Tamil -- 0.27 million Armenian -- 0.24 million Serbo - Croatian ( including Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian ) -- 0.24 million Hebrew -- 0.23 million Hmong -- 0.22 million Bantu ( including Swahili ) -- 0.22 million Khmer -- 0.20 million Navajo -- 0.16 million While modern estimates indicate that American Sign Language was signed by as many as 500,000 Americans , as of 1972 -- the last official survey , closer estimates range around 100,000 as of 2011 . ( Although various cultural factors , such as passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act , have resulted in far greater educational opportunities for deaf children , which could double or triple the number of current ASL users . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Official language status 1.1 Status of other languages 2 Indigenous languages 2.1 Native American languages 2.1. 1 List of Native American Languages 2.1. 2 Native American sign languages 2.2 Austronesian languages 2.2. 1 Hawaiian 2.2. 2 Samoan 2.2. 3 Chamorro 2.2. 4 Carolinian 3 Main languages 3.1 English 3.2 Spanish 3.3 Chinese 3.4 Tagalog 3.5 Vietnamese 3.6 Korean 3.7 French 3.8 German 3.9 Hindustani 3.10 Arabic 3.11 Cherokee 3.12 Italian 3.13 Dutch 3.14 Finnish 3.15 Russian 3.16 Hebrew 3.17 Ilocano 3.18 South Asian languages 3.19 Telugu 3.20 Irish 3.21 Khmer ( Cambodian ) 3.22 Polish 3.23 Portuguese 3.24 Swedish 3.25 Welsh 3.26 Yiddish 3.27 Tamil 3.28 Nepali 4 New American languages , dialects , and creoles 4.1 African - American English 4.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon 4.3 Gullah 4.4 Hawai'i Creole English 4.5 Louisiana Creole French 4.6 Outer Banks languages 4.7 Pennsylvania German 4.8 Texas Silesian 4.9 Chesapeake Bay Islander 4.10 Chicano English 5 Sign languages 5.1 American Sign Language 5.1. 1 Black American Sign Language 5.2 Hawai'i Sign Language 5.3 Plains Sign Talk 5.3. 1 Navajo Sign Language 5.3. 2 Plateau Sign Language 5.4 Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language 5.5 Henniker Sign Language 5.6 Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Official language status ( edit ) There is no official language at the U.S. federal level . However , 32 states of the United States , in some cases as part of what has been called the English - only movement , have adopted legislation granting official status to English . Out of 50 states , 30 have established English as the only official language , while Hawaii recognizes both English and Hawaiian as official , and Alaska has made some 20 native languages official , along with English . Moreover , English is one of the official languages in all of the U.S. territories . In Puerto Rico both English and Spanish are official , although Spanish has been declared the principal official language . The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish . Guam recognizes English and Chamorro . In the U.S. Virgin Islands , English is the only official language . In American Samoa , both English and Samoan are officially recognized . In the Northern Mariana Islands , English , Chamorro , and Carolinian are official . The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq , Central Yup'ik , Gwich'in , Siberian Yupik , Koyukon , and Tagalog , as well as English . English is the primary language used for legislation , regulations , executive orders , treaties , federal court rulings , and all other official pronouncements . Nonetheless , laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area . American schools , public as well as private , require English classes at every grade level , even in bilingual or dual - language learning situations . Semesters of English composition are compulsory in virtually all U.S. colleges and universities to satisfy requirements for associate 's and bachelor 's degrees . Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people . The United States has the world 's fifth largest Spanish - speaking population , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina ; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million , second only to Mexico . Throughout the Southwestern United States , long - established Spanish - speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent Hispanophone immigrants . Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English , nearly all second - generation Hispanic Americans speak English fluently , while only about half still speak Spanish . Status of other languages ( edit ) Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home : 2008 . Second most prevalent language in each US state . Spanish French German Tagalog Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe , Asia , or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used ; several languages , including creoles and sign languages , have also developed in the United States . Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population , of which 176 are indigenous to the area . Fifty - two languages formerly spoken in the country 's territory are now extinct . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , people of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States , and the German language ranks fifth . Italian , Polish , and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century , but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die . Russian is also spoken by immigrant populations . Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers each in the United States , almost entirely within recent immigrant populations . Both languages , along with the varieties of Chinese ( mostly Cantonese , Taishanese , and Standard Mandarin ) , Japanese , and Korean , are now used in elections in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , New York , Texas , and Washington . Native American languages are spoken in smaller pockets of the country , but these populations are decreasing , and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations . Besides English , Spanish , French , German , Navajo and other Native American languages , all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of education . American Sign Language is the most common sign language in the United States although there are unrelated sign languages which have been developed in the States and its territories -- mostly in the Pacific . No concrete numbers exist for signers but something upwards of 250,000 is common . California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities . Languages such as Spanish , Chinese , Korean , Tagalog , Persian , Russian , Vietnamese , and Thai appear in official state documents , and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in nine languages . In New Mexico , although the state constitution does not specify an official language , laws are published in English and Spanish , and government materials and services are legally required ( by Act ) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages . New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish , which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America . Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos . In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907 , territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee , Choctaw , and Muscogee languages as co-official , but the idea never gained ground . Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma . After New Amsterdam ( formerly a Dutch colony ) was transferred to English administration ( becoming the Province of New York ) in the late 17th century , English supplanted Dutch as the official language . However , `` Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century . '' The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct . The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas . While the constitution of Texas has no official language policy , Arizona passed a proposition in 2006 declaring English as the official language . Nonetheless , Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in Spanish , as well as indigenous languages such as Navajo , O'odham and Hopi , in counties where they are spoken . In 2000 , the Census Bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages : English , Spanish , Korean , Chinese ( in traditional characters ) , Vietnamese , and Tagalog . A popular urban legend called the Muhlenberg legend claims that German was almost made an official language of the United States but lost by one vote . In reality , it was a request by a group of German immigrants to have an official translation of laws into German . House speaker Frederick Muhlenberg has since become associated with the legend . Indigenous languages ( edit ) Native American languages ( edit ) Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World . In a few parts of the U.S. ( mostly on Indian reservations ) , they continue to be spoken fluently . Most of these languages are endangered , although there are efforts to revive them . Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment , but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest ( Arizona and New Mexico ) which continue to thrive despite their small size . In 1929 , speaking of indigenous Native American languages , linguist Edward Sapir observed : Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe . We may go further . We may say , quite literally and safely , that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe . According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys , the largest Native American language - speaking community by far is the Navajo . Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na - Dené family , with 178,000 speakers , primarily in the states of Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah . Altogether , Navajo speakers make up more than 50 % of all Native American language speakers in the United States . Western Apache , with 12,500 speakers , also mostly in Arizona , is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it . Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers ; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone ( 22,000 including speakers in Canada ) , not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota . Most speakers live in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota . Other Siouan languages include the closely related Winnebago , and the more distant Crow , among others . Central Alaskan Yup'ik is an Eskimo - Aleut language with 16,000 speakers , most of whom live in Alaska . The term `` Yupik '' is applied to its relatives , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan , including Naukan and Central Siberian , among others . Cherokee belongs to the Iroquoian family and has about 22,000 speakers as of 2005 . The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S. , but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language . Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band in Oklahoma , and among the Eastern Band in North Carolina , have been productive . More than 1,000 people each also speak the related languages of Mohawk and Seneca . The O'odham language , spoken by the Pima and the Tohono O'odham , is a Uto - Aztecan language with more than 12,000 speakers , most of whom live in central and southern Arizona and northern Sonora . Other Uto - Aztecan languages include Hopi , Shoshone , and the Pai - Ute languages . Choctaw has 11,000 speakers . Choctaw is part of the Muskogean family , like Seminole and Alabama . The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa / Ojibwe , Cheyenne , and Cree . Keres has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico . A language isolate , the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations . The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States . Zuni , another isolate , has around 10,000 speakers , most of whom reside within the Zuni pueblo . Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years , current knowledge of them is limited . There are doubtless a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record . List of Native American languages ( edit ) Below is an estimate of Native American languages `` spoken at home '' in the United States ( American Community Survey 2006 -- 2008 ) . This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US . Because the distinction between dialect and language is n't always clear , multiple dialects of varying mutual intelligibility may be classified as a single language , while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons . Languages included here may be classified as `` extinct '' ( having no living native speakers ) , but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing language revitalization efforts ; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here . Language Endonym Family Speakers ( % of total ) Speaks English < `` Very Well '' Total -- -- 373 949 19.22 % Total ( excl . Navajo ) -- -- 203 127 ( 54.32 ) 15.82 % Navajo Diné bizaad Na - Dené 170 822 ( 45.68 ) 23.25 % Dakota Dakȟótiyapi Siouan 18 804 ( 5.03 ) 9.86 % Yupik -- Eskimo - Aleut 18 626 ( 4.98 ) 37.02 % Apache Ndee biyati ' Na - Dené 14 012 ( 3.75 ) 3.53 % Keres -- Isolate 13 073 ( 3.50 ) 6.20 % Cherokee Tsalagi ( ᏣᎳᎩ ) Iroquoian 12 320 ( 3.29 ) 16.33 % Choctaw Chahta ' Muskogean 10 368 ( 2.77 ) 23.44 % Zuni Shiwi'ma Isolate 9 432 ( 2.52 ) 14.22 % American Indian ( Other ) -- -- 8 888 ( 2.38 ) 16.73 % O'odham ( Pima ) Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ Uto - Aztecan 8 190 ( 2.19 ) 14.70 % Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) Anishinaabemowin Algic 6 986 ( 1.87 ) 11.28 % Hopi Hopilàvayi Uto - Aztecan 6 776 ( 1.81 ) 18.80 % Inupiat ( Inupik ) Iñupiatun Eskimo - Aleut 5 580 ( 1.49 ) 26.04 % Tewa -- Tanoan 5 123 ( 1.37 ) 13.80 % Muskogee ( Creek ) Mvskoke Muskogean 5 072 ( 1.36 ) 19.62 % Crow Apsáalooke Siouan 3 962 ( 1.06 ) 6.59 % Shoshoni Sosoni ' da̲i̲gwape Uto - Aztecan 2 512 ( 0.67 ) 7.25 % Cheyenne Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse Algic 2 399 ( 0.64 ) 3.21 % Tiwa -- Tanoan 2 269 ( 0.61 ) 3.22 % Towa ( Jemez ) -- Tanoan 2 192 ( 0.59 ) 27.65 % Inuit ( Eskimo ) -- Eskimo - Aleut 2 168 ( 0.58 ) 25.46 % Blackfoot Siksiká ( ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) Algic 1 970 ( 0.53 ) 11.02 % Sahaptin Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit Plateau Penutian 1 654 ( 0.44 ) 6.17 % Paiute -- Uto - Aztecan 1 638 ( 0.44 ) 11.78 % Athapascan -- Na - Dené 1 627 ( 0.44 ) 19.55 % Ute Núu - ' apaghapi Uto - Aztecan 1 625 ( 0.43 ) 5.23 % Mohawk Kanien'kéha ' Iroquoian 1 423 ( 0.38 ) 11.67 % Seneca Onödowága Iroquoian 1 353 ( 0.36 ) 11.23 % Winnebago Hocąk Siouan 1 340 ( 0.36 ) 6.27 % Kiowa Cáuijògà Tanoan 1 274 ( 0.34 ) 9.58 % Aleut Unangam tunuu Eskimo - Aleut 1 236 ( 0.33 ) 19.01 % Salish -- Salishan 1 233 ( 0.33 ) 22.87 % Gwich'in ( Kuchin ) Gwich'in Na - Dené 1 217 ( 0.33 ) 25.82 % Kickapoo Kiwikapawa Algic 1 141 ( 0.31 ) 41.72 % Arapaho Hinónoʼeitíít Algic 1 087 ( 0.29 ) 1.20 % Tlingit Lingít Na - Dené 1 026 ( 0.27 ) 8.19 % Siberian Yupik ( SLI Yupik ) Sivuqaghmiistun Eskimo - Aleut 993 ( 0.27 ) 39.48 % Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat Algic 982 ( 0.26 ) 6.11 % Comanche Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ Uto - Aztecan 963 ( 0.26 ) 10.59 % Cree Nēhiyawēwin Algic 951 ( 0.25 ) 8.73 % Menominee Omāēqnomenew Algic 946 ( 0.25 ) 39.64 % Nez Perce Niimiipuutímt Plateau Penutian 942 ( 0.25 ) 12.10 % Potawatomi Bodéwadmi Algic 824 ( 0.22 ) 9.95 % Hidatsa Hidatsa Siouan 806 ( 0.22 ) 4.47 % Mesquakie ( Fox ) Meshkwahkihaki Algic 727 ( 0.19 ) 22.15 % Karok Káruk Isolate 700 ( 0.19 ) 5.43 % Pomo -- Pomoan 648 ( 0.17 ) 14.81 % Chinook Jargon Chinuk wawa Creole 644 ( 0.17 ) 17.70 % Oneida Oneyota'aaka Iroquoian 527 ( 0.14 ) 58.63 % Yurok Puliklah Algic 491 ( 0.13 ) 1.63 % Cocopah Kwikapa Yuman 483 ( 0.13 ) 22.77 % Hualapai Hwalbáy Yuman 458 ( 0.12 ) 4.80 % Omaha Umonhon Siouan 457 ( 0.12 ) 1.97 % Chiricahua Ndee bizaa Na - Dené 457 ( 0.12 ) -- Jicarilla Abáachi mizaa Na - Dené 455 ( 0.12 ) 14.51 % Yaqui Yoem noki Uto - Aztecan 425 ( 0.11 ) 10.12 % Yokuts -- Yokutsan 407 ( 0.11 ) 27.27 % Mono Mono Uto - Aztecan 349 ( 0.09 ) -- Mohave Hamakhav Yuman 330 ( 0.09 ) 6.36 % Luiseño Cham'teela Uto - Aztecan 327 ( 0.09 ) 4.28 % Shawnee Sawanwa Algic 321 ( 0.09 ) 6.23 % Maidu ( NE Maidu ) Májdy Maiduan 319 ( 0.09 ) 6.90 % Ottawa Nishnaabemwin Algic 312 ( 0.08 ) 10.90 % Algonquin Anicinâbemowin Algic 288 ( 0.08 ) 19.79 % Okanogan Nsəlxcin Salishan 284 ( 0.08 ) 10.92 % Osage Wazhazhe ie Siouan 260 ( 0.07 ) 20.38 % Wichita Kirikirʔi :s Caddoan 242 ( 0.06 ) 16.12 % Onondaga Onǫda'gegá Iroquoian 239 ( 0.06 ) 2.93 % Mi'kmaq ( Micmac ) Míkmawísimk Algic 230 ( 0.06 ) 10.87 % Digueño ( Ipai - Kumiai - Tipai ) -- Yuman 228 ( 0.06 ) 60.96 % Washo Wá : šiw ʔítlu Isolate 227 ( 0.06 ) 9.69 % Miwok Miwok Utian 216 ( 0.06 ) -- Lushootseed ( Puget Salish ) Xwəlšucid Salishan 207 ( 0.06 ) 47.83 % Kutenai Ktunaxa Isolate 200 ( 0.05 ) 32.50 % Miccosukee Mikisúkî Muskogean 188 ( 0.05 ) 22.87 % Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' Iroquoian 179 ( 0.05 ) 10.06 % Makah Qwi qwi diččaq Wakashan 176 ( 0.05 ) 30.11 % Coeur d'Alene Snchitsuʼumshtsn Salishan 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Hupa Na : tinixwe Na - Dené 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Quechan ( Yuma ) Kwtsaan Yuman 172 ( 0.05 ) 31.98 % Miami Myaamia Algic 168 ( 0.04 ) 50.60 % Alabama Albaamo innaaɬiilka Muskogean 165 ( 0.04 ) 20.00 % Delaware Lënape / Lunaapeew Algic 146 ( 0.04 ) 25.34 % Clallam Nəxwsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən Salishan 146 ( 0.04 ) 1.37 % Penobscot ( E Abenaki ) Panawahpskek Algic 144 ( 0.04 ) 5.56 % Yavapai -- Yuman 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Cahuilla Ivia Uto - Aztecan 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Ponca Panka Siouan 131 ( 0.04 ) 6.87 % Quinault Kwínaył Salishan 128 ( 0.03 ) -- Deg Xinag ( Ingalit ) Degexit'an Na - Dené 127 ( 0.03 ) -- Pawnee Paári Caddoan 122 ( 0.03 ) 16.39 % Haida X̱aat Kíl Isolate 118 ( 0.03 ) 19.49 % Cowlitz Stl'pulimuhkl Salishan 110 ( 0.03 ) 82.73 % Mandan Nų́ʔetaːre Siouan 104 ( 0.03 ) 38.46 % Arikara Sáhniš Caddoan 103 ( 0.03 ) -- Klamath Maqlaqs Plateau Penutian 95 ( 0.03 ) 27.37 % Havasupai Havasu'baaja Yuman 90 ( 0.02 ) 52.22 % Chitimacha Sitimaxa Isolate 89 ( 0.02 ) 21.35 % Abenaki ( W Abenaki ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Algic 86 ( 0.02 ) -- Kwak'wala ( Kwakiutl ) Kwak'wala Wakashan 85 ( 0.02 ) 24.71 % Tututni ( Rogue River ) Dotodəni Na - Dené 84 ( 0.02 ) -- Iroquois -- Iroquoian 76 ( 0.02 ) -- Michif ( French Cree ) Michif Creole 75 ( 0.02 ) 70.67 % Tsimshian Sm'algyax Tsimshianic 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Achumawi -- Palaihnihan 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Chiwere Jíwere Siouan 60 ( 0.02 ) -- Koasati Kowassá : ti Muskogean 59 ( 0.02 ) 6.78 % Koyukon Denaakkʼe Na - Dené 58 ( 0.02 ) 12.07 % Upper Chinook Kiksht Chinookan 58 ( 0.02 ) 10.34 % Caddo Hasí : nay Caddoan 51 ( 0.01 ) 23.53 % Kalapuya ( Santiam ) -- Kalapuyan 50 ( 0.01 ) -- Gros Ventre ( Atsina ) Ahahnelin Algic 45 ( 0.01 ) -- Tachi -- Yokutsan 45 ( 0.01 ) 57.78 % Maricopa Piipaash chuukwer Yuman 44 ( 0.01 ) 22.73 % Chumash S. hamala Chumashan 39 ( 0.01 ) 100.00 % Nomlaki Nomlāqa Wintuan 38 ( 0.01 ) -- Konkow ( NW Maidu ) Koyoom k'awi Maiduan 32 100.00 % Tonkawa Tickanwa tic Isolate 29 -- Wintu Winthu : h Wintuan 24 -- Spokane Npoqínišcn Salishan 20 40.00 % Ahtna Atnakenaege ' Na - Dené 18 -- Columbia ( Sinkiuse ) Nxaảmxcín Salishan 17 -- Atsugewi Atsugé Palaihnihan 15 -- Chemehuevi Nüwüvi Uto - Aztecan 15 -- Northern Paiute Numu Uto - Aztecan 12 -- Dena'ina ( Tanaina ) Dena'ina qenaga Na - Dené 11 -- Cupeño Kupangaxwicham Uto - Aztecan 11 -- Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) Nuučaan̓uł Wakashan 10 -- Alutiiq ( Gulf Yupik ) Sugpiaq Eskimo - Aleut 8 -- Kansa Kánza Siouan 7 -- Siuslaw Šáayušła Isolate 6 -- Cayuga Gayogo̱hó : nǫ ' Iroquoian 6 -- Serrano Taaqtam Uto - Aztecan 5 -- Yuchi Tsoyaha Isolate -- Native American Sign languages ( edit ) A sign - language trade pidgin , known as Plains Indian Sign Language , Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk , arose among the Native Americans of the plains . Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language , that was used by the hearing , and these were not mutually intelligible . Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations . It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north , through the Great Plains , as far as British Columbia . There are still a few users today , especially among the Crow , Cheyenne , and Arapaho . Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people , it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages . Through intergenerational transmission , Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities . As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents , it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella . One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan . Additionally , Plateau Sign Language existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions . Austronesian languages ( edit ) Hawaiian ( edit ) Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii . Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers . Formerly considered critically endangered , Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance . The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii , as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names . In 1993 , about 8,000 could speak and understand it ; today estimates range up to 27,000 . Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti . Samoan ( edit ) Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa . Samoans make up 90 % of the population , and most people are bilingual . Chamorro ( edit ) Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands , both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . In Guam , the indigenous Chamorro people make up about 60 % of the population . Carolinian ( edit ) Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas , where only 14 % of people speak English at home . Main languages ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( July 2016 ) Main Languages in the United States Language percent English 79.2 % Spanish 12.9 % Other Indo - European 3.8 % Asian and Pacific island 3.3 % Other 0.9 % Cherokee language road signs . A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages : English , Chinese , Vietnamese , and Spanish . Tagalog also uses the Spanish word . Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Swedish . From the mid-19th century on , the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English , and throughout the country state laws , constitutions , and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups . There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Irish , Italian , Norwegian , Greek , Polish , Swedish , Romanian , Cherokee , Czech , Japanese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Lithuanian , Welsh , Cantonese , Bulgarian , Dutch , Portuguese and others , despite opposing English - only laws that , for example , illegalized church services , telephone conversations , and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English , until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) . Currently , Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities : Korean , the varieties of Chinese , and various Indian or South Asian languages like Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kannada , Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam , as well as Arabic , Vietnamese , Tagalog , Persian , and others . Typically , immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations , though there are some groups such as the Cajuns ( French ) , Pennsylvania Dutch ( German ) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s , and the original settlers of the Southwest ( Spanish ) who have maintained their languages for centuries . English ( edit ) Main article : American English English language distribution in the United States . English was inherited from British colonization , and it is spoken by the majority of the population . It serves as the de facto national language , the language in which government business is carried out . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 80 % spoke only English at home and all but approximately 13,600,000 U.S. residents age 5 and over speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' . American English is different from British English in terms of spelling ( one example being the dropped `` u '' in words such as color / colour ) , grammar , vocabulary , pronunciation , and slang usage . The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker , but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings , usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences . Some states , like California , have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language , but in practice , this only means that official government documents must at least be in English , and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English . For example , the standard California Class C driver 's license examination is available in 32 different languages . Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Spanish language in the United States Spanish language distribution in the United States Spanish was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Spanish is also taught in various regions as a second language , especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico , as well as Florida , parts of California , the District of Columbia , Illinois , New Jersey , and New York . In Hispanic communities across the country , bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common . Furthermore , numerous neighborhoods exist ( such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami ) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish - speaking people . Spanish speakers in the United States Year Number of Spanish speakers Percent of US population 1980 11 million 5 % 17.3 million 7 % 2000 28.1 million 10 % 37 million 13 % 2012 38.3 million 13 % 2015 41 million 14 % Sources : In addition to Spanish - speaking Hispanic populations , younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language . A 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau , showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 35 million people aged 5 or older , making the United States the world 's fifth - largest Spanish - speaking community , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina . In northern New Mexico and southern Colorado , Spanish speakers have been isolated for centuries in the southern Rockies , and developed a distinct dialect of Spanish spoken nowhere else : New Mexican Spanish . The dialect features a mix of Castilian , Galician and , more recently , Mexican Spanish , as well as Pueblo loan words . New Mexican Spanish also contains a large proportion of English loan words , particularly for technological words ( e.g. bos , troca , and telefón ) . Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries . During this time , contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited , and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course . In the meantime , Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples and Navajos . After the Mexican -- American War , New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English - speaking United States , and for the next hundred years , English - speakers increased in number . Spanglish is a code - switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers , such as along the Mexico -- United States border ( California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas ) , Florida , and New York City . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Chinese language and varieties in the United States The population of Chinese speakers was increasing rapidly in the 20th century because the number of Chinese immigrants increased at a rate more than 50 % since 1940 . 2.8 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese , which combined are counted by the federal census as the third most - spoken language in the country . Until the late 20th century , Yue dialects including Taishanese and Cantonese were the most common among immigrants or the descendants of immigrants , especially in California . Since the opening of the People 's Republic of China , Mandarin , the official language in PRC and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has become increasingly prevalent . Many Americans of all ethnic backgrounds are also learning Mandarin and to a far lesser extent Cantonese . In New York City in 2002 , Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10 % of Chinese speakers but was predicted to replace Cantonese as the lingua franca among Chinese speakers . Tagalog ( edit ) Tagalog language distribution in the United States . Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government . In the eighteenth century , they established settlements in Louisiana , such as Saint Malo . After the American annexation of the Philippines , the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased , as Filipinos began to migrate to the U.S. as students or contract laborers . Their numbers , however , decreased upon Philippine independence , as some Filipinos were repatriated . Today , Tagalog , together with its standardized form Filipino , is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates . As Filipinos are the second largest Asian ethnic group in the United States , Tagalog is the second most spoken Asian language in the country . Taglish , a form of code - switching between Tagalog and English , is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans . Tagalog is also taught at some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist . As it is the national and most spoken language of the Philippines , most Filipinos in the United States are proficient in Tagalog in addition to their local regional language . Vietnamese ( edit ) Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States According to the 2010 Census , there are over 1.5 million Americans who identify themselves as Vietnamese in origin , ranking fourth among the Asian American groups and forming the largest Overseas Vietnamese population . Orange County , California , is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam , especially in its Little Saigon area . Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose , Houston , Seattle , Northern Virginia , and New Orleans . Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries ( except France ) , the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War . Korean ( edit ) Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns . French ( edit ) Main article : French language in the United States French language distribution in the United States . Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6 % to 12 % of the population speak French at home ; brown , 12 % to 18 % ; red , over 18 % . Cajun French and French - based creole languages are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools . French , the fourth-most - common language ( when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted as French ) , is spoken mainly by the Louisiana Creole , native French , Cajun , Haitian , and French - Canadian populations . It is widely spoken in Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and in Louisiana , with notable Francophone enclaves in St. Clair County , Michigan , many rural areas of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern San Francisco Bay area . Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times : Louisiana French , Missouri French , and New England French ( essentially a variant of Canadian French ) . French is the second language in the states of Louisiana ( where the French dialect of Cajun predominates ) and Maine . The largest French - speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine ; Hollywood and Miami , Florida ; New York City ; certain areas of rural Louisiana ; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire . Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick . More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage , but only 2 million speak French or a French Creole language at home . German ( edit ) Main article : German language in the United States See also : Pennsylvania German language , Hutterite German , Plautdietsch , Texas German , and Pennsylvania Dutch English German language distribution in the United States . German was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies , especially Pennsylvania , where a number of German - speaking Protestants and other religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe . Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States . A large number of these German immigrants settled in the urban areas , with neighborhoods in many cities being German - speaking and numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals established . German farmers also took up farming around the country , including the Texas Hill Country , at this time . The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I . In the early twentieth century , German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States , and prior to World War I , more than 6 % of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German , though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper . Currently , more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry , the largest self - described ethnic group in the U.S. , but less than 4 % of them speak a language other than English at home , according to the 2005 American Community Survey . The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German . One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic ; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War . Unlike earlier waves , they were more concentrated in cities and integrated quickly . Another reason for the decline in German was the lack of first - generation immigrants , as immigration to the United States from Western Europe slowed following the World Wars . There is a myth ( known as the Muhlenberg Vote ) that German was to be the official language of the U.S. , but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German . The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania ; however , Pennsylvania has no official language . Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors , only 1.24 million Americans speak German at home . Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated ( e.g. for professional reasons ) . Hindustani ( edit ) Main article : Hindustani language Hindi is an Indo - Aryan language , deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi . The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit , Persian and Arabic . It is a pluricentric language , with two official forms , Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu , which are its standardised registers . The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable , and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar , they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary , with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences , and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit . Before the Partition of the British Indian Empire , the terms Hindustani , Urdu , and Hindi were synonymous ; all covered what would be mostly called Urdu and Hindi today . The term Hindustani is still used for the colloquial language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan , for example for the language of Bollywood films , as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent , such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , and the rest of the Caribbean . Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa . Hindustani is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Arabic ( edit ) Main article : Arabic in the United States Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans . The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago , New York City , and Los Angeles . Detroit and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic - speaking population including many Arab Christians of Lebanese , Syrian , and Palestinian descent . Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians ( notably Catholics of the Melkite and Maronite Churches as well as Rum Orthodox , i.e. Antiochian Orthodox Christians and Coptic churches . ) . A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well , as it is widely used in the Middle East . Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic - speaking immigrants from North Africa . Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee language Distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee is the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people , and the official language of the Cherokee Nation . Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages still populate the Qualla Boundary in Cherokee , North Carolina and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , significantly Cherokee , Sequoyah , Mayes , Adair , and Delaware . Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions , history , and language of their ancestors . Cherokee - speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation , and at local schools , all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up . Also , church services and traditional ceremonial `` stomp '' dances are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . Cherokee is one of the few , or perhaps the only , Native American language with an increasing population of speakers , and along with Navajo it is the only indigenous language with more than 50,000 speakers , a figure most likely achieved through the tribe 's 10 - year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children , developing new words for modern phrases , teaching the language to non-Cherokee in schools and universities , fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home , developing iPhone and iPad apps for language education , the development of language radio stations including Cherokee Voices , Cherokee Sounds , and promoting the writing system through public signage , products like Apple Inc. , internet use through Google including Gmail , and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century . Italian ( edit ) Main article : Italian language in the United States Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States . The Italian language and its various dialects have been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years , primarily due to large - scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century . In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today , there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population ( Sicilian and Neapolitan in particular ) . As of 2009 , though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian - Americans , only 753,992 of these report speaking the Italian language at home ( 0.3264 % of the US population ) . Dutch ( edit ) Dutch language distribution in the United States . There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602 when the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic . In 1664 , English troops under the command of the Duke of York ( later James II of England ) attacked the New Netherland colony . Being greatly outnumbered , director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam , with Fort Orange following soon . New Amsterdam was renamed New York , Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany . Dutch city names can still be found in New York 's neighbourhoods . Harlem is Haarlem , Staten Island is Staten Eiland and Brooklyn refers to Breukelen . Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution . For example , Alexander Hamilton 's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch - language church during their marriage . African - American abolitionist and women 's rights activist Sojourner Truth ( born ' Isabella Baumfree ' ) was a native speaker of Dutch . Martin Van Buren , the first President born in the United States following its independence , spoke Dutch as his native language , making him the only President whose first language was not English . In a 1990 demographic consensus , 3 % of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers . Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million , lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans . Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts ( Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , and Eleanor Roosevelt ) , Marlon Brando , Thomas Alva Edison , Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts . The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony in the 17th century . Around 136,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today . They are concentrated mainly in California ( 23,500 ) , Florida ( 10,900 ) , Pennsylvania ( 9,900 ) , Ohio ( 9,600 ) , New York ( 8,700 ) and Michigan ( 6,600 ; i.e. almost entirely in the city of Holland ) . A vernacular dialect of Dutch , known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century . With the beginning of the 20th century , usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles , with an ever - growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English . It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century , and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage . Finnish ( edit ) Finnish language distribution in the United States . The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to the New Sweden colony . Most colonists were Finnish . However , the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish . Between the 1890s and the outbreak of the first World War , an estimated quarter million Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States , mainly in rural areas of the Midwest and more specifically in the mining regions of Northeastern Minnesota , Northern Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Hancock , Michigan , as of 2005 , still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish . Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals , though only 26,000 speak the language at home . There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula , known as Yooper . Yooper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English , German , Swedish , Norwegian , and Finnish vocabulary . Notable Finnish Americans include U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall , film director Renny Harlin , and the Canadian - born actress Pamela Anderson . Northern Clark County , Washington ( encompassing Yacolt , Amboy , Battle Ground and Chelatchie ) contains a large exclave of Old Apostolic Lutherans who originally immigrated from Finland . Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English . Another noteworthy Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth , Florida , north of Miami . Russian ( edit ) Main article : Russian language in the United States Russian language distribution in the United States . The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska , Los Angeles , Seattle , Spokane , Miami , San Francisco , New York City , Philadelphia , Vancouver , Washington , Portland , Oregon , Woodburn , Oregon , and Chicago . The Russian - American Company used to own Alaska Territory until selling it after the Crimean War . Russian had always been limited , especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars . Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid-1990s , many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States , increasing the language 's usage in America . The largest Russian - speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island in New York City ( specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn ) ; parts of Los Angeles , particularly West Los Angeles and West Hollywood ; parts of Philadelphia , particularly the Far Northeast ; and parts of Miami like Sunny Isles Beach . In Nikolaevsk , Alaska , 66.57 % of the population speaks Russian at home . Slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian - speaking Americans out of Dallas . Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe . Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language by many of the United States ' approximately 7 million Jews . Ilocano ( edit ) Like the Tagalogs , the Ilocanos are an Austronesian stock which came from the Philippines . They were the first Filipinos to migrate en masse to the United States . They first entered the State of Hawaii and worked there in the vast plantations . As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern Luzon and Mindanao , they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled . Thus , the state of Hawaii became no less different from the Philippines in terms of percentage of Ilocano speakers . Like Tagalog , Ilocano is also being taught in universities where most of the Filipinos reside . South Asian languages ( edit ) There are many South Asians in the United States . These include Indians , Pakistanis , and Bangladeshis , who speak various South Asian languages . Major South Asian languages spoken in the US include Telugu ( see paragraph on Telugu below ) , Malayalam , Kannada , Tamil , Gujarati , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali , Punjabi , Sinhala , Nepali , and Marathi . Telugu ( edit ) In the second half of the 20th century , Telugu people from India migrated as professionals to the United States , Canada , Europe , and Southeast Asia . The Telugu American population enumerates over 886,988 individuals , and the Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America functions as an NATA & TANA organizations for the growing community . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Telugu people . Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Telugu associations such as TANA , ATA & NATA . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Telugu - speakers . Irish ( edit ) About 40 million Americans have Irish ancestry , many of whose ancestors would have spoken Irish . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 22,279 people speak Irish at home . As of 2008 it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA . Khmer ( cambodian ) ( edit ) Main article : Cambodian Americans Between 1981 and 1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States . Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States . Those who did were children of upper - class families sent abroad to attend school . After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975 , some Cambodians managed to escape . In 2007 the American Community Survey reported that there were approximately 200,000 Cambodians living in the United States , making up about 2 % percent of the Asian population . This population is , however , heavily concentrated in two areas : the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California , especially the city of Long Beach ; and Greater Boston in New England , especially Lowell , Massachusetts . These two areas hold a majority of the Cambodians living in the US . Polish ( edit ) The Polish language is very common in the Chicago metropolitan area . Chicago 's third largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent , after German and Irish . The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago were very prevalent in the early years of the city , and today the 650,000 Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish populations in the world , comparable to the city of Wrocław , the fourth largest city in Poland . That makes it one of the most important centers of Polonia and the Polish language in the United States , a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park . Portuguese ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Americans , Brazilian Americans , and Cape Verdean Americans The first Portuguese speakers in America were Portuguese Jews who had fled the Portuguese Inquisition . They spoke Judeo - Portuguese and founded the earliest Jewish communities in the Thirteen Colonies , two of which still exist : Congregation Shearith Israel in New York and Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia . However , by the end of the 18th century , their use of Portuguese had been replaced by English . In the late 19th century , many Portuguese , mainly Azoreans , Madeirans and Cape Verdeans ( who prior to independence in 1975 were Portuguese citizens ) , immigrated to the United States , settling in cities like Providence , Rhode Island , New Bedford , Massachusetts , and Santa Cruz , California . There was also a substantial Portuguese immigration to Hawaii , which at the time was not yet part of the United States . In the mid-late 20th century there was another wave of Portuguese immigration to the US , mainly the Northeast ( New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts ) , and for a time Portuguese became a major language in Newark , New Jersey . Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Portuguese Africa ( known as Portuguese Africans , or , in Portugal , as retornados ) and Asia ( mostly Macau ) . There were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000 . Portuguese ( European Portuguese ) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants , mainly in the metropolitan New York City area , like Newark , New Jersey . The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian Americans , concentrated in Miami , New York City , and Boston . Swedish ( edit ) Swedish language distribution in the United States . There has been a Swedish presence in America since the New Sweden colony came into existence in March 1638 . Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century , bringing in a total of a million Swedes . No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway . At the beginning of the 20th century , Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm . 3.7 % of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors , amounting to roughly 11 -- 12 million people . According to SIL 's Ethnologue , over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language , though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home . Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US . After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain , the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication , and in some cases , imposed it upon them . Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language . Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship . Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away . There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota , Ohio , Maryland , Philadelphia , and Delaware , along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania , San Francisco , Fort Lauderdale , and New York . Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city 's north side . John Morton , the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania 's support for the United States Declaration of Independence , was of Finnish descent . Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century . Welsh ( edit ) Welsh language distribution in the United States . Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry . However , there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 2,285 people speak Welsh at home ; primarily spoken in California ( 415 ) , Florida ( 225 ) , New York ( 204 ) , Ohio ( 135 ) , and New Jersey ( 130 ) . Some place names , such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania ( English : Big Hill ) are Welsh . Several towns in Pennsylvania , mostly in the Welsh Tract , have Welsh namesakes , including Uwchlan , Bala Cynwyd , Gwynedd , and Tredyffrin . Yiddish ( edit ) Yiddish has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew . It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 148,000 speakers as of the 2009 American Community Survey . Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship , immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America , and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities . Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII , it has by no means disappeared . Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew , and many of the descendants of the great migration of Ashkenazi Jews of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words . Furthermore , it is a lingua franca among Orthodox Jewry ( particularly Hasidic Jewry ) , concentrated in Los Angeles , Miami , and New York . Tamil ( edit ) The Tamil American population enumerates over 190,000 individuals , and the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America functions as an umbrella organization for the growing community as such . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Tamils . New Jersey houses its own Tamil Sangam . Sizeable populations of Indian American Tamils have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Tamil associations such as the Bay Area Tamil Mandram . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil - speaking Sri Lankan Americans , with New York City 's Staten Island alone estimated to be home to more than 5,000 Sri Lankan Americans , one of the largest Sri Lankan populations outside Sri Lanka itself , and a significant proportion of whom speak Tamil . Nepali ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as `` other Asian '' . Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890 , 1,910 `` other Asians '' were admitted to the United States . However , Nepal did not open its borders until 1950 , and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study . Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to the United States . New York City , Boston , Chicago , Denver , Gainesville , Florida , Portland , Oregon and Saint Paul , Minnesota have the largest number of Nepalese . There are some Nepalese community or cultural events in every American state , including Dashain , Tihar , Losar , Holi , Teej Special , and Nepali New Year . New American languages , dialects , and creoles ( edit ) Several languages have developed on American soil , including creoles and sign languages . African - American English ( edit ) Main article : African - American English Often simply called AAE and known in North America as Black English , is a variety of American English along a continuum , spoken primarily by urban working - class and ( largely bidialectal and codeswitching ) middle - class African Americans. . It is generally accepted among linguists and many African Americans that Southern American English is closely related to AAE because AAE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and Southern American English . Some educators view AAE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Standard English , as AAE differs grammatically from Standard English . Other educators , however , propose that Standard English should be taught as a `` second dialect '' in educational contexts where AAE is a strong part of students ' culture . Chinuk wawa or chinook jargon ( edit ) Main article : Chinook Jargon A Creole language of 700 -- 800 words of French , English , Cree and other Native origins . It is the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest . It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the Oregon Territory , even used instead of English at home by many pioneer families . It is estimated that around 100,000 people spoke it at its peak , between 1858 and 1900 , and it was last widely used in Seattle just before World War II . Gullah ( edit ) Main article : Gullah language An English - African creole language spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia , retains strong influences of West African languages . The language is sometimes referred to as `` Geechee '' . Hawai'i Creole English ( edit ) Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin Not to be confused with Hawaiian English . Commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state . Louisiana Creole French ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana Creole French A French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana , close to Haitian Creole , Colonial French , and Cajun French ( language of Acadians deported from New France after 1755 and the Grand Dérangement ) . French Creole languages are spoken by millions of people worldwide , mainly in the United States , Caribbean , and Indian Ocean areas . Outer Banks languages ( edit ) In the islands of the Outer Banks off North Carolina , several unique English dialects have developed . This is evident on Harkers Island and Ocracoke Island . These dialects are sometimes referred to as `` high tider '' . Pennsylvania German ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German language A language that traditionally was spoken mainly in Pennsylvania , but that since the 19th century has spread to the Midwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Iowa and other states ) , where the majority of speakers live today . It evolved from the German dialect of the Palatinate brought over to America by the Pennsylvania Dutch people before 1800 . Originally spoken by adherents of different Christian denominations ( Lutherans , Mennonites , Amish , German Baptist Brethren , Catholics ) today it is mainly spoken by Amish and Old Order Mennonites . Texas Silesian ( edit ) Main article : Texas Silesian A dialect of Silesian used by Texas Silesians in American settlements from 1852 to the present . Chesapeake Bay islander ( edit ) Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on Tangier Island , Virginia and Smith Island , Maryland , both located toward the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay . The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-Revolutionary settlers , and partially from the present - day Middle - Atlantic American dialect of English . It also contains some words from the Cornish language , the Celtic language spoken in Cornwall in southwest England . Chicano English ( edit ) Main article : Chicano English See also : English in New Mexico An English dialect spoken mainly by Mexican Americans in the Southwestern United States , with influences from Spanish . Sign languages ( edit ) Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding ASL and LSQ . Plains Sign Talk Inuiuuk ( ᐃᓄᐃᐆᒃ ) Hawai'i Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Sandy River Valley Sign Language See also : Native American sign languages Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages , the United States also boasts several sign languages . Historically , the US was home to some six or more sign languages ( that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella ) which has fallen with the death of several of these . As with all sign languages around the world that developed organically , these are full languages distinct from any oral language . American Sign Language ( unlike Signed English ) is not a derivation of English . Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of the Native Americans , however , they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language . American Sign language ( edit ) American Sign Language ( ASL ) is the native language of a number of deaf and hearing people in America ( roughly 100,000 to 500,000 ) . While some sources have stated that ASL is the third most frequently used language in the United States , after English and Spanish , recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use , and that the last actual study of this ( in 1972 ) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time . Black American Sign language ( edit ) Black American Sign Language ( BASL ) developed in the southeastern US , where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children . BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL and is generally considered one of its dialects . Hawai'i Sign language ( edit ) Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu , Lana'i , Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau . Some of these speakers may actually be speaking a creolized version of HSL and ASL , however , research is slow - going . The language was once called Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language as many people thought it was a derivation of ASL which was discovered to be false and to be a separate language altogether . Plains Sign Talk ( edit ) Once a trade pidgin and the most far - reaching sign language in North America , Plains Sign Talk or Plains Sign Language is now critically endangered with an unknown number of speakers . Navajo Sign language ( edit ) Navajo Sign Language has been found to be in use in one clan of Navajo ; however , whether it is a dialect of Plains Sign Talk or a separate language remains unknown . Plateau Sign language ( edit ) Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language , Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . It is now extinct . Martha 's Vineyard Sign language ( edit ) Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct . Along with French Sign Language , it was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . Henniker Sign language ( edit ) Henniker Sign Language is now extinct but was once found around the Henniker region of New Hampshire and formed a basis for American Sign Language . Sandy River Valley Sign language ( edit ) Sandy River Valley Sign Language is now extinct but once could be found around the Sandy River Valley in Maine . It was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . See also ( edit ) American English Language education in the United States Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census ) List of multilingual presidents of the United States Muhlenberg legend List of communities in the United States where English is n't the majority language spoken at home Modern Language Association General : Bilingual education Culture of the United States Languages of Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siebens , J & T Julian . Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico : 2006 -- 2010 . United States Census Bureau . December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census Data Of USA '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Table 53 . Languages Spoken At Home by Language : 2011 '' ( PDF ) , Language use in the United States , August 2013 , U.S. Census Bureau , archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2016 , retrieved February 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` States '' . Englishfirst.org . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska 's indigenous languages attain official status '' Archived February 12 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Reuters.com , October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill History / Action for 28th Legislature HB 216 '' . The Alaska State Legislature . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official Archived January 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . April 21 , 2014 ; Bill Chappell ; NPR.org Jump up ^ `` Selected Social Characteristics in the United States : 2007 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` English Usage Among Hispanics in the United States '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . November 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grimes 2000 Jump up ^ Ancestry : 2000 , U.S. Census Bureau , 2000 , archived from the original on August 5 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Language Use and English - Speaking Ability : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Brueau . October 2003 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EAC Issues Glossaries of Election Terms in Five Asian Languages Translations to Make Voting More Accessible to a Majority of Asian American Citizens '' . Election Assistance Commission . June 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ California Department of Motor Vehicles Website ( actual website blocked by Wikipedia ) Jump up ^ James W. Parins ( November 4 , 2013 ) . Literacy and Intellectual Life in the Cherokee Nation , 1820 -- 1906 . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 5122 - 9 . Jump up ^ David W. Voorhees , `` Dutch Political Identity in English New York '' in Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 - 2009 ( eds . Hans Krabbendam , Cornelis A. van Minnen & Giles Scott - Smith : SUNY Press , 2009 ) , pp. 132 - 33 . Jump up ^ America Votes 2006 : Key Ballot Issues , CNN , archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 , retrieved February 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Arizona Voter Empowerment Card , 2010 Elections '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Heath , Shirley Brice & Frederick Mandabach . Language Status Decisions and the Law in the United States , in Cobarrubias , Juan & Joshua A. Fishman , eds. , Progress in Language Planning , p. 94 ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Sick , Bastian ( 19 May 2004 ) . German as the official language of the USA ? Archived September 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Spiegel Online ( in English ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David ( 2008 ) . German Almost Became Official Language , Snopes Jump up ^ Alice N. Nash ; Christoph Strobel ( 2006 ) , `` Daily life of Native Americans from post-Columbian through nineteenth - century America '' , The Greenwood Press `` Daily life through history '' series , Greenwood Publishing Group , p . IX , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33515 - 0 Jump up ^ `` A Look at the Cherokee Language '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Museum of History , from Tar Heel Junior Historian 45 : 1 ( fall 2005 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States : 2006 - 2008 : Release Date : April , 2010 '' ( XLS ) . Census.gov . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ A language 's endonym may not be available for a variety of possible reasons : The language in question encompasses multiple dialects with unique endonyms ; The language in question is actually a language family ; The language or community of speakers has a prohibition against writing the language ; No documentation is immediately available ; etc . Jump up ^ Respondents who reported speaking English less than `` Very Well . '' The total margin of error for this group was 1.78 % ; however , margins of error for individual languages , especially those with few total speakers , may exceed 100 % in some cases . Jump up ^ `` North America : : UNITED STATES '' . CIA The World Factbook . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English - Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over : 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Driver License and Identification Card Information '' . Dmv.ca.gov . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What is the future of Spanish in the United States ? '' . Pew Research Center . September 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Spanish in the United States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Factfinder2.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Table 53 . Languages Spoken At Home by Language : 2009 '' , The 2012 Statistical Abstract , U.S. Census Bureau , archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 , retrieved December 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Instituto Cervantes ( Enciclopedia del español en Estados Unidos ) Jump up ^ `` Más ' speak spanish ' que en España '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Susan J. ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Languages in America : A Pluralist View . Multilingual Matters . ISBN 9781853596513 . ^ Jump up to : Lai , H. Mark ( 2004 ) , Becoming Chinese American or Taiwanese American : A History of Communities and Institutions , AltaMira Press , ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0458 - 1 Jump up ^ García , Ofelia ; Fishman , Joshua A. ( 2002 ) , The Multilingual Apple : Languages in New York City , Walter de Gruyter , ISBN 3 - 11 - 017281 - X Jump up ^ Ammon , Ulrich ; International Sociological Association ( 1989 ) . Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 89925 - 356 - 3 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Did Hebrew almost become the official U.S. language ? , January 21 , 1994 , archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 , retrieved February 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ Michael Huxley ( editor ) ( 1935 ) , The Geographical magazine , Volume 2 , Geographical Press CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Great Britain , Royal Society of Arts ( 1948 ) , Journal of the Royal Society of Arts , Volume 97 Jump up ^ Robert E. Nunley ; Severin M. Roberts ; George W. Wubrick ; Daniel L. Roy ( 1999 ) , The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 080180 - 1 Jump up ^ Benjamin W. Fortson . Indo - European Language and Culture An Introduction , Second edition . John Wiley & Sons , 2011 . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8896 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kachru , Yamuna ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Hindi '' . John Benjamins Publishing . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Students ' Britannica : India : Select essays by Dale Hoiberg , Indu Ramchandani page 175 Jump up ^ `` Hindustani B2 '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Hindustani '' . Columbia University press . encyclopedia.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cherokee Nation & its Language '' ( PDF ) . University of Minnesota : Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Irene ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cherokee '' . Aboutworldlanguages.com/ . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joyner , Michael ( September 30 , 2010 ) . Cherokee Lessons - Introductory Edition . Lulu Enterprises Incorporated . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Native American languages '' . Infoplease.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Will ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Immersion students win trophies at language fair '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Native Now : Language : Cherokee '' . We Shall Remain - American Experience - PBS . 2008 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Language Revitalization Project '' . Western Carolina University . 2014 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hauk , Alexis . `` Radio Free Cherokee : Endangered Languages Take to the Airwaves '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch : Source : American Community Survey : 5 - Year Estimates , Public Use Microdata Sample , 2006 -- 2010 '' . Mla.org . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Street names are in english and in finnish , The Selonen Family Network , archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Data Center Results '' . Web.archive.org . May 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric L. Friedland . `` Hebrew Liturgical Creativity in Nineteenth - Century America '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandeis University Study Finds that American - Jewish Population is Significantly Larger than Previously Thought '' ( PDF ) . February 2 , 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ US Census 2006 - 2008 American Community Survey See Row # 122 Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Language Use in the US 2006 -- 2008 ( 850k Excel file ! ) '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ America the diverse : Chicago 's Polish neighborhoods , usaweekend.com , May 15 , 2005 , retrieved July 4 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Welsh : Source : Census 2000 , Summary File 3 '' . Mla.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joshua A. Fishman ( 1991 ) . `` Appendix : The Hebrew Language in the United States '' . Yiddish : turning to life . John Benjamins Publishing Company . pp. 148 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 2075 - 2 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell Chan ( October 17 , 2007 ) , A Yiddish Revival , With New York Leading the Way , The New York Times , archived from the original on September 30 , 2008 , retrieved August 15 , 2008 + Patricia Ward Biederman ( July 7 , 2005 ) , Yiddish Program Aims to Get Beyond Schmoozing , Los Angeles Times , archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 , retrieved August 15 , 2008 + Yiddishkayt Los Angeles , yiddishkaytla.org , archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 Jump up ^ US Census 2006 - 2008 American Community Survey See Row # 125 Archived June 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABOUT FETNA '' . Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Tamil Sangam Archived September 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bay Area Tamil Manram Archived October 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2012 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2011 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kirk Semple ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sri Lankans have gathered on Staten Island , ... '' The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why Staten Island ? '' . Little Sri Lanka . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2004 ) , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nard ( 1972 ) . Seattle . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p. 94 et . seq . ISBN 0 - 385 - 01875 - 4 ... Quotation is from p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , M. Paul ( 2013 ) . Simons , Gary F. ; Fennig , Charles D. , eds . `` American Sign Language '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World , Seventeenth edition . SIL International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Preston ( 1995 ) , Mother father deaf : living between sound and silence , Harvard University Press , p. 243 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58748 - 9 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ross E. ; Young , Travas A. ; Bachleda , Bellamie ; Karchmer , Michael A. ( 2006 ) , `` How Many People Use ASL in the United States ? Why Estimates Need Updating '' ( PDF ) , Sign Language Studies , 6 ( 3 ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ Clayton Valli ; Ceil Lucas ( 2000 ) , `` Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black deaf Community '' , Linguistics of American Sign Language : an introduction , Gallaudet University Press , pp. 416 -- 428 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 097 - 7 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lambrecht , Linda ; Earth , Barbara ; Woodward , James ( March 3 , 2013 ) , History and Documentation of Hawaiʻi Sign Language : First Report , University of Hawaiʻi : 3rd International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation , archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla ( 1992 ) The Book of Name Signs , p. 22 Bibliography ( edit ) Campbell , Lyle. ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : The historical linguistics of Native America . New York : Oxford University Press . Campbell , Lyle ; & Mithun , Marianne ( Eds . ) . ( 1979 ) . The languages of native America : Historical and comparative assessment . Austin : University of Texas Press . Grimes , Barbara F. ( Ed . ) . ( 2000 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the world , ( 14th ed . ) . Dallas , TX : SIL International . ISBN 1 - 55671 - 106 - 9 . Online edition : http://www.ethnologue.com/ , accessed on December 7 , 2004 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1999 ) . The languages of native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Zededa , Ofelia ; Hill , Jane H. ( 1991 ) . The condition of Native American Languages in the United States . In R.H. Robins & E.M. Uhlenbeck ( Eds . ) , Endangered languages ( pp. 135 -- 155 ) . Oxford : Berg . Further reading ( edit ) Blatt , Ben . `` Tagalog in California , Cherokee in Arkansas . '' Slate . May 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bilingualism in the United States Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State : U.S. Census 2000 Foreign Languages in the U.S. About foreign languages and language learning in the United States How many indigenous American languages are spoken in the United States ? By how many speakers ? Native Languages of the Americas Ethnologue report for USA Linguistic map of the United States of America Modern Language Association Language Map Articles Related to Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . English Dialects of American English African - American English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North - Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Western Pennsylvania English Yeshiva English Oral Indigenous Languages Families Algic Abenaki Anishinnabemowin Arapaho Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Fox Gros Ventre Mahican Massachusett Menominee Mi'kmaq Mohegan - Pequot Munsee Myaamia Nanticoke Narragansett Pamlico Potawatomi Powhatan Quiripi Shawnee Unami Etchemin Loup Nawathinehena Austronesian Chamorro Hawaiian Refaluwasch Samoan Tokelauan Caddoan Arikara Caddo Wichita Kitsai Chinookan Kathlamet Tsinúk Upper Chinook Chumashan Barbareño Cruzeño Obispeño Purisimeño Ventureño Dené -- Yeniseian Ahtna Deg Xinag Dena'ina Gwich'in Hän Hupa Jicarilla Koyukon Lower Tanana Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Tanacross Tolowa Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Western Apache Cahto Eyak Holikachuk Kwalhioqua - Clatskanie Lipan Mattole Plains Apache Tsetsaut Tututni Upper Umpqua Wailaki Eskaleut Inuit Inupiat Aleut Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Siberian Yupik Chevak Cup'ik Iroquoian Cayuga Cherokee Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Osage Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Erie Neutral Huron Nottoway Susquehannock Wenrohronon Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya Northern Kalapuya Yoncalla Keresan Cochiti Pueblo San Felipe -- Santo Domingo Zia -- Santa Ana Pueblos Western Keres Acoma Pueblo Laguna Pueblo Maiduan Konkow Maidu Nisenan Chico Muskogean Alabama Chickasaw Choctaw Koasati Mikasuki Muscogee Apalachee Palaihnihan Achumawi Atsugewi Plateau Penutian Nez Perce Sahaptin Klamath Molala Pomoan Central Pomo Eastern Pomo Kashaya Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Northeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Salishan Coeur d'Alene Columbia - Moses Halkomelem Klallam Lushootseed Nooksack North Straits Salish Okanagan Salish Thompson Twana Cowlitz Lower Chehalis Quinault Tillamook Upper Chehalis Siouan Assiniboine Crow Dakota Hidatsa Kansa Lakota Mandan Omaha -- Ponca Quapaw Stoney Winnebago Biloxi Catawba Chiwere Mitchigamea Moneton Ofo Tutelo - Saponi Woccon Tanoan Jemez Kiowa Picuris Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Piro Pueblo Tsimshianic Coast Tsimshian Uto - Aztecan Comanche Hopi Ivilyuat Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño Mono Northern Paiute O'odham Serrano Shoshoni Timbisha Tübatulabal Ute - Chemehuevi Yaqui Cupeño Tongva Wakashan Makah Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Wintu Yuk - Utian Central Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Tule - Kaweah Yokuts Valley Yokuts Bay Miwok Buena Vista Yokuts Coast Miwok Gashowu Yokuts Kings River Yokuts Lake Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Palewyami Plains Miwok Yuman -- Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai -- Hualapai Ipai Kumeyaay Maricopa Mojave Quechan Tiipai Yavapai Others Isolates Haida Karuk Kutenai Siuslaw Washo Yuchi Zuni Chitimacha Tonkawa Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif Mohawk Dutch Manual Indigenous languages Hand Talk Anishinaabe Sign Language Blackfoot Sign Language Cheyenne Sign Language Cree Sign Language Navajo Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Isolates Hawai'i Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Oral settler languages French Louisiana Cajun Colonial Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German Pennsylvania Dutch Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Spanish Caló ( Chicano ) New Mexican Puerto Rican Isleño Manual settler languages Francosign American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Pro-Tactile American Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language BANZSL Samoan Sign Language Kentish Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Isolates Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Immigrant languages ( number of speakers in 2010 in millions ) Spanish ( 37 ) Varieties of Chinese ( 3 ) French ( 2 ) Tagalog ( 1.6 ) Vietnamese ( 1.4 ) German ( 1.1 ) Korean ( 1.1 ) Arabic ( 0.9 ) Russian ( 0.9 ) Italian ( 0.7 ) Portuguese ( 0.7 ) Polish ( 0.6 ) Hindi ( 0.6 ) Persian ( 0.4 ) Urdu ( 0.4 ) Gujarati ( 0.4 ) Japanese ( 0.4 ) Greek ( 0.3 ) Bosnian / Croatian / Serbian language in the United States ( 0.3 ) Armenian ( 0.2 ) Khmer ( 0.2 ) Hmong ( 0.2 ) Hebrew ( 0.2 ) Laotian ( 0.2 ) Yiddish ( 0.2 ) United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Life in the United States Crime Culture Economic issues affluence eviction home - ownership household income income inequality labor unions middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth Education ( attainment ) Family structure Health health care health insurance Holidays Homelessness Human rights Languages Passenger vehicle transport Political ideologies Race Religion Social class Society Sports Languages of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Languages of the United States by state Languages of Alaska Indigenous Aleut Alutiiq Central Yup'ik Siberian Yupik Inupiaq Tlingit Eyak Ahtna Dena'ina Deg Xinag Holikachuk Upper Kuskokwim Koyukon Lower Tanana Tanacross Upper Tanana Tsetsaut Hän Gwich'in Haida Tsimshian Sign languages American Sign Language Inuk Sign Language Non-Indigenous English Spanish Ninilchik Tagalog Russian Languages of Arizona Indigenous Athabaskan Navajo Western Apache Tanoan Tewa Uto - Aztecan Hopi O'odham Southern Paiute Yaqui Yuman - Cochimí Cocopah Havasupai Hualapai Maricopa Mojave Quechan Yavapai Language isolate Zuni Non-Indigenous Indo - European English Spanish Languages of California Indigenous Algic Wiyot Yurok Athabaskan Tolowa Hupa Mattole Cahto Wailaki Chumashan Obispeño Island Chumash Purisimeño Ineseño Barbareño Ventureño Ohlone Karkin Chochenyo Ramaytush Tamyen Awaswas Mutsun Rumsen Chalon Hokan Chimariko Karuk Achomawi Atsugewi Northeastern Pomo Eastern Pomo Southeastern Pomo Northern Pomo Central Pomo Southern Pomo Kashaya Washo Mojave Kumeyaay Yana Yahi Penutian Klamath - Mudoc Yokuts Wintu Bay Miwok Coast Miwok Lake Miwok Plains Miwok Central Sierra Miwok Northern Sierra Miwok Southern Sierra Miwok Valley Maidu Northeast Maidu Northwest Maidu Nisenan Shastan Konomihu New River Shasta Okwanuchu Shasta Uto Aztecan Cahuilla Cupeño Kawaiisu Kitanemuk Luiseño - Juaneño Mono Northern Paiute Panamint Serrano Tataviam Tongva Ute Wintuan Nomlaki Patwin Southern Patwin Wintu Yokutsan Buena Vista Yokuts , Chukchansi , Gashowu Yokuts , Kings River Yokuts , Palewyami , Tule - Kaweah Yokuts , Valley Yokuts Yukian Yuki , Wappo Language isolates and Unclassified Esselen , Chimariko , Karuk , Salinan , Takelma Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English California English Chicano English Spanish Armenian Punjabi Russian Asian Chinese Korean Tagalog Vietnamese Francosign American Sign Language Italics indicate extinct languages Languages of Minnesota Indigenous Algonquian Ojibwe Western Siouan Sioux Dakota Lakota Winnebago Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Minnesota regional dialect Danish French German Hutterite Irish Norwegian Spanish Swedish Uralic Finnish Hmong -- Mien Hmong Afroasiatic Arabic Somali Sign languages American Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language Languages of Montana Indigenous Algonquian Blackfoot Cheyenne Gros Ventre Ojibwe Plains Cree Salishan Montana Salish Western Siouan Assiniboine Stoney Lakota Crow Language isolates Kutenai Non-Indigenous Indo - European American English Spanish German Swedish Uralic Finnish Languages of New Mexico Indigenous Jemez Jicarilla Keresan Keresan Pueblo Sign Language Mescalero - Chiricahua Navajo Picuris Plains Sign Talk Southern Tiwa Taos Tewa Zuni Non-Indigenous American Sign Language English New Mexican Spanish Languages of Oklahoma Indigenous Alabama * Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Hitchiti - Mikasuki Kansa Koasati Mescalero - Chiricahua Apache Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Plains Apache Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Tonkawa Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Sign languages American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Non-Indigenous English German Spanish Vietnamese Italics indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere English - speaking world Click on a coloured area to see an article about English in that country or region Further links Articles English - speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language , but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Special Administrative Region India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_United_States&oldid=845965751 '' Categories : Languages of the United States Languages of North America Demographics of the United States American culture Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2008 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing POV - check from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Nederlands Русский Simple English Suomi தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 10 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20the%20United%20States	1,294
the following is not classic principle of logic			Logic	logic		Part of a series on Philosophy Plato Kant Nietzsche Buddha Confucius Averroes Philosophers Aestheticians Epistemologists Ethicists Logicians Metaphysicians Social and political philosophers Traditions African Analytic Aristotelian Buddhist Chinese Christian Continental Existentialism Hindu Jain Jewish Pragmatism Eastern Islamic Platonic Western Periods Ancient Medieval Modern Contemporary Literature Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Legal philosophy Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Lists Index Outline Years Problems Publications Theories Glossary Philosophers Miscellaneous Philosopher Philomath Philalethes Women in philosophy Philosophy portal Logic ( from the Ancient Greek : λογική , translit . logikḗ ) , originally meaning `` the word '' or `` what is spoken '' , but coming to mean `` thought '' or `` reason '' , is a subject concerned with the most general laws of truth , and is now generally held to consist of the systematic study of the form of valid inference . A valid inference is one where there is a specific relation of logical support between the assumptions of the inference and its conclusion . ( In ordinary discourse , inferences may be signified by words like therefore , hence , ergo , and so on . ) There is no universal agreement as to the exact scope and subject matter of logic ( see § Rival conceptions , below ) , but it has traditionally included the classification of arguments , the systematic exposition of the ' logical form ' common to all valid arguments , the study of inference , including fallacies , and the study of semantics , including paradoxes . Historically , logic has been studied in philosophy ( since ancient times ) and mathematics ( since the mid-19th century ) , and recently logic has been studied in computer science , linguistics , psychology , and other fields . Contents 1 Concepts 1.1 Logical form 1.2 Semantics 1.3 Inference 1.4 Logical systems 1.5 Logic and rationality 1.6 Rival conceptions 2 History 3 Types 3.1 Syllogistic logic 3.2 Propositional logic 3.3 Predicate logic 3.4 Modal logic 3.5 Informal reasoning and dialectic 3.6 Mathematical logic 3.7 Philosophical logic 3.8 Computational logic 3.9 Non-classical logic 4 Controversies 4.1 `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' 4.2 Implication : Strict or material 4.3 Tolerating the impossible 4.4 Rejection of logical truth 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Bibliography 8 External links Concepts ( edit ) `` Upon this first , and in one sense this sole , rule of reason , that in order to learn you must desire to learn , and in so desiring not be satisfied with what you already incline to think , there follows one corollary which itself deserves to be inscribed upon every wall of the city of philosophy : Do not block the way of inquiry . '' -- Charles Sanders Peirce , `` First Rule of Logic '' The concept of logical form is central to logic . The validity of an argument is determined by its logical form , not by its content . Traditional Aristotelian syllogistic logic and modern symbolic logic are examples of formal logic . Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments . The study of fallacies is an important branch of informal logic . Since much informal argument is not strictly speaking deductive , on some conceptions of logic , informal logic is not logic at all . See ' Rival conceptions ' , below . Formal logic is the study of inference with purely formal content . An inference possesses a purely formal content if it can be expressed as a particular application of a wholly abstract rule , that is , a rule that is not about any particular thing or property . The works of Aristotle contain the earliest known formal study of logic . Modern formal logic follows and expands on Aristotle . In many definitions of logic , logical inference and inference with purely formal content are the same . This does not render the notion of informal logic vacuous , because no formal logic captures all of the nuances of natural language . Symbolic logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference . Symbolic logic is often divided into two main branches : propositional logic and predicate logic . Mathematical logic is an extension of symbolic logic into other areas , in particular to the study of model theory , proof theory , set theory , and recursion theory . However , agreement on what logic is has remained elusive , and although the field of universal logic has studied the common structure of logics , in 2007 Mossakowski et al. commented that `` it is embarrassing that there is no widely acceptable formal definition of ' a logic ' '' . Logical form ( edit ) Main article : Logical form Logic is generally considered formal when it analyzes and represents the form of any valid argument type . The form of an argument is displayed by representing its sentences in the formal grammar and symbolism of a logical language to make its content usable in formal inference . Simply put , to formalize simply means to translate English sentences into the language of logic . This is called showing the logical form of the argument . It is necessary because indicative sentences of ordinary language show a considerable variety of form and complexity that makes their use in inference impractical . It requires , first , ignoring those grammatical features irrelevant to logic ( such as gender and declension , if the argument is in Latin ) , replacing conjunctions irrelevant to logic ( such as `` but '' ) with logical conjunctions like `` and '' and replacing ambiguous , or alternative logical expressions ( `` any '' , `` every '' , etc . ) with expressions of a standard type ( such as `` all '' , or the universal quantifier ∀ ) . Second , certain parts of the sentence must be replaced with schematic letters . Thus , for example , the expression `` all Ps are Qs '' shows the logical form common to the sentences `` all men are mortals '' , `` all cats are carnivores '' , `` all Greeks are philosophers '' , and so on . The schema can further be condensed into the formula A ( P , Q ) , where the letter A indicates the judgement ' all - are - ' . The importance of form was recognised from ancient times . Aristotle uses variable letters to represent valid inferences in Prior Analytics , leading Jan Łukasiewicz to say that the introduction of variables was `` one of Aristotle 's greatest inventions '' . According to the followers of Aristotle ( such as Ammonius ) , only the logical principles stated in schematic terms belong to logic , not those given in concrete terms . The concrete terms `` man '' , `` mortal '' , etc. , are analogous to the substitution values of the schematic placeholders P , Q , R , which were called the `` matter '' ( Greek hyle ) of the inference . There is a big difference between the kinds of formulas seen in traditional term logic and the predicate calculus that is the fundamental advance of modern logic . The formula A ( P , Q ) ( all Ps are Qs ) of traditional logic corresponds to the more complex formula ∀ x . ( P ( x ) → Q ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall x. ( P ( x ) \ rightarrow Q ( x ) ) ) in predicate logic , involving the logical connectives for universal quantification and implication rather than just the predicate letter A and using variable arguments P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) ) where traditional logic uses just the term letter P. With the complexity comes power , and the advent of the predicate calculus inaugurated revolutionary growth of the subject . Semantics ( edit ) Main article : Semantics of logic The validity of an argument depends upon the meaning or semantics of the sentences that make it up . Aristotle 's Organon , especially On Interpretation , gives a cursory outline of semantics which the scholastic logicians , particularly in the thirteenth and fourteenth century , developed into a complex and sophisticated theory , called Supposition Theory . This showed how the truth of simple sentences , expressed schematically , depend on how the terms ' supposit ' or stand for certain extra-linguistic items . For example , in part II of his Summa Logicae , William of Ockham presents a comprehensive account of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the truth of simple sentences , in order to show which arguments are valid and which are not . Thus `` every A is B ' is true if and only if there is something for which ' A ' stands , and there is nothing for which ' A ' stands , for which ' B ' does not also stand . '' Early modern logic defined semantics purely as a relation between ideas . Antoine Arnauld in the Port Royal Logic , says that ' after conceiving things by our ideas , we compare these ideas , and , finding that some belong together and some do not , we unite or separate them . This is called affirming or denying , and in general judging . Thus truth and falsity are no more than the agreement or disagreement of ideas . This suggests obvious difficulties , leading Locke to distinguish between ' real ' truth , when our ideas have ' real existence ' and ' imaginary ' or ' verbal ' truth , where ideas like harpies or centaurs exist only in the mind . This view ( psychologism ) was taken to the extreme in the nineteenth century , and is generally held by modern logicians to signify a low point in the decline of logic before the twentieth century . Modern semantics is in some ways closer to the medieval view , in rejecting such psychological truth - conditions . However , the introduction of quantification , needed to solve the problem of multiple generality , rendered impossible the kind of subject - predicate analysis that underlies medieval semantics . The main modern approach is model - theoretic semantics , based on Alfred Tarski 's semantic theory of truth . The approach assumes that the meaning of the various parts of the propositions are given by the possible ways we can give a recursively specified group of interpretation functions from them to some predefined domain of discourse : an interpretation of first - order predicate logic is given by a mapping from terms to a universe of individuals , and a mapping from propositions to the truth values `` true '' and `` false '' . Model - theoretic semantics is one of the fundamental concepts of model theory . Modern semantics also admits rival approaches , such as the proof - theoretic semantics that associates the meaning of propositions with the roles that they can play in inferences , an approach that ultimately derives from the work of Gerhard Gentzen on structural proof theory and is heavily influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein 's later philosophy , especially his aphorism `` meaning is use '' . Inference ( edit ) Inference is not to be confused with implication . An implication is a sentence of the form ' If p then q ' , and can be true or false . The Stoic logician Philo of Megara was the first to define the truth conditions of such an implication : false only when the antecedent p is true and the consequent q is false , in all other cases true . An inference , on the other hand , consists of two separately asserted propositions of the form ' p therefore q ' . An inference is not true or false , but valid or invalid . However , there is a connection between implication and inference , as follows : if the implication ' if p then q ' is true , the inference ' p therefore q ' is valid . This was given an apparently paradoxical formulation by Philo , who said that the implication ' if it is day , it is night ' is true only at night , so the inference ' it is day , therefore it is night ' is valid in the night , but not in the day . The theory of inference ( or ' consequences ' ) was systematically developed in medieval times by logicians such as William of Ockham and Walter Burley . It is uniquely medieval , though it has its origins in Aristotle 's Topics and Boethius ' De Syllogismis hypotheticis . This is why many terms in logic are Latin . For example , the rule that licenses the move from the implication ' if p then q ' plus the assertion of its antecedent p , to the assertion of the consequent q is known as modus ponens ( or ' mode of positing ' ) . Its Latin formulation is ' Posito antecedente ponitur consequens ' . The Latin formulations of many other rules such as ' ex falso quodlibet ' ( anything follows from a falsehood ) , ' reductio ad absurdum ' ( disproof by showing the consequence is absurd ) also date from this period . However , the theory of consequences , or of the so - called ' hypothetical syllogism ' was never fully integrated into the theory of the ' categorical syllogism ' . This was partly because of the resistance to reducing the categorical judgment ' Every S is P ' to the so - called hypothetical judgment ' if anything is S , it is P ' . The first was thought to imply ' some S is P ' , the second was not , and as late as 1911 in the Encyclopædia Britannica article on Logic , we find the Oxford logician T.H. Case arguing against Sigwart 's and Brentano 's modern analysis of the universal proposition . Logical systems ( edit ) Main article : Formal system A formal system is an organization of terms used for the analysis of deduction . It consists of an alphabet , a language over the alphabet to construct sentences , and a rule for deriving sentences . Among the important properties that logical systems can have are : Consistency , which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another . Validity , which means that the system 's rules of proof never allow a false inference from true premises . Completeness , which means that if a formula is true , it can be proven , i.e. is a theorem of the system . Soundness , meaning that if any formula is a theorem of the system , it is true . This is the converse of completeness . ( Note that in a distinct philosophical use of the term , an argument is sound when it is both valid and its premises are true ) . Some logical systems do not have all four properties . As an example , Kurt Gödel 's incompleteness theorems show that sufficiently complex formal systems of arithmetic can not be consistent and complete ; however , first - order predicate logics not extended by specific axioms to be arithmetic formal systems with equality can be complete and consistent . Logic and rationality ( edit ) Main article : Logic and rationality This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . Please help us clarify the section . There might be a discussion about this on the talk page . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true , logic is of essential importance to rationality . Here we have defined logic to be `` the systematic study of the form of arguments '' ; the reasoning behind argument is of several sorts , but only some of these arguments fall under the aegis of logic proper . Deductive reasoning concerns the logical consequence of given premises and is the form of reasoning most closely connected to logic . On a narrow conception of logic ( see below ) logic concerns just deductive reasoning , although such a narrow conception controversially excludes most of what is called informal logic from the discipline . There are other forms of reasoning that are rational but that are generally not taken to be part of logic . These include inductive reasoning , which covers forms of inference that move from collections of particular judgements to universal judgements , and abductive reasoning , which is a form of inference that goes from observation to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data ( observation ) and seeks to explain relevant evidence . The American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce ( 1839 -- 1914 ) first introduced the term as `` guessing '' . Peirce said that to abduce a hypothetical explanation a ( \ displaystyle a ) from an observed surprising circumstance b ( \ displaystyle b ) is to surmise that a ( \ displaystyle a ) may be true because then b ( \ displaystyle b ) would be a matter of course . Thus , to abduce a ( \ displaystyle a ) from b ( \ displaystyle b ) involves determining that a ( \ displaystyle a ) is sufficient ( or nearly sufficient ) , but not necessary , for b ( \ displaystyle b ) . While inductive and abductive inference are not part of logic proper , the methodology of logic has been applied to them with some degree of success . For example , the notion of deductive validity ( where an inference is deductively valid if and only if there is no possible situation in which all the premises are true but the conclusion false ) exists in an analogy to the notion of inductive validity , or `` strength '' , where an inference is inductively strong if and only if its premises give some degree of probability to its conclusion . Whereas the notion of deductive validity can be rigorously stated for systems of formal logic in terms of the well - understood notions of semantics , inductive validity requires us to define a reliable generalization of some set of observations . The task of providing this definition may be approached in various ways , some less formal than others ; some of these definitions may use logical association rule induction , while others may use mathematical models of probability such as decision trees . Rival conceptions ( edit ) Main article : Rival conceptions of logic Logic arose ( see below ) from a concern with correctness of argumentation . Modern logicians usually wish to ensure that logic studies just those arguments that arise from appropriately general forms of inference . For example , Thomas Hofweber writes in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy that logic `` does not , however , cover good reasoning as a whole . That is the job of the theory of rationality . Rather it deals with inferences whose validity can be traced back to the formal features of the representations that are involved in that inference , be they linguistic , mental , or other representations . '' Logic has been defined as `` the study of arguments correct in virtue of their form '' . This has not been the definition taken in this article , but the idea that logic treats special forms of argument , deductive argument , rather than argument in general , has a history in logic that dates back at least to logicism in mathematics ( 19th and 20th centuries ) and the advent of the influence of mathematical logic on philosophy . A consequence of taking logic to treat special kinds of argument is that it leads to identification of special kinds of truth , the logical truths ( with logic equivalently being the study of logical truth ) , and excludes many of the original objects of study of logic that are treated as informal logic . Robert Brandom has argued against the idea that logic is the study of a special kind of logical truth , arguing that instead one can talk of the logic of material inference ( in the terminology of Wilfred Sellars ) , with logic making explicit the commitments that were originally implicit in informal inference . History ( edit ) Main article : History of logic Aristotle , 384 -- 322 BCE . In Europe , logic was first developed by Aristotle . Aristotelian logic became widely accepted in science and mathematics and remained in wide use in the West until the early 19th century . Aristotle 's system of logic was responsible for the introduction of hypothetical syllogism , temporal modal logic , and inductive logic , as well as influential terms such as terms , predicables , syllogisms and propositions . In Europe during the later medieval period , major efforts were made to show that Aristotle 's ideas were compatible with Christian faith . During the High Middle Ages , logic became a main focus of philosophers , who would engage in critical logical analyses of philosophical arguments , often using variations of the methodology of scholasticism . In 1323 , William of Ockham 's influential Summa Logicae was released . By the 18th century , the structured approach to arguments had degenerated and fallen out of favour , as depicted in Holberg 's satirical play Erasmus Montanus . The Chinese logical philosopher Gongsun Long ( c. 325 -- 250 BCE ) proposed the paradox `` One and one can not become two , since neither becomes two . '' In China , the tradition of scholarly investigation into logic , however , was repressed by the Qin dynasty following the legalist philosophy of Han Feizi . In India , the Anviksiki school of logic was founded by Medhatithi Gautama ( c. 6th century BCE ) . Innovations in the scholastic school , called Nyaya , continued from ancient times into the early 18th century with the Navya - Nyaya school . By the 16th century , it developed theories resembling modern logic , such as Gottlob Frege 's `` distinction between sense and reference of proper names '' and his `` definition of number '' , as well as the theory of `` restrictive conditions for universals '' anticipating some of the developments in modern set theory . Since 1824 , Indian logic attracted the attention of many Western scholars , and has had an influence on important 19th - century logicians such as Charles Babbage , Augustus De Morgan , and George Boole . In the 20th century , Western philosophers like Stanislaw Schayer and Klaus Glashoff have explored Indian logic more extensively . The syllogistic logic developed by Aristotle predominated in the West until the mid-19th century , when interest in the foundations of mathematics stimulated the development of symbolic logic ( now called mathematical logic ) . In 1854 , George Boole published An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities , introducing symbolic logic and the principles of what is now known as Boolean logic . In 1879 , Gottlob Frege published Begriffsschrift , which inaugurated modern logic with the invention of quantifier notation . From 1910 to 1913 , Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell published Principia Mathematica on the foundations of mathematics , attempting to derive mathematical truths from axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic . In 1931 , Gödel raised serious problems with the foundationalist program and logic ceased to focus on such issues . The development of logic since Frege , Russell , and Wittgenstein had a profound influence on the practice of philosophy and the perceived nature of philosophical problems ( see analytic philosophy ) and philosophy of mathematics . Logic , especially sentential logic , is implemented in computer logic circuits and is fundamental to computer science . Logic is commonly taught by university philosophy departments , often as a compulsory discipline . Types ( edit ) Syllogistic logic ( edit ) Main article : Aristotelian logic A depiction from the 15th century of the square of opposition , which expresses the fundamental dualities of syllogistic . The Organon was Aristotle 's body of work on logic , with the Prior Analytics constituting the first explicit work in formal logic , introducing the syllogistic . The parts of syllogistic logic , also known by the name term logic , are the analysis of the judgements into propositions consisting of two terms that are related by one of a fixed number of relations , and the expression of inferences by means of syllogisms that consist of two propositions sharing a common term as premise , and a conclusion that is a proposition involving the two unrelated terms from the premises . Aristotle 's work was regarded in classical times and from medieval times in Europe and the Middle East as the very picture of a fully worked out system . However , it was not alone : the Stoics proposed a system of propositional logic that was studied by medieval logicians . Also , the problem of multiple generality was recognized in medieval times . Nonetheless , problems with syllogistic logic were not seen as being in need of revolutionary solutions . Today , some academics claim that Aristotle 's system is generally seen as having little more than historical value ( though there is some current interest in extending term logics ) , regarded as made obsolete by the advent of propositional logic and the predicate calculus . Others use Aristotle in argumentation theory to help develop and critically question argumentation schemes that are used in artificial intelligence and legal arguments . I was upset . I had always believed logic was a universal weapon , and now I realized how its validity depended on the way it was employed . Propositional logic ( edit ) Main article : Propositional calculus A propositional calculus or logic ( also a sentential calculus ) is a formal system in which formulae representing propositions can be formed by combining atomic propositions using logical connectives , and in which a system of formal proof rules establishes certain formulae as `` theorems '' . An example of a theorem of propositional logic is A → B → A ( \ displaystyle A \ rightarrow B \ rightarrow A ) , which says that if A holds , then B implies A . Predicate logic ( edit ) Gottlob Frege 's Begriffschrift introduced the notion of quantifier in a graphical notation , which here represents the judgement that ∀ x . F ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall x.F ( x ) ) is true . Main article : Predicate logic Predicate logic is the generic term for symbolic formal systems such as first - order logic , second - order logic , many - sorted logic , and infinitary logic . It provides an account of quantifiers general enough to express a wide set of arguments occurring in natural language . For example , Bertrand Russell 's famous barber paradox , `` there is a man who shaves all and only men who do not shave themselves '' can be formalised by the sentence ( ∃ x ) ( man ( x ) ∧ ( ∀ y ) ( man ( y ) → ( shaves ( x , y ) ↔ ¬ shaves ( y , y ) ) ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ exists x ) ( ( \ text ( man ) ) ( x ) \ wedge ( \ forall y ) ( ( \ text ( man ) ) ( y ) \ rightarrow ( ( \ text ( shaves ) ) ( x , y ) \ leftrightarrow \ neg ( \ text ( shaves ) ) ( y , y ) ) ) ) ) , using the non-logical predicate man ( x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( man ) ) ( x ) ) to indicate that x is a man , and the non-logical relation shaves ( x , y ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( shaves ) ) ( x , y ) ) to indicate that x shaves y ; all other symbols of the formulae are logical , expressing the universal and existential quantifiers , conjunction , implication , negation and biconditional . Whilst Aristotelian syllogistic logic specifies a small number of forms that the relevant part of the involved judgements may take , predicate logic allows sentences to be analysed into subject and argument in several additional ways -- allowing predicate logic to solve the problem of multiple generality that had perplexed medieval logicians . The development of predicate logic is usually attributed to Gottlob Frege , who is also credited as one of the founders of analytical philosophy , but the formulation of predicate logic most often used today is the first - order logic presented in Principles of Mathematical Logic by David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann in 1928 . The analytical generality of predicate logic allowed the formalization of mathematics , drove the investigation of set theory , and allowed the development of Alfred Tarski 's approach to model theory . It provides the foundation of modern mathematical logic . Frege 's original system of predicate logic was second - order , rather than first - order . Second - order logic is most prominently defended ( against the criticism of Willard Van Orman Quine and others ) by George Boolos and Stewart Shapiro . Modal logic ( edit ) Main article : Modal logic In languages , modality deals with the phenomenon that sub-parts of a sentence may have their semantics modified by special verbs or modal particles . For example , `` We go to the games '' can be modified to give `` We should go to the games '' , and `` We can go to the games '' and perhaps `` We will go to the games '' . More abstractly , we might say that modality affects the circumstances in which we take an assertion to be satisfied . Confusing modality is known as the modal fallacy . Aristotle 's logic is in large parts concerned with the theory of non-modalized logic . Although , there are passages in his work , such as the famous sea - battle argument in De Interpretatione § 9 , that are now seen as anticipations of modal logic and its connection with potentiality and time , the earliest formal system of modal logic was developed by Avicenna , who ultimately developed a theory of `` temporally modalized '' syllogistic . While the study of necessity and possibility remained important to philosophers , little logical innovation happened until the landmark investigations of Clarence Irving Lewis in 1918 , who formulated a family of rival axiomatizations of the alethic modalities . His work unleashed a torrent of new work on the topic , expanding the kinds of modality treated to include deontic logic and epistemic logic . The seminal work of Arthur Prior applied the same formal language to treat temporal logic and paved the way for the marriage of the two subjects . Saul Kripke discovered ( contemporaneously with rivals ) his theory of frame semantics , which revolutionized the formal technology available to modal logicians and gave a new graph - theoretic way of looking at modality that has driven many applications in computational linguistics and computer science , such as dynamic logic . Informal reasoning and dialectic ( edit ) Main articles : Informal logic and Logic and dialectic The motivation for the study of logic in ancient times was clear : it is so that one may learn to distinguish good arguments from bad arguments , and so become more effective in argument and oratory , and perhaps also to become a better person . Half of the works of Aristotle 's Organon treat inference as it occurs in an informal setting , side by side with the development of the syllogistic , and in the Aristotelian school , these informal works on logic were seen as complementary to Aristotle 's treatment of rhetoric . This ancient motivation is still alive , although it no longer takes centre stage in the picture of logic ; typically dialectical logic forms the heart of a course in critical thinking , a compulsory course at many universities . Dialectic has been linked to logic since ancient times , but it has not been until recent decades that European and American logicians have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for logic and dialectic by formalising dialectical logic . Dialectical logic is also the name given to the special treatment of dialectic in Hegelian and Marxist thought . There have been pre-formal treatises on argument and dialectic , from authors such as Stephen Toulmin ( The Uses of Argument ) , Nicholas Rescher ( Dialectics ) , and van Eemeren and Grootendorst ( Pragma - dialectics ) . Theories of defeasible reasoning can provide a foundation for the formalisation of dialectical logic and dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game , where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue . Such games can provide a formal game semantics for many logics . Argumentation theory is the study and research of informal logic , fallacies , and critical questions as they relate to every day and practical situations . Specific types of dialogue can be analyzed and questioned to reveal premises , conclusions , and fallacies . Argumentation theory is now applied in artificial intelligence and law . Mathematical logic ( edit ) Main article : Mathematical logic Mathematical logic comprises two distinct areas of research : the first is the application of the techniques of formal logic to mathematics and mathematical reasoning , and the second , in the other direction , the application of mathematical techniques to the representation and analysis of formal logic . The earliest use of mathematics and geometry in relation to logic and philosophy goes back to the ancient Greeks such as Euclid , Plato , and Aristotle . Many other ancient and medieval philosophers applied mathematical ideas and methods to their philosophical claims . One of the boldest attempts to apply logic to mathematics was the logicism pioneered by philosopher - logicians such as Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell . Mathematical theories were supposed to be logical tautologies , and the programme was to show this by means of a reduction of mathematics to logic . The various attempts to carry this out met with failure , from the crippling of Frege 's project in his Grundgesetze by Russell 's paradox , to the defeat of Hilbert 's program by Gödel 's incompleteness theorems . Both the statement of Hilbert 's program and its refutation by Gödel depended upon their work establishing the second area of mathematical logic , the application of mathematics to logic in the form of proof theory . Despite the negative nature of the incompleteness theorems , Gödel 's completeness theorem , a result in model theory and another application of mathematics to logic , can be understood as showing how close logicism came to being true : every rigorously defined mathematical theory can be exactly captured by a first - order logical theory ; Frege 's proof calculus is enough to describe the whole of mathematics , though not equivalent to it . If proof theory and model theory have been the foundation of mathematical logic , they have been but two of the four pillars of the subject . Set theory originated in the study of the infinite by Georg Cantor , and it has been the source of many of the most challenging and important issues in mathematical logic , from Cantor 's theorem , through the status of the Axiom of Choice and the question of the independence of the continuum hypothesis , to the modern debate on large cardinal axioms . Recursion theory captures the idea of computation in logical and arithmetic terms ; its most classical achievements are the undecidability of the Entscheidungsproblem by Alan Turing , and his presentation of the Church -- Turing thesis . Today recursion theory is mostly concerned with the more refined problem of complexity classes -- when is a problem efficiently solvable ? -- and the classification of degrees of unsolvability . Philosophical logic ( edit ) Main article : Philosophical logic Philosophical logic deals with formal descriptions of ordinary , non-specialist ( `` natural '' ) language , that is strictly only about the arguments within philosophy 's other branches . Most philosophers assume that the bulk of everyday reasoning can be captured in logic if a method or methods to translate ordinary language into that logic can be found . Philosophical logic is essentially a continuation of the traditional discipline called `` logic '' before the invention of mathematical logic . Philosophical logic has a much greater concern with the connection between natural language and logic . As a result , philosophical logicians have contributed a great deal to the development of non-standard logics ( e.g. free logics , tense logics ) as well as various extensions of classical logic ( e.g. modal logics ) and non-standard semantics for such logics ( e.g. Kripke 's supervaluationism in the semantics of logic ) . Logic and the philosophy of language are closely related . Philosophy of language has to do with the study of how our language engages and interacts with our thinking . Logic has an immediate impact on other areas of study . Studying logic and the relationship between logic and ordinary speech can help a person better structure his own arguments and critique the arguments of others . Many popular arguments are filled with errors because so many people are untrained in logic and unaware of how to formulate an argument correctly . Computational logic ( edit ) Main articles : Computational logic and Logic in computer science A simple toggling circuit is expressed using a logic gate and a synchronous register . Logic cut to the heart of computer science as it emerged as a discipline : Alan Turing 's work on the Entscheidungsproblem followed from Kurt Gödel 's work on the incompleteness theorems . The notion of the general purpose computer that came from this work was of fundamental importance to the designers of the computer machinery in the 1940s . In the 1950s and 1960s , researchers predicted that when human knowledge could be expressed using logic with mathematical notation , it would be possible to create a machine that reasons , or artificial intelligence . This was more difficult than expected because of the complexity of human reasoning . In logic programming , a program consists of a set of axioms and rules . Logic programming systems such as Prolog compute the consequences of the axioms and rules in order to answer a query . Today , logic is extensively applied in the fields of artificial intelligence and computer science , and these fields provide a rich source of problems in formal and informal logic . Argumentation theory is one good example of how logic is being applied to artificial intelligence . The ACM Computing Classification System in particular regards : Section F. 3 on Logics and meanings of programs and F. 4 on Mathematical logic and formal languages as part of the theory of computer science : this work covers formal semantics of programming languages , as well as work of formal methods such as Hoare logic ; Boolean logic as fundamental to computer hardware : particularly , the system 's section B. 2 on Arithmetic and logic structures , relating to operatives AND , NOT , and OR ; Many fundamental logical formalisms are essential to section I. 2 on artificial intelligence , for example modal logic and default logic in Knowledge representation formalisms and methods , Horn clauses in logic programming , and description logic . Furthermore , computers can be used as tools for logicians . For example , in symbolic logic and mathematical logic , proofs by humans can be computer - assisted . Using automated theorem proving , the machines can find and check proofs , as well as work with proofs too lengthy to write out by hand . Non-classical logic ( edit ) Main article : Non-classical logic The logics discussed above are all `` bivalent '' or `` two - valued '' ; that is , they are most naturally understood as dividing propositions into true and false propositions . Non-classical logics are those systems that reject various rules of Classical logic . Hegel developed his own dialectic logic that extended Kant 's transcendental logic but also brought it back to ground by assuring us that `` neither in heaven nor in earth , neither in the world of mind nor of nature , is there anywhere such an abstract ' either -- or ' as the understanding maintains . Whatever exists is concrete , with difference and opposition in itself '' . In 1910 , Nicolai A. Vasiliev extended the law of excluded middle and the law of contradiction and proposed the law of excluded fourth and logic tolerant to contradiction . In the early 20th century Jan Łukasiewicz investigated the extension of the traditional true / false values to include a third value , `` possible '' , so inventing ternary logic , the first multi-valued logic in the Western tradition . Logics such as fuzzy logic have since been devised with an infinite number of `` degrees of truth '' , represented by a real number between 0 and 1 . Intuitionistic logic was proposed by L.E.J. Brouwer as the correct logic for reasoning about mathematics , based upon his rejection of the law of the excluded middle as part of his intuitionism . Brouwer rejected formalization in mathematics , but his student Arend Heyting studied intuitionistic logic formally , as did Gerhard Gentzen . Intuitionistic logic is of great interest to computer scientists , as it is a constructive logic and sees many applications , such as extracting verified programs from proofs and influencing the design of programming languages through the formulae - as - types correspondence . Modal logic is not truth conditional , and so it has often been proposed as a non-classical logic . However , modal logic is normally formalized with the principle of the excluded middle , and its relational semantics is bivalent , so this inclusion is disputable . Controversies ( edit ) `` Is logic Empirical ? '' ( edit ) Further information : Is Logic Empirical ? What is the epistemological status of the laws of logic ? What sort of argument is appropriate for criticizing purported principles of logic ? In an influential paper entitled `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' Hilary Putnam , building on a suggestion of W.V. Quine , argued that in general the facts of propositional logic have a similar epistemological status as facts about the physical universe , for example as the laws of mechanics or of general relativity , and in particular that what physicists have learned about quantum mechanics provides a compelling case for abandoning certain familiar principles of classical logic : if we want to be realists about the physical phenomena described by quantum theory , then we should abandon the principle of distributivity , substituting for classical logic the quantum logic proposed by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann . Another paper of the same name by Michael Dummett argues that Putnam 's desire for realism mandates the law of distributivity . Distributivity of logic is essential for the realist 's understanding of how propositions are true of the world in just the same way as he has argued the principle of bivalence is . In this way , the question , `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' can be seen to lead naturally into the fundamental controversy in metaphysics on realism versus anti-realism . Implication : strict or material ( edit ) Main article : Paradoxes of material implication The notion of implication formalized in classical logic does not comfortably translate into natural language by means of `` if ... then ... '' , due to a number of problems called the paradoxes of material implication . The first class of paradoxes involves counterfactuals , such as If the moon is made of green cheese , then 2 + 2 = 5 , which are puzzling because natural language does not support the principle of explosion . Eliminating this class of paradoxes was the reason for C.I. Lewis 's formulation of strict implication , which eventually led to more radically revisionist logics such as relevance logic . The second class of paradoxes involves redundant premises , falsely suggesting that we know the succedent because of the antecedent : thus `` if that man gets elected , granny will die '' is materially true since granny is mortal , regardless of the man 's election prospects . Such sentences violate the Gricean maxim of relevance , and can be modelled by logics that reject the principle of monotonicity of entailment , such as relevance logic . Tolerating the impossible ( edit ) Main article : Paraconsistent logic Hegel was deeply critical of any simplified notion of the law of non-contradiction . It was based on Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 's idea that this law of logic also requires a sufficient ground to specify from what point of view ( or time ) one says that something can not contradict itself . A building , for example , both moves and does not move ; the ground for the first is our solar system and for the second the earth . In Hegelian dialectic , the law of non-contradiction , of identity , itself relies upon difference and so is not independently assertable . Closely related to questions arising from the paradoxes of implication comes the suggestion that logic ought to tolerate inconsistency . Relevance logic and paraconsistent logic are the most important approaches here , though the concerns are different : a key consequence of classical logic and some of its rivals , such as intuitionistic logic , is that they respect the principle of explosion , which means that the logic collapses if it is capable of deriving a contradiction . Graham Priest , the main proponent of dialetheism , has argued for paraconsistency on the grounds that there are in fact , true contradictions . Rejection of logical truth ( edit ) The philosophical vein of various kinds of skepticism contains many kinds of doubt and rejection of the various bases on which logic rests , such as the idea of logical form , correct inference , or meaning , typically leading to the conclusion that there are no logical truths . This is in contrast with the usual views in philosophical skepticism , where logic directs skeptical enquiry to doubt received wisdoms , as in the work of Sextus Empiricus . Friedrich Nietzsche provides a strong example of the rejection of the usual basis of logic : his radical rejection of idealization led him to reject truth as a `` ... mobile army of metaphors , metonyms , and anthropomorphisms -- in short ... metaphors which are worn out and without sensuous power ; coins which have lost their pictures and now matter only as metal , no longer as coins . '' His rejection of truth did not lead him to reject the idea of either inference or logic completely , but rather suggested that `` logic ( came ) into existence in man 's head ( out ) of illogic , whose realm originally must have been immense . Innumerable beings who made inferences in a way different from ours perished '' . Thus there is the idea that logical inference has a use as a tool for human survival , but that its existence does not support the existence of truth , nor does it have a reality beyond the instrumental : `` Logic , too , also rests on assumptions that do not correspond to anything in the real world '' . This position held by Nietzsche however , has come under extreme scrutiny for several reasons . Some philosophers , such as Jürgen Habermas , claim his position is self - refuting -- and accuse Nietzsche of not even having a coherent perspective , let alone a theory of knowledge . Georg Lukács , in his book The Destruction of Reason , asserts that , `` Were we to study Nietzsche 's statements in this area from a logico - philosophical angle , we would be confronted by a dizzy chaos of the most lurid assertions , arbitrary and violently incompatible . '' Bertrand Russell described Nietzsche 's irrational claims with `` He is fond of expressing himself paradoxically and with a view to shocking conventional readers '' in his book A History of Western Philosophy . See also ( edit ) Logic portal Philosophy portal Book : Logic Digital electronics ( also known as digital logic or logic gates ) Fallacies List of logicians List of logic journals List of logic symbols Logic puzzle Mathematics List of mathematics articles Outline of mathematics Metalogic Outline of logic Philosophy List of philosophy topics Outline of philosophy Logos Reason Truth Vector logic Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` possessed of reason , intellectual , dialectical , argumentative '' , also related to λόγος ( logos ) , `` word , thought , idea , argument , account , reason , or principle '' ( Liddell & Scott 1999 ; Online Etymology Dictionary 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Due to Frege , see the Definitions of logic article . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 2001 ) . `` Posterior Analytics '' . In Mckeon , Richard . The Basic Works . Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75799 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Alfred North ; Russell , Bertrand ( 1967 ) . Principia Mathematica to * 56 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62606 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : For a more modern treatment , see Hamilton , A.G. ( 1980 ) . Logic for Mathematicians . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29291 - 3 . Jump up ^ T. Mossakowski , J.A. Goguen , R. Diaconescu , A. Tarlecki , `` What is a Logic ? '' , Logica Universalis 2007 Birkhauser , pp. 113 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Łukasiewicz , Jan ( 1957 ) . Aristotle 's syllogistic from the standpoint of modern formal logic ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 824144 - 7 . Jump up ^ Summa Logicae Part II c. 4 transl . as Ockam 's Theory of Propositions , A. Freddoso and H. Schuurman , St Augustine 's Press 1998 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Arnauld , Logic or the Art of Thinking Part 2 Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Locke , 1690 . An Essay Concerning Human Understanding , IV . v. 1 - 8 ) Jump up ^ Bergmann , Merrie ; Moor , James ; Nelson , Jack ( 2009 ) . The Logic Book ( Fifth ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 353563 - 0 . Jump up ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Validity and Soundness Jump up ^ Mendelson , Elliott ( 1964 ) . `` Quantification Theory : Completeness Theorems '' . Introduction to Mathematical Logic . Van Nostrand . ISBN 0 - 412 - 80830 - 7 . Jump up ^ On abductive reasoning , see : Magnani , L. Abduction , Reason , and Science : Processes of Discovery and Explanation . Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers , New York , 2001 . xvii. 205 pages . Hardcover , ISBN 0 - 306 - 46514 - 0 . R. Josephson , J. & G. Josephson , S. Abductive Inference : Computation , Philosophy , Technology . Cambridge University Press , New York & Cambridge ( U.K. ) . viii. 306 pages . Hardcover ( 1994 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 43461 - 0 , Paperback ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57545 - 1 . Bunt , H. & Black , W. Abduction , Belief and Context in Dialogue : Studies in Computational Pragmatics . ( Natural Language Processing , 1 . ) John Benjamins , Amsterdam & Philadelphia , 2000 . vi. 471 pages . Hardcover , ISBN 90 - 272 - 4983 - 0 , ISBN 1556197942 Jump up ^ See Abduction and Retroduction at Commens Dictionary of Peirce 's Terms , and see Peirce 's papers : `` On the Logic of drawing History from Ancient Documents especially from Testimonies '' ( 1901 ) , Collected Papers v. 7 , paragraph 219 . `` PAP '' ( `` Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmatism '' ) , MS 293 c. 1906 , New Elements of Mathematics v. 4 , pp. 319 -- 320 . A Letter to F.A. Woods ( 1913 ) , Collected Papers v. 8 , paragraphs 385 -- 388 . Jump up ^ Peirce , C.S. ( 1903 ) , Harvard lectures on pragmatism , Collected Papers v. 5 , paragraphs 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Hofweber , T. ( 2004 ) . `` Logic and Ontology '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Brandom , Robert ( 2000 ) . Articulating Reasons . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00158 - 3 . Jump up ^ E.g. , Kline ( 1972 , p. 53 ) wrote `` A major achievement of Aristotle was the founding of the science of logic '' . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle '' , MTU Department of Chemistry . Jump up ^ Jonathan Lear ( 1986 ) . `` Aristotle and Logical Theory '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31178 - 0 Jump up ^ Simo Knuuttila ( 1981 ) . `` Reforging the great chain of being : studies of the history of modal theories '' . Springer Science & Business . p. 71 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1125 - 9 Jump up ^ Michael Fisher , Dov M. Gabbay , Lluís Vila ( 2005 ) . `` Handbook of temporal reasoning in artificial intelligence '' . Elsevier . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51493 - 7 Jump up ^ Harold Joseph Berman ( 1983 ) . `` Law and revolution : the formation of the Western legal tradition '' . Harvard University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 51776 - 8 Jump up ^ The four Catuṣkoṭi logical divisions are formally very close to the four opposed propositions of the Greek tetralemma , which in turn are analogous to the four truth values of modern relevance logic Cf . Belnap ( 1977 ) ; Jayatilleke , K.N. , ( 1967 , The logic of four alternatives , in Philosophy East and West , University of Hawaii Press ) . Jump up ^ S.C. Vidyabhusana ( 1971 ) . A History of Indian Logic : Ancient , Mediaeval , and Modern Schools , pp. 17 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti ( June 1976 ) . `` Some Comparisons Between Frege 's Logic and Navya - Nyaya Logic '' . Philosophy and Phenomenological Research . International Phenomenological Society . 36 ( 4 ) : 554 -- 563 . doi : 10.2307 / 2106873 . JSTOR 2106873 . This paper consists of three parts . The first part deals with Frege 's distinction between sense and reference of proper names and a similar distinction in Navya - Nyaya logic . In the second part we have compared Frege 's definition of number to the Navya - Nyaya definition of number . In the third part we have shown how the study of the so - called ' restrictive conditions for universals ' in Navya - Nyaya logic anticipated some of the developments of modern set theory . Jump up ^ Jonardon Ganeri ( 2001 ) . Indian logic : a reader . Routledge . pp. vii , 5 , 7 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1306 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 1980 ) . The Name of the Rose . London : Vintage . p. 253 . ISBN 9780099466031 . Jump up ^ `` History of logic : Arabic logic '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Rescher , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . `` Dialectics : A Controversy - Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge '' . Informal Logic . 1 ( # 3 ) . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Stephen ( 2006 ) . `` Nicholas Rescher : Philosophical Dialectics '' . Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews ( 2006.07. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Rescher , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . Jacquette , Dale , ed . Reason , Method , and Value : A Reader on the Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher . Ontos Verlag . ISBN 3110329050 . Jump up ^ Stolyar , Abram A. ( 1983 ) . Introduction to Elementary Mathematical Logic . Dover Publications . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64561 - 4 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jonathan ( 1995 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle . Cambridge University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42294 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1989 ) . Prior Analytics . Hackett Publishing Co. p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 064 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Elliott ( 1964 ) . `` Formal Number Theory : Gödel 's Incompleteness Theorem '' . Introduction to Mathematical Logic . Monterey , Calif. : Wadsworth & Brooks / Cole Advanced Books & Software . OCLC 13580200 . Jump up ^ Barwise ( 1982 ) divides the subject of mathematical logic into model theory , proof theory , set theory and recursion theory . Jump up ^ Brookshear , J. Glenn ( 1989 ) . `` Computability : Foundations of Recursive Function Theory '' . Theory of computation : formal languages , automata , and complexity . Redwood City , Calif. : Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0143 - 7 . Jump up ^ Brookshear , J. Glenn ( 1989 ) . `` Complexity '' . Theory of computation : formal languages , automata , and complexity . Redwood City , Calif. : Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0143 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Alvin I. ( 1986 ) , Epistemology and Cognition , Harvard University Press , p. 293 , ISBN 9780674258969 , untrained subjects are prone to commit various sorts of fallacies and mistakes . Jump up ^ Demetriou , A. ; Efklides , A. , eds. ( 1994 ) , Intelligence , Mind , and Reasoning : Structure and Development , Advances in Psychology , 106 , Elsevier , p. 194 , ISBN 9780080867601 . Jump up ^ Hegel , G.W. F ( 1971 ) ( 1817 ) . Philosophy of Mind . Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences . trans . William Wallace . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 875014 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joseph E. Brenner ( 3 August 2008 ) . Logic in Reality . Springer . pp. 28 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8374 - 7 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Zegarelli , Mark ( 2010 ) , Logic For Dummies , John Wiley & Sons , p. 30 , ISBN 9781118053072 . Jump up ^ Hájek , Petr ( 2006 ) . `` Fuzzy Logic '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Putnam , H. ( 1969 ) . `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' . Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science . 5 . Jump up ^ Birkhoff , G. ; von Neumann , J. ( 1936 ) . `` The Logic of Quantum Mechanics '' . Annals of Mathematics . Annals of Mathematics. 37 ( 4 ) : 823 -- 843 . doi : 10.2307 / 1968621 . JSTOR 1968621 . Jump up ^ Dummett , M. ( 1978 ) . `` Is Logic Empirical ? '' . Truth and Other Enigmas . ISBN 0 - 674 - 91076 - 1 . Jump up ^ Priest , Graham ( 2008 ) . `` Dialetheism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Jump up ^ Nietzsche , 1873 , On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense . Jump up ^ Nietzsche , 1882 , The Gay Science . Jump up ^ Nietzsche , 1878 , Human , All Too Human Jump up ^ Babette Babich , Habermas , Nietzsche , and Critical Theory Jump up ^ Georg Lukács . `` The Destruction of Reason by Georg Lukács 1952 '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1945 ) , A History of Western Philosophy And Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day ( PDF ) , Simon and Schuster , p. 762 , archived from the original on 28 May 2014 Bibliography ( edit ) Barwise , J. ( 1982 ) . Handbook of Mathematical Logic . Elsevier . ISBN 9780080933641 . Belnap , N. ( 1977 ) . `` A useful four - valued logic '' . In Dunn & Eppstein , Modern uses of multiple - valued logic . Reidel : Boston . Bocheński , J.M. ( 1959 ) . A précis of mathematical logic . Translated from the French and German editions by Otto Bird . D. Reidel , Dordrecht , South Holland . Bocheński , J.M. ( 1970 ) . A history of formal logic . 2nd Edition . Translated and edited from the German edition by Ivo Thomas . Chelsea Publishing , New York . Brookshear , J. Glenn ( 1989 ) . Theory of computation : formal languages , automata , and complexity . Redwood City , Calif. : Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0143 - 7 . Cohen , R.S , and Wartofsky , M.W. ( 1974 ) . Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics . Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science . D. Reidel Publishing Company : Dordrecht , Netherlands . ISBN 90 - 277 - 0377 - 9 . Finkelstein , D. ( 1969 ) . `` Matter , Space , and Logic '' . in R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky ( eds. 1974 ) . Gabbay , D.M. , and Guenthner , F. ( eds. , 2001 -- 2005 ) . Handbook of Philosophical Logic . 13 vols. , 2nd edition . Kluwer Publishers : Dordrecht . Haack , Susan ( 1996 ) . Deviant Logic , Fuzzy Logic : Beyond the Formalism , University of Chicago Press . Harper , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Logic '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Hilbert , D. , and Ackermann , W , ( 1928 ) . Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik ( Principles of Mathematical Logic ) . Springer - Verlag . OCLC 2085765 Hodges , W. ( 2001 ) . Logic . An introduction to Elementary Logic , Penguin Books . Hofweber , T. ( 2004 ) , Logic and Ontology . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Hughes , R.I.G. ( 1993 , ed . ) . A Philosophical Companion to First - Order Logic . Hackett Publishing . Kline , Morris ( 1972 ) . Mathematical Thought From Ancient to Modern Times . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506135 - 7 . Kneale , William , and Kneale , Martha , ( 1962 ) . The Development of Logic . Oxford University Press , London , UK . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert . `` Logikos '' . A Greek - English Lexicon . Perseus Project . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Mendelson , Elliott , ( 1964 ) . Introduction to Mathematical Logic . Wadsworth & Brooks / Cole Advanced Books & Software : Monterey , Calif . OCLC 13580200 Smith , B. ( 1989 ) . `` Logic and the Sachverhalt '' . The Monist 72 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 69 . Whitehead , Alfred North and Bertrand Russell ( 1910 ) . Principia Mathematica . Cambridge University Press : Cambridge , England . OCLC 1041146 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutLogicat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Logic Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Logic at PhilPapers Logic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Logic '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Logical calculus '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 An Outline for Verbal Logic Introductions and tutorials An Introduction to Philosophical Logic , by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . forall x : an introduction to formal logic , by P.D. Magnus , covers sentential and quantified logic . Logic Self - Taught : A Workbook ( originally prepared for on - line logic instruction ) . Nicholas Rescher. ( 1964 ) . Introduction to Logic , St. Martin 's Press . https://philpapers.org/rec/BECLAM ( Logic : A Modern Guide by Colin Beckley ) An introduction to formal logic . Essays `` Symbolic Logic '' and `` The Game of Logic '' , Lewis Carroll , 1896 . Math & Logic : The history of formal mathematical , logical , linguistic and methodological ideas . In The Dictionary of the History of Ideas . Online Tools Interactive Syllogistic Machine A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies , figures , terms , and modes of syllogisms . Reference material Translation Tips , by Peter Suber , for translating from English into logical notation . Ontology and History of Logic . An Introduction with an annotated bibliography . Reading lists The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Logic & Metaphysics Set Theory and Further Logic Mathematical Logic Logic Outline History Fields Argumentation theory Axiology Critical thinking Logic in computer science Mathematical logic Metalogic Metamathematics Non-classical logic Philosophical logic Philosophy of logic Set theory Foundations Abduction Analytic and synthetic propositions Antinomy A priori and a posteriori Deduction Definition Description Induction Inference Logical form Logical consequence Logical truth Name Necessity and sufficiency Meaning Paradox Possible world Presupposition Probability Reason Reference Semantics Statement Strict implication Substitution Syntax Truth Validity Lists topics Mathematical logic Boolean algebra Set theory other Logicians Rules of inference Paradoxes Fallacies Logic symbols Portal Category WikiProject ( talk ) changes Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Ontology Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of Action Art Culture Design Music Film Business Color Cosmos Dialogue Education Environment Futility Happiness Healthcare History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Life Literature Mathematics Mind Pain Psychology Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Geography Sexuality Social science Culture Economics Justice Law Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War Schools of thought By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco - Roman Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophistic Stoicism Indian Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Persian Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Medieval European Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Renaissance humanism East Asian Korean Confucianism Edo Neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Indian Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Dvaitadvaita Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Navya - Nyāya Islamic Averroism Avicennism Illuminationism ʿIlm al - Kalām Sufi Jewish Judeo - Islamic Modern People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism 0 Anarchism Classical Realism Liberalism Collectivism Conservatism Determinism Dualism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti - Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Individualism Kokugaku Materialism Modernism Monism Naturalism Natural law Nihilism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Pragmatism Phenomenology Positivism Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Contemporary Analytic Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Generative linguistics Internalism and Externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta - ethics Moral realism Neo-Aristotelian Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian Continental Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Posthumanism Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism Other Kyoto School Objectivism Russian cosmism more ... Positions Aesthetics Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will Compatibilism Determinism Hard Incompatibilism Hard Libertarianism Metaphysics Atomism Dualism Monism Naturalism Epistemology Constructivism Empiricism Idealism Particularism Fideism Rationalism / Reasonism Skepticism Solipsism Mind Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism Normativity Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism Ontology Action Event Process Reality Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism Philosophy by region Philosophy - related lists Miscellaneous By region African Ethiopian Aztec Native America Eastern Chinese Egyptian Czech Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Vietnam Pakistani Western American Australian British Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Spanish Turkish Lists Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications Miscellaneous Women in philosophy Sage ( philosophy ) Portal Category Book GND : 4036202 - 4 NDL : 00569686 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Logic&oldid=854425375 '' Categories : Logic Abstraction Formal sciences Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2011 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 127 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic	107,729
who sings hard for me to say i'm sorry			Hard to Say I 'm Sorry	hard to say i'm sorry		`` Song for You '' ( 1980 ) `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' ( 1982 ) `` Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1982 ) `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' is a song written by bassist Peter Cetera , who also sang lead on the track , and producer David Foster , and released on May 16 , 1982 , as the lead single from the album Chicago 16 . The song reached No. 1 for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 11 of that year . It was their first top 50 hit since `` No Tell Lover '' in 1978 , spent twelve weeks in the top 5 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal . The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in September of the same year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Az Yet version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Other cover versions 7 Sampling 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The song , as well as the album on which it is featured , was a marked departure from Chicago 's traditional soft rock , horn - driven sound , taking on a polished and modern feel . With minimal horns , the track instead featured more layered synthesizers and heavier distorted guitar in a contemporary 1980s styling . This was done to revitalize the band 's commercial success Deviating from Chicago 's practice of having mostly band members playing on their albums , `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' featured several session musicians . The song featured producer David Foster on the piano , as well as three members of the American rock band Toto , including Steve Lukather on guitar and David Paich and Steve Porcaro both contributing synthesizers . The song 's vocals were performed by Peter Cetera . The only other member of Chicago besides Cetera that played on the track was drummer Danny Seraphine . The song was also featured as the ending theme in the movie and soundtrack for Summer Lovers , a 1982 film written and directed by Randal Kleiser , starring Peter Gallagher , Daryl Hannah and Valerie Quennessen , and filmed on location on the island of Santorini , Greece . Music video ( edit ) Chicago made a music video for the song . According to Cetera , the videos for `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' and `` Love Me Tomorrow '' were shot on the same day . The band appears in a black colored room with diamonds on the wall . Personnel ( edit ) Peter Cetera - lead vocals David Foster - acoustic piano , Minimoog synth - bass Steve Lukather - guitar David Paich - synthesizers Steve Porcaro - synthesizers , synthesizers programming Danny Seraphine - drums Strings arranged by Peter Cetera , David Foster and Jeremy Lubbock Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austrian Singles Chart 5 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 15 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary German Singles Chart 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) New Zealand Singles Chart 13 Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia 10 Canada 9 Switzerland 5 UK 27 US Billboard Hot 100 10 Az Yet version ( edit ) `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' Single by Az Yet featuring Peter Cetera from the album Az Yet Released February 3 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 03 ) Format CD Recorded Genre R&B , adult contemporary Length 3 : 17 Label LaFace Records Songwriter ( s ) Peter Cetera and David Foster Producer ( s ) Babyface Az Yet featuring Peter Cetera singles chronology `` Last Night '' ( 1996 ) `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' ( 1997 ) `` You 're the Inspiration '' ( 1997 ) `` Last Night '' ( 1996 ) `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' ( 1997 ) `` You 're the Inspiration '' ( 1997 ) In 1996 , the R&B group Az Yet included a cover version on their self - titled debut album . The song , later released as a single , was produced by Babyface , remixed by David Foster , featured vocals from Peter Cetera , and peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single reached platinum status and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Performance by an R&B Group or Duo with Vocal . Track listing ( edit ) CD - Single `` Hard To Say I 'm Sorry '' ( David Foster Remix Featuring Peter Cetera ) 3 : 18 `` Hard To Say I 'm Sorry '' ( Album Version ) 3 : 14 `` Hard To Say I 'm Sorry '' ( Acappella ) 3 : 14 `` Hard To Say I 'm Sorry '' ( Chase Extended Mix ) 5 : 14 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 5 Canadian Singles Chart 26 Dutch Singles Chart German Singles Chart 72 New Zealand Singles Chart Swedish Singles Chart 59 UK Singles Chart 7 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Rhythmic Top 40 9 Year - end charts Chart ( 1997 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1983 , a Czech cover of the song , titled `` Černý páv '' ( The Black Peacock ) , was recorded by Hana Zagorová feat . Stanislav Hložek and Petr Kotvald In 1999 , a Eurodance remix of the song , titled `` Hold Me Now '' , was recorded by DJ Kaos for Dancemania SPEED 3 . In 2003 , the Canadian boy band b4 - 4 recorded a cover version included as a bonus track on the `` limited edition '' of their second album In Your Face . In 2005 , Idol 2005 contestant Jonah Hallberg covered the song on the compilation released by the show featuring a song covered by each finalist . In 2007 , Irish boy band Westlife covered the song on the B - side to their single `` Home '' from the band 's seventh UK # 1 album Back Home . The song charted itself without being properly released as a single . Charts ( 2007 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 135 In 2008 , Barry Manilow covered the song on his album The Greatest Songs of the Eighties . Keith Harkin , of the successful Irish musical production Celtic Thunder , covered the song as part of the CD / DVD combo It 's Entertainment in 2009 , being release in early 2010 . In 2010 , Yuna Ito recorded a cover version of the song as part of her project Yuna Ito ~ Respects , the third cover of the project , released on September 29 . In 2015 , X Factor Indonesia contestant Ramli Nurhappi covered the song competition week 6 theme Love Song . In 2015 , country music star Tim McGraw released a `` behind - the - scenes '' video of him and his band performing `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' as a warm - up for his show in Chicago . At the end of the song he turns to the camera and says , `` Hello , Chicago . '' In 2016 , The Voice Kids Indonesia contestant Fahira Rizani covered the song at Blind Audition . After interviewing Peter Cetera while he was in Lucerne , Switzerland to perform at the Retro Festival in 2016 , Swiss interviewer and musician , Phil Dankner , performed the song for Cetera . In January 2017 , Roger Federer tweeted a video of him singing the song with fellow professional tennis players , Tommy Haas and Grigor Dimitrov , with David Foster at the piano , while at the Australian Open . Haas is the son - in - law of Foster . Sampling ( edit ) German eurodance group Aquagen sampled the verses of the song ( omitting the chorus ) on the 2002 album Weekender . The song was also remixed in 2009 as `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry 2K9 '' on Aquagen 's 2009 album So Far So Good ( The Very Best Of ) . In popular culture ( edit ) The song is used in The Goldbergs episode `` 12 Tapes for a Penny . '' It was also used by John Lithgow as a lullaby in the 2017 musical comedy Pitch Perfect 3 . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1982 List of number - one hits of 1982 ( Switzerland ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1982 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Chicago -- The Collection '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Go , Justin ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jazz - rock - fusion group Chicago reflects on a 45 - year career '' . National Post . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chicago 16 ( audio CD liner notes ) . Rhino Entertainment Company . 2006 . R2 74090 . This album was first issued as Full Moon / Warner Bros. # 23689 ( 5 / 26 / 82 ) Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 - 1982 Archive Billboard Charts Archive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicago -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1982-08-07 through http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1982-10-16 Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . GRAMMY.com. 2017 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA : Artists : Chicago '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ DeKNOCK , JAN ( 1986 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Cetera At No. 1 With ' Glory Of Love ` '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` AFI : Summer Lovers '' . www.afi.com . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( January 26 , 1985 ) . `` Record of the Year : Chicago Sustaining Comeback Momentum '' . Billboard . Vol. 97 no . 4 . New York , NY : Billboard Publications , Inc . pp. 6 , 79 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry -- Austriancharts.at '' . Austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Chicago -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Singles '' . RPM. 36 ( 4 ) . September 11 , 1982 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1982 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single '' . Charts.de ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Chicago -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry -- Hitparade.ch '' . Hitparade.ch ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 - 10 - 09 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive Official Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- 1982 '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Swiss Year - End Charts , 1982 Jump up ^ Rees , Dafydd ; Lazell , Barry ; Jones , Alan ( 1983 ) . `` The Top 100 UK Singles '' . Chart File Volume 2 . London , England : Virgin Books . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 907080 - 73 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1982 / Top 100 Songs of 1982 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( March 8 , 1997 ) . `` Az Yet Not Sorry It Redid Chicago Hit '' . Billboard. 109 ( 10 ) . Howard Lander . p. 78 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Chuck ( July 12 , 1997 ) . `` For Former Chicago Crooner Cetera , Making Hits Is A Hard Habit To Break '' . Billboard . BPI Communications , Inc. p. 85 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1997 - 10 - 25 ) . `` Chart Beat : Jackson Lassoes No. 1 With ' Rope ' '' . Billboard. 109 ( 43 ) . p. 102 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hot 100 for May 3 , 1997 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA Artist : Az Yet Label : LaFace '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Az Yet '' . GRAMMY.com. 2017 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Babyface leads nominees for 40th annual Grammy Awards '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Associated Press . January 7 , 1998 . p . E6 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Az Yet feat . Peter Cetera -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 65 ( 18 ) . July 7 , 1997 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchchart.nl -- Az Yet feat . Peter Cetera -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Single -- Az Yet feat . Peter Cetera , Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Chart.de ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Az Yet feat . Peter Cetera -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Az Yet feat . Peter Cetera -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 - 06 - 21 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive Official Charts '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Az Yet -- Awards '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1997 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1997 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Az Yet -- Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Az Yet -- Hard to Say I '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 110 ( 5 ) : 76 . January 31 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Parton , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) . `` See Tim McGraw 's Backstage Jam of Classic Chicago Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dankner Music & Talk - Webisodes : Peter Cetera ( Original Member of CHICAGO ) '' . www.phildanknermusic.com . June 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Cetera - My Musical Journey '' . YouTube . Dankner Music and Talk . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katzowitz , Josh ( 2017 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Roger Federer tweets video that proves maybe he should n't start a boy band '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Aquagen - Hard To Say I 'm Sorry ( CD ) . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ TV Promos ( YouTube ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Chicago Robert Lamm Lee Loughnane James Pankow Walter Parazaider Keith Howland Lou Pardini Walfredo Reyes Jr . Ray Herrmann Brett Simons Neil Donell Ramon Yslas Danny Seraphine Peter Cetera Terry Kath Donnie Dacus Laudir de Oliveira Chris Pinnick Dawayne Bailey Bruce Gaitsch Bill Champlin Drew Hester Jason Scheff Tris Imboden Jeff Coffey Daniel De Los Reyes Studio albums Chicago Transit Authority Chicago Chicago III Chicago V Chicago VI Chicago VII Chicago VIII Chicago X Chicago XI Hot Streets Chicago 13 Chicago XIV Chicago 16 Chicago 17 Chicago 18 Chicago 19 Twenty 1 Night & Day : Big Band Chicago XXV : The Christmas Album Chicago XXX Chicago XXXII : Stone of Sisyphus Chicago XXXIII : O Christmas Three Chicago XXXV : The Nashville Sessions Chicago XXXVI : Now Live albums Chicago at Carnegie Hall Live in Japan Chicago XXVI : Live in Concert Chicago XXXIV : Live in ' 75 Chicago : VI Decades Live ( This is What We Do ) Chicago : Chicago II Live on Soundstage Compilations Chicago IX : Chicago 's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Volume II If You Leave Me Now Take Me Back to Chicago Greatest Hits 1982 -- 1989 Group Portrait The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1997 The Heart of Chicago 1967 -- 1998 Volume II The Very Best of Chicago : Only the Beginning The Box Love Songs The Best of Chicago : 40th Anniversary Edition Singles `` Questions 67 and 68 '' `` Beginnings '' `` Make Me Smile '' `` 25 or 6 to 4 '' `` Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is ? '' `` Free '' `` Lowdown '' `` Saturday in the Park '' `` Dialogue ( Part I & II ) '' `` Feelin ' Stronger Every Day '' `` Just You ' n ' Me '' `` ( I 've Been ) Searchin ' So Long '' `` Call on Me '' `` Wishing You Were Here '' `` Harry Truman '' `` Old Days '' `` Brand New Love Affair '' `` Another Rainy Day in New York City '' `` If You Leave Me Now '' `` You Are on My Mind '' `` Baby , What a Big Surprise '' `` Alive Again '' `` No Tell Lover '' `` Hard to Say I 'm Sorry '' `` Love Me Tomorrow '' `` Stay the Night '' `` Hard Habit to Break '' `` You 're the Inspiration '' `` Along Comes a Woman '' `` Will You Still Love Me ? '' `` If She Would Have Been Faithful ... '' `` Niagara Falls '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Without Your Love '' `` Look Away '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` We Can Last Forever '' `` What Kind of Man Would I Be ? '' `` Chasin ' the Wind '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_to_Say_I%27m_Sorry&oldid=850475944 '' Categories : 1982 singles 1996 singles 1997 singles Chicago ( band ) songs Az Yet songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by David Foster Songs written by David Foster Songs written by Peter Cetera 1982 songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 03 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%20to%20Say%20I%2527m%20Sorry	32,548
who is considered to have specialization in philosophical approach of political science			Political science	political science	Political science is a social science which deals with systems of governance , and the analysis of political activities , political thoughts and political behaviour . It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources . Political scientists `` see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions , and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works . ''	Political science comprises numerous subfields , including comparative politics , political economy , international relations , political theory , public administration , public policy , and political methodology . Furthermore , political science is related to , and draws upon , the fields of economics , law , sociology , history , philosophy , geography , psychology , and anthropology . Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions , political actors , legislature and associated fields , all of them from an intrastate perspective . International relations deals with the interaction between nation - states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations . Political theory is more concerned with contributions of various classical and contemporary thinkers and philosophers . Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research . Approaches include positivism , interpretivism , rational choice theory , behaviouralism , structuralism , post-structuralism , realism , institutionalism , and pluralism . Political science , as one of the social sciences , uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought : primary sources such as historical documents and official records , secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles , survey research , statistical analysis , case studies , experimental research , and model building . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Behavioural revolution and new institutionalism 1.2 Anticipating of crises 1.3 Political science in the Soviet Union 1.4 Recent developments 2 Political science education 2.1 Cognate fields 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links 7.1 Library guides Overview ( edit ) Political scientists study matters concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making , the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations , political behaviour and public policies . They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors , including stability , justice , material wealth , peace and public health . Some political scientists seek to advance positive ( attempt to describe how things are , as opposed to how they should be ) theses by analysing politics . Others advance normative theses , by making specific policy recommendations . Political scientists provide the frameworks from which journalists , special interest groups , politicians , and the electorate analyse issues . According to Chaturvedy , Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians , or even run for office as politicians themselves . Political scientists can be found working in governments , in political parties or as civil servants . They may be involved with non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) or political movements . In a variety of capacities , people educated and trained in political science can add value and expertise to corporations . Private enterprises such as think tanks , research institutes , polling and public relations firms often employ political scientists . In the United States , political scientists known as `` Americanists '' look at a variety of data including constitutional development , elections , public opinion , and public policy such as Social Security reform , foreign policy , US Congressional committees , and the US Supreme Court -- to name only a few issues . Because political science is essentially a study of human behaviour , in all aspects of politics , observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate , though experimental methods are increasingly common ( see experimental political science ) . Citing this difficulty , former American Political Science Association President Lawrence Lowell once said `` We are limited by the impossibility of experiment . Politics is an observational , not an experimental science . '' Because of this , political scientists have historically observed political elites , institutions , and individual or group behaviour in order to identify patterns , draw generalizations , and build theories of politics . Like all social sciences , political science faces the difficulty of observing human actors that can only be partially observed and who have the capacity for making conscious choices unlike other subjects such as non-human organisms in biology or inanimate objects as in physics . Despite the complexities , contemporary political science has progressed by adopting a variety of methods and theoretical approaches to understanding politics and methodological pluralism is a defining feature of contemporary political science . The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century . In fact , the designation `` political scientist '' is typically for those with a doctorate in the field , but can also apply to those with a master 's in the subject . Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing , and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science , with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors . The American Political Science Association and the American Political Science Review were founded in 1903 and 1906 , respectively , in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social phenomena . To date , the American Political Science Review is the leading journal in Political Science research . Behavioural revolution and New institutionalism ( edit ) In the 1950s and the 1960s , a behavioural revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behaviour swept the discipline . A focus on studying political behaviour , rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts , characterized early behavioural political science , including work by Robert Dahl , Philip Converse , and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson . The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a take off in the use of deductive , game theoretic formal modelling techniques aimed at generating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline . This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions , such as the United States Congress , as well as political behaviour , such as voting . William H. Riker and his colleagues and students at the University of Rochester were the main proponents of this shift . Despite considerable research progress in the discipline based on all the kinds of scholarship discussed above , it has been observed that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven . Anticipating of crises ( edit ) The theory of political transitions , and the methods of their analysis and anticipating of crises , form an important part of political science . Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions . Among them , a statistical indicator of crisis , simultaneous increase of variance and correlations in large groups , was proposed for crises anticipation and successfully used in various areas . Its applicability for early diagnosis of political crises was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis . There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society ( by about 64 % ) and also in their statistical dispersion ( by 29 % ) during the pre-crisis years . A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted . The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed . Political science in the Soviet Union ( edit ) In the Soviet Union , political studies were carried out under the guise of some other disciplines like theory of state and law , area studies , international relations , studies of labor movement , `` critique of bourgeois theories '' , etc . Soviet scholars were represented at the International Political Science Association ( IPSA ) since 1955 ( since 1960 by the Soviet Association of Political and State Studies ) . In 1979 , the 11th World Congress of IPSA took place in Moscow . Until the late years of the Soviet Union , political science as a field was subjected to tight control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and was thus subjected to distrust . Anti-communists accused political scientists of being `` false '' scientists and of having served the old regime . After the fall of the Soviet Union , two of the major institutions dealing with political science , the Institute of Contemporary Social Theories and the Institute of International Affairs , were disbanded , and most of their members were left without jobs . These institutes were victims of the first wave of anticommunist opinion and ideological attacks . Today , the Russian Political Science Association unites professional political scientists from all around Russia . Recent developments ( edit ) In 2000 , the Perestroika Movement in political science was introduced as a reaction against what supporters of the movement called the mathematicization of political science . Those who identified with the movement argued for a plurality of methodologies and approaches in political science and for more relevance of the discipline to those outside of it . Evolutionary psychology theories argue that humans have evolved a highly developed set of psychological mechanisms for dealing with politics . However , these mechanisms evolved for dealing with the small group politics that characterized the ancestral environment and not the much larger political structures in today 's world . This is argued to explain many important features and systematic cognitive biases of current politics . Political science education ( edit ) Political science , possibly like the social sciences as a whole , `` as a discipline lives on the fault line between the ' two cultures ' in the academy , the sciences and the humanities . '' Thus , in some American colleges where there is no separate School or College of Arts and Sciences per se , political science may be a separate department housed as part of a division or school of Humanities or Liberal Arts . Whereas classical political philosophy is primarily defined by a concern for Hellenic and Enlightenment thought , political scientists are also marked by a great concern for `` modernity '' and the contemporary nation state , along with the study of classical thought , and as such share a greater deal of terminology with sociologists ( e.g. structure and agency ) . Most United States colleges and universities offer B.A. programs in political science . M.A. or M.A.T. and Ph. D. or Ed. D. programs are common at larger universities . The term political science is more popular in North America than elsewhere ; other institutions , especially those outside the United States , see political science as part of a broader discipline of political studies , politics , or government . While political science implies use of the scientific method , political studies implies a broader approach , although the naming of degree courses does not necessarily reflect their content . Separate degree granting programs in international relations and public policy are not uncommon at both the undergraduate and graduate levels . Master 's level programs in political science are common when political scientists engage in public administration . The national honor society for college and university students of government and politics in the United States is Pi Sigma Alpha . Cognate fields ( edit ) Most political scientists work broadly in one or more of the following five areas : Comparative politics , including area studies International relations Political philosophy or political theory Public administration Public law Some political science departments also classify methodology as well as scholarship on the domestic politics of a particular country as distinct fields . In the United States , American politics is often treated as a separate subfield . In contrast to this traditional classification , some academic departments organize scholarship into thematic categories , including political philosophy , political behaviour ( including public opinion , collective action , and identity ) , and political institutions ( including legislatures and international organizations ) . Political science conferences and journals often emphasize scholarship in more specific categories . The American Political Science Association , for example , has 42 organized sections that address various methods and topics of political inquiry . History ( edit ) Main article : History of political science As a social science , contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century . At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy , which traces its roots back to the works of Chanakya , Aristotle , and Plato which were written nearly 2,500 years ago . The term `` political science '' was not always distinguished from political philosophy , and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including also moral philosophy , political economy , political theology , history , and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state . See also ( edit ) Political science portal Outline of political science -- structured list of political topics , arranged by subject area Index of politics articles -- alphabetical list of political subjects Political lists -- lists of political topics Political science terminology Outline of law Index of law articles Process tracing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary : political science Jump up ^ Political Science . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( 22 February 1999 ) . Retrieved on 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Chaturvedy , J.C. Political Governance : Political theory . Isha Books . p. 4 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Druckman , James ; Green , Donald ; Kuklinski , James ; et al. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Cambridge Handbook of Experimental Political Science . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 17455 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lowell , A. Lawrence . 1910 . `` The Physiology of Politics . '' American Political Science Review 4 : 1 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor . `` How to Become a Political Scientist '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Political Science Association > PUBLICATIONS > About APSA Journals > American Political Science Review '' . www.apsanet.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kim Quaile Hill , `` In Search of General Theory , '' Journal of Politics 74 ( October 2012 ) , 917 - 931 . Jump up ^ Acemoglu D. , Robinson J.A. `` A theory of political transitions . '' American Economic Review . 2001 Sep 1 : 938 - 963 . Jump up ^ McClelland C.A. `` The Anticipation of International Crises : Prospects for Theory and Research . '' International Studies Quarterly , Vol. 21 , No. 1 , Special Issue on International Crisis : Progress and Prospects for Applied Forecasting and Management ( March 1977 ) , pp. 15 - 38 Jump up ^ Scheffer M. , Carpenter S.R. , Lenton T.M. , Bascompte J. , Brock W. , Dakos V. , Van De Koppel J. , Van De Leemput I.A. , Levin S.A. , Van Nes E.H. , Pascual M. `` Anticipating critical transitions . '' Science . 2012 Oct 19 ; 338 ( 6105 ) : 344 - 348 . Jump up ^ Gorban , A.N. ; Smirnova , E.V. ; Tyukina , T.A. ( August 2010 ) . `` Correlations , risk and crisis : From physiology to finance '' . Physica A : Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. 389 ( 16 ) : 3193 -- 3217 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physa. 2010.03. 035 . Jump up ^ Rybnikov , S.R. ; Rybnikova , N.A. ; Portnov , B.A. ( March 2017 ) . `` Public fears in Ukrainian society : Are crises predictable ? '' . Psychology & Developing Societies. 29 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 123 . doi : 10.1177 / 0971333616689398 . Jump up ^ Kuran T. `` Sparks and prairie fires : A theory of unanticipated political revolution . '' Public Choice , Vol. 61 , No. 1 ( April 1989 ) , pp. 41 -- 74 Jump up ^ Political Science in Russia : Institutionalization of the Discipline and Development of the Professional Community Jump up ^ Perestroika ! : The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300130201 . Jump up ^ Michael Bang Petersen . `` The evolutionary psychology of mass politics '' . In Roberts , S.C. ( 2011 ) . Roberts , S. Craig , ed . `` Applied Evolutionary Psychology '' . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199586073.001. 0001 . ISBN 9780199586073 . Jump up ^ Stoner , J.R. ( 22 February 2008 ) . `` Political Science and Political Education '' . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA Teaching and Learning Conference ( APSA ) , San José Marriott , San José , California . Archived from the original on 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 October 2011 ... although one might allege the same for social science as a whole , political scientists receive funding from and play an active role in both the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities ( in the United States ) . . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , the department of Political Science at Marist College , part of a Division of Humanities before that division became the School of Liberal Arts ( c. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Politics is the term used to refer to this field by Brandeis University ; Cornell College ; University of California , Santa Cruz ; Hendrix College ; Lake Forest College ; Monash University ; Mount Holyoke College ; New York University ; Occidental College ; Princeton University ; Ursinus College ; and Washington and Lee University . Government is the term used for this field by Bowdoin College ; Colby College ; Cornell University ; Dartmouth College ; Georgetown University ; Harvard University ; Smith College ; Wesleyan University ; the College of William and Mary ; the University of Sydney ; the University of Texas at Austin ; the University of Ulster ; the University of Essex ; Victoria University of Wellington , which has both a `` School of Government '' and a separate `` Political Science and International Relations Programme '' ; and the London School of Economics and Political Science . Politics and government is the term used by the University of Puget Sound . Government and politics is used by the University of Maryland , College Park . Jump up ^ Vernardakis , George ( 1998 ) . Graduate education in government . University Press of America . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 1171 - 0 ... existing practices at Harvard University , the University of California at Berkeley , and the University of Michigan . Jump up ^ APSA Organized Sections APSA ( subscription required ) Further reading ( edit ) The Evolution of Political Science ( November 2006 ) . APSR Centennial Volume of American Political Science Review . Apsanet.org. 4 February 2009 . European Political Processes : Essays and Readings ( 1968 ) . ( Compiled and ) ed. , with original essays , by Henry S. Albinski ( and ) Lawrence K. Pettit . Boston : Allyn and Bacon . vii , 448 p . Goodin , R.E. ; Klingemann , Hans - Dieter ( 1996 ) . A New Handbook of Political Science . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829471 - 9 . Grinin , L. , Korotayev , A. and Tausch A. ( 2016 ) Economic Cycles , Crises , and the Global Periphery . Springer International Publishing , Heidelberg , New York , Dordrecht , London , ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 17780 - 9 ; Klingemann , Hans - Dieter , ed. ( 2007 ) The State of Political Science in Western Europe . Opladen : Barbara Budrich Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 86649 - 045 - 1 . Schramm , S.F. ; Caterino , B. , eds. ( 2006 ) . Making Political Science Matter : Debating Knowledge , Research , and Method . New York and London : New York University Press . Making Political Science Matter . Google Books . 4 February 2009 . Roskin , M. ; Cord , R.L. ; Medeiros , J.A. ; Jones , W.S. ( 2007 ) . Political Science : An Introduction . 10th ed . New York : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 242575 - 9 ( 10 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 242575 - 9 ( 13 ) . Tausch , A. ; Prager , F. ( 1993 ) . Towards a Socio - Liberal Theory of World Development . Basingstoke : Macmillan ; New York : St. Martin 's Press and Springer Publishers . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . Oxford Handbooks of Political Science Noel , Hans ( 2010 ) `` Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Do n't '' The Forum : Vol. 8 : Iss. 3 , Article 12 . Zippelius , Reinhold ( 2003 ) . Geschichte der Staatsideen ( = History of political Ideas ) , 10th ed . Munich : C.H. Beck . ISBN 3 - 406 - 49494 - 3 . Zippelius , Reinhold ( 2010 ) . Allgemeine Staatslehre , Politikwissenschaft ( = Political Science ) , 16th ed . Munich : C.H. Beck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 60342 - 6 . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Political Science Wikimedia Commons has media related to Political science . Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences ( ICR ) - Japan European Consortium for Political Research International Political Science Association International Studies Association IPSAPortal : Top 300 websites for Political Science International Association for Political Science Students American Political Science Association Midwest Political Science Association Southern Political Science Association Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies . `` Political Science Department which offers MA and PhD programmes '' Dalmacio Negro , Political Science Emeritus Professor at CEU San Pablo University , Madrid ( SPAIN ) Political Studies Association of the UK PROL : Political Science Research Online ( prepublished research ) Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook A New Nation Votes : American Elections Returns 1787 -- 1825 Comparative Politics in Argentina & Latin America : Site dedicated to the development of comparative politics in Latin America . Introduction to Political Science Video Library Guides ( edit ) Library . `` Political Science '' . Research Guides . USA : University of Michigan . Bodleian Libraries . `` Political Science '' . LibGuides . UK : University of Oxford . Library . `` Politics Research Guide '' . LibGuides . New Jersey , USA : Princeton University . Libraries . `` Political Science '' . Research Guides . New York , USA : Syracuse University . University Libraries . `` Political Science '' . Research Guides . USA : Texas A&M University . ( hide ) Social sciences Primary Anthropology archaeology cultural linguistics social Economics microeconomics macroeconomics Geography human integrative History cultural economic military political social Law jurisprudence legal history legal systems Political science international relations psephology public administration public policy Psychology abnormal biological cognitive developmental personality social Sociology criminology demography internet rural urban Interdisciplinary Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental ( social science studies ) Food studies Gender studies Global studies History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Media studies Philosophy of science economics history psychology social science Planning land use regional urban Political ecology Political economy Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Social work Other categorizations Humanities Geisteswissenschaft Human science Index Journals Outline Wikiversity GND : 4076229 - 4 HDS : 24479 NDL : 00570484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_science&oldid=824261068 '' Categories : Political science Politology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2016 USA - centric Wikipedia external links cleanup from November 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from November 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Patois Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20science	45,994
what is the zip code of united state			ZIP Code	zip code	A ZIP Code is a postal code used by the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) in a system it introduced in 1963 . The term ZIP is an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan ; it was chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently and quickly ( zipping along ) when senders use the code in the postal address . The basic format consists of five digits . An extended ZIP + 4 code was introduced in 1983 which includes the five digits of the ZIP Code , followed by a hyphen and four additional digits that reference a more specific location .	The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U.S. Postal Service , but its registration has since expired . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history and five - digit ZIP Codes 1.2 ZIP + 4 1.3 Postal bar code 2 Structure and allocation 2.1 Scope and international mail 2.2 By type and use 2.3 By geography 2.3. 1 Primary state prefixes 2.3. 2 Secondary regional prefixes ( 123xx ) and local ZIP Codes ( 12345 ) 2.3. 3 ZIP Codes and previous zoning lines 2.3. 4 Division and reallocation of ZIP codes 3 Other uses 3.1 Delivery services 3.2 Statistics 3.3 Marketing 3.4 Legislative districts 3.5 Internet 3.6 Credit card security 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Early History and five - digit ZIP Codes ( edit ) A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district / zone numbers . The United States Post Office Department ( USPOD ) implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943 . For example : Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16 , Minnesota The `` 16 '' was the number of the postal zone from the specific city . By the early 1960s , a more organized system was needed , and non-mandatory five - digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide on July 1 , 1963 . The USPOD issued its Publication 59 : Abbreviations for Use with ZIP Code on October 1 , 1963 , with the list of two - letter state abbreviations which are generally written with both letters capitalized . An earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters . According to Publication 59 , the two - letter standard was `` based on a maximum 23 - position line , because this has been found to be the most universally acceptable line capacity basis for major addressing systems '' , which would be exceeded by a long city name combined with a multi-letter state abbreviation , such as `` Sacramento , Calif . '' along with the ZIP Code . The abbreviations have remained unchanged , with the exception of Nebraska , which was changed from NB to NE in 1969 at the request of the Canadian postal administration , to avoid confusion with the Canadian province of New Brunswick . Robert Moon is considered the father of the ZIP Code ; he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector . The post office only credits Moon with the first three digits of the ZIP Code , which describe the sectional center facility ( SCF ) or `` sec center . '' An SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits . The fourth and fifth digits were proposed by Henry Bentley Hahn Sr which give a more precise locale within the SCF . The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes . The mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning . Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public ( though the building may include a post office open to the public ) , and most of their employees work night shift . Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon , where the mail is sorted overnight . In the cases of large cities , the last two digits coincide with the older postal zone number thus : Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis , MN 55416 In 1967 , these became mandatory for second and third - class bulk mailers , and the system was soon adopted generally . The United States Post Office used a cartoon character which it called Mr. ZIP to promote the use of the ZIP Code . He was often depicted with a legend such as `` USE ZIP CODE '' in the selvage of panes of postage stamps or on the covers of booklet panes of stamps . In 1971 Elmira ( NY ) Star - Gazette reporter Dick Baumbach found out the White House was not using a ZIP Code on its envelopes . Herb Klein , special assistant to President Nixon , responded by saying the next printing of envelopes would include the ZIP Code . That did occur . ZIP + 4 ( edit ) In 1983 , the U.S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP + 4 , often called `` plus - four codes '' , `` add - on codes '' , or `` add - ons '' . A ZIP + 4 Code uses the basic five - digit code plus four additional digits to identify a geographic segment within the five - digit delivery area , such as a city block , a group of apartments , an individual high - volume receiver of mail , a post office box , or any other unit that could use an extra identifier to aid in efficient mail sorting and delivery . However , initial attempts to promote universal use of the new format met with public resistance and today the plus - four code is not required . In general , mail is read by a multiline optical character reader ( MLOCR ) that almost instantly determines the correct ZIP + 4 Code from the address -- along with the even more specific delivery point -- and sprays an Intelligent Mail barcode ( IM ) on the face of the mail piece that corresponds to 11 digits -- nine for the ZIP + 4 Code and two for the delivery point . For Post Office Boxes , the general ( but not invariable ) rule is that each box has its own ZIP + 4 code . The add - on code is often one of the following : the last four digits of the box number ( e.g. PO Box 107050 , Albany , NY 12201 - 7050 ) , zero plus the last three digits of the box number ( e.g. , PO Box 17727 , Eagle River , AK 99577 - 0727 ) , or , if the box number consists of fewer than four digits , enough zeros are attached to the front of the box number to produce a four - digit number ( e.g. , PO Box 77 , Juneau , AK 99750 - 0077 ) . However , there is no uniform rule , so the ZIP + 4 Code must be looked up individually for each box . Postal bar Code ( edit ) The ZIP Code is often translated into an Intelligent Mail barcode that is printed on the mailpiece to make it easier for automated machines to sort . A barcode can be printed by the sender ( some word - processing programs such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word include the feature -- but is not recommended as the address to ZIP lookup tables can be significantly out of date ) . It is better to let the post office put one on when it processes the piece . In general , the post office uses OCR technology , though in some cases a human might have to read and enter the address . Customers who send bulk mail can get a discount on postage if they have printed the barcode themselves and have presorted the mail . This requires more than just a simple font ; mailing lists must be standardized with up - to - date Coding Accuracy Support System ( CASS ) - certified software that adds and verifies a full , correct ZIP + 4 Code and an additional two digits representing the exact delivery point . Furthermore , mail must be sorted in a specific manner to an 11 digit code with at least 150 mailpieces for each qualifying ZIP code and must be accompanied by documentation confirming this . These steps are usually done with PAVE - certified software that also prints the barcoded address labels and the barcoded sack or tray tags . This means that every single mailable point in the country has its own 12 - digit number ( at least in theory ) . The delivery - point digits ( the 10th and 11th digits ) are calculated based on the primary or secondary number of the address . The USPS publishes the rules for calculating the delivery point in a document called the CASS Technical Guide . However , when confronted with two addresses like 18 and 18C , often CASS will assign the same 12 - digit number to two distinct mail delivery points . The last digit is always a check digit , which is obtained by summing all 5 , 9 or 11 digits , taking the residue modulo 10 of this sum ( i.e. , the remainder after dividing by 10 ) and finally subtracting this from 10 . ( Thus , the check digit for 10001 - 0001 00 would be 7 , since 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 , 3 ≡ 3 ( mod 10 ) and 10 -- 3 = 7 . ) Structure and allocation ( edit ) Scope and international mail ( edit ) ZIP Codes designate delivery points within the United States ( including territories ) , and overseas stations of its armed forces . There are also ZIP Codes for the independent countries the Federated States of Micronesia , the Republic of the Marshall Islands , and the Republic of Palau , each of which is integrated into the U.S. postal system under a Compact of Free Association . Mail to U.S. diplomatic missions overseas is addressed as if it were addressed to a street address in Washington , D.C. The four - digit diplomatic pouch number is used as a building number , while the city in which the embassy or consulate is located is combined with the word `` Place '' to form a street name . Each mission uses a ZIP + 4 Code consisting of 20521 and the diplomatic pouch number . For example , the mailing address of the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi , India would be : Embassy of the United States of America 9000 New Delhi Place Washington , DC 20521 - 9000 By type and use ( edit ) U.S. postage stamp , 1973 : `` It all depends on ZIP Code '' There are four types of ZIP Codes : Unique : assigned to a single high - volume address Post Office Box only : used only for PO Boxes at a given facility , not for any other type of delivery Military : used to route mail for the U.S. military Standard : all other ZIP Codes . Unique ZIP Codes are used for governmental agencies , universities , businesses , or buildings that receive such extremely high volumes of mail that they need their own ZIP Codes . Government examples include 20505 for the Central Intelligence Agency in Washington , D.C. ; 81009 for the Federal Citizen Information Center of the U.S. General Services Administration ( GSA ) in Pueblo , Colorado . Examples of private address unique ZIP Codes include the headquarters of Wal - Mart ( 72716 ) . An example of a PO Box only ZIP Code is 22313 , which is used for PO Boxes at the main post office in Alexandria , Virginia , such as those used by the United States Patent and Trademark Office . In the area surrounding that post office , home and business mail delivery addresses use ZIP Code 22314 , which is thus a Standard ZIP Code . In certain exceptional cases , a nominally Standard - type ZIP Code may , in practice , be used as one of the three other types . For example , the ZIP Code 43210 in Columbus , Ohio is listed as a Standard - type ZIP Code . However , since its geographic boundaries are essentially coterminous with those of The Ohio State University 's main campus , it is effectively exclusive to the university even though it is not officially a `` Unique '' - type ZIP code . By geography ( edit ) Primary state prefixes ( edit ) ZIP Codes are numbered with the first digit representing a certain group of U.S. states , the second and third digits together representing a region in that group ( or perhaps a large city ) and the fourth and fifth digits representing a group of delivery addresses within that region . The main town in a region ( if applicable ) often gets the first ZIP Codes for that region ; afterward , the numerical order often follows the alphabetical order . Because ZIP Codes are intended for efficient postal delivery , there are unusual cases where a ZIP Code crosses state boundaries , such as a military facility spanning multiple states or remote areas of one state most easily serviced from a bordering state . For example , ZIP Code 42223 serves Fort Campbell , which spans Christian County , Kentucky , and Montgomery County , Tennessee , and ZIP Code 97635 includes portions of Lake County , Oregon , and Modoc County , California . In general , the first three digits designate a sectional center facility , the mail sorting and distribution center for an area . A sectional center facility may have more than one three - digit code assigned to it . For example , the Northern Virginia sectional center facility in Merrifield is assigned codes 220 , 221 , 222 and 223 . In some cases , a sectional center facility may serve an area in an adjacent state , usually due to the lack of a proper location for a center in that region . For example , 739 in Oklahoma is assigned to Liberal , Kansas ; 865 in Arizona is assigned to Gallup , New Mexico ; and 961 in California to Reno , Nevada . In terms of geographic location , many of the lowest ZIP Codes , which begin with ' 0 ' , are in the New England region . Also in the ' 0 ' region are New Jersey ( non-contiguous with the remainder of the ' 0 ' area ) , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands and APO / FPO military addresses for personnel stationed in Europe , Africa , Southwest Asia and aboard vessels based in the waters adjoining those lands . The lowest ZIP Code is in Holtsville , New York ( 00501 , a ZIP Code exclusively for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service center there ) . Other low ZIP Codes are 00601 for Adjuntas , Puerto Rico ; 01001 for Agawam , Massachusetts , and the zip codes 01002 and 01003 for Amherst , Massachusetts ; 01002 is used for mail in town , while 01003 is reserved for the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Until 2001 , there were six ZIP Codes lower than 00501 that were numbered from 00210 to 00215 ( located in Portsmouth , New Hampshire ) and were used by the Diversity Immigrant Visa program to receive applications from non-U.S. citizens . The numbers increase southward along the East Coast , such as 02115 ( Boston ) , 10001 ( New York City ) , 19103 ( Philadelphia ) , 21201 ( Baltimore ) , 20008 ( Washington , D.C. ) , 30303 ( Atlanta ) and 33130 ( Miami ) ( these are only examples , as each of these cities contain several ZIP Codes in the same range ) . From there , the numbers increase heading westward and northward east of the Mississippi River , southward west of the Mississippi River , and northward on the West Coast . For example , 40202 is in Louisville , 50309 in Des Moines , 60601 in Chicago , 63101 in St. Louis , 77036 in Houston , 80202 in Denver , 94111 in San Francisco , 98101 in Seattle , and 99950 in Ketchikan , Alaska ( the highest ZIP Code ) . ZIP Code zones in the United States The first digit of the ZIP Code is allocated as follows : 0 = Connecticut ( CT ) , Massachusetts ( MA ) , Maine ( ME ) , New Hampshire ( NH ) , New Jersey ( NJ ) , New York ( NY , Fishers Island only ) , Puerto Rico ( PR ) , Rhode Island ( RI ) , Vermont ( VT ) , Virgin Islands ( VI ) , Army Post Office Europe ( AE ) , Fleet Post Office Europe ( AE ) 1 = Delaware ( DE ) , New York ( NY ) , Pennsylvania ( PA ) 2 = District of Columbia ( DC ) , Maryland ( MD ) , North Carolina ( NC ) , South Carolina ( SC ) , Virginia ( VA ) , West Virginia ( WV ) 3 = Alabama ( AL ) , Florida ( FL ) , Georgia ( GA ) , Mississippi ( MS ) , Tennessee ( TN ) , Army Post Office Americas ( AA ) , Fleet Post Office Americas ( AA ) 4 = Indiana ( IN ) , Kentucky ( KY ) , Michigan ( MI ) , Ohio ( OH ) 5 = Iowa ( IA ) , Minnesota ( MN ) , Montana ( MT ) , North Dakota ( ND ) , South Dakota ( SD ) , Wisconsin ( WI ) 6 = Illinois ( IL ) , Kansas ( KS ) , Missouri ( MO ) , Nebraska ( NE ) 7 = Arkansas ( AR ) , Louisiana ( LA ) , Oklahoma ( OK ) , Texas ( TX ) 8 = Arizona ( AZ ) , Colorado ( CO ) , Idaho ( ID ) , New Mexico ( NM ) , Nevada ( NV ) , Utah ( UT ) , Wyoming ( WY ) 9 = Alaska ( AK ) , American Samoa ( AS ) , California ( CA ) , Guam ( GU ) , Hawaii ( HI ) , Marshall Islands ( MH ) , Federated States of Micronesia ( FM ) , Northern Mariana Islands ( MP ) , Oregon ( OR ) , Palau ( PW ) , Washington ( WA ) , Army Post Office Pacific ( AP ) , Fleet Post Office Pacific ( AP ) Secondary regional prefixes ( 123xx ) and local ZIP Codes ( 12345 ) ( edit ) See also : List of ZIP code prefixes Early advertisement for ZIP Code 10005 The next two digits represent the sectional center facility ( SCF ) ( e.g. 477xx = Vanderburgh County , Indiana ) , and the fourth and fifth digits represent the area of the city ( if in a metropolitan area ) , or a village / town ( outside metro areas ) : 47722 ( 4 = Indiana , 77 = Vanderburgh County , 22 = University of Evansville area ) . When a sectional center facility 's area crosses state lines , that facility is assigned separate three - digit prefixes for the states that it serves . In some urban areas , like 462 for Marion County , Indiana , the three - digit prefix will often exist in one county , while , in rural and most suburban areas , the prefix will exist in multiple counties ; for example , the neighboring 476 prefix is found in part or entirely in six counties : Gibson , Pike , Posey , Spencer , Vanderburgh , and Warrick . In some cases , an urban county may have more than one prefix . This is the case with Allen ( 467 , 468 ) , Lake ( 464 , 463 ) , St. Joseph ( 465 , 466 ) , and Vanderburgh ( 476 , 477 ) Counties . Cities like Chicago , Houston , Los Angeles , and New York City have multiple prefixes within their city limits . In some cases , these may be served from the same SCF , such as in San Diego County , California , where the three - digit prefixes 919 and 920 are used for suburban and rural communities , and 921 for the city of San Diego itself , although all three are processed through the same SCF facility . Despite the geographic derivation of most ZIP Codes , the codes themselves do not represent geographic regions ; in general , they correspond to address groups or delivery routes . As a consequence , ZIP Code `` areas '' can overlap , be subsets of each other , or be artificial constructs with no geographic area ( such as 095 for mail to the Navy , which is not geographically fixed ) . In similar fashion , in areas without regular postal routes ( rural route areas ) or no mail delivery ( undeveloped areas ) , ZIP Codes are not assigned or are based on sparse delivery routes , and hence the boundary between ZIP Code areas is undefined . For example , some residents in or near Haubstadt , Indiana , which has the ZIP Code 47639 , have mailing addresses with 47648 , the ZIP Code for neighboring Fort Branch , Indiana , while others living in or near Fort Branch have addresses with 47639 . Many rural counties have similar logistical inconsistencies caused by the aforementioned sparse delivery routes , often known as Rural Routes or by some other similar designation . Almost all U.S. government agencies in and around the capital are assigned ZIP Codes starting with 20200 to 20599 , which are Washington , D.C. ZIP Codes , even if they are not located in Washington itself . While the White House itself is located in ZIP Code 20006 , it has the ZIP Code 20500 . The Nuclear Regulatory Commission is located in Rockville , Maryland , at ZIP Code 20852 , but has been assigned by the Postal Service the address `` Washington , DC 20555 '' . In similar manner , the ZIP Code for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority , a federally chartered independent authority , is 20001 - 6000 , even though the physical address of the Authority 's office , `` 1 Aviation Circle '' , is in Arlington , Virginia . One current exception to this rule is the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) . When the USPTO was located in the Crystal City neighborhood in Arlington , Virginia , it was assigned by the Postal Service the address `` Washington , DC 20231 '' despite being physically located in ZIP Code 22202 . However , the USPTO now uses ZIP Codes assigned to its current locations in Alexandria , Virginia . The patents side of the USPTO uses a PO box assigned the ZIP + 4 code of 22313 - 1450 for all postal communications . The trademarks side of the USPTO uses the same ZIP + 4 code for most of its mail , but the office of the Commissioner for Trademarks has its own PO box with the ZIP + 4 code of 22313 - 1451 , and some offices within that part of the USPTO use the 22314 ZIP Code . In rare circumstances , a locality is assigned a ZIP Code that does not match the rest of the state . In even rarer cases a ZIP Code may cross state lines . Usually , this occurs when the locality is so isolated that it is most conveniently served from a sectional center in another state . Examples : Fishers Island , New York , bears the ZIP Code 06390 and is served from Connecticut because the only ferry service is to Connecticut -- all other New York ZIP Codes ( excepting those at Holtsville for the IRS ) begin with `` 1 '' . Returned government parcels from Washington , D.C. are sent to ZIP Codes beginning with `` 569 '' so that returned parcels are security checked at a remote facility ( this was put into place after the 2001 anthrax attacks ) . Some Arkansas roads north of Bull Shoals Lake can best be accessed by the Protem , Missouri delivery unit ( ZIP Code 65733 ) , as they are accessible by road only through Missouri . Fort Campbell ( ZIP Code 42223 ) , is primarily in Tennessee , but the main entrance is in Kentucky . ZIP Codes and previous zoning lines ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A ZIP Code 's address and the city name written on the same line do not necessarily mean that address is within the boundaries of that city . The Postal Service designates one preferred place name for each ZIP Code . This may be an incorporated town or city , a subentity of a large city or an unincorporated census - designated place , or a small unincorporated community . Additional place names may be recognized as acceptable for a certain ZIP Code . Still , others are deemed not acceptable , and if used may result in a delay in mail delivery . Preferred place names are generally the city or town in which the address is located . However , for many cities that have incorporated since ZIP Codes were introduced , the city name is not the preferred place name . Many databases automatically assign the preferred place name for a ZIP Code , without regard to any acceptable place names . For example , Centennial , Colorado is divided among seven ZIP Codes assigned to Aurora , Englewood , or Littleton as its preferred place names ; none of these seven ZIP Codes carries `` Centennial '' as a preferred name , and in the ZIP Code directory , Centennial addresses are listed under those three cities . Since it is acceptable to write `` Centennial '' in conjunction with any of the seven ZIP Codes , one can write `` Centennial '' in an address in Aurora , Englewood , or Littleton , as long as it is in one of the shared ZIP Codes . Acceptable place names are usually added to a ZIP Code in cases where the ZIP Code boundaries divide them between two or more cities , as in the case of Centennial . However , in many cases , only the preferred name can be used , even when many addresses in the ZIP Code are in another city . People sometimes must use the name of a post office rather than their own city . One extreme example is ZIP Code 85254 ; it was assigned the place name Scottsdale , Arizona because it is served by the Scottsdale post office , but 85 % of its territory is inside the city limits of neighboring Phoenix . Another notorious example is an entire neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles known as Beverly Hills Post Office . Naturally , its residents prefer the more glamorous Beverly Hills address and 90210 ZIP Code , but this regularly causes problems with an emergency response when dispatchers have to sort out whether a given home in 90210 is in Los Angeles or Beverly Hills . Similarly , Missouri City , Texas , straddles Harris and Fort Bend counties . The portion within Harris County is within the ZIP Code 77071 , which must use the city name of Houston instead of Missouri City . At the same time , a small portion of the city of Houston is in Fort Bend County in the ZIP Code 77489 , and residents there must use the name Missouri City for their address even though they are in Houston . This also occurs in some rural areas where portions of one town have their mail delivered to other post offices . For example , while most of the town of Plainfield , Massachusetts is in ZIP Code 01070 , some sections of town are in the ZIP Code area for the neighboring town of Cummington with ZIP Code 01026 . Only the preferred name of Cummington is allowed in ZIP Code 01026 , so residents of parts of Plainfield must list their address as being in Cummington . This phenomenon is repeated across the country . The previously mentioned Englewood , Colorado is an inner - ring suburb that was built out by the 1960s . Its post office served the area that is now the high - growth southern tier of the Denver metropolitan area , and ZIP Codes in this area were assigned Englewood as their preferred place name . A business community as large as downtown Denver has grown in this area , with headquarters for many internationally recognized corporations . These companies indicate Englewood as their location ( the preferred postal place name ) , although they are located in other cities . As a result , there are really two Englewoods -- the city , small and with a largely working - class residential population , and , a number of miles away , the postal Englewood , a vast suburban area of upscale subdivisions and office parks that have nothing to do with the city of Englewood yet share a split identity with it solely because of ZIP Codes . People who say they live or work in Englewood and identify closely with it may rarely enter the city . In Indiana , the ZIP Code for a town usually indicates the ZIP Code for its corresponding township , as nearly all of Indiana 's small town post offices have rural routes . Acceptable place names also come into play in areas where citizens identify more strongly with a particular urban center than their own municipality . For example , Allegheny County , Pennsylvania , has 130 distinct municipalities , yet many of the county 's residents , and even some residents of adjacent counties , commonly use Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania as their postal address . On the opposite end of the spectrum , in some urban areas , neighborhood names may be acceptable even though they have no legal standing , such as La Jolla , California , which is the preferred place name for ZIP Code 92037 , despite the fact that La Jolla is a district of San Diego , California and not a separate legal entity ( this ZIP Code is also in the 919 / 920 sequence used by San Diego County 's suburban and rural areas , not in the 921 sequence used in the remainder of the City of San Diego , even though La Jolla has always been part of San Diego ) . Many ZIP Codes are for villages , census - designated places , portions of cities , or other entities that are not municipalities . For example , ZIP Code 03750 is for Etna , New Hampshire , but Etna is not a city or town ; it is a village district in the town of Hanover , which itself is assigned the ZIP Code 03755 . Another example is ZIP Code 08043 , which corresponds to the census - designated place of Kirkwood , New Jersey , but serves the entirety of Voorhees Township . This is also the case in LaGrange , New York , a portion of which is served by the 12603 ZIP Code based in the neighboring town of Poughkeepsie . The rest of LaGrange is served by the LaGrangeville Post Office . LaGrangeville is itself not a town at all , but a section of LaGrange . Willow Grove , Pennsylvania , served by the 19090 ZIP Code , is a village that straddles the border of Upper Moreland Township and Abington Township , and that post office also serves a small portion of Upper Dublin Township . Furthermore , non-municipal place names may also share ZIP Codes with municipal place names . For example , West Windsor Township , New Jersey , is commonly referred to in most mailing databases as Princeton Junction , a census - designated place within West Windsor . Silver Spring , Maryland , ( 20815 , 20901 -- 20912 ) is neither a city nor a town , but simply the common name for an unincorporated area consisting of a large part of the lower southern portion of Montgomery County . Postal designations for place names become de facto locations for their addresses , and as a result , it is difficult to convince residents and businesses that they are located in another city or town different from the preferred place name associated with their ZIP Codes . Because of issues of confusion and lack of identity , some cities , such as Signal Hill , California , ( an enclave located entirely inside the separate city of Long Beach ) have successfully petitioned the Postal Service to change ZIP Code boundaries or create new ZIP Codes so their cities become the preferred place name for addresses within the ZIP Code . Postal designation confusion may have financial implications for local governments because mail volume is one factor used by the U.S. Census Bureau to estimate population changes between decennial census enumerations . Sometimes local officials in a community that is not the preferred place name for a ZIP Code but is an acceptable place name will advise residents to always use the name of the community , because if the census estimate of that town 's population is low they may receive fewer funds that are computed based on population . A typical example is Paddock Lake , Wisconsin , whose preferred place name is Salem . Paddock Lake is incorporated as a village within the town of Salem , even though there are more people in the village of Paddock Lake than there are in the unincorporated parts of the town of Salem . Further confusion is caused because Silver Lake , Wisconsin , which is also a village in the town of Salem and is of similar size and status to Paddock Lake , has its own ZIP Code and post office . In another case , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) denied a radio station ( now WNNX FM ) a move requiring a change in its city of license to Sandy Springs , Georgia , largely because it was not a city ( until municipal incorporation in late 2005 ) , despite being the seventh - largest place in the state by population . The FCC cited the use of `` Atlanta '' on letters of support from local organizations , even though the USPS forced them to use Atlanta for 30328 until well after incorporation took effect . Currently `` Sandy Springs '' is only acceptable , despite none of 30328 being in Atlanta , or anywhere else outside the Sandy Springs city limit . This even applies to the ZIP Code used only for PO boxes at the Sandy Springs main post office . Because ZIP Codes and their associated place names can ignore county lines , problems may occur where street addresses are based on quadrant location within a county . For example , the area served by 30339 straddles the Cobb County -- Fulton County line in Georgia . The Cobb County portion of this area includes Vinings in the southeast of that county ; the Fulton County portion lies within the city limits of Atlanta . Every street address in Vinings is labeled SE , and has a house number on the Cobb County grid ( according to the distance from the town square in the county seat of Marietta ) . However , because the USPS demands the use of Atlanta , Vinings ' addresses are written such that they appear to be in southeast Atlanta , instead of in the opposite ( northwest metro Atlanta ) side . Division and reallocation of ZIP Codes ( edit ) Like area codes , ZIP codes are sometimes divided and changed , especially when a rural area becomes suburban . Typically , the new codes become effective once announced , and a grace period ( e.g. , one year ) is provided in which the new and old codes are used concurrently so that postal patrons in the affected area can notify correspondents , order new stationery , etc . In rapidly growing communities , it is sometimes necessary to open a new sectional center facility , which must then be allocated its own three - digit ZIP - code prefix or prefixes . Such allocation can be done in various ways . For example , when a new sectional center facility was opened at Dulles Airport in Virginia , the prefix 201 was allocated to that facility ; therefore , for all post offices to be served by that sectional center facility the ZIP Code changed from an old code beginning with 220 or 221 to a new code or codes beginning with 201 . However , when a new sectional center facility was opened to serve Montgomery County , Maryland , no new prefix was assigned . Instead , ZIP Codes in the 207 and 208 ranges , which had previously been assigned alphabetically , were reshuffled so that 207xx ZIP Codes in the county was changed to 208xx codes , while 208xx codes outside that county were changed to 207xx codes . Because Silver Spring ( whose postal area includes Wheaton ) has its own prefix , 209 , there was no need to apply the reshuffling to Silver Spring ; instead , all mail going to 209xx ZIP Codes was simply rerouted to the new sectional center facility . On the other hand , depopulation may cause a post office to close and its associated ZIP Code to be deallocated . For example , Centralia , Pennsylvania 's ZIP Code , 17927 , was retired in 2002 , and ZIP Codes for Onoville ( 14764 ) , Quaker Bridge ( 14771 ) and Red House ( 14773 ) were prevented from going into use in 1964 in preparation for the Kinzua Dam 's completion . Elkins Park , Pennsylvania , was originally issued the 19117 ZIP Code , although it lies in Montgomery County , Pennsylvania . Because of the 191 prefix , which is found only in Philadelphia with that lone exception , auto insurance companies charged higher city premiums to that suburban location . For that reason , residents petitioned the USPS for a 190 - prefix ZIP Code , which is common to the inner - ring Pennsylvania suburbs of that city , and , after several attempts that were initially disapproved by the USPS , Elkins Park was finally reassigned to the 19027 ZIP Code . ZIP Codes also change when postal boundaries are realigned . For example , at the same time at which the above - noted change in Montgomery County , Maryland , took place , and under pressure from then - mayor of Washington , D.C. , Marion Barry , the USPS realigned the postal boundaries between Washington , D.C. and Maryland to match the boundary . Previously , many inner suburbs , such as Bethesda and Takoma Park , Oxon Hill , Temple Hills , Suitland , and Capitol Heights had been in the Washington , D.C. , postal area . As a result of the change , ZIP Codes in Maryland beginning with 200 were changed to new ZIP Codes beginning with 207 , 208 or 209 , depending on their location , and ZIP Codes straddling the D.C. - Maryland line were split . For example , 20016 ( Bethesda ) became 20816 , while the Maryland portion of 20012 ( Takoma Park ) became 20912 . Other uses ( edit ) Delivery Services ( edit ) Delivery services other than the USPS , such as FedEx , United Parcel Service , and DHL , require a ZIP Code for optimal internal routing of a package . Statistics ( edit ) As of 2015 , there were over 42,000 ZIP Codes in the United States . ZIP Codes are used not only for tracking of mail but also in gathering geographical statistics in the United States . The U.S. Census Bureau calculates approximate boundaries of ZIP Codes areas , which it calls ZIP Code Tabulation Areas ( ZCTAs ) . Statistical census data is then provided for these approximate areas . The geographic data provided for these areas includes the latitude and longitude of the center - point of the ZCTAs . There are approximately 32,000 ZCTAs . The reason that there is not one ZCTA for every ZIP Code is that PO Boxes are excluded , since only populated areas are included in the Census data . The Census Bureau provides many statistical data sets for ZIP Codes , but does not keep up - to - date datasets of all ZCTAs . Complete datasets providing a similar approximate geographic extent are commercially available . ZIP Codes are inherently discrete data , or point - based data , as they are assigned only at the point of delivery , not the spaces in between the delivery points . The U.S. Census Bureau then interpolates this discrete data set to create polygons , or areal features representing the approximate extent of the ZIP Code to use for mapping and data presentation . ZCTAs are not to be confused with ZIP Codes , and they are not updated as frequently as ZIP Codes . However , for many research and planning purposes , they are very useful and can be used with ZIP Code data . Marketing ( edit ) The data is often used in direct mail marketing campaigns in a process called ZIP - code marketing . Point - of - sale cashiers sometimes ask consumers their home ZIP Code . Besides providing purchasing - pattern data useful in determining the location of new business establishments , retailers can use directories to correlate this ZIP Code with the name on a credit card to obtain a consumer 's full address and telephone number . ZIP - Coded data are also used in analyzing geographic factors in risk , an insurance and banking industry practice pejoratively known as redlining . This can cause problems ( e.g. , expensive insurance ) for people living near a town with a high crime rate and sharing its ZIP Code , while they live in a relatively crime - free town ( see Elkins Park , Pennsylvania , above ) . This practice was outlawed in California in 2011 . Legislative districts ( edit ) ZIP Codes can not be used to identify legislative districts . Although the website of the U.S. House of Representatives has a `` Find Your Representative '' feature that looks up congressional districts based on ZIP Codes alone , it often returns multiple districts corresponding to a single ZIP Code . This is because different parts of one ZIP Code can be in different districts . Internet ( edit ) A 1978 proposal for a nationwide system of community networks suggested using ZIP Codes for routing . ZIP Code data is an integral part of dealer / store locator software on many websites , especially brick - and - click websites . This software processes a user - input ZIP Code and returns a list of store or business locations , usually in the order of increasing distance from the center of the input ZIP Code . As the ZIP system is confined to the U.S. Postal network , websites that require ZIP Codes can not register customers outside the U.S. Many sites will either purchase postal code data of other countries or make allowances in cases where the ZIP Code is not recognized . ZIP Codes are regularly used on the Internet to provide a location in situations where an exact address is not necessary ( or desirable ) but the user 's municipality , or at least general location , is needed . Examples ( in addition to the store locator example listed above ) include weather forecasts , television listings , local news , and online dating ( most general purpose sites , by default , search within a given number of miles of a given ZIP Code , based on the others ' entered ZIP Codes ) . Credit card security ( edit ) Main article : Address Verification System ZIP Codes are used in credit card authorization , specifically Address Verification System ( AVS ) . When a merchant collects the entire address , the ZIP Code is an important part of AVS . In some cases , the ZIP Code is the only thing used for AVS , specifically where collecting a signature , or other information is infeasible , such as pay at the pump or vending machines . See also ( edit ) J.W. Westcott II List of ZIP code prefixes ZIP Code Tabulation Area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mr. Zip and the ZIP Code Promotional Campaign '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Status Info '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A ZONING SYSTEM IN DEVELOPMENT '' . ^ Jump up to : `` State Abbreviations '' , USPS.com . Jump up ^ Tim Bullamore . Robert Moon Obituary Jump up ^ `` Papers of H. Bentley Hahn : The Man Who Invented the 5 - Digit ZIP Code -- ARCHIVALLY SPEAKING : An Inside Look at the JFK Library Archives '' . archiveblog.jfklibrary.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Cornell Daily Sun 17 March 1971 -- The Cornell Daily Sun '' . cdsun2.library.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Organizing America : A History of the ZIP Code '' . Random History . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived : How can I print routing barcodes on envelopes ? - Knowledge Base '' . The Trustees of Indiana University . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Insert a barcode into an Office document '' . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CASS Technical Guide '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . p. 40 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mail Management '' . Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Division of the U.S. Department of State . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FCIC -- About Us '' . Federal Citizen Information Center of the U.S. General Services Administration . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . For years , consumers have written to Pueblo , Colorado 81009 for timely , practical information they trust . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal Facts '' . facts.usps.com. 2018 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Validated Address '' . Retrieved Oct 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Retrieved Oct 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mailing and hand carry addresses '' . USPTO . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Addressing trademark mail '' . USPTO . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` An Elite ZIP Code Becomes Harder to Crack '' . The New York Times . p . C15 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wheary , Rob . `` Centralia loses its ZIP '' . Jump up ^ `` Post Offices to Close '' . The Bradford Era . April 22 , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Final Check - Out '' . Salamanca Republican - Press . July 1 , 1964 . Jump up ^ Ro , Sam ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` One sentence nails why Walmart 's problems are never company - specific '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . ' It is just that Walmart happens to be the largest private employer in the United States by a very wide margin , and it employs more people than the next five largest companies on that ranking , ' ( Oleg Melentyev ) noted . ' One in every 80 US households has someone working for Walmart , and it has a store in 1 out of 8 ZIP codes in the country . ' ... That 's mind - boggling as there are over 42,000 ZIP codes in the US . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau data provided by GreatData.com '' . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Botelho , Greg ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` California high court : Retailers can not request cardholders ' ZIP Code '' . CNN . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The United States House of Representatives House.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` Find Your Representative House.gov '' . Jump up ^ `` Sunlight Foundation '' . Jan 19 , 2012 . Retrieved Aug 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilber , Mike ( February 1978 ) . `` CIE Net : A Design for a Network of Community Information Exchanges '' . BYTE . p. 12 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) Template : Commons categoryZIP Codes The Untold Story of the ZIP Code ( PDF ) -- United States Postal Service ZIP Code promo film ( 1971 ) -- U.S. National Archives USPS ZIP Code lookup United States Postal Code Lists Highest - income ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States List of ZIP code prefixes Areas ZIP Code Tabulation Area Tools Intelligent Mail barcode POSTNET Media Mr. ZIP People J. Edward Day Related United States Postal Service 10048 ( ZIP code ) Beverly Hills Post Office United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. Westcott II List of United States Post Offices National Postal Museum Network Distribution Center Railway mail service library Red Brick Roads Sectional center facility Streetcar Railway Post Office Terminal Railway Post Office Legal Comstock laws Post Office Act Postal Reorganization Act Postal Service Act Private Express Statutes Rural Post `` Good '' Roads Act of 1916 Title 39 of the United States Code Related Airmails of the United States CAR - RT SORT Catcher pouch Cimarron Redoubt Domestic Mail Manual Facing Identification Mark Flats Grumman LLV Information - Based Indicia The Inspectors Intelligent Mail barcode Label 228 List of postal killings List of U.S. state abbreviations List of United States airmail stamps Mail bag Mail cover Mail hook Mail Isolation Control and Tracking Mail jumping Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel The Mail Story Nixie ORM - D Owney ( dog ) Pony Express mochila Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postal Alpha Numeric Encoding Technique Postal Clause Postal worker Postmaster General Prohibitory Order Remote Bar Coding System Rural Free Delivery Rural letter carrier STD - 4C United States post office murals List of murals USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program United States Postal Service creed Postal codes in the Americas North America Central America South America Caribbean Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZIP_Code&oldid=865990592 '' Categories : 1963 in the United States 1963 introductions Philatelic terminology Postal codes by country ZIP code Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from June 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Български Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ᏣᎳᎩ Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 14 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIP%20Code	19,962
which war did the battle of puebla occur in	The Battle of Puebla ( Spanish : Batalla de Puebla ; French : Bataille de Puebla ) took place on 5 May 1862 , near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico . The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the occupying French soldiers . The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles , but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and also helped slow the French army 's advance towards Mexico City .	the Second French intervention in Mexico	Battle of Puebla	battle of puebla	Scene recreated by Francisco P. Miranda .	Oil on canvas , 1872 Date May 5 , 1862 Location Puebla City , Mexico Result Mexican Republican victory Political victory for Mexican republicans Belligerents Second Federal Republic of Mexico Second French Empire Mexican nobility Commanders and leaders Ignacio Zaragoza Benito Juárez Charles de Lorencez Strength 4,500 6,500 soldiers Casualties and losses 87 killed , 131 wounded , 12 missing 476 killed , 304 wounded , 35 captured Second French intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 1867 ) Fortín Las Cumbres Atlixco Puebla Barranca Seca Cerro del Borrego Jonuta Siege of Puebla San Pablo del Monte Tampico 2nd Atlixco Camarón Mexico City Chiapa de Corzo Morelia Guanajuato Guadalajara El Jahuactal San Juan Bautista Mazatlán Acapulco Nanahuatipam Majoma Monterrey Matamoros Totoapan Colima Jiquilpan San Pedro Cuauhtémoc El Rosario Tacámbaro Soyaltepec La Loma Parral Chihuahua Álamos Ixmiquilpan Bagdad Santa Isabel Chihuahua Siege of Jonuta Santa Gertrudis Miahuatlán Juchitán La Carbonera Guayabo Guadalajara Villa de Álvarez San Jacinto Monterrey 3rd Puebla Lomas de San Lorenzo Siege of Querétaro Mexico City This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Battle of Puebla ( Spanish : Batalla de Puebla ; French : Bataille de Puebla ) took place on 5 May 1862 , near Puebla City during the Second French intervention in Mexico . The battle ended in a victory for the Mexican Army over the occupying French soldiers . The French eventually overran the Mexicans in subsequent battles , but the Mexican victory at Puebla against a much better equipped and larger French army provided a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and also helped slow the French army 's advance towards Mexico City . The Mexican victory is celebrated yearly on the fifth of May . Its celebration is regional in Mexico , primarily in the state of Puebla , where the holiday is celebrated as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla ( English : The Day of the Battle of Puebla ) . There is some limited recognition of the holiday in other parts of the country . In the United States , this holiday has evolved into the very popular Cinco de Mayo holiday , a celebration of Mexican heritage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Event 3 Aftermath 4 Celebration 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The 1858 -- 60 Mexican civil war ( known as The Reform War ) had caused major distress throughout Mexico 's economy . When taking office as the elected president in 1861 , Benito Juárez was forced to suspend payments of interest on foreign debts for a period of two years . At the end of October 1861 diplomats from Spain , France , and Britain met in London to form the Tripartite Alliance , with the main purpose of launching an allied invasion of Mexico , taking control of Veracruz , its major port , and forcing the Mexican government to negotiate terms for repaying its debts and for reparations for alleged harm to foreign citizens in Mexico . In December 1861 , Spanish troops landed in Veracruz ; British and French followed in early January . The allied forces occupied Veracruz and advanced to Orizaba . However , the Tripartite Alliance fell apart by early April 1862 , when it became clear the French wanted to impose harsh demands on the Juarez government and provoke a war . The British and Spanish withdrew , leaving the French to march alone on Mexico City . Napoleon III wanted to set up a puppet Mexican regime . Event ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the battle 's terrain The French expeditionary force at the time was led by General Charles de Lorencez . The battle came about by a misunderstanding of the French forces ' agreement to withdraw to the coast . When the Mexican Republic forces saw these French soldiers on the march , they took it that hostilities had recommenced and felt threatened . To add to the mounting concerns , it was discovered that political negotiations for the withdrawal had broken down . A vehement complaint was lodged by the Mexicans to General Lorencez who took the effrontery as a plan to assail his forces . Lorencez decided to hold up his withdrawal to the coast by occupying Orizaba instead , which prevented the Mexicans from being able to defend the passes between Orizaba and the landing port of Veracruz . The 33 - year - old Mexican Commander General , Ignacio Zaragoza , fell back to Acultzingo Pass where he and his army were badly beaten in a skirmish with Lorencez 's forces on 28 April . Zaragoza retreated to Puebla which was heavily fortified -- it had been held by the Mexican government since the Reform War . To its north stood the forts Loreto and Guadalupe on opposite hilltops . Zaragoza had a trench dug to join the forts via the saddle . Battle of Puebla , 5 May 1862 Lorencez was led to believe that the people of Puebla were friendly to the French , and that the Mexican Republican garrison which kept the people in line would be overrun by the population once he made a show of force . This would prove to be a serious miscalculation on Lorencez 's part . On 5 May 1862 , against all advice , Lorencez decided to attack Puebla from the north . However , he started his attack a little too late in the day , using his artillery just before noon and by noon advancing his infantry . By the third attack the French required the full engagement of all their reserves . The French artillery had run out of ammunition , so the third infantry attack went unsupported . The Mexican forces and the Republican garrison both put up a stout defense and even took to the field to defend the positions between the hilltop forts . As the French retreated from their final assault , Zaragoza had his cavalry attack them from the right and left while troops concealed along the road pivoted out to flank them . By 3 p.m. the daily rains had started , making a slippery slope of the battlefield . Lorencez withdrew to distant positions , counting 462 of his men killed against only 83 of the Mexicans . He waited a couple of days for Zaragoza to attack again , but Zaragoza held his ground . Lorencez then completely withdrew to Orizaba . Aftermath ( edit ) The Second Battle of Puebla in 1863 The Battle of Puebla was an inspirational event for wartime Mexico , and it provided a stunning revelation to the rest of the world which had largely expected a rapid victory for French arms . Slowed by their loss at Puebla , the French forces retreated and regrouped , and the invasion continued after Napoleon III determinedly sent additional troops to Mexico . The French were eventually victorious , winning the Second Battle of Puebla on 17 May 1863 and pushing on to Mexico City . When the capital fell , Juárez 's government was forced into exile in the remote north . With the backing of France , the Habsburg Archduke Maximilian became Emperor of Mexico in the short - lived Second Mexican Empire . Fort Guadalupe Celebration ( edit ) On 9 May 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday , regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . A common misconception in the United States is that Cinco de Mayo is Mexico 's Independence Day , the most important national patriotic holiday in Mexico . Mexico celebrates Independence Day on the 16th of September , commemorating the beginning of the war of Independence ( September 16 , 1810 , the `` Cry of Dolores '' ) . Mexico also observes the culmination of the war of Independence , which lasted 11 years , on the 27th of September . Since the 1930s , a re-enactment of the Battle of Puebla has been held each year at Peñón de los Baños , a rocky outcrop close to Mexico City International Airport . See also ( edit ) List of battles of the French intervention in Mexico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christopher Minster ( 2011 ) . `` Latin American history : Cinco de Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` In Mexico , Cinco de Mayo a more sober affair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . 2007 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ DeRouen , Karl R. ; Heo , Uk ( 2005 ) . Defense and security : a compendium of national armed forces and security policies . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 472 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 781 - 4 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The following sources are mentioning that Zaragoza was heading 12,000 troops : see The Cinco de Mayo and French Imperialism - HICKS Peter , Fondation Napoléon , and General Gustave Léon Niox book , Expédition du Mexique : 1861 - 1867 , published in 1874 by Librairie militaire de J. Dumaine , p. 162 Read online Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( 2006 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ List of Public and Bank Holidays in Mexico April 14 , 2008 . This list indicates that Cinco de Mayo is not a día feriado obligatorio ( `` obligatory holiday '' ) , but is instead a holiday that can be voluntarily observed . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo is not a federal holiday in México Accessed May 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ Día de la Batalla de Puebla. 5 May 2011 . `` Dia de la Batalla de Puebla : 5 de Mayo de 1862 . '' Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Colegio Rex : Marina , Mazatlan . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Día de la Batalla de Puebla ( 5 de Mayo ) . Guia de San Miguel . Archived 2012 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Happy `` Battle of Puebla '' Day . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beezley , William H. ( 2011 ) . Mexico in World History . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515381 - 1 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record - House . Page 7488 . May 9 , 2001 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was 8 September 1862 . Jump up ^ Statement by Mexican Consular official Accessed May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Adam Brooks . `` Is Cinco De Mayo Really Mexico 's Independence Day ? '' . NBC 11 News . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2011 ) . `` The World Factbook : Mexico '' . CIA . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Geo - Mexico ( 2010 ) . `` The Battle of Puebla is re-enacted each year on Cinco de Mayo ( May 5 ) , but in Mexico City '' . Geo-mexico.com . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Puebla . French Intervention in Mexico : Battle of Puebla Phil 's Findings : Did Battle of Puebla change the course of U.S. history ? by PHILIP A. RUE Coordinates : 19 ° 03 ′ 00 '' N 98 ° 12 ′ 00 '' W / 19.0500 ° N 98.2000 ° W / 19.0500 ; - 98.2000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Puebla&oldid=841776815 '' Categories : 1862 in the French colonial empire 1862 in Mexico Battles involving France Battles of the Second French intervention in Mexico Conflicts in 1862 May 1862 events Puebla City Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2011 Articles needing more detailed references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from May 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Tiếng Việt Winaray 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Puebla	7,895
who scored the goals for manchester united against west ham	On 25 January , Hernández scored the equalising goal of a 3 -- 2 comeback away win over Blackpool . Four days later he scored his first FA Cup goal as he netted the winner in a 2 -- 1 away victory over Southampton . Hernández netted twice in a 4 -- 0 away win over Wigan on 26 February . Eight days later , he netted a late consolation goal in a 3 -- 1 derby defeat away to Liverpool . Hernández netted twice in a 2 -- 1 home win over Marseille on 15 March , sending United through to the quarter - finals of the Champions League . On 2 April , he scored the final goal against West Ham United as they came from two goals down to claim a 4 -- 2 away win . On 8 April , Hernández was revealed as a contender for the PFA Young Player of the Year award alongside teammate Nani . Four days later , He opened the scoring in the 2 -- 1 quarter - final win over Chelsea in the Champions League , with the game ending 3 -- 1 on aggregate , sending United through to the semi-finals . He continued his goal scoring form on 23 April scoring the winning goal with a header in the 1 -- 0 home win over Everton .		Javier Hernández	javier hernandez	Javier Hernández Balcázar ( Spanish ( xaˈβjeɾ erˈnandes ) ( help info ) ; born 1 June 1988 ) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club West Ham United and the Mexico national team . Hernández is commonly known by his nickname , Chicharito ( Mexican Spanish : little pea ) , which he wears on his shirt .	He began his career in 2006 , playing for the Mexican club Guadalajara , before becoming the first Mexican player to join Manchester United in July 2010 . After falling out of favour under managers David Moyes and Louis van Gaal , he spent the 2014 -- 15 season on loan to Real Madrid , then moved permanently to Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen in August 2015 . His minutes - per - goal ratio during his time with Manchester United is among the most prolific in the history of the Premier League . A Mexican international , Hernández is his country 's all - time leading goalscorer . He made his debut for Mexico in September 2009 in a match against Colombia . He has represented Mexico at the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup , the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Copa América Centenario and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . He was the 2011 Gold Cup 's top scorer with seven goals and was named the most valuable player of the tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 C.D. Guadalajara 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 Transfer 2.2. 2 2010 -- 11 season 2.2. 3 2011 -- 12 season 2.2. 4 2012 -- 13 season 2.2. 5 2013 -- 14 season 2.2. 6 Real Madrid ( loan ) 2.3 Bayer Leverkusen 2.3. 1 2015 -- 16 season 2.3. 2 2016 -- 17 season 2.4 West Ham United 3 International career 3.1 Mexico under - 20 3.2 Mexico national team 3.2. 1 2010 FIFA World Cup 3.2. 2 Post World Cup friendlies 3.2. 3 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 3.2. 4 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 3.2. 5 2014 FIFA World Cup 3.2. 6 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup 3.2. 7 2016 -- present : Copa América Centenario and all - time Mexico top scorer 4 Style of play 5 Personal life 5.1 Nickname 5.2 Faith 6 Career statistics 6.1 Club 6.2 International 6.3 International goals 7 Honours 7.1 Club 7.2 International 7.3 Individual 8 References 9 External links Early life Hernández was born in Guadalajara , Jalisco and first played in a recreation league when he was seven years old . Hernández lived in Morelia , Michoacán for over four years while his father , footballer Javier `` Chícharo '' Hernández , played for Monarcas Morelia . While living in Morelia , Hernández attended elementary school at the Instituto Piaget where he studied from third to sixth grade and played for the school 's football team . Hernández joined C.D. Guadalajara at the age of nine and signed his first professional contract when he was 15 . He was set to play in the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship , but an injury sidelined him from the team that ultimately won the championship . Whilst playing football professionally , Hernández was also taking business administration classes at Universidad del Valle de Atemajac . Club career C.D. Guadalajara Hernández began playing with Chivas ' lower division team , Chivas Coras in Tepic , Nayarit in the 2005 -- 06 season . He made his debut for Chivas in the 2006 Apertura in a win over Necaxa at Estadio Jalisco . With the score at 3 -- 0 , Hernández came on as a substitute for Omar Bravo in the 82nd minute , before scoring the fourth goal of the game five minutes later . It was his only goal in seven appearances in 2006 -- 07 . He made a further six appearances in 2007 -- 08 without scoring . Hernández made ten appearances in the 2008 Apertura without scoring , but he scored four goals in fifteen appearances in the 2009 Clausura . In the 2009 Apertura , Hernández finished as the joint - third top scorer , with eleven goals in seventeen appearances . He started the 2010 Torneo Bicentenario with eight goals in five games . He finished as a joint - leader in the goalscoring chart for the 2010 Torneo Bicentenario , with ten goals in eleven games and after spent 5 matches without playing because of an injury he suffered . Manchester United Transfer Play media Hernández on his Manchester United debut Manchester United were first made aware of Hernández in October 2009 ; a scout went to Mexico that December and reported positively after watching a few games . Because of Hernández 's age , the club originally planned to wait before making a move to sign him , but his potential involvement with the national team at the World Cup rushed the club into making a bid . United 's chief scout , Jim Lawlor , was sent to Mexico for three weeks in February and March to watch Hernández and filed another positive report on him , before the club solicitor went over to Mexico to finalise the paperwork . On 8 April 2010 , Hernández agreed a deal to sign for Manchester United for an undisclosed fee , subject to a work permit application . The previous day , Hernández had been present at Manchester United 's Champions League quarter - final win over Bayern Munich at Old Trafford . The deal was conducted in complete secrecy ; Hernández 's agent was kept in the dark , as was his grandfather Tomás Balcázar , who thought Hernández was going on a trip to Atlanta in the United States . As part of the deal , United played a friendly against Chivas to open their new stadium on 30 July . On 27 May , the work permit was granted , allowing the transfer to be made official on 1 July . 2010 -- 11 season Hernández made his United debut on 28 July , coming on as a 63rd - minute substitute for Nani in the 2010 MLS All - Star Game ; he scored his first goal for the club 18 minutes later , lobbing the ball over Nick Rimando from just outside the area after a long through - ball from Darren Fletcher . Two days later , Hernández scored against Manchester United while playing in a friendly for his old club , Chivas ; he started the game in a Chivas jersey and scored after just eight minutes . He switched sides at half - time , but he was unable to prevent a 3 -- 2 defeat for Manchester United . He scored for the third pre-season game in a row as he netted in a 7 -- 1 victory over a League of Ireland XI at the newly built Aviva Stadium on 4 August . Hernández made his competitive debut on 8 August and scored his first goal in the process , netting United 's second of a 3 -- 1 victory over Chelsea in the 2010 FA Community Shield . He came on at the start of the second half and got on the end of a pass from Antonio Valencia before the Mexican 's shot deflected off his own face and into the net . On 16 August , Hernández made his Premier League debut as he replaced Wayne Rooney in the 63rd minute of their 3 -- 0 home victory over Newcastle United . He scored his first Champions League goal on 29 September , coming off the bench to score the only goal in an away win over Valencia . He scored his first league goal for United in a 2 -- 2 home draw against West Bromwich Albion on 16 October . Eight days later he scored his first brace for the club , also his first away league goals , in a 2 -- 1 away win over Stoke City . Two days on from this display , he came off the bench to score a last - minute winner , his first ever League Cup goal , in a 3 -- 2 win over Wolves which sent them through to the quarter - finals where they were then knocked out by West Ham United . On 1 January 2011 , he came off the bench to head the winning goal in a 2 -- 1 away win over West Bromwich Albion . Hernández became the top scoring Mexican in Premier League history after opening the scoring in a 2 -- 1 home victory over Stoke City on 4 January . On 25 January , Hernández scored the equalising goal of a 3 -- 2 comeback away win over Blackpool . Four days later he scored his first FA Cup goal as he netted the winner in a 2 -- 1 away victory over Southampton . Hernández netted twice in a 4 -- 0 away win over Wigan on 26 February . Eight days later , he netted a late consolation goal in a 3 -- 1 derby defeat away to Liverpool . Hernández netted twice in a 2 -- 1 home win over Marseille on 15 March , sending United through to the quarter - finals of the Champions League . On 2 April , he scored the final goal against West Ham United as they came from two goals down to claim a 4 -- 2 away win . On 8 April , Hernández was revealed as a contender for the PFA Young Player of the Year award alongside teammate Nani . Four days later , He opened the scoring in the 2 -- 1 quarter - final win over Chelsea in the Champions League , with the game ending 3 -- 1 on aggregate , sending United through to the semi-finals . He continued his goal scoring form on 23 April scoring the winning goal with a header in the 1 -- 0 home win over Everton . On 8 May , Hernández scored the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 home win over Chelsea after just 36 seconds to leave United one point away from winning the title . The goal against Chelsea made him the first player since Ruud van Nistelrooy in the 2001 -- 02 season to score 20 goals for the club in his debut season . Hernández capped his debut season with Manchester United by winning the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year award on 18 May which was voted for by the fans . On 28 May , Hernández played all 90 minutes in the 3 -- 1 defeat to Barcelona in the Champions League Final . On 5 July 2011 , the International Federation of Football History and Statistics named Hernández as the `` World Goalgetter 2011 '' , with 13 goals , ahead of other players such as Cristiano Ronaldo , Giuseppe Rossi , and Lionel Messi . 2011 -- 12 season After participating in the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup with Mexico , Hernández returned to Manchester United to begin pre-season training in New York ahead of the 2011 MLS All - Star Game . On 26 July 2011 , he was taken to the hospital after suffering a minor concussion after he was hit on the head with a ball during a training session ; he was cleared the next day , but did not take part in the game . On 28 July 2011 , it was reported that Rafael Ortega , the doctor at Chivas , informed Manchester United that Hernández was suffering from a pre-existing neurological condition . Ortega also explained that Hernández had suffered from `` acute migraines and `` headaches '' as a teenager . He did not participate in any of United 's pre-season matches , nor the 2011 FA Community Shield . He also missed United 's opening game of the season against West Bromwich Albion . Hernández made his first appearance in the 2011 -- 12 season on 22 August in a 3 -- 0 win against Tottenham Hotspur , coming off the bench for Danny Welbeck in the 79th minute . He returned to the starting lineup on 10 September against Bolton Wanderers , scoring twice in a 5 -- 0 victory . On 15 October 2011 , Hernández came off the substitutes bench to net a crucial equaliser against Liverpool at Anfield in a 1 -- 1 draw . In the 81st minute Hernández gambled on Danny Welbeck 's flick on from a corner to steal in and head the equaliser . Hernández signed a new five - year contract on 24 October to tie him to Manchester United until 2016 . Hernández scored his fourth league goal of the season and the winner against Everton at Goodison Park , in a 1 -- 0 victory on 29 October . He then scored his fifth league goal of the season and the winner in United 's next away game at Swansea City , a 1 -- 0 win . Hernández scored again in the following game at home to Newcastle United , when Wayne Rooney 's shot was blocked by a defender and ricocheted back off Hernández and into the net . He was then carried off the pitch early in United 's next league game away at Aston Villa , appearing to go over on his ankle without a challenge from an opponent . After the match Sir Alex Ferguson said he had sustained suspected ankle ligament damage and will be out for four weeks . On 18 December , Hernández made a surprise early return in a 2 -- 0 win against QPR at Loftus Road as a 63rd - minute substitute for Danny Welbeck . On 31 January 2012 , Hernández scored his first goal since November , and his seventh goal of the season in a 2 -- 0 league win at Old Trafford against Stoke City , scoring the first of two penalties . Hernández continued his scoring form on 5 February at Stamford Bridge against Chelsea , scoring the third goal of a three - goal comeback draw , heading in a cross from Ryan Giggs . On 16 February , Hernández scored his first goal in the Europa League , in a 2 -- 0 away win against Ajax in the round of 32 . He scored again in the second leg at Old Trafford on 23 February , but this time in a 2 -- 1 home defeat . However , United still won the tie 3 -- 2 on aggregate . On 18 March , Hernández scored twice in a 5 -- 0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers . 2012 -- 13 season Hernández began his third season with United on 2 September 2012 , coming on as a 72nd - minute substitute for Danny Welbeck in a 3 -- 2 win against Southampton . On 15 September , he was named in the starting eleven for the match against Wigan Athletic , playing all 90 minutes . Despite having a penalty saved in the fifth minute by Wigan goalkeeper Ali Al - Habsi , Hernández scored his first goal of the season , as well as assisting in teammate Nick Powell 's goal in a 4 -- 0 victory . On 23 October , Hernández netted a brace in a 3 -- 2 comeback win against SC Braga in a Champions League group stage match after United had gone down 2 -- 0 in the first half . Five days later , he scored the winner against nine - man Chelsea in a controversial 3 -- 2 win after he was deemed to have been in an offside position when scoring the goal . On 10 November 2012 , Hernández came on as a second - half substitute and scored two goals as United came from 2 -- 0 down to beat Aston Villa 2 -- 3 at Villa Park . At the end of the match , Hernández claimed the hat - trick , but replays showed that his shot for United 's second goal was hit wide until turned into his own net by Villa defender Ron Vlaar . On 24 November , he scored his fifth league goal of the season in a 3 -- 1 home win over Queens Park Rangers . On 26 December , Hernández scored United 's fourth goal in the final minutes in a 4 -- 3 win over Newcastle United at Old Trafford . He then began 2013 by scoring a brace against Wigan on 1 January , helping United to a 4 -- 0 victory . On 26 January , Hernández would go on to score another brace , this time during an FA Cup match against Fulham which United won 4 -- 1 . In another FA Cup match against Reading on 18 February , Hernández scored in the 72nd minute , giving United a 2 -- 0 lead . His goal would end up being a deciding factor as United went on to win the game 2 -- 1 . Although he started in United 's 2 -- 0 Premier League victory against QPR on 23 February 2013 , he did not score in the match and he did n't score again until 10 March in another FA Cup match against Chelsea which ended in a 2 -- 2 draw . Hernández opened the scoring in manager Sir Alex Ferguson 's final home game at Old Trafford against Swansea City . After a free kick was not cleared , he slotted in from six yards in the first half to put United 1 -- 0 up , in a game they went on to win 2 -- 1 . Hernández scored United 's last goal of the season and the final goal of the Ferguson era , when he tapped in a cross from close range in a 5 -- 5 draw away at West Bromwich Albion on the final day . 2013 -- 14 season Hernández scored his first goal of the season under new manager David Moyes on 25 September 2013 , netting the only goal of a home win over rivals Liverpool in the third round of the League Cup . On 26 October , with his first league goal of the campaign , he headed the winner as they came from behind to defeat Stoke 3 -- 2 at Old Trafford . Three days later , he recorded a brace -- starting with a penalty -- in a 4 -- 0 win against Norwich City in the next round of the League Cup . In the tournament 's semi-finals , his goal from Adnan Januzaj 's cross in the last minute of extra time forced a penalty shootout , which United lost to Sunderland . Real Madrid ( loan ) On 1 September 2014 , Hernández signed for Real Madrid on a season - long loan deal , with an option of a purchase at the end of the loan . He underwent a medical and signed the contract that same day . Hernández was handed the number 14 shirt , which was available after the departure of Xabi Alonso . He made his debut in the Madrid derby on 13 September , replacing Karim Benzema for the final 27 minutes as the team lost 2 -- 1 at home to Atlético Madrid . On 19 September , Hernández came on as a 77th - minute substitute for Gareth Bale and scored his first two goals in an 8 -- 2 away win against Deportivo de La Coruña . He scored the winning goal on 22 April 2015 in the 1 -- 0 win over Atlético Madrid , which sent Real Madrid into the semi-finals of the Champions League . Four days later , Hernández scored a brace in Madrid 's 2 -- 4 away win over Celta de Vigo . On 26 May , it was announced that Hernández would return to Manchester United following the end of his loan spell after Real Madrid decided not to make the loan move a permanent deal . Bayer Leverkusen On 31 August 2015 , it was announced Hernández signed a three - year contract with Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen for an undisclosed fee , reportedly £ 7.3 million . Hernández was handed the number 7 instead of the number 14 jersey he typically wore , which was being used by Admir Mehmedi . 2015 -- 16 season Hernández made his Bundesliga debut as a 58th - minute substitute in the 1 -- 0 defeat to Darmstadt 98 on 12 September . Four days later he scored his first goal in the Champions League group - stage match against BATE Borisov , scoring the third goal in the 4 -- 1 victory . On 23 September , Hernández scored his first Bundesliga goal in Bayer 's 1 -- 0 victory over FSV Mainz , being also named Man of the Match . On 20 October , Hernández scored his first brace for Leverkusen in their 4 -- 4 draw against Roma in the Champions League . He ended the Champions League group stage with five goals from six matches but Bayer failed to qualify for the knockout phase , finishing third in Group E and dropping into the Europa League . Hernández was named Bundesliga Player of the Month for November ; a month in which he scored in a 2 -- 1 loss at home to 1 . FC Köln and twice in 3 -- 1 win at Eintracht Frankfurt . On 12 December , Hernández scored his first hat - trick in Leverkusen 's 5 -- 0 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach , thus scoring 15 goals in his last 12 matches , and taking his tally to 17 goals in 20 matches . He would again be named Bundesliga Player of the Month for December . On 30 January 2016 , in Bayer 's second match after the winter break , Hernández scored twice in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Hannover 96 to register his 20th and 21st goals of the season . Two days later , he was named for the third time Bundesliga Player of the Month . 2016 -- 17 season Hernández scored and provided an assist in Leverkusen 's 2 -- 1 win over SC Hauenstein in the first round of the DFB - Pokal on 21 August 2016 . Two days later , it was reported that Hernández would miss Bayer 's opening match of the season against Borussia Monchengladbach after sustaining a broken hand . On 17 September , Hernández scored his first goal of the Bundesliga season at Eintracht Frankfurt , however he missed a chance to equalize late from the penalty spot in the 2 -- 1 loss . The following week at FSV Mainz 05 , Hernández collected a perfect hat - trick that included a stoppage time winner , the third hat trick of the Bundesliga season . He was later named Bundesliga Player of the Month for September . On 28 January 2017 , Hernández scored Bayer Leverkusen 's second goal in the 2 -- 3 loss to Borussia Monchengladbach , ending his eleven - match scoreless streak . On 21 February , following the match against Atlético Madrid , Hernández became the Mexican player with the most appearances in the Champions League with 47 , surpassing Rafael Márquez 's previous record of 46 appearances . West Ham United On 24 July 2017 , Hernández joined English club West Ham United for an undisclosed fee , reported to be around £ 16 million , signing a three - year contract . He was handed the number 17 shirt . He made his official debut for the Hammers on 13 August , playing all 90 minutes in the 4 -- 0 defeat against his former club Manchester United at Old Trafford . The following week , Hernández scored his first two goals for West Ham in the 3 -- 2 loss to Southampton . International career Mexico under - 20 Hernández was one of the 21 players called up to the Mexican under - 20 national team for the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada ; he came in as a late substitute in the opening game against Gambia and scored Mexico 's 3 -- 0 goal . Mexico national team Hernández playing for Mexico On 30 September 2009 , Hernández made his debut for Mexico against Colombia , where he made an assist in a 2 -- 1 loss . On 24 February 2010 , Hernández scored two goals against Bolivia and had an assist for Braulio Luna 's goal . On 3 March , Hernández scored a header against New Zealand , giving Mexico the lead in a 2 -- 0 victory . On 17 March , Hernández scored his fourth international goal to give Mexico a 2 -- 1 victory over North Korea . On 26 May , he scored a consolation header against the Netherlands in a 2 -- 1 loss . On 30 May , Hernández scored yet again , netting twice in a 5 -- 1 victory over Gambia . 2010 FIFA World Cup On 11 June , Hernández made his FIFA World Cup debut during the opening game of the 2010 tournament against South Africa in a 1 -- 1 draw , coming on in the 73rd minute to replace Guillermo Franco . On 17 June , Hernández again came off the bench and this time scored his first ever World Cup goal , netting the first in a 2 -- 0 victory over France by springing the offside trap , latching onto a through ball from Rafael Márquez , sidestepping Hugo Lloris and sidefooting into the net . By scoring he emulated his grandfather , Tomás Balcázar , who scored against France in the 1954 World Cup . He was elected as man of the match . On 27 June , Hernández made his first start at a World Cup and netted his second goal of the World Cup , by turning Martín Demichelis on the edge of the box before sending a left - foot shot into the roof of the net , in Mexico 's 3 -- 1 loss against Argentina in the round of 16 . FIFA 's statistical analysis showed that Hernández was the quickest player in World Cup 2010 , reaching a top speed of 32.15 km / h . Post World Cup friendlies Hernández scored another goal in his first match for Mexico since the World Cup , in a friendly against world champions Spain on 11 August 2010 . He scored after just 12 minutes of the match , but David Silva equalised for Spain in the last minute of play to claim a 1 -- 1 draw . Hernández scored his and Mexico 's first international goal of 2011 as he opened the scoring in a 2 -- 0 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 February . On 26 March , Hernández scored two goals in an international friendly against Paraguay . He first connected with a pass from Pablo Barrera in the sixth minute of the match , before scoring off a low cross in the 29th minute , three minutes after teammate Andrés Guardado had made the score 2 -- 0 . He exited to a standing ovation in the 65th minute . 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup On 5 June 2011 , he scored a hat - trick , the first in his career , in a 5 -- 0 win against El Salvador . On 9 June 2011 , he scored two goals , in the 36th and 76th minutes against Cuba . On 18 June 2011 , Hernández scored the winner in a 2 -- 1 win over Guatemala to send Mexico to the semi-finals . On 22 June 2011 , he helped Mexico reach the Gold Cup Final after a 2 -- 0 win over Honduras in extra-time , where he scored Mexico 's second goal in the 99th minute . Hernández was the Gold Cup 's top scorer with seven goals and was named the most valuable player of the tournament , in addition to helping his team to a 4 -- 2 victory in the Final against the United States . 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Hernández was selected in Mexico 's squad for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . On 16 June , he scored from a penalty kick in the team 's opening match , a 2 -- 1 defeat to Italy at the Estádio do Maracanã . In the final group match , Hernández scored both goals as El Tri defeated Asian champions Japan 2 -- 1 . 2014 FIFA World Cup Hernández scored five times for Mexico during qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup . On 23 June , Hernández scored Mexico 's third goal against Croatia in their 3 -- 1 victory at Arena Pernambuco to qualify the team for the round of 16 . 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup On 1 July 2015 , Hernández sustained a broken collar bone during a friendly match against Honduras , ruling him out of the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup , which Mexico went on to win . 2016 -- present : Copa América Centenario and all - time Mexico top scorer Hernández on the bench with teammate Guillermo Ochoa at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Hernández was included in Mexico 's 23 - man squad that would participate in the Copa América Centenario tournament . On 5 June 2016 , he played 83 minutes in the 3 -- 1 victory over Uruguay , and scored the first goal in Mexico 's 2 -- 0 win over Jamaica . The goal took Hernández 's tally to 45 , one goal shy of tying Jared Borgetti 's national team record . On 27 May 2017 , Hernández became Mexico 's all - time top goalscorer with 47 goals when he scored in a friendly against Croatia . Hernández was included in the national squad that would play in the FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia . He scored Mexico 's first goal in an eventual 2 -- 2 draw against Portugal on 18 June , scoring a low header from a Carlos Vela cross . Style of play A clinical goalscorer , Hernández has been described as a `` goal - poacher '' , due to a number of his goals being scored from close - range . His movement off the ball , pace , and ability to find space inside the box has also been praised . He has been described as one of the few players who seem capable of appearing behind a defender 's back to knock in the ball from two yards , with his playing style being compared to that of German striker Miroslav Klose . Rudi Völler , sporting director of Bayer Leverkusen , has praised Hernández for his keen positioning in front of goal , saying : `` he certainly does n't win every tackle but he has an incredible sense of where the ball will end up '' . Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson described Hernández as two - footed , very quick , in possession of a good spring , and a natural goalscorer . Ferguson also said Hernández 's style reminds him of former United striker Ole Gunnar Solskjær -- the so - called `` baby - faced assassin '' who scored the injury time winner against Bayern Munich in United 's 1999 Champions League triumph . Hernández 's former teammate Jesús Padilla described him as `` amazing in the air '' despite his height . Due to his small stature , he is extremely quick and agile , also possessing good technique . In a May 2016 interview with Sports Illustrated , Hernández commented on his abilities inside the penalty area , describing the intuition he has in knowing where an impending cross will fall from a teammate and outsmarting opposing defenders . Personal life Hernández is the son of Javier Hernández Gutiérrez , who played for three different clubs in Mexico and was a member of the Mexico squad at the 1986 FIFA World Cup . Hernández Gutiérrez quit his job as manager of Guadalajara 's reserve side in order to watch Hernández play in the 2010 World Cup in South Africa . Hernández is also the grandson of Tomás Balcázar , who also played for Guadalajara and played for the national side in the 1954 FIFA World Cup . On 26 May 2012 , Hernández became the Mexican ambassador for UNICEF , making him the third Mexican to serve this position , following César Costa and Julieta Venegas in 2004 and 2009 respectively . As ambassador , he will participate in a number of activities to encourage children and teenagers to not abandon their education . He was commemorated in a news conference , where he said he felt `` proud and committed '' ; nonetheless , he refused to answer questions on how he felt for not being able to attend the 2012 Summer Olympics and on his opinion of 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification games . His response was that he was `` ( at the news conference ) to talk about UNICEF , not about ( his ) profession . '' On 27 June 2013 , EA Sports announced that they had featured Hernández on the North American cover of FIFA 14 , alongside global cover star Lionel Messi . Nickname Hernández is commonly known as Chicharito , meaning little pea in Spanish , because his father , Javier Hernández Gutiérrez , was nicknamed Chícharo ( pea ) because of his green eyes . Faith Hernández conducting his pre-match prayer before a match against Cardiff City in November 2013 Hernández is a devout Roman Catholic . He is well known for his pre-game ritual where he gets on his knees and prays which he performs before most games . Career Statistics Club As of match played 27 October 2017 Club Season League National Cup League Cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Guadalajara 2006 -- 07 Primera División 8 0 0 -- 0 0 0 9 2007 -- 08 6 0 0 0 -- 0 0 11 0 2008 -- 09 22 0 -- 7 0 0 32 7 2009 -- 10 28 21 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 28 21 Total 64 26 0 -- 12 0 80 29 Manchester United 2010 -- 11 Premier League 27 13 5 9 45 20 2011 -- 12 28 10 0 0 0 7 0 0 36 12 2012 -- 13 22 10 6 6 -- 36 18 2013 -- 14 24 5 5 0 0 0 35 9 2014 -- 15 0 0 0 0 -- -- 0 2015 -- 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 Total 103 37 13 6 11 6 29 9 157 59 Real Madrid ( loan ) 2014 -- 15 La Liga 23 7 -- 8 0 0 33 9 Bayer Leverkusen 2015 -- 16 Bundesliga 28 17 -- 9 5 -- 40 26 2016 -- 17 26 11 -- 8 -- 36 13 Total 54 28 5 5 -- 17 6 -- 76 39 West Ham United 2017 -- 18 Premier League 10 0 0 0 -- -- 12 Career total 254 102 23 12 13 6 66 19 358 140 Includes the InterLiga , FA Cup and DFB - Pokal . Includes the Copa Libertadores , Copa Sudamericana , North American SuperLiga , UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League . Includes other competitive competitions , including the Primera División playoffs , FA Community Shield , UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup . International As of match played 6 October 2017 Mexico national team Year Apps Goals 2009 0 19 11 2011 13 12 2012 10 5 2013 14 7 2014 13 2015 8 2016 10 2017 10 Total 98 49 International goals Scores and results list Mexico 's goal tally first . Goal Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 . 24 February 2010 Candlestick Park , San Francisco , United States Bolivia 2 -- 0 5 -- 0 Friendly 2 . 4 -- 0 3 . 3 March 2010 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , United States New Zealand 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 4 . 17 March 2010 Estadio Corona , Torreón , Mexico North Korea 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 5 . 26 May 2010 Schwarzwald - Stadion , Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany Netherlands 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 Friendly 6 . 30 May 2010 Hans - Walter - Wild - Stadion , Bayreuth , Germany Gambia 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 Friendly 7 . 2 -- 0 8 . 17 June 2010 Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane , South Africa France 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2010 FIFA World Cup 9 . 27 June 2010 Soccer City , Johannesburg , South Africa Argentina 1 -- 3 1 -- 3 2010 FIFA World Cup 10 . 11 August 2010 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico Spain 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 Friendly 11 . 9 February 2011 Estadio Olímpico Benito Juárez , Ciudad Juarez , Mexico Venezuela 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 Friendly 12 . 9 February 2011 Georgia Dome , Atlanta , United States Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 13 . 26 March 2011 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , United States Paraguay 1 -- 0 3 -- 1 Friendly 14 . 3 -- 1 15 . 5 June 2011 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , United States El Salvador 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 16 . 4 -- 0 17 . 5 -- 0 18 . 9 June 2011 Bank of America Stadium , Charlotte , United States Cuba 1 -- 0 5 -- 0 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 19 . 5 -- 0 20 . 18 June 2011 New Meadowlands Stadium , East Rutherford , United States Guatemala 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 21 . 22 June 2011 Reliant Stadium , Houston , United States Honduras 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup 22 . 2 September 2011 Pepsi Arena , Warsaw , Poland Poland 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 Friendly 23 . 11 November 2011 Estadio Corregidora , Querétaro , Mexico Serbia 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 24 . 31 May 2012 Soldier Field , Chicago , United States Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 Friendly 25 . 3 June 2012 Cowboys Stadium , Arlington , United States Brazil 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 26 . 11 September 2012 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico Costa Rica 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 27 . 12 October 2012 BBVA Compass Stadium , Houston , United Guyana 4 -- 0 5 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 28 . 16 October 2012 Estadio Corona , Torreón , Mexico El Salvador 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 29 . 22 March 2013 Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano , San Pedro Sula , Honduras Honduras 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 30 . 2 -- 0 31 . 31 May 2013 Reliant Stadium , Houston , United States Nigeria 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Friendly 32 . 2 -- 2 33 . 16 June 2013 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Italy 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 34 . 22 June 2013 Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte , Brazil Japan 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 35 . 2 -- 0 36 . 23 June 2014 Arena Pernambuco , São Lourenço da Mata , Brazil Croatia 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 2014 FIFA World Cup 37 . 9 October 2014 Estadio Víctor Manuel Reyna , Tuxtla Gutiérrez , Mexico Honduras 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Friendly 38 . 12 November 2014 Amsterdam Arena , Amsterdam , Netherlands Netherlands 3 -- 1 3 -- 2 Friendly 39 . 28 March 2015 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , United States Ecuador 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 40 . 27 June 2015 Citrus Bowl , Orlando , United States Costa Rica 2 -- 2 2 -- 2 Friendly 41 . 8 September 2015 AT&T Stadium , Arlington , United States Argentina 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 Friendly 42 . 10 October 2015 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , United States United States 1 -- 0 3 -- 2 2015 CONCACAF Cup 43 . 25 March 2016 BC Place , Vancouver , Canada Canada 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 44 . 1 June 2016 Qualcomm Stadium , San Diego , United States Chile 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Friendly 45 . 9 June 2016 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , United States Jamaica 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 Copa América Centenario 46 . 24 March 2017 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City , Mexico Costa Rica 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification 47 . 27 May 2017 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , Los Angeles , United States Croatia 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 Friendly 48 . 18 June 2017 Kazan Arena , Kazan , Russia Portugal 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 49 . 6 October 2017 Estadio Alfonso Lastras , San Luis Potosí , Mexico Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 1 3 -- 1 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Club Guadalajara Primera División de México : Apertura 2006 InterLiga : 2009 Manchester United Premier League : 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 FA Community Shield : 2010 Real Madrid FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 International Mexico CONCACAF Gold Cup : 2011 CONCACAF Cup : 2015 Individual All - time leading goalscorer of the Mexico national team Primera División de México Top Scorer : Bicentenario 2010 Primera División de México Balón de Oro -- Best Striker : Bicentenario 2010 Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year : 2010 -- 11 CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Boot : 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup MVP : 2011 IFFHS Most Popular Player of the CONCACAF : 2011 Bundesliga Player of the Month : November 2015 , December 2015 , January 2016 , September 2016 , February 2017 Bundesliga Idol : 2015 Bundesliga Team of the Season : 2015 -- 16 CONCACAF Player of the Year : 2015 References Jump up ^ `` Premier League clubs submit squad lists '' ( PDF ) . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . p. 23 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez -- Quote , Unquote '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed ! The most lethal Premier League goal scorers of all - time '' . talkSport. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicharito lifts Gold Cup '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Zanahoria de el Chicharito '' . Zocalo.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Zócalo. 15 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Witz , Billy ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` For World Cup , Javier Hernández Could Be Mexico 's Next Big Thing '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tabla de Goleo Individual '' . Femexfut . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History awaits flawless Chivas '' . FIFA.com. 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Estadística -- Primera División Profesional -- Temporada 2009 -- 2010 Torneo Bicentenario '' . Femexfut . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 9 April 2010 ) . `` Boss : We had to move fast '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Communications Dept. ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Reds agree Hernandez deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gemma ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Chicharito 's ' dream ' move '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 13 April 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 11 April 2010 ) . `` Javier Hernandez , aka El Chicharito , living the Manchester United dream '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Tom ; Bartram , Steve ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` United 's covert operation '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Tom ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United to play Chivas at new stadium '' . guadalajarareporter.com . Guadalajara Reporter . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Chicharito granted work permit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 27 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gemma ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` MLS All - Stars 2 United 5 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gemma ( 30 July 2010 ) . `` Chivas 3 United 2 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` Ireland XI 1 United 7 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 8 August 2010 ) . `` Chelsea 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 16 August 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Johnson ( 29 September 2010 ) . `` Valencia 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 16 October 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 2 West Brom '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 October 2010 ) . `` Stoke 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 Wolves '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Whyatt , Chris ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` West Ham 4 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` West Brom 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 4 January 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Stoke '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 25 January 2011 ) . `` Blackpool 2 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 28 January 2011 ) . `` Southampton 1 -- 2 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Whyatt , Chris ( 26 February 2011 ) . `` Wigan 0 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 6 March 2011 ) . `` Liverpool 1 -- 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 15 March 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Marseille '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` West Ham 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale & Samir Nasri lead PFA nominations '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 April 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 23 April 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 1 -- 0 Everton '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 May 2011 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Manchester United on brink of record 19th title after win over Chelsea '' . The Guardian . UK : Guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 18 May 2011 ) . `` Fans honour Hernandez '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Manchester United 1 '' . BBC Sport. 28 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` Javier is world 's best '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's Javier Hernández taken to hospital with concussion '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez hospitalized with concussion '' . SI.com . Time . 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 28 July 2011 ) . `` Javier Hernández 's former club claim he has a neurological condition '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez ' may have neurological issue ' '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 29 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` Man United 3 Tottenham 0 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 10 September 2011 ) . `` Bolton 0 Man United 5 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez signs new five - year contract '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Everton 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 29 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swansea 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport. 19 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Alex. `` Man Utd 2 -- 0 Stoke : Chicharito scores '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo UK & Ireland - Sports News - Live Scores - Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Man United win 2 -- 0 at Ajax '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Manchester United 1 -- 2 Ajax ( agg : 3 -- 2 ) '' . BBC ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wolverhampton Wanderers vs. Manchester United -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Southampton vs Man Utd '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd vs Wigan Athletic match report '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 2 - 3 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ metrowebukmetro ( 10 November 2012 ) . `` Javier Hernandez hits double to give Manchester United victory at Villa Park '' . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( 24 November 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 3 - 1 QPR '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Report : United 4 Newcastle 3 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wigan 0 -- 4 Manchester United '' . ESPN FC. 1 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 4 -- 1 Fulham '' . ESPN FC. 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 2 -- 1 Reading '' . ESPN FC. 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 2 -- 2 Chelsea '' . ESPN FC. 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil . `` Manchester United 2 - 1 Swansea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil . `` West Brom 5 - 5 Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capital One Cup third round : Javier Hernandez goal sees Man Utd beat Liverpool '' . Sky Sports . 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Wright , David ( 26 October 2013 ) . `` Manchester United 3 - Stoke City 2 : David Moyes ' men fight back in scrappy win '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 4 - 0 Norwich '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Sunderland beat Manchester United in dramatic shootout to reach final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid sign Javier Hernández on loan from Manchester United '' . The Guardian . 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Hernández signs his contract with Real Madrid '' . Real Madrid CF . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 1 - 2 Atl Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 - 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez scores as Real Madrid beat Atletico Madrid '' . ESPN FC. 22 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Begley , Emlyn ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` Celta de Vigo 2 - 4 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez back at Man Utd as Real Madrid decide against deal '' . BBC Sport. 26 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicarito completes transfer from United to Bayer Leverkusen '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez : Man Utd striker joins Bayer Leverkusen for £ 7.3 m '' . BBC Sport. 31 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito makes Bayer Leverkusen debut '' . Goal . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bayer Leverkusen 4 BATE 1 : Hernandez nets in comfortable win '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez strike downs Mainz '' . Bundesliga . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Howarth , Matthew ( 20 October 2015 ) . `` Leverkusen leave it late in eight - goal thriller '' . Uefa.com . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier ' Chicharito ' Hernandez '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Named Bundesliga Player of the Month in November '' . teleSUR. 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Ross . `` Chicharito hat trick lifts Leverkusen to big win over Gladbach '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez hat trick carries Leverkusen , Bayern cruise to win '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez again named Bundesliga player of the month '' . ESPN FC. 30 December 2015 . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bayer Leverkusen 3 - 0 Hannover 96 : Hernandez double downs Hannover '' . Vavel. 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JANUARY PLAYER OF THE MONTH : JAVIER ' CHICHARITO ' HERNANDEZ '' . Bundesliga. 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SC Hauenstein 1 -- 2 Bayer Leverkusen '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . 21 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez to miss Bayer Leverkusen 's Bundesliga opener after falling down stairs '' . Sky Sports . 23 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Ryan . `` Chicharito goes from Bayer Leverkusen hero to goat as Bayer Leverkusen lose '' . FOX Soccer . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Kevin . `` ' Chicharito ' Javier Hernandez completes hat trick with stoppage time winner for Bayer Leverkusen '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito voted September Player of the Month ! '' . Bundesliga . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sayer , Brandon . `` Bayer 04 Leverkusen 2 - 3 Borussia Monchengladbach : Foals produce stunning second half comeback to give Hecking perfect start '' . Vavel . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito , el mexicano con más partidos en Champions League '' . Goal.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez : West Ham sign striker from Bayer Leverkusen for £ 16m '' . BBC Sport. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez completes transfer to West Ham United '' . whufc.com . West Ham United . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hammers star Chicharito reveals his shirt number '' . whufc.com . West Ham United . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan . `` Manchester United 4 - 0 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Caroline . `` Southampton 3 - 2 West Ham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA U-20 World Cup archive - FIFA.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 1 -- 2 Colombia '' . mediotiempo.com . Medio Tiempo . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer : Gutsy All Whites fall to fiery Mexico '' . nzherald.co.nz . APN Holdings NZ. 4 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 2 -- 1 North Korea : Hernandez Strikes Again '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands 2 -- 1 Mexico '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 5 -- 1 Gambia '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Internet Ventures . 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jonathan ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico subs shoot down France '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawkes , Phil ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` France 0 -- 2 Mexico '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Chicharito steals the show '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` France - Mexico '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tevez shines as Argentina oust Mexico '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical stars from the group stage '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Silva salvages draw for Spain '' . ESPNsoccernet. 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Guzmán , Sergio ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` México 2 -- 0 Bosnia - Herzegovina ... Debut esperanzador '' . MedioTiempo.com ( in Spanish ) . Medio Tiempo . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez stars for Mexico '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez stars for Mexico '' . The Guardian . UK . 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez strikes Gold '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 10 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez fires Mexico through '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 19 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 1 - 2 Mexico '' . BBC . 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico beat Croatia to spark Recife fiesta '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez injury a cruel setback to the striker and Mexico '' . ESPN FC. 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin . `` Mexico scores twice late to turn back Uruguay , 3 - 1 , in Copa America group game '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico through to Copa América quarters after seeing off Jamaica '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Roger . `` Chicharito becomes all time leading goalscorer for mexico '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 2 - 2 Mexico '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández and the best tap - in merchants '' . The Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` The False 9 : Javier Hernandez -- Rebirth Of The Poacher ? '' . The False 9 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson hails form of Javier Hernández for Manchester United '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Christenson , Marcus . `` Javier Hernández and the underrated art of the clinical goalscorer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Javier Hernandez bliver den nye Solskjær ( in Danish ) Tipsbladet , 1 August 2010 Jump up ^ Richard Jolly ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Javier Hernandez signs for Bayer Leverkusen from Manchester United '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the churning mind of Mexico 's Javier ' Chicharito ' Hernandez '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tuck , James ; Berkeley , Geoff ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Get to know ... Hernandez '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hernandez 's father quits to see him play '' . ESPN Soccernet. 4 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2010 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` For World Cup , Javier Hernández Could Be Mexico 's Next Big Thing '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Chicharito es embajador de UNICEF '' . El Economista ( in Spanish ) . 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lecanda , León ( 26 May 2012 ) . `` Chicharito es embajador de Unicef '' . ESPN ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 14 - North America Cover Reveal '' . EA Sports . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Javier `` Chicharito '' Hernandez : Manchester United New Prodigy Bleacher Report , 8 April 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chicharito to ditch his pre-match Catholic prayer at Ibrox '' . theredevilspot. blogspot. 24 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas Peters . `` Professional Soccer Player Facing Persicution For Pre-Game Catholic Prayer '' . CV ( Catholic Voice ) . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin McCauley ( 26 May 2011 ) . `` UEFA Champions League Final 2011 : Manchester United 's Chicharito Is The Story In North America - FMF State Of Mind '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández '' . MedioTiempo.com . Medio Tiempo . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández '' . worldfootball.net . Worldfootball. 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández '' . footballdatabase.eu . Football Database. 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Endlar , Andrew . `` Javier Hernandez '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernández '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Javier `` Chicharito '' Hernández - Goals in International Matches . RSSSF ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Hernández '' . National Football Teams . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Chicharito '' Hernández - Awards and honours `` . soccerway.com . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch : Chicharito goal gives Mexico 1 -- 0 lead over U.S. '' . SI.com . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chicharito ' se lleva dos premios Balón de Oro '' . El Informador . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PICTURES : Chicharito Wins Gold Cup '' . Republik Of Mancunia . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Hernández , el más popular de Concacaf según la IFFHS '' . Record . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leverkusen 's Chicharito voted February Player of the Month ! '' . Bundesliga . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bundesliga Idol : Javier ' El Chicharito ' Hérnandez '' . Bundesliga . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Season 1516 Results '' . Bundesliga . Archived from the original on 15 July 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Javier Hernandez and Carli Lloyd Named 2015 CONCACAF Players of the Year '' . CONCACAF . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Javier Hernández Balcázar . Javier Hernández -- FIFA competition record Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk ( Official Manchester United statistics website ) Profile at RealMadrid.com Javier Hernández at MedioTiempo.com Javier Hernández at National-Football-Teams.com Javier Hernandez at Soccerbase Awards Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year 1988 : McClair 1989 : Robson 1990 : Pallister 1991 : Hughes 1992 : McClair 1993 : Ince 1994 : Cantona 1995 : Kanchelskis 1996 : Cantona 1997 : Beckham 1998 : Giggs 1999 : Keane 2000 : Keane 2001 : Sheringham 2002 : Van Nistelrooy 2003 : Van Nistelrooy 2004 : Ronaldo 2005 : Heinze 2006 : Rooney 2007 : Ronaldo 2008 : Ronaldo 2009 : Vidić 2010 : Rooney 2011 : Hernández 2012 : Valencia 2013 : Van Persie 2014 : De Gea 2015 : De Gea 2016 : De Gea 2017 : Herrera CONCACAF Gold Cup awards Most Valuable Player 1991 : Meola 1993 : Ramírez 1996 : Lara 1998 : Keller 2000 : Forrest 2002 : McBride 2003 : Arellano 2005 : Tejada 2007 : De Guzman 2009 : Dos Santos 2011 : J. Hernández 2013 : Donovan 2015 : Guardado 2017 : Bradley Golden Boot 1991 : Galindo 1993 : Roberto Alves 1996 : Wynalda 1998 : L. Hernández & Wanchope 2000 : Corazzin 2002 : McBride 2003 : Donovan & Centeno 2005 : Beasley , Donovan , Ruiz , Tejada & Velásquez 2007 : Pavón 2009 : Sabah 2011 : J. Hernández 2013 : Donovan , Wondolowski & Torres 2015 : Dempsey 2017 : Davies , Morris , Parsemain Bright Future 2015 : Corona 2017 : Davies Golden Glove 2005 : Penedo 2007 : Grandel 2009 : Navas 2011 : Valladares 2013 : Penedo 2015 : Guzan 2017 : Blake CONCACAF Player Awards Women 's winners Player of the Year 2013 : Morgan 2014 : Wambach 2015 : Lloyd 2016 : Morgan Goalkeeper of the Year 2015 : Solo 2016 : Harris Men 's winners Player of the Year 2013 : Peralta 2014 : Navas 2015 : Hernández 2016 : Ruiz Goalkeeper of the Year 2013 : Howard 2014 : Howard 2015 : Howard 2016 : Navas Liga MX top scorers 1944 : Lángara 1945 : Aballay 1946 : Lángara 1947 : López 1948 : López 1949 : López 1950 : Ayllón 1951 : Casarín 1952 : López 1953 : Quiñones 1954 : Guerra / López / Palacio 1955 : Palacio 1956 : H. Hernández 1957 : Gutiérrez 1958 : Lara 1959 : González 1960 : Rolando 1961 : Lara / Reyes 1963 : Epaminondas 1964 : Etcheverry 1965 : Epaminondas 1966 : Zague 1967 : Epaminondas 1968 : B. Hernández 1969 : Estrada 1970 : Pereda México ' 70 : Anaya 1971 : Borja 1972 : Borja 1973 : Borja 1974 : Castro 1975 : Salgado 1976 : Cabinho 1977 : Cabinho 1978 : Cabinho 1979 : Cabinho / Sánchez 1980 : Cabinho 1981 : Cabinho 1982 : Cabinho 1983 : Jorge / Outes 1984 : Outes 1985 : Cabinho PRODE 85 : Lira México 1986 : Cruz 1987 : Lira 1988 : Flores 1989 : Lira 1990 : Comas 1991 : García 1992 : García 1993 : Basay 1994 : Hermosillo 1995 : Hermosillo 1996 : Hermosillo Invierno 1996 : Muñoz Verano 1997 : Caballero / Sáez Invierno 1997 : García Verano 1998 : Cardozo Invierno 1998 : Blanco Verano 1999 : Cardozo Invierno 1999 : Olalde Verano 2000 : Bejines / Delgado / Abreu Invierno 2000 : Borgetti Verano 2001 : Borgetti Invierno 2001 : Rodríguez Verano 2002 : Abreu Apertura 2002 : Cardozo Clausura 2003 : Cardozo Apertura 2003 : Rey Clausura 2004 : Marioni / Silvera Apertura 2004 : Franco Clausura 2005 : Vuoso Apertura 2005 : Abreu / Gaitán / Kléber / Vuoso Clausura 2006 : Abreu / Cabañas Apertura 2006 : Marioni Clausura 2007 : Bravo Apertura 2007 : A. Moreno Clausura 2008 : Suazo Apertura 2008 : Mancilla Clausura 2009 : Mancilla Apertura 2009 : Villa Bicentenario 2010 : Fano / Gómez / J. Hernández Apertura 2010 : Benítez Clausura 2011 : Reyna Apertura 2011 : Alonso Clausura 2012 : Alonso / Benítez Apertura 2012 : Paredes / Benítez Clausura 2013 : Benítez Apertura 2013 : Velázquez Clausura 2014 : Valencia Apertura 2014 : Boselli / Camilo Clausura 2015 : Pabón Apertura 2015 : Boselli / Villa Clausura 2016 : Gignac Apertura 2016 : D. Moreno / Ruidíaz Clausura 2017 : Ruidíaz Play - off matches not included Mexico squads Mexico squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Pérez 2 Rodríguez 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Osorio 6 Torrado 7 Barrera 8 Castro 9 Franco 10 Blanco 11 Vela 12 Aguilar 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Juárez 17 dos Santos 18 Guardado 19 Magallón 20 Torres Nilo 21 Bautista 22 Medina 23 Michel Coach : Aguirre Mexico squad -- 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners ( 6th title ) 1 Ochoa ( Michel ) 2 Rodríguez ( Reynoso ) 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Osorio 6 Torrado 7 Barrera 8 Castro 9 de Nigris 10 dos Santos 11 Reyna 12 Talavera 13 Zavala 14 J. Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Juárez 17 Sinha ( Aguilar ) 18 Guardado 19 Dueñas ( Fabián ) 20 Torres Nilo 21 Bermúdez ( Mier ) 22 E. Hernández 23 Orozco Coach : de la Torre Mexico squad -- 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Ochoa 2 Rodríguez ( c ) 3 Salcido 4 Reyes 5 Molina 6 Torrado 7 Barrera 8 Reyna 9 de Nigris 10 dos Santos 11 Aquino 12 Corona 13 Meza 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Herrera 17 Zavala 18 Guardado 19 Jiménez 20 Torres Nilo 21 Mier 22 Flores 23 Talavera Coach : de la Torre Mexico squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Corona 2 Rodríguez 3 Salcido 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Reyes 6 H. Herrera 7 Layún 8 Fabián 9 Jiménez 10 dos Santos 11 Pulido 12 Talavera 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Ponce 17 Brizuela 18 Guardado 19 Peralta 20 Aquino 21 Peña 22 Aguilar 23 Vázquez Coach : M. Herrera Mexico squad -- 2016 Copa América Centenario 1 Jo. Corona 2 Araujo 3 Y. Corona 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 Reyes 6 Torres Nilo 7 Layún 8 Lozano 9 Jiménez 10 Je . Corona 11 Aquino 12 Talavera 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Herrera 17 Ramírez 18 Guardado 19 Peralta 20 Dueñas 21 Peña 22 Aguilar 23 Molina Coach : Osorio Mexico squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Fourth Place 1 Cota 2 Araujo 3 Salcedo 4 Márquez ( c ) 5 D. Reyes 6 J. dos Santos 7 Layún 8 Fabián 9 Jiménez 10 G. dos Santos 11 Vela 12 Talavera 13 Ochoa 14 Hernández 15 Moreno 16 Herrera 17 Damm 18 Guardado 19 Peralta 20 Aquino 21 L. Reyes 22 Lozano 23 Alanís Coach : Osorio West Ham United F.C. -- current squad 2 Reid 3 Cresswell 4 Fonte 5 Zabaleta 7 Arnautović 8 Kouyaté 9 Carroll 10 Lanzini 13 Adrián 14 Obiang 15 Sakho 16 Noble 17 Hernández 19 Collins 20 Ayew 21 Ogbonna 22 Byram 23 Hakšabanović 25 Hart 26 Masuaku 29 Martínez 30 Antonio 31 Fernandes 36 Quina 37 Holland 41 Rice Manager : Bilić Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Javier_Hernández&oldid = 807558331 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people Sportspeople from Guadalajara , Jalisco Footballers from Jalisco Mexican Roman Catholics Mexico international footballers Liga MX players C.D. Guadalajara footballers Premier League players La Liga players Bundesliga players Manchester United F.C. players Real Madrid C.F. players Bayer 04 Leverkusen players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Copa América Centenario players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players CONCACAF Gold Cup - winning players Association football forwards Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Expatriate footballers in Germany Mexican expatriate footballers Mexican footballers Mexican expatriates in England Mexican expatriates in Spain Mexican expatriates in Germany Mexico under - 20 international footballers Mexico youth international footballers West Ham United F.C. players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Danish - language external links NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2013 Use British English from June 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations FIFA player ID same as Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული ລາວ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 18 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Hern%25C3%25A1ndez	18,608
appealing a case to the supreme court quizlet			Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States	procedures of the supreme court of the united states		This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court in the United States and the only court specifically established by the Constitution of the United States , implemented in 1789 . This article is concerned with the process and procedures used by the modern court . For general discussion of the court 's jurisdiction and composition , see Supreme Court of the United States ; for discussion of the court 's present and historical accommodations , see United States Supreme Court building ; for discussion of the history of the court , see History of the Supreme Court of the United States . Contents 1 Terms and sittings 2 The Court 's authority to hear cases 2.1 Appellate jurisdiction 2.2 Original jurisdiction 3 Selection of cases 4 Hearing cases 4.1 Filing briefs 4.2 Oral arguments 5 Forming opinions 5.1 The conference : assignment of opinions 5.2 Circulating draft opinions and changing of views 5.2. 1 Tied votes and lack of quorum 5.3 Announcement of opinions 6 Reporting and citation of cases 7 See also 8 Footnotes and references 9 External links Terms and sittings ( edit ) A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of approximately two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . The Court 's authority to hear cases ( edit ) Appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) In nearly all of the cases heard by the Supreme Court , the Court exercises the appellate jurisdiction granted it by Article III of the Constitution . This authority permits the Court to review -- and affirm or overturn -- decisions made by lower courts and tribunals . Procedures for bringing cases before the Supreme Court have changed significantly over time . Today , cases are brought before the Supreme Court by one of several methods , of which the first two account for the overwhelming majority of cases decided : By petition for a writ of certiorari , filed by a party to a case that has been decided by one of the United States courts of appeals or by the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces . By petition for writ of certiorari with respect to a decision of one of the territorial or state courts , after all state appeals have been exhausted , where an issue of federal constitutional or statutory law is in question . The writ is usually issued to a state supreme court ( including high courts of the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and American Samoa ) , but is occasionally issued to a state 's intermediate appellate court for cases where the state supreme court denied certiorari or review and thereby refused to hear the appeal . By petition for certiorari before judgment , which permits the Court to expedite a case pending before a United States court of appeals by accepting the case for review before the appellate court has decided it . However , Supreme Court Rule 11 provides that a case may be taken by the Court before judgment in a lower court `` only upon a showing that the case is of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation from normal appellate practice and to require immediate determination in this Court . '' By appeal from certain decisions of United States district courts in certain cases involving redistricting of congressional or state legislative districts , or when specifically authorized in a particular statute . By a certified question or proposition of law from one of the United States Courts of Appeals , meaning that the Court of Appeals requests the Supreme Court to instruct it on how to decide the case . This procedure was once common but is now rarely invoked ; the last certificate accepted for review was in 1981 . By petition for an `` extraordinary writ '' such as mandamus , prohibition , or habeas corpus . These writs are rarely granted by the Supreme Court though they are more frequently granted by lower courts . Original jurisdiction ( edit ) Certain cases that have not been considered by a lower court may be heard by the Supreme Court in the first instance under what is termed original jurisdiction . The Supreme Court 's authority in this respect is also derived from Article III of the Constitution , which states that the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction `` in all cases affecting ambassadors , other public ministers and consuls , and those in which a state shall be party . '' The original jurisdiction of the Court is set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1251 . This statute provides further that , in the case of disputes between two or more states , the Supreme Court holds both original and exclusive jurisdiction and no lower court may hear such cases . The number of original jurisdiction cases heard by the court is small ; generally only one or two such cases are heard per term . Because the nine - member Supreme Court is not well - suited to conducting pretrial proceedings or trials , original jurisdiction cases accepted by the Court are typically referred to a well - qualified lawyer or lower - court judge to serve as special master , conduct the proceedings , and report recommendations to the Court . The Court then considers whether to accept the special master 's report or whether to sustain any exceptions filed to the report . Although jury trials are in theory possible in the Court 's original jurisdiction cases , there has not been one since Georgia v. Brailsford in 1794 . In 1950 , in the case United States v. Louisiana , the state of Louisiana moved for a jury trial , but the Court denied the motion , ruling that the suit was an equity action and not an action at law , and that therefore the Seventh Amendment guarantee of a jury trial did not apply . If a matter involving an action at law did come before the court , however , a jury would likely be empaneled and would hear the case alongside the justices of the Court . Selection of cases ( edit ) Since the Judiciary Act of 1925 ( `` The Certiorari Act '' in some texts ) , the majority of the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction has been discretionary . Each year , the court receives approximately 9,000 -- 10,000 petitions for certiorari , of which less than 1 % ( approximately 80 -- 100 ) , are granted plenary review with oral arguments , and an additional 50 to 60 are disposed of without plenary review . The Court strictly enforces its requirements for the preparation and timely filing of certiorari petitions , in order to manage such a massive caseload . This occasionally results in harsh consequences , as Justice Thomas acknowledged in a 2007 opinion : `` Just a few months ago , the Clerk , pursuant to this Court 's Rule 13.2 , refused to accept a petition for certiorari submitted by Ryan Heath Dickson because it had been filed one day late ... Dickson was executed on April 26 , 2007 , without any Member of this Court having even seen his petition for certiorari . The rejected certiorari petition was Dickson 's first in this Court , and one can only speculate as to whether denial of that petition would have been a foregone conclusion . '' In theory , each Justice 's clerks write a brief for the Justice outlining the questions presented , and offering a recommendation as to whether certiorari should be granted ; in practice , most Justices ( all of the current court , except Justices Alito and Gorsuch ) have their clerks participate in the cert pool . During the Justices ' regular conference , the Justices discuss the petitions , and grant certiorari in less than five percent of the cases filed . ( During the 1980s and 1990s , the number of cases accepted and decided each term approached 150 per year ; more recently , the number of cases granted has averaged well under 100 annually ) . Before each conference , the Chief Justice prepares a list of those petitions he believes have sufficient merit to warrant discussion . Any other Justice may also add a case to the `` discuss list '' ; cases not designated for discussion by any Justice are automatically denied review . The Court or a Justice may also decide that a case be `` re-listed '' for discussion at a later conference ; this occurs , for example , where the Court decides to request input from the Solicitor General of the United States on whether a petition should be granted . The votes of four Justices at Conference ( see Rule of four ) will suffice to grant certiorari and place the case on the court 's calendar . If the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( or the certified question or other extraordinary writ ) , then a briefing schedule is arranged for the parties to submit their briefs in favor of or against a particular form of relief . During this time , an individual or group having an interest in a case but not a party to the case may submit a motion to appear before the court as amicus curiae ( `` friend of the court '' ) . Except for certain specific categories ( such as lawyers for state and local governments ) or where all parties to the case consent , it is in the Court 's discretion whether such motions are granted . The grant or denial of certiorari petitions by the Court are usually issued as one - sentence orders without explanation . Cases that fall within the Court 's original jurisdiction are initiated by filing a complaint directly with the Supreme Court , and normally are assigned to a special master appointed by the Court for the taking of evidence and making recommendations , after which the Court may accept briefs and hear oral arguments as in an appellate case . Hearing cases ( edit ) Filing briefs ( edit ) Before oral arguments , the parties to a case file legal briefs outlining their arguments . An amicus curiae may also submit a brief in support of a particular outcome in the case if the Court grants it permission . Formal rules govern every aspect of these briefs ; Chief Justice William Rehnquist described the rules thus : The rules direct what information must be included in a brief , describe the size of paper and type of print , and limit the number of pages . Even the colors of the covers of the briefs are specified : the petitioner 's brief must have a blue cover and the respondent 's must have a red cover . The Court also often receives briefs from amici curiae ( friends of the Court ) in particular cases , and these must have a green cover . This color - coding comes in very handy when you have a stack of eight or ten briefs in a particular case and can locate the brief you want by its color without having to read the covers of each . Oral arguments ( edit ) Thereafter , if the Court chooses to hold a hearing , each side has thirty minutes to present its case orally . In exceptional and controversial cases , however , the time limit may be extended . In the Court 's early years , attorneys might argue a single case for hours or even days ; but as the judicial workload increased , the time available for argument has been restricted . The late Chief Justice Rehnquist was noted for his especially strict enforcement of the argument time limits . To file pleadings or to argue a case , an attorney must be a member of the bar of the Court . ( The primary requirement for admission to the Bar is that the attorney must have been admitted to practice in the highest court of a state or territory for at least the past three years . ) Justices are allowed to interrupt the attorney speaking in order to ask him or her questions , and particularly since the arrival of Justice Antonin Scalia in 1986 , do so often . The Court began recording Oral Arguments in October 1955 . Beginning in October 2010 , the Supreme Court began the practice of posting recordings and transcripts of the oral arguments made during the preceding week on Fridays on the Court 's website . In an interview for C - SPAN , former Justice Scalia , speaking for himself , noted that by the time the Justices hear oral arguments , having read the submissions by the parties and amici , it is `` very rare , though not unheard of '' , for the discussion during the oral arguments to change his view of a case in which he has already made up his mind based on the submissions and his research about the case . However , he also made the point that it is `` quite common '' for him to go into Oral Arguments with his mind not made up yet , as the cases are usually very hard and difficult , and that in those situations a persuasive attorney can make the difference for him . Forming opinions ( edit ) The conference : assignment of opinions ( edit ) At the end of a week in which the Court has heard oral arguments , the Justices hold a conference to discuss the cases and vote on any new petitions of certiorari . The Justices discuss the points of law at issue in the cases . No clerks are permitted to be present , which would make it exceedingly difficult for a justice without a firm grasp of the matters at hand to participate . At this conference , each justice -- in order from most to least senior -- states the basis on which he or she would decide the case , and a preliminary vote is taken . Former Justice Scalia professed frustration that there is little substantive discussion , while former Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote that this makes the conference more efficient . The votes are tallied , and the responsibility for writing the opinion in the case is assigned to one of the justices ; the most senior Justice voting in the majority ( but always the Chief Justice if he is in the majority ) makes the assignment , and can assign the responsibility to him - or herself . Circulating draft opinions and changing of views ( edit ) The justice writing the opinion for the court will produce and circulate a draft opinion to the other justices . Each justice 's law clerks may be involved in this phase . In modern Supreme Court history only a few justices , such as former Justice Antonin Scalia , have regularly written their own first drafts . Once the draft opinion has been reviewed , the remaining Justices may recommend changes to the opinion . Whether these changes are accommodated depends on the legal philosophy of the drafters as well as on how strong a majority the opinion garnered at conference . A justice may instead simply join the opinion at that point without comment . Votes at conference are preliminary ; while opinions are being circulated , it is not unheard of for a justice to change sides . A justice may be swayed by the persuasiveness ( or lack thereof ) of the opinion or dissent , or as a result of reflection and discussion on the points of law at issue . The evolution of the justices ' views during the circulation of draft opinions can change the outcome of the case ; an opinion that begins as a majority opinion can become a dissenting opinion , and vice versa . At the conference for Planned Parenthood v. Casey , Justice Kennedy is said to have initially voted with Chief Justice Rehnquist , but then changed his mind , feeling unable to join Rehnquist 's draft opinion . While working for the Justice Department , present - day Chief Justice John Roberts -- a former Rehnquist law clerk -- wrote an analysis of Wallace v. Jaffree in which he indicated his belief ( based on the length and structure ) that Rehnquist 's dissent had started out as an opinion for the court , but lost its majority ; similar speculation is often heard of Justice O'Connor 's dissent in Kelo v. New London . Justice Kennedy is known within the Court for changing his mind subsequent to the conference , and Justice Thomas is known for having the tendency to lose a majority . Justices may change sides at any time prior to the handing down of the Court 's opinion . Generally , the Court 's decision is the opinion which a majority ( five or more ) of justices have joined . In rare instances , the Court will issue a plurality opinion in which four or fewer Justices agree on one opinion , but the others are so fractured that they can not agree on a position . In this circumstance , in order to determine what the decision is lawyers and judges will analyze the opinions to determine on which points a majority agrees . An example of a case decided by a plurality opinion is Hamdi v. Rumsfeld . A justice voting with the majority may write a concurring opinion ; this is an opinion where the justice agrees with the majority holding itself , but where he or she wishes to express views on the legal elements of the case that are not encompassed in the majority opinion . Justices who do not agree with the decision made by the majority may also submit dissenting opinions , which may give alternative legal viewpoints . Dissenting opinions carry no legal weight or precedent , but they can set the argument for future cases . John Marshall Harlan 's dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson set down for the majority opinion later in Brown v. Board of Education . After granting a writ of certiorari and accepting a case for review , the justices may decide against further review of the case . For example , the Court may feel the case presented during oral arguments did not present the constitutional issues in a clear - cut way , and that adjudication of these issues is better deferred until a suitable case comes before the court . In this event the writ of certiorari is `` dismissed as improvidently granted '' ( DIG ) -- saying , in effect that the Court should not have accepted the case . As with the granting or denial of cert , this dismissal is customarily made using a simple per curiam decision without explanation . Customarily , justices who were not seated at the time oral arguments were heard by the Supreme Court do not participate in the formulation of an opinion . Likewise , a justice leaving the Court prior to the handing down of an opinion does not take part in the Court 's opinion . Should the composition of the Court materially affect the outcome of a pending case , the justices will likely elect to reschedule the case for rehearing . Tied votes and lack of quorum ( edit ) If not all of the nine justices vote on a case , or the Court has a vacancy , then a tied vote is possible . If this occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but the case is not considered to be binding precedent . The effect is a return to the status quo ante . No opinions ( or voting alignments ) are issued in such a case , only the one - sentence announcement that `` ( t ) he judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court . '' Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp. is an example of such a case . The court tries to avoid such rulings when possible : After the retirement of Justice O'Connor in 2006 three cases would have ended with a tie . All cases were reargued to allow the newly appointed Samuel Alito to cast a decisive vote . A quorum of justices to hear and decide a case is six . If , through recusals or vacancies , fewer than six justices can participate in a case , and a majority of qualified justices determines that the case can not be heard in the next term , then the decision of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been equally divided on the case . An exception exists when this situation arises in one of the now - rare cases brought directly to the Supreme Court on appeal from a United States District Court ; in this situation , the case is referred to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the corresponding circuit for a final decision there by either the Court of Appeals sitting en banc , or a panel consisting of the three most senior active circuit judges . Announcement of opinions ( edit ) Throughout the term , but mostly during the last months of the term -- May , June , and , if necessary , July -- the Court announces its opinions . The decision of the Court is subsequently published , first as a slip opinion , and subsequently in the United States Reports . In recent years , opinions have been available on the Supreme Court 's website and other legal websites on the morning they are announced . Since recording devices have been banned inside the courtroom , the fastest way for decisions of landmark cases to reach the press is through the Running of the Interns . The opinion of the Court is usually signed by the author ; occasionally , the Supreme Court may issue an unsigned opinion per curiam . The practice of issuing a single opinion of the Court was initiated during the tenure of Chief Justice John Marshall during the early 19th century . This custom replaced the previous practice under which each Justice , whether in the majority or the minority , issued a separate opinion . The older practice is still followed by appellate courts in many common law jurisdictions outside the United States . Reporting and citation of cases ( edit ) For more specific details on how cases are cited , see case citation . Supreme Court decisions are typically cited as in the following example : `` Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) . '' The court citation consists of the names of the opposing parties ; the volume number ; `` U.S. '' ( signifying United States Reports , the official reporter of Supreme Court decisions ) ; the page number on which the decision begins ; and the year in which the case was decided . The names of the opposing parties are listed in the format `` Petitioner v. Respondent '' or `` Appellant v. Appellee . '' The Reporter of Decisions is responsible for publication of the Court 's rulings . Two other widely used citation formats exist : the Supreme Court Reporter and the Lawyers ' Edition , corresponding to two privately published collections of decisions . Citations to cases in the Supreme Court Reporter would be structured as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 64 S. Ct. 397 ( 1944 ) . Citations to cases in the Lawyers ' Edition would be as follows : Snowden v. Hughes , 88 L. Ed . 497 ( 1944 ) . Judicial opinions often use the citation from all three sources ( the United States Reports , Supreme Court Reporter , and Lawyers ' Edition ) , as seen here : Martin v. Texas , 200 U.S. 316 , 26 S. Ct. 338 , 50 L. Ed . 497 ( 1906 ) . Since the 1930s , prior to publication of the decisions in these reporters , they are available from the United States Law Week ( U.S.L.W. ) . In more recent years , opinions have been available electronically soon after they appeared on commercial sites such as Lexis or Westlaw , on Internet sites such as FindLaw and on the Court 's own website . The Reporter of Decisions is the court official responsible for the publication of the Court 's opinions and orders . The current Reporter of Decisions is Christine Luchok Fallon . Decisions of the Supreme Court are precedents that bind all lower courts , both federal and state . The Supreme Court generally respects its own precedents , but has in some cases overturned them . See also ( edit ) Supreme Court Case Selections Act Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Georgia v. Brailsford , Powell & Hopton , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Louisiana , 399 U.S. 699 ( 1950 ) . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin . `` Originalism : The Lesser Evil '' . University of Cincinnati Law Review . 57 : 849 , 850 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2006 ; Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lazarus , Edward ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Closed Chambers '' . Booknotes ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Brian Lamb. C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` The Justices ' Caseload '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States . Jump up ^ Bowles v. Russell , 551 U.S. 205 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Law.com . Regarding the picking of cases , see generally , Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 224 -- 238 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , David C. ; Wachtell , Melanie F. ( 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Analysis of Supreme Court Certiorari Petition Procedures '' . George Mason University Law Review . 16 ( 2 ) : 237 , 241 . SSRN 1377522 . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( September 27 , 2001 ) . Remarks by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist ( Speech ) . Lecture at the Faculty of Law of the University of Guanajuato , Mexico ; cf . `` Part VII . Practice and Procedure . Rule 33 . Document Preparation : Booklet Format ; 8 1 / 2 - by 11 - Inch Paper Format '' . Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States . Supreme Court of the United States . April 19 , 2013 -- via Legal Information Institute , Cornell University . Jump up ^ Talbot , Margaret ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Confidence : The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2005 -- via New America Foundation . In his early years on the Court , Scalia 's exuberant questioning was not well received by his colleagues ... In Scalia 's first oral argument he asked so many questions that Powell whispered , ' Do you think he knows that the rest of us are here ? ' The other Justices have since caught up with Scalia . Now all of them -- with the exception of Clarence Thomas -- are garrulous Linder , Doug . `` Justices Brennan & Scalia Debate Creation - Science '' . On a bench lined with solemn gray figures who often sat as silently as pigeons on a railing , Scalia stood out like a talking parrot . Jump up ^ `` About the Oyez Project '' . Oyez Project . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Justice Antonin Scalia '' ( PDF ) ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Susan Swain. C - SPAN . Retrieved November 6 , 2010 . ( I ) t is probably quite rare , although not unheard of , that oral argument will change my mind . But it is quite common that I go in with my mind not made up . I mean a lot of these cases are very close , and you go in on the knife 's edge . Persuasive counsel can make the difference . There are things you can do with oral argument that can not be done in a brief . You can convey the relative importance of your various points . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . p. 253 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 285 . ISBN 9780143035275 . to call our discussion of a case a conference is really something of a misnomer . It 's much more a statement of the views of each of the nine justices . Jump up ^ Rehnquist , William H. ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Knopf . pp. 254 -- 58 . ISBN 9780375409431 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Edward ( 2005 ) . Closed Chambers . New York : Penguin . p. 271 . ISBN 9780143035275 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Zimmerman , Carol ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Blackmun 's Papers Reveal Near Overturn of Roe '' . Catholic Herald . Catholic News Service . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Roberts , memo to Fred F. Fielding , June 4 , 1985 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Claeys , Eric ( June 24 , 2005 ) . `` Did O'Connor Lose the Majority ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2005 ) . A Court Divided : The Rehnquist Court and the Future of Constitutional Law . New York : Norton . ISBN 9780393058680 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( January 2002 ) . `` Adarand Did n't Add Up : Lawyers Now Wonder Which Affirmative Action Case Court Will Take '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . 88 : 26 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 1 ; U.S.C. Title 28 , Section 2109 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Opinions '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Court Rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2010 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rules from the U.S. Supreme Court website 2013 rule revisions from the U.S. Supreme Court website ( with `` clerk comments '' that clarify what 's changing for 2013 and why ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Current nominations For Associate Justice : Brett Kavanaugh Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=849892775 '' Categories : United States procedural law Supreme Court of the United States United States appellate procedure Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedures%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States	9,394
where does the term windy city come from	There are four main possibilities to explain the city 's nickname : the weather , as Chicago is near Lake Michigan ; the World 's Fair ; politics ; and the rivalry with Cincinnati .	the weather\|the World 's Fair\|politics\|the rivalry with Cincinnati	Windy City ( nickname )	windy city ( nickname )	The city of Chicago has been known by many nicknames , but it is most widely recognized as the `` Windy City '' .	The earliest known reference to the `` Windy City '' was actually to Green Bay in 1856 . The first known repeated effort to label Chicago with this nickname is from 1876 and involves Chicago 's rivalry with Cincinnati . The term `` Windy City '' came into common usage when it was popularized by New York City editor , Charles Dana , in The Sun during the bidding for the 1893 Columbian Exposition . Chicago won the Exposition , which did not please Dana . The popularity of the nickname has endured , long after the Cincinnati rivalry and the Columbian Exposition ended . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Weather 1.2 Cincinnati rivalry 1.3 World 's Fair 1.4 Politics 1.5 The Hawk wind , or Hawkins 2 Other cities 3 Notes 4 External links Origins ( edit ) There are four main possibilities to explain the city 's nickname : the weather , as Chicago is near Lake Michigan ; the World 's Fair ; politics ; and the rivalry with Cincinnati . Weather ( edit ) While Chicago is widely known as the `` Windy City '' , it is not the windiest city in the United States . Some of the windier cities recorded by the NOAA / NCDC are Mount Washington , NH at 35.1 mph ( 56.5 km / h ) , Blue Hill , MA at 15.2 mph ( 24.5 km / h ) , Dodge City , KS at 13.9 mph ( 22.3 km / h ) , Amarillo , Texas at 13.5 mph ( 21.7 km / h ) , and Lubbock , Texas at 12.4 mph ( 20 km / h ) . Chicago is not significantly windier than any other U.S. city . For example , the average annual wind speed of Chicago is 10.3 mph ( 16.6 km / h ) ; Boston : 12.4 mph ( 20.0 km / h ) ; Central Park , New York City : 9.3 mph ( 15.0 km / h ) ; and Los Angeles : 7.5 mph ( 12.1 km / h ) . The following `` windy city '' explanation is from the Freeborn County Standard of Albert Lea , Minnesota , on November 20 , 1892 : Chicago has been called the `` windy '' city , the term being used metaphorically to make out that Chicagoans were braggarts . The city is losing this reputation , for the reason that as people got used to it they found most of her claims to be backed up by facts . As usual , people go to extremes in this thing also , and one can tell a stranger almost anything about Chicago today and feel that he believes it implicitly . But in another sense Chicago is actually earning the title of the `` windy '' city . It is one of the effects of the tall buildings which engineers and architects apparently did not foresee that the wind is sucked down into the streets . Walk past the Masonic Temple or the Auditorium any day even though it may be perfectly calm elsewhere , and you will meet with a lively breeze at the base of the building that will compel you to put your hand to your hat . An explanation for Chicago being a naturally breezy area is that it is on the shores of Lake Michigan . Chicago had long billed itself as an ideal summer resort because of its cool lake breeze . The Boston Globe of July 8 , 1873 , wrote that `` a few years ago , Chicago advertised itself as a summer resort , on the strength of the lake breezes which so nicely tempered the mid-summer heats . '' The Chicago Tribune of June 14 , 1876 , discussed `` Chicago as a Summer Resort '' at length , proudly declaring that `` the people of this city are enjoying cool breezes , refreshing rains , green fields , a grateful sun , and balmy air -- winds from the north and east tempered by the coolness of the lake , and from the south and west , bearing to us frequent hints of the grass , flowers , wheat and corn of the prairies . '' The February 4 , 1873 , Philadelphia Inquirer called Chicago `` the great city of winds and fires . '' Cincinnati rivalry ( edit ) Cincinnati and Chicago were rival cities in the 1860s and 1870s . Cincinnati was well known in the meatpacking trade and it was called `` Porkopolis '' from at least 1843 . Starting from the early 1860s , Chicago surpassed Cincinnati in this trade and proudly claimed the very same `` Porkopolis '' nickname . The baseball inter-city matches were especially intense . The 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings were the pride of all of baseball , so Chicago came up with a rival team called the White Stockings to defeat them . `` Windy City '' often appeared in the Cincinnati sporting news of the 1870s and 1880s . Four of the first known citations of `` Windy City '' are from 1876 , all involving Cincinnati : Chicago Tribune , April 20 , 1876 , headline : `` The WINDY CITY Jay - Rollers La - Crosse Team Wins Inaugural Game against Cincinnati Nannies . '' That High . The Cincinnati Enquirer , May 9 , 1876 , headline : `` THAT WINDY CITY . Some Freaks of the Last Chicago Tornado . '' The Cincinnati Enquirer , May 13 , 1876 : `` Only the plucky nerve of the eating - house keeper rescued the useful seats from a journey to the Windy City . '' Chicago Tribune , July 2 , 1876 : `` The Cincinnati Enquirer , in common with many other papers , has been waiting with great anxiety for the fulfillment of its prophecy : that the Chicago papers would call the Whites hard names when they lost . Witness these scraps the day after the Whites lost to the Athletics : There comes a wail to us from the Windy City . '' World 's Fair ( edit ) The Columbian Exposition As the 400th anniversary of Columbus ' arrival in the Americas approached , the United States planned to hold a world 's fair to celebrate . This was considered an important time , due to the French successes at the previous World 's Fair with the construction of the Eiffel Tower . The prestige of holding the fair enticed several prominent cities to compete to host the fair . At the top , New York City , St. Louis and Washington , D.C. all fought hard for the right and many New Yorkers thought they had a win guaranteed . In the end , it came down to New York and Chicago . In 1890 , Chicago won the bid to host the World 's Fair , also known as the World 's Columbian Exposition , after eight ballots . Many prominent New Yorkers were extremely irritated that a `` frontier town '' could beat them . It is a popular myth that the first person to use the term `` Windy City '' was The New York Sun editor , Charles Dana . Charles Dana was New York 's leading fair booster , but there is little evidence that he ever used the `` Windy City '' term . The first known attribution of Dana to the origin of `` Windy City '' was 40 years later in the Chicago Tribune , `` Chicago Dubbed ' Windy ' in Fight for Fair of ' 93 , '' June 11 , 1933 : `` Do n't pay any attention '' , wrote Charles A. Dana , day in and day out in his New York Sun , `` to the nonsensical claims of that windy city . Its people could not build a World 's Fair even if they won it '' . Politics ( edit ) Long - winded politicians and the frequent political conventions in Chicago have been suggested as the source of the nickname . Another related suggestion is the business boosterism that other cities resented . The Hawk Wind , or Hawkins ( edit ) Chicago 's wind is often called `` The Hawk '' . This term has long been popular in African American Vernacular English . The Baltimore Sun 's series of columns in 1934 attempted to examine the origin of the phrase , `` Hawkins is coming '' , for a cold , winter wind . The first recorded Chicago citation is in the Chicago Defender , October 20 , 1936 : `` And these cold mornings are on us -- in other words ' Hawkins ' has got us . '' In the 1967 song , `` Dead End Street '' , Chicago native Lou Rawls speaks the following intro : `` I was born in a city that they call ' The Windy City ' . They call it The Windy City because of the Hawk . ' The Hawk ' - all mighty Hawk . ' Mr Wind ' . Takes care of plenty of business around winter time ... '' It is also referenced in the first line of Steve Goodman 's song , `` A Dying Cub Fan 's Last Request '' , is `` By the shores of old Lake Michigan / Where the Hawk Wind blows so cold ... '' Other cities ( edit ) Various other cities have also claimed the nickname `` Windy City '' . They include : Baku , Azerbaijan , Küləklər şəhəri ( `` the City of Winds '' ) Edinburgh , Scotland Essaouria , Morocco , `` Wind City of Africa '' Hsinchu , `` Windy City '' of Taiwan Lethbridge , Alberta , Canada Luleå , Sweden , Den blåsiga staden ( `` The Windy City '' ) Majalengka on Java , Indonesia ( `` the City of Wind '' ) Pachuca , Hidalgo in Mexico , La Bella Airosa ( ' The Beautiful Windy One ' ) Port Elizabeth , South Africa Wellington , New Zealand Zaragoza , Spain , La ciudad del viento ( `` The Windy City '' ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2004 - 10 - 11 ) . `` The Big Apple : Windy City ( summary ) '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/extreme-us-climates.php Jump up ^ http://wind-speed.weatherdb.com/l/232/Lubbock-Texas Jump up ^ Dellinger , Dan ( 2004 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Wind - Average Wind Speed - ( MPH ) '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://chicagology.com/chicagoname Jump up ^ The Big Apple : Windy City ( summary ) Jump up ^ The Big Apple : Porkopolis ( Cincinnati and Chicago nickname ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , Feb. 25 , 1890 , p. 1 ( reporting the Congressional votes for the host city ) Jump up ^ Bierma , Nathan L.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Windy City '' . nbierma.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Windy City , Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago , Chicago Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ `` The Hawk '' or Hawkins ( strong cold winter wind ) Jump up ^ Lou Rawls : Dead Eand Street Jump up ^ Steve Goodman : A Dying Cubs Fan 's Last Request External links ( edit ) Chicago portal Studies in Slang , VII , 2006 , pg. 50 - 71 , Barry Popik , academic investigation of Windy City . See also a letter in USA Today by Popik . Windy City by Michael Quinion at WorldWideWords.org Windy City , The Straight Dope . Ongoing updates to the source of the name . Nathan Bierma , `` Windy City : Where did it come from ? '' , Chicago Tribune , Dec. 7 2004 , Tempo section , pp. 1 , 5 . Reprinted in Studies in Slang , VII , 2006 , pg. 72 - 77 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windy_City_(nickname)&oldid=800938765 '' Categories : History of Chicago City nicknames American toponymy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy%20City%20%28nickname%29	37,268
is west virginia a stand your ground state	The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina ( Stand Your Ground law ( N.C.G.S. 14 51.3 ) ) , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , Wisconsin .		Stand - your - ground law	stand - your - ground law	A stand - your - ground law ( sometimes called `` line in the sand '' or `` no duty to retreat '' law ) is a justification in a criminal case , whereby defendants can `` stand their ground '' and use force without retreating , in order to protect and defend themselves or others against threats or perceived threats . An example is where there is no duty to retreat from any place where they have a lawful right to be , and that they may use any level of force if they reasonably believe the threat rises to the level of being an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death . One case describes `` the ' stand your ground ' law ... a person has a right to expect absolute safety in a place they have a right to be , and may use deadly force to repel an unlawful intruder . ''	Justification using stand - your - ground laws may be limited when `` ( the defendant ) was engaged in illegal activities and not entitled to benefit from provisions of the ' stand your ground ' law '' . This may be the case even if the illegal conduct the defendant was engaged in had nothing to do with the threat which instigated his use of deadly force ( e.g. , being robbed and beaten while smoking marijuana inside at the home of a friend ) . Stand - your - ground laws effectively extends the castle doctrine , from the home ( whether a house , apartment , mobile home or any other regular place of abode ) , to any place a person has a legal right to be . At common law , self - defence claims are not valid if the defendant could have safely retreated from danger . The castle doctrine is an exception to this duty to retreat . It gives immunity from liability to individuals who acted in self - defence in the home even if they could have safely retreated from the threat and failed to do so . Stand - your - ground laws eliminate the retreat requirement at any location the defendant has a legal right to be . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States 1.1 Laws 1.2 Controversy 1.3 Racial outcomes 1.4 Effect on crime rates 2 Other jurisdictions 2.1 England and Wales 2.2 Czech Republic 2.3 Germany 2.4 Ireland 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading United states ( edit ) Laws ( edit ) Stand your ground law by US jurisdiction Stand - your - ground law Stand - your - ground in practice Stand - your - ground from within one 's vehicle Castle doctrine only ; duty to retreat in public Duty to retreat The states that have legislatively adopted stand - your - ground laws are Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Florida , Georgia , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Carolina ( Stand Your Ground law ( N.C.G.S. 14 51.3 ) ) , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , West Virginia , Wisconsin . The states that have adopted stand - your - ground in practice , either through case law / precedent , jury instructions or by other means , are California , Colorado , Idaho , Illinois , New Mexico , Oregon , Virginia , and Washington . For example , Michigan 's stand - your - ground law , MCL 780.972 , provides that `` ( a ) n individual who has not or is not engaged in the commission of a crime at the time he or she uses deadly force may use deadly force against another individual anywhere he or she has the legal right to be with no duty to retreat if ... ( t ) he individual honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent '' the imminent death , great bodily harm , or sexual assault of himself or another individual . Controversy ( edit ) Stand - your - ground laws are frequently criticized and called `` shoot first '' laws by critics , including the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . In Florida , self - defense claims tripled in the years following enactment . The law 's critics argue that Florida 's law makes it very difficult to prosecute cases against individuals who shoot others and then claim self - defense . The shooter can argue that he felt threatened , and in most cases , the only witness who could have argued otherwise is the deceased . Before passage of the law , Miami police chief John F. Timoney called the law unnecessary and dangerous in that `` ( w ) hether it 's trick - or - treaters or kids playing in the yard of someone who does n't want them there or some drunk guy stumbling into the wrong house , you 're encouraging people to possibly use deadly physical force where it should n't be used . '' In Florida , a task force examining the law heard testimony that the law is `` confusing '' . Those testifying to the task force include Buddy Jacobs , a lawyer representing the Florida Prosecuting Attorney 's Association . Jacobs recommended the law 's repeal , feeling that modifying the law would not fix its problems . Florida governor Rick Scott plans his own investigation into the law . In a July 16 , 2013 speech in the wake of the jury verdict acquitting George Zimmerman of charges stemming from the shooting death of Trayvon Martin , Attorney General Eric Holder criticized stand - your - ground laws as `` senselessly expand ( ing ) the concept of self - defense and sow ( ing ) dangerous conflict in our neighborhoods . '' The defendant , George Zimmerman , claims he was restrained at the time of the shooting , thus allowing no option for retreat and making ' stand your ground ' irrelevant to the case . Florida 's legislature is currently considering a bill that would allow people to show a gun or fire a warning shot during a confrontation without drawing a lengthy prison sentence . Racial outcomes ( edit ) Research into how race affects outcomes of stand your ground cases has resulted in mixed answers , with some sources claiming significant racial disparity , while others find no bias . A Texas A&M study found that when whites use the stand - your - ground defense against black attackers they are more successful than when blacks use the defense against white attackers . A paper from The Urban Institute which analysed FBI data found that in stand - your - ground states , the use of the defense by whites in the shooting of a black person is found to be justifiable 17 percent of the time , while the defense when used by blacks in the shooting of a white person is successful 1 percent of the time . In non-stand - your - ground states , the shooting of a black person by a white is found justified approximately 9 percent of the time , while the shooting of a white person by a black is found justified approximately 1 percent of the time . According to the Urban Institute , in Stand Your Ground states , white - on - black homicides are 354 percent more likely to be ruled justified than white - on - white homicides . The paper 's author noted that the data used do not detail the circumstances of the shooting , which could be a source of the disparity . They also noted that the total number of shootings in the FBI dataset of black victims by whites was 25 . A 2015 study found that cases with white victims are two times more likely to result in convictions under these laws than cases with black victims . In 2012 , in response to the Trayvon Martin case , the Tampa Bay Times compiled a report on the application of stand your ground , and also created a database of cases where defendants sought to invoke the law . However , their report , contrary to those cited above , found no difference in Florida cases in the way in which defendants claiming self - defense under the law are treated regardless of race , with white subjects being charged and convicted at the same rate as black subjects , and results of mixed - race cases were similar for both white victims of black attackers and black victims of white attackers . Shooters of black attackers overall were more successful at using the law than shooters of white attackers , regardless of the race of the victim claiming self - defense , but analysis showed that black attackers were also more likely to be armed and to be involved in committing a crime , such as burglary , when shot . Effect on crime rates ( edit ) The laws ' effect on crime rates is disputed between supporters and critics of the laws . Justifiable homicides have been found to have increased by 8 percent in states with stand - your - ground laws . Economist John Lott says that states adopting stand - your - ground / castle doctrine laws reduced murder rates by 9 percent and overall violent crime by 11 percent , and that occurs even after accounting for a range of other factors such as national crime trends , law enforcement variables ( arrest , execution , and imprisonment rates ) , income and poverty measures , demographic changes , and the national average changes in crime rates from year - to - year and average differences across states . One study found that the adoption of stand - your - ground laws caused a statistically significant increase in the raw homicide rate , and had only a very small positive effect on deterrence of crime . The authors of the study were unable to determine what percentage of the increase was justifiable homicide , due to the reporting of homicide to the FBI often lacking notation whether the homicide was justifiable or not . Another analysis of stand - your - ground laws by economists at Georgia State University , using monthly data from the U.S. Vital Statistics , found a significant increase in homicide and injury of whites , especially white males . They also analyzed data from the Health Care Utilization Project , which revealed significantly increased rates of emergency room visits and hospital discharges related to gun injuries in states which enacted these laws . In a 2007 National District Attorneys Association symposium , numerous concerns were voiced that the law could increase crime . This included criminals using the law as a defense for their crimes , more people carrying guns , and that people would not feel safe if they felt that anyone could use deadly force in a conflict . The report also noted that the misinterpretation of clues could result in use of deadly force when there was , in fact , no danger . The report specifically notes that racial and ethnic minorities could be at greater risk because of negative stereotypes . Florida 's stand - your - ground law went into effect on October 1 , 2005 . Florida state representative Dennis Baxley , an author of the law , said that the violent crime rate has dropped since the enactment of the law , though he said there may be many reasons for the change . Others have argued that the law may lead to an increase in crime . Violent crime data for 1995 -- 2015 has been published by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement . In 2012 , a study was published which found that after the Joe Horn shooting controversy in 2007 publicized Texas ' stand - your - ground law , burglaries decreased significantly in Houston , but not in Dallas , over a 20 - month period . A 2013 study in the Journal of Human Resources claims that Stand Your Ground laws in states across the U.S. contribute to 600 additional homicides a year . According to Mark Hoestra , co-author of the study : `` We asked what happened to homicide rates in states that passed these laws between 2000 and 2010 , compared to other states over the same time period . We found that homicide rates in states with a version of the Stand Your Ground law increased by an average of 8 percent over states without it -- which translates to roughly 600 additional homicides per year . These homicides are classified by police as criminal homicides , not as justifiable homicides . '' A 2015 study found that the adoption of Oklahoma 's stand - your - ground law was associated with a decrease in residential burglaries , but also that the law had `` the unintended consequence of increasing the number of non-residential burglaries . '' In 2016 , Mark Gius published a study that found that stand - your - ground laws were not associated with lower crime rates . A widely reported 2016 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association compared homicide rates in Florida following the passage of its `` stand your ground '' self - defense law to the rates in four control states , New Jersey , New York , Ohio and Virginia , which have no similar laws . It found that the law was associated with a 24.4 % increase in homicide and a 31.6 % increase in firearm - related homicide , but no change in rates of suicide or suicide by firearm , between 2005 and 2014 . It noted that , `` ( c ) ircumstances unique to Florida may have contributed to our findings , including those that we could not identify , '' and `` ( o ) ur study examined the effect of the Florida law on homicide and homicide by firearm , not on crime and public safety '' . The study was criticized by gun rights advocate John Lott 's Crime Prevention Research Center for studying only one state . Gun enthusiast and attorney Andrew Branca , writing in National Review , criticized the study for not distinguishing between justifiable homicides and murder , and for relying solely on statutory laws while overlooking case law ( i.e. Virginia ) in determining the data set . The study was praised by Duke University professor Jeffrey Swanson for its use of other states as controls , saying `` ( t ) hey look at comparable trends in states that did n't pass the law and do n't see the effect . '' Other jurisdictions ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) The common law jurisdiction of England and Wales has a stand - your - ground law rooted in the common law defence of using reasonable force in self - defence . At English common law there is no duty to retreat before a person may use reasonable force against an attacker , nor need a person wait to be attacked before using such force . In both cases force used must be reasonable in the circumstances as the person perceived them to be , unless the person is attacked in their own home , whereupon force will only be regarded as unreasonable if it was `` grossly disproportionate '' . Czech Republic ( edit ) Main article : Gun politics in the Czech Republic § Self defense with firearms There is no explicit stand - your - ground or castle doctrine provision in the laws of the Czech Republic , however there is also no duty to retreat from an attack and that has an effect similar to `` stand your ground '' provision . In order for a defense to be judged as legitimate , it may not be manifestly disproportionate to the manner of the attack . Germany ( edit ) German law allows self - defense against an unlawful attack . If there is no other possibility for defense , it is generally allowed to use even deadly force without a duty to retreat . However , there must not be an extreme imbalance ( `` extremes Missverhältnis '' ) between the defended right and the chosen method of defense . In particular , in case firearms are used , a warning shot must be given when defending a solely material asset . Nevertheless , due to the low circulation of firearms in Germany the impact of this law is not all that strong . Ireland ( edit ) Under the terms of the Defence and the Dwelling Act , property owners or residents are entitled to defend themselves with force , up to and including lethal force . Any individual who uses force against a trespasser is not guilty of an offense if he or she honestly believes they were there to commit a criminal act and a threat to life . However , there is a further provision which requires that the reaction to the intruder is such that another reasonable person in the same circumstances would likely employ it . This provision acts as a safeguard against grossly disproportionate use of force , while still allowing a person to use force in nearly all circumstances . The law was introduced in response to DPP v. Padraig Nally . A person who uses such force as is permitted by section 2 in the circumstances referred to in that section shall not be liable in tort with respect to any injury , loss or damage arising from the use of such force . The force used is only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he or she believes them to be -- ( i ) to protect himself or herself or another person present in the dwelling from injury , assault , detention or death caused by a criminal act , ( ii ) to protect his or her property or the property of another person from appropriation , destruction or damage caused by a criminal act , or ( iii ) to prevent the commission of a crime or to effect , or assist in effecting , a lawful arrest . It does not matter whether the person using the force had a safe and practicable opportunity to retreat from the dwelling before using the force concerned . This law does not not apply to force used against a member of An Garda Siochána ( Irish Police ) or anyone assisting them , or a person lawfully performing a function authorised by or under any enactment . See also ( edit ) Jury nullification Proxemics , the study of human use of space and the effects that population density has on behavior , communication , and social interaction Restorative justice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dawkins v. State , 252 P. 3d 214 ( Okla . 2011 ) Jump up ^ Florida Statutes Title XLVI Chapter 776 Jump up ^ Ala . Code 13A - 3 - 23 ( b ) : `` A person who is justified under subsection ( a ) in using physical force , including deadly physical force , and who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and is in any place where he or she has the right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his ground . '' Jump up ^ Eaton , Daysha ( 2013 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Parnell Signs Bills , Resolutions Supporting Gun Rights Alaska Public Media '' . Alaskapublic.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martosko , David ( April 1 , 2012 ) `` ' Stand your ground ' laws not just GOP policy , records show '' The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Title XLVI Chapter 776 : JUSTIFIABLE USE OF FORCE '' . The 2013 Florida Statutes . The Florida Legislature . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Iowa : Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` States That Have Stand Your Ground Laws '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bott , Kurt Erickson , Celeste . `` Missouri Senate overrides bill allowing concealed carry without a permit '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 's Stand Your Ground Law Mirrors Florida 's '' , Public Source , March 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gov. Perry Signs Law Allowing Texans to Protect Themselves '' , Office of Governor Rick Perry Press Release , March 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ 76 - 2 - 405 `` Force in defense of habitation '' Check url = value ( help ) . Utah criminal Code . Jump up ^ Walker signs ' castle doctrine ' bill , other measures Jump up ^ `` '' Stand Your Ground '' Laws Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence `` . smartgunlaws.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Penal Code § § 197 , 198.5 , Legislative Counsel , State of California , retrieved April 3 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` CALCRIM No. 505 . Justifiable Homicide '' . CaliforniaJuryInstructions.Net . January 2006 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ People v. Toler , 9 P. 3d 341 ( Colo . 2000 ) Jump up ^ Cassels v. People , 92 P. 3d 951 ( Colo . 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia Concealed Carry Permit Information '' . USA Carry . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Defense Act '' . Michigan Legislature . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida ' Stand Your Ground ' law could complicate Trayvon Martin teen shooting case '' . MSNBC . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deaths Nearly Triple Since ' Stand Your Ground ' Enacted '' . CBS Miami . 2011 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby . `` Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self - Defense '' . The New York Times . nytimes.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Howard . `` NRA 's Behind - the - Scenes Campaign Encouraged ' Stand Your Ground ' Adoption '' . Florida Center for Investigative Reporting . fcir.org . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trayvon Martin case : Florida task force told ' stand your ground ' law confusing '' . TheGrio. April 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Holder , Eric . `` Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the NAACP Annual Convention '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacob Sullum ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Zimmerman 's Prosecutors Did Not Think They Were Trying a ' Stand Your Ground ' Case - Hit & Run '' . Reason.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fair , Madison . `` Dare defend : standing for stand your ground '' . Law and Psychology Review . 38 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Jonsson , Patrik ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Racial bias and ' stand your ground ' laws : what the data show '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , John K. `` Race , Justifiable Homicide , and Stand Your Ground Laws : Analysis of FBI Supplementary Homicide Report Data '' ( PDF ) . http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412873-stand-your-ground.pdf . The Urban Institute . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Flatow , Nicole . `` 5 Disturbing Facts About The State Of Stand Your Ground '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/is-there-racial-bias-in-stand-your-ground-laws/ Jump up ^ Ackermann , Nicole ; Goodman , Melody S. ; Gilbert , Keon ; Arroyo - Johnson , Cassandra ; Pagano , Marcello ( October 2015 ) . `` Race , law , and health : Examination of ' Stand Your Ground ' and defendant convictions in Florida '' . Social Science & Medicine . 142 : 194 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / j. socscimed. 2015.08. 012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Florida 's stand your ground law '' . Tampa Bay Times . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hundley , Kris ; Martin , Susan Taylor ; Humburg , Connie ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Florida ' stand your ground ' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Susan Taylor ; Hundley , Kris ; Humburg , Connie ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Race plays complex role in Florida 's ' stand your ground ' law '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns Less Crime . Table 10.14 `` Time impact of the Castle Doctrine on violent crime rates '' Jump up ^ Cheng , Cheng ; Hoekstra , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` Does Strengthening Self - Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence ? Evidence from Castle Doctrine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Study Says ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws Increase Homicides '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Chandler ; Tekin , Erdal ( June 2012 ) . `` Stand Your Ground Laws , Homicides , and Injuries '' . Bulletin on Aging and Health . NBER Working Paper No. 18187 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Steven ; Nugent - Borakove , M. Elaine . `` Expansions to the Castle Doctrine : Implications for Policy and Practice '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime rates in Florida have dropped since ' stand your ground , ' says Dennis Baxley '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Department of Law Enforcement - Violent Crime '' . www.fdle.state.fl.us . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ren , L. ; Zhang , Y. ; Zhao , J.S. ( 27 December 2012 ) . `` The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas : A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas '' . Crime & Delinquency. 61 ( 8 ) : 1127 -- 1151 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011128712466886 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Christina . `` Kill At Will : Stand Your Ground Laws Contribute To 600 Additional Homicides A Year ( DETAILS ) '' . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Chamlin , Mitchell B. ; Krajewski , Andrea E. ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` Use of Force and Home Safety : An Impact Assessment of Oklahoma 's '' . Deviant Behavior : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.1080 / 01639625.2015. 1012027 . Jump up ^ Gius , Mark ( September 2016 ) . `` The relationship between stand - your - ground laws and crime : A state - level analysis '' . The Social Science Journal . 53 ( 3 ) : 329 -- 338 . doi : 10.1016 / j. soscij. 2016.01. 001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Misleading Journal of the American Medical Association research about Florida 's Stand Your Ground Law - Crime Prevention Research Center '' . Crime Prevention Research Center . 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Humphreys , David K. ; Gasparrini , Antonio ; Wiebe , Douglas J. `` Evaluating the Impact of Florida 's `` Stand Your Ground '' Self - defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm `` . JAMA Internal Medicine . doi : 10.1001 / jamainternmed. 2016.6811 . Jump up ^ `` A study by the Journal of the American Medical Association suggests stand - your - ground laws result in more fatal shootings '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Branca , Andrew . `` What to Make of the New Study of Florida 's ' Stand Your Ground ' Law '' . National Review . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mohney , Gillian ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Florida Homicide Rate Increased After Passage of ' Stand Your Ground ' Law , Study Finds '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Supreme Court of the Czech Republic ( 24 October 2001 ) , Decision No. 5 Tz 189 / 2001 ( in Czech ) , Brno Jump up ^ Novotný , Oto ( 2004 ) . Trestní právo hmotné . Praha : ASPI . Jump up ^ `` Notwehrparagraph '' . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 110 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I. Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 123 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 2005 ) . Strafrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer . p. 126 . ISBN 3 - 17 - 018395 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Palmer , Brian ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Do Other Countries Have ' Stand Your Ground ' Laws ? Or do they require you to slowly back away ? '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Lithwick , Dahlia ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Stand Your Ground ' Nation : America used to value the concept of retreat . Now we just shoot . '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand-your-ground_law&oldid=803767868 '' Categories : Homicide Legal doctrines and principles Self - defense U.S. state criminal law Controversies in the United States Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : external links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 14 : 16 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-your-ground%20law	8,622
when does assassins creed black flag take place	The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element .		Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag	assassin's creed iv : black flag	Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows .	The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 Other data 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 ( show ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 15 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year Edition , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released only on the Xbox One , PlayStation 4 and PC . It includes all available downloadable content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic , with critics praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions also had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . ( show ) List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry does n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . Other data ( edit ) In November 2013 the video game company of Ubisoft financed the exhumation of the remains of the Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo to reconstruct his face for its possible appearance in Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . For the first time in history , a company in the video game industry exhumed the remains of a historical character in a pioneering campaign that got the attention of national and international media . In addition , this exhumation had important discoveries on the physiognomy of this mythical corsair . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... '' Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uplay Store - Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Gold Edition Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Delayed On PC . Again . But This Time It 's OK '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corriea , Alexa Ray ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Why Assassin 's Creed always launches last on PC '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( 31 October 2013 ) . `` Assassin _́ s Creed IV Black Flag and Uplay Passport '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft ditches Uplay Passport after Assassin 's Creed 4 furore '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® IV Black Flag Season Pass '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Steinman , Gary ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- FREEDOM CRY DLC RELEASE DATE & STORY '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Freedom Cry Releasing as Standalone Title '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED IV BLACK FLAG -- BLACKBEARD 'S WRATH DLC '' . UbiBlog . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 11 February 2014 ) . `` Ubisoft releases Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Guild of Rogues DLC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 3 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for Xbox 360 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking The Entire Assassin 's Creed Series '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed sales down 60 % year - on - year , Battlefield 4 down 69 % on Battlefield 3 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 sales slump attributed to next - gen launch '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` November NPD : PS4 is ' top - selling ' console , Xbox One is ' fastest - selling ' ( Update : Nintendo boasts big numbers , too ) '' . Joystiq . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eric ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Ships 10 Million Copies '' . IGN . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Winner 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overall Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rob ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Gaming Awards 2013 Nominees Announced '' . Machinima.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto V ' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List '' . Game Rant . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PS4 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Studio of the Year Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Graphics Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Action / Adventure Game Nominees 2013 '' . Cheat Code Central . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tan , Nicholas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Best Action - Adventure Game 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Daniel ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Best Publisher 2013 '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS3 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Game of the Year 2013 Winner '' . GameSpot . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Adventure Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 The Sequel of Sequels '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Games of the Year '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplatform Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Multiplayer Game '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best New Character '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Best Technical Graphics '' . Hardcore Gamer . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best 2013 multiplatform game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 action game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The winner of Destructoid 's best of 2013 competitive game '' . Destructoid . December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day One '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb Staff ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards : Day Five '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ admin ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 NAVGTR Nominations '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards Video -- Winners Montage '' . GameTrailers . January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Action Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Overall Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PC Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS3 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best PS4 Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox 360 Story -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Xbox One Sound -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Multiplayer Game -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Wii U Music -- IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Escapist Awards -- Game of the Year 2013 '' . The Escapist . p. 1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Escapist Staff ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Winners of The Escapist Awards and Game of the Year Nominees '' . The Escapist . p. 6 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Official Xbox Magazine 's 2013 Awards : Categories , Genres , and Platforms -- Best Action Game '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ OXM Staff ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` The OXM 2013 Game of the Year '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Writers Guild Awards Videogame Nominees Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Finalists '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards '' . Game Developers Choice Awards . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Joystick 2014 Awards Nominee 's Revealed '' . Lazy Gamers . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2014 : Full list of winners '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeffrey . `` PETA : It 's ' disgraceful ' for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag to ' glorify ' whaling '' . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke . `` PETA Condemns Assassin 's Creed 4 's Whaling as `` Disgraceful '' `` . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` PETA Attacks Assassin 's Creed 4 For Including Whaling UPDATE : Ubisoft Responds '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piratería , videojuegos y Amaro Pargo Jump up ^ El pirata canario Amaro Pargo revive con Assassin _́ s Creed Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . External links ( edit ) Official website Video games portal 2010s portal Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Arno Dorian Related Prince of Persia Watch Dogs Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag&oldid=827748437 '' Categories : 2013 video games Action - adventure games Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer and single - player video games Naval video games Nintendo Network games Open world video games Parkour video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games Stealth video games Video game prequels Video games about pirates Video games about slavery Video games developed in Bulgaria Video games developed in Canada Video games developed in Italy Video games set in Canada Video games set in Cuba Video games set in Florida Video games set in Haiti Video games set in Jamaica Video games set in Martinique Video games set in Montreal Video games set in Panama Video games set in Saint Lucia Video games set in the 18th century Video games set in the Bahamas Video games set in the Caribbean Video games using PhysX Video games with downloadable content Wii U eShop games Wii U games PlayStation Plus games Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Cultural depictions of Blackbeard Cultural depictions of William Kidd Cultural depictions of Anne Bonny Cultural depictions of Mary Read Video games set on islands Haitian Revolution in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 14 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%2527s%20Creed%20IV%3A%20Black%20Flag	15,416
who is the lady that does the at&t commercials	Milana Aleksandrovna Vayntrub ( / ˈvaɪntruːb / ; Uzbek Cyrillic : Милана Александровна Вайнтруб ; born March 8 , 1987 ) is an Uzbekistan - born American actress and comedian , who is known for playing the character Lily Adams in a series of AT&T television commercials .	Milana Aleksandrovna Vayntrub	Milana Vayntrub	milana vayntrub	Milana Aleksandrovna Vayntrub ( / ˈvaɪntruːb / ; Uzbek Cyrillic : Милана Александровна Вайнтруб ; born March 8 , 1987 ) is an Uzbekistan - born American actress and comedian , who is known for playing the character Lily Adams in a series of AT&T television commercials .	Vayntrub has appeared in many short films and in the web series Let 's Talk About Something More Interesting , co-starring Stevie Nelson . She starred in the Yahoo ! Screen series Other Space . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Early Life ( edit ) Vayntrub was born in Tashkent , Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , and is Jewish . When she was two and a half years old , she and her parents emigrated to the U.S. as refugees , settling in West Hollywood . She started acting in Mattel Barbie commercials at the age of five , due in part to her family 's financial problems . Vayntrub briefly attended Beverly Hills High School , but dropped out after her sophomore year , got a GED , and went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts in Communications from University of California , San Diego . She received training with the improvisational comedy group Upright Citizens Brigade . Career ( edit ) Vayntrub at VidCon in 2012 Vayntrub and Stevie Nelson teamed up to start the YouTube comedy channel Live Prude Girls where they produced a number of shorts and the hit web series Let 's Talk About Something More Interesting . Live Prude Girls went on to be featured on NewMediaRockstars ' Top 100 Channels countdown , ranked at No. 93 . Vayntrub has had small roles in film and television , including Life Happens . She has also starred in several CollegeHumor videos . In 2011 , Vayntrub was the lead in the music video for `` Teenage Tide '' by Letting Up Despite Great Faults . She appeared as Tara in two episodes of the sitcom Silicon Valley . Since November 2013 , she has portrayed a saleswoman named `` Lily Adams '' in a series of TV commercials for AT&T . She also portrayed Tina Shukshin on the Yahoo ! Screen original series Other Space . In January 2016 , after visiting Greece and meeting with refugee families fleeing the Syrian Civil War , Vayntrub co-founded a website and social media movement called # CantDoNothing to spotlight the European migrant crisis . She appeared in the television series This Is Us as Sloane Sandburg , author and co-star of the play in which Kevin Pearson is starring in New York . In July 2017 , Vayntrub was cast in the lead role of Marvel superheroine Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl in Marvel 's upcoming television series New Warriors . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles ( selected ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Life Happens Tanya 2012 Junk Natasha 2016 Ghostbusters Subway Rat Woman 2018 Marvel Rising : Secret Warriors Squirrel Girl Voice role Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1995 ER Tatiana 3 episodes Days of Our Lives Young Kristen 2001 -- 2002 Lizzie McGuire Posse Member # 1 / Cute Burper / Dancer 3 episodes The Division Katerina Ominsky Episode : `` Acts of Desperation '' 2012 Daddy Knows Best Nancy Episode : `` Game Night '' 2012 The League Cute Girl in Bar Episode : `` The Hoodie '' 2013 Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous Felcia Episode : `` Zach Stone Is Gonna Get Wild '' 2013 Food Network Star Video Caller Episode : `` 4th of July Live '' 2013 Key & Peele Vampire Episode : `` Sexy Vampires '' 2014 House of Lies Christy 2 episodes 2014 Californication Bad Actress Episode : `` Like Father Like Son '' 2014 Silicon Valley Tara 2 episodes 2015 Other Space Tina Shukshin 8 episodes 2016 Love Natalie 2 episodes 2016 , 2017 @ midnight Herself 7 episodes ( July 22 , August 17 , 18 , December 14 & February 13 , 2017 , March 29 & 30 , 2017 ) 2016 - 2017 This Is Us Sloane Sandburg 8 episodes 2018 New Warriors Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl Lead role Web series roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 -- 2014 CollegeHumor Originals Various 15 episodes 2015 Wrestling Is n't Wrestling The Ultimate Warrior Video short 2016 Jake and Amir Present : Lonely and Horny Episode 1 Elana 1 episode 2013 BowserVids Comedy Sketches Various 4 videos 2017 That Moment When Jill 7 episodes Music video roles Year Title Artist Notes 2007 `` Ca n't Be Saved '' Senses Fail 2011 `` Teenage Tide '' Letting Up Despite Great Faults References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vayntrub , Milana ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` I feel like the luckiest girl with the funniest fans ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vayntrub , Milana ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` My mom and my hamburger birthday cake '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kurp , Josh ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Meet The Actress Who Plays ' Lily ' '' , Your AT&T Commercial Crush `` . UPROXX . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Prude Girls '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Backstage Staff ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` The Third Annual Backstage 30 : 28 . Milana Vayntrub '' . Backstage . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vayntrub , Milana ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` @ SalteeMan no . I 'm also a Jew and fundamentally opposed to any kind of cooking people to death '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haltiwanger , John ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` You 've Seen This Woman A Thousand Times But Had No Idea She Was A Refugee '' . Elite Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` An amazing side of Milana Vayntrub you have n't seen ( 15 Photos ) '' . The Chive . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Box ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` BA # 061 : Milana Vayntrub '' . Box Angeles . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NMR Staff ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels : 100 -- 76 ! '' . NewMediaRockstars . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Letting Up Despite Great Faults ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Letting Up Despite Great Faults - ' Teenage Tide ' '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Ca n't Do Nothing . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's New Warriors Squirrel Girl '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Susan ; Flaherty , Keely ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Launching A New Franchise Of Wonderful , Diverse Superheroes '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wrestling Is n't Wrestling '' . YouTube . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CollegeHumor ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) , Jake and Amir Present : Lonely and Horny Episode 1 , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 Jump up ^ `` That Moment When '' . helloeko.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Milana Vayntrub on IMDb Milana Vayntrub at AllMovie Broxton , Candace ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Milana Vayntrub '' . Ten Minute Interviews . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milana_Vayntrub&oldid=824540640 '' Categories : 1987 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American child actresses American people of Uzbekistani - Jewish descent American television actresses Beverly Hills High School alumni Living people Jewish American actresses Jewish refugees People from Tashkent Uzbekistani emigrants to the United States Uzbekistani Jews University of California , San Diego alumni Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Basa Jawa Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 23 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milana%20Vayntrub	12,675
do the rest of europe change their clocks	Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back , and is now observing UTC + 03 : 00 all year round . The midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28 ° E ( corresponds to UTC + 1.8 ) . Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes ( 13 ° W - 24 ° W ) which would indicate UTC − 1 . Iceland 's high latitude ( the Reykjavík region , home to nearly two - thirds of the country 's people , is at 64 ° N ) means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year , and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would , in comparison , be small . Russia used `` permanent summer time '' from 2011 to 2014 . In October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time ( UTC + 03 : 00 in the country 's west , including Moscow ) , setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did . Turkey decided not to observe daylight saving time anymore in September 2016 , and decided to stay in UTC + 3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC + 2 .		Summer time in Europe	summer time in europe	European Summer Time is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries , not including Iceland , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Turkey and Russia -- in the period between spring and autumn , during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year , in order to make the most efficient use of seasonal daylight . It corresponds to the notion and practice of `` daylight saving time '' to be found in many other parts of the world .	European Summer Time begins at 01 : 00 UTC / WET ( 02 : 00 CET , 03 : 00 EET ) on the last Sunday in March and ends at 01 : 00 UTC ( 02 : 00 WEST , 03 : 00 CEST , 04 : 00 EEST ) on the last Sunday in October each year ; i.e. the change is made at the same absolute time across all time zones . Greenland , except for the northeastern coast around Danmarkshavn ( UTC year - round ) , observes Summer Time simultaneously with Europe , except for Thule Air Base ( which follows Atlantic Time and observes in accordance with Canadian rules ) . Summer Time thus begins at 00 : 00 East Greenland Time and Saturday 22 : 00 West Greenland Time , and ends 01 : 00 EGST and Saturday 23 : 00 WGST . Summer Time lasts , depending upon the calendar year , for either 30 or 31 weeks of the year . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Exact transition dates 3 Double Summer Time 4 Countries not switching to and from summer time 5 Local observations 5.1 Austria - Hungary 5.2 Bulgaria 5.3 Czech Republic 5.4 Czechoslovakia 5.5 Denmark 5.6 Estonia 5.7 Finland 5.8 France 5.9 Germany 5.10 Hungary 5.11 Iceland 5.12 Ireland 5.13 Italy 5.14 Norway 5.15 Poland 5.16 Portugal 5.17 Romania 5.18 Russia 5.19 Slovakia 5.20 Slovenia 5.21 Sweden 5.22 Switzerland 5.23 Turkey 5.24 Ukraine 5.25 United Kingdom 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) Summer Time was first introduced during the First World War . However , most countries discontinued the practice after the war . It was then restarted in various countries during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath . Again it was widely cancelled by the 1950s , although re-introduced in isolated cases until the late 1960s when the energy crisis began to prompt policy makers to re-introduce the policy across the continent . It has remained in place in most European countries since that time . Historically the countries of Europe had different practices for observing Summer Time , but this hindered coordination of transport , communications and movements . Starting in 1981 the European Community began issuing directives requiring member states to legislate particular start and end dates for Summer Time . Since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01 : 00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March , but the end dates have differed . Successive Directives laid down two dates for the end : one on the last Sunday in September applied by the continental Member States , and the other on the fourth Sunday in October for the United Kingdom and Ireland . In 1996 the end date was changed to the fourth Sunday in October for all countries . In 1998 the end date was adjusted to be the last Sunday in October ; this happened to be the same as the previous rule for 1996 and 1997 . The ninth directive , currently in force , has made this permanent . There have been proposals in 2015 and 2016 from members of the European Parliament to abolish summer time observance , but the European Commission has yet to put forward proposals to be considered as it says it has not found conclusive evidence in favour of a change and member states are divided . It did however note that there would be a cost to lose harmonisation between member states ' summer time rules . In 2017 the Finnish and Lithuanian parliaments both voted in favour of proposals calling on the EU to reconsider daylight saving , with similar criticism from Poland and Sweden . The European Commission at the time was reviewing the practice . On 8 February 2018 , the European Parliament voted to make the European Commission re-evaluate DST in Europe . Exact transition dates ( edit ) European Summer Time begins ( clocks go forward ) at 01 : 00 UTC on the last Sunday in March : 30 March 2014 29 March 2015 27 March 2016 26 March 2017 25 March 2018 31 March 2019 29 March 2020 28 March 2021 27 March 2022 The formula used to calculate the beginning of European Summer Time is Sunday ( 31 − ( ( ( ( 5 × y ) ÷ 4 ) + 4 ) mod 7 ) ) March at 01 : 00 UTC where y is the year , and a mod b is the remainder of division after truncating a and b to integers . The above formula is valid until 2099 . European Summer Time ends ( clocks go back ) at 01 : 00 UTC on the last Sunday in October : 26 October 2014 25 October 2015 30 October 2016 29 October 2017 28 October 2018 27 October 2019 25 October 2020 31 October 2021 30 October 2022 To calculate the end of European Summer Time , a variant of the formula above is used for October : Sunday ( 31 − ( ( ( ( 5 × y ) ÷ 4 ) + 1 ) mod 7 ) ) October at 01 : 00 UTC Double summer time ( edit ) `` Double Summer Time '' ( two hours ahead of local winter time ) has been observed on some occasions , notably in 1921 , 1941 - 5 and 1947 . See : British Double Summer Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Central European Midsummer Time ( UTC + 03 : 00 ) Moscow Midsummer Time ( UTC + 05 : 00 ) Countries not switching to and from summer time ( edit ) There are three countries that do not use summer time , and keep the same time all year . Some may be thought of as using `` permanent '' summer time since they are using time zones allocated to regions further east than themselves . Belarus explicitly decided to stay permanently on ( what it formerly called ) summer time after 2011 . Spain , France , Belgium , and the Netherlands may also be thought of as observing `` summer time '' throughout the winter , and `` double - summer time '' during summer , because of their position far to the west of the central European time zone . Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back , and is now observing UTC + 03 : 00 all year round . The midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28 ° E ( corresponds to UTC + 1.8 ) . Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes ( 13 ° W - 24 ° W ) which would indicate UTC − 1 . Iceland 's high latitude ( the Reykjavík region , home to nearly two - thirds of the country 's people , is at 64 ° N ) means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year , and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would , in comparison , be small . Russia used `` permanent summer time '' from 2011 to 2014 . In October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time ( UTC + 03 : 00 in the country 's west , including Moscow ) , setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did . Turkey decided not to observe daylight saving time anymore in September 2016 , and decided to stay in UTC + 3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC + 2 . Local observations ( edit ) In most of Europe , the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period : thus , in the UTC + 01 : 00 time zone , Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) Austria - Hungary used summer time during World War I in 1916 , 1917 and 1918 , similar to the German Empire . Bulgaria ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Bulgaria in 1979 by a regulation of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers . Bulgaria observes the European Union rules for summer time . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Kingdom of Bohemia , summer time was used for three seasons since 1916 to 1918 , while being part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire during World War I. During the World War II period , when Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a de facto part of Nazi Germany , summer time was used since 1940 . In 1940 / 1941 and 1941 / 1942 , the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter . Czechoslovakia used summer time from 1945 to 1949 and from 1979 up to 1992 . In winter 1946 / 1947 ( from 1 December to 23 February ) , also winter time ( CET + 01 : 00 ) was used . So Czechoslovakia used summer time yearly from 1979 and both Czech Republic and Slovakia continued in doing so after the dissolution in 1993 . Czechoslovakia ( edit ) Czech lands and Slovakia used summer time in 1916 , 1917 and 1918 under the Austro - Hungarian Empire during World War I . Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia used summer time since 1940 . In 1940 / 1941 and 1941 / 1942 , the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter . The Slovak State during World War II also used summer time . Czechoslovakia continued to use the summer time since 1945 to 1949 . In winter 1946 / 1947 ( from 1 December to 23 February ) , also winter time ( CET − 01 : 00 ) was used . Czechoslovakia used summer time since 1979 up to 1992 ( year of its dissolution ) . Czech Republic and Slovak Republic continue to use the summer time . Denmark ( edit ) Although summer time has been observed in Denmark for the past few decades , a national association against summer time ( Landsforeningen mod Sommertid ) still exists . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia the use of summer time was not used in 1989 -- 1996 and 2000 -- 2001 . It was used under Soviet rule in 1981 -- 1988 . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , summer time has been used on a regular basis since 1981 . In June 2017 , a citizens ' initiative , signed by 70 000 Finnish citizens , to abolish daylight saving time , was handed over to the Finnish parliament . France ( edit ) From 1923 until the Second World War France observed summer time from the last Saturday in March until the first Saturday in October . During the Second World War France also observed summer time . However , after the war the practice was abandoned ( since the country changed time zones instituting de facto permanent summer time ) . In 1975 , summer time was reimplemented because of the oil crisis . Since GMT ( now UTC ) is France 's `` natural '' time zone its use of UTC + 1 in winter can be seen as a form of daylight saving time in winter , while its use of Central European Summer Time ( UTC + 2 ) in summer can be seen as a form of `` double summer time '' . France follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time . Germany ( edit ) Summer time was first introduced during World War I by the German Empire from the year 1916 to 1918 . After the end of the war and the proclamation of the Weimar Republic in November 1918 , summer time ceased to be observed in peace time . Summer time was reintroduced in 1940 , during World War II , in an attempt to save energy for the war economy . After the defeat of Germany , summer time was retained by the occupation powers . In 1945 , Berlin and the Soviet Occupation Zone even observed Central European Midsummer Time ( Mitteleuropäische Hochsommerzeit , MEHSZ ; UTC + 03 : 00 ) ; in 1947 , all of Germany switched to midsummer time from 11 May to 29 June . After the Federal Republic ( West Germany ) and the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) were established in 1949 , summer time again ceased to be observed in 1950 . In 1978 , West Germany decided to re-introduce summer time , following the example set by several neighbouring states in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis . However , it only came into effect in 1980 , after West and East Germany reached an agreement to simultaneously observe summer time from the last Sunday in March ( 02 : 00 CET ) to the last Sunday in September ( 03 : 00 CEST ) . Therefore , both German states observed the same time until the German re-unification in 1990 , after which the re-unified Germany retained the laws and thus also the Time Act ( Zeitgesetz ) of West Germany . After 1980 , West and East Germany ; since 1991 reunified Germany : Central European Summer Time . Germany follows EU rules regarding the start and end times and dates for summer time . Hungary ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Hungary first in 1916 and it was observed until 1919 . After that summer time was in use between 1941 -- 1949 and 1954 -- 1957 . Summer time has been in use again since 1980 and follows EU rules . Hungary may scrap DST in 2017 . Iceland ( edit ) Iceland uses UTC but has not used summer time since April 1968 . From 1908 to 1968 Iceland used UTC − 1 . Summer time was used in 1917 - 1919 , 1921 and 1939 - 1967 . Ireland ( edit ) Further information : Time in Ireland In Ireland , Summer Time , known as Irish Standard Time ( IST ) is observed during Summer ( March to October ) . IST is sometimes mistaken for `` Irish Summer Time '' , though this is incorrect . Italy ( edit ) Summer time in Italy was adopted and abolished several times , being observed from 1916 to 1920 and between 1944 and 1948 . A law was approved in 1965 that took effect the following year , and made the application of summer time mandatory in the whole country . Since 1996 , it has been coordinated with the European Union . Norway ( edit ) In Norway , summer time was observed in 1916 , 1940 -- 45 , and 1959 - 65 . The arrangement was controversial , and in 1965 the Norwegian parliament ( Stortinget ) voted to discontinue the practice . Their neighbour , Sweden , did not use it . However , in 1980 summer time was reintroduced ( together with Sweden and Denmark ) , and since at least 2002 Norway has followed the European Union in this matter . Poland ( edit ) In Poland , `` the summer time '' was observed in the following years : 1918 1946 - 1949 1957 - 1964 1977 - ( still ) In the years 1979 - 1995 the last day of summer time was the last Saturday of September . In 1996 it was changed to the last Saturday of October , in order to synchronise with other countries of the EU . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , summer time ( locally known by `` Hora de Verão '' ) was introduced in 1916 . In the years 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1930 , 1933 and from 1967 to 1975 summer time was not applied . For many years the official hour in the Madeira Islands was one hour earlier than that in Lisbon , and the Azores Islands was two hours behind . Today , in the Madeira Islands the official time is the same as that of Lisbon , and in the Azores Islands is one hour behind Lisbon . The start and end dates for summer time in Portugal follow the pattern in the rest of the EU : the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October . Romania ( edit ) Summer time in Romania was originally introduced in 1932 ( between 22 May and 2 October ) . Between 1933 and 1940 summer time started on the first Sunday in April and ended on the first Sunday in October . Summer time was abandoned in 1941 and reintroduced in 1979 . Until 1996 , with few exceptions , summer time started at the end of March and ended at the end of September . Since 1997 , it has started in the last Sunday in March and ended on the last Sunday in October , in accordance with European Union rules . Russia ( edit ) Further information : Time in Russia A decree of the Russian Provisional Government introduced summer time ( Russian : летнее время ) in Russia on 30 June 1917 , and clocks moved one hour forward . A decree of the Soviet government led to the abandonment of this system five months later : clocks moved one hour back again on 28 December . From 1930 , Decree time had the effect of imposing year - round time - zone advances in the Soviet Union . A decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR reintroduced summer time in the USSR ( Moscow Summer Time , for example ) on 1 April 1981 , and its practice continued into post-Soviet times until 2011 . The changeover dates in Russia were the same as for other European countries , but clocks were moved forward or back at 02 : 00 local time in all zones . Thus in Moscow ( local time = UTC + 3 in winter , UTC + 4 in summer ) , summer time commenced at 02 : 00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in March , and ended at 03 : 00 UTC on the day before the last Sunday in October . ( Note that `` day before the last Sunday '' is not the same as `` the last Saturday '' in a month where the last day is a Saturday . ) Night black sky at 9 : 06 am ( UTC + 4 ) on 23 December 2013 in Moscow On 8 February 2011 , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced cancellation of biannual clock changes in Russia in favor of a permanent switch to summer time . An hour was added in March 2011 for the last time , and clocks did not move back again . At the same time some of Russia 's time zones were consolidated . After this reform many Russian cities had a `` standard time '' two hours more than would be suggested by their `` astronomical time '' ( because the original standard time was already ahead of astronomical time in many areas ) . During his 2012 election campaign , Vladimir Putin proposed re-introducing summer time , as some workers had complained about not seeing any daylight during the winter , since the sun had not risen when they went to work . According to a report in the International Herald Tribune , Russian citizens remembered the winter of 2011 - 12 as the `` darkest winter on record '' as a result of the time change . However , Putin later said it would be up to then Prime Minister Medvedev 's cabinet to decide how to proceed with a seasonal time shift , and it decided to stay with the 2011 policy . On 26 October 2014 Russia permanently returned to `` winter '' time . Slovakia ( edit ) In Slovakia , formerly part of Czechoslovakia , the authorities introduced summer time ( locally known as `` Letný čas '' ) , with occasional breaks , in the early 1940s . Annual summer time , however , dates only from 1979 . After several years , Slovakia established the rule that summer time begins in the last weekend of March ( during the night from Saturday to Sunday ) and ends in the last weekend of September . Since 1996 , summer time has been prolonged about one month so it lasts until the last weekend in October , in accordance with European Union rules . Slovenia ( edit ) Summer time in Slovenia ( locally known as `` Poletni čas '' ) was introduced on 16 November 1982 when it was one of the Yugoslavia republics . Same law was valid until 1996 when the end of summer time was changed from first Sunday in October to last Sunday in October . In 2006 , the European Union standard was adopted and is still used today . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden summer time was originally introduced on 15 May 1916 . Then it proved unpopular , and on 30 September in the same year , Sweden returned to year - round standard time . This situation continued for more than half a century . On 6 April 1980 , Sweden again introduced summer time , and since then summer time has been observed every summer in Sweden . Except for the introduction year 1980 , summer time has always started on the last Sunday in March . It ended on the last Sunday in September during the years 1980 - 1995 , and has ended on the last Sunday in October since 1996 , following a unification of start / end dates of summer time within the EU as well as in several European countries then outside the EU . The transit authority Västtrafik changes their clocks at 4 AM , so that the last tram that leaves around 3 : 30 actually goes 2 : 30 on last weekend of October for those who have changed their clocks at the legal time . The public transport company SL changes their clocks at the legal time , and runs extra departures during the October transition hour . Switzerland ( edit ) The last country in Europe to adopt summer time , in 1981 , was Switzerland , despite the fact the summer time was rejected in a federal voting in 1977 by 52.1 % of voters . Since 1996 Swiss summer time follows EU regulations . It had been in use in 1941 and 1942 . Turkey ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Turkey in 1947 , but suspended from 1965 through 1972 . Since 1974 , Turkey follows European Summer Time . In 2008 , the Turkish Ministry of Energy proposed that Turkey should abolish summer time while at the same time switching to GMT + 2.5 , originally from 2009 onwards , but when this appeared infeasible , to start in 2011 . The plan has not been heard of since . For the year 2011 , Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3 : 00 am ( 03 : 00 ) on Monday 28 March , one day later than the rest of Europe , to avoid disrupting the national university - entrance examinations held on 27 March . Once again , for the year 2014 , Turkey switched to European Summer Time at 3 : 00 am ( 03 : 00 ) on Monday 31 March , one day later than the rest of Europe , to avoid disrupting the local elections held on 30 March . In 2015 , Turkey delayed the switch from European Summer Time by 2 weeks , to 4 : 00 am ( 04 : 00 ) on Sunday 8 November , two weeks later than the rest of Europe , due to the calling of a snap general election on Sunday , 1 November . In 2016 , Turkey scrapped winter time , by switching to New Turkey Time . This means permanent UTC + 3 , which was used during summer time in Turkey . The switch was on 12 : 00 am ( 00 : 00 ) on Thursday 8 September , in reality stopping switches between summer and winter time . Ukraine ( edit ) Summer time was introduced in Ukraine in the early 1980s ; from 1981 till 1989 this was Moscow Summer Time ; since 1992 Eastern European Summer Time has been used . On 20 September 2011 the Verkhovna Rada ( Ukrainian parliament ) voted not to return from Eastern European Summer Time to Eastern European Time . This change would have had the effect of moving Ukraine into the Further - eastern European Time zone UTC + 03 : 00 along with Belarus and western Russia ( which do not observe summer time ) . However , on 18 October 2011 the Parliament canceled these plans and the country returned to Eastern European Time as scheduled . 295 MPs voted in favour out of 349 registered MPs . Crimea and regions of eastern Ukraine under the control of separatist militants observe Further - eastern European Time . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : British Summer Time In the United Kingdom local time during this period is known as British Summer Time ( BST ) ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) while local time during the rest of the year is normally referred to as Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . More generally British Summer Time is part of Western European Summer Time . Legislation : Summer Time Act 1916 ; Summer Time Act 1922 ; Time ( Ireland ) Act , 1916 ; Summer Time Act , 1925 ; Emergency Powers ( Defence ) Act , 1939 ; The Summer Time Order 1964 ; The Summer Time Order 1967 ; Summer Time Act 1972 ; The Summer Time Order 1997 ; The Summer Time Order 2002 . Since 1996 all clocks in the European Union , of which the UK is a member state , have changed on same dates and at the same time , 01 : 00 GMT . British Summer Time starts : Last Sunday in March British Summer Time ends : Last Sunday in October British Summer Time clocks change at 01 : 00 ( 1.00 am ) Greenwich Mean Time ( GMT ) . See also ( edit ) Daylight saving time in the Americas -- Greenland ( uses European summer time rule ) Winter time ( Czechoslovakia ) -- 1946 / 1947 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Communication from the commission to the Council , the European Parliament and the European economic and social committee under Article 5 of Directive 2000 / 84 / EC on summer time arrangements '' . European Commission . 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission - Mobility and Transport : Summertime '' . 24 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Joseph Myers ( 21 January 2007 ) . `` History of legal time in Britain '' . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Directive 2000 / 84 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 January 2001 on summer time arrangement '' . Jump up ^ https://epthinktank.eu/2016/03/24/summertime-changing-the-clocks/ Jump up ^ https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/eu-dst-discussions.html Jump up ^ Finland wants EU to give up daylight saving time , Euractiv 27 / 10 / 17 Jump up ^ Lithuania hopes to kill daylight savings time , Euractiv 22 / 11 / 17 Jump up ^ EU Parliament Votes to Re-Evaluate DST in Europe Jump up ^ Attributed to Robert H. van Gent . `` Daylight Saving Time : About this exhibit '' Jump up ^ `` Russia set to turn back the clocks with daylight - saving time shift '' . The Guardian . 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bulgaria Turns Clocks to Daylight Saving Time March 28 - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency Jump up ^ `` Landsforeningen mod Sommertid '' ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/citizens_initiative_to_dump_daylight_saving_time_heads_to_finnish_lawmakers/9657273 Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-finland-eu-daylightsaving/finland-wants-eu-to-give-up-daylight-saving-time-idUSKBN1CV2OE Jump up ^ Poulle , Yvonne ( 1999 ) . `` La France à l'heure allemande '' ( PDF ) . Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes ( in French ) . 157 ( 2 ) : 493 -- 502 . doi : 10.3406 / bec. 1999.450989 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Thorsen , Steffen . `` France and Spain kicks into `` Double Summer Time '' `` . Time and Date.com . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ DST and midsummer DST in Germany until 1979 , Physikalisch - Technische Bundesanstalt. ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ @ sztro.NET - horoszkóp , asztrológia - nyári időszámítás Magyarországon Jump up ^ `` Hva er sommertid ? '' . Forskning.no ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hora Legal desde 1911 ( Legal Time since 1911 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) . Jump up ^ `` Observatorul Astronomic - Ora de vara '' ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15 . Contains tables with all historical summer time start and end dates since 1932 . Jump up ^ Russia / Moscow Other possible error Site timeanddate.com 3 July 1916 00 : 01 : 02 hour forward ^ Jump up to : Gessen , Masha ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Will Russia Turn Back the Clock ? '' . Latitude : Views from Around the World . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russian prime minister promises daylight saving time '' . Time and Date.com. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC Russia : Putin abolishes `` daylight savings '' time change Jump up ^ Российская Газета : Президент вернул `` зимнее время '' Jump up ^ Natten mellan lördag och söndag går vi över till sommartid ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ Sommartid blir vintertid - även i SL - trafiken ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seit 30 Jahren Sommerzeit in der Schweiz Mein Regionalportal Jump up ^ `` Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011 '' . Turkish Daily News . Worldtimezone.com. 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey switches to summer time one day later '' . World Bulletin . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's election delays summertime '' . World Bulletin . 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` End of Daylight Saving Time delayed in Turkey '' . Hürriyet. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scraps Winter Time delayed In Turkey '' . Hürriyet. 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ukraine cancels use of daylight saving time , Kyiv Post ( 20 September 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Ukraine to return to standard time on 30 Oct ( updated ) , Kyiv Post ( 18 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ Deputies cancelled the winter time , WorldTimeZone.com ( 20 September 2011 ) Jump up ^ Ukraine cancels plan to drop winter time change , Kyiv Post ( 18 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time '' . ITAR TASS. 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Full text - Daylight Saving Time - United Kingdom Law - The Summer Time Order 1997 Jump up ^ British Summer Time , wwp.greenwichmeantime.com Further reading ( edit ) David Prerau . Saving the Daylight : Why We Put the Clocks Forward . Granta Books . ISBN 1 - 86207 - 796 - 7 . ( hide ) Daylight saving time ( or summer time ) By continent Daylight saving time in Africa Daylight saving time in Asia Daylight saving time in the Americas Summer Time in Europe Daylight saving time in Oceania Overviews Daylight saving time by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_Time_in_Europe&oldid=832574534 '' Categories : Daylight saving time Time in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dolnoserbski Español Esperanto Hornjoserbsce Íslenska Norsk Português Slovenčina Türkçe ייִדיש 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer%20Time%20in%20Europe	9,077
where is the odd squad tv show filmed	Odd Squad Odd Squad logo Genre Educational , Comedy Created by Tim McKeon Adam Peltzman Written by Tim McKeon Directed by Various Creative director ( s ) Jim Foundic Starring Dalila Bela Filip Geljo Millie Davis Sean Michael Kyer Anna Cathcart Isaac Kragten Olivia Presti Composer ( s ) Paul Buckley Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 71 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) J.J. Johnson Tim McKeon Blair Powers Paul Siefken Producer ( s ) Matthew J.R. Bishop Georgina Lopez Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Editor ( s ) Jennifer Essex - Chew Courtney Goldman Christopher Minns Laura Bower Running time 10 - 12 minutes ; two episodes paired for a half - hour program Production company ( s ) Fred Rogers Productions Sinking Ship Entertainment Distributor PBS Release Original network TVO ( Canada ) Ici Radio - Canada Télé ( Canada ) PBS Kids ( U.S. ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 Surround Original release November 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) -- present External links Odd Squad on PBS Kids site	Toronto , Ontario	Odd Squad ( tv series )	odd squad ( tv series )	Odd Squad is a Canadian / American children 's live action educational television series that premiered on TVOKids in Canada and PBS Kids in the United States on November 26 , 2014 . The series was created by Tim McKeon and Adam Peltzman and is co-produced by Fred Rogers Productions and Sinking Ship Entertainment in association with TVOKids and Ici Radio - Canada Télé . The series features child actors ( whose characters are the employees of the `` Odd Squad '' ) who use indirect reasoning and basic math to solve and investigate strange happenings in their town . The series is a general satire of the police procedural and spy fiction genres and uses humor to teach the audience basic math skills and math - related topics . In the UK , the series airs on CBBC . In Latin America , it airs on Discovery Kids . Season 3 of the series has been announced .	Contents 1 Description 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Odd Squad employees 2.2. 2 Others 2.2. 3 Villains 3 Episode list 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The series follows the exploits of Odd Squad , an organization run entirely by children , that solves peculiar problems using math skills . In particular , it typically features two employees of the organization 's investigation division that work in precinct 13579 of the organization -- Agents Olive ( Dalila Bela ) and Otto ( Filip Geljo ) in the 1st season , and Olympia ( Anna Cathcart ) and Otis ( Issac Kragten ) in the second season . Selected episodes feature other types of employees of the fictional organization , like security officers , so - called `` tube operators '' , and scientists . The names of the employees , with one exception , always start with the letter O . Agents are typically assigned cases by their boss , Ms. O ( Millie Davis ) , and travel via a system of interconnected tubes to get to their destinations . They deduce the solution to the problem or how to detain the perpetrator by using basic mathematical principles that are typically the focus of the episode . Often , they can not solve the problem at the scene and must go back to their precinct 's headquarters or to the `` Mathroom '' ( T.J. McGibbon ) , a sentient space that communicates through large paper fortune tellers and can unfold them to display information to help the agents see connections and better solve their case . Along with math , agents also use `` gadgets '' designed by the scientists ; in the first season , Agent Oscar ( Sean Michael Kyer ) heads the lab , gaining an assistant , Agent Oona ( Olivia Presti ) , in early season two who eventually takes over the lab . The characters also have to deal with a variety of recurring villains who often put a mathematical spin on their plots . The seal of the Odd Squad headquarters depicts a jackalope carrying a shield in front of it ( bearing an image of the seal -- an instance of the Droste effect ) and bananas at each side of it . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Agent Olive ( Dalila Bela , season 1 ) : Referred to as a longtime employee of the Odd Squad , Olive began season 1 of the series adapting to working with and training her new partner , Otto . Olive is usually calm , brisk , and serious . She has a morbid fear of pies , which she acquired after saving her organization 's building from a pie - related disaster instigated by her previous partner , a very gifted agent named Todd who was fired from the organization for misconduct and went on to pursue villainy . In the season 1 finale , Olive departs the series along with her partner , Otto , to run a different Odd Squad precinct as Ms. O . Agent Otto ( Filip Geljo , season 1 ) : Olive 's partner , and in the first episode the newest employee of the organization . In contrast to his partner 's more serious demeanor and personality , he is a more lenient , laid - back employee . Despite his lack of experience with his job , Otto frequently uncovers the facts needed to solve the case at hand , even doing so in the absence of his more experienced partner , proving his worth as an agent . In the season 1 finale , Otto departs the series to run another Odd Squad office as Mr. O with his partner , Olive . Ms. O / Oprah ( Millie Davis , seasons 1 -- ) : `` Ms. O '' is the title of any female head of an Odd Squad division , but in - show , the title most often refers to the head of the division featured on the show . Ms. O is a very strict boss . She has the tendency to yell ( a habit seen less frequently as the series progresses ) and is often seen sipping a juice box . Despite appearing younger than most of the agents , Ms. O has worked for Odd Squad for several decades ; her actual age remains a mystery . In - show , it is revealed that her actual name is `` Oprah '' . Agent Oscar ( Sean Michael Kyer , seasons 1 -- 2 ) : Oscar was the precinct 's head scientist , in charge of the precinct 's laboratory . Other employees go to him for technical solutions to their problems . Oscar is depicted as being very intelligent and having a quirky and goofy personality . He departed from the series in the Season 2 episode `` Oscar Strikes Back '' , where he became the president of the organization 's science division after the former president was dismissed for misconduct . Agent Olympia ( Anna Cathcart , season 2 ) : A new agent , introduced in the first episode of season 2 , who joins the series to fill in the opening left by the departure of Olive in the season 1 finale . She was given early graduation from the organization 's training Academy because Ms. O wanted her in the equivalent of Otto 's position . She is depicted as being very social and outgoing , and having a generally happy and carefree personality . Agent Otis ( Isaac Kragten , season 2 ) : A new agent , introduced at the start of season 2 , who joins to fill the opening left by the departure of Otto in the season 1 finale . Unlike his partner , he has a more serious and socially - reserved personality . There are no records of him attending the organization 's `` Academy '' , but he is depicted as being the more seasoned member of the new team . Possibly as part of his more socially - reserved demeanor , he has several unusual dislikes ; initially he had a dislike of chewing gum , and once he refused a pizza party offered to him as a reward for his productivity , claiming to not like the ingredients of a pizza . Agent Oona ( Olivia Presti , season 2 ) : The precinct 's head scientist who is in charge of the laboratory , taking the role from Oscar after his departure from the series in the Season 2 episode `` Oscar Strikes Back '' . Like her predecessor , she is depicted as having a quirky personality . Recurring ( edit ) Odd Squad employees ( edit ) Dr. O ( Peyton Kennedy , seasons 1 -- 2 , and Kaden Stephen , season 2 ) : The precinct 's resident medical employee , who assists in helping the others with medical - related problems . She is known for her eccentric behavior and frequently says things that make no sense , whilst frequently reminding the agents `` I 'm a doctor ! '' in a manner reminiscent of Star Trek 's Dr. McCoy . It is revealed in - show that she was once a worker in the Odd Squad gift shop , but became a doctor when the gift shop was shut down so the space could be used for a laboratory . After the original Dr. O leaves to work as a doctor in space , she is ultimately replaced with a new male doctor who previously worked in another department . Agent Obfusco ( Jaeden J. Noel , season 1 ) : An Odd Squad agent and cross-cultural expert who speaks in obscure riddles . He is difficult for the other agents to understand , and has a generally extremely peculiar and eccentric demeanor , which leads the other employees to try and avoid working with him . He has a sister named Obfuscolina who is even more eccentric than he is , to the point where he can not understand anything she says and considers himself `` normal '' when compared to her . Agent Ocean ( Elijah Sandiford , season 2 ) : The precinct 's director of the ' Creature Room ' , which houses many bizarre `` creatures '' and plants . Ocean has a laid - back and easy - going personality and he is friendly to the other agents . He specializes in animals / creature knowledge that Odd Squad agents may need to know . Agent Octavia ( Julia Lalonde , season 1 ) : Agent Oz 's partner . It was noted in an episode that she is one of the precinct 's best employees . She is usually looking for her partner because he is invisible . Oksana ( Madeleine Barbeau , seasons 1 -- ) : The precinct 's resident cook , in charge of providing the employees with food . In the show it is mentioned that she has to prepare all the meals by herself . She has a deadpan and sarcastic personality . Agent Olaf ( Eshaan Buadwal , seasons 1 -- ) : Agent Oren 's partner . Olaf is happy - go - lucky and jovial in nature but tends to be very simple - minded . Despite this , he has shown to have moments of intelligence , often to the shock and amazement of his fellow agents . He shares Oren 's penchant for laziness . He dreams of becoming a dentist and fears not becoming one . He has an unusual obsession with potatoes . Later on in the series it is revealed that he is a werewolf . Agent Orchid ( Michela Luci , seasons 1 -- ) : One of the younger agents . She tends to be extremely stubborn . Agent Oren ( Brendan Heard , seasons 1 -- ) : Agent Olaf 's partner . Oren is depicted as snarky and arrogant . Oren and his partner have an ongoing rivalry with Olive and Otto . Unlike their industrious rivals , Oren likes to weasel his way out of work whenever possible . He likes to brag and considers himself the precinct 's best employee . Oren has an unusual fear of pancakes and dreams of becoming an Odd Squad director and running his own precinct . Agent Owen ( Christian Distefano , seasons 1 -- ) : The head of the precinct 's Security department ( the department in charge of defending against intruders , checking the precinct 's assigned city / town for `` oddness '' , and making sure the more dangerous `` creatures '' do not escape their containment ) . Agent Orson ( Nashton Avila , Nathan Avila . seasons 1 - ) : one of the baby agents . Seen answering the phone in a public service announcement ; an excellent driver ( Undercover Olive - season 1 ) ; Perpetual winner of the Agent of the Month Award , until Otis discovered him masquerading as the records clerk Opa ( Taylor Thorn ) , and his twin disguised as Ms O ; Was a cry baby when he lost the award . Agent Ozlyn ( Arista Arhin , season 2 ) : Worker in the Security Department . Agent Olly ( Sasha Steiner , season 2 ) : A former doctor who now assists Oksana with maintaining the building 's breakroom and cafeteria . Others ( edit ) Delivery Debbie ( Ashley Botting ) : A female pizzeria owner who has appeared in numerous episodes and played a key part in the series movie , Odd Squad : The Movie ( 2016 ) . Her arch rival is Delivery Doug who specializes in the sale of egg - salad sandwiches . Polly Graph ( Ava Preston ) : A girl who runs a stand selling hot chocolate or lemonade , depending on the season , outside her house . Employees of the local ' Odd Squad ' precinct frequently patronize her stand . She is very fond of graphs and seemingly always has just the right visual representation to deal with the situation at hand . While she is not an agent , she offers data of all sorts to employees who visit her stand . Ms. O has asked her to come in to assist on cases and internal business within the organization on occasion . Soundcheck ( Lucas Meeuse , Matthew Armet , Thomas Alderson , Stephan Dickson ) : A fictitious and satirical boy band made up of Tony D. , Danny T. , Ringo , and Johnny J. , and is well liked by all the precinct employees with the exception of Agent Olive , who later admits to liking them in Odd Squad : The Movie ( 2016 ) . Songs by the group include Take Away Four , The Force of Gravity and Up , Down , Left , Right . Sound Check as a group appears on the album Odd Squad : Stop the Music . Rivka ( Meghan Allen ) : The caretaker for the unseen Baby Genius . Agents meet with them in a dark alley , and have to give gifts that amuse Baby Genius , to get their help . Villains ( edit ) Fladam ( Martin Roach , seasons 1 -- ) : A villain with glasses capable of transforming anything into a two - dimensional form . Noisemaker ( David Tompa , seasons 1 -- ) : A villain who wants to fill the world with odd noises . He wears a variety of instruments all over his body that make sounds whenever he moves . Odd Todd ( Joshua Kilimnik , seasons 1 -- ) : Previously an employee of the organization , Todd was fired for misconduct and began to pursue villainy , taking the name of ' Odd Todd ' . A recurring villain in the first season , he was outsmarted by Agent Otto and renounced villainy for other interests . In the second season , he has taken up gardening and has been seen providing assistance to the precinct 's employees ; he briefly returns as a villain in an alternate timeline in `` World Turned Odd '' . Early in the first season before Todd was introduced , a running gag was in place where characters would comment about Otto being `` so much better than Olive 's last partner '' ; upon Otto 's asking about who was her last partner , they would change the subject . Another running gag in place was that the number 43 -- his badge number -- was hidden in various places for viewers to find . Puppetmaster ( Stacey McGunnigle , season 1 ) : A villainess who not only turns people into Muppet - based puppets , but also plays with sock puppets she presumably makes . She has long hair styled in an updo . Shapeshifter ( Laura Landauer , seasons 1 -- ) : A villain who can transform anything or anyone , including herself , into a different object or person ( Examples : In one episode she transforms a briefcase into a pie ; in the same episode she also took the form of another character ) but the resulting object or person weighs the same as the object / person they were before . A younger version of Shapeshifter is seen in the movie produced to accompany the series , `` Odd Squad : The Movie '' ( 2016 ) . Tiny Dancer ( Danielle Benton , seasons 1 -- ) : A villain that makes inanimate objects dance on command . Episode list ( edit ) Main article : List of Odd Squad episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Award Recipients Result 2015 Banff World Media Festival Best Show - Pre-School Category Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Children 's Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series Tim McKeon , Alexandra Fox , Rachel Lewis , Adam Peltzman , Mark DeAngelis Nominated Outstanding Single Camera Editing Jennifer Essex - Chew , Courtney Goldman , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing -- Live Action P. Jason MacNeil , James Robinson , Earl Torno , Bill Turchinetz , John D. Smith , Dave Yonson , Virginia Storey , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series J.J. Johnson Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Outstanding Hairstyling Patricia Cuthbert Won Kidscreen Kids : Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Parents ' Choice Award Parents ' Choice Gold Honor Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Youth Media Alliance Award of Excellence , Best Convergent Website Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Award of Excellence for Best Television Program , All Genres , Ages 6 -- 8 Category Sinking Ship Entertainment Won 2016 Canadian Screen Awardss Best Direction in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series Craig Wallace , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Best Writing in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series Tim McKeon , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Best Picture Editing in a Variety or Sketch Comedy Program or Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Series Delila Bela Nominated Best Pre-School Program or Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Children 's Series Paul Siefken , J.J. Johnson , Tim McKeon , Blair Powers , Adam Peltzman , Emily Helfgot , Matthew J.R. Bishop , Mark De Angelis , Georgina Lopez , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Interactive Media -- Enhancement to Daytime Series Blair Powers , Paul Siefken , Gavin Friesen , Ronald Ruslim , Dave Peth , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Stunt Coordination Regan Moore Nominated Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series or Pre-School Series - Oscar Sean Michael Kyer Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing - Live Action John Douglas Smith , P. Jason MacNeil , Bill Turchinetz , Dave Yonson , Virginia Storey Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series Tim McKeon , Charles Johnston , Mark De Angelis Won Outstanding Directing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series J.J. Johnson , Stephen Reynolds , Brian K. Roberts , Stefan Scaini , Craig David Wallace , Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Outstanding Costume Design Christine Toye , Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Outstanding Hairstyling Patricia Cuthbert Won Parents ' Choice Award Parents ' Choice Gold Honor Sinking Ship Entertainment Won 2017 Canadian Screen Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series Millie Davis Nominated Best Direction in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series J.J. Johnson Nominated Best Direction in a Children 's or Youth Program or Series Stefan Scaini Nominated Best Original Music Score for a Program Paul Buckley Nominated Best Performance in a Children 's or Youth Program Sean Michael Kyer Nominated Best TV Movie or Limited Series Odd Squad : The Movie Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Best Writing in a Children 's or Youth Series Tim McKeon , Adam Peltzman , Mark DeAngelis Nominated Best Children 's or Youth Fiction Program or Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's or Family Viewing Series J.J. Johnson , Tim McKeon , Blair Powers , Paul Siefken , Matthew J.R. Bishop , Georgina Lopez , Stephen J. Turnbull Nominated Outstanding Interactive - Enhancement to Daytime Program or Series Ellen Doherty , Tim McKeon , Adam Peltzman , Blair Powers , Gavin Friesen , Ronald Ruslim , Stephen J. Turnbull , Dave Peth , Anna Cathcart Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series Tim McKeon , Amy Benham , Charles Johnston , Adam Peltzman , Mark De Angelis , Robby Hoffman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Children 's or Pre-School Children 's Series J.J. Johnson , Stephen Reynolds , Stefan Scaini , Warren P. Sonoda Nominated Outstanding Single Camera Editing Jennifer Essex - Chew , Courtney Goldman , Christopher Minns Nominated Outstanding Perfomer Issak Kragten Won Outstanding Costume Design Christine Toye Won Outstanding Hairstyling Liz Roelands Won Outstanding Make - up Jenna Servatius Won Kidscreen Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series - KIDS PROGRAMING Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Parents ' Choice Award Parents ' Choice Gold Honor Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Youth Media Alliance Best Program , Live Action , Ages 6 -- 9 Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated 2018 Canadian Screen Awards Best Children 's or Youth Fiction Program or Series Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Best Direction , Children 's or Youth J.J. Johnson Nominated Best Writing , Children 's or Youth Tim McKeon , Adam Peltzman Won Best Performance , Children 's or Youth Anna Cathcart Nominated Best Cross-Platform Project Odd Squad 1.5 Won Kidscreen Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series - KIDS PROGRAMING Sinking Ship Entertainment Won Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's or Family Viewing Series J.J. Johnson , Tim McKeon , Blair Powers , Paul Siefken , Ellen Doherty , Matthew J.R. Bishop , Adam Peltzman , Mark De Angelis , Stephen J. Turnbull , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Children 's , Preschool Children 's , Family Viewing Tim McKeon , Adam Peltzman , Mark De Angelis , Robby Hoffman Nominated Outstanding Directing in a Children 's , Preschool Children 's or Family Viewing Program J.J. Johnson , Stephen Reynolds , Warren P. Sonoda , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Art Direction / Set Decoration / Scenic Design Ron Stefaniuk , Diana Magnus , Amanda Vernuccio , Danielle Dobbyn , Jennifer Bryson , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Lighting Direction George Lajtai , C.S.C , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing Igor Bezuglov , Andrew McDonnell , John Bradshaw , Sean Karp , Sinking Ship Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Costume Design / Styling Christine Toye Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling Liz Roelands Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) . `` PBS unveils ' Odd Squad , ' its latest educational kids ' show '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Squad TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Genre : Comedy Jump up ^ `` Odd Squad - CBBC '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Squad Season 3 '' . Sinking Ship Entertainment . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ashley Botting '' . The Second City . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Squad . Episodes . PBS Kids Programs - PBS Parents - PBS '' . PBS Parents . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Flatastrophe - Olive and Otto must stop Fladam , a villain with a vendetta against cubes . Jump up ^ `` Undercover Olive '' . Odd Squad . Season 1 . Episode 31 . 2015 - 08 - 02 . Event occurs at 25 : 31 . TVO Kids . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Fladam : Martin Roach External links ( edit ) Odd Squad on IMDb PBS Kids Home Page Odd Squad on TVO Kids Organisation Super Insolite on Ici Radio - Canada Télé hide PBS Kids original programming Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play - Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts SciGirls ( 2010 - 2018 ) Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Upcoming Let 's Go Luna ! ( late - 2018 ) Molly of Denali ( mid-2019 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odd_Squad_(TV_series)&oldid=853440077 '' Categories : PBS network shows TVOntario shows 2010s American comic science fiction television series 2014 American television series debuts Science fantasy television series 2010s Canadian comic science fiction television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts American children 's comedy television series American children 's fantasy television series American children 's science fiction television series Canadian children 's comedy television series Canadian children 's fantasy television series Canadian children 's science fiction television series Television series produced in Ontario PBS Kids shows Fictional secret agents and spies Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 20 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Squad%20%28TV%20series%29	18,085
joint chiefs of staff during cuban missile crisis			Cuban Missile Crisis	cuban missile crisis	The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war .	In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier U.S. actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Very close to launching thermonuclear war 7.3. 1 Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons 7.3. 2 Unauthorized US spy flights 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of October 16 , 1962 On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . -- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Very close to launching thermonuclear War ( edit ) Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted . Unauthorized US spy flights ( edit ) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Herblock cartoon in Washington Post , ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . According to William Cohn , television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . `` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 . The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты / / Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles . John Weisman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Correll , John T. ( August 2005 ) . `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Magazine . 88 ( 8 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeyev , Alexandr . `` Interview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro , Mikoyan , Kennedy , Khruschev , and the Missiles of November '' . The National Security Archive . October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weldes , Jutta ( 1999 ) . Constructing National Interests : The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3111 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James H. `` Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Learning from the Past . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Crisis Management ? It 's a Myth , Ask JFK '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba -- P.L. 87 - 733 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , James G. ; Bruce J. Allyn ; David A. Welch ( 2002 ) . Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse ; ( revised for the Fortieth Anniversary ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2269 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Days the World Held Its Breath '' . July 31 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly ( 2012 ) . `` Rockets : R - 12 '' . Morristown , New Jersey : RussianSpaceWeb.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R - 12 / SS - 4 SANDAL '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` R - 14 / SS - 5 SKEAN '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sidney Graybeal -- 29 January 1998 '' . Episode 21 . George Washington University , National Security Archive . March 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Pedlow , Gregory , The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance . CIA . 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Max Holland . `` The ' Photo Gap ' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles . '' Studies in Intelligence , Vol. 49 , No. 4 ; published online April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Caddell . `` Corona over Cuba : The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence . '' Intelligence & National Security ; published online February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr. , Director , Defense Intelligence Agency Archived June 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Association of Former Intelligence Officers , August 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov , Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War , 1996 , page 264 , Harvard Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 674 - 45532 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Record Meeting on Cuba : The White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . October 16 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Action Memorandum 196 '' . JFK Presidential Library and Museum . October 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Averting The Final Failure , John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality ( Stanford Nuclear Age Series ) , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D. ( 1999 ) ( 1971 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 111 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 01349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert ( 1971 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09896 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Axelrod , Alan ( 2009 ) . The Real History of the Cold War : A New Look at the Past . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332 , 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6302 - 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Robert Evan ( 1989 ) . New world new mind : moving toward conscious evolution . The University of Michigan , Doubleday . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; David A. Welch ( 1989 ) . On the Brink : Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 22634 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` 378 -- The President 's News Conference , '' September 13 , 1962 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. ( December 17 , 1962 ) . `` After Two Years : A conversation with the president '' . In ' Public Papers of the Presidents : John F. Kennedy , 1962 ' . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office : 889 -- 904 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Online Highways LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The History Place . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Global Security . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kamps , Charles Tustin , `` The Cuban Missile Crisis '' , Air & Space Power Journal , AU Press , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , Fall 2007 , Volume XXI , Number 3 , page 88 . Jump up ^ `` Third VP - 18 '' . Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons ( PDF ) . 2 . Naval Aviation History Office . November 9 , 2000 . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 '' . Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba , Operational Archives Branch , Post 46 Command File , Box 10 , Washington , DC . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ernest R May ( 2011 ) . `` John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . BBC History of the Cold War . ^ Jump up to : The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 : Abeyance and Negotiation , 31 October -- 13 November ( Report ) . Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . January 2001 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3504 -- Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 23 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Brinkmanship '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JFK Tapes '' JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis `` . October 22 , 1962 . Jump up ^ David Von Pein 's JFK Channel ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` JFK TALKS WITH DWIGHT EISENHOWER ABOUT THE CUBAN CRISIS ( OCTOBER 22 , 1962 ) '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Year In Review : Cuban Missile Crisis '' . United Press International , Inc. 1962 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges Document 63 . United States Department of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy '' . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology 1 : October 26 , 1962 to November 15 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Germany , between Cuba and Berlin '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis '' . The Telegraph . June 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Global Strike Command . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Jerry , ed . ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 , 1962 '' . History and Politics Out Loud . Northwestern University . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Buried treasures '' . The Spokesman Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyland , Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ) . `` WW III , A Close Call '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , R.H. ; Harahan , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Air Power , 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay , Leon W. Johnson , David A. Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ) . `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy , Khrushchev , Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Press Release , 11 October 2002 , 5 : 00 pm '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Special Report 205 . United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Thirteen Days , October 16 -- 28 , 1962 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ rmm413c ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ William H. Cohn , `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past . '' Journal of Popular Culture 10 # 2 ( 1976 ) pp : 280 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Andrei Kozovoi , `` Dissonant Voices '' Journal of Cold War Studies ( 2014 ) 16 # 3 pp 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( 18 January 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei ( ed . ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Cuba -- United States relations pre-1902 Spanish -- American War Teller Amendment Platt Amendment 1902 -- 1959 Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations ( 1903 ) First Occupation Second Occupation Sugar Intervention Hay - Quesada Treaty ( 1925 ) Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations ( 1934 ) 1959 -- present Groups and individuals Brothers to the Rescue Balseros ( rafters ) Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban - American lobby Cuban Five Luis Posada Carriles Military and activities Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Project Elián González Cuba -- United States aircraft hijackings Mariel boatlift Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Legislation and offices United States embargo against Cuba United States Interests Section in Havana ( 1977 -- 2015 ) Cuban thaw Embassy of the United States , Havana Embassy of Cuba in Washington , D.C. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act United States Ambassador to Cuba Miscellaneous Balseros ( 2002 film ) Cuban Americans John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington , D.C. ) John F. Kennedy International Airport ( New York ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( London ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Dallas ) John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial ( Portland , Oregon ) John F. Kennedy Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) John F. Kennedy School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) John F. Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Robert F. Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Human Rights Award Journalism Award Book Award Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Landmark for Peace Memorial Kennedy -- King College Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools Robert F. Kennedy Bridge Popular culture Crisis : Behind a Presidential Commitment ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Kennedy Remembered ( 1968 documentary ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1968 song ) The Missiles of October ( 1974 docudrama ) Kennedy ( 1983 miniseries ) Blood Feud ( 1983 film ) Prince Jack ( 1985 film ) Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1985 miniseries ) Hoover vs. The Kennedys ( 1987 miniseries ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 film ) RFK ( 2002 film ) Bobby ( 2006 film ) RFK Must Die ( 2007 documentary ) The Kennedys ( 2011 miniseries ) Ethel ( 2012 documentary ) Jackie ( 2016 film ) Family , family tree Ethel Skakel ( wife ) Kathleen Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( son ) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. ( son ) David Kennedy ( son ) Courtney Kennedy ( daughter ) Michael Kennedy ( son ) Kerry Kennedy ( daughter ) Chris Kennedy ( son ) Max Kennedy ( son ) Doug Kennedy ( son ) Rory Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy III ( grandson ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Kennedy ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) John F. Kennedy ( brother presidency ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) Patrick J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Machurucuto Incident Intervention in Angola Presidency Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal GND : 4136402 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=837145151 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. Kennedy Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Cuba -- United States relations Soviet Union -- United States relations DEFCON 2 Conflicts DEFCON 3 Conflicts 1962 establishments in Cuba 1962 disestablishments in Cuba 1960s in Cuba 1960s in the Soviet Union 1960s in the United States October 1962 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 00 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban%20Missile%20Crisis	5,308
where does the english channel start and end			English Channel	english channel	The English Channel ( French : la Manche , `` The Sleeve '' ; German : Ärmelkanal , `` Sleeve Channel '' ; Breton : Mor Breizh , `` Sea of Brittany '' ; Cornish : Mor Bretannek , `` Sea of Brittany '' ) , also called simply the Channel , is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France , and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is the busiest shipping area in the world .	It is about 560 km ( 350 mi ) long and varies in width from 240 km ( 150 mi ) at its widest to 33.3 km ( 20.7 mi ) in the Strait of Dover . It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe , covering an area of some 75,000 km ( 29,000 sq mi ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Name 2.1 Ancient references 2.2 History and etymology 3 Geological origins : giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods 4 Human geography 4.1 Route to Britain 4.2 Norsemen and Normans 4.3 England and Britain : Naval superpower 4.4 First World War 4.5 Second World War 5 Population 5.1 England 5.2 France 5.3 Channel Islands 6 Shipping 7 Ecology 8 Transport 8.1 Ferry 8.2 Channel Tunnel 9 Economy 9.1 Tourism 10 Culture and languages 11 Channel crossings 11.1 By boat 11.2 By air 11.3 By swimming 11.4 By car 11.5 Other types 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Geography ( edit ) Map of the English Channel The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows : On the West . A line joining Isle Vierge ( 48 ° 38 ′ 23 '' N 4 ° 34 ′ 13 '' W / 48.63972 ° N 4.57028 ° W / 48.63972 ; - 4.57028 ) to Lands End ( 50 ° 04 ′ N 5 ° 43 ′ W / 50.067 ° N 5.717 ° W / 50.067 ; - 5.717 ) . On the East . The Southwestern limit of the North Sea . The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as `` a line joining the Walde Lighthouse ( France , 1 ° 55'E ) and Leathercoat Point ( England , 51 ° 10'N ) '' . The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais ( 50 ° 59 ′ 06 '' N 1 ° 55 ′ 00 '' E / 50.98500 ° N 1.91667 ° E / 50.98500 ; 1.91667 ) , and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret 's Bay , Kent ( 51 ° 10 ′ 00 '' N 1 ° 24 ′ 00 '' E / 51.16667 ° N 1.40000 ° E / 51.16667 ; 1.40000 ) . The Strait of Dover viewed from France , looking towards England . The white cliffs of Dover on the English coast are visible from France on a clear day . The Strait of Dover ( French : Pas de Calais ) , at the Channel 's eastern end , is its narrowest point , while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo , near its midpoint . It is relatively shallow , with an average depth of about 120 m ( 390 ft ) at its widest part , reducing to a depth of about 45 m ( 148 ft ) between Dover and Calais . Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m ( 85 ft ) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries . It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m ( 590 ft ) in the submerged valley of Hurd 's Deep , 48 km ( 30 mi ) west - northwest of Guernsey . The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine ( French : Baie de Seine ) . Three French river mouths . Top to bottom : the Somme , the Authie and the Canche There are several major islands in the Channel , the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast , and the Channel Islands , British Crown dependencies off the coast of France . The coastline , particularly on the French shore , is deeply indented ; several small islands close to the coastline , including Chausey and Mont Saint - Michel , are within French jurisdiction . The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel , whilst on the English side there is a small parallel strait known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland . The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel . The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands , the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Brittany . The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance . In the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas , from the east : Dover Wight Portland Plymouth Name ( edit ) Map with French nomenclature Ancient references ( edit ) Mare Britannicum Roman time Mare Gallicum Roman time `` Sea near Gaul '' Roman time Oceanus Gallicus 6th - 7th century ( Isidore of Sevilla ) Sūð - sǣ 11th century ( Ælfric ) mare anglicum 12th century ( Suger ) Gallico mari 12th century ( William of Newburgh ) `` arm of the sea south of the country that allows to sail to Gaul '' around 1100 - 1155 ( Geoffrey of Monmouth ) `` Beyond the sea '' End 14th century ( Jean Froissart ) Oceanus Britannicus in 1477 ( Taddeo Crivelli ) Oceanus Britannicus in 1482 ( Nicolaus Germanus ) Britannico Oceano in 1482 ( Francesco Berlinghieri ) Mare Anglica in 1540 ( Sebastian Münster ) Mer Oceane or mare oceanum in the 16th century on various maps Britannicus Oceanus and La Grand Mer Occeane in 1570 Oceanus Britannicus 16th century Mer de France & d'Angleterre in 1587 Mare Britannicum 16th century ( Jean Jolivet ) British Ocean in 1595 ( John Norden ) Channel in 1593 ( Shakespeare ) mare normandicum , ocean de bretaigne , mer de France 16th to 17th century The British or Narrow Sea to the 17th century British Sea or the Chanell 17th century le Manche ( masculine ) in 1639 ( Nicolas Sanson ) ; la manche d'Angleterre in 1611 ( Cotgrave ) La Mer Britannique , vulgairement la Manche in 1623 British Channel in 1745 ( John Renshaw ) English Channel 18th century History and etymology ( edit ) Osborne House , the summer retreat of Queen Victoria on the Isle of Wight . Starting from the late 18th century , settlements on and around the English Channel coastline in England grew rapidly into thriving seaside resorts , bolstered by their association with royalty and the middle and upper classes . Until the 18th century , the English Channel had no fixed name either in English or in French . It was never defined as a political border , and the names were more or less descriptive . It was not considered as the property of a nation . Strangely , before the development of the modern nations , British scholars very often referred to it as `` Gaulish '' ( Gallicum in Latin ) and French scholars as `` British '' or `` English '' . The name `` English Channel '' has been widely used since the early 18th century , possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards . In modern Dutch , however , it is known as Het Kanaal ( with no reference to the word `` English '' ) . Later , it has also been known as the `` British Channel '' or the `` British Sea '' . It was called Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd - century geographer Ptolemy . The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450 , which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie -- possibly the first recorded use of the `` Channel '' designation . The Anglo - Saxon texts often call it Sūð - sǣ ( `` South Sea '' ) as opposed to Norð - sǣ ( `` North Sea '' = Bristol Channel ) . The common word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel , variant form of chenel `` canal '' . The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century . The name is usually said to refer to the Channel 's sleeve ( French : la manche ) shape . Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland , but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century , and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology . The name in Breton ( Mor Breizh ) means `` Breton Sea '' , and its Cornish name ( Mor Bretannek ) means `` British Sea '' . Geological origins : giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods ( edit ) The Channel is of geologically recent origin , having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period . Before the Devensian glaciation ( the most recent ice age , which ended around 10,000 years ago ) , Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe , linked by an unbroken Weald - Artois Anticline , a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region , now submerged under the North Sea . During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice . The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north , blocking its exit . The sea level was about 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . Then , between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago , at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald -- Artois anticline . The first flood would have lasted for several months , releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second . The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge , which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard . The flow eroded the retaining ridge , causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic . After multiple episodes of changing sea level , during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment , another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock - floored valley , the Lobourg Channel , some 500 m wide and 25 m deep , from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel . It left streamlined islands , longitudinal erosional grooves , and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events , still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high - resolution sonar . Through the scoured channel passed a river , which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic . The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe , although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels . At the end of the last glacial period , rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection . Human geography ( edit ) This precious stone set in the silver sea , Which serves it in the office of a wall Or as a moat defensive to a house , Against the envy of less happier lands . William Shakespeare , Richard II ( Act II , Scene 1 ) The channel , which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years , has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence , halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent . The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power , e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588 , Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars , and Nazi Germany during World War II . Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain and the Norman Conquest in 1066 , while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain 's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time , the Normandy Landings in 1944 . Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs ( 1639 ) , Battle of Goodwin Sands ( 1652 ) , the Battle of Portland ( 1653 ) , the Battle of La Hougue ( 1692 ) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama ( 1864 ) . In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures , particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217 . For nearly a thousand years , the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany . Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo - Saxon encroachment . In Brittany , there is a region known as `` Cornouaille '' ( Cornwall ) in French and `` Kernev '' in Breton In ancient times there was also a `` Domnonia '' ( Devon ) in Brittany as well . In February 1684 , ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) wide on the French side . Route to Britain ( edit ) The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea . The red area is the distribution of the dialect Old West Norse , the orange area Old East Norse , and the green area the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility . Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight . Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago . `` ... Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe . '' The Ferriby Boats , Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo . Diodorus Siculus and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished . In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded , claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year . He was more successful in 54 BC , but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD . A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain . This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD , after which the early Anglo - Saxons left less clear historical records . In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans , the Germanic Angles , Saxons , and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea . Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans , many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period , conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations . Norsemen and Normans ( edit ) The Hermitage of St Helier lies in the bay off Saint Helier and is accessible on foot at low tide . The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age . For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway , Sweden , and Denmark dominated the North Sea , raiding monasteries , homes , and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland . According to the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851 . They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050 . The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo ( also known as Robert of Normandy ) . Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St. - Claire - sur - Epte . In exchange for his homage and fealty , Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered . The name `` Normandy '' reflects Rollo 's Viking ( i.e. `` Northman '' ) origins . The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo - Romance language and intermarried with the area 's inhabitants and became the Normans -- a Norman French - speaking mixture of Scandinavians , Hiberno - Norse , Orcadians , Anglo - Danish , and indigenous Franks and Gauls . Rollo 's descendant William , Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings , while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants . In 1204 , during the reign of King John , mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II , while insular Normandy ( the Channel Islands ) remained under English control . In 1259 , Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris . His successors , however , often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy . With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance . The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia 's trade south , toward the Mediterranean and the Orient . Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801 , the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands . The Channel Islands ( except for Chausey ) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown . Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine , notre Duc ( `` The Queen , our Duke '' ) . The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein , by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , the surrender of French possessions in 1801 , and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs . French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years ' War in 1346 -- 1360 and again in 1415 -- 1450 . England and Britain : naval superpower ( edit ) From the reign of Elizabeth I , English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports . Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard , 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command , and the following stormy weather . Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world . The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe , especially the Channel and the North Sea . During the Seven Years ' War , France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain . To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks , but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759 . Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars . The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson , ending Napoleon 's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century . First world War ( edit ) The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. `` Five keys lock up the world ! Singapore , the Cape , Alexandria , Gibraltar , Dover . '' However , on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane . Blériot 's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier - moat for England against foreign enemies . Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet , the Germans developed submarine warfare , which was to become a far greater threat to Britain . The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel , obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland . On land , the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched `` from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel '' , they reached the coast at the North Sea . Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast . At the outset of the war , an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields . By February 1915 , this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage , which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines . After initial success , the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage , aided by the unreliability of British mines . On 31 January 1917 , the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November , the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war . The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast , though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat . In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases . During 1917 , the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets , aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights . A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 . A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage , by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned . The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918 . Second world War ( edit ) British radar facilities during the Battle of Britain 1940 During the Second World War , naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic . During the Battle of France in May 1940 , the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais , thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force . By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision , the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo . More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940 . The early stages of the Battle of Britain featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports , and until the Normandy Landings ( with the exception of the Channel Dash ) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships . Despite these early successes against shipping , the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion , the projected cross-Channel invasion . The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war , featuring submarines , minesweepers , and Fast Attack Craft . 150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy As part of the Atlantic Wall , between 1940 and 1945 the occupying German forces and the Organisation Todt constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands , such as this observation tower at Les Landes , Jersey . Dieppe was the site of an ill - fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces . More successful was the later Operation Overlord ( D - Day ) , a massive invasion of German - occupied France by Allied troops . Caen , Cherbourg , Carentan , Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province , which continued until the closing of the so - called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel , then liberation of Le Havre . The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany ( excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein , which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth ) . The German occupation of 1940 -- 1945 was harsh , with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent ; native Jews sent to concentration camps ; partisan resistance and retribution ; accusations of collaboration ; and slave labour ( primarily Russians and eastern Europeans ) being brought to the islands to build fortifications . The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time , particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944 . Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid , but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation , particularly in the final months , when the population was close to starvation . The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945 , a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe . Population ( edit ) The English Channel coast is far more densely populated on the English shore . The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel ( each with more than 20,000 inhabitants , ranked in descending order ; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census , 2001 UK census , and 2001 Jersey census ) are as follows : England ( edit ) The Spinnaker Tower , Portsmouth Harbour Brighton -- Worthing -- Littlehampton : 461,181 inhabitants , made up of : Brighton : 155,919 Worthing : 96,964 Hove : 72,335 Littlehampton : 55,716 Lancing -- Sompting : 30,360 Portsmouth : 442,252 , including Gosport : 79,200 Bournemouth & Poole : 383,713 Southampton : 304,400 Plymouth : 258,700 Torbay ( Torquay ) : 129,702 Hastings -- Bexhill : 126,386 Exeter : 119,600 Eastbourne : 106,562 Bognor Regis : 62,141 Folkestone -- Hythe : 60,039 Weymouth : 56,043 Dover : 39,078 Walmer -- Deal : 35,941 Exmouth : 32,972 Falmouth -- Penryn : 28,801 Ryde : 22,806 St Austell : 22,658 Seaford : 21,851 Falmouth : 21,635 Penzance : 20,255 France ( edit ) The walled city of Saint - Malo was a former stronghold of corsairs . Le Havre : 248,547 inhabitants Calais : 104,852 Boulogne - sur - Mer : 92,704 Cherbourg : 42,318 Saint - Brieuc : 45,879 Saint - Malo : 50,675 Lannion -- Perros - Guirec : 48,990 Dieppe : 42,202 Morlaix : 35,996 Dinard : 25,006 Étaples -- Le Touquet - Paris - Plage : 23,994 Fécamp : 22,717 Eu -- Le Tréport : 22,019 Trouville - sur - Mer -- Deauville : 20,406 Channel Islands ( edit ) Saint Helier , Jersey : 28,310 inhabitants Saint Peter Port , Guernsey : 16,488 inhabitants Saint Anne , Alderney : 2,200 inhabitants Sark : 600 inhabitants Herm : 60 inhabitants Shipping ( edit ) Automatic Identification System display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006 The Channel has traffic on both the UK - Europe and North Sea - Atlantic routes , and is the world 's busiest seaway , with over 500 ships per day . Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February , the Dover TSS the world 's first radar - controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization . The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side , travelling south the English side . There is a separation zone between the two lanes . In December 2002 the MV Tricolor , carrying £ 30m of luxury cars sank 32 km ( 20 mi ) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba . The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day . There was no loss of life . The shore - based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation . Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System , it has reduced accidents to one or two per year . Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically , further avoiding risk of running aground , but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001 , Britain 's Marine Accident Investigation Branch ( MAIB ) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision . The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course , one directly behind the other , rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would . A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs , a failure of a CCTV system , incorrect operation of the anchor , the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay , Cornwall in January 2002 . The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware . The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion , and the ship was stranded for 11 days . Ecology ( edit ) As a busy shipping lane , the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills . Indeed , over 40 % of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel . One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli , which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay , a protected World Heritage Site coastline . The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour . Transport ( edit ) The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city Ferry ( edit ) Main article : Channel Ports The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened . Current cross-channel ferry routes are : Dover -- Calais Dover -- Dunkirk Newhaven -- Dieppe Plymouth -- Roscoff Poole -- Cherbourg Poole -- Saint Malo Portsmouth -- Cherbourg Portsmouth -- Jersey and Guernsey Portsmouth -- Le Havre Portsmouth -- Ouistreham Portsmouth -- Saint Malo Rosslare -- Cherbourg Rosslare -- Roscoff Weymouth -- Saint Malo Channel Tunnel ( edit ) Main article : Channel Tunnel Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel , first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994 , connecting the UK and France by rail . It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train . Freight trains also use the tunnel . Cars , coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais . Economy ( edit ) Tourism ( edit ) The Mont Saint - Michel is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel . The coastal resorts of the Channel , such as Brighton and Deauville , inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century , which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world . Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping . Culture and languages ( edit ) Kelham 's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language ( 1779 ) , defining Law French , a language historically used in English law courts The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel , French on the south . However , there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel , which are listed here , with the Channel 's name following them . Celtic Languages Breton -- `` Mor Breizh '' ( Sea of Brittany ) Cornish -- `` Mor Bretannek '' Irish : Muir nIocht -- `` Merciful Sea '' Germanic languages English Dutch -- `` het Kanaal '' ( the Channel ) Dutch previously had a larger range , and extended into parts of modern - day France . For more information , please see French Flemish . Romance languages French -- `` La Manche '' Gallo -- `` Manche '' , `` Grand - Mè '' , `` Mè Bertone '' Norman , including the Channel Island vernaculars : Anglo - Norman ( extinct , but fossilised in certain English law phrases ) Auregnais ( extinct ) Cotentinais -- `` Maunche '' Guernesiais -- `` Ch'nal '' Jèrriais -- `` Ch'na '' Sercquais Picard Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms , but notably Welsh has `` Môr Udd '' . Channel crossings ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As one of the narrowest and most well - known international waterways lacking dangerous currents , the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea , air , and human powered crossing technologies . Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia . At the end of the last Ice Age , lower sea levels even permitted walking across . By Boat ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes March 1816 The French paddle steamer Élise ( ex Scottish - built Margery or Margory ) was the first steamer to cross the Channel . 9 May 1816 Paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland 10 June 1821 Paddle steamer Rob Roy , first passenger ferry to cross channel The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV . June 1843 First ferry connection through Folkestone - Boulogne Commanding officer Captain Hayward 25 July 1959 Hovercraft crossing ( Calais to Dover , 2 hours 3 minutes ) SR - N1 Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board 1960s First crossing by water ski . An annual cross-channel ski race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards . The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne ( latter years ) and back . Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non-stop since this time . Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10 , from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling . 22 August 1972 First solo hovercraft crossing ( same route as SR - N1 ; 2 hours 20 minutes ) Nigel Beale ( UK ) Coracle ( 13 and a half hours ) Bernard Thomas ( UK ) As part of a publicity stunt , the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . 14 September 1995 Fastest crossing by hovercraft , 22 minutes by Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 MkIII Craft was designed as a ferry First vessel to complete a solar - powered crossing using photovoltaic cells SB Collinda -- 14 June 2004 New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle ( the Gibbs Aquada , three - seater open - top sports car ) Richard Branson ( UK ) Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds -- previous record was 6 hours . 26 July 2006 New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car ( the Rinspeed Splash , two - seater open - top sports car ) Frank M. Rinderknecht ( Switzerland ) Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes 25 September 2006 First crossing on a towed inflatable object ( not a powered inflatable boat ) Stephen Preston ( UK ) Completed crossing in 180 min July 2007 BBC Top Gear presenters `` drive '' to France in amphibious cars Jeremy Clarkson , Richard Hammond , James May ( UK ) Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick - up ( the `` Nissank '' ) , fitted with a Honda outboard engine . 20 August 2011 First Crossing by Sea Scooters A four - man relay team from Scarborough , North Yorkshire , headed by Heath Samples , crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant . It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record . Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise , ex the Scottish p.s. `` Margery '' in March 1816 , one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship . The paddle steamer Defiance , Captain William Wager , was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland , arriving there on 9 May 1816 . On 10 June 1821 , English - built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel . The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later . It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours . In June 1843 , because of difficulties with Dover harbour , the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne - sur - Mer - Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais - Dover . The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward . In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 131⁄2 hours . The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century . The Mountbatten class hovercraft ( MCH ) entered commercial service in August 1968 , initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate ( Pegwell Bay ) to Calais . The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes , with six trips per day at peak times . The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car - carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes , recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR - N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995 , By air ( edit ) Main article : List of English Channel crossings by air The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785 , piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard ( France ) and John Jeffries ( US ) . Louis Blériot ( France ) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909 . By Swimming ( edit ) Main article : List of successful English Channel swimmers The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover , swimming from England to France on 24 -- 25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes . In 1927 , at a time when fewer than ten swimmers ( including the first woman , Gertrude Ederle in 1926 ) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made , the Channel Swimming Association ( CSA ) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers ' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times . The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations : CSA ( Ltd ) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation ( CSPF ) . Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover . The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings . The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London , followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team . By the end of 2005 , 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA , the CSA ( Ltd ) , the CSPF and Butlins . The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people . This includes 24 two - way crossings and three three - way crossings . The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people ( 456 men , 214 women ) . There have been 16 two - way crossings ( 9 by men and 7 by women ) . There have been three three - way crossings ( 2 by men and 1 by a woman ) . ( It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only . ) The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world . It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme . It states : `` ( In ) exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast , on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities . '' The CCA , CSA , and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims , because their pilots have the experience , qualifications , and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort . The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012 , in 6 hours 55 minutes , beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev . There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel , by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls . A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands . By car ( edit ) On 16 September 1965 , two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais . Other types ( edit ) Date Crossing Participant ( s ) Notes 27 March 1899 First radio transmission across the Channel ( from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse ) Guglielmo Marconi ( Italy ) See also ( edit ) Anguilla Channel Booze cruise Guadeloupe Passage List of firsts in aviation Phoenix breakwaters List of successful English Channel swimmers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Channel . '' Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition + corrections '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1971 . pp. 42 ( corrections to page 13 ) and 6 . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` English Channel '' The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas . 2005 . Jump up ^ File : Allied Invasion Force. jpg + French map of Channel Jump up ^ Thompson , LuAnne . `` Tide Dynamics -- Dynamic Theory of Tides '' ( PDF ) . University of Washington . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Renaud Morieux , Une mer pour deux royaumes : La Manche , une mer franco - anglaise , Presses universitaires de Rennes , 2008 Jump up ^ Ælfric , Saint Augustine Jump up ^ Vie de Louis le Gros , abbé Suger Jump up ^ William of Newburgh , History of the Kings of England Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth , History of the kings of Britain Jump up ^ Sebastian Münster , `` Anglia II Nova Tabula '' . Jump up ^ Guillaume Postel , La vraye et entière description du royaume de France et ses confins ... , 1570 Jump up ^ `` Théâtre de l'Univers '' , French Edition , Anvers , 1587 , new edition 1598 Jump up ^ `` Map of Sussex '' John Norden ( 1595 ) Jump up ^ Shakespeare , Henry VI ( 1593 ) Jump up ^ Nicolas Sanson , Description de la France ( 1639 ) and `` Carte générale du Royaume de France avec tous les pays circomvoisins '' ( 1643 ) Jump up ^ Cotgrave , Dictionary Jump up ^ Pierre Duval , Description de la France et de ses provinces ( 1623 ) Jump up ^ John Renshaw , An Exact Trigonometrical Survey of the British Channel Jump up ^ MORIEUX Jump up ^ `` Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen '' ( Foreign Geographical Names ) ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Taalunie. 2012 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A chart of the British Channel , Jefferys , Thomas , 1787 '' . Davidrumsey.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Map Of Great Britain , Ca . 1450 '' . The unveiling of Britain . British Library . 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . This may also be the first map to name the English Channel : `` britanicus oceanus nunc canalites Anglie '' Jump up ^ Room A. Placenames of the world : origins and meanings , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Cotgrave R. , A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues , London , A. Islip , 1611 , art . `` Manche '' . Jump up ^ `` English Channel channel , Europe '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjeev ; Jenny S. Collier , Andy Palmer - Felgate & Graeme Potter ; Palmer - Felgate , Andy ; Potter , Graeme ( 2007 ) . `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' . Nature . 448 ( 7151 ) : 342 -- 345 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 448 ... 342G . doi : 10.1038 / nature06018 . PMID 17637667 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Lay summary -- msnbc.com ( 18 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` GPG Cambridge.ac Physics Today , Sonar mapping suggests that the English Channel was created by two megafloods , ( extract of Gupta Potter ) , Freely downloadable PDF '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Two - stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain . Sanjeev Gupta , Jenny S. Collier , David Garcia - Moreno , Francesca Oggioni , Alain Trentesaux , Kris Vanneste , Marc De Batist , Thierry Camelbeeck , Graeme Potter , Brigitte Van Vliet - Lanoë & John C.R. Arthur . Nature Communications 8 , Article number : 15101 ( 2017 ) doi : 10.1038 / ncomms15101 http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15101 accessed 5 April 2017 Jump up ^ Sanjeev Gupta et al. `` Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel '' Nature448 , 342 -- 345 ( 19 July 2007 ) ( abstract ) Jump up ^ `` Catastrophic Flooding Changed The Course Of British History '' , Science Daily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Professor Bryony Coles . `` The Doggerland project '' . University of Exeter . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers speculate that the flooding induced changes in topography creating barriers to migration which led to a complete absence of humans in Britain 100,000 years ago . '' ScienceDaily ( 19 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ cf . `` Kernow '' , the Cornish for Cornwall . Jump up ^ Flohn , Hermann ; Fantechi , Roberto ( 1984 ) . The Climate of Europe , past , present , and future . p. 46 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1745 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Frost of 1683 - 4 '' . www.pastpresented.info . Jump up ^ Balter , Michael ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Jump up ^ Larson , Greger ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` How wheat came to Britain '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 945 -- 946 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347 ... 945L . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa6113 . PMID 25722395 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ; Momber , Garry ; Bates , Richard ; Garwood , Paul ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago '' . Science . 347 ( 6225 ) : 998 -- 1001 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347 ... 998S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1261278 . PMID 25722413 . Jump up ^ `` History Compass '' . History Compass . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany The migration period '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Attwood MA . `` The Holy Island of Lindisfarne -- The Viking Attack '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ britishbattles.com ( 2007 ) . `` The Spanish Armada : Sir Francis Drake '' . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Miller . The Millstone : Chapter 2 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . quoting Fisher , Naval Necessities I , p. 219 Jump up ^ `` First World War.com - Encyclopedia - The Dover Barrage '' . www.firstworldwar.com . Jump up ^ `` U-Boat warfare at the Atlantic during World War I '' . German Notes . Archived from the original on 10 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , , Robert M. ( 2002 ) . U-Boats Destroyed : The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914 -- 1918 . Periscope Publishing Ltd . pp. 74 -- 75 . ISBN 1 - 904381 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Black Jack ( Quarterly Magazine Southampton Branch World Ship Society ) Issue No : 152 Autumn 2009 : ( p. 6 ) SHOREHAM TOWERS -- One of the Admiralty 's greatest engineering secrets , Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` His Imperial German Majesty 's U-boats in WWI : 6 . Finale '' . uboat.net . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Cycle , the evacuation from Havre , 10 - 13 June 1940 '' . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Operation Aerial , the evacuation from north western France , 15 -- 25 June 1940 . Historyofwar.org . Retrieved on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact File : Battle of Britain '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Campaigns of World War II , Naval History Homepage . `` Atlantic , WW2 , U-boats , convoys , OA , OB , SL , HX , HG , Halifax , RCN ... '' Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dover Strait , navigation rules '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of CNIS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dover Strait TSS '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World Marine Guide -- English Channel '' . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency '' . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Bulletin 2 '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch. 2001 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV Willy '' ( PDF ) . Marine Accident Investigation Branch . October 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Picture gallery : Cornwall 's stranded tanker '' . London : BBC . 5 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salvage team hunts for leak '' . London : BBC . 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stranded tanker safe in port '' . London : BBC . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tanker wreck starts leaking oil '' . London : BBC . 1 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Survey of Reported Discharges '' ( PDF ) . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MSC Napoli Ship Disasters '' . www.ship-disasters.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Auffray , Régis ( 2007 ) . Le Petit Matao . Rue des Scribes . ISBN 2906064645 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Debbie . `` University of Exeter '' . humanities.exeter.ac.uk . Jump up ^ Patterson , W , `` Coastal Catastrophe '' ( paleoclimate research document ) , University of Saskatchewan Archived 9 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Charles ( February 1998 ) . `` P.S. Defiance , the first steamer to Holland , 9 May 1816 '' . The Mariner 's Mirror . The Society for Nautical Research . 84 ( 1 ) : 84 . Jump up ^ Verifiable in Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Records and Archives Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . Britannia.com . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Stuart Waterman ( 27 July 2006 ) . `` Rinspeed `` Splash '' sets English Channel record `` . Autoblog . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Drag '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Nissan Truck ( D21 ) in `` Top Gear , 2002 -- 2010 '' `` . IMCDb.org . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Channel Ferry '' . www.sailingandboating.co.uk . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Channel ferries & ferry ports Jump up ^ `` Wales on Britannia : Facts About Wales & the Welsh '' . www.britannia.com . Jump up ^ John , Gilbert ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` ' Coracle king ' to hang up paddle '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hovercraft deal opens show '' . London : BBC News . 15 June 1966 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Blanchard , Jean - Pierre - François . '' Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ serpentineswimmingclub.com `` Serpentine Swimming Club '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ srichinmoyraces.org `` Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team '' . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme '' . Maritime and Coastguard Agency . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record '' . The Age . Jump up ^ `` Channel swimming records - Dover.UK.com '' . www.dover.uk.com . Jump up ^ Fjellberg , Anders ( 2015 ) , The Wetsuitmen Jump up ^ Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ferry routes to British Mainland . Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Channel . Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea Channel swimmers website Archives of long distance swimming Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation Channel Swimming Association World War II Eye Witness Account -- Audio Recording Air Battle over the English Channel ( 1940 ) Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Borders of the United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories United Kingdom Land and maritime boundaries : Ireland Maritime boundaries : Metropolitan France Denmark European Netherlands Germany Norway British Overseas Territories Land and maritime boundaries : Spain Cyprus Maritime boundaries : Dominican Republic Caribbean France Pacific France Caribbean Netherlands United States Honduras Jamaica Cuba Bahamas Haiti Venezuela Borders of France Metropolitan France Andorra Belgium Germany Italy Luxembourg Monaco Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas France Australia Brazil Netherlands Suriname Subject to the Antarctic Treaty System ; Subject to the Franco - Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls GND : 4068438 - 6 NDL : 00563982 VIAF : 237708164 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&oldid=842946665 '' Categories : English Channel English coast European seas France -- United Kingdom border International straits Landforms of Brittany Landforms of Normandy Landforms of Hauts - de-France Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean Bodies of water of the North Sea Straits of England Straits of Metropolitan France Southern England Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Breton - language text Articles containing Cornish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017 Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles containing Irish - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20Channel	13,217
who was the voice of shaggy in scooby doo	Kemal Amin `` Casey '' Kasem ( April 27 , 1932 -- June 15 , 2014 ) was an American disc jockey , music historian , radio personality , voice actor , and actor , known for being the host of several music radio countdown programs , most notably American Top 40 , from 1970 until his retirement in 2009 , and for providing the voice of Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers in the Scooby - Doo franchise from 1969 to 1997 , and again from 2002 until 2009 .	Kemal Amin `` Casey '' Kasem	Casey Kasem	casey kasem	Kemal Amin `` Casey '' Kasem ( April 27 , 1932 -- June 15 , 2014 ) was an American disc jockey , music historian , radio personality , voice actor , and actor , known for being the host of several music radio countdown programs , most notably American Top 40 , from 1970 until his retirement in 2009 , and for providing the voice of Norville `` Shaggy '' Rogers in the Scooby - Doo franchise from 1969 to 1997 , and again from 2002 until 2009 .	Kasem co-founded the American Top 40 franchise in 1970 , hosting it from its inception to 1988 , and again from 1998 to 2004 . Between January 1989 and early 1998 , he was the host of Casey 's Top 40 , Casey 's Hot 20 , and Casey 's Countdown . From 1998 to 2009 , Kasem also hosted two adult contemporary spin - offs of American Top 40 : American Top 20 and American Top 10 . In addition to his radio shows , Kasem provided the voice of many commercials , performed many voices for Sesame Street , provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail , was `` the voice of NBC '' , and helped out with the annual Jerry Lewis telethon . He provided the cartoon voices of Robin in `` The Adventures of Batman and Robin '' and Super Friends , Mark on Battle of the Planets , and a number of characters for the Transformers cartoon series of the 1980s . In 2008 , he was the voice of Out of Sight Retro Night which aired on WGN America but was replaced by rival Rick Dees . After 40 years , Kasem retired from his role of voicing Shaggy in 2009 , although he did voice Shaggy 's father in the 2010 TV series Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career 2.2 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 2.3 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 2.4 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run 3 Personal life 4 Illness and death 5 Honors 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Kasem was born in Detroit , Michigan , on April 27 , 1932 , to Lebanese Druze immigrant parents , who had settled in Michigan , where they worked as grocers . Kasem was named after Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , a man Kasem said his father respected . In the 1940s , `` Make Believe Ballroom '' reportedly inspired Kasem to follow a career in radio and later host a national radio hits countdown show . Kasem received his first experience in radio covering sports at Northwestern High School in Detroit . He then went to Wayne State University for college . While at Wayne State , he voiced children on radio programs such as The Lone Ranger and Challenge of the Yukon . In 1952 , Kasem was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Korea . There , he worked as a DJ / announcer on the Armed Forces Radio Korea Network . Career ( edit ) Early career ( edit ) After the war , Kasem began his professional broadcasting career in Flint , Michigan . From there , he spent time in Detroit as a disc jockey for radio station WJBK - AM ( and doing such shows as The Lone Ranger and Sergeant Preston of the Yukon ) ; WYSL in Buffalo , New York ; and a station in Cleveland before moving to California . At KYA in San Francisco , the general manager first suggested he tone down his ' platter patter ' and talk about the records instead . Kasem demurred at first , because it was not what was normally expected in the industry . At KEWB in Oakland , California , Kasem was both the music director and on - air personality . He created a show which mixed in biographical tidbits about the artists ' records he played , and attracted the attention of Bill Gavin who tried to recruit him as a partner . After Kasem joined KRLA in Los Angeles in 1963 , his career really started to blossom and he championed the R&B music of East L.A. Kasem earned roles in a number of low - budget movies and acted on radio dramas . While hosting `` dance hops '' on local television , he attracted the attention of Dick Clark who as a producer hired him to co-host a daily teenage music show called Shebang starting in 1964 . Kasem appeared in network TV series including Hawaii Five - O and Ironside . In 1967 , Kasem appeared on The Dating Game , and played the role of `` Mouth '' in the motorcycle gang film The Glory Stompers . In 1969 , he played the role of `` Knife '' in the `` surfers vs. bikers '' film Wild Wheels , and had a small role in another biker movie , The Cycle Savages , starring Bruce Dern and Melody Patterson . Kasem 's voice was , however , always the key to his career . At the end of the 1960s , he began working as a voice actor . In 1969 , he started one of his most famous roles , the voice of Shaggy on Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! He also voiced the drummer Groove from The Cattanooga Cats that year . In 1964 , Kasem had a minor hit single called `` Letter From Elaina '' . A spoken - word recording , it told the story of a girl who met George Harrison after a San Francisco concert . 1970 -- 1988 : American Top 40 ( edit ) On July 4 , 1970 , Kasem , along with Don Bustany , Tom Rounds , and Ron Jacobs , launched the weekly radio program American Top 40 ( AT40 ) . At the time , top 40 radio was on the decline as DJs preferred to play album - oriented progressive rock . Loosely based on the TV program Your Hit Parade , the show counted down from # 40 on the pop charts to # 1 -- the first # 1 was Three Dog Night 's `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' -- based on the Billboard Hot 100 each week . The show , however , was not just about the countdown . Kasem mixed in biographical information about the artists , flashback , and `` long - distance dedication '' segments where he read letters written by listeners to dedicate songs of their choice to far away loved ones . He often included trivia facts about songs he played and artists whose work he showcased . Frequently , he mentioned a trivia fact about an unnamed singer before a commercial break , then provided the name of the singer after returning from the break . Kasem ended the program with his signature sign - off , `` Keep your feet on the ground and keep reaching for the stars . '' The show debuted on seven stations , but on the back of Kasem 's `` always friendly and upbeat '' baritone voice it soon went nationwide . In October 1978 , the show expanded from three hours a week to four . American Top 40 's success spawned several imitators including a weekly half - hour music video television show , America 's Top 10 , hosted by Kasem himself . `` When we first went on the air , I thought we would be around for at least 20 years , '' he later remarked . `` I knew the formula worked . I knew people tuned in to find out what the No. 1 record was . '' Due to his great knowledge of music , Kasem became known as not just a disc jockey , but also a music historian . In 1971 , Kasem provided the character voice of Peter Cottontail in the Rankin / Bass production of Here Comes Peter Cottontail . In the same year , he appeared in the low - budget film The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant , in what was probably his best remembered acting role . From 1973 until 1985 , he voiced Robin on several SuperFriends franchise shows . In 1980 , he voiced Merry in The Return of the King . He also voiced Alexander Cabot III on Josie and the Pussycats and Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space , and supplied a number of voices for Sesame Street . In the late 1970s , Kasem portrayed an actor who imitated Columbo in the Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries two - part episode `` The Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom . '' He portrayed a golf commentator in an episode of Charlie 's Angels titled `` Winning is for Losers '' , and appeared on Police Story , Quincy , M.E. , and Switch . In 1977 he was initially hired as the narrator for the ABC sitcom Soap , but quit after the pilot episode due to the content . Rod Roddy took his place on the program . In 1984 , Kasem made a cameo in Ghostbusters , reprising his role as the host of American Top 40 . For a period in the late 1970s , Kasem was also the staff announcer for the NBC television network . 1988 -- 1998 : Casey 's Top 40 ( edit ) In 1988 , Kasem left American Top 40 due to a contract dispute with ABC Radio Network . He signed a five - year , $15 million contract with Westwood One and started Casey 's Top 40 which used a different chart - the Radio & Records Contemporary ( CHR ) / Pop radio airplay chart ( making it feature exactly the same song positions as the Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 , which used the same chart at the time ) , to determine the top 40 . He also hosted two shorter versions of the show : Casey 's Hot 20 and Casey 's Countdown . During the late 1990s , Kasem hosted the Radio Hall of Fame induction ceremony . Kasem voiced Mark in Battle of the Planets and several Transformers characters : Bluestreak , Cliffjumper , Teletraan I and Dr. Arkeville . He left Transformers during the third season due to what he perceived as offensive caricatures of Arabs and Arab countries . In a 1990 article , he explained : A few years ago , I was doing one of the voices in the TV cartoon series , Transformers . One week , the script featured an evil character named Abdul , King of Carbombya . He was like all the other cartoon Arabs . I asked the director , ' Are there any good Arabs in this script for balance ? ' We looked . There was one other -- but he was no different than Abdul . So , I told the show 's director that , in good conscience , I could n't be a part of that show . From 1989 to 1998 , Kasem hosted Nick at Nite 's New Year 's Eve countdown of the top reruns of the year . He also made cameo appearances on Saved by the Bell and ALF in the early 1990s . In 1997 , Kasem quit his role as Shaggy in a dispute over a Burger King commercial , with Billy West and Scott Innes taking over the character in the late 1990s and early 2000s . 1998 -- 2009 : American Top 40 second run ( edit ) The original American Top 40 , hosted by Shadoe Stevens after Kasem 's departure , was cancelled in 1995 . Kasem regained the rights to the name in 1997 , and the show was back on the air in 1998 , on the AMFM Network ( later acquired by Premiere Radio Networks ) . At the end of 2003 , Kasem announced he would be leaving AT40 once his contract expired the following month and would be replaced by Ryan Seacrest . He agreed to a new contract to continue hosting his weekly adult contemporary countdown shows in the interim , which at the time were both titled American Top 20 . In 2005 Kasem renewed his deal with Premiere Radio Networks to continue hosting his shows , one of which had been reduced to ten songs and had , appropriately , been retitled American Top 10 to reflect the change . In April 2005 , a television special called American Top 40 Live aired on the Fox network , hosted by Seacrest , with Kasem appearing on the show . In 2008 , Kasem did the voice - over for WGN America 's Out of Sight Retro Night . He was also the host of the short - lived American version of 100 % during the 1998 -- 99 season . In June 2009 , Premiere announced it would no longer produce Kasem 's two remaining countdowns and end their eleven - year relationship . Kasem decided not to try to bring his show to another syndicator or find a replacement host to continue the show and , citing a desire to explore other avenues in his life such as writing a memoir , the 77 - year old Kasem sent out a press release during the last week of June that he would be retiring from radio on July 4 weekend , the thirty - ninth anniversary of the first ever countdown he presided over . Kasem also performed TV commercial voice - overs throughout his career , appearing in more than 100 commercials in all . In 2002 , Kasem reprised the role of Shaggy when it was determined the character would be a vegetarian . In 2009 , he retired from voice acting , with his final performance being the voice of Shaggy in Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword . He did voice Shaggy again for `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' , but went uncredited by his request . Although officially retired from acting , he provided the voice of Colton Rogers , Shaggy 's father , on a recurring basis for the 2010 -- 2013 series Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated , again uncredited at his request . As for his recognizable voice quality , `` It 's a natural quality of huskiness in the midrange of my voice that I call ' garbage , ' '' he stated to The New York Times . `` It 's not a clear - toned announcer 's voice . It 's more like the voice of the guy next door . '' Personal life ( edit ) Kasem was a devout vegan , supported animal rights and environmental causes , and was a critic of factory farming . He initially quit voicing Shaggy in the late 1990s , when asked to voice Shaggy in a Burger King commercial , returning in 2002 after negotiating to have Shaggy become a vegetarian . Kasem was active in politics for years , supporting Lebanese - American and Arab - American causes , an interest which was triggered by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon . He wrote a brochure published by the Arab American Institute entitled `` Arab - Americans : Making a Difference '' . He turned down a position in season three of Transformers because of the show 's plot portraying `` evil Arabs '' . He also called for a fairer depiction of heroes and villains , on behalf of all cultures , in Disney 's 1994 sequel to Aladdin called The Return of Jafar . In 1996 , he was honored as `` Man of the Year '' by the American Druze Society . Kasem campaigned against the Gulf War , advocating non-military means of pressuring Saddam Hussein into withdrawing from Kuwait , was an advocate of Palestinian independence and arranged conflict resolution workshops for Arab Americans and Jewish Americans . A political liberal , he narrated a campaign ad for George McGovern 's 1972 presidential campaign , hosted fundraisers for Jesse Jackson 's presidential campaigns in 1984 and 1988 , supported Ralph Nader for U.S. President in 2000 , and supported progressive Democrat Dennis Kucinich in his 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns . Kasem supported a number of other progressive causes , including affordable housing and the rights of the homeless . Kasem was married to Linda Myers from 1972 to 1979 ; they had three children : Mike , Julie , and Kerri Kasem . Kasem and his wife Jean at the 1993 Emmy Awards Kasem was married to actress Jean Thompson from 1980 until his death . They had one child , Liberty Jean Kasem . In 1989 , Kasem purchased a home built in 1954 and located at 138 North Mapleton Drive , previously owned by developer Abraham M. Lurie , as a birthday present for his wife Jean . In 2013 , he listed it for US $43 million . Illness and death ( edit ) In October 2013 , Kerri Kasem said her father was suffering from Parkinson 's disease , which a doctor had diagnosed in 2007 ; a few months later , she said he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia , which is often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson 's . Due to his condition , he was no longer able to speak during his final months . As his health worsened in 2013 , Jean Kasem prevented any contact with her husband , particularly from his children by his first marriage . On October 1 , Kerri , Mike and Julie protested in front of the Kasem home , having not been allowed contact with their father for three months ; some of Casey Kasem 's long - time friends and colleagues , along with his brother Mouner , also joined the demonstration . The eldest Kasem children sought conservatorship over their father 's care , with Julie and her husband Jamil Aboulhosn filing the papers ; the court denied their petition in November . Kasem was removed from a Santa Monica , California nursing home by his wife on May 7 , 2014 . On May 12 , Kerri Kasem was granted temporary conservatorship over her father , despite her stepmother 's objection . The court also ordered an investigation into Casey Kasem 's whereabouts , after his wife 's attorney told the court Casey was `` no longer in the United States '' . He was found soon afterward in Washington state . On June 6 , 2014 , Kasem was reported to be in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state , receiving antibiotics for bedsores and treatment for high blood pressure . It was revealed that he had been bedridden for some time . A judge ordered separate visitation times due to antagonism between Jean Kasem and his children from his first wife . Judge Daniel S. Murphy ruled that Kasem had to be hydrated , fed , and medicated as a court - appointed lawyer reported on his health status . Jean Kasem claimed that he had been given no food , water , or medication the previous weekend . Kerri Kasem 's lawyer stated that she had him removed from artificial food and water on the orders of a doctor and in accordance with a directive her father signed in 2007 saying he would not want to be kept alive if it `` would result in a mere biological existence , devoid of cognitive function , with no reasonable hope for normal functioning . '' Murphy reversed his order the following Monday , after it became known that Kasem 's body was no longer responding to the artificial nutrition , allowing the family to place Kasem on `` end - of - life '' measures over the objections of Jean Kasem . On June 15 , 2014 , Kasem died at St. Anthony 's Hospital in Gig Harbor , Washington at the age of 82 . The immediate cause of death was reported as sepsis caused by an ulcerated bedsore . He was survived by his wife , four children , and four grandchildren . His body was handed over to his widow , who would make funeral arrangements . Reportedly , Kasem wanted to be buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale . By July 19 , a judge had granted Kasem 's daughter Kerri a temporary restraining order to prevent his wife from cremating Kasem 's body to allow an autopsy to be performed , but when she went to give a copy of the order to the funeral home , she was informed the body had been moved at the directive of Jean Kasem . Kasem 's wife had the body moved to a funeral home in Montreal on July 14 , 2014 . On August 14 , it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo . Kasem 's family had his interment at Oslo Western Civil Cemetery on December 16 , 2014 , more than six months after his death . In November 2015 , three of Kasem 's children and his brother sued his widow for wrongful death . The lawsuit charges Jean Kasem with elder abuse and inflicting emotional distress on the children by restricting access prior to his death . Honors ( edit ) In 1981 , Kasem was granted a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame radio division in 1985 , and the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1992 . Five years later , he received the Radio Hall of Fame 's first Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2003 , Kasem was given the Radio Icon award at the Radio Music Awards . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role 1967 First to Fight Minor Role ( Live - action ) 1967 The Glory Stompers Mouth ( Live - action ) 1969 2000 Years Later Disk Jockey ( Live - action ) 1969 Wild Wheels Knife ( Live - action ) 1969 The Cycle Savages Keeg 's Brother ( Live - action ) 1969 Scream Free ! Phil ( Live - action ) 1970 The Girls from Thunder Strip Conrad ( Live - action ) 1971 The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant Ken ( Live - action ) 1972 Doomsday Machine Mission Control Officer ( Live - action ) 1973 Soul Hustler Birnie ( Live - action ) 1976 The Gumball Rally Radio D.J. ( voice ) 1977 New York , New York D.J. aka Midnight Bird ( Live - action ) 1978 Jukebox Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1978 Disco Fever Brian Parker ( Live - action ) 1979 Scooby Goes Hollywood Shaggy Rogers / Additional voices ( voice ) 1979 The Dark Police Pathologist ( Live - action ) 1980 The Return of the King Meriadoc ' Merry ' Brandybuck , a Hobbit ( voice ) 1984 Ghostbusters Himself ( voice cameo ) 1986 The Transformers : The Movie Cliffjumper ( voice ) Scooby - Doo Meets the Boo Brothers Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo and the Ghoul School Shaggy Rogers , Mirror Monster ( voice ) 1988 Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1994 Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 1997 James Dean : Live Fast , Die Young Bill Romano ( Live - action ) 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Wedding DJ ( voice ) 2002 Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2003 Looney Tunes : Back in Action Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2005 Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2006 Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2007 Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2008 Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 2009 Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) ; final time as Shaggy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1964 The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo Additional voices ( voice ) 1968 Garrison 's Gorillas Provost Marshall ( Live - action ) 2 episodes 1968 -- 69 The Batman / Superman Hour Robin , Dick Grayson ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Hot Wheels Tank Mallory , Dexter Carter ( voice ) 5 episodes 1969 -- 71 Cattanooga Cats Groove , the drummer ( voice ) 17 episodes 1969 -- 70 Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) 25 episodes 1970 Skyhawks Steve Wilson , Joe Conway ( voice ) Episode : `` Devlin 's Dilemma '' 1970 -- 71 Josie and the Pussycats Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1970 -- 92 Sesame Street Blue Man in ' Q for Quarter ' Cartoon , Fly , additional voices ( voice ) 17 episodes 1971 Here Comes Peter Cottontail Peter Cottontail ( Live - action ) Stop - motion Easter special for Rankin - Bass 1972 Wait Till Your Father Gets Home George ( Live - action ) Episode : `` The Neighbors '' 1972 -- 73 The New Scooby - Doo Movies Shaggy Rogers , Robin , Alexander Cabot III , Ghost of Injun Joe ( voice ) 24 episodes 1972 Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space Alexander Cabot III ( voice ) 16 episodes 1973 The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas Narrator ( voice ) Animated Christmas TV special 1973 -- 85 Super Friends Robin , Dick Grayson ( voice ) 109 episodes The City That Forgot About Christmas Additional voices ( voice ) Christmas TV special The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast Adolf Hitler ( live - action ) Episode : The Roast of Don Rickles Hong Kong Phooey Car Stealer , Clown ( voice ) 2 episodes Hawaii Five - O Swift , Freddie Dryden ( voice ) 5 episodes Emergency + 4 Additional voices ( voice ) 12 episodes Ironside Lab Technician , Jim Crutcher ( Live - action ) 2 episodes The Night That Panicked America Mercury Theatre Player ( Live - action ) TV movie The Last of the Mohicans Uncas ( voice ) TV movie 1976 -- 77 Dynomutt , Dog Wonder Fishface , Swamp Rat , Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes 1976 -- 78 The Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) 40 episodes 1976 Freedom Is Additional voices TV movie 1977 Police Story Sobhe ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Trial Board '' 1977 Quincy , M.E. Sy Wallace ( voice ) Episode : `` An Unfriendly Radiance '' 1977 The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries Paul Hamilton ( voice ) Episode : `` Mystery of the Hollywood Phantom '' ( Parts I & II ) 1977 Switch Tony Brock ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Fade Out '' 1977 -- 78 What 's New , Mr. Magoo ? Waldo , additional voices ( voice ) 10 episodes 1977 -- 79 Laff - A-Lympics Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Creeply ( voice ) 24 episodes 1977 Soap Narrator Unaired pilot ( Kasem left the show before it aired . Narration for the pilot was rerecorded by Rod Roddy prior to airing . ) 1978 Charlie 's Angels Tom Rogers ( Live - action ) Episode : `` Winning Is for Losers '' 1978 Yogi 's Space Race Additional voices ( voice ) 7 episodes 1978 Jana of the Jungle Additional voices ( voice ) 13 episodes 1978 -- 85 Battle of the Planets Mark ( voice ) 85 episodes ; American dubbed adaptation of anime series Science Ninja Team Gatchaman ( in which the character was originally called `` Ken the Eagle '' ) 1979 The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone Monty Marble ( voice ) Animated Halloween TV special 1979 -- 80 Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 16 episodes 1980 -- 82 The Richie Rich / Scooby - Doo Show Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 20 episodes 1982 The Gary Coleman Show Additional voices ( voice ) 2 episodes The All - New Scooby and Scrappy - Doo Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Rogers , Mrs. Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes Matt Houston Master of Ceremonies Episode : `` Target : Miss World '' 1984 The New Scooby - Doo Mysteries Shaggy Rogers , Grandpa Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1984 -- 86 The Transformers Cliffjumper , Bluestreak , Teletraan I Dr. Arkeville ( voice ) 60 episodes 1985 The 13 Ghosts of Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) 13 episodes 1988 -- 91 A Pup Named Scooby - Doo Shaggy Rogers , Mr. Rogers ( voice ) 27 episodes 1989 , 1991 Saved by the Bell Himself Episodes : `` Dancing to the Max '' , `` Rockumentary '' 1989 Family Feud Himself ( cameo appearance ) `` Funny Men vs. Funny Women '' Week episode 1989 A Yabba - Dabba - Doo Celebration ! 50 Years of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers , additional voices ( voice ) TV Special The Fantastic World of Hanna - Barbera Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Scooby - Doo ! Behind the Voices Himself ( Live - action ) , Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) TV Special 1991 Beverly Hills , 90210 Mr. Franklin 's Friend Episode : `` Spring Training '' Tiny Toons Adventures Flakey Flakems ( voice ) Episode : `` Here 's Hamton '' 1992 -- 93 The Ben Stiller Show Himself 2 episodes 2 Stupid Dogs Bill Barker ( voice ) Episode : `` Let 's Make a Right Price / One Ton / Far - Out Friday '' 1994 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Lexo Starbuck ( voice ) Episode : `` You Bet Your Planet '' 1995 Scooby - Doo Mystery Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game 1995 Homeboys in Outer Space Spacy Kasem ( voice ) Episodes : `` Loquatia Unplugged or Come Back ; Little Cyber '' Illusions Gaming Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Video game Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` Sabrina Unplugged '' 1997 Johnny Bravo Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Episode : `` The Sensitive Male / Bravo Dooby Doo '' 2000 Histeria ! Calgary Kasem ( voice ) Episode : `` North America '' 2002 -- 06 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy Rogers , Virtual Shaggy ( voice ) 42 episodes 2003 Blue 's Clues Radio ( voice ) Episode : `` Blue 's Big Car Trip '' 2003 Teamo Supremo DJ Despicable ( voice ) Episode : `` Doin ' the Supremo ! '' 2006 -- 08 Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Uncle Albert Shaggleford ( voice ) 22 episodes 2009 Scooby - Doo 's Yum Yum Go ! Shaggy Rogers ( voice ) Computer game 2010 − 13 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Colton Rogers ( voice ) 5 episodes ( after retirement ) ; Kasem 's performance as Shaggy 's Dad in the series finale was his final role in the Scooby - Doo franchise . See also ( edit ) List of vegans History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit Metro Detroit portal California portal Biography portal Radio portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dryan , Martin ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's body was put on a plane and flown from Tacoma to Montreal before it mysteriously went missing after his daughter asked for an autopsy '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Certificate of Death 2014 - 015372 , State of Washington , July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Person of the Week : Casey Kasem '' . ABC News . January 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2004 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem : Our Arab American Star '' . Washington Watch . The Arab American Institute . April 18 , 1996 . Archived from the original ( archived September 26 , 2005 ) on September 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem Biography ( 1932 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Source notes : `` some sources cite 1933 '' Jump up ^ Barry , Brett . `` Rare Casey Kasem Interview - Beverly Hills High 1981 '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Kasem 's mention of Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk at about the 5 : 22 mark of the video . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem , You 've Truly Reached The Stars '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , Iconic Radio Host , Dies at 82 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dawidziak , Mark ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem made himself heard and made himself welcome : An appreciation '' . Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co . ^ Jump up to : Dunham , Will . `` U.S. radio deejay , ' Shaggy ' voice Casey Kasem dead at 82 '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cross , Alan ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dies at Age 82 '' . A Journal of Musical Things . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Remembered : Iconic DJ Was Tough , Gracious With a ' Garbage ' Voice '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem , legendary radio personality , dies at 82 '' . CNN.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem : Regional Hero , National Treasure '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Casey Kasem on IMDb Jump up ^ Miller , Chuck ( July 7 , 2010 ) . `` Happy 40th , American Top 40 ! '' . Times Union . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Sandy . `` Casey Kasem Countdown : Top 10 things you might not know '' . Ca.news.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Social , Anthony ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dies '' . KPop . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem '' . National Radio Hall Of Fame . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , Tom ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem : Remembering that distinctive American voice '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Patrick Kevin ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Shaggy , Merry and more : Casey Kasem 's greatest cartoon voices '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kasem , Casey ( December 1990 ) . `` Arab Defamation in the Media : Its Consequences and Solutions '' . The Link. 23 ( 5 ) . Americans for Middle East Understanding . p. 7 ( page 6 of archived version ) . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Craig ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Rob ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Durkee , North Hollywood resident , 1964 Mentor graduate and former writer for `` America 's Top 40 '' , reflects on the late Casey Kasem `` . The News - Herald . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Seacrest to Host and Produce ' American Top 40 Live ' on FOX '' . celebrityspider.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsey ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem hospitalized . Wife throws raw meat at his daughter '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Brief '' . Friday Morning Quarterback Album Report . June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/broadcasting-legend-casey-kasem-counts-final-time/story?id=8007180 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Matthew Lillard Puts His Improv Chops on Display '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Lucy ( November 21 , 2009 ) . `` Puppet on a sing '' . The Sun . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Good Morning America . ^ Jump up to : Legum , Judd ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Secret Legacy : How He Used Scooby - Doo to Advance His Values '' . CityWatch . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Casey Kasem Foodaism '' . Jewish Journal . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dougherty , Steve ; Bacon , Doris ( September 17 , 1990 ) . `` Alarmed by Wartime Pride and Prejudice , Deejay Casey Kasem Raises His Voice to Defend His Fellow Arab - Americans '' . People . 34 ( 11 ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasem , Casey . Arab Americans : Making a Difference . The Arab American Institute ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . ^ Jump up to : Dallas , Kelsey . `` Casey Kasem had Druze heritage , but what does that mean ? '' . Deseret News . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , king of the top - 40 countdown and ' Scooby - Doo ' voice - over artist , dies '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Trouson , Rebecca ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem dies at 82 ; radio personality hosted Top 40 countdown show '' . LA Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George McGovern ' 72 & ' 84 Television Ads '' . YouTube . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The Sad , Strange Family Battle Over Radio Legend Casey Kasem '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Federal Campaign Contribution Report '' . NewsMeat . Polity Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzpatrick , Laura ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` Radio Host Casey Kasem '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Married singer - actress Linda Myers in 1972 . The couple had three children before divorcing in 1979 . ^ Jump up to : `` Casey Kasem Family Feud : Cops Called '' . TMZ.com . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hon Jing Yi ( July 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Kasem : My dad is still not buried '' . Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Nearly three weeks after the death of American radio legend Casey Kasem , his son Mike confirms his father 's body has not yet been buried . ^ Jump up to : Ruth Ryon , Kasem Gives Wife Holmby Hills Gift , The Los Angeles Times , July 02 , 1989 ^ Jump up to : Megan Willett , HOUSE OF THE DAY : Casey Kasem Is Selling His Crazy LA Mansion For $42 Million , Business Insider , April 08 , 2013 Jump up ^ Pennacchio , George ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Wife wo n't let kids , friends see him ? '' . Los Angeles , California : KABC - TV . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , Alan . `` Casey Kasem 's family feud : Judge allows water , food infusions stopped '' . CNN . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasem , Julie ; Kasem , Kerri ; Martin , Troy ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Interview with Julie and Kerri Kasem '' . CNN Tonight ( Interview ) . Interview with Bill Weir . CNN . Comments about the disease aired around 9 : 41 p.m. EDT ; comments about purpose at the end of the interview . ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Orders Probe Into Casey Kasem 's Whereabouts '' . ABC News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ken Lee ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Family : Wife Wo n't Let Us See Ailing Radio Host '' . People.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Duke , Alan ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's kids take stepmom to court '' . CNN . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Rejects Children 's Request For Conservatorship of Casey Kasem '' . KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV . November 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Final Days : How the Family 's Bitter Battle Got to This Point '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hetherman , Bill ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's daughter named temporary conservator for father '' . Los Angeles Daily News . City News Service . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Rachel ; Caffrey , Jane ; Yan , Holly ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio icon Casey Kasem spotted in Washington state '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem alert but in critical condition '' . CNN . June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's Condition Declining , Daughter says He ' Wo n't Be With Us Much Longer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's daughter can stop food , medication , judge rules '' . Fox News . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vitello , Paul ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , Wholesome Voice of Pop Radio , Dies at 82 '' . NYTimes.com . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Duca , Lauren . `` Casey Kasem , Legendary Broadcaster , Dead At 82 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rose , Cassandra ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Radio Legend Casey Kasem Dead at 82 '' . Rickey . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem - Momentary Treaty Reached ... Daughters Release Body to His Widow Jean Kasem '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's Daughter Says Dad Still Has n't Been Buried , Stepmother ' Coming After ' Her Trust '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem 's body is missing , lawyer says '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Caffrey , Jane ; Duke , Alan ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem 's remains flown to Canada , funeral director says '' . CNN . TimeWarner . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Husby , Marcus ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Gravferdsetaten bekrefter likflytting til Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The Oslo graveyard authority confirm that Casey Kasem 's body will be transported to Norway Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem to Be Buried in Norway '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publicist : Casey Kasem to be buried in Norway '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Kasem -- Buried in Norway ... Finally '' . TMZ.com . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulbrandsen , Elise Alexandra ; Huseby , Marcus ; Alvsing , Felicia . `` Amerikansk radiokjendis gravlagt i Oslo '' ( in Norwegian ) . Verdens Gang . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-34930866 ^ Jump up to : Brandi , Hitt ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` US radio star Casey Kasem dies at 82 ( Casey Kasem counted down America 's favourite songs for decades ) '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame '' . National Association of Broadcasters . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Mike ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Casey Kasem , ' American Top 40 ' Icon , Dies at 82 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Knipfel , Jim ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Looking Back at The Dark ( 1979 ) '' . DenOfGeek.US . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Terrace , Vincent ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 through 2010 ( 2nd ed . ) . McFarland . pp. 478 , 545 , 980 , 1467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8641 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Durkee , Rob ( 1999 ) . American Top 40 : The Countdown of the Century . New York : Schriner Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864895 - 1 . Battistini , Pete ( January 31 , 2005 ) . American Top 40 with Casey Kasem ( The 1970s ) . Authorhouse.com . ISBN 1 - 4184 - 1070 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Casey Kasem . Casey Kasem at Find a Grave Casey Kasem on IMDb Casey Kasem at the TCM Movie Database Casey Kasem in the Hollywood Walk of Fame Directory `` Casey Kasem '' . Voicechasers.com . Media offices Preceded by None American Top 40 Host 1970 -- 1988 Succeeded by Shadoe Stevens Preceded by Shadoe Stevens American Top 40 Host 1998 -- 2003 Succeeded by Ryan Seacrest Preceded by none Voice of Shaggy Rogers 1969 -- 1997 Succeeded by Billy West Preceded by Scott Innes Voice of Shaggy Rogers 2002 -- 2009 Succeeded by Matthew Lillard VIAF : 93892404 LCCN : n80016873 ISNI : 0000 0000 6719 9633 BNF : cb14192450w ( data ) MusicBrainz : 9dd99129 - 8069 - 4528 - b10d - 5ca0179e42eb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casey_Kasem&oldid=815962539 '' Categories : 1932 births 2014 deaths American radio DJs American radio personalities American television personalities American Top 40 National Radio Hall of Fame inductees American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of Lebanese descent NBC network announcers Male actors from Detroit Wayne State University alumni Radio personalities from Detroit Michigan Democrats Hanna - Barbera people Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies Druze people of American nationality 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages with login required references or sources CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2014 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Corsu Cymraeg Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Igbo Íslenska Italiano Kernowek Latina Lumbaart 日本語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 10 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey%20Kasem	899
when does a wrinkle in time come to theaters	The film is scheduled to be released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 9 , 2018 , in Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D and IMAX 3D .	March 9 , 2018	A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film )	a wrinkle in time ( 2018 film )	A Wrinkle in Time is an upcoming American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay from a screenplay by Jennifer Lee , and based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis , and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who sets off on a quest , with the help of three astral travelers , to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California .	The film is scheduled to be released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 9 , 2018 , in Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D and IMAX 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Box office 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) After learning her astrophysicist father Alex is being held captive on a distant planet deep in the grip of a universe - spanning evil , Meg Murry works with her highly intelligent younger brother , her new friend and fellow student Calvin O'Keeffe , and three astral travelers , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit and Mrs. Who to save him . Cast ( edit ) Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry Michael Peña as Red , the Man with Red Eyes Storm Reid as Meg Murry Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium Chris Pine as Dr. Alex Murry Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry André Holland as Principal Jenkins Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Daniel MacPherson as Paddy O'Keefe Thomas Leigh as Sandy and Dennys Murry Bellamy Young and Will McCormack have been cast in undisclosed roles . Production ( edit ) DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained film rights to remake the live - action adaptation of the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios . Cary Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was supposed to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . Directing this film , DuVernay would be the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey began final negotiations to join the film to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were in talks to join the film , where Witherspoon would play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , while Kaling would play the literature - quoting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , which included Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi Miller as Calvin , and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace , along with Bellamy Young , Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack . The producers on the film would be James Whitaker and Catherine Hand . Michael Peña also joined the cast to play the character Red . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . After filming in Los Angeles , production moved to New Zealand for two weeks . Tobias A. Schliessler was confirmed to be working on the film as cinematographer , along with other production team members including production designer Naomi Shohan , costume designer Paco Delgado , and visual effects supervisor Rich McBride . Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in Eureka , California , in Humboldt County , starting on November 29 , 2016 , and ending on December 5 or 6 . Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park , located next to Sequoia Park Zoo . No major actors tied to the movie were present in Eureka . In mid-December , Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles . Filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago , New Zealand , during the last two weeks of February 2017 . Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps , and shooting took place at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea , with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia , by the indigenous peoples of New Zealand . Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks , and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post . Music ( edit ) On September 28 , 2017 , Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film , replacing Jonny Greenwood who was initially chosen to compose and scored the film . On February 20 , 2018 , it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade , Sia , Kehlani , Chloe x Halle , Freestyle Fellowship , DJ Khaled as well as Demi Lovato , with their respective songs `` Flower of the Universe '' , `` Magic '' , `` Let Me Live '' , `` Warrior '' , `` Park Bench People '' and `` I Believe '' . Release ( edit ) The film is scheduled to be released on March 9 , 2018 . It was previously set for an April 6 , 2018 release . Marketing ( edit ) DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo . It was released on July 15 , 2017 , day two of the D23 Expo . After its initial release , the trailer was trending at # 1 for 48 hours on YouTube , surpassing , for a time , a behind the scenes first look at Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Box Office ( edit ) Four weeks ahead of its release , projections had the film earning $35 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada . See also ( edit ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 ) film Afrofuturism in film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Lenika ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` The First Woman of Color to Make a $100 M Movie '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Rebecca ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` With ' A Wrinkle In Time , ' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone '' . LA Times . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Adaptation '' . Variety . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gugu Mbatha - Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay 's ' Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Pena Joins Disney 's A Wrinkle in Time Movie '' . ComingSoon.net . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt ' Wrinkle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Granat Launches Family - Oriented Bedrock Studios ( Updated ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' for Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . / Film . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci - Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' ; Script By ' Frozen 's Jennifer Lee '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Facebook '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle in Time ' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week '' . Collider . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ava DuVernay on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Ruth ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Postcard of Humboldt County ' : ' Wrinkle in Time ' brings local beauty to big screen '' . Redwood Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Houston , Will ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Film production in town : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' director 's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka '' . Eureka Times - Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set '' . Mail Online . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time : What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oprah : ' It 's a gorgeous day NZ ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News '' . Nzherald.co.nz . February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps '' . Newshub.co.nz . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer '' . ScreenRant . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade , Sia , Game of Thrones composer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay 's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ ava ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Teaser trailer coming at @ D23Expo . Hope you like what you see ! ✨ '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4U3TeY2wtM Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised To Slash ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' 4 - Day Haul With $216 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Wrinkle in Time on IMDb Works of Ava DuVernay Films directed This Is the Life ( 2008 ) I Will Follow ( 2010 ) Middle of Nowhere ( 2012 ) Selma ( 2014 ) 13th ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Television series Queen Sugar ( 2016 -- present ) Films by Jennifer Lee Screenplay and directed Frozen ( 2013 ) Frozen Fever ( 2015 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Screenplay and story only Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time_(2018_film)&oldid=826742196 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s adventure films 2010s science fiction films American films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction films American space adventure films Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Films directed by Ava DuVernay Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New Zealand Screenplays by Jennifer Lee ( filmmaker ) Performance capture in film Science fiction adventure films Science fantasy films Time travel films Time Quintet Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Wrinkle%20in%20Time%20%282018%20film%29	2,742
when have the washington nationals won the world series	Washington Nationals 2017 Washington Nationals season Established in 1969 Based in Washington , D.C. since 2005 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1969 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 42 ( as Montreal Expos : 8 10 10 30 ) Colors Red , navy blue , white Name Washington Nationals ( 2005 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Other nicknames Nats Ballpark Nationals Park ( 2008 -- present ) Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium ( 2005 -- 2007 ) a.k.a. RFK Stadium Olympic Stadium ( 1977 -- 2004 ) Hiram Bithorn Stadium ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Jarry Park Stadium ( 1969 -- 1976 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 0 ) None East Division titles ( 5 ) 1981 2012 2014 2016 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Ted Lerner Manager Dave Martinez General Manager Mike Rizzo President of Baseball Operations Mike Rizzo		Washington Nationals	washington nationals	The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington , D.C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . From 2005 to 2007 , the team played in RFK Stadium ; since 2008 their home stadium has been Nationals Park on South Capitol Street in Southeast D.C. , near the Anacostia River .	The Nationals are the fourth major league franchise to be based in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1971 . The original Washington Senators , who were often referred to as the Nationals , played in the National League from 1891 to 1899 . They were followed by a second Washington Senators franchise in 1901 , a charter member of the new American League , who were officially named the Washington Nationals from 1905 to 1956 . The second Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961 and became the Minnesota Twins . They were replaced that season by a third Senators franchise , who eventually moved to Arlington , Texas , after the 1971 season and became the Texas Rangers . The current National League club was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos , part of the MLB expansion , which included the Seattle Pilots ( now the Milwaukee Brewers ) , Kansas City Royals , and San Diego Padres . Based in Montreal , the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada . Home games were played at Jarry Park Stadium and later in Olympic Stadium . During the strike - shortened 1981 season , the Expos won a division championship and made their only post-season appearance in Montreal , defeating the Philadelphia Phillies , 3 -- 2 , in the National League Division Series , but losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers , 3 -- 2 , in the National League Championship Series . The franchise had its highest winning percentage in the strike - shortened season of 1994 , when the team had the best record in baseball . The team 's subsequent shedding of players caused fan interest to drop off , and after the 2001 season , MLB considered revoking the team 's franchise , along with either the Minnesota Twins or the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . After being purchased by MLB in 2002 , the team was moved before the 2005 season to Washington , D.C. , and renamed the Nationals , the first franchise relocation in Major League Baseball since the third Washington Senators moved to Texas in 1971 . While the team initially struggled after moving to Washington , the Nationals have experienced considerable success in recent years , winning division titles in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , although they have yet to advance out of the first round in the playoffs . Two of the team 's first overall picks in the MLB Draft , Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010 , attracted new levels of attention to the team . At the time of his selection , Strasburg was called the `` most - hyped pick in draft history , '' and Harper later became the youngest position player to be selected to the MLB All - Star Game . Including their time in Montreal , the Nationals are one of two franchises , and the only one in the National League , never to have won a league pennant and played in a World Series , along with the Seattle Mariners of the American League . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Montreal Expos 1.1. 1 2001 contraction 1.2 Creation of the Washington Nationals 1.3 Washington baseball history revived 1.4 Washington Nationals 2 People of note 2.1 Managers 2.2 Broadcasters 2.3 Current roster 2.4 Baseball Hall of Famers 2.5 Ford C. Frick Award 2.6 Retired numbers 2.7 Ring of Honor 2.8 Attendance and fans 2.8. 1 Attendance 2.8. 2 Prominent fans 3 Season standings 4 Spring training 5 Minor league affiliations 5.1 Former affiliates 6 Nationals Dream Foundation 7 Radio and television 8 Rivalries 8.1 Baltimore Orioles ( Beltway Series ) 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Montreal Expos ( edit ) Main article : Montreal Expos The Montreal Expos joined the National League in 1969 , along with the San Diego Padres , with a majority share held by Charles Bronfman , a major shareholder in Seagram . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos ' initial home was Jarry Park . Managed by Gene Mauch , the team lost 110 games in their first season , coincidentally matching the Padres inaugural win - loss record , and continued to struggle during their first decade with sub -. 500 seasons . Starting in 1977 , the team 's home venue was Montreal 's Olympic Stadium , built for the 1976 Summer Olympics . Two years later , the team won a franchise - high 95 games , finishing second in the National League East . The Expos began the 1980s with a core group of young players , including catcher Gary Carter , outfielders Tim Raines and Andre Dawson , third baseman Tim Wallach , and pitchers Steve Rogers and Bill Gullickson . The team won its only division championship in the strike - shortened split season of 1981 , ending its season with a three games to two loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Championship Series . The team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack , finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990 . Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a . 500 or better record five times in six years , with the highlight coming in 1987 , when they won 91 games . They finished third , but were just four games behind the division - winning Cardinals . Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991 , with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner . Rodgers , at that time second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed , was replaced partway through the 1991 season . In May 1992 , Felipe Alou , a member of the Expos organization since 1976 , was promoted to manager , becoming the first Dominican - born manager in MLB history . Alou would become the leader in Expos games managed , while guiding the team to winning records , including 1994 , when the Expos , led by a talented group of players including Larry Walker , Moisés Alou , Marquis Grissom and Pedro Martínez , had the best record in the major leagues until the 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the remainder of the season . After the disappointment of 1994 , Expos management began shedding its key players , and the team 's fan support dwindled . Brochu sold control of the team to Jeffrey Loria in 1999 , but Loria failed to close on a plan to build a new downtown ballpark , and did not reach an agreement on television and English radio broadcast contracts for the 2000 season , reducing the team 's media coverage . 2001 contraction ( edit ) In November 2001 , Major League Baseball 's owners voted 28 -- 2 to contract the league by two teams -- according to various sources , the Expos and the Minnesota Twins , both of which reportedly voted against contraction . Subsequently , the Boston Red Sox were sold to a partnership led by John W. Henry , owner of the Florida Marlins . In order to clear the way for Henry 's group to assume ownership of the Red Sox , Henry sold the Marlins to Loria , and baseball purchased the Expos from Loria . However , the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission , operator of the Metrodome , won an injunction requiring the Twins to play there in 2002 . Because MLB was unable to revoke the Twins franchise , it was compelled to keep both the Twins and Expos as part of the regular season schedule . In the collective bargaining agreement signed with the Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) in August 2002 , contraction was prohibited until the end of the contract in 2006 . By that time , the Expos had become the Washington Nationals and the Twins had made sufficient progress towards the eventual building of a new baseball - specific stadium that contraction was no longer on the agenda . Creation of the Washington Nationals ( edit ) With contraction no longer an option for the immediate term , MLB began looking for a relocation site for the Expos . Some of the choices included Oklahoma City ; Washington , D.C. ; San Juan , Puerto Rico ; Monterrey , Mexico ; Portland , Oregon ; somewhere in Northern Virginia such as Arlington or Dulles ; Norfolk , Virginia ; Las Vegas ; and Charlotte , North Carolina . Washington D.C and Virginia emerged as the front runners . In both 2003 and 2004 , the Expos played 22 of their home games in San Juan , Puerto Rico at the Hiram Bithorn Stadium , and the remaining 59 in Montreal . On September 29 , 2004 , MLB announced that the Expos would move to Washington , D.C. in 2005 . The Expos played their final game on October 3 at Shea Stadium , losing by a score of 8 -- 1 against the New York Mets , the same opponent that the Expos first faced at its start , 35 years earlier . On November 15 , a lawsuit by the former team owners against MLB and former majority owner Jeffrey Loria was struck down by arbitrators , bringing to an end all legal actions that would impede a move . The owners of the other MLB teams approved the move to Washington in a 28 -- 1 vote on December 3 ( Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos cast the sole dissenting vote ) . Washington Baseball history revived ( edit ) Main article : History of Washington , D.C. professional baseball Numerous professional baseball teams have called Washington , D.C. home . The Washington Senators , a founding member of the American League ( AL ) , played in the nation 's capital from 1901 to 1960 before moving to Minnesota and becoming the Twins . The original Washington American League Base Ball Club was founded by three local businessmen : Edward J. Walsh , Benjamin Minor , and Harry Rapley . Clark Griffith was hired as manager in 1912 and became a part owner , accumulating majority shares in later years . The stadium , originally known as National Park and then American League Park , later became known as Griffith Stadium . With notable stars including Walter Johnson and Joe Cronin , the Senators won the 1924 World Series and pennants in 1925 and 1933 . The franchise became more successful after moving to Minnesota for the 1961 season to be renamed the Minnesota Twins . A second Washington Senators team ( 1961 -- 1971 ) had a winning record only once in its 11 years , although it featured slugger Frank Howard , who was inducted into the Ring of Fame at the new Nationals Park in 2016 . This team was notable also because Ted Williams was manager in 1971 . The expansion Senators moved to Arlington , Texas for the 1972 season and changed its name to the Texas Rangers . The city of Washington spent the next 33 years without a baseball team . Although there was some sentiment to revive the name Senators when the Montreal Expos franchise moved to Washington in 2005 , legal and political considerations factored into the choice of Nationals , a revival of the first American League franchise 's official name used from 1901 to 1956 . Politicians and others in the District of Columbia objected to the name Senators because the District of Columbia does not have voting representation in Congress . In addition , the Rangers still owned the rights to the Senators name , although the Nationals were able to acquire the rights to the curly `` W '' logo from the Rangers . Washington , D.C. , mayor Anthony A. Williams supported the name `` Washington Grays '' , in honor of the Negro - league team the Homestead Grays ( 1929 -- 1950 ) , which had been based in Pittsburgh , but played many of their home games in Washington . In the end , the team owners chose the name `` Washington Nationals '' . Washington Nationals ( edit ) Main article : History of the Washington Nationals Nationals versus the Cincinnati Reds in 2009 at Nationals Park When Ted Lerner took over the club in mid-2006 , he hired Stan Kasten as team president . Kasten was widely known as the architect of the Atlanta Braves before and during their run of 14 division titles . Kasten was also the general manager or president of many other Atlanta - area sports teams , including the Atlanta Hawks and Atlanta Thrashers . `` The Plan '' , as it became known , was a long - range rebuilding and restructuring of the team from the ground up . This plan included investing in the farm system and the draft , and having a suitable team to go along with their new stadium . In the front office , the Nationals hired the well - respected former Arizona scouting director Mike Rizzo to be the vice president of baseball operations , second in charge under then - general manager Jim Bowden . Thanks to back - to - back No. 1 picks of Stephen Strasburg ( in 2009 ) and Bryce Harper ( in 2010 ) , and other strong moves to their farm system , the Nationals became a contending team by 2012 , winning division titles in 2012 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 , but have lost in NLDS each time . In April 2015 , Commissioner Rob Manfred announced that Nationals Park was selected by Major League Baseball to host the 2018 All Star Game . In 2016 , the Nationals acquired Mets infielder Daniel Murphy , who has made the All Star Game in each of his two years as a National . People of note ( edit ) Managers ( edit ) Manager Tenure Regular season Post-season Totals Wins Losses Win % Best finish Appearances Wins Losses Win % Series record Wins Losses Win % Frank Robinson 2005 -- 2006 152 172 . 469 81 -- 81 , 5th ( 2005 ) -- -- -- -- -- 152 172 . 469 Manny Acta 2007 -- 2009 158 252 . 385 73 -- 89 , 4th ( 2007 ) -- -- -- -- -- 158 252 . 385 Jim Riggleman 2009 -- 2011 140 172 . 449 69 -- 93 , 5th ( 2010 ) -- -- -- -- -- 140 172 . 449 John McLaren ( interim ) 2011 . 667 -- -- -- -- -- -- . 667 Davey Johnson 2011 -- 2013 224 183 . 550 98 -- 64 , 1st ( 2012 ) 2012 . 400 0 -- 1 226 186 . 549 Matt Williams 2014 -- 2015 179 145 . 552 96 -- 66 , 1st ( 2014 ) 2014 . 250 0 -- 1 180 148 . 549 Dusty Baker 2016 -- 2017 192 132 . 593 97 -- 65 , 1st ( 2017 ) 2016 , 2017 6 . 400 0 -- 2 196 138 . 587 Dave Martinez 2018 -- Broadcasters ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals broadcasters Charlie Slowes -- radio ( 2005 -- present ) Dave Shea -- radio ( 2005 ) Dave Jageler -- radio ( 2006 -- present ) Mel Proctor -- TV ( 2005 ) Ron Darling -- TV ( 2005 ) Bob Carpenter -- TV ( 2006 -- present ) Tom Paciorek -- TV ( 2006 ) Don Sutton -- TV ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Rob Dibble -- TV ( 2009 -- 2010 ) F.P. Santangelo -- TV ( 2011 -- present ) Current roster ( edit ) Washington Nationals 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 70 Austin Adams 22 A.J. Cole 62 Sean Doolittle 23 Erick Fedde 30 Koda Glover 47 Gio González -- Trevor Gott 33 Matt Grace 27 Shawn Kelley 44 Ryan Madson 57 Tanner Roark -- Jefry Rodríguez 72 Enny Romero 41 Joe Ross 31 Max Scherzer 36 Sammy Solis 37 Stephen Strasburg -- Wander Suero -- Austin Voth Catchers 65 Raudy Read 29 Pedro Severino 32 Matt Wieters Infielders 1 Wilmer Difo -- Kelvin Gutiérrez -- José Marmolejos 20 Daniel Murphy 6 Anthony Rendon 5 Adrián Sánchez 7 Trea Turner 11 Ryan Zimmerman Outfielders 9 Rafael Bautista 2 Adam Eaton 8 Brian Goodwin 34 Bryce Harper 14 Víctor Robles 45 Andrew Stevenson 3 Michael Taylor Pitchers -- David Goforth Manager 4 Dave Martinez Coaches -- Henry Blanco ( bullpen ) -- Tim Bogar ( first base ) -- Joe Dillon ( assistant hitting ) -- Chip Hale ( bench ) -- Bob Henley ( third base ) -- Derek Lilliquist ( pitching ) -- Kevin Long ( hitting ) 37 active , 0 inactive , 1 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 13 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters jim johnson Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Nationals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Montreal Expos Gary Carter Andre Dawson Randy Johnson Pedro Martínez Tony Pérez Tim Raines Dick Williams Washington Nationals Frank Robinson Iván Rodríguez Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Expos or Nationals cap insignia . -- inducted as player ; managed Expos / Nationals -- inducted as manager , also played for Expos / Nationals or was manager Ford C. frick award ( edit ) Washington Nationals Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Tom Cheek Dave Van Horne Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Expos or Nationals . Retired numbers ( edit ) Jackie Robinson 2B Retired 1997 See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers During the franchise 's period in Montreal , the Montreal Expos retired three numbers in honor of four players , plus Jackie Robinson 's number 42 which was retired throughout all Major League Baseball in 1997 . Following the move to Washington , D.C. , the numbers ( except 42 ) were returned to circulation and remain in use as of 2016 , although the `` Team History '' section of the Nationals ' website continues to refer to the numbers as `` retired . '' After the Expos ' departure from Montreal , the National Hockey League ′ s Montreal Canadiens hung a banner in Bell Centre honoring the Expos ' retired numbers . Ring of Honor ( edit ) On August 10 , 2010 , the Nationals unveiled a `` Ring of Honor '' at Nationals Park to honor National Baseball Hall of Fame members who had played `` significant years '' for the Washington Nationals , original Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) , expansion Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 1971 ) , Homestead Grays , or Montreal Expos . In late August 2016 , the team dropped the criterion that an inductee be a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame , opening membership to `` anyone who has made a significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington , D.C. '' ; the first inductee under the revised criteria was Frank Howard . The Nationals ′ attempt to honor the Montreal - Washington franchise ′ s entire history in the Ring of Honor , as well as by tracking Montreal - Washington franchise records , is not without controversy . Although Nationals fans generally take little interest in the franchise ′ s Montreal years , some do appreciate acknowledging that the franchise has a history that predates its arrival in Washington , and former Expo Tim Raines received a warm round of applause from fans at Nationals Park at his induction ceremony on August 28 , 2017 , even though he had never even visited Washington , D.C. , before , let alone played baseball there . Some Montreal Expos fans express appreciation that the Nationals are honoring the Expos , and Expos players inducted into the Ring of Honor have expressed gratitude that the Nationals chose to include them , especially with no MLB team in Montreal to honor their careers . However , few Nationals fans have taken an interest in franchise records , preferring to compare Nationals records with those of previous Washington MLB teams instead , and a segment of Nationals fans actively opposes the inclusion of Expos history into that of the Nationals , taking the view that the Montreal years are irrelevant to Washington and that the team made a complete break with its past and started anew when it arrived in Washington , inheriting the history of the two Washington Senators teams rather than that of the Expos . Similarly , Montreal Expos fans have taken little or no interest in the achievements of Nationals players , and some Expos fans strongly oppose the inclusion of former Expos in the Ring , taking the position that to do so is to co-opt the history of the Expos , which they say belongs solely in Montreal . Observers also have noted that the admission of Iván `` Pudge '' Rodríguez , although well - liked as a National , highlights another awkward aspect of the Ring of Honor 's acceptance criteria , because Rodriguez 's inclusion arose out of his admission to the National Baseball Hall of Fame based on his exploits for other teams , not out of anything he did during a 155 - game , two - season stint with the Nationals in years in which they posted mediocre records . Nationals general manager Mike Rizzo responded that his inclusion had merit even based on his time with the Nationals , when he `` taught us how to be a professional franchise . '' The Ring of Honor includes : Washington Nationals Ring of Honor Homestead Grays No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted Cool Papa Bell CF 1932 , 1943 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 -- Ray Brown 1932 -- 1945 , 1947 -- 1948 August 10 , 2010 20 Josh Gibson 1937 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 32 Buck Leonard 1B 1934 -- 1950 August 10 , 2010 -- Cumberland Posey OF / Manager / Owner Club official 1911 -- 1946 August 10 , 2010 -- Jud Wilson 3B 1931 -- 1932 , 1940 -- 1945 August 10 , 2010 Montreal Expos No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted 8 Gary Carter 1974 -- 1984 , 1992 August 10 , 2010 10 Andre Dawson CF 1976 -- 1986 August 10 , 2010 30 Tim Raines LF 1979 -- 1990 , 2001 August 28 , 2017 20 Frank Robinson Manager 2002 -- 2004 May 9 , 2015 Washington Nationals No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted 20 Frank Robinson Manager 2005 -- 2006 May 9 , 2015 7 Iván `` Pudge '' Rodríguez 2010 -- 2011 August 28 , 2017 Washington Senators ( original team , 1901 - 1960 ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted Joe Cronin SS 1928 -- 1934 August 10 , 2010 8 , 10 , 37 Rick Ferrell 1937 -- 1941 1944 -- 1945 , 1947 August 10 , 2010 3 , 5 , 20 Goose Goslin LF 1921 -- 1930 1933 , 1938 August 10 , 2010 -- Clark Griffith Owner 1912 -- 1914 1920 -- 1955 August 10 , 2010 28 , 30 , 35 , 50 Bucky Harris 2B Manager 2B : 1919 -- 1928 Manager : 1924 -- 1928 , 1935 -- 1942 , 1950 -- 1954 August 10 , 2010 -- Walter Johnson 1907 -- 1927 August 10 , 2010 3 , 12 , 25 Harmon Killebrew 1B 1954 -- 1960 August 10 , 2010 2 , 3 Heinie Manush LF 1930 -- 1935 August 10 , 2010 2 , 22 Sam Rice RF 1915 -- 1933 August 10 , 2010 11 , 20 , 26 , 44 Early Wynn 1939 -- 1944 , 1946 -- 1948 August 10 , 2010 Washington Senators ( expansion team , 1961 -- 1971 ) No . Inductee Position Tenure Admitted -- Bucky Harris Scout / Special Assistant 1963 -- 1971 August 10 , 2010 9 , 33 Frank Howard LF / 1B 1965 -- 1971 August 26 , 2016 Attendance and fans ( edit ) Attendance ( edit ) Sources Season Stadium Season Total Rank in National League Game Average 2005 RFK Stadium 2,731,993 8th ( of 16 ) 33,651 2006 RFK Stadium 2,153,056 11th ( of 16 ) 26,582 2007 RFK Stadium 1,943,812 14th ( of 16 ) 24,217 2008 Nationals Park 2,320,400 13th ( of 16 ) 29,005 2009 Nationals Park 1,817,226 13th ( of 16 ) 22,716 Nationals Park 1,828,066 14th ( of 16 ) 22,569 2011 Nationals Park 1,940,478 14th ( of 16 ) 24,256 2012 Nationals Park 2,370,794 9th ( of 16 ) 30,010 2013 Nationals Park 2,652,422 6th ( of 15 ) 32,746 2014 Nationals Park 2,579,389 7th ( of 15 ) 31,844 2015 Nationals Park 2,619,843 5th ( of 15 ) 32,344 2016 Nationals Park 2,481,938 7th ( of 15 ) 30,641 2017 Nationals Park 2,524,980 7th ( of 15 ) 31,172 Prominent fans ( edit ) `` Rubber Chicken Man '' Hugh Kaufman cheers on the Washington Nationals with baseball writer Paul Dickson . Kaufman waves a rubber chicken over the Nats ' dugout to ward off bad luck , and sometimes ritually `` sacrifices '' them to improve team performance . One prominent fan is `` Rubber Chicken Man '' Hugh Kaufman , who waves a rubber chicken over the dugout to ward off `` JuJu '' . Local sports writers have noted that his ritual `` sacrifices '' of rubber chickens often precede turnarounds in the Nationals ' performance . Kaufman has built a following at the Stadium and in 2013 started a group called the `` Secret Society of the Rubber Chicken '' that now claims several Nationals players among its members . Season standings ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals seasons Standings updated on October 13 , 2017 . MLB season Team season League Division Regular season Postseason Awards Finish Wins Losses Win % GB 2005 2005 NL East 5th 81 81 . 500 9 -- Chad Cordero -- Rolaids Relief Man 2006 2006 NL East 5th 71 91 . 438 26 -- Alfonso Soriano -- Silver Slugger 2007 2007 NL East 4th 73 89 . 451 18 -- Dmitri Young -- Players Choice Award National League Comeback Player 2008 2008 NL East 5th 59 102 . 366 321⁄2 -- -- 2009 2009 NL East 5th 59 103 . 364 34 -- Ryan Zimmerman -- Gold Glove and Silver Slugger NL East 5th 69 93 . 426 28 -- Ryan Zimmerman -- Silver Slugger 2011 2011 NL East 3rd 80 81 . 497 211⁄2 -- -- 2012 2012 NL East 1st 98 64 . 605 -- Won NL East Division by 4 games ; Lost NLDS 2 -- 3 vs. Cardinals Adam LaRoche -- Silver Slugger and Gold Glove Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger Stephen Strasburg -- Silver Slugger Bryce Harper -- National League Rookie of the Year Davey Johnson -- National League Manager of the Year 2013 2013 NL East 2nd 86 76 . 531 10 -- Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger 2014 2014 NL East 1st 96 66 . 593 -- Won NL East Division by 17 games ; Lost NLDS 1 -- 3 vs. Giants Ian Desmond -- Silver Slugger Anthony Rendon -- Silver Slugger Wilson Ramos -- Tony Conigliaro Award Matt Williams -- National League Manager of the Year 2015 2015 NL East 2nd 83 79 . 512 7 -- Bryce Harper -- National League Most Valuable Player , Silver Slugger , Hank Aaron Award , Players Choice Award National League Outstanding Player , Esurance MLB Awards for Best Major Leaguer and Best Everyday Player 2016 2016 NL East 1st 95 67 . 586 -- Won NL East Division by 8 games ; Lost NLDS 2 -- 3 vs. Dodgers Daniel Murphy -- Silver Slugger and Players Choice Award National League Outstanding Player Wilson Ramos -- Silver Slugger Max Scherzer -- National League Cy Young Award , Esurance MLB Awards for Best Pitcher and Best Performance Anthony Rendon -- National League Comeback Player of the Year 2017 2017 NL East 1st 97 65 . 599 -- Won NL East Division by 20 games ; Lost NLDS 2 -- 3 vs. Cubs Daniel Murphy -- Silver Slugger Max Scherzer -- National League Cy Young Award , Players Choice Award National League Outstanding Pitcher Ryan Zimmerman -- Players Choice Award National League Comeback Player Bold denotes a playoff season , pennant or championship ; italics denote an active season . Spring training ( edit ) Main articles : Space Coast Stadium and The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches The Nationals hold spring training in Florida , where they play their annual slate of Grapefruit League games . From 2005 through 2016 , they held spring training at Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida , a facility that they inherited from the Expos . In 2017 , the Nationals moved their spring training operations to The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches , a new facility they share with the Houston Astros in West Palm Beach , Florida ; they played their first Grapefruit League game there on February 28 , 2017 . Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Washington Nationals minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Syracuse Chiefs International League Syracuse , New York AA Harrisburg Senators Eastern League Harrisburg , Pennsylvania Advanced A Potomac Nationals Carolina League Woodbridge , Virginia Hagerstown Suns South Atlantic League Hagerstown , Maryland Short Season A Auburn Doubledays New York -- Penn League Auburn , New York Rookie GCL Nationals Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Nationals Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Former affiliates ( edit ) Level League Team ( Seasons ) AAA International League Columbus Clippers ( 2007 -- 08 ) New Orleans Zephyrs ( 2005 -- 06 ) Edmonton Trappers ( 2003 -- 04 ) Ottawa Lynx ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Indianapolis Indians ( 1984 -- 92 ) Wichita Aeros ( 1982 -- 83 ) Denver Bears ( 1976 -- 81 ) Memphis Blues ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peninsula Whips ( 1972 -- 73 ) Winnipeg Whips ( 1971 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1970 ) Vancouver Mounties ( 1969 ) AA Southern League Jacksonville Suns ( 1984 -- 1990 ) Memphis Chicks ( 1978 -- 83 ) Quebec Metros ( 1976 -- 77 ) Quebec Carnavals ( 1971 -- 75 ) Jacksonville Suns ( 1970 ) California League San Jose Expos ( 1982 ) Carolina League Kinston Expos ( 1974 ) Florida State League Brevard County Manatees ( 2002 -- 04 ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( 1998 -- 2001 ) West Palm Beach Expos ( 1969 -- 1997 ) Midwest League Clinton Lumber Kings ( 2001 -- 02 ) Burlington Expos ( 1993 -- 94 ) Rockford Expos ( 1988 -- 92 ) Burlington Bees ( 1986 -- 87 ) South Atlantic League Savannah Sand Gnats ( 2003 -- 06 ) Cape Fear Crocs ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Delmarva Shorebirds ( 1996 ) Albany Polecats ( 1992 , 1995 ) Sumter Flyers ( 1991 ) Gastonia Expos ( 1983 -- 84 ) Short Season A New York -- Penn League Vermont Expos / Lake Monsters ( 1977 -- 2010 ) Jamestown Expos ( 1973 ) Northern League Watertown Expos ( 1970 -- 71 ) Nationals Dream foundation ( edit ) The Washington Nationals Dream Foundation is the team 's charity which is `` committed to community partnerships that improve the lives of children and families across the Washington Capital Region . The foundation plans to open a youth baseball academy in partnership with the D.C. government , a pediatric diabetes care center at Children 's National Medical Center in partnership with the Center . The foundation also provides grants to local organizations . On August 1 , 2011 , the foundation , in partnership with several local organizations , formally opened Miracle Field in Germantown , Maryland as part of an effort to encourage athletic activity in children with `` mental and / or physical challenges . '' According to Steven Miller of MLB.com , what sets Miracle Field apart in terms of safety is its unique design , as it `` is made entirely of a cushioned synthetic turf that is five - eighths of an inch thick -- providing a safe surface for children in wheelchairs or with other handicaps . '' Radio and television ( edit ) Mascots dressed as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln in the stands during a 2010 game against the Baltimore Orioles . They compete in the Presidents Race every mid-fourth inning of a home game . The Nationals ' flagship radio station is WJFK - FM ( 106.7 FM ) `` The Fan '' , which is owned by CBS Radio . Charlie Slowes and Dave Jageler are the play - by - play announcers . Most games are simulcast on WFED ( 1500 AM ) , which had been the flagship station since the 2006 season until a multi-year agreement was reached between the Nationals and WJFK before the 2011 season . WJFK ( 1580 AM ) airs any games that WFED is unable to air due to conflicts . The other former flagship is WWZZ ( 104.1 FM ) , which carried games in the 2005 season . Nationals ' telecasts are predominantly on Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ( MASN ) , with a few games picked up for free TV by Fox by way of WTTG . MASN simulcasts 20 games per season ( the season opener plus 19 weekend games ) on free TV in the Washington area , on WUSA . Bob Carpenter has been the TV play - by - play announcer since 2006 and F.P. Santangelo was hired in January 2011 as color analyst . Mel Proctor was the TV play - by - announcer in 2005 , and former color analysts are Ron Darling ( 2005 ) , Tom Paciorek ( 2006 ) , Don Sutton ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , and Rob Dibble , who took over the job in 2009 and was fired in September 2010 after criticizing Stephen Strasburg for not pitching while injured . Ray Knight filled in as color analyst in September 2010 after Dibble was fired . Johnny Holliday and Knight host the Nats Xtra pregame and postgame shows . TV ratings were among the worst in the league as of July 2008 but increased during the 2010 and 2011 seasons . Rivalries ( edit ) Baltimore Orioles ( Beltway Series ) ( edit ) Main article : Beltway Series The Nationals have an interleague rivalry with the nearby Baltimore Orioles , which is nicknamed the Beltway Series . The teams have played two series a season -- one in Baltimore and one in Washington -- since 2006 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : During 2011 , Riggleman and McLaren combined with Davey Johnson for an 80 - 81 (. 497 ) , third - place finish . Riggleman ′ s record in 2011 was 38 -- 37 (. 507 ) , McLaren ′ s was 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) , and Johnson ′ s was 40 -- 43 (. 482 ) . Jump up ^ The Ring of Honor should not be confused with the Washington Hall of Stars . Footnotes ( edit ) RFK Stadium Fast Facts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( November 10 , 2010 ) . `` Nationals unveil new jerseys in fashion show '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals victorious in stadium debut '' . MLB.com . March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers Timeline '' . Milwaukee Brewers . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Timeline '' . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gwynn lost chance at . 400 ; Expos denied playoff berth '' . CNN . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Pains -- A guide to Major League Baseball 's contraction issue '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nats ' crown - clinching win worth the wait '' . MLB.com . September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper , Mike Trout lead young All - Star Game rosters '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Crasnick : Starting 9 -- Bryce Harper , you 're next '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ martinstezano ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` 6 Things You May Not Know About the World Series '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . History Channel . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Club History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Montreal Expos ( 1996 ) . Expos Media Guide 1996 . Jump up ^ Blair , Jeff ( June 15 , 1991 ) . `` Brochu group goes to bat for baseball survival here ; Expos sale official as Bronfman era ends '' . Montreal Gazette . pp. C. 1 . Jump up ^ Montreal Expos ( 2000 ) . Expos Media Guide 2000 . Jump up ^ Blair , Jeff ( December 10 , 1999 ) . `` Expos to field better team , Loria says Ebullient new chairman vows to increase salary limit , build new ballpark for 2002 season '' . The Globe and Mail . The Globe and Mail . pp. S. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenfield , David ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Still 30 teams : Contraction timeline '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mnookin , Seth ( 2006 ) . Feeding the Monster . How Money , Smarts , and Nerve Took a Team to the Top . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8681 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Deal in place , games go on '' ( Press release ) . MLB.com . August 30 , 2002 . Retrieved December 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Myles , Stephanie ( September 30 , 2004 ) . `` 31,395 say goodbye '' . Montreal Gazette . pp. C1 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` MLB selects D.C. for Expos '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Center '' . DCVote.org . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plotkin , Mark ( October 3 , 2004 ) . `` The District 's Senators Should n't Wear Cleats '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Washington , it 'll be `` Let 's go Nats '' `` . USA Today . November 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Ladson , Bill ( November 22 , 2004 ) . `` D.C. 's team to be the Nationals '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barry Svrluga ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` Nationals Counting on Draft - Day Payoff '' . Washington Post . p . E01 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals pick JUCO player first overall '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike . `` Nationals Park to host 2018 All - Star Game '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Murphy Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Year - By - Year Results '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Postseason Results '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franchise Retired Numbers '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Nationals Pay Tribute to Hall of Famers with Ring of Honor '' . Washington Nationals . August 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Dan . `` Senators legend Frank Howard is humbled and thrilled to enter the Nats ' Ring of Honor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steinberg , Dan ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perspective - Bad Natitude ? Some Montreal fans wish D.C. would leave their Expos alone '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ `` It meant a great deal to Gary Carter , Andre Dawson and Frank Robinson that the Nationals recognized them '' . FederalBaseball.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Byron . `` Rodríguez and Raines proud of Nats Ring of Honor induction '' . MASNSports.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Scott ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nats Park Ring of Honor adding two new players ( who combined to play 155 games in D.C. ) '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Anonymous , `` ' Bucky ' Harris field no longer a dream '' The Times Leader , October 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson inducted into Nationals Ring of Honor '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Howard says Bryce Harper ' has n't even begun to scratch the surface ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ baseball-almanac.com Washington Nationals Attendance Data Jump up ^ `` 2005 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Washington Nationals Schedule - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Neil ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Besides the sacrifice of a rubber chicken , what 's behind the Nats hot streak ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Presidents Race Fan . `` Davey Johnson calls for the sacrifice . Chicken Man delivers '' . LetTeddyWin.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington Nationals History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bill Ladson ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Young honored by Players Association '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Dream Foundation '' . Washington Nationals . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals Join Civic , Community Organizations to Build Miracle Field '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Steven ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Nationals unveil Miracle League Field '' . Nationals.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nats , Post Radio Nearing Deal To Air Games '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals get new radio partner '' . Washington Business Journal . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals pick radio partner '' . Baltimore Business Journal . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fantis , Manny . `` Washington Nationals Games on WUSA9 and MASN '' . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Santangelo set to join Nats ' TV team '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Dibble Fired by Nationals in Wake of Stephen Strasburg Comments '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` Nats : Last in the League , Last in TV Ratings '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ OURAND , JOHN ( July 7 , 2008 ) . `` MLB ratings down , but networks look ahead '' . Street and Smith 's Sports Business Journal . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals ' TV Ratings Improve '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paulsen . `` The Ratings Game : Ratings Up For Nationals , Orioles '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Nationals . Official website Washington Nationals roster FOX Sports -- Washington Nationals team front Sandalow , Marc . `` A Brand - New Ballgame : The New Stadium of the Nationals '' , Washingtonian , March 1 , 2008 . ( show ) Awards and achievements Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies Philadelphia Phillies Atlanta Braves New York Mets National League Eastern Division Champions 1981 ( as Montreal Expos ) 2012 2014 2016 , 2017 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals Atlanta Braves New York Mets Incumbent Washington Nationals Formerly the Montreal Expos Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise History in Washington , D.C. Seasons Records No - hitters Owners and executives Managers Players Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Nationals Park Spring training : Space Coast Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Culture and lore Presidential first pitch Presidents Race Screech How Do You Know Rubber Chicken Man Bustin ' Loose Key personnel Owner : Ted Lerner General Manager : Mike Rizzo Manager : Dave Martinez Rivalries Baltimore Orioles Retired numbers 42 Division titles ( 4 ) 2012 2014 2016 2017 Minor league affiliates AAA : Syracuse Chiefs AA : Harrisburg Senators A Adv. : Potomac Nationals A : Hagerstown Suns Short A : Auburn Doubledays Rookie : GCL Nationals DSL Nationals Broadcasting Television Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ( MASN ) Radio 106.7 The Fan Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Bob Carpenter F.P. Santangelo Johnny Holliday Ray Knight Charlie Slowes Dave Jageler Seasons ( 14 ) 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi ! Expo 67 TSN The Cap Lore Blue Monday Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Meilleure équipe de baseball David Cone 's perfect game Rivalries Toronto Blue Jays Retired numbers 8 10 10 30 42 Championships National League East : 1981 ( second half ) Seasons ( 36 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 2000s Principal owners of the Washington Nationals franchise Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Charles Bronfman Claude Brochu Jeffrey Loria Major League Baseball Washington Nationals ( 2005 -- present ) Major League Baseball Ted Lerner Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Sports teams based in the Washington , D.C. area Baseball MLB Washington Nationals EL Bowie Baysox CL Frederick Keys Potomac Nationals ALPB Southern Maryland Blue Crabs Basketball NBA Washington Wizards G League Capital City Go - Go WNBA Washington Mystics Football NFL Washington Redskins AFL Washington Valor WFA D.C. Divas Hockey NHL Washington Capitals Soccer MLS D.C. United NWSL Washington Spirit Roller derby WFTDA DC Rollergirls Rugby league USA Rugby League Washington D.C. Slayers Tennis WTT Washington Kastles Ultimate AUDL DC Breeze College athletics NCAA Div . I American Georgetown George Mason George Washington Howard Maryland Mount St. Mary 's Navy NCAA Div. II UDC NCAA Div . III Catholic Gallaudet Marymount See also : Sports in Washington , D.C. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Nationals&oldid=814605495 '' Categories : Washington Nationals Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Privately held companies based in Washington , D.C. Sports clubs established in 2005 2005 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 21 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Nationals	31,893
background about war on drugs in the philippines			Philippine drug war	philippine drug war	Philippine Government	Philippine National Police Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency National Bureau of Investigation Armed Forces of the Philippines Non-state participants : CPP ( until August 2016 ) MILF MNLF Vigilantes ( Supposedly non-state sponsored ) Suspected drug users and dealers Lead figures President Rodrigo Duterte PNP Director Ronald Dela Rosa PDEA Director General Aaron N. Alquino Casualties 85 killed ( Police and military ) 225 wounded 3,968 killed in official police operations ( Philippine claim ) 13,000 ( Human Rights Watch claim ) The Philippine Drug War , also known locally as the War on Drugs ( Filipino : Giyera Kontra Droga , lit . `` War Against Drugs '' ) , refers to the drug policy in the Philippines initiated by the Philippine government under President Rodrigo Duterte . It has been criticized locally and internationally for the number of deaths resulting from police operations , and alleged summary executions . According to police reports , 3,900 deaths were legal operations and that all of those who died fought against the police force . It was later revealed by both local and foreign investigation groups that more than 14,000 people have been killed in the drug war from inception to March 2017 . All deaths allegedly included Filipinos who fought against the police and possessed definite amount of drugs and guns , including teenagers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Major events 2.1 Early months 2.2 State of emergency 2.3 Senate committee 2.4 Temporary cessation of police drug operations 2.5 Amnesty International investigation 2.6 Arturo Lascanas 2.7 Since June 2017 2.7. 1 Allegations of destroying evidence by police 2.7. 2 Ozamiz raid , and death of Reynaldo Parojinog 2.7. 3 `` One - time , big - time '' operations 2.7. 4 Deaths of teenagers 2.7. 5 Reshuffling of the Caloocan City Police 2.7. 6 Transfer of anti-drug operations to PDEA 2.7. 7 Rodrigo Duterte 's Refutation to ASEAN representatives 3 Reactions 3.1 Local 3.2 International 4 In popular media 4.1 Documentaries 4.2 Music 4.3 Photography 4.4 Mobile gaming 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte won the 2016 Philippine presidential election on May 9 promising to kill tens of thousands of criminals , and urging people to kill drug addicts . As Mayor of Davao City , Duterte was criticized by groups like Human Rights Watch for the extrajudicial killings of hundreds of street children , petty criminals and drug users carried out by the Davao Death Squad , a vigilante group with which he was allegedly involved . Duterte has alternately confirmed and denied his involvement in the alleged Davao Death Squad killings . Duterte has benefited from reports in the national media that he made Davao into one of the world 's safest cities , and he cites this as justification for his drug policy , although in reality , police data shows that the city has the highest murder rate and the second highest rape rate in the Philippines . Philippine anti-narcotic officials have admitted that Duterte uses flawed and exaggerated data to support his claim that the Philippines is becoming a `` narco - state '' . The Philippines has a low prevalence rate of drug users compared to the global average , according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) . Duterte said in his state of the nation address that data from the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency shows that there were 3 million drug addicts 2 to 3 years ago , which he said may have increased to 3.7 million . However , according to the Philippine Dangerous Drugs Board , the government drug policy - making body , 1.8 million Filipinos used illegal drugs ( mostly marijuana ) in 2015 , the latest official survey published ; a third of them had used illegal drugs only once in the past 13 months . Major events ( edit ) Early months ( edit ) In speeches made after his inauguration on June 30 , Duterte urged citizens to kill suspected criminals and drug addicts . He said he would order police to adopt a shoot - to - kill policy , and would offer them a bounty for dead suspects . On July 2 , 2016 , the Communist Party of the Philippines stated that it `` reiterates its standing order for the NPA to carry out operations to disarm and arrest the chieftains of the biggest drug syndicates , as well as other criminal syndicates involved in human rights violations and destruction of the environment '' after its political wing Bagong Alyansang Makabayan accepted Cabinet posts in the new government . On July 3 , 2016 , the Philippine National Police announced they had killed 30 alleged drug dealers since Duterte was sworn in as president on June 30 . They later stated they had killed 103 suspects between May 10 and July 7 . On July 9 , 2016 , a spokesperson of the president told critics to show proof that there have been human rights violations in the Drug War . Later that day , the Moro Islamic Liberation Front announced it was open to collaborate with police in the Drug War . On August 3 , 2016 , Duterte said that the Sinaloa cartel and the Chinese triad are involved in the Philippine drug trade . A presidential spokesperson said that Duterte welcomed a proposed Congressional investigation into extrajudicial killings to be chaired by Senator Leila de Lima , his chief critic in the government . On August 7 , 2016 , Duterte named more than 150 drug suspects including local politicians , police , judges , and military . On August 8 , 2016 the United States expressed concerns over the extrajudicial killings . On August 17 , 2016 , Duterte announced that de Lima had been having an affair with a married man , her driver , Ronnie Palisoc Dayan . Duterte claimed that Dayan was her collector for drug money , who had also himself been using drugs . In a news conference on August 21 , 2016 , Duterte announced that he had in his possession wiretaps and ATM records which confirmed his allegations . He stated : `` What is really crucial here is that because of her ( romantic ) relationship with her driver which I termed ' immoral ' because the driver has a family and wife , that connection gave rise to the corruption of what was happening inside the national penitentiary . '' Dismissing fears for Dayan 's safety , he added , `` As the President , I got this information ... as a privilege . But I am not required to prove it in court . That is somebody else 's business . My job is to protect public interest . She 's lying through her teeth . '' He explained that he had acquired the new evidence from an unnamed foreign country . On August 18 , 2016 , United Nations human rights experts called on the Philippines to halt extrajudicial killings . Agnes Callamard , the UN Special Rapporteur on summary executions , stated that Duterte had given a `` license to kill '' to his citizens by encouraging them to kill . In response , Duterte threatened to withdraw from the UN and form a separate group with African nations and China . Presidential spokesperson Ernesto Abella later clarified that the Philippines was not leaving the UN . As the official death toll reached 1,800 , a Congressional investigation of the killings chaired by de Lima was opened . On August 23 , 2016 , Chito Gascon , head of the Philippine Commission on Human Rights , told the Senate committee that the International Criminal Court may have jurisdiction over the mass killings . On August 25 , Duterte released a `` drug matrix '' supposedly linking government officials , including de Lima , with the New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal . De Lima stated that the `` drug matrix '' was like something drawn by a 12 - year - old child . She added , `` I will not dignify any further this so - called ' drug matrix ' which , any ordinary lawyer knows too well , properly belongs in the garbage can . '' On August 29 , Duterte called on de Lima to resign and `` hang herself '' . State of emergency ( edit ) Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city 's central business district , on September 3 , 2016 , Duterte declared a `` state of lawlessness '' , and on the following day signed a declaration of a `` state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao '' . The Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police were ordered to `` suppress all forms of lawless violence in Mindanao '' and to `` prevent lawless violence from spreading and escalating elsewhere '' . Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea said that the declaration `` does not specify the imposition of curfews '' , and would remain in force indefinitely . He explained : `` The recent incidents , the escape of terrorists from prisons , the beheadings , then eventually what happened in Davao . That was the basis . '' The state of emergency has been seen as an attempt by Duterte to `` enhance his already strong hold on power , and give him carte blanche to impose further measures '' in the Drug War . At the 2016 ASEAN Summit , US President Barack Obama cancelled scheduled meetings with Duterte to discuss extrajudicial killings after Duterte referred to Obama as a `` son of a whore '' . Senate committee ( edit ) On September 19 , 2016 , the Senate voted 16 - 4 to remove de Lima from her position heading the Senate committee , in a motion brought by senator and boxer Manny Pacquiao . Duterte 's allies in the Senate argued that by allowing the testimony of Edgar Matobato , de Lima had damaged the country 's reputation . She was replaced by Senator Richard Gordon , a supporter of Duterte . Matobato had testified that while working for the Davao Death Squad he had killed more than 50 people . He said that he had witnessed Duterte killing a government agent with an Uzi , and he had heard Duterte giving orders to carry out extrajudicial killings , including ordering the bombing of mosques in retaliation for an attack on a cathedral . Duterte told reporters that he wanted `` a little extension of maybe another six months '' in the Drug War , as there were so many drug offenders and criminals that he `` can not kill them all '' . On the following day , a convicted bank robber and two former prison officials testified that they had paid bribes to de Lima . She denies the allegations . At a press conference on September 30 , 2016 , on his arrival in Davao City after a two - day official visit in Vietnam , Duterte appeared to make a comparison between the Drug War and The Holocaust . He said that `` Hitler massacred three million Jews . Now there are three million drug addicts . I 'd be happy to slaughter them . '' His remarks generated an international outcry . US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter said the statement was `` deeply troubling '' . The German government told the Philippine ambassador that Duterte 's remarks were `` unacceptable . '' On October 2 , Duterte made an apology to the Jewish community following his remarks . He said that he did not mean to derogate the memory of 6 million Jews slaughtered by the Germans . At the beginning of October , a senior police officer told The Guardian that 10 `` special ops '' official police death squads had been operating , each consisting of 15 police officers . The officer said that he had personally been involved in killing 87 suspects , and described how the corpses had their head wrapped in masking tape with a cardboard placard labelling them as a drug offender so that the killing would not be investigated , or they were dumped at the roadside ( `` salvage '' victims ) . The chairman of the Philippines Commission on Human Rights , Chito Gascon , was quoted in the report : `` I am not surprised , I have heard of this . '' The PNP declined to comment . The report stated : `` although the Guardian can verify the policeman 's rank and his service history , there is no independent , official confirmation for the allegations of state complicity and police coordination in mass murder . '' On October 28 , 2016 , incumbent Datu Saudi Ampatuan , Maguindanao Mayor Samsudin Dimaukom and nine others ( including his five bodyguards ) were killed during what was described as a shootout by the police after they reportedly engaged Dimaukom 's group during an anti-illegal drug operation in Makilala , North Cotabato . Dimaukom was among the drug list named by Duterte on August 7 . On November 1 , 2016 , it was reported that the US State Department had halted the sale of 26,000 assault rifles to the PNP after opposition from the Senate Foreign Relations Committee due to concerns about human rights violations . A police spokesman said they had not been informed . PNP chief Ronald dela Rosa suggested China as a possible alternative supplier . On November 7 , Duterte reacted to the US decision to halt the sale by announcing that he was `` ordering its cancellation '' . In the early morning of November 5 , 2016 , incumbent Albuera , Leyte Mayor Rolando Espinosa Sr. , who had been detained at Baybay City Sub-Provincial Jail for violation of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 , was killed in what was described as a shootout inside his jail cell with personnel from the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group ( CIDG ) . According to the CIDG , Espinosa opened fire on police agents who were executing a search warrant for `` illegal firearms . '' A hard drive of CCTV footage which may have recorded the shooting of Espinosa is missing , a provincial official said . Espinosa had turned himself in to PNP after being named in Duterte 's drug list in August . He was briefly released but then re-arrested for alleged drug possession . The president of the National Union of People 's Lawyers , Edre Olalia , told local broadcaster TV5 that the police version of events was `` too contrived '' . He pointed out that a search warrant is not required to search a jail cell . `` Such acts make a mockery of the law , taunt impunity and insult ordinary common sense . '' Espinosa was the second official to be killed in the Drug War . Following the incident , on the same day , Senator Panfilo Lacson sought to resume the investigation of extrajudicial killings after it was suspended on October 3 , 2016 by the Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights . On November 28 , 2016 , Duterte appeared to threaten that human rights workers would be targeted : `` The human rights ( defenders ) say I kill . If I say : ' Okay , I 'll stop ' . They ( drug users ) will multiply . When harvest time comes , there will be more of them who will die . Then I will include you among them because you let them multiply . '' Amnesty International Philippines stated that Duterte was `` inciting hate towards anyone who expresses dissent on his war against drugs . '' The National Alliance against Killings Philippines stated : `` His comment - that human rights is part of the drug problem and , as such , human rights advocates should be targeted too - can be interpreted as a declaration of an open season on human rights defenders '' . On December 5 Reuters reported that 97 % of drug suspects shot by police died , far more than in other countries with drug - related violence . They also stated that police reports of killings are `` remarkably similar '' , involving a `` buy - bust '' operation in which the suspect panics and shoots at the officers , who return fire , killing the suspect , and report finding a packet of white powder and a . 38 caliber revolver , often with the serial number removed . The figures pose a powerful challenge to the official narrative that the Philippines police are only killing drug suspects in self - defense . These statistics and other evidence amassed by Reuters point in the other direction : that police are pro-actively gunning down suspects . On December 8 , 2016 , the Senate Committee on Justice and Human Rights issued a report stating that there was `` no evidence sufficient to prove that a Davao Death Squad exists '' , and `` no proof that there is a state - sponsored policy to commit killings to eradicate illegal drugs in the country . '' Eleven senators signed the report , while senators Leila De Lima , JV Ejercito , Antonio Trillanes IV and Senate Minority Leader Ralph Recto did not sign the report or did not subscribe to its findings . Temporary cessation of police drug operations ( edit ) Following criticism of the police over the kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick - Joo , a South Korean businessman , Duterte ordered the police to suspend drug - related operations while ordering the military and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency to continue drug operations . Amnesty International investigation ( edit ) On January 31 , 2017 , Amnesty International published a report of their investigation of 59 drug - related killings in 20 cities and towns , `` If you are poor you are killed '' : Extrajudicial Executions in the Philippines ' `` War on Drugs '' , which `` details how the police have systematically targeted mostly poor and defenceless people across the country while planting ' evidence ' , recruiting paid killers , stealing from the people they kill and fabricating official incident reports . '' They stated : `` Amnesty International is deeply concerned that the deliberate , widespread and systematic killings of alleged drug offenders , which appear to be planned and organized by the authorities , may constitute crimes against humanity under international law . '' A police officer with the rank of Senior Police Officer 1 , a ten - year veteran of a Metro Manila anti-illegal drugs unit , told AI that police are paid 8,000 pesos ( US $161 ) to 15,000 pesos ( US $302 ) per `` encounter '' ( the term used for extrajudicial executions disguised as legitimate operations ) ; there is no payment for making arrests . He said that some police also receive a payment from the funeral home they send the corpses to . Hitmen hired by police are paid 5,000 pesos ( US $100 ) for each drug user killed and 10,000 to 15,000 pesos ( US $200 -- 300 ) for each `` drug pusher '' killed , according to two hitmen interviewed by AI . Family members and witnesses repeatedly contested the police description of how people were killed . Police descriptions bore striking similarities from incident to incident ; official police reports in several cases documented by Amnesty International claim the suspect 's gun `` malfunctioned '' when he tried to fire at police , after which they shot and killed him . In many instances , the police try to cover up unlawful killings or ensure convictions for those arrested during drug - related operations by planting `` evidence '' at crime scenes and falsifying incident reports -- both practices the police officer said were common . -- Amnesty International report `` If you are poor you are killed '' : Extrajudicial Executions in the Philippines ' `` War on Drugs '' The report makes a series of recommendations to Duterte and government officials and departments . If certain key steps are not swiftly taken , it recommends that the International Criminal Court `` initiate a preliminary examination into unlawful killings in the Philippines 's violent anti-drug campaign and related crimes under the Rome Statute , including the involvement of government officials , irrespective of rank and status . '' The Guardian and Reuters stated that the report added to evidence they had published previously about police extrajudicial executions . Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella responded to the report , saying that Senate committee investigations proved that there had been no state - sponsored extrajudicial killings . In an interview on February 4 , Duterte told a reporter that Amnesty International was `` so naive and so stupid '' , and `` a creation of ( George ) Soros '' . He asked , `` Is that the only thing you ( de Lima ) can produce ? The report of Amnesty ? '' De Lima was jailed on February 24 , awaiting trial on charges related to allegations made by Duterte in August 2016 . A court date has not been set . Arturo Lascanas ( edit ) On February 20 , Arturo Lascanas , a retired police officer , told reporters at a press conference outside the senate building that as a leader of the Davao Death Squad he had carried out extrajudicial killings on the orders of Duterte . He said death squad members were paid 20,000 to 100,000 pesos ( $400 to $2,000 ) per hit , depending on the importance of the target . He gave details of various killings he had carried out on Duterte 's orders , including the previously unsolved murder of a radio show host critical of Duterte , and confessed to his involvement with Matobato in the bombing of a mosque on Duterte 's orders . On the following day the senate voted in a private session to reopen the investigation , reportedly by a margin of ten votes to eight , with five abstentions . When Mayor Duterte sat down as mayor for the first time , we started what is called `` salvaging '' of people , these people are suspects committing crime in Davao . We implemented the personal orders of Mayor Duterte to us . -- Arturo Lascanas , February 20 , 2017 On March 6 , Lascanas gave evidence at the Senate committee , testifying that he had killed approximately 200 criminal suspects , media figures and political opponents on Duterte 's orders . Since June 2017 ( edit ) See also : 2017 Bureau of Customs drug smuggling scandal Allegations of destroying evidence by police ( edit ) In June 2017 Reuters reported that `` Police were sending corpses to hospitals to destroy evidence at crime scenes and hide the fact that they were executing drug suspects . '' Doctors stated that corpses loaded onto trucks were being dumped at hospitals , sometimes after rigor mortis had already set in , with clearly unsurvivable wounds , having been shot in the chest and head at close range . Reuters examined data from two Manila police districts , and found that the proportion of suspects sent to hospitals , where they are pronounced dead on arrival ( DOA ) , increased from 13 % in July 2016 to 85 % in January 2017 ; `` The totals grew along with international and domestic condemnation of Duterte 's campaign . '' Ozamiz raid , and death of Reynaldo Parojinog ( edit ) On July 30 , Reynaldo Parojinog , the mayor of Ozamiz City , was killed along with 14 others , including his wife Susan , in a dawn raid at around 2 : 30 am on his home in San Roque Lawis . According to police , they were on a search warrant when Parojinog 's bodyguards opened fire on them and police officers responded by shooting at them . According to police provincial chief Jaysen De Guzman , authorities recovered grenades , ammunition and illegal drugs in the raid . `` One - time , big - time '' operations ( edit ) On August 16 , over 32 people are killed on multiple `` one - time , big - time '' antidrug operations in Bulacan within one day . On Manila , 25 people , including 11 suspected robbers , are also killed in consecutive anti-criminality operations . The multiple deaths in the large - scale antidrug operations received condemnation from human rights groups and majority of the Senate . Deaths of teenagers ( edit ) On August 17 , Kian Loyd delos Santos , a 17 - year - old Grade 11 student , was shot dead on an antidrug operation in Caloocan . CCTV footage appeared to show Kian being dragged by two policemen . Police say they killed him in self - defense , and retrieved a gun and two packets of methamphetamine . Delos Santos was the son of an overseas Filipino worker , a key demographic in support of Duterte . The teenager 's death caused condemnation by senators . His funeral on August 25 , attended by more than a thousand people , was one of the largest protests to date against the Drug War . Carl Angelo Arnaiz , a 19 - year - old teenager , last found in Cainta , Rizal , was tortured and shot dead also in August 17 ( the same date Kian delos Santos was killed ) by police after robbing a taxi in Caloocan . His 14 - year - old friend , Reynaldo de Guzman , also called under the nickname `` Kulot '' , was stabbed to death thirty times and thrown into a creek in Gapan , Nueva Ecija . Along with the deaths of Kian delos Santos , the deaths of the two teenagers also received public outrage and condemnation . Human Rights Watch repeated their call for a UN investigation . HRW Asia director Phelim Kine commented : `` The apparent willingness of Philippine police to deliberately target children for execution marks an appalling new level of depravity in this so - called drug war '' . Duterte called the deaths of Arnaiz and de Guzman ( the former being a relative of the President on his mother 's side ) a `` sabotage '' , believing that some groups are using the Philippine National Police to destroy the president 's public image . Presidential spokesman Abella said `` It should not come as a surprise that these malignant elements would conspire to sabotage the president 's campaign to rid the Philippines of illegal drugs and criminality '' , which `` may include creating scenarios stoking public anger against the government '' . Reshuffling of the Caloocan City police ( edit ) As a result of involvement in the deaths of teenagers like Kian delos Santos , and Carl Angelo Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman , and robbing of a drug suspect in an antidrug raid , National Capital Region Police Office ( NCRPO ) chief Oscar Albayalde ordered the firing and retraining of all members of the Caloocan City Police , with the exception of its newly appointed chief and its deputy . Transfer of anti-drug operations to PDEA ( edit ) On October 12 , 2017 , Duterte announced the transfer of anti-drug operations to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency ( PDEA ) , ending the involvement of the Philippine National Police ( PNP ) . The announcement followed the publication of an opinion poll on October 8 , showing a drop in presidential approval from 66 % to 48 % . This is amidst the political storm and public outrage on the murders of minors by the Caloocan City police , and the various murder cases allegedly done by other law enforcement agents that surfaced in mainsteam and social media . In a televised speech , Duterte scoffed and mocked the `` bleeding hearts '' who sympathized with those killed in the drug war , pointedly at the European Union , whom he accused of interfering with Philippine sovereignty . Rodrigo Duterte 's refutation to Asean representatives ( edit ) In a speech before Asean representatives , Rodrigo Duterte tried to refute all extrajudicial killings related to the War on Drugs by stating that these stories only serves as a political agenda in order to `` demonize '' him . He stated that he has only used his mouth to tell drug users that they will be killed . He stated that `` drug users deserved to be killed because they have shrunken brains incapable of proper thinking '' . Duterte further added that all the drug pushers and their henchmen always carry their guns with them and killing them is justifiable so that they would not endanger the lives of his men . In order to freshen his image , Duterte appointed a human rights lawyer , Harry Roque , a Kabayan partylist representative , as his spokesperson . Roque stated that he will change public perception by reducing the impact of the statements of Duterte that advocates extra-judicial killings in his war on drugs . Reactions ( edit ) Local ( edit ) Some politicians asked Duterte to investigate the killings , while others took the opportunity to propose Senate bills to lower the age of criminal responsibility from fifteen to nine , and to restore capital punishment . Senator Risa Hontiveros , an opponent of Duterte , said that the Drug War was a political strategy intended to persuade people that `` suddenly the historically most important issue of poverty was no longer the most important . '' De Lima expressed frustration with the attitude of Filipinos towards extrajudicial killing : `` they think that it 's good for peace and order . We now have death squads on a national scale , but I 'm not seeing public outrage . '' According to a Pulse Asia opinion poll conducted from July 2 to 8 , 2016 , 91 % of Filipinos `` trusted '' Duterte . In a survey conducted between February and May , by PEW research center , found that 78 % of the Filipinos support the drug war . Dela Rosa announced in September 2016 that the Drug War had `` reduced the supply of illegal drugs in the country by some 80 to 90 percent '' , and said that the War was already being won , based on statistical and observational evidence . Aljazeera reported that John Collins , director of the London School of Economics International Drug Policy Project , had a more cautious assessment : `` Targeting the supply side can have short - term effects . However , these are usually limited to creating market chaos rather than reducing the size of the market ... What you learn is that you 're going to war with a force of economics and the force of economics tends to win out : supply , demand and price tend to find their own way . '' He said it was a `` certainty '' that `` the Philippines ' new ' war ' will fail and society will emerge worse off from it . '' In June 2017 the price of methamphetamine on the streets of Manila was lower than it had been at the start of Duterte 's presidency , according to Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency data . Gloria Lai of the International Drug Policy Consortium commented : `` If prices have fallen , it 's an indication that enforcement actions have not been effective '' . The Chairman of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Sergio Ortiz - Luis Jr. , quelled fears that foreign investors might be put off by the increasing rate of killings in the country , explaining at a press conference on September 19 , 2016 , that investors only care about profit : `` They do n't care if 50 percent of Filipinos are killing each other so long as they 're not affected '' . On the following day the Wall Street Journal reported that foreign investors , who account for half of the activity on the Philippine Stock Exchange , had been `` hightailing it out of town '' , selling $500 million worth of shares over the past month , putting pressure on the Philippine peso which was close to its weakest point since 2009 . The Archbishop of Manila Luis Antonio Tagle acknowledged that people were right to be `` worried about extrajudicial killings '' , along with other `` form ( s ) of murder '' : abortion , unfair labor practices , wasting food , and `` selling illegal drugs , pushing the youth to go into vices '' . International ( edit ) Protest against the Philippine war on drugs in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City . The protesters are holding placards which urge Duterte to stop killing drug users . During his official state visit to the Philippines in January 2017 , Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said : `` On countering illegal drugs , we want to work together with the Philippines through relevant measures of support '' . He offered financial assistance for Philippine drug rehabilitation centres , and made no mention of deaths resulting from the drug war . He announced a $800 million Official Development Assistance package to `` promote economic and infrastructure development '' . Gary Song - Huann Lin , the representative of Taiwan in the Philippines , welcomed Duterte 's plan to declare a war against criminality and illegal drugs . He said Taiwan is ready to help the Philippines combat cross-border crimes like human and drug trafficking . On July 19 , 2016 , Lingxiao Li , spokesman for the Chinese Embassy in Manila , announced China 's support for the Drug War : `` China fully understands that the Philippine government under the leadership of H.E. President Rodrigo Duterte has taken it as a top priority in cracking down drug - related crimes . China has expressed explicitly to the new administration China 's willingness for effective cooperation in this regard , and would like to work out a specific plan of action with the Philippine side . '' The statement made no reference to extrajudicial killings , and called illegal drugs the `` common enemy of mankind '' . On September 27 , the Chinese Ambassador Zhao Jianhua reiterated that `` Illegal drugs are the enemy of all mankind '' in a statement confirming Chinese support for the Duterte administration . Indonesian National Police Chief General Tito Karnavian commented in regards to Indonesia 's rejection of a similar policy for Indonesia : `` Shoot on sight policy leads to abuse of power . We still believe in presumption of innocence . Lethal actions are only warranted if there is an immediate threat against officers ... there should not be a deliberate attempt to kill '' . In September 2016 Budi Waseso , head of Indonesia 's National Anti-Narcotics Agency ( BNN ) , said that he was currently contemplating copying the Philippines ' hardline tactics against drug traffickers . He said that the Agency planned a major increase in armaments and recruitment . An Agency spokesman later attempted to play down the comments , stating : `` We ca n't shoot criminals just like that , we have to follow the rules . '' Most recently , Indonesian President Joko `` Jokowi '' Widodo used the language of `` emergency '' to ramp up the country 's war on drugs , in a move that observers see as `` in step with Filipino President Rodrigo Duterte 's '' own campaign against the illegal drug trade . On October 16 , prior to Duterte 's departure for a state visit to Brunei , the President said he would seek the support of that country for his campaign against illegal drugs and Brunei 's continued assistance to achieve peace and progress in Mindanao . This was responded positively from Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah in the next day according to Philippine Foreign Affairs Secretary Perfecto Yasay Jr . Malaysia 's Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said `` he respect the method undertaken by the Philippine government as it is suitable for their country situation '' , while stressing that `` Malaysia will never follow such example as we have our own methods with one of those such as seizing assets used in drug trafficking with resultant funds to be channelled back towards rehabilitation , prevention and enforcement of laws against drugs '' . On December 3 , during a phone conversation between Duterte and then - United States President - elect Donald Trump , the latter called the government role in the `` war on drugs '' as done at `` the right way '' . On December 16 , Duterte and Singaporean President Tony Tan and Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong have agreed to work together in the fight against terrorism and illegal drugs . In a meeting during a state visit both parties discussed areas of cooperation between the two countries . The European Parliament expressed concern over the extrajudicial killings after a resolution on September 15 , stating : `` Drug trafficking and drug abuse in the Philippines remain a serious national and international concern , note MEPs . They understand that millions of people are hurt by the high level of drug addiction and its consequences in the country but are also concerned by the ' extraordinarily high numbers killed during police operations in the context of an intensified anti-crime and anti-drug campaign . '' In response , at a press conference Duterte made an obscene hand gesture and called British and French representatives `` hypocrites '' because their ancestors had killed thousands of Arabs and others in the colonial era . He said : `` When I read the EU condemnation I told them fuck you . You are doing it in atonement for your sins . They are now strict because they have guilty feelings . Who did I kill ? Assuming that it 's true ? 1,700 ? How many have they killed ? '' EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström , in a visit to the Philippines in March 2017 , warned that unless the Philippines addresses human rights issues , the EU would cancel tariff - free export of 6,000 products under the Generalized System of Preferences . Presidential spokesman Ernesto Abella dismissed the concerns , saying that they revealed European ignorance . On December 24 , U.S. Senators Marco Rubio , Edward Markey , and Christopher Coons expressed their concerns regarding the alleged extrajudicial killings and human rights violations in Duterte 's war on drugs . Through a letter sent to the U.S. Department of State , they noted that instead of addressing the drug problem , investing in treatment programs or approaching the issue with an emphasis on health , Duterte has `` pledged to kill another 20,000 to 30,000 people , many simply because they suffer from a drug use disorder . '' Rubio , Markey and Coons also questioned U.S. secretary of state John Kerry 's pledge of $32 - million funding for training and other law - enforcement assistance during his visit to Manila . In May 2017 , Senator Rubio , along with Senator Ben Cardin , filed a bipartisan bill in the U.S. Senate to restrict the exportation of weapons from the U.S. to the Philippines . The US ambassador in Manila announced on December 14 , 2016 , that the US foreign aid agency , the Millennium Challenge Corporation , would cancel funding to the Philippines due to `` significant concerns around rule of law and civil liberties in the Philippines '' , explaining that aid recipients were required to demonstrate a `` commitment to the rule of law , due process and respect for human rights '' . The MCC had disbursed $434 million to the Philippines from 2011 to 2015 . The funding denial was expected to lead to the cancellation of a five - year infrastructure development project previously agreed to in December 2015 . The International Criminal Court ( ICC ) chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda expressed concern , over the drug - related killings in the country , on October 13 . In her statement , Bensouda said that the high officials of the country `` seem to condone such killings and further seem to encourage State forces and civilians alike to continue targeting these individuals with lethal force . '' She also warns that any person in the country who provoke `` in acts of mass violence by ordering , requesting , encouraging or contributing , in any other manner , to the commission of crimes within the jurisdiction of ICC '' will be prosecuted before the court . About that , Duterte is open for the investigation by the ICC , Malacañang said . In February 2017 , former Colombian President César Gaviria wrote an opinion piece on The New York Times to warn Duterte and the administration that the drug war is `` unwinnable '' and `` disastrous '' , citing his own experiences as the President of Colombia . He also criticized the alleged extrajudicial killings and vigilantism , saying these are `` the wrong ways to go '' . According to Gaviria , the war on drugs is essentially a war on people . Gaviria suggested that improving public health and safety , strengthening anti-corruption measures , investing in sustainable development , decriminalizing drug consumption , and strengthening the regulation of therapeutic goods would enhance supply and demand reduction . In response to Gaviria , Duterte called him an `` idiot '' , and said the issue of extrajudicial killings should be set aside , and that there were four to five million drug addicts in the country . In September 2017 , Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano delivered a speech at the 72nd United Nations General Assembly , during which he argued that extrajudicial killings were a myth , and that the Drug war , which according to Human Rights Watch has resulted in 13,000 deaths to date , was being waged to `` protect ( the ) human rights of ... the most vulnerable ( citizens ) '' . ( See `` Asean , the UN and Sec . Cayetano 's sophistry , '' INQUIRER.NET US Bureau , November 22 , 2017 ) . In October 2017 , Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano was interview by international media , Aljazeera . He asserted that all 3,900 people who were killed in the drug war fought against the police despite investigation prior to the drug bust were not conducted . He also rebuffed all claims that the drug war was against its people . In popular media ( edit ) The ongoing drug war has been subject to popular interpretation from various media outlets ranging from local to international productions . Documentaries ( edit ) In March 2017 , a National Geographic episode was aired featuring scenes and stories of the drug war . Music ( edit ) `` Hustisya '' is a rap song about the drug war which was created by local artists inspired by the death of their friend immortalized in a photograph often compared to Michelangelo 's Pieta . In December 2016 , American singer James Taylor posted on social media that he had cancelled his concert in Manila , which was set for February 2017 , citing the increasing number of deaths related to the drug war . Photography ( edit ) On April 11 , 2017 , The New York Times won a Pulitzer Prize for breaking news photography on their Philippine Drug war report . The story was published on December 7 , 2016 , and was titled `` They Are Slaughtering Us Like Animals '' . The La Pieta or the `` Philippines Pieta '' , named after the sculpture by Michelangelo , refers to the photograph of Jennilyn Olayres holding the lifeless corpse of Michael Siaron , who was shot dead by unidentified assailants in Pasay , Metro Manila , in July 23 , 2016 . The image was widely used in the national press . The death of Michael Siaron remains unsolved for almost a year . Malacañang asserts that the man behind the killing were committed by drug syndicates themselves . After Siaron was shot dead by unidentified assailants , a writing on a cardboard states , `` Wag tularan si Siaron dahil pusher umano , '' was placed on his body . One year and three months after he was killed , the police identified as the suspected assailant as Nesty Santiago through a ballistic exam on the recovered firearm . Santiago was apparently a member of a syndicate involved in robberies , car thefts , hired killings and illegal drugs . The Pasay City Police declared his death as `` case closed '' . However , Santiago was also killed by riding - in - tandem on December 29 , 2016 . No further investigation were made . A photo of a body of an alleged drug dealer , killed during a police anti-drug operation , in Manila by Noel Celis has been selected as one of Time Magazine 's top 100 photos of 2017 . Mobile gaming ( edit ) There are various mobile games featuring Duterte fighting criminals . Many of these games , however , have since been removed by Apple Inc. from their App Store following an appeal by various regional organizations . See also ( edit ) Mega Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation Center War on Drugs , Mexican Drug War Human rights in Thailand # Deaths relating to the 2003 war on drugs Illegal drug trade in the Philippines Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/06/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-orders-police-back-into-deadly-drug-war Jump up ^ `` CPP takes back cooperation in Duterte 's drug war , calls for end to ' madness ' '' . Jump up ^ News , ABS - CBN . `` CPP : Duterte 's drug war is ' anti-people , anti-democratic ' '' . Jump up ^ Lim , Frinston ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` MILF formally joins war on drugs '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/08/05/mnlf-to-help-govt-fight-drugs-terrorism . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Woody , Christopher ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` The Philippines ' president has declared a war on drugs , and it 's turned normal people into hired killers '' . Business Insider . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Philippine Information Agency # RealNumbersPH Jump up ^ Holmes , Oliver ; Reuters ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Rodrigo Duterte pulls Philippine police out of brutal war on drugs '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Social Cards - # RealNumbersPH - Philippine Information Agency '' . pia.gov.ph . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Warning to drug dealers : PNP has ' double barrel ' plan '' . Rappler . June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police rack up an almost perfectly deadly record in Philippine drug war '' . Reuters . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International opinion on Philippine drug war '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte urged people to kill drug addicts '' . Associated Press . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency '' . Reuters . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Human rights groups have documented at least 1,400 killings in Davao that they allege had been carried out by death squads since 1998 . Most of those killed were drug users , petty criminals and street children . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Duterte : The Rise of Philippines ' Death Squad Mayor - Human Rights Watch . Jump up ^ Phil Zabriskie ( July 19 , 2002 ) . `` The Punisher '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines senator who branded President Duterte ' serial killer ' arrested '' . The Guardian . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte calls for press conference Monday afternoon '' . CNN Philippines . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Duterte : The Rise of Philippines ' Death Squad Mayor '' . Human Rights Watch . July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Philippines ' strongman president is losing popularity as citizens tire of drug war '' . CNBC . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands dead : the Philippine president , the death squad allegations and a brutal drugs war '' . The Guardian . 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency '' . Reuters . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Suspect Stats '' . Reuters . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines : Duterte 's 100 days of carnage '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines : Inside Duterte 's killer drug war '' . Aljazeera . September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Communists answer Duterte 's call to join fight vs. drugs '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bayan to maintain presence in the streets despite Duterte alliance '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine police kill 10 in Duterte 's war on crime '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty killed in four days in Philippine war on drugs '' . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 -- via Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Palace to critics of war vs drugs : Show proof of violations '' . Rappler . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drug war ' spiraling out of control ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MILF ready to aid Duterte in war vs drugs '' . Sun Star Cebu . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Du30 blasts triad , drug cartel '' . The Manila Standard . August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte names officials linked to drugs '' . Rappler . August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rody names politicians , judges , cops allegedly in illegal drugs '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US ' concerned ' by EJKs in war on drugs '' . Agence France - Presse . Interaksyon . August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Señase , Charlie C. ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte tells De Lima : I have witnesses against you '' . Inquirer Mindanao , Philippine Daily Inquirer . Inquirer.net . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love affair led to corruption ' '' ( August 21 , 2016 ) . LLANESCA PANTI . The Manila Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN rights experts urge Philippines to end wave of extrajudicial killings amid major drug crackdown '' . UN News Centre . United Nations . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UN experts urge the Philippines to stop unlawful killings of people suspected of drug - related offences '' . United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner . United Nations . August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Esmaquel , Paterno ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Philippines ' not leaving ' UN amid Duterte threat '' . Rappler . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Drug - War Deaths Double as President Duterte Lashes Out at U.N '' . NBC News . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHR : ICC may exercise jurisdiction over PH drug killings if ... '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte matrix out ; tags De Lima , ex-Pangasinan gov , others '' . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte 's drug matrix '' . CNN Philippines . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De Lima laughs off Duterte 's ' drug matrix ' '' . GMA News . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte to De Lima : Resign , hang yourself ... '' . Rappler . August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Solomon , F. ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Rodrigo Duterte declares a state of emergency in the Philippines '' . Time . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ranada , P. ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte signs state of nat'l emergency proclamation '' . Rappler . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viray , P.L. ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Palace issues proclamation of state of national emergency '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte 's First 100 Days '' . Huffington Post . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obama cancels meeting with ' colorful ' Philippine president , who now expresses regret ... '' . The Washington Post . September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` After cursing Obama , Duterte expresses regret ... '' . CNN . September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate ousts De Lima as justice committee chairperson '' . Rappler . September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Philippine President 's Dwindling Opposition '' . The Atlantic . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine hitman says he heard Duterte order killings '' . Reuters . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte to extend drug war as ' can not kill them all ' '' . The Guardian . September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Duterte : Philippines president to extend war on drugs because he ' ca n't kill them all ' '' . The Independent . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte critic took bribes , Philippine felons tell Congress members '' . Reuters . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ranada , Pia . `` Philippines , Vietnam to create 6 - year action plan for cooperation '' . Rappler . ^ Jump up to : `` Duterte : I 'm being portrayed as a ' cousin of Hitler ' '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` Duterte 's Hitler remarks ' troubling ' -- Pentagon chief '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` Duterte 's Hitler remarks ' deeply troubling , ' says Pentagon chief '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Germany : Duterte Hitler remarks ' unacceptable ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Duterte apologizes to Jews for Hitler remarks '' . GMA News . Jump up ^ `` Duterte apologizes to Jews for Hitler remark '' . The Philippine Star . Jump up ^ `` Philippines secret death squads : officer claims police teams behind wave of killings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` End of the road for mayor on drug list , 9 others '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Maguindanao mayor , 9 others dead in clash with anti-drug police '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` 8 Maguindanao officials linked to drugs surrender to PNP chief '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ Philippines ' Duterte : We 'll turn to Russia if US wo n't sell us guns , CNN . November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exclusive : U.S. stopped Philippines rifle sale that senator opposed - sources , Reuters . November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte cancels order of 26,000 rifles from US '' . Inquirer . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albuera Mayor Espinosa killed in jail operation '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` ' NANLABAN ' ? - With video : Albuera Mayor Espinosa killed in Leyte jail '' . InterAksyon . Jump up ^ `` CCTV footage of Albuera mayor 's death missing '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` DUTERTE 'S LIST : ' Narco ' politicos , lawmen , judges '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` Albuera Mayor Espinosa , 1 other inmate killed in jail cell shootout -- CIDG '' . CNN Philippines . Jump up ^ `` Mayor accused over drugs killed in Philippines jail , say police '' . The Independent . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Espinosa killing ' incredibly brazen ' - rights lawyer '' . InterAksyon . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lacson to seek resumption of Senate EJK probe after Espinosa 's killing '' . GMA News . Jump up ^ `` Senate hearings on killings ' suspended until further notice ' '' . GMA News . Jump up ^ `` Duterte threat to kill rights defenders alarms groups '' . ABSCBN . AFP . November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police rack up an almost perfectly deadly record in Philippine drug war '' . Reuters . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH Gordon panel : No proof of EJK , DDS in war on drugs under Duterte '' . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippines : The police 's murderous war on the poor '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PHILIPPINES : `` IF YOU ARE POOR , YOU ARE KILLED '' : EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES ' `` WAR ON DRUGS '' `` . Amnesty International . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines police behave like ' criminal underworld ' in drugs war - Amnesty '' . Reuters . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines police paid to kill alleged drug offenders , says Amnesty '' . The Guardian . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Amnesty lnternational naive and stupid ' '' . Philstar . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines : Duterte critic De Lima arrested on drug - related charges '' . CNN . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jailed Philippine Senator : ' I Wo n't Be Silenced Or Cowed ' '' . NPR . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Philippine policeman says Duterte ordered ' death squad ' hits '' . Reuters . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Retired SPO3 Lascanas : What he said before , what he now says '' . ABS CBN . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate to reopen probe into Davao Death Squad '' . Rappler . February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Self - proclaimed death squad chief : I killed almost 200 for Duterte '' . CNN . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine police use hospitals to hide drug war killings '' . Reuters . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozamiz City Mayor , 14 others killed in exchange of gunfire with police '' . CNN Philippines . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawal , Allan . `` Mayor Parojinog killed in Ozamiz raid ; daughter arrested -- police '' . Inquirer.net . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ozamiz City Mayor , twelve others killed in police raid '' . CNN Philippines . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine mayor linked to drugs killed in raid : police '' . France 24 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Talabong , Rambo ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` 32 dead , 107 arrested in Bulacan ' one - time , big - time ' operation '' . Rappler . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilapil , Jaime ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` 25 dead over 24 hours in ' one - time , big - time ' police operations in Manila '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mogato , Manuel ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Philippines war on drugs and crime intensifies , at least 60 killed in three days '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Swissinfo.ch . Jump up ^ Ballaran , Jhoanna ; de Jesus , Julianne Love ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Senators expressed alarm over high number of drug deaths '' . Inquirer.net . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grade 11 student killed during anti-drug op in Caloocan '' . GMA News . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Subingsubing , Krixia ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Cops kill ' pistol - packing ' Grade 11 kid '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Kian slay , Duterte tempers messaging on drug war '' . Rappler . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Morallo , Audrey ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` 17 - year old 's death jolts senators to speak vs. killings '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Human rights commission province ' one time , big time ' drug ops , Kian 's death '' . GMA News . August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More than a thousand turn Philippine funeral to protest against war on drugs '' . Reuters . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Placido , Dharel ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Duterte to pursue raps vs. cops in Carl Angelo 's killing '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Talabong , Rambo ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Missing teen last found with Carl Arnaiz found dead with 30 stab wounds '' . Rappler . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The death of a Philippine teen was supposed to be a turning point for Duterte . But kids keep getting killed '' . Washington Post . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Salaverria , Leila B. ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Teens ' killing sabotage - Duterte '' . Inquirer.net . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alquitran , Non ; Galupo , Rey ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Entire Caloocan City police force sacked '' . The Philippine Star . Philstar . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Mutineer : How Antonio Trillanes Came to Lead the Fight Against Rodrigo Duterte '' . Time . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kian is your conscience '' . Rappler . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Reuters , Manuel Mogato and Neil Jerome Morales , . `` Duterte hopes drug war shift will satisfy ' bleeding hearts ' '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Salaverria , Leila B. `` I 've been demonized in drug war -- Duterte '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nonato , Vince F. `` Roque to ' reduce impact ' of Duterte statements seeming to back rights violations '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Militant group Bayan asks Duterte to probe killing of drug suspects '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dumlao , Artemio ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Congress eyes probe on spate of drug killings '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte enjoys record - high 91 % trust rating -- Pulse Asia '' . Rappler . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People in the Philippines Still Favor U.S. Over China , but Gap Is Narrowing ( 2017 ) , Pew Research Center , p. 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PNP chief : Illegal drug supply already reduced by 80 - 90 percent '' . GMA Network . September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dela Rosa : We 're winning the war on drugs '' . Jump up ^ `` More blood but no victory as Philippine drug war marks its first year '' . Reuters . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Foreign investors care about money , not drug deaths ' -- biz leader '' . CNN Philippines . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In Duterte 's Philippines , Foreigners Flee Stocks '' . Wall Street Journal . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Tagle breaks silence : Condemn murder '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte 's ' War on Drugs ' '' . Human Rights Watch . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexis Romero ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Taiwan confident of stronger ties with Philippines under Duterte '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China supports Duterte 's war on drugs '' . ABS - CBN News . July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China answers Duterte 's call on illegal drugs : We 're ready to help '' . Rappler . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beijing backs Philippine President Duterte 's ruthless crackdown on drugs '' . South China Morning Post . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China envoy : Illegal drugs ' enemy of all mankind ' '' . Rappler . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Will Not Adopt the Philippines ' ' Shoot on Sight ' Policy Against Drug Criminals - Jakarta Globe '' . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian anti-drugs chief supports implementing Rodrigo Duterte 's Philippine - style drug war ... '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia ' war on drugs = '' . Jump up ^ Giovanni Nilles ; Edith Regalado ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Brunei asked to support drug war , peace process '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edith Regalado ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Brunei backs Philippines in war on drugs '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kamles Kumar ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Malaysia wo n't copy Philippines ' deadly drug war , says DPM '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rodrigo Duterte : Donald Trump Endorsed Deadly War on Drugs as ' The Right Way ' '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` PH and Singapore One with the War Against Drugs and Terrorism '' . TheMochaPost . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament urges PH : End wave of killings '' . Rappler . September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte tells the EU ' F * * * you ' over his war on drugs '' . The Independent . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte gives middle finger to EU lawmakers again '' . Rappler . Jump up ^ `` Duterte 's drug war a ' campaign of mass atrocities ' : US senators '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ Patricia Lourdes Viray ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` US senators want tracking of funds in Philippines amid drug war '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcelo , Ver ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Senators file bill to block arms export to PH '' . CNN Philippines . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Int'l Criminal Court chief prosecutor warns PH over drug killings '' . CNN Philippines . Jump up ^ `` Int'l criminal court ' closely following ' PH war on drugs '' . Rappler . ^ Jump up to : `` International court warns PH on killings '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Former Colombian Presidents take Philippine Drug War '' . TheMochaPost . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaviria , César ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` President Duterte Is Repeating My Mistakes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte calls Colombian ex-president ' idiot ' '' . Philstar . Jump up ^ `` How the Philippines defends Duterte 's drug war '' . www.aljazeera.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Geographic Film Shows Horrors of Duterte 's Drug War '' . Time . Jump up ^ CNN , Euan McKirdy . `` ' Is this the new Filipino life ? ' Manila rappers blast Duterte 's war on drugs '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` James Taylor cancels Manila show , cites drug war '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` Promoter speaks up on cancelled James Taylor show '' . ABS - CBN News . Jump up ^ `` NYT wins Pulitzer Prize for PH drug war report '' . CNN Philippines . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phippen , J. Weston ( 6 August 2016 ) . `` Can This Photo End Vigilante Killings in the Philippines ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Is this the new Filipino life ? ' Manila rappers blast Duterte 's war on drugs '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : `` Slay of ' Pieta ' drug suspect Michael Siaron proves drug traders kill each other -- Palace '' . GMA News . ^ Jump up to : `` PNP declares death linked to ' Pieta - like ' photo solved '' ( GMA News ) . Jump up ^ http://time.com/top-100-photos-of-2017/ Jump up ^ Tan , Yvette . `` People are petitioning for Apple to take down games glorifying Duterte 's war on drugs '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mateo , Janvic ; Tupas , Emmanuel ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Apple takes down Tokhang mobile games '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Kill List -- published by the Philippine Daily Inquirer in an attempt to document the casualties of the Philippine Drug War . The Duterte list : Judges , mayors , police officials linked to drugs - A list of officials who are allegedly involved in drug trade named by President Rodrigo Duterte on early morning of August 7 , 2016 . Philippine Drug War Key organizations Philippine National Police Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Major events 2016 New Bilibid Prison riot August speech Death of Rolando Espinosa 2017 Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick - Joo `` Walk for Life '' Arrest of Leila de Lima MPD secret jail cell scandal Bureau of Customs drug smuggling scandal Ozamiz police raid Shooting of Kian delos Santos Related articles Protests Mega Drug Abuse Treatment and Rehabilitation Center New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal Illegal drug trade Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Carbamates Ethanol ( alcohol ) Alcoholic drinks Beer Wine Gabapentinoids GHB Inhalants Medical Nitrous oxide Hazardous solvents contact adhesives Gasoline nail polish remover Paint thinner Other Freon Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Quinazolinones Opioids Buprenorphine Suboxone Subutex Codeine Desomorphine Krokodil Dextropropoxyphene Darvocet Darvon Fentanyl Diamorphine Heroin Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Dilaudid Methadone Mitragyna speciosa Kratom Morphine Opium Oxycodone / paracetamol Tramadol Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline Areca Betel Caffeine Coffee Energy drinks Tea Cathinone Khat Cocaine Coca Crack Ephedrine Ephedra MDPV Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylone Methylphenidate Modafinil Nicotine Tobacco Theobromine Cocoa Chocolate Entactogens 2C series 6 - APB Benzofury AMT MDA MDMA Ecstasy Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT Ayahuasca LSA LSD - 25 Mescaline Peruvian torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin / Psilocin Psilocybin mushrooms Dissociatives DXM Glaucine Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites poppers amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol Amanita muscaria PCP Salvinorin A Salvia divinorum Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Atropa belladonna Datura Hyoscyamus niger Mandragora officinarum Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH - 018 THC Cannabis Hashish Hash oil Marijuana Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Club drugs Cocaine Quaaludes MDMA ( Ecstasy ) Nitrous oxide Poppers Drug culture Cannabis culture 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Head shop Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Cannabis and religion Stoner film Coffee culture Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Tea house Drinking culture Bartending Beer culture Beer festival Binge drinking Diethyl ether Drinking games Drinking song Happy hour Hip flask Nightclub Pub Pub crawl Sommelier Sports bar Tailgate party Wine bar Wine tasting Psychedelia Psychonautics Art Drug Era Experience Literature Music Microdosing Therapy Smoking culture Cigarette card Fashion cigarettes Cloud - chasing Loosie Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Nootropic Party and play Poly drug use Rave Religion and drugs Self - medication Sex and drugs Whoonga Drug production and trade Drug production Coca production in Colombia Drug precursors Opium production in Afghanistan Rolling meth lab Drug trade Illegal drug trade Colombia Darknet market Drug distribution Beer shop Cannabis shop Liquor store Liquor license Issues with drug use Abuse Date rape drug Impaired driving Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Addiction Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug - related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long - term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Action Partnership Liberalization Latin America Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Mexican Drug War Plan Colombia Philippine Drug War Zero tolerance Lists of countries by ... Alcohol legality Alcohol consumption Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine legality Cocaine use Methamphetamine legality Opiates use Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality Law enforcement in the Philippines National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group Philippine Coast Guard Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Philippine National Police Tanods Bantay Dagat Illegal drug trade in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Rodrigo Duterte 16th President of the Philippines Family Vicente Duterte ( father ) Soledad Duterte ( mother ) Elizabeth Zimmerman ( former wife ) Cielito Avanceña ( common - law wife ) Paolo Duterte ( son ) Sebastian Duterte ( son ) Sara Duterte ( daughter ) Veronica Duterte ( daughter ) Education Ateneo de Davao University ( secondary ; expelled ) Cor Jesu College ( secondary ) Lyceum of the Philippines University San Beda College of Law Political career Hugpong sa Tawong Lungsod PDP -- Laban Mayor of Davao City 1989 Davao hostage crisis Davao Death Squad Evergreen Hotel explosion Political views Presidency Elections inauguration 2016 elections Duterte - Cayetano 2016 Presidential transition Inauguration SONA ( 2016 ) Landmark laws and agreements Coalition For Change Proposed shift to Federalism DuterteNomics Executive orders Freedom of Information Order Executive Order 10 Executive Order 26 Proclamation No. 55 Proclamation No. 216 Anti-Distracted Driving Act Launch of 9 - 1 - 1 and 8888 Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Act Natural disasters Typhoons Sarika ( Karen ) Haima ( Lawin ) Nock - ten ( Nina ) Kai - tak ( Urduja ) Tembin ( Vinta ) Floods 2016 Luzon southwest monsoon floods 2017 Visayas and Mindanao floods Earthquakes Surigao del Norte Batangas Sarangani Leyte Domestic incidents / issues Philippine war on drugs Gloria Arroyo 's acquittal August 2016 speech on local officials involved in drugs New Bilibid Prison drug trafficking scandal 2016 Davao City bombing U.S. Embassy police dispersal incident Death of Rolando Espinosa Burial of Ferdinand Marcos 2016 Butig clash 2016 Hilongos bombings 2017 Kidapawan jail siege Kidnapping and killing of Jee Ick - Joo 2017 Philippine jeepney drivers ' strike Rent - a-car scam Kadamay housing project protests 2017 Bohol clashes Manila Police District secret jail cell scandal Battle of Marawi Rehabilitation 2017 Resorts World Manila attack Ozamiz police raid 2017 Central Luzon H5N6 outbreak Shooting of Kian delos Santos 2017 Davao City mall fire International relations / Diplomatic incidents International trips Philippines v. China 30th and 31st ASEAN Summits ( 2017 ) Related Protests 17th Congress Mocha Uson Blog Duterte Diehard Supporters Duterte Youth Mula sa Masa , Para sa Masa Proposed Revolutionary Government Predecessor : Benigno Aquino III , 15th President of the Philippines Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Drug_War&oldid=821283098 '' Categories : Philippine Drug War 2016 in the Philippines 2017 in the Philippines 2018 in the Philippines Conflicts in 2016 Conflicts in 2017 Conflicts in 2018 Controversies in the Philippines Crime in the Philippines Drugs in the Philippines History of drug control Human rights in the Philippines Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte Organized crime conflicts Operations against organized crime Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Română Русский Suomi Tagalog Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Drug%20War	61,145
when was the two child policy introduced in china	A two - child policy is a government - imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children . It has previously been used in Vietnam . In British Hong Kong in the 1970s , citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit ( although it was not mandated by law ) , and it was used as part of the region 's family planning strategies . Since 2016 , it has been implemented in China .	2016	Two - child policy	two - child policy	A two - child policy is a government - imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children . It has previously been used in Vietnam . In British Hong Kong in the 1970s , citizens were also highly encouraged to have two children as a limit ( although it was not mandated by law ) , and it was used as part of the region 's family planning strategies . Since 2016 , it has been implemented in China .	Contents ( hide ) 1 China 2 Hong Kong 3 Iran 4 Singapore 5 United Kingdom 6 Vietnam 6.1 History 6.2 Administration 6.3 Current status 6.4 Effects of this policy 6.4. 1 Reduction of the birthrate 6.4. 2 Sex - based differences 6.5 Criticism 6.5. 1 Inadequate contraceptives 6.5. 2 Increased abortion 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading China ( edit ) During the 1970s , Chinese citizens were encouraged to have only one child . The ongoing Cultural Revolution and the strain it placed on the nation were large factors . During this time , the birth rate dropped from nearly 6 children per woman to just under 3 . ( The colloquial term `` births per woman '' is usually formalized as the Total Fertility Rate ( TFR ) , a technical term in demographic analysis meaning the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age - specific fertility rates through her lifetime . ) As China 's youngest generation ( born under the one - child policy , which first became a requirement for most couples in 1979 ) came of age for formation of the next generation , a single child would be left with having to provide support for his or her two parents and four grandparents . In response to this issue , by 2009 all provinces allowed couples to have two children if both parents were only children themselves . After a policy change of the Chinese government in late 2013 , most Chinese provinces further relaxed the policy in 2014 by allowing families to have two children if one of the parents is an only child . Han Chinese living in rural areas were often permitted to have two children , as exceptions existed if the first child was a daughter . Because of cases such as these , as well as urban couples who simply paid a fine ( or `` social maintenance fee '' ) to have more children , the overall fertility rate of mainland China is , in fact , closer to two children per family than to one child per family ( 1.8 ) . In addition , since 2012 , Han Chinese in southern Xinjiang were allowed to have two children . This , along with incentives and restrictions against higher Muslim Uyghur fertility , was seen as attempt to counter the threat of Uyghur separatism . On October 29 , 2015 , Xinhua reported the change in the existing law to a two - child policy citing a statement from the Communist Party of China . The new policy allowing Chinese couples to have two children was proposed in order to help address the aging issue in China . On December 27 , 2015 , the new law was passed in the session of the National People 's Congress Standing Committee , which governs country 's laws , effective from January 1 , 2016 . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the Two is Enough campaign in the 1970s encouraged people to have two or fewer children in each family , contributing to the reduced birth rate in the following decades ( poster with actress Fung Bo Bo ) See also : Demographics of Hong Kong In British Hong Kong , the Eugenics League was founded in 1936 , which became The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong in 1950 . The organization provides family planning advice , sex education , and birth control services to the general public of Hong Kong . In the 1970s due to the rapidly rising population , it launched the `` Two is Enough '' campaign , which reduced the general birth rate through educational means . The organization founded the International Planned Parenthood Federation , with its counterparts in seven other countries . The total fertility rate in Hong Kong is currently 1.04 children per woman , one of the lowest in the world . Although the `` Two is Enough '' campaign found widespread approval , it does not reflect current government policy in supporting families . Tax allowances of 100,000 HK $ per child can be claimed for up to 9 children . Furthermore , parents who have fallen into hardship can apply for special assistance from the state . This is a means - tested financial benefit , which is not limited to a particular number of children either . Iran ( edit ) Iranian authorities encouraged families in Iran not to have more than two children when conducting Family planning in Iran from early 1990s to late 2006 . Iran 's government `` declared that Islam favored families with only two children '' , as one historian put it . when the family planning program initiated where Iran 's Health Ministry launched a nationwide campaign and introduced contraceptives - pills , condoms , IUDs , implants , tubal ligations , and vasectomies . Starting in 2006 , the government 's population control policy changed when Ahmadinejad called for reversal of Iran 's existing policy of `` two children is enough '' and later in 2012 Ayatollah Khamenei also stated that Iran 's contraceptive policy made sense 20 years ago , `` but its continuation in later years was wrong ... Scientific and experts studies show that we will face population aging and reduction ( in population ) if the birth - control policy continues . '' Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Population control in Singapore In Singapore , the two - child policy until the 1980s was called `` Stop at Two '' . United Kingdom ( edit ) In July 2007 , the think tank Optimum Population Trust ( now Population Matters ) advocated what the Daily Mail described as a `` ' two - child ' policy '' to combat population increases and climate change in the United Kingdom . The article stated : `` According to the report , published by the Optimum Population Trust , Britain 's high birth rate is a major factor in the current level of climate change , which can only be combated if families voluntarily limit the number of children they have . '' In October 2012 , the Conservative Party 's proposed policy of only paying child benefit for the first two children of unemployed parents has been described as a ' two - child policy ' , and has been fronted by the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and former leader of the Conservative Party Iain Duncan Smith . In April 2015 , David Cameron denied any such plans to cut child benefits or tax credits . However , three months later , George Osborne , the then Finance Minister , announced that child tax credits would be limited to the first two children only . This was to come into force from the 2017 / 2018 financial year and apply to children born after that date only . The two - child policy took effect on 5 April 2017 . One particular aspect of the new rules , termed the `` rape clause '' , has caused controversy . Although the policy excludes all but the first two children from all available benefits , an exemption can be applied for if the conception of the third and any further children occurred as a result of the rape of the claimant . A woman wishing to claim this exemption must fill in an eight - page form : `` The form requires women wanting to be eligible for the exemption to sign a declaration saying they were raped or otherwise coerced into sex -- and giving the child 's name . They must sign a declaration reading : ' I believe the non-consensual conception exemption applies to my child . ' They must also sign another declaration that says : ' I confirm that I am not living with the other parent of this child . ' '' That the woman must thereby identify the child in question ( which is thought to be assigned a tax code created for this exemption ) , that first or second children conceived by rape do not count towards this exemption and that women who are still living with their abusers are not eligible are just some of the aspects of the rape clause that caused widespread condemnation . Ruth Graham , writing for Slate , summarises the issues surrounding this new policy thus : `` The policy and the exemption have received harsh criticism from a wide variety of sources since they were announced in 2015 . One member of parliament called the exemption implementation ' inhumane and barbaric . ' Feminists have pointed out the cuts disproportionately affect women . A coalition of the U.K. 's largest Christian denominations and Jewish groups pointed out that the policy discriminates against people whose religion compels them to have larger families . A United Nations committee on children 's rights asked the British government to explain the policy last year , because of concerns about women having to somehow prove they were raped . '' Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnam has had a population policy for over 50 years . It was launched by the Vietnamese government in the early 1960s in North Vietnam and continues in a modified form today throughout united Vietnam . The policy emphasizes the official family - size goal to be một hoặc hai con , which means `` one or two children . '' In 2014 Vietnam had an estimated population of 92.5 million people , which represented 1.28 % of the total world population . Currently , the total fertility rate of Vietnam is 1.8 ( births per woman ) , which is below the replacement - level fertility of 2.1 , the rate `` at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next '' according to the World Resources Institute . History ( edit ) From 1954 to 1975 , Vietnam was split into North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel with separate governments and policies in each region . North Vietnam became the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and had a communist government , whereas South Vietnam became the Republic of Vietnam and was more aligned with the United States and other Western nations . In 1963 , North Vietnam began a policy advocating a two - or - three - child norm due to the sharp population increase of the largely poor and rural population . Vietnam 's family planning policy was developed before those of other countries , such as China and India , the government used a system of information , education , communication ( IEC ) campaign and publicly accessible contraceptives to curb the population . After the reunification of North and South Vietnam in 1975 under the Communist Party , there was a governmental effort to extend the policies of the North to the rest of Vietnam , which extended into the next decade . Though the government of the Republic of Vietnam adopted family planning in general as the official state policy , inadequate medical facilities prevented the policy from being effectively implemented . In 1982 , the Vietnam government practiced various family planning measures , including the allowance of use of abortion and the creation of the National Committee for Population and Family Planning . After 1983 , each family was required to limit the number of children to two . In 1985 , the government increased incentives , such as contraceptives and abortion acceptors , and disincentives , such as penalties for violations in family planning . In 1986 , the Party implemented the Renovation ( Đổi Mới ) Policy , which completely reversed the Communist Party economy to implement capitalistic market ideals . The aims of the Renovation Policy were to end Vietnam 's economic isolation , increase competitiveness , and raise living standards . In an attempt to effectively develop the population socioeconomically and increase the standard of living within the population , the Vietnam government emphasized the need to contain birth rates . In 1988 , Council of Ministers issued an in - depth family planning policy , adding additional restrictions beyond the previous restriction of keeping the maximum number of children per household to two . The detailed one - or - two - child policy of Vietnam was established nine years after China 's one - child policy was implemented , and elements of China 's policy are reflected in Vietnam 's , such as the emphasis on marrying later , postponing childbearing age ( 22 - years of age or older for women and 24 - years of age or older for men ) , and spacing out birth of children ( 3 -- 5 years apart ) . The state was required to supply free birth control devices ( such as intrauterine loops , condoms , and birth control pills ) and to provide facilities for individuals who are eligible for abortions . Furthermore , if families did not comply with the two - child policy , they were required to pay high fees and were unable to move into urban centers . In 1993 , the Vietnamese government issued the first formalization for the unified Vietnam of the one - to - two child policy as a mandatory national policy . The policy combined advertisements and education to promote a smaller family `` so people may enjoy a plentiful and happy life . '' The Vietnamese government explicitly linked the family planning policy with `` historical and cultural traditions , value structures and development objectives , '' encouraging a collectivist mindset in which individuals honor the needs of the nation above their own . The goal of the policy was to reduce the Vietnamese fertility rate to the replacement level of 2.1 by 2015 , so that the country could have a stable population during mid-21st century . In 1997 , the goal was accelerated to reach the replacement level by 2005 , and the government subsequently integrated an increased use of abortion as a means to curb population growth . In 2003 , the Standing Parliamentary Committee of the National Assembly issued the highest legislative document on population titled the Population Ordinance , which restructured the official family planning policy . According to the ordinance , couples `` shall have the right to decide on the time to have babies , the number of children and the duration between child births . '' However , shortly after , the government implemented the National Strategy on Population 2001 - 2010 , which again called for decreasing the fertility rate to the replacement level by 2005 . This caused controversy as individuals protested the conflicting messages purported by the government in regards to their reproductive rights . To address this confusion , the government issued Resolution 47 in 2005 which stated that `` to sustain high economic growth , Viet Nam needs to pursue a population control policy until it has become an industrialized country . '' However at this time , the population had already reached the goal of having a total fertility rate below the replacement level . In 2009 , the Population Ordinance was amended to again restrict the number of children to be one or two children , although individuals were allowed to decide the timing and spacing of their births . The government is currently drafting a new Law on Population to replace the Population Ordinance in 2015 . However , there is disagreement between policy makers and academics on what should be included in the law . Administration ( edit ) The organizational structure of the two - child policy was housed under different governmental units since its conception in the 1960s . As the policy evolved from `` Initiation in the 1960s - 1970s ; Maturity in the 1980s - 1990s ; and Legalization in the 2000s - 2010s , '' the administration of the population policy also changed . From 1961 - 1983 , the population program fell under the Population and Birth Control Unit . From 1984 - 2002 , it was under the control of National Committee for Population and Family Planning . From 2003 - 2006 , it was in the jurisdiction of the Viet Nam Commission for Population , Family , and Children . Since 2007 , the population program has been under the General Office for Population and Family Planning . Although the policy was advocated on the national level , the central government did not utilize specific fines or incentives , instead delegating implementation responsibilities to local governments . Each family was required to have at most two children , and local governments were responsible to decide the details of enforcement . Depending on the specific location , district governments charged fines ranging from 60 to 800 kilograms of paddy rice , equivalent to the worth of a month to a year 's wages , for each additional child , and additionally , women who agreed to be sterilized were given bonuses of 120 to 400 kilograms of rice . Individuals who did not use contraceptives sometimes had their names announced over the intercom system of the village to shame them into using them , whereas individuals who did could be selected to win the Labor Medal for `` good realization of the population - family planning program . '' The government and large companies also regularly denied people who violated the policy of their salaries , promotions , and sometimes even their jobs . Current status ( edit ) Currently , the effective population policy is the revised 2009 Population Ordinance which states that `` each couple and individual has the right and responsibility to participate in the campaigns on population and family planning , reproductive health care : ( i ) decide time and birth spacing ; ( ii ) have one or two children , exceptional cases to be determined by the Government . '' Thus , individuals have control over the timing and spacing of the births of their children but are still restricted in the number of children they are allowed to have . Furthermore , later that year , Chief Executive Trương Tấn San stressed the need for continued diligence in population control and stated that the population of Vietnam should be 100 million people by 2020 , and suggested that a new comprehensive Law on Population be introduced to the government by 2015 . Effects of this policy ( edit ) Reduction of the birthrate ( edit ) The total fertility rate in Vietnam dropped from 5.6 in 1979 to 3.2 by 1993 , suggesting the two - child policy was successful in containing the population growth . According to one demographic model , the Bongaarts ' model of components of fertility , high rates of contraceptive use and of induced abortion are plausible explanations for the decreased fertility rate . Furthermore , because of this policy , the population has fundamentally changed their ideas of the family . In 1988 , the Inter-Censal Demographic and Health Survey found that parents wanted an average of 3.3 children , and in 1994 , they found that the ideal number of children fell to 2.8 . However , the reported findings differ depending on the fertility model utilized and on the particular research study cited . The United Nations Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific found that the average number in household was 3.1 in 1998 . In another study conducted by the America - based non-profit , non-governmental organization Population Reference Bureau , the number found was lower at 2.3 . Another study , published in the Worldwide State of the Family in 1995 by Tran Xuan Nhi , found a contrasting finding that the total fertility rate only dropped slightly and the size of nuclear families experienced only a slight change , dipping from 4.8 to 4.7 from 1989 to 1994 . Sex - based differences ( edit ) There is evidence that son preference exists in Vietnam . Traditionally , men oversee and are responsible for household enterprises , managing agriculture , ancestral worship , and carrying on the family name . However , although the desire for a son is seen in the Vietnamese family 's fertility practices , the desire for more than one son is not . Families with two daughters are twice as likely to have a third child than families with at least one son , presumably with the hopes that this one will be a boy . Furthermore , women who do not have any sons are around 15 % less likely to use contraceptives than families who have at least one . There were also increased rates of `` contraceptive failure '' amongst couples who had a son , as families secretly removed an IUD to bypass the policy in hopes of having a son . This is consistent with findings from other East Asian countries in which son preference corresponds with a demand for fewer children so that families will have at least one son to maintain the ancestral line . Despite the evidence for son preference , there is no clear evidence that Vietnam 's sex ratio at birth is increasing , as seen in other East Asian countries , notably China , though evidence is conflicting depending on the source . In fact , according to the Vietnamese census data for 1989 and 1999 , the sex ratios of males to females at birth are actually decreasing . On the other hand , some sources state that the impact of son preference varies by region of Vietnam . In the north , there is a strong relationship between sex bias in fertility decisions and number of male births , while in the south , this relationship is nonexistent . However , mothers who pursue certain occupations , such as government cadres and farmers , are more likely to want a particular sex of child and have higher sex - ratio differences at birth . This reflects the pressure for government employees to adhere to the two - child limit , and the perceived necessity of males for manual labor in the farm . Criticism ( edit ) Inadequate contraceptives ( edit ) Although the policy states that `` the state will supply , free of charge , birth control devices ... to eligible persons who are cadres , manual workers , civil servants or members of the armed forces ... and poor persons who register to practice family planning ... The widespread sale of birth control devices will be permitted to facilitate their use by everybody that needs them , '' the only modern contraceptive readily available in Vietnam is the IUD . However , many women choose not to use it due to the side effects , such as increased bleeding , back and abdominal pains , headache , and general weakness . Thus , contraceptive use is low among women under the age of 25 , and experts have speculated that `` contraceptive use among young women might increase if temporary , easy - to - use methods , such as the pill and the condom , were more accessible . For the government to achieve its two - child policy , the survey committee recommends increased promotion of the commercial availability of the condom and the pill , and strengthening of the government family planning program . '' Increased abortion ( edit ) Abortion rates in Vietnam are unusually high by international standards , with a total abortion rate of at least 2.5 abortions per woman . Generally , the abortion rate for young age groups is higher than older age groups due to a limited awareness of contraceptive methods and availability . Individuals of lower educational levels also have higher abortion rates . Vietnam also has some of the world 's most liberal abortion laws , though the Vietnamese government is aiming to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortion - related difficulties . Although sex - selective abortions were banned by the government in 2006 , there is evidence that suggests that son preference is associated with a higher likelihood of repeat abortions , as women with no sons were significantly less likely to have a repeat abortion compared to women with one son . There are multiple factors influencing Vietnam 's high abortion rates . First , because women do not have access to contraceptive methods besides IUDs , whilst condoms remain expensive relative to average income , as a result many do not use effective birth control . Women who have undergone multiple abortions used short - term methods of contraceptives , such as condoms and contraceptive pills , which are less effective than long - acting contraceptives to which many do not have access . Secondly , due to the higher costs of raising a child in some geographic areas of Vietnam , abortions have become more acceptable . Furthermore , the era of modernization and development of free - market reforms since the 1980s has led to a rise in premarital and unwanted pregnancy , and subsequently increased abortion services . Additionally , the Vietnamese government has insufficient alternatives to abortion within the family planning purposes and a lack of post-abortion contraceptive dialogues for families . Thus , experts have suggested providing more diverse , long - acting contraceptive alternatives and increasing counseling for families that have experienced an abortion as methods to decrease abortion in Vietnam . See also ( edit ) One - child policy Only child Family planning Pledge two or fewer ( family limitation campaign ) Family planning in India -- Authorities in India unsuccessfully attempted to implement a two - child policy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` China to end one - child policy and allow two '' . BBC . 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China to allow two children for all couples '' . Xinhua. 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/topic/one-child-policy Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` 计生委新闻发言人 : 11 % 以上人口可生两个孩子 ( English : `` Spokesperson of the one - child policy committee : 11 % or more of the population may have two children ) '' ( in Chinese ) . Sina.com. 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Patti Waldmeir ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) . `` China 's ' one - child ' rethink marks symbolic shift '' . FT . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ouyang , Y. ( 2013 ) . `` China relaxes its one - child policy '' . The Lancet . 382 ( 9907 ) : e28 -- e30 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 13 ) 62544 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-07/10/content_17706811.htm Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` China Sticking With One - Child Policy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New rich challenge family planning policy . '' Xinhua . Jump up ^ `` The government in Xinjiang is trying to limit Muslim births '' . The Economist. 7 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China to end one - child policy and allow two '' . BBC . 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China to allow two children for all couples '' . Xinhua. 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News Analysis : Two - child policy calls for better public services - Xinhua English.news.cn '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Top legislature amends law to allow all couples to have two children '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China officially ends one - child policy , signing into law bill allowing married couples to have two children '' . ABC Online . 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China : 1 child policy ends officially , bill allowing 2nd child signed '' . Hindustan Times . 27 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : History of the Family Planning Association of Hong Kong ^ Jump up to : History of International Planned Parenthood Federation Archived 2009 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Amount of Allowance for the Latest 7 years '' . GovHK . The Government of Hong Kong . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY ASSISTANCE '' ( PDF ) . Social Welfare Department . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Social Welfare Department . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian , History of Modern Iran , ( 2008 ) , p. 184 Jump up ^ Sciolino , Elaine , Persian Mirrors : the Elusive Face of Iran , Free Press , 2000 , 2005 ( p. 282 ) Jump up ^ Prospects for Ahmadinejad 's Call for More Rapid Population Growth in Iran Tait , Robert ( October 23 , 2006 ) . `` Ahmadinejad urges Iranian baby boom to challenge west '' . Guardian Unlimited . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Iran urges baby boom , slashes birth - control programs '' . usatoday . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Firth , Niall ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Families should have no more than two children - thinktank '' . London : The Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Two - child benefits policy targets the strivers in low - paid jobs '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grice , Andrew ( 26 October 2012 ) . `` What is Iain Duncan Smith 's two - child policy ? '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Asa ( 26 October 2015 ) . `` Tax credits : what are they , who claims them , and why is everyone so angry about the cuts ? '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ; Butler , Patrick ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Government under fire over new child tax credit form for rape victims '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rustin , Susanna ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` The ' rape rule ' for tax credits tramples the rights of children it 's meant to protect '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Ruth ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` This Cruel New U.K. Policy Punishes Women for Having More Than Two Children 378 69 618 '' . Slate . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Bang Nguyen ; Hill , Peter S ; Hall , Wayne ; Rao , Chalapati . `` The Evolution of Population Policy in Viet Nam '' . School of Population Health , University of Queensland . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goodkind , Daniel ( March 1995 ) . `` Vietnam 's One - or - Two - Child Policy in Action '' . Population and Development Review . 21 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 111 . JSTOR 2137414 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137414 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Population ( Live ) '' . Worldometers . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fertility rate , total ( births per woman ) '' . World Bank . World Bank . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Searchinger , Tim ; Hanson , Craig ; Waite , Richard ; Lipinski , Brian ; Leeson , George ; Harper , Sarah . `` Achieving Replacement Level Fertility '' . World Resources Institute . World Resources Institute . Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( March 12 , 2002 ) . Our Vietnam : The War 1954 - 1975 . Simon & Schuster . p. 671 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 1231 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Knudsen , Lara ( June 30 , 2006 ) . Reproductive Rights in a Global Context : South Africa , Uganda , Peru , Denmark , United States , Vietnam , Jordan ( 1 ed . ) . Vanderbilt University Press . pp. 139 -- 168 . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1528 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allman , James ; Vu , Qui Nhan ; Nguyen , Minh Thang ; Pham , Bich San ( September 1991 ) . `` Fertility and Family Planning in Vietnam '' . Studies in Family Planning . 22 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 317 . doi : 10.2307 / 1966685 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viet Nam '' . United Nations . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Donald ( April 1996 ) . `` Doi Moi Policy and the Small - Enterprise Boom in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam '' . Geographical Review . 86 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 197 . doi : 10.2307 / 215955 . ^ Jump up to : Bruun , Ole ; Jacobsen , Michael ( 2 September 2000 ) . Human Rights and Asian Values : Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia . Psychology Press . pp. 161 -- 180 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1212 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam 's New Fertility Policy '' . Population and Development Review . 15 ( 1 ) : 169 -- 172 . Mar 1989 . doi : 10.2307 / 1973424 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution of 1993 on Policy Concerning the Population and Family Planning Work '' . Hanoi Voice of Vietnam Network . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ May , John F. ( March 30 , 2012 ) . World Population Policies : Their Origin , Evolution , and Impact . Springer . pp. 139 -- 145 . ISBN 94 - 007 - 2836 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Population Ordinance ( 6 / 2003 ) '' . The Standing Committee of National Assembly . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ordinance No. 08 / 2008 '' . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pham , Bang Nguyen ( 2014 ) . `` The Demographic Transition and Implications for the New Law on Population in Vietnam '' . Asian Population Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 240 . doi : 10.1080 / 17441730.2014. 955162 . ^ Jump up to : Haughton , Jonathan ( 1997 ) . `` Falling Fertility in Vietnam '' . Population Studies : A Journal of Demography. 51 ( 2 ) : 203 -- 211 . doi : 10.1080 / 0032472031000149916 . ^ Jump up to : Wisensale , Steven ( 2000 ) . `` Family Policy in a Changing Vietnam '' . Journal of Comparative Family Studies . 31 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 90 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of Population and Development in Vietnam '' . Population Reference Bureau . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Nhi , Tran Xuan . `` Vietnam 's families '' . Worldwide State of the Family . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Haughton , Jonathan ; Haughton , Dominique ( 1995 ) . `` Son Preference in Vietnam '' . Studies in Family Planning . 26 ( 6 ) : 325 -- 337 . doi : 10.2307 / 2138098 . ^ Jump up to : Guilmoto , Christophe Z. ( March 2012 ) . `` Son Preference , Sex Selection , and Kinship in Vietnam '' . Population and Development Review . 38 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 54 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2012. 00471. x . ^ Jump up to : Belanger , Daniele ; Khuat , Thi Hai Oanh ; Liu , Jianye ; Le , Thanh Thuy ; Pham , Viet Thanh ( 2003 ) . `` Are Sex Ratios at Birth Increasing in Vietnam ? '' . Population. 58 : 231 -- 250 . doi : 10.2307 / 3246604 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam 's New Fertility Policy '' . Population and Development Review . 15 ( 1 ) : 169 -- 172 . February 1989 . doi : 10.2307 / 1973424 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , S. ( September 1992 ) . `` In Vietnam , Contraceptive Awareness High , Use Low Despite Two - Child Policy '' . International Family Planning Perspectives. 18 ( 3 ) : 117 -- 119 . doi : 10.2307 / 2133412 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Annika ; Le , Thi Nham Tuyet ; Nguyen , Lap ; Kajsa , Sundstrom ( September 1996 ) . `` Abortion in Context : Women 's Experience in Two Villages in Thai Binh Province , Vietnam '' . International Family Planning Perspectives. 22 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 107 . doi : 10.2307 / 2950750 . ^ Jump up to : Goodkind , Daniel ( December 1994 ) . `` Abortion in Vietnam : Measurements , Puzzles , and Concerns '' . Studies in Family Planning . 25 ( 6 ) : 342 -- 352 . doi : 10.2307 / 2137878 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Thanh Binh ( January 2012 ) . `` Abortion in Present Day Vietnam '' . International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences . 2 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Andrea ( 2012 ) . Abortion in Asia : Local Dilemmas , Global Politics . Berghahn Books . ISBN 0 - 85745 - 795 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Thoai D. ; Keogh , Sarah ; Nguyen , Thang H. ; Le , Hoan T. ; Pham , Kiet H.T. ; Nguyen , Yen B.T. ( June 2014 ) . `` Risk factors for repeat abortion and implications for addressing unintended pregnancy in Vietnam '' . International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 125 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 246 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijgo. 2013.11. 014 . Further reading ( edit ) Fong , Mei ( 2015 ) . One Child : The Past And Future Of China 's Most Radical Experiment . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 544 - 27539 - X . Reproductive health Rights Compulsory sterilization Contraceptive security Genital integrity Circumcision controversies Genital modification and mutilation Intersex Education Genetic counseling Pre-conception counseling Sex education Planning Assisted reproductive technology Birth control Childfree / Childlessness Parenting Adoption Childbirth Foster care Reproductive life plan Safe sex Health Men 's Women 's Vulvovaginal Research Self - report sexual risk behaviors Pregnancy Abortion Maternal health Obstetrics Options counseling Pregnancy from rape Pregnant patients ' rights Prenatal care Teenage pregnancy Preteen pregnancy Unintended pregnancy Medicine Andrology Genitourinary medicine Gynaecology Obstetrics and gynaecology Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Sexual medicine Disorder Disorders of sex development Infertility Reproductive system disease Sexual dysfunction Sexually transmitted infection Clinic By country China India Iran Ireland Pakistan Philippines Singapore United Kingdom Teen United States Teen pregnancy Birth control History Birth control movement in the United States History of condoms Social hygiene movement Timeline of reproductive rights legislation Policy One - child policy Two - child policy Financial Baby bonus Bachelor tax Birth credit Child benefit Tax on childlessness Human impact on the environment General Anthropocene Environmental issues Human impact Impact assessment List of issues Planetary boundaries Causes Agriculture fishing irrigation meat production palm oil Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity generation nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs wind power Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Tourism Transport aviation roads shipping reservoirs Other land use mining genetic pollution human overpopulation overexploitation particulates pollution war Effects Biodiversity threats Biodiversity loss Climate change Deforestation Desertification Ecocide Erosion Coral reefs Freshwater cycle Global warming Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land surface effects on climate Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Runaway climate change Mitigation Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Climate engineering Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainable consumption Waste minimization Commons by country assessment mitigation Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women 's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One - child policy Two - child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off - roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth 's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot ( population ) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc . An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Linguistic diversity Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two-child_policy&oldid=807370291 '' Categories : Birth control law and case law One - child policy Human overpopulation Population ecology Population Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia සිංහල Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 14 : 41 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-child%20policy	64,530
what are the words to good golly miss molly			Good Golly , Miss Molly	good golly, miss molly	`` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' is a hit rock ' n ' roll song first recorded in 1956 by the American musician Little Richard and released in January 1958 as Specialty single 624 and next in July 1958 on Little Richard . The song , a jump blues , was written by John Marascalco and producer Robert `` Bumps '' Blackwell . Although it was first recorded by Little Richard , Blackwell produced another version by The Valiants , who imitated the fast first version recorded by Little Richard , not released at this time . Although the Valiants ' version was released first ( in 1957 ) , Little Richard had the hit , reaching # 4 . Like all his early hits , it quickly became a rock ' n ' roll standard and has subsequently been recorded by hundreds of artists . The song is ranked # 94 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time .	Contents 1 Song origin 2 Little Richard Specialty recording sessions 2.1 July 30 , 1956 : J&M Studio , New Orleans 2.2 October 15 , 1956 : J&M Studio , New Orleans 3 Little Richard later studio recording sessions 4 Other versions 5 References 6 External links Song origin ( edit ) Little Richard first heard the phrase `` Good golly , Miss Molly '' from a Southern DJ named Jimmy Pennick . He modified the lyrics into the more suggestive `` Good golly , Miss Molly / You sure like to ball '' . Little Richard himself later claimed that he took the music from Ike Turner 's piano intro to Jackie Brenston 's influential 1951 rock and roll song `` Rocket 88 '' , and used it for `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' . `` I always liked that record , '' Richard recalled , `` and I used to use the riff in my act , so when we were looking for a lead - in to ' Good Golly , Miss Molly ' , I did that and it fit . '' Little Richard Specialty recording Sessions ( edit ) July 30 , 1956 : j&m studio , new orleans ( edit ) Supervised by Bumps Blackwell . Personnel : Little Richard - vocal , piano with : Lee Allen - tenor saxophone Alvin `` Red '' Tyler - baritone saxophone Roy Eustis Montrell - guitar Frank Fields - leader , bass Earl Palmer - drums One take and one false start from this session were released in 1989 on Little Richard Specialty Sessions ( Ace Records sets ) as fast versions . October 15 , 1956 : j&m studio , new orleans ( edit ) Supervised by Art Rupe . Personnel : Little Richard - vocal , piano with : Lee Allen - tenor saxophone Alvin Tyler - baritone saxophone Roy Eustis Montrell - guitar Frank Fields - bass Earl Palmer - leader , drums At least ten takes were recorded . Take 9 was selected as master for single and album of 1958 . Three other takes were released in 1989 on Little Richard Specialty Sessions ( Ace Records sets ) . Little Richard later studio recording Sessions ( edit ) After leaving Specialty Records Little Richard returned to `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' many times . In particularly , he recorded this song : Circa December 1964 for Vee - Jay Records , released on Little Richard 's Greatest Hits In December 1965 for Modern Records , released on The Wild and Frantic Little Richard In January 25 , 1967 for Okeh Records , released on Little Richard 's Greatest Hits : Recorded Live ! Circa late 1972 for the film Let the Good Times Roll , released by Bell Records circa May 1973 as single Bell - 1780 without flip and on double LP Let the Good Times Roll ( Original Soundtrack ) In August 1976 for K - tel International , released on Little Richard Live These are studio recordings . Other versions ( edit ) In November 1962 Jerry Lee Lewis released the single `` Good Golly Miss Molly '' ( Sun 382 ) , reissued on compilation album Breathless ( 1967 ) and on Rockin ' Rhythm & Blues ( 1969 ) . Creedence Clearwater Revival recorded the song in 1969 on their Bayou Country album with slightly changed lyrics . Instead of the result of the gift of a diamond ring being `` When she hugs me , her kissin ' make me ting - a-ling - a-ling , '' John Fogerty sang , `` Would you pardon me a kissin ' and a ting - a-ling - a-ling ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Quasar of Rock . Da Capo Press . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80552 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Good Golly , Miss Molly ( song by Little Richard ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . April 2010 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charles White ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) . `` The Life And Times Of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Little Richard -- The Specialty Sessions -- 8 Album Set ( booklet ) . London : Ace Records Ltd. 1989 . p. 29 . ABOXLP 1 ( set ) , ABOXBK1 ( booklet ) . Jump up ^ White , Charles ( 1994 ) . The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Quasar of Rock . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80552 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 54 - Hail , Hail , Rock ' n ' Roll : Getting back to rock 's funky , essential essence . ( Part 3 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . External links ( edit ) 500 Greatest Songs of All Time Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Little Richard Studio albums Here 's Little Richard Little Richard The Fabulous Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard Pray Along with Little Richard ( Vol 2 ) The King of the Gospel Singers Little Richard Is Back ( And There 's a Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On ! ) Little Richard 's Greatest Hits The Wild and Frantic Little Richard The Explosive Little Richard The Rill Thing Mr. Big The King of Rock and Roll The Second Coming Southern Child Friends from the Beginning - Little Richard and Jimi Hendrix Right Now ! Talkin ' ' bout Soul Little Richard Live God 's Beautiful City Lifetime Friend Shake It All About Little Richard Meets Masayoshi Takanaka Live albums The Incredible Little Richard Sings His Greatest Hits - Live ! Little Richard 's Greatest Hits : Recorded Live ! Singles `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Long Tall Sally '' `` Slippin ' and Slidin ' '' `` Rip It Up '' `` Ready Teddy '' `` She 's Got It '' `` Heeby - Jeebies '' `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' `` All Around the World '' `` Lucille '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Jenny , Jenny '' `` Miss Ann '' `` Keep A-Knockin ' '' `` Good Golly , Miss Molly '' `` Ooh ! My Soul '' `` True Fine Mama '' Baby Face '' `` Kansas City '' `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' `` He 's Not Just a Soldier '' `` He Got What He Wanted ( But He Lost What He Had ) '' `` Crying in the Chapel '' `` Bama Lama Bama Loo '' `` Whole Lotta Shakin ' Goin ' On '' `` Goodnight , Irene '' `` I Do n't Know What You 've Got ( But It 's Got Me ) '' `` Poor Dog '' `` Commandments of Love '' `` Freedom Blues '' `` Greenwood , Mississippi '' '' `` In the Middle of the Night '' `` Call My Name '' `` Great Gosh A-Mighty ! '' `` Operator '' `` Somebody 's Comin ' '' `` Twins '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Songs by Little Richard Billy Wright Robert Blackwell Art Rupe Esquerita Jimi Hendrix James Brown Larry Williams Little Richard ( miniseries ) Book : Little Richard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Golly,_Miss_Molly&oldid=853149382 '' Categories : 1958 singles 1964 singles 1966 singles Songs written by John Marascalco Songs written by Robert Blackwell Little Richard songs Bruce Springsteen songs Creedence Clearwater Revival songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Song recordings produced by Robert Blackwell 1958 songs Specialty Records singles Okeh Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Golly%2C%20Miss%20Molly	47,511
who does the voice of mr. krabs on spongebob	Clarence J. `` Clancy '' Brown III ( born January 5 , 1959 ) is an American actor and voice actor known for his roles as the Kurgan in the fantasy film Highlander ( 1986 ) , Captain Byron Hadley in the prison drama film The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and Brother Justin Crowe in the television series Carnivàle ( 2003 -- 2005 ) . Brown has also provided his voice to many films , television series , and video games , including Lex Luthor in various media , Doctor Neo Cortex in the Crash Bandicoot video game series , and Mr. Krabs in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants .	Clarence J. `` Clancy '' Brown III	Clancy Brown	clancy brown	Clarence J. `` Clancy '' Brown III ( born January 5 , 1959 ) is an American actor and voice actor known for his roles as the Kurgan in the fantasy film Highlander ( 1986 ) , Captain Byron Hadley in the prison drama film The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) and Brother Justin Crowe in the television series Carnivàle ( 2003 -- 2005 ) . Brown has also provided his voice to many films , television series , and video games , including Lex Luthor in various media , Doctor Neo Cortex in the Crash Bandicoot video game series , and Mr. Krabs in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film roles 2.2 Television roles 2.3 Voice roles 2.4 DC Universe roles 2.5 Marvel universe roles 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Brown was born in 1959 in Urbana , Ohio , and had an older sister , Beth ( c. 1957 -- 1964 ) . Their mother , Joyce Helen ( Eldridge ) , was a conductor , composer , and concert pianist . Their father , Clarence J. `` Bud '' Brown , Jr. , helped manage the Brown Publishing Company , the family - owned newspaper business started by Clancy 's grandfather , Congressman Clarence J. Brown . From 1965 to 1983 , Bud Brown also served as a congressman , and later as Chairman of the Board of Brown Publishing . The family operated the business until 2010 . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to his height , deep voice and large frame , Brown is often cast in the roles of villains or authority figures . His career tends to alternate among mainstream television and cable ; major studio and independent movies ; and a large repertoire of voice work for animated and video game roles . Film roles ( edit ) Brown is known for his role as the Kurgan in the 1986 film Highlander , his role as Captain Byron Hadley in The Shawshank Redemption , Viking Lofgren in the drama movie Bad Boys ( 1983 ) , Rawhide in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension ( 1984 ) , Frankenstein 's monster in The Bride ( 1985 ) , Army mercenary Larry McRose in Extreme Prejudice , played a role of a band manager in a movie called Thunder Alley ( 1985 ) ( 1987 ) , vicious killer Steve in Shoot to Kill ( 1988 ) , the police officer in Michael Jackson 's short movie Speed Demon ( 1988 ) , Dead Man Walking ( cameo only ) , Sheriff Gus Gilbert in Pet Sematary Two , Career Sergeant Zim in Starship Troopers ( a role he would reprise in the animated series Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles ) , and Captain William Hadley in The Guardian . He also played a role in Flubber as one of the evil henchmen that get harmed by uncontrollably bouncing sports equipment . In 1989 , he appeared in the action thriller Blue Steel . Brown has played prison officers in three movies dealing with miscarriages of justice : the tyrannical Captain Byron Hadley in The Shawshank Redemption , the sympathetic Lt. Williams in The Hurricane , and Lt. McMannis in Last Light . In 2001 , he played a magical character credited as ' The granter of wishes ' in the Hallmark version of Snow White . In 2007 , he played the Viking leader opposite Karl Urban in Pathfinder . He starred in several independent films in 2008 : The Burrowers , screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2008 , and released in the United States on DVD in April 2009 , and The Twenty . He appeared in Steven Soderbergh 's 2009 film The Informant ! opposite Matt Damon in which he played an attorney . He also portrayed Alan Smith in Samuel Bayer 's 2010 remake of the horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street . In 2011 , he starred in Cowboys & Aliens ( directed by Jon Favreau ) alongside Daniel Craig , Harrison Ford and Olivia Wilde . He is cast as the voice of The Goon in the upcoming animated feature film . He also stars as Albert Marconi in the film adaptation of the David Wong novel , John Dies at the End , directed by Don Coscarelli . Television roles ( edit ) Brown was a series regular on the science fiction series Earth 2 from 1994 to 1995 , playing the role of John Danziger . Brown was notable as the sinister preacher Brother Justin Crowe in the HBO series Carnivàle . Though the series only ran for two seasons , Carnivàle has attained a cult popularity and his performance was applauded by critics for showcasing a new side to his acting talents . He also starred in the Showtime production In the Company of Spies and the HBO film Cast a Deadly Spell . He has also made many guest appearances on various television series including ER , the Star Trek : Enterprise episode `` Desert Crossing '' as Zobral , Lost as Kelvin Joe Inman , and former baseball player ( and investment scam mark ) Rudy Blue on The Riches . Brown also appeared as the frontiersman Simon Kenton , the key to America 's westward expansion , in the 2000 Kentucky Educational Television production `` A Walk with Simon Kenton '' . Kenton resembled Brown in stature and is buried in Brown 's hometown . Brown most recently appeared as Hart Sterling , founding partner of fictional law firm Sterling , Huddle , Oppenheim & Craft in ABC 's The Deep End . He also guest starred on the Leverage series episode `` The Gone Fishin Job '' and on The Dukes of Hazzard sixth - season episode `` Too Many Roscos '' . Currently , he appears on The CW 's TV production of The Flash in the recurring guest - star role of General Wade Eiling . He has also portrayed Ray Schoonover in the Daredevil episodes `` Guilty as Sin '' and `` The Dark at the End of the Tunnel '' . Voice roles ( edit ) As a voice - over actor , Brown has appeared in several video games , usually playing an antagonistic character . He voiced the corrupt Baron Praxis in the PlayStation 2 video game Jak II ; Doctor Neo Cortex and Uka Uka in a number of the Crash Bandicoot video games ; Montross ( a Mandalorian rival of Jango Fett ) in Star Wars : Bounty Hunter ; Hades in God of War III ; Thrall in the cancelled video game Warcraft Adventures : Lord of the Clans ; Scourgelord Tyrannus in World of Warcraft : Wrath of the Lich King ; and the conniving Alderman Richard Hughes in the Xbox 360 game Saints Row . For animated television series , he voiced several characters ( Hakon , Tomas Brod and Wolf ) in the series Gargoyles ; Tanuki Gonta in the English language dub of Pom Poko ( 1994 ) ; Raiden on the animated series Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm ; a Hessian trooper in The Night of the Headless Horseman ( 1999 ) ; billionaire Maxmilian Speil in Godzilla : The Series ; and five of the six members of Legion Ex Machina in Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot . Since 1999 , he has played the role of Mr. Krabs of SpongeBob SquarePants ( as well as The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie and its sequel The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ) . From 2000 to 2005 , he played several roles ( Captain Black , Ratso and the animated moose doll Super Moose ) on Jackie Chan Adventures . He also voiced Vice-Principal Pangborn in All Grown Up ! , Barkmeat in Catscratch , Otto in Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! , and Gorrath in Megas XLR . For Disney , he has played roles such as the Dark Dragon in American Dragon : Jake Long , the Ugly Bald Guy in the movie Recess : School 's Out , as well as Undertow in The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea , and he also made a guest appearance in the Kim Possible episode `` Oh , No ! Yono '' where he played the titular character . In the Avatar franchise , Brown voiced corrupt Dai Li leader Long Feng in Avatar : The Last Airbender in 2006 and top gangster Yakone in The Legend of Korra in 2012 . He guest starred in The Penguins of Madagascar episodes `` The Red Squirrel '' and `` Our Man in Grrfurjiclestan '' as the rockhopper penguin Buck Rockgut . He also guest starred in Duck Dodgers as the voice of Archduke Zag . He makes a few guest appearances in the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb , most notably as Santa Claus , the Regurgitator , and the Warden at Smile Away Reformatory School . In 2010 , he played various characters on Adventure Time including the Demon Cat in `` Dungeon '' and the narrator for the opening and closing quotes in the episode `` Ocean of Fear '' . Brown also voices Destro in G.I. Joe : Renegades ; Jeff Fischer 's biological father in American Dad ! ; Grune the Destroyer in the ThunderCats reboot ; and the recurring role of Agent Silas in Transformers : Prime . From 2011 to 2013 , Brown voiced Savage Opress , Count Dooku 's new apprentice and Darth Maul 's brother , in Star Wars : The Clone Wars . He starred as Chris `` Dogpound or Rahzar '' Bradford , Shredder 's top henchman , in the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series . From the third quarter of 2014 , Brown began doing voice - overs as the main talent for Chevy truck national and regional television commercials . On March 21 , 2016 , Brown voiced the Red Death , a parody of the Marvel villain Red Skull , in The Venture Brothers episode `` Red Means Stop '' . DC universe roles ( edit ) Brown 's best - known role is perhaps as the villainous Lex Luthor , a role that he played for over twelve years . He first voiced Luthor in the DCAU , starting with Superman : The Animated Series ( where he had originally auditioned for the role of Superman ) and reprised his role in the subsequent animated series Justice League and Justice League Unlimited . He also voiced the character in the video game Superman : Shadow of Apokolips as well as The Batman cartoon series . Brown later again played Luthor in the 2009 animated film Superman / Batman : Public Enemies . He also voiced a character under the name Rohtul ( which is Luthor spelled backwards ) in Batman : Brave and the Bold ( while Kevin Michael Richardson provided the voice of the actual character ) . Brown once again voiced Lex in the video games Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes and Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham . From all these vocal appearances , Brown has played Lex Luthor longer than any other actor in history , including Gene Hackman ( in the first Superman film saga ) as well as his own Justice League co-star Michael Rosenbaum ( in Smallville ) . Brown is also known for his voice work as villains in various DC animated series , movies , television shows , and video games : Charlie `` Big Time '' Bigelow on Batman Beyond , Trident on the Teen Titans cartoon series , Mr. Freeze and Bane on The Batman cartoon series , Per Degaton in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , Parallax in the live - action Green Lantern film , King Faraday in the Young Justice cartoon series , and General Zartok in Green Lantern : The Animated Series . Currently , he appears on The CW 's TV production of The Flash as recurring guest - star General Wade Eiling . Marvel universe roles ( edit ) Brown has also voiced various Marvel characters in various animated projects : Sasquatch on The Incredible Hulk 1996 cartoon series , several characters ( George Stacy , Rhino and Ox ) on The Spectacular Spider - Man , Mr. Sinister on Wolverine and the X-Men , Odin in Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , and both Red Hulk and Taskmaster on Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series . In Daredevil , he plays Colonel Schoonover , Frank Castle 's former commanding officer . In Thor : Ragnarok , he voices the fire demon Surtur . Personal life ( edit ) Brown has been married to his wife Jeanne Johnson since 1993 ; they have a son and daughter . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Bad Boys Viking Lofgren 1984 The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension Rawhide 1985 Thunder Alley Weasel 1985 The Bride Viktor 1986 Highlander Victor Kruger / The Kurgan Extreme Prejudice MSgt . Larry McRose 1988 Shoot to Kill Steve 1988 Moonwalker Police Officer Segment : `` Speed Demon '' 1989 Season of Fear Ward St. Clair 1989 Blue Steel Nick Mann 1990 Waiting for the Light Joe 1991 Ambition Albert Merrick 1991 Past Midnight Steve Lundy 1992 Pet Sematary Two Sheriff Gus Gilbert Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actor 1994 The Shawshank Redemption Captain Byron Hadley 1995 Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken Hakon ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1995 Dead Man Walking State Trooper Female Perversions 1997 Annabelle 's Wish Lawyer / Sheriff ( voices ) Direct - to - video 1997 Starship Troopers Sgt . Zim 1997 Flubber Smith 1998 The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story Akela the Wolf ( voice ) Direct - to - video 1999 Claire Makes It Big Frank Short film 1999 The Hurricane Lt. Jimmy Williams 2000 Chump Change The Man 2000 The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Undertow ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2001 Recess : School 's Out Bald Guy ( voice ) 2002 `` The Laramie Project '' Joe Debree 2003 The Making of Daniel Boone Allan Kenton 2003 Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast Mr. Krabs ( voice ) Short film 2003 Atlantis : Milo 's Return Volgud ( voice ) Direct - to - video Finding Neo Capt . Hadme Short film Gambling The Reverend The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Mr. Krabs ( voice ) 2005 Dogg 's Hamlet , Cahoot 's Macbeth Dogg 2005 Pom Poko Gonta ( voice ) English dub 2006 The Guardian Capt . William Hadley 2007 Pathfinder Gunnar 2007 Parker Max Crenna Short film 2008 The Burrowers John Clay 2008 The Express Roy Simmons 2008 NASA Seals Stone Short film 2009 The Twenty John Simmonds 2009 Slap Joe Short film 2009 The Informant ! Aubrey Daniel 2009 Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Lex Luthor ( voice ) Direct - to - video A Nightmare on Elm Street Alan Smith 2011 Green Lantern Parallax ( voice ) 2011 Cowboys & Aliens Meacham 2012 John Dies at the End Dr. Albert Marconi 2012 At Any Price Jim Johnson 2012 Hellbenders Father Angus 2013 Lego Batman : The Movie -- DC Super Heroes Unite Lex Luthor ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2013 Sparks Archer 2013 Water & Power Turnvil 2013 Nothing Left to Fear Kingsman 2013 Homefront Sheriff Keith Rodrigue 2013 The Trials of Cate McCall Brinkeroff 2013 I Know That Voice Himself Documentary 2014 Iron Man & Captain America : Heroes United Taskmaster ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2014 Just Before I Go Ted 's Dad 2014 When the Game Stands Tall Mickey Ryan 2014 99 Homes Mr. Freeman 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Mr. Krabs / Sir Pinch - A-Lot ( voice ) 2016 Hail , Caesar ! Gracchus 2016 Warcraft Blackhand ( motion capture ) 2017 Little Evil Reverend Gospel 2017 Stronger Jeff Bauman , Sr . 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Surtur ( voice ) 2017 Chappaquiddick Robert McNamara 2018 Supercon Adam King Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Dukes of Hazzard Kelly Episode : `` Too Many Roscos '' Corridos : Tales of Passion & Revolution John Reed Television film The Room Upstairs Kevin Television film The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains Flagg Television film 1989 Fair Game Earl Dunning Television film 1990 China Beach Joey Episode : `` Strange Brew '' 1990 Johnny Ryan Johnny Ryan Television film 1991 Love , Lies and Murder David Brown Television film 1991 Cast a Deadly Spell Harry Bordon Television film 1992 Revenge of the Nerds III : The Next Generation Clarence Television film 1993 Tales from the Crypt Roger Lassen Episode : `` Half - Way Horrible '' 1993 Desperate Rescue : The Cathy Malone Story Dave Chattelier Television film 1993 Bloodlines : Murder in the Family Ben Guardino Television film 1993 Last Light Lt. Lionel McMannis Television film 1994 The Little Mermaid Octopin Leader ( voice ) Episode : `` Heroes '' 1994 -- 1996 Gargoyles Hakkon / Wolf / Tomas Brod ( voices ) 12 episodes 1994 -- 1995 Earth 2 John Danziger 21 episodes 1995 Street Sharks Clammando ( voice ) 2 episodes 1995 The Outer Limits Sergeant Linden Styles Episode : `` Afterlife '' 1995 Donor Unknown Nash Creed Television film 1996 -- 2000 Superman : The Animated Series Lex Luthor ( voice ) 19 episodes 1996 -- 1997 The Mighty Ducks Siege ( voice ) 23 episodes Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm Raiden ( voice ) 13 episodes Desert Breeze Pilot The Incredible Hulk Sasquatch ( voice ) Episode : `` Man to Man , Beast to Beast '' Radiant City Al Goodman Television film 1997 The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest Colonel Nikolai / The Entity / Professor Francois ( voices ) 2 episodes 1997 The Legend of Calamity Jane Wild Bill Hickok ( voice ) 13 episodes 1997 Extreme Ghostbusters Tempus ( voice ) Episode : `` Ghost Apocalyptic Future '' 1997 -- 1998 ER Dr. Ellis West 7 episodes 1997 Hey Arnold ! Porkpie ( voice ) Episode : `` Freeze Frame '' 1997 -- 1998 The New Adventures of Zorro Additional Voices ( voice ) 26 episodes 1998 Hercules Blotox ( voice ) Episode : `` Hercules and the Techno Greeks '' 1998 The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs Baron Bone ( voice ) Episode : `` Bone / Time '' 1998 -- 2000 Voltron : The Third Dimension IGOR , Robot Maximus ( voices ) 5 episodes 1998 The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs Baron Bone ( voice ) Episode : `` Bone '' 1998 The Lionhearts Additional Voices Episode : `` But Some of My Best Friends are Clowns '' 1998 The Patron Saint of Liars Son Television film 1999 Timon & Pumbaa Angry Man ( voice ) Episode : `` Boo Hoo Bouquet '' 1999 The Caseys Pete Casey Pilot 1999 The Angry Beavers Harrington ( voice ) Episode : `` In Search of Big Byoo - Tox '' 1999 Vendetta Chief Hennessey Television film 1999 -- present SpongeBob SquarePants Mr. Krabs , Additional Voices 218 episodes 1999 -- 2001 Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Legion Ex Machina ( voices ) 26 episodes 1999 Godzilla : The Series Maxmillian Spiel ( voice ) 2 episodes 1999 In the Company of Spies Dale Beckham Television film 1999 The Night of the Headless Horseman Hessian Trooper ( voice ) Television film 2000 The Practice District Attorney Fox 2 episodes 2000 Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles Sgt . Charlie Zim ( voice ) 3 episodes 2000 -- 2005 Jackie Chan Adventures Captain Black / Ratso / Super Moose ( voices ) 67 episodes 2000 Recess Admiral LaMaise ( voice ) Episode : `` The Army Navy Game '' 2000 Histeria ! Additional Voices Episode : `` North America '' 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Tough / Kleev ( voices ) 2 episodes 2000 Batman Beyond Big Time ( voice ) Episode : `` Betrayal '' 2000 Yesterday 's Children Doug Cole Television film 2001 -- 2003 Justice League Lex Luthor ( voice ) 8 episodes 2001 -- 2004 Lloyd in Space Officer Frank Horton ( voice ) 12 episodes 2001 The Zeta Project Sheriff Morgan ( voice ) 2 episodes 2001 Boss of Bosses Andris Kurins Television film 2001 Snow White : The Fairest of Them All Green - Eyed One , the Granter of Wishes Television film 2002 Star Trek : Enterprise Zobral Episode : `` Desert Crossing '' 2002 The Powerpuff Girls Mascumax ( voice ) Episode : `` Members Only '' 2002 Red Skies Edgar Sterling Pilot 2002 Samurai Jack Dragon ( voice ) Episode : `` Jack and the Farting Dragon '' 2002 Breaking News Peter Kozyck 13 episodes 2002 The Laramie Project Rob Debree Television film 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Raymond ( voice ) Episode : `` Sword of Shikata '' 2003 Teen Titans Trident ( voice ) Episode : `` Deep Six '' 2003 Normal Frank Television film 2003 -- 2005 Carnivàle Brother Justin Crowe 24 episodes 2003 -- 2007 All Grown Up ! Vice Principal Estes Pangborn ( voice ) 10 episodes Duck Dodgers Archduke Zag ( voice ) Episode : `` Pig Planet '' Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Sarge ( voice ) Episode : `` Private Antics , Major Problems '' 2004 -- 2005 Megas XLR Gorrath ( voice ) 10 episodes 2004 -- 2006 Justice League Unlimited Lex Luthor ( voice ) 13 episodes 2004 -- 2006 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! Otto ( voice ) 52 episodes 2004 -- 2007 The Batman Mr. Freeze , Bane , Lex Luthor ( voices ) 6 episodes 2005 -- 2007 American Dragon : Jake Long Dark Dragon ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 -- 2007 Kim Possible Commander Kane / Yono The Destroyer ( voices ) 2 episodes 2005 Catscratch Barkmeat ( voice ) Episode : `` Off the Leash '' 2005 The Life and Times of Juniper Lee Lex Luthor / Nestor ( voices ) Episode : `` Monster Con '' 2005 -- 2006 A.T.O.M. Alexander Paine ( voice ) 12 episodes 2006 Lost Kelvin Inman 2 episodes 2006 Lilo & Stitch : The Series Ego Leader ( voice ) Episode : `` Ace '' 2006 -- 2007 Biker Mice from Mars Cataclysm ( voice ) 12 episodes 2006 Avatar : The Last Airbender Long Feng / Bosco ( voices ) 5 episodes 2007 Ben 10 Kenko ( voice ) Episode : `` Game Over '' 2007 The Riches Rudy Blue Episode : `` X Spots the Mark '' 2007 -- 2010 American Dad ! Henry Fischer / Clyde Templeton / Liquor Store Manager ( voices ) 3 episodes 2008 -- 2009 The Spectacular Spider - Man George Stacy / Rhino / Ox ( voices ) 16 episodes 2008 Ben 10 : Alien Force Dragon ( voice ) Episode : `` Be-Knighted '' 2008 -- 2009 Wolverine and the X-Men Mister Sinister ( voice ) 3 episodes 2008 Law & Order Sheriff John Burkhart Episode : `` Knock Off '' 2008 Blank Slate Agent Miles McAvoy Television film 2009 Phineas and Ferb Sergeant / The Regurgitator / Santa Claus / Additional voices 5 episodes 2009 The Secret Saturdays Dr. Bara ( voice ) Episode : `` Shadows of Lemuria '' Batman : The Brave and the Bold Per Degaton / Rohtul ( voices ) 2 episodes The Deep End Hart Sterling 6 episodes Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Magnus ( voice ) 2 episodes 2010 -- 2011 The Penguins of Madagascar Buck Rockgut ( voice ) 3 episodes Adventure Time Narrator / Demon Cat ( voice ) 2 episodes Leverage Hugh Whitman Episode : `` The Gone Fishin ' Job '' 2010 -- 2012 The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Odin ( voice ) 3 episodes Medium Rob Walcott Episode : `` Where Were You When ... ? '' 2010 -- 2011 G.I. Joe : Renegades Destro , Truman , Whistleblower ( voices ) 6 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Pound Puppies Salty / Billy Ray / Additional Voices 8 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Savage Opress / Additional voices 8 episodes 2011 -- 2013 Transformers Prime Silas ( voice ) 8 episodes 2011 Aim High Boris `` The Bear '' Klopov 5 episodes 2011 Thundercats Grune ( voice ) 6 episodes 2012 Young Justice King Faraday ( voice ) Episode : `` Performance '' 2012 Green Lantern : The Animated Series General Zartok ( voice ) 2 episodes 2012 The Frontier Jack Ramsay / Lamazee Pilot 2012 -- 2017 Ultimate Spider - Man Taskmaster / Thunderbolt Ross / Red Hulk / Ben Parker / Phantom Rider / Additional Voices 11 episodes 2012 The Legend of Korra Yakone ( voice ) 2 episodes 2012 -- 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Hebediah Grim / Nibiru - Evil Entity ( voices ) 3 episodes 2012 -- present Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Chris Bradford / Dogpound / Rahzar ( voice ) 30 episodes 2013 Dark Minions Drebnor ( voice ) Pilot 2013 Wander Over Yonder Badlands Dan ( voice ) Episode : `` The Bad Guy / The Troll '' 2013 The Surgeon General Becker Pilot 2013 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Pei Mei ( voice ) Episode : `` Five is Enough '' 2013 -- 2015 Sofia the First Constable Myles ( voice ) 3 episodes 2013 -- 2015 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Thunderbolt Ross / Red Hulk / Additional Voices 52 episodes 2013 DC Nation Shorts Negative Man / General Immortus ( voices ) 3 episodes 2013 -- 2016 Sleepy Hollow Sheriff August Corbin 6 episodes 2014 Archer Ricky ( voice ) Episode : `` Archer Vice : Baby Shower '' 2014 Agatha Hank Pilot 2014 Robot Chicken Gorilla Grodd ( voice ) Episode : `` DC Comics Special II : Villains in Paradise '' 2014 TripTank Baby / Doctor / Cop / El Jefe ( voices ) 3 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Avengers Assemble Red Hulk / Uatu the Watcher / Taskmaster ( voices ) 9 episodes 2014 The Trip to Bountiful D.A. Brinkerhoff Television film 2014 -- 2015 The Flash General Wade Eiling 4 episodes 2015 Axe Cop Additional Voices 3 episodes 2015 Golan the Insatiable Old Man ( voice ) Episode : `` Pilot '' 2015 -- 2016 Chicago P.D. Eddie 3 episodes 2015 -- 2017 Star Wars Rebels Ryder Azadi ( voice ) 7 episodes 2015 Family Guy Toilet Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` Dr. C and the Women '' 2015 Mickey Mouse Pig Biker ( voice ) Episode : `` Road Hogs '' 2016 Daredevil Ray Schoonover 2 episodes 2016 The Venture Bros Red Death ( voice ) Episode : `` Red Means Stop '' 2016 Milo Murphy 's Law Javier ( voice ) Episode : `` The Wilder West '' 2016 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Bloodwolf ( voice ) Episode : `` The Bloodwolf '' 2016 Trollhunters Gunmar ( voice ) Episode : `` Young Atlas '' 2017 -- present Tangled : The Series King Frederic ( voice ) 8 episodes 2017 Rick And Morty Risotto Groupon ( voice ) Episode : `` The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy '' 2017 OK K.O. ! Let 's Be Heroes Mr. Cardsley / Powio Statue / Pavel ( voice ) Episode : `` No More Pow Cards '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 1997 Lands of Lore : Guardians of Destiny The Draracle , Dracoid , Large Imp 1997 Crash Bandicoot 2 : Cortex Strikes Back Dr. Neo Cortex 1997 Fallout Rhombus 1998 Crash Bandicoot : Warped Dr. Neo Cortex , Uka Uka 1998 Spyro the Dragon Delbin , Obasi , Baruti , Unika , Halvor , Enzo , Maximos , Nestor , Gavin , Titan , Magnus , Gunner , Boris , Cedric , Bubba , Lateef , Additional Voices 1999 Crash Team Racing Dr. Neo Cortex , Uka Uka 1999 Lands of Lore III Draracle , Celerian 2000 Crash Bash Dr. Neo Cortex , Uka Uka 2001 Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex Dr. Neo Cortex , Uka Uka 2002 SpongeBob SquarePants : Employee of the Month Mr. Krabs 2002 Superman : Shadow of Apokolips Lex Luthor 2002 Run Like Hell : Hunt or Be Hunted Dag'rek 2002 Star Wars : Bounty Hunter Montross 2002 Minority Report : Everybody Runs John Anderton 2002 SpongeBob SquarePants : Revenge of the Flying Dutchman Mr. Krabs 2003 Jak II Baron Praxis 2003 Nickelodeon Toon Twister 3D Mr. Krabs 2003 Crash Nitro Kart Dr. Neo Cortex , Uka Uka Jak 3 Baron Praxis The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Mr. Krabs 2005 SpongeBob SquarePants : Lights , Camera , Pants ! Mr. Krabs 2005 Sly 3 : Honor Among Thieves Lt. Gronk 2006 Saints Row Alderman Hughes 2007 Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Burning Earth Long Feng God of War III Hades 2012 Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes Lex Luthor 2012 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Strike Force Soldier 2012 PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Baron Praxis 2014 Lichdom : Battlemage Roth 2014 Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Lex Luthor 2015 SpongeBob HeroPants Mr. Krabs / Sir Pinch - A-Lot 2015 Lego Dimensions Lex Luthor 2016 Hammer 2 : Reloaded Hammer 2017 Mass Effect : Andromeda Alec Ryder References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Clancy Brown Biography '' , Film Reference Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Beth Brown Memorial Foundation . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ United States Congress . `` Clancy Brown ( id : B000910 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Jump up ^ By MrDisgusting on April 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Full Synopsis and Details for New Line 's ' A Nightmare on Elm Street ' '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Movieblips.com Jump up ^ J. O'Connor , John ( September 10 , 1991 ) . `` Review / Television ; A Detective and Sci - Fi In Los Angeles Magic '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ http://comicbook.com/marvel/amp/2017/07/23/clancy-brown-cast-as-surtur-is-thor-ragnarok/ Jump up ^ `` Clancy Brown - John Dies at the End - ON Demand and in Theaters Now '' . Johndies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ I Know That Voice. 2013 . Jump up ^ Blazenhoff , Rusty ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` I Know That Voice , A Documentary About the World of Voice Acting '' . Laughing Squid . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` The Spongebob Squarepants Movie 2 Sets Up Shop in Savannah , Georgia - MovieWeb.com '' . MovieWeb.com . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Voisin , Scott , Character Kings : Hollywood 's Familiar Faces Discuss the Art and Business of Acting BearManor Media , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59393 - 342 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Clancy Brown Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clancy Brown . Clancy Brown on IMDb Clancy Brown at the TCM Movie Database Clancy Brown at AllMovie VIAF : 100319949 LCCN : no98131251 ISNI : 0000 0001 1079 3268 GND : 141783362 SUDOC : 182449440 BNF : cb140358989 ( data ) BIBSYS : 4097239 MusicBrainz : 420b656d - 3df3 - 4b30 - 8441 - 6d52c41d3dd5 BNE : XX1104044 IATH : w6s4702w Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clancy_Brown&oldid=808718392 '' Categories : 1959 births Living people Male actors from Ohio American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male video game actors Northwestern University School of Communication alumni St. Albans School ( Washington , D.C. ) alumni People from Champaign County , Ohio People from Urbana , Ohio Brown family ( newspaper publishers ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from October 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy%20Brown	37,442
when are dark absorption lines produced from a star			Spectral line	spectral line	A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum , resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range , compared with the nearby frequencies . Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules . These `` fingerprints '' can be compared to the previously collected `` fingerprints '' of atoms and molecules , and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets which would otherwise be impossible .	Contents 1 Types of line spectra 2 Nomenclature 3 Line broadening and shift 3.1 Broadening due to local effects 3.1. 1 Natural broadening 3.1. 2 Thermal Doppler broadening 3.1. 3 Pressure broadening 3.1. 4 Inhomogeneous broadening 3.2 Broadening due to non-local effects 3.2. 1 Opacity broadening 3.2. 2 Macroscopic Doppler broadening 3.2. 3 Radiative broadening 3.3 Combined effects 4 Spectral lines of chemical elements 4.1 Visible light 4.2 Other wavelengths 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Types of line spectra ( edit ) Continuous spectrum of an incandescent lamp ( mid ) and discrete spectrum lines of a fluorescent lamp ( bottom ) Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a quantum system ( usually atoms , but sometimes molecules or atomic nuclei ) and a single photon . When a photon has about the right amount of energy to allow a change in the energy state of the system ( in the case of an atom this is usually an electron changing orbitals ) , the photon is absorbed . Then it will be spontaneously re-emitted , either in the same frequency as the original or in a cascade , where the sum of the energies of the photons emitted will be equal to the energy of the one absorbed ( assuming the system returns to its original state ) . A spectral line may be observed either as an emission line or an absorption line . Which type of line is observed depends on the type of material and its temperature relative to another emission source . An absorption line is produced when photons from a hot , broad spectrum source pass through a cold material . The intensity of light , over a narrow frequency range , is reduced due to absorption by the material and re-emission in random directions . By contrast , a bright emission line is produced when photons from a hot material are detected in the presence of a broad spectrum from a cold source . The intensity of light , over a narrow frequency range , is increased due to emission by the material . Spectral lines are highly atom - specific , and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium capable of letting light pass through it ( typically gas is used ) . Several elements were discovered by spectroscopic means , such as helium , thallium , and cerium . Spectral lines also depend on the physical conditions of the gas , so they are widely used to determine the chemical composition of stars and other celestial bodies that can not be analyzed by other means , as well as their physical conditions . Mechanisms other than atom - photon interaction can produce spectral lines . Depending on the exact physical interaction ( with molecules , single particles , etc . ) , the frequency of the involved photons will vary widely , and lines can be observed across the electromagnetic spectrum , from radio waves to gamma rays . Nomenclature ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2008 ) Strong spectral lines in the visible part of the spectrum often have a unique Fraunhofer line designation , such as K for a line at 393.366 nm emerging from singly ionized Ca , though some of the Fraunhofer `` lines '' are blends of multiple lines from several different species . In other cases the lines are designated according to the level of ionization by adding a Roman numeral to the designation of the chemical element , so that Ca also has the designation Ca II . Neutral atoms are denoted with the roman number I , singly ionized atoms with II , and so on , so that for example Fe IX ( IX , roman 9 ) represents eight times ionized iron . More detailed designations usually include the line wavelength and may include a multiplet number ( for atomic lines ) or band designation ( for molecular lines ) . Many spectral lines of atomic hydrogen also have designations within their respective series , such as the Lyman series or Balmer series . Originally all spectral lines were classified into series of Principle series , Sharp series , and Diffuse series . These series exist across atoms of all elements and the Rydberg - Ritz combination principle is a formula that predicts the pattern of lines to be found in all atoms of the elements . For this reason , the NIST spectral line database contains a column for Ritz calculated lines . These series were later associated with suborbitals . Line broadening and shift ( edit ) A spectral line extends over a range of frequencies , not a single frequency ( i.e. , it has a nonzero linewidth ) . In addition , its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength . There are several reasons for this broadening and shift . These reasons may be divided into two general categories -- broadening due to local conditions and broadening due to extended conditions . Broadening due to local conditions is due to effects which hold in a small region around the emitting element , usually small enough to assure local thermodynamic equilibrium . Broadening due to extended conditions may result from changes to the spectral distribution of the radiation as it traverses its path to the observer . It also may result from the combining of radiation from a number of regions which are far from each other . Broadening due to local effects ( edit ) Natural broadening ( edit ) The uncertainty principle relates the lifetime of an excited state ( due to spontaneous radiative decay or the Auger process ) with the uncertainty of its energy . A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission . This broadening effect results in an unshifted Lorentzian profile . The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced . Thermal Doppler broadening ( edit ) Main article : Doppler broadening The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities . Each photon emitted will be `` red '' - or `` blue '' - shifted by the Doppler effect depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer . The higher the temperature of the gas , the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas . Since the spectral line is a combination of all of the emitted radiation , the higher the temperature of the gas , the broader the spectral line emitted from that gas . This broadening effect is described by a Gaussian profile and there is no associated shift . Pressure broadening ( edit ) The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle . There are two limiting cases by which this occurs : Impact pressure broadening or collisional broadening : The collision of other particles with the emitting particle interrupts the emission process , and by shortening the characteristic time for the process , increases the uncertainty in the energy emitted ( as occurs in natural broadening ) . The duration of the collision is much shorter than the lifetime of the emission process . This effect depends on both the density and the temperature of the gas . The broadening effect is described by a Lorentzian profile and there may be an associated shift . Quasistatic pressure broadening : The presence of other particles shifts the energy levels in the emitting particle , thereby altering the frequency of the emitted radiation . The duration of the influence is much longer than the lifetime of the emission process . This effect depends on the density of the gas , but is rather insensitive to temperature . The form of the line profile is determined by the functional form of the perturbing force with respect to distance from the perturbing particle . There may also be a shift in the line center . The general expression for the lineshape resulting from quasistatic pressure broadening is a 4 - parameter generalization of the Gaussian distribution known as a stable distribution . Pressure broadening may also be classified by the nature of the perturbing force as follows : Linear Stark broadening occurs via the linear Stark effect , which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance r ( \ displaystyle r ) , causing a shift in energy that is linear in the field strength . ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta E \ sim 1 / r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Resonance broadening occurs when the perturbing particle is of the same type as the emitting particle , which introduces the possibility of an energy exchange process . ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 3 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta E \ sim 1 / r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) Quadratic Stark broadening occurs via the quadratic Stark effect , which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field , causing a shift in energy that is quadratic in the field strength . ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 4 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta E \ sim 1 / r ^ ( 4 ) ) ) Van der Waals broadening occurs when the emitting particle is being perturbed by van der Waals forces . For the quasistatic case , a van der Waals profile is often useful in describing the profile . The energy shift as a function of distance is given in the wings by e.g. the Lennard - Jones potential . ( Δ E ∼ 1 / r 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ Delta E \ sim 1 / r ^ ( 6 ) ) ) Inhomogeneous broadening ( edit ) Inhomogeneous broadening is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others , and therefore emit at a different frequency . This term is used especially for solids , where surfaces , grain boundaries , and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local environments for a given atom to occupy . In liquids , the effects of inhomogeneous broadening is sometimes reduced by a process called motional narrowing . Broadening due to non-local effects ( edit ) Certain types of broadening are the result of conditions over a large region of space rather than simply upon conditions that are local to the emitting particle . Opacity broadening ( edit ) Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space . This absorption depends on wavelength . The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater reabsorption probability than the photons at the line wings . Indeed , the reabsorption near the line center may be so great as to cause a self reversal in which the intensity at the center of the line is less than in the wings . This process is also sometimes called self - absorption . Macroscopic Doppler broadening ( edit ) Radiation emitted by a moving source is subject to Doppler shift due to a finite line - of - sight velocity projection . If different parts of the emitting body have different velocities ( along the line of sight ) , the resulting line will be broadened , with the line width proportional to the width of the velocity distribution . For example , radiation emitted from a distant rotating body , such as a star , will be broadened due to the line - of - sight variations in velocity on opposite sides of the star . The greater the rate of rotation , the broader the line . Another example is an imploding plasma shell in a Z - pinch . Radiative broadening ( edit ) Radiative broadening of the spectral absorption profile occurs because the on - resonance absorption in the center of the profile is saturated at much lower intensities than the off - resonant wings. Therefore , as intensity rises , absorption in the wings rises faster than absorption in the center , leading to a broadening of the profile . Radiative broadening occurs even at very low light intensities . Combined effects ( edit ) Each of these mechanisms can act in isolation or in combination with others . Assuming each effect is independent , the observed line profile is a convolution of the line profiles of each mechanism . For example , a combination of the thermal Doppler broadening and the impact pressure broadening yields a Voigt profile . However , the different line broadening mechanisms are not always independent . For example , the collisional effects and the motional Doppler shifts can act in a coherent manner , resulting under some conditions even in a collisional narrowing , known as the Dicke effect . Spectral lines of chemical elements ( edit ) Visible light ( edit ) For each element , the following table shows the spectral lines which show up in the visible spectrum , from about 400nm - 700nm . Spectral lines of the chemical elements Element Z Symbol Spectral lines hydrogen helium He lithium Li beryllium Be boron 5 carbon 6 nitrogen 7 oxygen 8 fluorine 9 neon 10 Ne sodium 11 Na magnesium 12 Mg aluminium 13 Al silicon 14 Si phosphorus 15 sulfur 16 chlorine 17 Cl argon 18 Ar potassium 19 calcium 20 Ca scandium 21 Sc titanium 22 Ti vanadium 23 V chromium 24 Cr manganese 25 Mn iron 26 Fe cobalt 27 Co nickel 28 Ni copper 29 Cu zinc 30 Zn gallium 31 Ga germanium 32 Ge arsenic 33 As selenium 34 Se bromine 35 Br krypton 36 Kr rubidium 37 Rb strontium 38 Sr yttrium 39 Y zirconium 40 Zr niobium 41 Nb molybdenum 42 Mo technetium 43 Tc ruthenium 44 Ru rhodium 45 Rh palladium 46 Pd silver 47 Ag cadmium 48 Cd indium 49 In tin 50 Sn antimony 51 Sb tellurium 52 Te iodine 53 xenon 54 Xe caesium 55 Cs barium 56 Ba lanthanum 57 La cerium 58 Ce praseodymium 59 Pr neodymium 60 Nd promethium 61 Pm samarium 62 Sm europium 63 Eu gadolinium 64 Gd terbium 65 Tb dysprosium 66 Dy holmium 67 Ho erbium 68 Er thulium 69 Tm ytterbium 70 Yb lutetium 71 Lu hafnium 72 Hf tantalum 73 Ta tungsten 74 rhenium 75 Re osmium 76 Os iridium 77 Ir platinum 78 Pt gold 79 Au mercury 80 Hg thallium 81 Tl lead 82 Pb bismuth 83 Bi polonium 84 Po radon 86 Rn radium 88 Ra actinium 89 Ac thorium 90 Th protactinium 91 Pa uranium 92 U neptunium 93 Np plutonium 94 Pu americium 95 Am curium 96 Cm berkelium 97 Bk californium 98 Cf einsteinium 99 Es Other wavelengths ( edit ) See also : Characteristic X-ray Without qualification , `` spectral lines '' generally implies that one is talking about lines with wavelengths which fall into the range of the visible spectrum . However , there are also many spectral lines which show up at wavelengths outside this range . At the much shorter wavelengths of x-rays , these are known as characteristic X-rays . Other frequencies have atomic spectral lines as well , such as the Lyman series , which falls in the ultraviolet range . See also ( edit ) Absorption spectrum Atomic spectral line Bohr model Electron configuration Emission spectrum Spectroscopy Spectral line ratios Fraunhofer line Hydrogen line Splatalogue Table of emission spectrum of gas discharge lamps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` van der Waals profile '' appears as lowercase in almost all sources , such as : Statistical mechanics of the liquid surface by Clive Anthony Croxton , 1980 , A Wiley - Interscience publication , ISBN 0 - 471 - 27663 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 27663 - 0 ; and in Journal of technical physics , Volume 36 , by Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki ( Polska Akademia Nauk ) , publisher : Państwowe Wydawn . Naukowe. , 1995 , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rothman , L.S. ; Gordon , I.E. ; Babikov , Y. ; Barbe , A. ; Chris Benner , D. ; Bernath , P.F. ; Birk , M. ; Bizzocchi , L. ; Boudon , V. ; Brown , L.R. ; Campargue , A. ; Chance , K. ; Cohen , E.A. ; Coudert , L.H. ; Devi , V.M. ; Drouin , B.J. ; Fayt , A. ; Flaud , J. - M. ; Gamache , R.R. ; Harrison , J.J. ; Hartmann , J. - M. ; Hill , C. ; Hodges , J.T. ; Jacquemart , D. ; Jolly , A. ; Lamouroux , J. ; Le Roy , R.J. ; Li , G. ; Long , D.A. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database '' . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 130 : 4 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2013JQSRT. 130 ... 4R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jqsrt. 2013.07. 002 . ISSN 0022 - 4073 . Jump up ^ For example , in the following article , decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity , thus reducing the natural broadening : Gabrielse , Gerald ; H. Dehmelt ( 1985 ) . `` Observation of Inhibited Spontaneous Emission '' . Physical Review Letters. 55 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1985PhRvL ... 55 ... 67G . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 55.67 . PMID 10031682 . Jump up ^ `` Collisional Broadening '' . Fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Peach , G. ( 1981 ) . `` Theory of the pressure broadening and shift of spectral lines '' . Advances in Physics. 30 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 474 . Bibcode : 1981AdPhy ... 30 ... 367P . doi : 10.1080 / 00018738100101467 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 14 . Further reading ( edit ) Griem , Hans R. ( 1997 ) . Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy . Cambridge : University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45504 - 9 . Griem , Hans R. ( 1974 ) . Spectral Line Broadening by Plasmas . New York : Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 302850 - 7 . Griem , Hans R. ( 1964 ) . Plasma Spectroscopy . New York : McGraw - Hill book Company . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&oldid=853010382 '' Categories : Spectroscopy Emission spectroscopy Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles to be expanded from October 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 20 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20line	107,730
the monitor was designed by swedish born engineer	John Ericsson ( born Johan ) ( July 31 , 1803 -- March 8 , 1889 ) was a Swedish - American inventor , active in England and the United States , and regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever . Ericsson collaborated on the design of the steam locomotive Novelty , which competed in the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , won by George Stephenson 's Rocket . In America he designed the US Navy 's first screw - propelled steam - frigate USS Princeton , in partnership with Captain Robert Stockton , who unjustly blamed him for a fatal accident . A new partnership with Cornelius H. DeLamater of the DeLamater Iron Works in New York resulted in the first armoured ship with a rotating turret , the USS Monitor , which dramatically saved the US naval blockading squadron from destruction by an ironclad Confederate vessel , CSS Virginia , at Hampton Roads in March 1862 .	John Ericsson ( born Johan )	John Ericsson	john ericsson	John Ericsson ( born Johan ) ( July 31 , 1803 -- March 8 , 1889 ) was a Swedish - American inventor , active in England and the United States , and regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever . Ericsson collaborated on the design of the steam locomotive Novelty , which competed in the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway , won by George Stephenson 's Rocket . In America he designed the US Navy 's first screw - propelled steam - frigate USS Princeton , in partnership with Captain Robert Stockton , who unjustly blamed him for a fatal accident . A new partnership with Cornelius H. DeLamater of the DeLamater Iron Works in New York resulted in the first armoured ship with a rotating turret , the USS Monitor , which dramatically saved the US naval blockading squadron from destruction by an ironclad Confederate vessel , CSS Virginia , at Hampton Roads in March 1862 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 2 Education 3 Propeller design 4 Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater 5 Hot air engine 6 Ship design 7 USS Monitor 8 Later designs 9 Death and ensuing controversy 10 Legacy 11 Inventions 12 Fellowships 13 Monuments and memorials 14 In popular culture 15 See also 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links Early career ( edit ) John Ericsson Johan Ericsson was born at Långban in Värmland , Sweden . He was the brother of Nils Ericson , a distinguished canal and railway builder in Sweden . Their father Olaf Ericsson ( 1778 -- 1818 ) had worked as the supervisor for a mine in Värmland . He had lost money in speculation and had to move his family to Forsvik in 1810 . There he worked as a director of blastings during the excavation of the Swedish Göta Canal . The extraordinary skills of the two Ericsson brothers were discovered by Baltzar von Platen , the architect of the Göta Canal . They were dubbed ' cadets of mechanics ' of the Swedish Royal Navy , and engaged as trainees at the canal enterprise . At the age of fourteen , John was already working independently as a surveyor . His assistant had to carry a footstool for him to reach the instruments during surveying work . At the age of seventeen he joined the Swedish army in Jämtland , serving in the Jämtland Field Ranger Regiment , as a Second Lieutenant , but was soon promoted to Lieutenant . He was sent to northern Sweden to do surveying , and in his spare time he constructed a heat engine which used the fumes from the fire instead of steam as a propellant . His skill and interest in mechanics made him resign from the army and move to England in 1826 . However his heat engine was not a success , as his prototype was designed to burn birchwood and would not work well with coal ( the main fuel used in England ) . Novelty , Braithwaite and Ericsson 's entry for the Rainhill Trials . Illustration from The Mechanics Magazine , 1829 . German drawing ( 1833 ) of the steam locomotive Wilhelm IV with scale in feet , built by `` Braithwaite und Ericsson '' . Notwithstanding the disappointment , he invented several other mechanisms instead based on steam , improving the heating process by adding fans to increase oxygen supply to the fire bed . In 1829 he and John Braithwaite built Novelty for the Rainhill Trials arranged by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway . It proved considerably faster than the other entrants but suffered recurring boiler problems , and the competition was won by English engineers George and Robert Stephenson with Rocket . Two further engines were built by Braithwaite and Ericsson , named William IV and Queen Adelaide after the new king and queen . These were generally larger and more robust than Novelty and differed in several details ( for example it is thought that a different design of blower was used which was an ' Induced Draught ' type , sucking the gases from the fire ) . The pair ran trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway but the railway declined to purchase the new designs . Their innovative steam fire engine proved an outstanding technical success by helping to quell the memorable Argyll Rooms fire on February 5 , 1830 ( where it worked for five hours when the other engines were frozen up ) , but was met with resistance from London 's established ' Fire Laddies ' and municipal authorities . An engine Ericsson constructed for Sir John Franklin 's use failed under the Antarctic conditions for which , out of Franklin 's desire to conceal his destination , it had not been designed . At this stage of Ercisson 's career the most successful and enduring of his inventions was the steam condenser , which allowed a steamer to produce fresh water for its boilers while at sea . His ' deep sea lead , ' a pressure - activated fathometer was another minor , but enduring success . The commercial failure and development costs of some of the machines devised and built by Ericsson during this period put him into debtors ' prison for an interval . At this time he also married 19 - year - old Amelia Byam , a disastrous match that ended in the couple 's separation until Amelia 's death . Education ( edit ) His only formal education was a basic officer 's education and training during his time in the Swedish Army . On March 27 , 1822 , John passed a surveyor 's examination in Stockholm . As a child he was taught to be a miner and surveyor by his father . Propeller design ( edit ) John Ericsson ( 1878 ) He then improved ship design with two screw - propellers moving in different directions ( as opposed to earlier tests with this technology , which used a single screw ) . However , the Admiralty disapproved of the invention , which led to the fortunate contact with the encouraging American captain Robert Stockton who had Ericsson design a propeller steamer for him and invited him to bring his invention to the United States of America , as it would supposedly be more welcomed in that place . As a result , Ericsson moved to New York in 1839 . Stockton 's plan was for Ericsson to oversee the development of a new class of frigate with Stockton using his considerable political connections to grease the wheels . Finally , after the succession to the Presidency by John Tyler , funds were allocated for a new design . Unfortunately they only received funding for a 700 - ton sloop instead of a frigate . The sloop eventually became USS Princeton , named after Stockton 's hometown . The ship took about three years to complete and was perhaps the most advanced warship of its time . In addition to twin screw propellers , it was originally designed to mount a 12 - inch muzzle - loading gun on a revolving pedestal . The gun had also been designed by Ericsson and used hoop construction to pre-tension the breech , adding to its strength and allowing safe use of a larger charge . Other innovations on the ship design included a collapsible funnel and an improved recoil system . The relations between Ericsson and Stockton had grown tense over time and , approaching the completion of the ship , Stockton began working to force Ericsson out of the project . Stockton carefully avoided letting outsiders know that Ericsson was the primary inventor . Stockton attempted to claim as much credit for himself as possible , even designing a second 12 in ( 300 mm ) gun to be mounted in Princeton . Unfortunately , not understanding the design of the first gun ( originally named `` The Orator '' , renamed `` The Oregon '' by Stockton ) , the second gun was fatally flawed . When launched , Princeton was an enormous success . On October 20 , 1843 , she won a speed trial against the paddle steamer SS Great Western , until then considered the fastest steamer afloat . Unfortunately , during a firing demonstration of Stockton 's gun , the breech ruptured , killing Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer , as well as six others . Stockton attempted to deflect the blame onto Ericsson , with moderate success , despite the fact Ericsson 's gun was sound and it was Stockton 's gun that had failed . Stockton also refused to pay Ericsson , and by using his political connections , Stockton blocked the Navy from paying him . These actions led to Ericsson 's later deep resentment toward the U.S. Navy . Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater ( edit ) When Ericsson arrived from England and settled in New York , he was persuaded by Samuel Risley of Greenwich Village to give his work to the Phoenix Foundry . There he met Cornelius H. DeLamater and soon a mutual attachment developed between the two , and rarely thereafter did Ericsson or DeLamater enter upon a business venture without first consulting the other . '' Personally , their friendship never faltered , though strained by the pressures of business and Ericsson 's quick temper , DeLamater called Ericsson `` John '' and Ericsson called DeLamater by his middle nickname `` Harry '' , intimacies almost unknown in Ericsson 's other relationships . In time , the DeLamater Iron Works became known as the Asylum where Capt Ericsson had free rein to experiment and attempt new feats . The Iron Witch was next constructed , the first iron steamboat . The first hot - air invention of Capt Ericsson was first introduced in the ship Ericsson , built entirely by DeLamater . The DeLamater Iron Works also launched the first submarine boat , first self - propelled torpedo , and first torpedo boat . When DeLamater died on February 2 , 1889 , Ericsson could not be consoled . Ericsson 's death one month later was not surprising to his close friends and acquaintances . '' Hot air engine ( edit ) Ericsson then proceeded to invent independently the caloric , or hot air , engine in the 1820s which used hot air , caloric in the scientific parlance of the day , instead of steam as a propellant . A similar device had been patented in 1816 by the Reverend Robert Stirling , whose technical priority of invention provides the usual term ' Stirling Engine ' for the device . Ericsson 's engine was not initially successful due to the differences in combustion temperatures between Swedish wood and British coal . In spite of his setbacks , Ericsson was awarded the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1862 for his invention . In his later years , the caloric engine would render Ericsson comfortably wealthy , as its boilerless design made it a much safer and more practical means of power for small industry than steam engines . Ericsson 's incorporation of a ' regenerator ' heat sink for his engine made it tremendously fuel - efficient . Apparently in the post Civil War era some time before or around 1882 , from the publishing date , a ship was purchased by a Captain Charles L. Dingley called the Ericsson with a weight of 1,645 tons that was built by John Ericsson ( Although the above section on John Ericsson 's Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater says that the ship known as the Ericsson was built by the DeLamater Iron Works ) to try out the hot air engine as a motive power in open ocean navigation . Ship design ( edit ) On September 26 , 1854 , Ericsson presented Napoleon III of France with drawings of iron - clad armored battle ships with a dome - shaped gun tower , and even though the French emperor praised this particular plan of an invention , he did nothing to bring it to practical application . In 1851 he designed the Caloric ship Ericsson . John Ericsson National Memorial at Washington , D.C. USS Monitor ( edit ) Replica of USS Monitor Main article : USS Monitor Shortly after the American Civil War broke out in 1861 , the Confederacy began constructing an ironclad ram upon the hull of USS Merrimack which had been partially burned and then sunk by Federal troops before it was captured by forces loyal to the Commonwealth of Virginia . Nearly concurrently , the United States Congress had recommended in August 1861 that armored ships be built for the American Navy . Ericsson still had a dislike for the U.S. Navy , but he was nevertheless convinced by Lincoln 's hard - working Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles , and Cornelius Scranton Bushnell to submit an ironclad ship design to them . Ericsson later presented drawings of USS Monitor , a novel design of armored ship which included a rotating turret housing a pair of large cannons . Despite controversy over the unique design , based on Swedish lumber rafts , the keel was eventually laid down and the ironclad was launched on March 6 , 1862 . The ship went from plans to launch in approximately 100 days , an amazing achievement . On March 8 , the former USS Merrimack , rechristened CSS Virginia , was wreaking havoc on the wooden Union Blockading Squadron in Virginia , sinking the USS Congress and USS Cumberland . The Monitor appeared the next day , initiating the first battle between ironclad warships on March 9 , 1862 , at Hampton Roads , Virginia . The battle ended in a tactical stalemate between the two ironclad warships , neither of which appeared capable of sinking the other , but strategically saved the remaining Union fleet from defeat . After this , numerous monitors were built for the Union , including twin turret versions , and contributed greatly to the naval victory of the Union over the rebellious states . Despite their low draft and subsequent problems in navigating in high seas , many basic design elements of the Monitor class were copied in future warships by other designers and navies . The rotating turret in particular is considered one of the greatest technological advances in naval history , still found on warships today . Later designs ( edit ) Later Ericsson designed other naval vessels and weapons , including a type of torpedo and a destroyer , a torpedo boat that could fire a cannon from an underwater port . He also provided some technical support for John Philip Holland in his early submarine experiments . In the book Contributions to the Centennial Exhibition ( 1877 , reprinted 1976 ) he presented his `` sun engines '' , which collected solar heat for a hot air engine . One of these designs earned Ericsson additional income after being converted to work as a methane gas engine . Death and ensuing controversy ( edit ) Ericsson died on March 8 , 1889 , the anniversary of the Battle of Hampton Roads , in which his Monitor famously played a central role . His wish to be buried in his native land sparked a series of articles from New York Times alleging that , by selecting the third - rate USS Essex ( 1874 ) to transport his remains , the US Navy was not paying proper respect to Ericsson . The Navy responded and sent the remains on the USS Baltimore , escorted by other ships such as USS Nantucket . On August 23 , 1890 , the fleet departed with a twenty - one gun salute and the Swedish flag set at half mast . Around 100,000 people turned out for the funeral procession and departure ceremonies , including several veterans of the USS Monitor . Upon arrival in Stockholm , Sweden , the fleet was under presidential order to shoot a twenty - one gun salute to the Swedish flag , leave the remains , and immediately return to sea . His final resting place is at Filipstad , in Värmland . Legacy ( edit ) Although none of his inventions created any large industries , he is regarded as one of the most influential mechanical engineers ever and without a doubt the best naval engineer in America in the 19th century . John Ericsson Statue at Nybroviken , Stockholm Inventions ( edit ) The surface condenser The hot air engine The world 's first monitor , USS Monitor , was both designed and built by Ericsson for the Union Navy in the American Civil War Torpedo technology , especially Destroyer , an advanced torpedo boat The solar machine , using concave mirrors to gather sun radiation strong enough to run an engine . USS Princeton ( 1843 ) Hoop gun construction the propeller Fellowships ( edit ) Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1850 , Swedish member from 1863 Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1852 Honorary Doctorate at Lund University in 1868 Monuments and memorials ( edit ) 1926 US Commemorative Stamp Statue in Battery Park , New York City Memorial at his birthplace , Långbanshyttan in Sweden The stamp commemorating John Ericsson on April 20 , 1926 , coincided with the unveiling of the Ericsson Memorial in West Potomac Park , Washington , DC directly south of the Lincoln Memorial . The stamp pictures the memorial design by J.H. Frazer . The seated figure of Ericsson has the figures above and behind him of Vision , Labor and Adventure . Monuments in honor of John Ericsson have been erected at : John Ericsson National Memorial on The Mall in Washington , D.C. John Ericsson Room at the American Swedish Historical Museum in Chicago Battery Park in New York City Nybroplan in Stockholm Kungsportsavenyn in Gothenburg John Ericsson Street , in Lund , Sweden John Ericsson fountain , Fairmount Park , Philadelphia Neighborhood of Ericsson , Minneapolis Långbanshyttan , his birthplace , in Sweden Ships named in his honor : USS Ericsson Organizations : The John Ericsson Republican League of Illinois is a Swedish - American partisan organization . In Popular culture ( edit ) Ericsson is a major character in Harry Harrison 's novels of alternate history , the Stars and Stripes trilogy . See also ( edit ) American Swedish Historical Museum , John Ericsson Room Experiment ( horse powered boat ) HMS Sölve - a Swedish monitor built 1875 and designed by Ericsson . It is currently in a Maritime Museum in Gothenburg Sweden Ericsson cycle , a thermodynamic cycle for heat engines named after John Ericsson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nils Ericson '' . Svenskt biografiskt lexikon . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ericson och Ericsson , släkt och friherrlig ätt från Nordmark '' . Svenskt biografiskt lexikon . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Constance Buel , `` Captain John Ericsson : Father of the `` Monitor '' `` , Vanguard Press , New York , 1960 Jump up ^ `` John Ericsson '' . Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Survey of London : volumes 31 and 32 : St James Westminster , Part 2 ( 1963 , Ch. XIX ) '' . British History Online . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Life Of John Ericsson Volume I '' . by W.C. Church , 1906 ( Ch. III , pp. 46 - 47 ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Constance Buel , `` Captain John Ericsson : Father of the `` Monitor '' `` , Vanguard Press , New York , 1960 , p107 Jump up ^ `` John Ericsson '' . Nordisk familjebok . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Legislative Document by New York State Legislature , vol 37 , no . 117 - 118 . J.B. Lyon Co. 1920 . pp. 202 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads. Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052404 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 6 '' . Old Steamboat Days on the Hudson River . The Grafton Press . 1907 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honors for Capt Ericsson '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . December 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Carr , Edward A.T. ; Michael W. Carr ; Kari Ann Carr ( 1994 ) . Faded Laurels , The History of Eaton 's Neck and Asharoken . Heart of the Lakes Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55787 - 119 - 0 . ISBN 1 - 55787 - 119 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hittell , John Shertzer ( 1882 ) . The Commerce and Industries of the Pacific Coast of North America , Comprising the Rise , Progress , Products , Present Condition , and Prospects of the Useful Arts on the Western Side of Our Continent , and Some Account of Its Resources , with Elaborate Treatment of Manufactures ; Briefer Consideration of Commerce , Transportation , Agriculture , and Mining ; and Mention of Leading Establishments and Prominent Men in Various Departments of Business . San Francisco A.L. Bancroft & CO PUBLISHERS . Jump up ^ Davis , Burke ( 1982 ) . The civil war : strange & fascinating facts ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Fairfax Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0517371510 . Jump up ^ `` John Ericsson '' . Svenskt biografiskt lexikon . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Church , 1911 , p. ii . Jump up ^ `` A Hero 's Memory Slighted '' , NY Times , July 13 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Honour to Capt . Ericsson '' , NY Times , August 20 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Back To His Native Land '' , The New York Times , August 24 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` To Salute Sweden 's Flag '' , The New York Times , August 19 , 1890 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Memorial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , Smithsonian National Postal Museum , viewed September 29 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) William Conant Church : The Life Of John Ericsson . Volume I 1st edition 1890 . Publisher : Charles Scribner 's sons 1906 ( Internet Archive - online ) The Life of John Ericsson . Volume II Publisher : Charles Scribner 's sons 1890 ( Internet Archive - online ) Constance Buel Burnett : `` Captain John Ericsson : Father of the `` Monitor '' `` , Publisher : Vanguard Press , New York , 1960 Further reading ( edit ) Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 - 65 . Naval Institute Press . p. 232 . Url External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ericsson . Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about John Ericsson . The Life of John Ericsson By William Conant Church , published 1911 , 660 pages . John Ericsson National Memorial in Washington John Ericsson Society , New York -- Centennial Anniversary year 2007 John Ericsson at National Inventors Hall of Fame Monitor National Marine Sanctuary John Ericsson Statue in Gothenburg Some Pioneers in Air Engine Design -- John Ericsson John Ericsson 's solar engine 1870 - 02 - 19 : CAPTAIN ERICSSON 'S GUN CARRIAGE The Original United States Warship Monitor Correspondence between Cornelius Scranton Bushnell , John Ericsson , Gideon Wells , published 1899 , 52 pages , compiled by William S. Wells . `` Sketch of John Ericsson '' . Popular Science Monthly . 44 . November 1893 . `` Ericsson , John '' . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907 . `` Ericsson , John '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . The John Ericsson Collection at the New York Historical Society The Battle of Hampton Roads People John Lorimer Worden Samuel Dana Greene Gideon Welles Franklin Buchanan Catesby ap Roger Jones Gustavus Fox Stephen Mallory French Forrest John Ericsson John Marston Louis N. Stodder Ships USS Monitor CSS Virginia USS Congress USS Cumberland USS Zouave USS Roanoke USS Minnesota USS St. Lawrence CSS Beaufort CSS Raleigh CSS Patrick Henry CSS Jamestown Places Hampton Roads Tidewater James River Elizabeth River Norfolk Fort Monroe Sewell 's Point ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown 's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching through Georgia Maryland , My Maryland When Johnny Comes Marching Home Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission BIBSYS : 6027461 GND : 117540668 ISNI : 0000 0000 6675 7226 KulturNav : 2c48b7b8 - b5cc - 4528 - 8b45 - c92b6b6bab19 LCCN : n84804078 SELIBR : 185354 SNAC : w6cc1mtm ULAN : 500070069 VIAF : 22921603 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ericsson&oldid=830365449 '' Categories : 1803 births 1889 deaths American agnostics American Civil War industrialists American inventors Swedish agnostics Swedish inventors Swedish mechanical engineers Swedish military officers Swedish businesspeople Swedish shipbuilders American shipbuilders American mechanical engineers Naval architects Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Burials at New York City Marble Cemetery Swedish emigrants to the United States People from Filipstad Municipality Firefighting history Marine engineers National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Malagasy မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 11 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ericsson	107,731
the bel canto style of singing is characterized by florid melodic lines			Bel canto	bel canto	Bel canto ( Italian for `` beautiful singing '' or `` beautiful song '' , pronounced ( bɛl ˈkanto ) ) , along with a number of similar constructions ( `` bellezze del canto '' / `` bell'arte del canto '' ) , is a term relating to Italian singing . It has several different meanings and is subject to a wide variety of interpretations .	The words were not associated with a `` school '' of singing until the middle of the 19th century , when writers in the early 1860s used it nostalgically to describe a manner of singing that had begun to wane around 1830 . Nonetheless , `` neither musical nor general dictionaries saw fit to attempt ( a ) definition ( of bel canto ) until after 1900 '' . The term remains vague and ambiguous in the 21st century and is often used to evoke a lost singing tradition . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the term and its various definitions 1.1 Bel canto in the 18th and early 19th centuries 1.2 Bel canto in 19th - century Italy and France 1.3 Bel canto and its detractors 2 The bel canto revival 3 The bel canto teaching legacy 4 Quotations 5 References 6 External links History of the term and its various definitions ( edit ) The bel canto - era composer Gioachino Rossini : portrait painted circa 1815 by Vincenzo Camuccini As generally understood today , the term bel canto refers to the Italian - originated vocal style that prevailed throughout most of Europe during the 18th century and early 19th centuries . Late 19th - and 20th - century sources `` would lead us to believe that bel canto was restricted to beauty and evenness of tone , legato phrasing , and skill in executing highly florid passages , but contemporary documents ( those of the late 18th and early 19th centuries ) describe a multifaceted manner of performance far beyond these confines . '' The main features of the bel canto style were : prosodic singing ( use of accent and emphasis ) matching register and tonal quality of the voice to the emotional content of the words a highly articulated manner of phrasing based on the insertion of grammatical and rhetorical pauses a delivery varied by several types of legato and staccato a liberal application of more than one type of portamento messa di voce as the principal source of expression ( Domenico Corri called it the `` soul of music '' -- The Singer 's Preceptor , 1810 , vol. 1 , p. 14 ) frequent alteration of tempo through rhythmic rubato and the quickening and slowing of the overall time the introduction of a wide variety of graces and divisions into both arias and recitatives gesture as a powerful tool for enhancing the effect of the vocal delivery vibrato primarily reserved for heightening the expression of certain words and for gracing longer notes . The Harvard Dictionary of Music by Willi Apel says that bel canto denotes `` the Italian vocal technique of the 18th century , with its emphasis on beauty of sound and brilliancy of performance rather than dramatic expression or romantic emotion . In spite of the repeated reactions against bel canto ( or its abuses , such as display for its own sake ; Gluck , Wagner ) and the frequent exaggeration of its virtuoso element ( coloratura ) , it must be considered as a highly artistic technique and the only proper one for Italian opera and for Mozart . Its early development is closely bound up with that of the Italian opera seria ( A. Scarlatti , N.A. Porpora , N. Jommelli , J.A. Hasse , N. Piccinni ) . '' Bel canto in the 18th and early 19th centuries ( edit ) Since the bel canto style flourished in the 18th and early 19th centuries , the music of Handel and his contemporaries , as well as that of Mozart and Rossini , benefits from an application of bel canto principles . Operas received the most dramatic use of the techniques , but the bel canto style applies equally to oratorio , though in a somewhat less flamboyant way . The da capo arias these works contained provided challenges for singers , as the repeat of the opening section prevented the story line from progressing . Nonetheless , singers needed to keep the emotional drama moving forward , and so they used the principles of bel canto to help them render the repeated material in a new emotional guise . They also incorporated embellishments of all sorts ( Domenico Corri said da capo arias were invented for that purpose ( The Singer 's Preceptor , vol. 1 , p. 3 ) ) , but not every singer was equipped to do this , some writers , notably Domenico Corri himself , suggesting that singing without ornamentation was an acceptable practice ( see The Singer 's Preceptor , vol. 1 , p. 3 ) . Singers regularly embellished both arias and recitatives , but did so by tailoring their embellishments to the prevailing sentiments of the piece . Two famous 18th - century teachers of the style were Antonio Bernacchi ( 1685 -- 1756 ) and Nicola Porpora ( 1686 -- 1768 ) , but many others existed . A number of these teachers were castrati . Singer / author John Potter declares in his book Tenor : History of a Voice that : For much of the 18th century castrati defined the art of singing ; it was the loss of their irrecoverable skills that in time created the myth of bel canto , a way of singing and conceptualizing singing that was entirely different from anything that the world had heard before or would hear again . Bel canto in 19th - century Italy and france ( edit ) In another application , the term bel canto is sometimes attached to Italian operas written by Vincenzo Bellini ( 1801 -- 1835 ) and Gaetano Donizetti ( 1797 -- 1848 ) . These composers wrote bravura works for the stage during what musicologists sometimes call the `` bel canto era '' . But the style of singing had started to change around 1830 , Michael Balfe writing of the new method of teaching that was required for the music of Bellini and Donizetti ( A New Universal Method of Singing , 1857 , p. iii ) , and so the operas of Bellini and Donizetti actually were the vehicles for a new era of singing . The last important opera role for a castrato was written in 1824 by Giacomo Meyerbeer ( 1791 -- 1864 ) . The phrase `` bel canto '' was not commonly used until the latter part of the 19th century , when it was set in opposition to the development of a weightier , more powerful style of speech - inflected singing associated with German opera and , above all , Richard Wagner 's revolutionary music dramas . Wagner ( 1813 -- 1883 ) decried the Italian singing model , alleging that it was concerned merely with `` whether that G or A will come out roundly '' . He advocated a new , Germanic school of singing which would draw `` the spiritually energetic and profoundly passionate into the orbit of its matchless Expression '' . Interestingly enough , French musicians and composers never embraced the more florid extremes of the 18th - century Italian bel canto style . They disliked the castrato voice and because they placed a premium on the clear enunciation of the texts of their vocal music , they objected to the sung word being obscured by excessive fioritura . Hand - written note by contralto Marietta Alboni about the decay of bel canto in the late 19th century . The French text reads : `` The art of singing is going , and it will only revert with the sole real music of the future : that of Rossini . Paris , 8 February 1881 . '' ( signature ) The popularity of the bel canto style as espoused by Rossini , Donizetti and Bellini faded in Italy during the mid-19th century . It was overtaken by a heavier , more ardent , less embroidered approach to singing that was necessary in order to perform the innovative works of Giuseppe Verdi ( 1813 -- 1901 ) with maximum dramatic impact . Tenors , for instance , began to inflate their tone and deliver the high C ( and even the high D ) directly from the chest rather than resorting to a suave head voice / falsetto as they had done previously -- sacrificing vocal agility in the process . Sopranos and baritones reacted in a similar fashion to their tenor colleagues when confronted with Verdi 's drama - filled compositions . They subjected the mechanics of their voice production to greater pressures and cultivated the exciting upper part of their respective ranges at the expense of their mellow but less penetrant lower notes . Initially at least , the singing techniques of 19th - century contraltos and basses were less affected by the musical innovations of Verdi , which were built upon by his successors Amilcare Ponchielli ( 1834 -- 1886 ) and Arrigo Boito ( 1842 -- 1918 ) . Bel canto and its detractors ( edit ) One reason for the eclipse of the old Italian singing model was the growing influence within the music world of bel canto 's detractors , who considered it to be outmoded and condemned it as vocalization devoid of content . To others , however , bel canto became the vanished art of elegant , refined , sweet - toned musical utterance . Rossini lamented in a conversation that took place in Paris in 1858 that : `` Alas for us , we have lost our bel canto '' . Similarly , the so - called German style was as derided as much as it was heralded . In the introduction to a collection of songs by Italian masters published in 1887 in Berlin under the title Il bel canto , Franz Sieber wrote : `` In our time , when the most offensive shrieking under the extenuating device of ' dramatic singing ' has spread everywhere , when the ignorant masses appear much more interested in how loud rather than how beautiful the singing is , a collection of songs will perhaps be welcome which -- as the title purports -- may assist in restoring bel canto to its rightful place . '' In the late - 19th century and early - 20th century , the term `` bel canto '' was resurrected by singing teachers in Italy , among whom the retired Verdi baritone Antonio Cotogni ( 1831 -- 1918 ) was a pre-eminent figure . Cotogni and his followers invoked it against an unprecedentedly vehement and vibrato - laden style of vocalism which was increasingly being adopted by singers after around 1890 in order to meet the impassioned demands of verismo writing by composers such as Giacomo Puccini ( 1858 -- 1924 ) , Ruggero Leoncavallo ( 1857 -- 1919 ) , Pietro Mascagni ( 1863 -- 1945 ) and Umberto Giordano ( 1867 -- 1948 ) , as well as the auditory challenges posed by the non-Italianate stage works of Richard Strauss ( 1864 -- 1949 ) and other late - romantic / early - modern era composers , with their strenuous and angular vocal lines and frequently dense orchestral textures . During the 1890s , the directors of the Bayreuth Festival initiated a particularly forceful style of Wagnerian singing that was totally at odds with the Italian ideals of bel canto . Called `` Sprechgesang '' by its proponents ( and dubbed the `` Bayreuth bark '' by some opponents ) , the new Wagnerian style prioritized articulation of the individual words of the composer 's libretti over legato delivery . This text - based , anti-legato approach to vocalism spread across the German - speaking parts of Europe prior to World War I . As a result of these many factors , the concept of bel canto became shrouded in mystique and confused by a plethora of individual notions and interpretations . To complicate matters further , German musicology in the early 20th century invented its own historical application for `` bel canto '' , using the term to denote the simple lyricism that came to the fore in Venetian opera and the Roman cantata during the 1630s and ' 40s ( the era of composers Antonio Cesti , Giacomo Carissimi and Luigi Rossi ) as a reaction against the earlier , text - dominated stile rappresentativo . Unfortunately , this anachronistic use of the term bel canto was given wide circulation in Robert Haas 's Die Musik des Barocks and , later , in Manfred Bukofzer 's Music in the Baroque Era . Since the singing style of later 17th - century Italy did not differ in any marked way from that of the 18th century and early 19th century , a connection can be drawn ; but , according to Jander , most musicologists agree that the term is best limited to its mid-19th - century use , designating a style of singing that emphasized beauty of tone and technical expertise in the delivery of music that was either highly florid or featured long , flowing and difficult - to - sustain passages of cantilena . The bel canto revival ( edit ) In the 1950s , the phrase `` bel canto revival '' was coined to refer to a renewed interest in the operas of Donizetti , Rossini and Bellini . These composers had begun to go out of fashion during the latter years of the 19th century and their works , while never completely disappearing from the performance repertoire , were staged infrequently during the first half of the 20th century , when the operas of Wagner , Verdi and Puccini held sway . That situation changed significantly after World War II with the advent of a group of enterprising orchestral conductors and the emergence of a fresh generation of singers such as Montserrat Caballé , Maria Callas , Joan Sutherland , Beverly Sills and Marilyn Horne , who had acquired bel canto techniques . These artists breathed new life into Donizetti , Rossini and Bellini 's stage compositions , treating them seriously as music and re-popularizing them throughout Europe and America . Today , some of the world 's most frequently performed operas , such as Rossini 's The Barber of Seville and Donizetti 's Lucia di Lammermoor , are from the bel canto era . Many 18th - century operas that require adroit bel canto skills have also experienced post-war revivals , ranging from lesser - known Mozart and Haydn to extensive Baroque works by Handel , Vivaldi and others . The bel canto teaching legacy ( edit ) Mathilde Marchesi ( 1821 -- 1913 ) , a leading Paris - based teacher of bel canto sopranos Musicologists occasionally apply the label `` bel canto technique '' to the arsenal of virtuosic vocal accomplishments and concepts imparted by singing teachers to their students during the late 18th century and the early 19th century . Many of these teachers were castrati . `` All ( their ) pedagogical works follow the same structure , beginning with exercises on single notes and eventually progressing to scales and improvised embellishments '' writes Potter who continues , `` The really creative ornamentation required for cadenzas , involving models and formulae that could generate newly improvised material , came towards the end of the process . '' Today 's pervasive idea that singers should refrain from improvising and always adhere strictly to the letter of a composer 's published score is a comparatively recent phenomenon , promulgated during the first decades of the 20th century by dictatorial conductors such as Arturo Toscanini ( 1867 -- 1957 ) , who championed the dramatic operas of Verdi and Wagner and believed in keeping performers on a tight interpretive leash . This is noted by both Potter ( page 77 ) and Michael Scott . Potter notes , however , that as the 19th century unfurled : The general tendency ... was for singers not to have been taught by castrati ( there were few of them left ) and for serious study to start later , often at one of the new conservatories rather than with a private teacher . The traditional techniques and pedagogy were still acknowledged , but the teaching was generally in the hands of tenors and baritones who were by then at least once removed from the tradition itself . Early 19th - century teachers described the voice as being made up of three registers . The chest register was the lowest of the three and the head register the highest , with the passaggio in between . These registers needed to be smoothly blended and fully equalized before a trainee singer could acquire total command of his or her natural instrument , and the surest way to achieve this outcome was for the trainee to practise vocal exercises assiduously . Bel canto - era teachers were great believers in the benefits of vocalise and solfeggio . They strove to strengthen the respiratory muscles of their pupils and equip them with such time - honoured vocal attributes as `` purity of tone , perfection of legato , phrasing informed by eloquent portamento , and exquisitely turned ornaments '' , as noted in the introduction to Volume 2 of Scott 's The Record of Singing . Major refinements occurred to the existing system of voice classification during the 19th century as the international operatic repertoire diversified , split into distinctive nationalist schools and expanded in size . Whole new categories of singers such as mezzo - soprano and Wagnerian bass - baritone arose towards the end of the 19th century , as did such new sub-categories as lyric coloratura soprano , dramatic soprano and spinto soprano , and various grades of tenor , stretching from lyric through spinto to heroic . These classificatory changes have had a lasting effect on the way singing teachers designate voices and the way in which opera house managements cast their productions . It would be wrong , however , to think that there was across - the - board uniformity among 19th - century bel canto adherents when it came to passing on their knowledge and instructing students . Each of them had their own training regimes and pet notions ; but , fundamentally , they all subscribed to the same set of bel canto precepts , and the exercises that they devised in order to enhance their students ' breath support , dexterity , range and technical control remain valuable and , indeed , are still employed by some teachers . Manuel García ( 1805 -- 1906 ) , author of the influential treatise L'Art du Chant , was the most prominent of the group of pedagogues that perpetuated bel - canto principles in their teachings and writings during the second half of the 19th century . His like - minded younger sister , Pauline Viardot ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , was also an important teacher of voice , as were Viardot 's contemporaries Mathilde Marchesi , Camille Everardi , Julius Stockhausen , Carlo Pedrotti , Venceslao Persichini , Giovanni Sbriglia , Melchiorre Vidal and Francesco Lamperti ( together with Francesco 's son Giovanni Battista Lamperti ) . The voices of a number of their former students can be heard on acoustic recordings made in the first two decades of the 20th century and re-issued since on LP and CD . Some examples on disc of historically and artistically significant 19th - century singers whose bel canto - infused vocal styles and techniques pre-date the `` Bayreuth bark '' and the dramatic excesses of verismo opera are : Sir Charles Santley ( born 1834 ) , Gustav Walter ( born 1834 ) , Adelina Patti ( born 1843 ) , Marianne Brandt ( born 1842 ) , Lilli Lehmann ( born 1848 ) , Jean Lassalle ( born 1847 ) , Victor Maurel ( born 1848 ) , Marcella Sembrich ( born 1858 ) , Lillian Nordica ( born 1857 ) , Emma Calvé ( born 1858 ) , Nellie Melba ( born 1861 ) , Francesco Tamagno ( born 1850 ) , Francesco Marconi ( born 1853 ) , Léon Escalais ( born 1859 ) , Mattia Battistini ( born 1856 ) , Mario Ancona ( born 1860 ) , Pol Plançon ( born 1851 ) , and Antonio Magini - Coletti and Francesco Navarini ( both born 1855 ) . Quotations ( edit ) `` There are no registers in the human singing voice when it is accurately produced . According to natural laws of voice , it is made up of one register that constitutes its entire range '' `` Bel - canto is not a school of sensuously pretty voice - production . It has come to be a generally recognised thing that voice , pure and simple , by its very composition , or `` placing '' , interferes with the organs of speech ; making it impossible for a vocalist to preserve absolute purity of pronunciation in song as well as in speech . It is because of this view that the principle of `` vocalising '' words , instead of musically `` saying '' them , crept in , to the detriment of vocal art . This false position is due to the idea that the ' Arte del bel - canto ' encouraged mere sensuous beauty of voice , rather than truth of expression . '' `` Bel - canto ( of which we read so much ) meant , and means , versatility of tone ; if a man wish to be called an ' artist ' , his voice must become the instrument of intelligent imagination . Perhaps there would be fewer cases of vocal - specialising if the modern craze for ' voice - production ' ( apart from linguistic truth ) could be reduced . This wondrous pursuit is , as things stand , a notable instance of putting the cart before the horse . Voices are ' produced ' and ' placed ' in such wise that pupils are trained to ' vocalise ' ( to use technical jargon ) the words ; i.e. , they are taught to make a sound which is indeed ' something like ' but is not the word in its purity . ' Tone ' or sound is what the average student seeks , ab initio and not verbal purity . Hence the monotony of modern singing . When one hears an average singer in one role , one hears him in all . '' `` Those who regard the art of singing as anything more than a means to an end , do not comprehend the true purpose of that art , much less can they hope ever to fulfil that purpose . The true purpose of singing is to give utterance to certain hidden depths in our nature which can be adequately expressed in no other way . The voice is the only vehicle perfectly adapted to this purpose ; it alone can reveal to us our inmost feelings , because it is our only direct means of expression . If the voice , more than any language , more than any other instrument of expression , can reveal to us our own hidden depths , and convey those depths to other souls of men , it is because voice vibrates directly to the feeling itself , when it fulfils its ' natural ' mission . By fulfilling its natural mission , I mean , when voice is not hindered from vibrating to the feeling by artificial methods of tone production , which methods include certain mental processes which are fatal to spontaneity . To sing should always mean to have some definite feeling to express . '' `` The decline of Bel Canto may be attributed in part to Ferrein and Garcia who , with a dangerously small and historically premature knowledge of laryngeal function , abandoned the intuitive and emotional insight of the anatomically blind singers . '' `` Voice Culture has not progressed ( ... ) . Exactly the contrary has taken place . Before the introduction of mechanical methods every earnest vocal student was sure of learning to use his voice properly , and of developing the full measure of his natural endowments . Mechanical instruction has upset all this . Nowadays the successful vocal student is the exception . '' References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Stark 2003 , p. ? Jump up ^ Toft , Bel Canto : A Performer 's Guide , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Duey 1951 , p. ? ^ Jump up to : Toft , Bel Canto : A Performer 's Guide , 2013 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Second Edition , Revised and Enlarged , Cambridge Massachusetts , Belknap Press , 2000 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Toft , Bel Canto : A Performer 's Guide , pp. 140 , 163 Jump up ^ Potter 2009 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Toft , Bel Canto : A Performer 's Guide , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Jander 1998 , pp. 380 -- 81 Jump up ^ Fischer , J.M. ( 1993 ) . `` Sprechgesang oder Belcanto '' . Grosse Stimmen : 229 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Osborne 1994 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Hass 1928 , p. ? Jump up ^ Bukofzer 1947 , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Opera : Back to Bel Canto '' , Time magazine , 20 January 1967 Jump up ^ Opera statistics on operabase.com Jump up ^ Potter 2009 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Scott 1971 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ Marafioti 1922 , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Ffrangcon - Davies 1907 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Ffrangcon - Davies 2007 , Vol. 2 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Rogers 1893 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Newham 1999 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Taylor 1917 , p. 344 Sources Duey , Philip A. ( 1951 ) . Bel canto in its Golden Age . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5437 - 7 . Ffrangcon - Davies , David ( 1907 ) , The singing of the future , Jander , Owen ( 1998 ) , `` Bel canto '' in Stanley Sadie , ( Ed . ) , The New Grove Dictionary of Opera , Vol . One . London : MacMillan Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 333 - 73432 - 7 ISBN 1 - 56159 - 228 - 5 Juvarra , Antonio ( 2006 ) I segreti del belcanto . Storia delle tecniche e dei metodi vocali dal ' 700 ai nostri giorni , Curci , 2006 Marafioti , P. Mario ( 1922 ) , Caruso 's Method of Voice Production : The Scientific Culture of the Voice , New York / London : Appleton ( accessible for free online at Internet Archive ) Newham , Paul ( 1999 ) , Using voice and song in therapy : the practical application of voice movement therapy Osborne , Charles ( 1994 ) , The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini , Donizetti , and Bellini , Hal Leonard Corporation ; Portland , Oregon : Amadeus Press . ISBN 0 - 931340 - 84 - 5 Potter , John ( 2009 ) , Tenor : History of a Voice , Yale University Press , New Haven & London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11873 - 5 Rogers , Clara Kathleen ( 1893 ) , The Philosophy Of Singing Scott , Michael ( 1977 ) , The Record of Singing , Vols. 1 and 2 . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 1030 - 9 ISBN 1 - 55553 - 163 - 6 Stark , James ( 2003 ) . Bel Canto : A History of Vocal Pedagogy . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8614 - 3 . Taylor , David C. ( 1917 ) , The psychology of singing ; a rational method of voice culture based on a scientific analysis of all systems , ancient and modern Toft , Robert ( 2013 ) , Bel Canto : A Performer 's Guide . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 983232 - 3 Further reading Brown , M. Augusta ( 1894 ) , University of Pennsylvania `` Extracts From Vocal Art '' in The Congress of Women , Mary Kavanaugh Oldham ( ed . ) , Chicago : Monarch Book Company , p. 477 . Coffin , Berton ( 2002 ) , Sounds of Singing , Second Edition , Littlefield . Christiansen , Rupert ( 15 March 2002 ) , `` A tenor for the 21st century '' , The Daily Telegraph Accessed 3 November 2008 . Marchesi , Mathilde ( 1970 ) , Bel Canto : A Theoretical and Practical Vocal Method , Dover . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22315 - 9 Pleasants , Henry ( 1983 ) , The Great Singers from the Dawn of Opera to Our Own Time , London : Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 333 - 34854 - 0 Roselli , John ( 1995 ) , Singers of Italian Opera : The History of a Profession , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42697 - 9 Rushmore , Robert ( 1971 ) , The Singing Voice , London : Hamish Hamilton . ISBN 9780241019474 Somerset - Ward , Richard ( 2004 ) , Angels and Monsters : Male and Female Sopranos in the Story of Opera , New Haven & London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09968 - 1 Reid , Cornelius L. ( 1950 ) , Bel Canto : Principles and Practices , Joseph Patelson Music House ISBN 0 - 915282 - 01 - 1 Rosenthal , Harold ; Ewan West ( eds . ) ( 1996 ) , The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera , London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 311321 - X Scalisi , Cecilia ( November 10 , 2003 ) , `` Raúl Giménez , el maestro del bel canto '' , La Nación . Accessed 3 November 2008 . Toft , Robert ( 1993 ) , Tune thy Musicke to thy Hart : The Art of Eloquent Singing in England 1597 -- 1622 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2848 - 9 Toft , Robert ( 2000 ) , Heart to Heart : Expressive Singing in England 1780 -- 1830 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816662 - 1 Toft , Robert ( 2014 ) , With Passionate Voice : Re-Creative Singing in Sixteenth - Century England and Italy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 938203 - 3 Traité complet de chant et de déclamation lyrique Enrico Delle Sedie ( Paris , 1847 ) fragment External links ( edit ) Articles Bel Canto : Historically Informed , Re-Creative Singing in the Age of Rhetorical Persuasion , c. 1500 -- c. 1830 Nigro , Antonella , Observations on the Technique of Italian Singing from the 16th Century to the Present Day from the book `` Celebri Arie Antiche : le piu ' note arie del primo Barocco italiano trascritte e realizzate secondo lo stile dell'epoca '' by Claudio Dall'Albero and Marcello Candela . ( ref ) Samoiloff , Lazar S. ( 1942 ) , `` Bel Canto '' , The Singer 's Handbook Digitized , scanned material `` Bel Canto '' Titles from the Internet Archive ( e.g. Lamperti , Giovanni Battista : The Technics of Bel Canto ) Garcia , Manuel ; Garcia , Beata , ( trans . ) ( 1894 ) . Hints on singing , London : E. Ascherberg . Greene , Harry Plunket ( 1912 ) , Interpretation in Song . New York : The Macmillan Company . Lehmann , Lilli ; Aldrich , Richard , ( trans . ) ( 1902 ) , How to sing , New York : Macmillan & Co. Ltd . ( hide ) Opera terms by origin English Breeches role Chest voice Concert version Head voice Mad scene Opera house Prompter Surtitles French Claque Coup de glotte Divertissement Entr'acte Melodrama Répétiteur Timbre German Fach Gesamtkunstwerk Kammersänger Leitmotif Literaturoper Regietheater Sitzprobe Sprechgesang Italian Aria Aria di sorbetto Arioso Banda Bel canto Burletta Cabaletta Cadenza Cantabile Castrato Cavatina Coloratura Comprimario Convenienze Da capo aria Diva Falsetto Falsettone Fioritura Intermezzo Legato Libretto Maestro Melodramma Messa di voce Musico Opera seria Passaggio Portamento Prima donna Recitative Ritornello Solita forma Spinto Squillo Stagione Stile rappresentativo Tessitura Verismo Vibrato Other Duodrama Hovsångare Insertion aria Monodrama Overture Travesti Opera portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bel_canto&oldid=800348104 '' Categories : 18th - century music genres 19th - century music genres Italian opera terminology Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%20canto	107,732
who played shane donovan on days of our lives	Shane Donovan and Kimberly Brady Donovan are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . Shane was portrayed by Charles Shaughnessy . Kimberly has been primarily portrayed by Patsy Pease ( 1984 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 -- 98 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ) . Anne Marie Howard took over the role from Pease in 1990 , until Pease returned in 1991 . Actress Arianna Chase portrayed Kimberly from 1992 -- 1993 .		Shane Donovan and Kimberly Brady	shane donovan and kimberly brady	Shane Donovan and Kimberly Brady Donovan are fictional characters and a supercouple from the American soap opera Days of Our Lives . Shane was portrayed by Charles Shaughnessy . Kimberly has been primarily portrayed by Patsy Pease ( 1984 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 -- 98 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 ) . Anne Marie Howard took over the role from Pease in 1990 , until Pease returned in 1991 . Actress Arianna Chase portrayed Kimberly from 1992 -- 1993 .	Storyline ( edit ) Kimberly Brady arrived in Salem in 1984 . Kimberly met Shane Donovan when Shane , a secret agent for the ISA , was spying on her . Before returning to Salem , Kimberly had been in Europe for 5 years , where she had been working as a high class prostitute and sometimes photographer . Kimberly had incidentally taken photos of Stefano DiMera 's secret island in the Caribbean , and Shane was sent by the ISA to retrieve that film . Soon , Kimberly discovered Shane 's mission and agreed to help him . The two grew closer after Kimberly revealed that she had been molested by her Uncle Eric ( Shawns brother ) as a child , which was the main reason for Kimberly fleeing Salem 5 years earlier . In 1985 , Stefano was eventually presumed dead and Shane and Kimberly eventually fell in love while chasing a terrorist known as the Dragon in the United Kingdom . Before the Dragon was captured , he revealed that Shane 's supposedly dead wife Emma was still alive . Emma began terrorizing Kim , who soon suffered from a case of hysterical blindness . During Kimberly 's bout with blindness , she became close with mobster Victor Kiriakis , and after she had recovered , Shane decided to use Kimberly 's friendship with Victor in order to bring him down . The plan quickly went awry , and Kimberly ended up sleeping with Victor in order to save Shane 's life . When Kimberly became pregnant ; she did not know if Shane or Victor was the father . In addition , Kimberly was horrified to learn from her mother Caroline that Caroline had also had an affair with Victor and that Kimberly could be Victor 's daughter . However , it would later be revealed that Kimberly 's brother Bo was the result of the affair , not Kimberly . Kimberly ended up giving birth to a son after a helicopter crash in the wilds of West Virginia . Shane was at hand for the delivery . Emma continued to terrorize Kim , and manufactured false medical reports that indicated that Victor was the father . Emma then tricked Kimberly into signing adoption papers and stole her baby . When Emma was murdered , Kim went to jail for the crime but was innocent -- the killer proved to be Shane 's spy partner who was in love with him . In 1987 , Kimberly and Shane finally wed after learning that Andrew ( Kimberly 's child ) was Shane 's and not Victor 's . However , their happiness was short - lived , as Shane 's illegitimate daughter Eve caused trouble and caused Kim to miscarry . By August , 1988 , Eve and Kim had reconciled and became close , but Shane was thought to be dead following an explosion . Kim was devastated and in her vulnerable state , succumbed to the advances of Cal Winters . Cal Winters turned out to be a psycho and kidnapped Kim shortly after Shane returned . Shane rescued Kimberly , but their newfound happiness was short - lived , when Kim learned she was pregnant again . Kimberly and Shane were tricked into believing Cal was the child 's father and separated shortly before Kim gave birth to Jeannie in 1990 . Later , Kim and Shane divorced and he began a relationship with Kimberly 's sister , Kayla . In 1991 , Cal eventually returned and took both Kim and Kayla hostage , but they were eventually rescued by Shane , Roman , and John . Shortly afterwards , Kayla revealed that Cal had told her that Shane was Jeanie 's father . However , this did not lead to Kim and Shane reuniting . Eventually , Kayla and Shane broke up , but by this time Kim had a new fiance , Phillip Collier . After a hit and run accident , Kim 's memories of her sexual abuse at her uncles hands once again came to the forefront and she developed Multiple personality disorder . One of Kimberly 's alters , Lacey , arranged for Shane to be sent out of town and later murdered a man who tried to rape Kimberly . Eventually , another of Kimberly 's alters ended up shooting Roman , and Kimberly and was put on trial for the crime . However , Marlena was able to prove that Kimberly was mentally ill and , upon her recovery , Kimberly reunited with Phillip and left town with him and her children in 1993 . Kimberly has since returned over the years for various events such as Tom Horton 's funeral in 1994 , as well as Bo and Hope 's failed wedding in 1996 . In 1997 , Kimberly returned to Salem for a much longer period of time after her brother Roman was suffering from a rare Jungle illness . Kimberly spent several months in Salem , giving her advice and support to various members of her family . One notable incident involved Kimberly helping her nephew Eric convince a teenage runaway ( played by Country superstar LeAnn Rimes ) to return home . In 1998 , Kimberly left town again but has continued to make visits to Salem over the years . Shane briefly returned to Salem in November 2002 , when he had learned of the death of an ISA agent and came to investigate it . When Billie thought he was checking up on her mission , he told her that the person that gave her the mission was long dead and later Billie confessed to having involvement in Hope 's kidnapping and helped Shane work with the others to free Hope from Larry Welch . In June 2010 , Kim came back to Salem to attend Alice 's memorial service . Her return coincided with Shane 's return and the two reconnected . Shane resigned from the ISA and committed himself to being a better family man . They decided to rekindle their romance and live together as a family in Los Angeles . In July 2013 , Jeannie Donovan appeared in Salem under the name `` Theresa '' . She dropped the name Jeannie and started to use her middle name , Theresa . She works at the hospital as Jennifer Horton 's assistant . She also buys pot from Jennifer 's son J.J. On July 17 , 2014 , Theresa hit John Black over the head while at the Kiriakis mansion . He was in a coma for almost 3 months . After months of dating , Brady and Theresa take a trip to Las Vegas , where he gets drunk and marries her . They have the marriage annulled . In April 14 , 2015 , it was discovered that they 're the grandparents of Tate Black , the newborn son of Brady and Theresa , who was carried by Kristen DiMera , after she stole him from his parents , who became diagnosed with an autoimmune disease and requires a bone marrow transplant from his biological mother , Theresa . See also ( edit ) List of supercouples External links ( edit ) Kimberly Brady at soapcentral.com Shane Donovan at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_Donovan_and_Kimberly_Brady&oldid=762481553 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Soap opera supercouples Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from November 2010 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 January 2017 , at 02 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane%20Donovan%20and%20Kimberly%20Brady	107,733
whats the name of the new avatar movie	In February 2017 , the media website My Entertainment World stated that Avatar 2 had entered production and shooting would start on August 15 , 2017 , with Manhattan Beach , California as the main shooting location . Cameron confirmed the upcoming shooting , and that the writing of all four sequels was now complete . The following sequels are expected to start shooting right after Avatar 2 wraps filming . The following month , Cameron revealed that Avatar 2 would not be released in 2018 , as originally believed . The sequel release dates were announced as starting on Dec. 18 , 2020 , for Avatar 2 , Dec. 17 , 2021 for Avatar 3 , Dec. 20 , 2024 for Avatar 4 , and Dec. 19 , 2025 for Avatar 5 . In June 2017 , Jon Landau stated at the CineEurope conference that principal photography will begin on September 25 , 2017 .	Avatar 2	Avatar ( 2009 film )	avatar ( 2009 film )	Avatar , marketed as James Cameron 's Avatar , is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed , written , produced , and co-edited by James Cameron , and starring Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . The film is set in the mid-22nd century , when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system , in order to mine the mineral unobtanium , a room - temperature superconductor . The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi -- a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora . The film 's title refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora .	Development of Avatar began in 1994 , when Cameron wrote an 80 - page treatment for the film . Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron 's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999 , but , according to Cameron , the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film . Work on the language of the film 's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005 , and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006 . Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million . Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion . The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques , and was released for traditional viewing , 3D viewing ( using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats ) , and for `` 4D '' experiences in select South Korean theaters . The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology . Avatar premiered in London on December 10 , 2009 , and was internationally released on December 16 and in the United States and Canada on December 18 , to positive critical reviews , with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects . During its theatrical run , the film broke several box office records and became the highest - grossing film of all time , as well as in the United States and Canada , surpassing Cameron 's Titanic , which had held those records for twelve years . It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best - selling film of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects . Following the film 's success , Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels , making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy . On April 14 , 2016 , Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels . Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed , with the sequels following in December 2020 , 2022 , and 2023 , respectively . The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020 , 2021 , 2024 and 2025 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Development 3.3 Themes and inspirations 3.4 Filming 3.5 Visual effects 3.6 Music and soundtrack 4 Marketing 4.1 Promotions 4.2 Books 4.3 Video games 4.4 Action figures and postage stamps 5 Release 5.1 Initial screening 5.2 Box office 5.2. 1 General 5.2. 2 Commercial analysis 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Accolades 5.5 Extended theatrical re-release 5.6 Home media 6 Sequels 7 Related media 7.1 Stage adaptation 7.2 Theme park attraction 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot By 2154 , humans have depleted Earth 's natural resources , leading to a severe energy crisis . The Resources Development Administration ( RDA for short ) mines for a valuable mineral -- unobtanium -- on Pandora , a densely forested habitable moon orbiting the gas giant Polyphemus in the Alpha Centauri star system . Pandora , whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans , is inhabited by the Na'vi , a species of 10 - foot tall ( 3.0 m ) , blue - skinned , sapient humanoids that live in harmony with nature and worship a mother goddess named Eywa . To explore Pandora 's biosphere , scientists use Na'vi - human hybrids called `` avatars , '' operated by genetically matched humans ; Jake Sully , a paraplegic former Marine , replaces his deceased identical twin brother as an operator of one . Dr. Grace Augustine , head of the Avatar Program , considers Sully an inadequate replacement but accepts his assignment as a bodyguard . While protecting the avatars of Grace and fellow scientist Dr. Norm Spellman as they collect biological data , Jake 's avatar is attacked by a thanator and flees into the forest , where he is rescued by Neytiri , a female Na'vi . Witnessing an auspicious sign , she takes him to her clan , whereupon Neytiri 's mother Mo'at , the clan 's spiritual leader , orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society . Colonel Miles Quaritch , head of RDA 's private security force , promises Jake that the company will restore his legs if he gathers information about the Na'vi and the clan 's gathering place , a giant tree called Hometree , on grounds that it stands above the richest deposit of unobtanium in the area . When Grace learns of this , she transfers herself , Jake , and Norm to an outpost . Over the following three months , Jake grows to sympathize with the natives . After Jake is initiated into the tribe , he and Neytiri choose each other as mates , and soon afterward , Jake reveals his change of allegiance when he attempts to disable a bulldozer that threatens to destroy a sacred Na'vi site . When Quaritch shows a video recording of Jake 's attack on the bulldozer to Administrator Parker Selfridge , and another in which Jake admits that the Na'vi will never abandon Hometree , Selfridge orders Hometree destroyed . Despite Grace 's argument that destroying Hometree could damage the biological neural network native to Pandora , Selfridge gives Jake and Grace one hour to convince the Na'vi to evacuate before commencing the attack . While trying to warn the Na'vi , Jake confesses to being a spy and the Na'vi take him and Grace captive . Seeing this , Quaritch 's men destroy Hometree , killing Neytiri 's father ( the clan chief ) and many others . Mo'at frees Jake and Grace , but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch 's forces . Pilot Trudy Chacón , disgusted by Quaritch 's brutality , carries them to Grace 's outpost , but during the escape , Quaritch fires at them , hitting Grace . To regain the Na'vi's trust , Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk , a dragon - like predator feared and honored by the Na'vi . Jake finds the refugees at the sacred Tree of Souls and pleads with Mo'at to heal Grace . The clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls , but she dies before the process can be completed . Supported by the new chief Tsu'tey , who acts as Jake 's translator , Jake speaks to unite the clan and tells them to gather all of the clans to battle against the RDA . Noticing the impending gathering , Quaritch organizes a pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls , believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives . On the eve of battle , Jake prays to Eywa , via a neural connection to the Tree of Souls , to intercede on behalf of the Na'vi . During the subsequent battle , the Na'vi suffer heavy casualties , including Tsu'tey and Trudy ; but are rescued when Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join the attack and overwhelm the humans , which Neytiri interprets as Eywa 's answer to Jake 's prayer . Jake destroys a makeshift bomber before it can reach the Tree of Souls ; Quaritch escapes from his own damaged aircraft , wearing an AMP suit and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake 's human body , exposing it to Pandora 's poisonous atmosphere . Quaritch prepares to slit the throat of Jake 's avatar , but Neytiri kills Quaritch and saves Jake from suffocation . With the exceptions of Jake , Norm and a select few others , all humans are expelled from Pandora and sent back to Earth , after which Jake is permanently transferred into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls . Cast Further information : Fictional universe of Avatar Humans Sam Worthington as Jake Sully , a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed . His military background helps the Na'vi warriors relate to him . Cameron cast the Australian actor after a worldwide search for promising young actors , preferring relative unknowns to keep the budget down . Worthington , who was living in his car at the time , auditioned twice early in development , and he has signed on for possible sequels . Cameron felt that because Worthington had not done a major film , he would give the character `` a quality that is really real '' . Cameron said he `` has that quality of being a guy you 'd want to have a beer with , and he ultimately becomes a leader who transforms the world '' . Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch , the head of the mining operation 's security detail . Fiercely loyal to his military code , he has a profound disregard for Pandora 's inhabitants that is evident in both his actions and his language . Lang had unsuccessfully auditioned for a role in Cameron 's Aliens ( 1986 ) , but the director remembered Lang and sought him for Avatar . Michael Biehn , who was in Aliens , read the script and watched some of the 3 - D footage with Cameron , but was ultimately not cast in the role . Sigourney Weaver as Dr. Grace Augustine , an exobiologist and head of the Avatar Program . She is also Sully 's mentor and an advocate of peaceful relations with the Na'vi , having set up a school to teach them English . Michelle Rodriguez as Trudy Chacón , a combat pilot assigned to support the Avatar Program who is sympathetic to the Na'vi . Cameron had wanted to work with Rodriguez since seeing her in Girlfight . Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge , the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation . While he is at first willing to destroy the Na'vi civilization to preserve the company 's bottom line , he is reluctant to authorize the attacks on the Na'vi and taint his image , doing so only after Quaritch persuades him that it is necessary , and the attacks will be humane . When the attacks are broadcast to the base , Selfridge displays discomfort at the violence . Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman , a xenoanthropologist who studies plant and animal life as part of the Avatar Program . He arrives on Pandora at the same time as Sully and operates an avatar . Although he is expected to lead the diplomatic contact with the Na'vi , it turns out that Jake has the personality better suited to win the natives ' respect . Dileep Rao as Dr. Max Patel , a scientist who works in the Avatar Program and comes to support Jake 's rebellion against the RDA . Na'vi Zoe Saldana as Neytiri , the daughter of the leader of the Omaticaya ( the Na'vi clan central to the story ) . She is attracted to Jake because of his bravery , though frustrated with him for what she sees as his naiveté and stupidity . She serves as Jake 's love interest . The character , like all the Na'vi , was created using performance capture , and its visual aspect is entirely computer generated . Saldana has also signed on for potential sequels . C.C.H. Pounder as Mo'at , the Omaticaya 's spiritual leader , Neytiri 's mother , and consort to clan leader Eytukan . Wes Studi as Eytukan , the Omaticaya 's clan leader , Neytiri 's father , and Mo'at's mate . Laz Alonso as Tsu'tey , the finest warrior of the Omaticaya . He is heir to the chieftainship of the tribe . At the beginning of the film 's story , he is betrothed to Neytiri . Production Origins In 1994 , director James Cameron wrote an 80 - page treatment for Avatar , drawing inspiration from `` every single science fiction book '' he had read in his childhood as well as from adventure novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. Rider Haggard . In August 1996 , Cameron announced that after completing Titanic , he would film Avatar , which would make use of synthetic , or computer - generated , actors . The project would cost $100 million and involve at least six actors in leading roles `` who appear to be real but do not exist in the physical world '' . Visual effects house Digital Domain , with whom Cameron has a partnership , joined the project , which was supposed to begin production in mid-1997 for a 1999 release . However , Cameron felt that the technology had not caught up with the story and vision that he intended to tell . He decided to concentrate on making documentaries and refining the technology for the next few years . It was revealed in a Bloomberg BusinessWeek cover story that 20th Century Fox had fronted $10 million to Cameron to film a proof - of - concept clip for Avatar , which he showed to Fox executives in October 2005 . In February 2006 , Cameron revealed that his film Project 880 was `` a retooled version of Avatar '' , a film that he had tried to make years earlier , citing the technological advances in the creation of the computer - generated characters Gollum , King Kong , and Davy Jones . Cameron had chosen Avatar over his project Battle Angel after completing a five - day camera test in the previous year . Development Wikinews has related news : Elvish , Klingon and Na'vi : Constructed languages gain foothold in film From January to April 2006 , Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the film 's aliens , the Na'vi . Their language was created by Dr. Paul Frommer , a linguist at USC . The Na'vi language has a lexicon of about 1000 words , with some 30 added by Cameron . The tongue 's phonemes include ejective consonants ( such as the `` kx '' in `` skxawng '' ) that are found in the Amharic language of Ethiopia , and the initial `` ng '' that Cameron may have taken from New Zealand Māori . Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film 's set designers met with Jodie S. Holt , professor of plant physiology at University of California , Riverside , to learn about the methods used by botanists to study and sample plants , and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora 's organisms depicted in the film . From 2005 to 2007 , Cameron worked with a handful of designers , including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell , to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3 - D brush renderings were not capturing his vision , often working together in the kitchen of Cameron 's Malibu home . In July 2006 , Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by February 2007 . The following August , the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar . Stan Winston , who had collaborated with Cameron in the past , joined Avatar to help with the film 's designs . Production design for the film took several years . The film had two different production designers , and two separate art departments , one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora , and another that created human machines and human factors . In September 2006 , Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3 - D . The system would use two high - definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception . While these preparations were underway , Fox kept wavering in its commitment to Avatar because of its painful experience with cost overruns and delays on Cameron 's previous picture , Titanic , even though Cameron rewrote the script to combine several characters together and offered to cut his fee in case the film flopped . Cameron installed a traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer Jon Landau 's office to represent the film 's uncertain future . In mid-2006 , Fox told Cameron `` in no uncertain terms that they were passing on this film , '' so he began shopping it around to other studios , and approached Walt Disney Studios , showing his proof - of - concept to then - chairman Dick Cook . However , when Disney attempted to take over , Fox exercised its right of first refusal . In October 2006 , Fox finally agreed to commit to making Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back the film , which reduced Fox 's financial exposure to less than half of the film 's official $237 million budget . After Fox accepted Avatar , one skeptical Fox executive shook his head and told Cameron and Landau , `` I do n't know if we 're crazier for letting you do this , or if you 're crazier for thinking you can do this ... '' External audio James Cameron interviewed by F.X. Feeney on writing Avatar . Interview In December 2006 , Cameron described Avatar as `` a futuristic tale set on a planet 200 years hence ... an old - fashioned jungle adventure with an environmental conscience ( that ) aspires to a mythic level of storytelling '' . The January 2007 press release described the film as `` an emotional journey of redemption and revolution '' and said the story is of `` a wounded former Marine , thrust unwillingly into an effort to settle and exploit an exotic planet rich in biodiversity , who eventually crosses over to lead the indigenous race in a battle for survival '' . The story would be of an entire world complete with an ecosystem of phantasmagorical plants and creatures , and native people with a rich culture and language . Estimates put the cost of the film at about $280 -- 310 million to produce and an estimated $150 million for marketing , noting that about $30 million in tax credits will lessen the financial impact on the studio and its financiers . A studio spokesperson said that the budget was `` $237 million , with $150 million for promotion , end of story . '' Themes and inspirations Main article : Themes in Avatar Avatar is primarily an action - adventure journey of self - discovery , in the context of imperialism and deep ecology . Cameron said his inspiration was `` every single science fiction book I read as a kid '' , and that he was particularly striving to update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs 's John Carter series and the deep jungles of Pandora were visualized from Disney 's 37th animated film , Tarzan . He acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields of the Lord , The Emerald Forest , and Princess Mononoke , which feature clashes between cultures and civilizations , and with Dances with Wolves , where a battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against . In a 2007 interview with Time magazine , Cameron was asked about the meaning of the term Avatar , to which he replied , `` It 's an incarnation of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form . In this film what that means is that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human 's intelligence into a remotely located body , a biological body . '' Jake 's avatar and Neytiri . One of the inspirations for the look of the Na'vi came from a dream that Cameron 's mother had told him about . The look of the Na'vi -- the humanoids indigenous to Pandora -- was inspired by a dream that Cameron 's mother had , long before he started work on Avatar . In her dream , she saw a blue - skinned woman 12 feet ( 4 m ) tall , which he thought was `` kind of a cool image '' . Also he said , `` I just like blue . It 's a good color ... plus , there 's a connection to the Hindu deities , which I like conceptually . '' He included similar creatures in his first screenplay ( written in 1976 or 1977 ) , which featured a planet with a native population of `` gorgeous '' tall blue aliens . The Na'vi were based on them . For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri , Cameron applied a star - crossed love theme , and acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic . An interviewer stated , `` Both couples come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship and are forced to choose sides between the competing communities . '' Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri 's alien appearance , which was developed by considering her appeal to the all - male crew of artists . Though Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away , their portrayers ( Worthington and Saldana ) felt the characters do . Cameron said the two actors `` had a great chemistry '' during filming . Pandora 's floating `` Hallelujah Mountains '' were inspired in part by the Chinese Huang Shan mountains ( pictured ) . Zhangjiajie National Forest Park For the film 's floating `` Hallelujah Mountains '' , the designers drew inspiration from `` many different types of mountains , but mainly the karst limestone formations in China . '' According to production designer Dylan Cole , the fictional floating rocks were inspired by Mount Huang ( also known as Huangshan ) , Guilin , Zhangjiajie , among others around the world . Director Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating mountains . To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pandora , production designers visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during June 2007 . They photographed , measured and filmed every aspect of the platform , which was later replicated on - screen with photorealistic CGI during post-production . Cameron said that he wanted to make `` something that has this spoonful of sugar of all the action and the adventure and all that '' but also have a conscience `` that maybe in the enjoying of it makes you think a little bit about the way you interact with nature and your fellow man '' . He added that `` the Na'vi represent something that is our higher selves , or our aspirational selves , what we would like to think we are '' and that even though there are good humans within the film , the humans `` represent what we know to be the parts of ourselves that are trashing our world and maybe condemning ourselves to a grim future '' . Cameron acknowledges that Avatar implicitly criticizes the United States ' role in the Iraq War and the impersonal nature of mechanized warfare in general . In reference to the use of the term shock and awe in the film , Cameron said , `` We know what it feels like to launch the missiles . We do n't know what it feels like for them to land on our home soil , not in America . '' He said in later interviews , `` ... I think it 's very patriotic to question a system that needs to be corralled ... '' and , `` The film is definitely not anti-American . '' A scene in the film portrays the violent destruction of the towering Na'vi Hometree , which collapses in flames after a missile attack , coating the landscape with ash and floating embers . Asked about the scene 's resemblance to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center , Cameron said he had been `` surprised at how much it did look like September 11 '' . Filming Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and Wellington , New Zealand . Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live - action shoot in combination with computer - generated characters and live environments . `` Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they 're looking at , '' Cameron said . The director indicated that he had already worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film . The live action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3 - D Fusion Camera System , developed by Cameron and Vince Pace . In January 2007 , Fox had announced that 3 - D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron 's strong opinion that a 3 - D film requires higher frame rate to make strobing less noticeable . According to Cameron , the film is composed of 60 % computer - generated elements and 40 % live action , as well as traditional miniatures . Motion - capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles . Live action photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington , New Zealand , and was scheduled to last 31 days . More than a thousand people worked on the production . In preparation of the filming sequences , all of the actors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as archery , horseback riding , firearm use , and hand - to - hand combat . They received language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film . Before shooting the film , Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical rainforests to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage . During filming , Cameron made use of his virtual camera system , a new way of directing motion - capture filmmaking . The system shows the actors ' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time , allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action . According to Cameron , `` It 's like a big , powerful game engine . If I want to fly through space , or change my perspective , I can . I can turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale . '' Using conventional techniques , the complete virtual world can not be seen until the motion - capture of the actors is complete . Cameron said this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting . On the contrary , because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups , costume fittings and make - up touch - ups , scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly . Cameron described the system as a `` form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the time of day , you have complete control over the elements '' . Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson a chance to test the new technology . Spielberg said , `` I like to think of it as digital makeup , not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they 're working in live theater . '' Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment . To film the shots where CGI interacts with live action , a unique camera referred to as a `` simulcam '' was used , a merger of the 3 - D fusion camera and the virtual camera systems . While filming live action in real time with the simulcam , the CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch , are superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a small monitor , making it possible for the director to instruct the actors how to relate to the virtual material in the scene . Visual effects Cameron pioneered a specially designed camera built into a 6 - inch boom that allowed the facial expressions of the actors to be captured and digitally recorded for the animators to use later . A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during production . According to Cameron , work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the film . The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer - generated characters , created using new motion capture animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006 . Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora 's jungle , a motion - capture stage or `` volume '' six times larger than any previously used , and an improved method of capturing facial expressions , enabling full performance capture . To achieve the face capturing , actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front of the actors ' faces ; the information collected about their facial expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers . According to Cameron , the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100 % of the actors ' physical performances to their digital counterparts . Besides the performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers , numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance . A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the computer - generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form , and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them . The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington , New Zealand , at one point employing 900 people to work on the film . Because of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored , cataloged and available for everybody involved , even on the other side of the world , a new cloud computing and Digital Asset Management ( DAM ) system named Gaia was created by Microsoft especially for Avatar , which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordinate all stages in the digital processing . To render Avatar , Weta used a 10,000 sq ft ( 930 m ) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett - Packard servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux , Grid Engine cluster manager , and 2 of the animation software and managers , Pixar 's RenderMan and Pixar 's Alfred queue management system . The render farm occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . A new texturing and paint software system , called Mari , was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta . Creating the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petabyte of digital storage , and each minute of the final footage for Avatar occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage . Often , it would take each frame of the movie several hours to render . To help finish preparing the special effects sequences on time , a number of other companies were brought on board , including Industrial Light & Magic , which worked alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences . ILM was responsible for the visual effects for many of the film 's specialized vehicles and devised a new way to make CGI explosions . Joe Letteri was the film 's visual effects general supervisor . Music and soundtrack Main article : Avatar : Music from the Motion Picture James Horner -- `` Jake Enters His Avatar World '' listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Composer James Horner scored the film , his third collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic . Horner recorded parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in March 2008 . He also worked with Wanda Bryant , an ethnomusicologist , to create a music culture for the alien race . The first scoring sessions were planned to take place in early 2009 . During production , Horner promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning till ten at night throughout the process . He stated in an interview , `` Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have undertaken . '' Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into one . He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate `` traditional '' score to drive the film . British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the film , called `` I See You '' . An accompanying music video , directed by Jake Nava , premiered December 15 , 2009 , on MySpace . Marketing Promotions Cameron at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con promoting the film The first photo of the film was released on August 14 , 2009 , and Empire released exclusive images from the film in its October issue . Cameron , producer Jon Landau , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , and Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel , moderated by Tom Rothman , at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con on July 23 . Twenty - five minutes of footage was screened in Dolby 3D . Weaver and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film , speaking on the 23rd and 24th respectively . James Cameron announced at the Comic - Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be ' Avatar Day ' . On this day , the trailer was released in all theatrical formats . The official game trailer and toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day . The 129 - second trailer was released online on August 20 , 2009 . The new 210 - second trailer was premiered in theatres on October 23 , 2009 , then soon after premiered online on Yahoo ! on October 29 , 2009 , to positive reviews . An extended version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews . The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were coloured by `` the ( same ) establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic '' and suggested the showing reflected the desire for original storytelling . The teaser has been among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing , reaching the first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views . On October 30 , to celebrate the opening of the first 3 - D cinema in Vietnam , Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of press . The three - and - a-half - minute trailer of the film premiered live on November 1 , 2009 , during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas , on the Diamond Vision screen , one of the world 's largest video displays , and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox . It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history . The Coca - Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to promote the film . The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com . Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca - Cola Zero , when held in front of a webcam , enabled users to interact with the website 's 3 - D features using augmented reality ( AR ) technology . The film was heavily promoted in an episode of the Fox Network series Bones in the episode `` The Gamer In The Grease '' ( Season 5 , Episode 9 ) . Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurring role on the program , and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the film . A week prior to the American release , Zoe Saldana promoted the film on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost . McDonald 's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe called `` Avatarize yourself '' , which encouraged people to go to the website set up by Oddcast , and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi . Books Avatar : A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora , a 224 - page book in the form of a field guide to the film 's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora , was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24 , 2009 . It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life on it , written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison . HarperFestival also released Wilhelm 's 48 - page James Cameron 's Avatar : The Reusable Scrapbook for children . The Art of Avatar was released on November 30 , 2009 , by Abrams Books . The book features detailed production artwork from the film , including production sketches , illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick , and film stills . Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword , Cameron wrote the epilogue , and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface . In October 2010 , Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar , a 272 - page book that detailed the film 's production process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustrations . In a 2009 interview , Cameron said that he planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released . In February 2010 , producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for Avatar that will `` lead up to telling the story of the movie , but it would go into much more depth about all the stories that we did n't have time to deal with '' , saying that `` Jim wants to write a novel that is a big , epic story that fills in a lot of things '' . In August 2013 it was announced that Cameron hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar universe . Video games Main article : James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Cameron chose Ubisoft Montreal to create an Avatar game for the film in 2007 . The filmmakers and game developers collaborated heavily , and Cameron decided to include some of Ubisoft 's vehicle and creature designs in the film . James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game was released on December 1 , 2009 , for most home video game consoles ( PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo DS , iPhone ) , Microsoft Windows and December 8 for PSP . Action figures and postage stamps Mattel Toys announced in December 2009 that it would be introducing a line of Avatar action figures . Each action figure will be made with a 3 - D web tag , called an i - TAG , that consumers can scan using a web cam , revealing unique on - screen content that is special to each specific action figure . A series of toys representing six different characters from the film were also distributed globally in McDonald 's Happy Meals . In December 2009 , France Post released a special limited edition stamp based on Avatar , coinciding with the film 's worldwide release . Release Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10 , 2009 , and was released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18 . The film was originally set for release on May 22 , 2009 , during filming , but was pushed back to allow more post-production time ( the last shots were delivered in November ) , and to give more time for theatres worldwide to install 3D projectors . Cameron stated that the film 's aspect ratio would be 1.78 : 1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39 : 1 image would be extracted for 2D screenings . However , a 3D 2.39 : 1 extract was approved for use with constant - image - height screens ( i.e. screens which increase in width to display 2.39 : 1 films ) . During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 16 , the movie 's DRM ' protection ' system failed , and some copies delivered could not be watched at all in the theaters . The problems were fixed in time for the public premiere . Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theatres in the US , of which 2,032 theatres ran it in 3D . In total 90 % of all advance ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings . Internationally , Avatar opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories , of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D ( producing 56 % of the first weekend gross ) . The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D format , opening in 178 theaters in the United States on December 18 . The international IMAX release included 58 theaters beginning on December 16 , and 25 more theaters were to be added in the coming weeks . The IMAX release was the company 's widest to date , a total of 261 theaters worldwide . The previous IMAX record opening was Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which opened in 161 IMAX theatres in the US , and about 70 international . 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later released Avatar in 4D version , which included `` moving seats , smells of explosives , sprinkling water , laser lights and wind '' . Box Office General Main article : List of box office records set by Avatar Avatar was released internationally on more than 14,000 screens . It earned $3,537,000 from midnight screenings domestically ( United States and Canada ) , with the initial 3D release limited to 2,200 screens . The film earned $26,752,099 on its opening day , and $77,025,481 over its opening weekend , making it the second - largest December opening ever behind I Am Legend , the largest domestic opening weekend for a film not based on a franchise ( topping The Incredibles ) , the highest opening weekend for a film entirely in 3D ( breaking Up 's record ) , the highest opening weekend for an environmentalist film ( breaking The Day After Tomorrow 's record ) , and the 40th largest opening weekend in North America , despite a blizzard that blanketed the East Coast of the United States and reportedly hurt its opening weekend results . The film also set an IMAX opening weekend record , with 178 theaters generating approximately $9.5 million , 12 % of the film 's $77 million ( at the time ) North American gross on less than 3 % of the screens . International markets generating opening weekend tallies of at least $10 million were for Russia ( $19.7 million ) , France ( $17.4 million ) , the UK ( $13.8 million ) , Germany ( $13.3 million ) , South Korea ( $11.7 million ) , Australia ( $11.5 million ) and Spain ( $11.0 million ) . Avatar 's worldwide gross was US $241.6 million after five days , the ninth largest opening - weekend gross of all time , and the largest for a non-franchise , non-sequel and original film . 58 international IMAX screens generated an estimated $4.1 million during the opening weekend . Revenues in the film 's second weekend decreased by only 1.8 % in domestic markets , marking a rare occurrence , earning $75,617,183 , to remain in first place at the box office and recording what was then the biggest second weekend of all time . The film experienced another marginal decrease in revenue in its third weekend , dropping 9.4 % to $68,490,688 domestically , remaining in first place at the box office , to set a third - weekend record . Avatar crossed the $1 billion mark on the 19th day of its international release , making it the first film to reach this mark in only 19 days . It became the fifth film grossing more than $1 billion worldwide , and the only film of 2009 to do so . In its fourth weekend , Avatar continued to lead the box office domestically , setting a new all - time fourth - weekend record of $50,306,217 , and becoming the highest - grossing 2009 release in the United States . In the film 's fifth weekend , it set the Martin Luther King Day weekend record , grossing $54,401,446 , and set a fifth - weekend record with a take of $42,785,612 . It held the top spot to set the sixth and seventh weekend records earning $34,944,081 and $31,280,029 respectively . It was the fastest film to gross $600 million domestically , on its 47th day in theatres . On January 31 , it became the first film to earn over $2 billion worldwide , and it became the first film to gross over $700 million in the U.S. and Canada , on February 27 , after 72 days of release . It remained at number one at the domestic box office for seven consecutive weeks -- the most consecutive No. 1 weekends since Titanic spent 15 weekends at No. 1 in 1997 and 1998 -- and also spent 11 consecutive weekends at the top of the box office outside the United States and Canada , breaking the record of nine consecutive weekends set by Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . By the end of its first theatrical release Avatar had grossed $749,766,139 in the U.S. and Canada , and $1,999,298,189 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2,749,064,328 . Including the revenue from a re-release of Avatar featuring extended footage , Avatar grossed $760,507,625 in the U.S. and Canada , and $2,027,457,462 in other countries for a worldwide total of $2,787,965,087 with 72.7 % of its total worldwide gross in international markets . Avatar has set a number of box office records during its release : on January 25 , 2010 , it surpassed Titanic 's worldwide gross to become the highest - grossing film of all time worldwide 41 days after its international release , just two days after taking the foreign box office record . On February 2 , 47 days after its domestic release , Avatar surpassed Titanic to become the highest - grossing film of all time in Canada and the United States . It became the highest - grossing film of all time in at least 30 other countries and is the first film to earn over $2 billion in foreign box office receipts . IMAX ticket sales account for $243.3 million of its worldwide gross , more than double the previous record . Box Office Mojo estimates that after adjusting for the rise in average ticket prices , Avatar would be the 14th - highest - grossing film of all time in North America . Box Office Mojo also observes that the higher ticket prices for 3D and IMAX screenings have had a significant impact on Avatar 's gross ; it estimated , on April 21 , 2010 , that Avatar had sold approximately 75 million tickets in North American theatres , more than any other film since 1999 's Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace . On a worldwide basis , when Avatar 's gross stood at $2 billion just 35 days into its run , The Daily Telegraph estimated its gross was surpassed by only Gone with the Wind ( $3.0 billion ) , Titanic ( $2.9 billion ) and Star Wars ( $2.2 billion ) after adjusting for inflation to 2010 prices , with Avatar ultimately winding up with $2.8 billion by the end of its run in 2010 . Reuters even placed it ahead of Titanic after adjusting the global total for inflation . Commercial analysis Before its release , various film critics and fan communities predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , in line with predictions made for Cameron 's previous blockbuster Titanic . This criticism ranged from Avatar 's film budget , to its concept and use of 3 - D `` blue cat people '' . Slate magazine 's Daniel Engber complimented the 3D effects , but criticized them for reminding him of certain CGI characters from the Star Wars prequel films and for having the `` uncanny valley '' effect . The New York Times noted that 20th Century Fox executives had decided to release Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel alongside Avatar , calling it a `` secret weapon '' to cover any unforeseeable losses at the box - office . `` I think if everybody was embracing the film before the fact , the film could never live up to that expectation ... Have them go with some sense of wanting to find the answer . '' James Cameron on criticism of Avatar before its release . Box office analysts , on the other hand , estimated that the film would be a box office success . `` The holy grail of 3 - D has finally arrived , '' said an analyst for Exhibitor Relations . `` This is why all these 3 - D venues were built : for Avatar . This is the one . The behemoth . '' The `` cautionary estimate '' was that Avatar would bring in around $60 million in its opening weekend . Others guessed higher . There were also analysts who believed that the film 's three - dimensionality would help its box office performance , given that recent 3D films had been successful . Cameron said he felt the pressure of the predictions , but that pressure is good for film - makers . `` It makes us think about our audiences and what the audience wants , '' he stated . `` We owe them a good time . We owe them a piece of good entertainment . '' Although he felt Avatar would appeal to everyone and that the film could not afford to have a target demographic , he especially wanted hard - core science - fiction fans to see it : `` If I can just get ' em in the damn theater , the film will act on them in the way it 's supposed to , in terms of taking them on an amazing journey and giving them this rich emotional experience . '' Cameron was aware of the sentiment that Avatar would need significant `` repeat business '' just to make up for its budget and achieve box office success , and believed Avatar could inspire the same `` sharing '' reaction as Titanic . He said that film worked because , `` When people have an experience that 's very powerful in the movie theatre , they want to go share it . They want to grab their friend and bring them , so that they can enjoy it . They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life . '' After the film 's release and unusually strong box office performance over its first two weeks , it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titanic 's worldwide gross , and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts . Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing Titanic , such as 2008 's The Dark Knight , but Avatar was considered the first film with a genuine chance to do so , and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D screenings did not fully explain its success to box office analysts . `` Most films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less than a 50 % drop from their first weekend to their second . Dipping just 11 % from the first to the third is unheard of , '' said Paul Dergarabedian , president of box - office analysis for Hollywood.com . `` This is just unprecedented . I had to do a double take . I thought it was a miscalculation . '' Analysts predicted second place for the film 's worldwide gross , but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because `` Today 's films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released . '' Brandon Gray , president of Box Office Mojo , believed in the film 's chances of becoming the highest - grossing film of all time , though he also believed it was too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays . He said , `` While Avatar may beat Titanic 's record , it will be tough , and the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance . Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s . '' Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to `` try to topple Titanic off its perch '' because it `` just struck some kind of chord '' and there had been other good films in recent years . He changed his prediction by mid-January . `` It 's gon na happen . It 's just a matter of time , '' he said . `` You 've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fantasy and fiction , the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks . People want a persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the detail that makes it rich and worth their time . They want to live somewhere else . Like Pandora . '' James Cameron on the success of Avatar Though analysts have been unable to agree that Avatar 's success is attributable to one primary factor , several explanations have been advanced . First , January is historically `` the dumping ground for the year 's weakest films '' , and this also applied to 2010 . Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so that it would have less competition from then to January . Titanic capitalized on the same January predictability , and earned most of its gross in 1998 . Additionally , Avatar established itself as a `` must - see '' event . Gray said , `` At this point , people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar and would even if the slate was strong . '' Marketing the film as a `` novelty factor '' also helped . Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that should be seen in the theatres . `` It 's really hard to sell the idea that you can have the same experience at home , '' stated David Mumpower , an analyst at BoxOfficeProphets.com . The `` Oscar buzz '' surrounding the film and international viewings helped . `` Two - thirds of Titanic 's haul was earned overseas , and Avatar ( tracked ) similarly ... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was No. 1 in all of them '' , and the markets `` such as Russia , where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998 , are white - hot today '' with `` more screens and moviegoers '' than before . According to Variety , films in 3D accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009 , `` a threefold increase over 2008 and more than 10 % of the total 2009 box - office gross '' . The increased ticket price -- an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets -- helped the film . Likewise , Entertainment Weekly attributed the film 's success to 3D glasses , but also to its `` astronomic word - of - mouth '' . Not only do some theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX tickets , but `` the buzz '' created by the new technology was the possible cause for sold - out screenings . Gray said Avatar having no basis in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and even more impressive . `` The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story and themes , '' he said , `` but it had no direct antecedent like the other top - grossing films : Titanic ( historical events ) , the Star Wars movies ( an established film franchise ) , or The Lord of the Rings ( literature ) . It was a tougher sell ... '' Critical reception See also : Themes in Avatar for more reviews The film received mostly positive reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 83 % based on 293 reviews , with a rating average of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of storytelling , but Avatar reaffirms James Cameron 's singular gift for imaginative , absorbing filmmaking . '' On Metacritic -- which assigns a weighted mean score -- the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave Avatar was `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Every demographic surveyed was reported to give this rating . These polls also indicated that the main draw of the film was its use of 3D . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` extraordinary '' and gave it four stars out of four . `` Watching Avatar , I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977 , '' he said , adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , the film `` employs a new generation of special effects '' and it `` is not simply a sensational entertainment , although it is that . It 's a technical breakthrough . It has a flat - out Green and anti-war message '' . A.O. Scott of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he viewed Star Wars and he said `` although the script is a little bit ... obvious , '' it was `` part of what made it work '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the film , saying `` The King of the World sets his sights on creating another world entirely in Avatar , and it 's very much a place worth visiting . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review . `` The screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust music than any dozen sci - fi shoot - ' em - ups you care to mention , '' he stated . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three - and - a-half out of four star rating and wrote in his print review `` It extends the possibilities of what movies can do . Cameron 's talent may just be as big as his dreams . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was `` the most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving pictures . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film has `` powerful '' visual accomplishments but `` flat dialogue '' and `` obvious characterization '' . James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story , giving it four out of four stars ; he wrote `` In 3 - D , it 's immersive -- but the traditional film elements -- story , character , editing , theme , emotional resonance , etc. -- are presented with sufficient expertise to make even the 2 - D version an engrossing 21⁄2 - hour experience . '' Avatar 's underlying social and political themes attracted attention . Armond White of the New York Press wrote that Cameron used `` villainous American characters '' to `` misrepresent facets of militarism , capitalism , and imperialism '' . Russell D. Moore of The Christian Post concluded that `` propaganda exists in the film '' and stated `` If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud the defeat of their country in war , then you 've got some amazing special effects . '' Some commentators sympathetic to anarcho - primitivism have even praised the film as a manifesto for their cause . Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the film , calling its anti-imperialist message `` a 22nd - century version of the American colonists vs. the British , India vs. the Raj , or Latin America vs. United Fruit '' . Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film is `` Cameron 's long apologia for pantheism ... Hollywood 's religion of choice for a generation now '' , while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called the film a `` misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general '' , and Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times , on the contrary , commended the film 's message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the Bhagavad Gita . Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is another film that has the recurring `` fantasy about race '' whereby `` some white guy '' becomes the `` most awesome '' member of a non-white culture . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune called Avatar `` the season 's ideological Rorschach blot '' , while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thought that `` It ( was ) impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the director 's ideological hammer . '' Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essential , yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar 's success concerns contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and `` the transition from the world of reality to that of virtual reality . '' . Critics and audiences have cited similarities with other films , literature or media , describing the perceived connections in ways ranging from simple `` borrowing '' to outright plagiarism . Ty Burr of the Boston Globe called it `` the same movie '' as Dances with Wolves . Like Dances with Wolves , Avatar has been characterized as being a `` white savior '' movie , in which a `` backwards '' native people is impotent without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture . Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson 's 1957 novelette `` Call Me Joe '' , in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial body on Jupiter . Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky , which are set in the 22nd century on a forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the Nave . Various reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully : The Last Rainforest , Pocahontas and The Last Samurai . NPR 's Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of tropes , with one commentator stating that Avatar was made by `` mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender '' . Gary Westfahl wrote that `` the science fiction story that most closely resembles Avatar has to be Ursula K. Le Guin 's novella `` The Word for World Is Forest '' ( 1972 ) , another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until they are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that the only good gook is a dead gook . '' The science fiction writer and editor Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories , the `` mash - up '' included Alan Dean Foster 's 1975 novel , Midworld . Some sources saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean , which featured fantastic images of floating rock formations and dragons . In 2013 , Dean sued Cameron and Fox , claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images . Dean sought damages of $50 m . Dean 's case was dismissed in 2014 , and The Hollywood Reporter noted that Cameron has won multiple Avatar idea theft cases . Avatar received compliments from filmmakers , with Steven Spielberg praising it as `` the most evocative and amazing science - fiction movie since Star Wars '' and others calling it `` audacious and awe inspiring '' , `` master class '' , and `` brilliant '' . Noted art director - turned - filmmaker Roger Christian is also a noted fan of the film . On the other hand , Duncan Jones said : `` It 's not in my top three James Cameron films ... ( A ) t what point in the film did you have any doubt what was going to happen next ? '' . For French filmmaker Luc Besson , Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the graphic novel series Valérian and Laureline that technologically supports the scope of its source material , with Besson even throwing his original script in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film . TIME ranked Avatar number 3 in their list of `` The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium ( Thus Far ) '' also earning it a spot on the magazine 's All - TIME 100 list , and IGN listed Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci - Fi movies of all time . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Avatar ( 2009 film ) Avatar won the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , and Best Visual Effects , and was nominated for a total of nine , including Best Picture and Best Director . Avatar also won the 67th Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Drama and Best Director , and was nominated for two others . At the 36th Saturn Awards , Avatar won all ten awards it was nominated for : Best Science Fiction Film , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Writing , Best Music , Best Production Design and Best Special Effects . The New York Film Critics Online honored the film with its Best Picture award . The film also won the Critics ' Choice Awards of the Broadcast Film Critics Association for Best Action Film and several technical categories , out of nine nominations . It won two of the St. Louis Film Critics awards : Best Visual Effects and Most Original , Innovative or Creative Film . The film also won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award for Production Design and Special Visual Effects , and was nominated for seven others , including Best Film and Director . The film has received numerous other major awards , nominations and honors . Extended theatrical re-release In July 2010 , Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical re-release of the film on August 27 , 2010 , exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D . Avatar : Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of footage , all of which is CG , including an extension of the sex scene and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film . This extended re-release resulted in the film 's run time approaching the current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes , thereby leaving less time for the end credits . Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost more than $1 million a minute to produce and finish . During its 12 - week re-release , Avatar : Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2 million . Home Media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu - ray in the US on April 22 , 2010 and in the UK on April 26 . The US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm , but was done to coincide with Earth Day . The first DVD and Blu - ray release does not contain any supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound . The release also preserves the film 's native 1.78 : 1 ( 16 : 9 ) format as Cameron felt that was the best format to watch the film . The Blu - ray disc contains DRM ( BD+ 5 ) which some Blu - ray players might not support without a firmware update . Avatar set a first - day launch record in the U.S. for Blu - ray sales at 1.5 million units sold , breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight ( 600,000 units sold ) . First - day DVD and Blu - ray sales combined were over four million units sold . In its first four days of release , sales of Avatar on Blu - ray reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada -- overtaking The Dark Knight to become the best ever selling Blu - ray release in the region . The release later broke the Blu - ray sales record in the UK the following week . In its first three weeks of release , the film sold a total of 19.7 million DVD and Blu - ray discs combined , a new record for sales in that period . As of July 18 , 2012 , DVD sales ( not including Blu - ray ) totaled over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 in revenue . Avatar retained its record as the top - selling Blu - ray in the US market until January 2015 when Disney 's Frozen surpassed it . The Avatar Three - Disc Extended Collector 's Edition on DVD and Blu - ray was released on November 16 , 2010 . Three different versions of the film are present on the discs : the original theatrical cut , the special edition cut , and a collector 's extended cut ( with the DVD set spreading them on two discs , but the Blu - ray set presenting them on a single disc ) . The collector 's extended cut contains 6 more minutes of footage , thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original theatrical cut . Cameron mentioned , `` you can sit down , and in a continuous screening of the film , watch it with the Earth opening '' . He stated the `` Earth opening '' is an additional 41⁄2 minutes of scenes that were in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the film 's theatrical release . The release also includes an additional 45 minutes of deleted scenes and other extras . Cameron initially stated that Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010 , but the studio issued a correction : `` 3 - D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3D Blu - ray in November . '' In May 2010 , Fox stated that the 3D version would be released some time in 2011 . It was later revealed that Fox had given Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu - ray version and only with the purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV . The length of Panasonic 's exclusivity period is stated to last until February 2012 . On October 2010 , Cameron stated that the standalone 3D Blu - ray would be the final version of the film 's home release and that it was , `` maybe one , two years out '' . On Christmas Eve 2010 , Avatar had its 3D television world premiere on Sky . On August 13 , 2012 , Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be released globally on Blu - ray 3D . The Blu - ray 3D version was finally released on October 16 , 2012 . Sequels In 2006 , Cameron stated that if Avatar was successful , he hoped to make two sequels to the film . In 2010 , he said the film 's widespread success confirmed that he would do so . He included certain scenes in the first film for future story follow - ups . Cameron planned to shoot the sequels back - to - back and to begin work `` once the novel is nailed down '' . He stated that the sequels would widen the universe while exploring other moons of Polyphemus . The first sequel would focus on the ocean of Pandora and also feature more of the rainforest . He intended to capture footage for this sequel at the bottom of the Mariana Trench using a deepwater submersible . In 2011 , Cameron stated that he was just starting to design the ocean ecosystem of Pandora and the other worlds to be included in the story . The storyline , although continuing the environmental theme of the first film , would not be `` strident '' since the film will concentrate on entertainment . The sequels would continue to follow the characters of Jake and Neytiri . Cameron implied that the humans would return as the antagonists of the story . Worthington and Saldana signed on to reprise their roles in the sequels . In 2010 , Cameron confirmed that Sigourney Weaver and Stephen Lang were also expected to return despite the demise of their characters . The sequels were originally scheduled for release in December 2014 and 2015 . In 2011 , Cameron stated his intention to film the sequels at a higher frame rate than the industry standard 24 frames per second , in order to add a heightened sense of reality . In 2012 , Cameron first mentioned a possible third sequel . That year , Cameron stated that the sequels were being written as `` separate stories that have an overall arc inclusive of the first film '' , with the second having a clear conclusion instead of a cliffhanger to the next film . Cameron expected to release Avatar 2 in 2015 . In 2013 , it was confirmed that there would be three sequels . Screenwriters were also announced : Josh Friedman for the first , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver for the second , and Shane Salerno for the third . Production was rescheduled for 2014 with the films to be released in December 2016 , 2017 , and 2018 . Steven Gould was engaged to write four novels based on the films . Later that year , Cameron announced that the sequels would be filmed in New Zealand , with performance capture to take place in 2014 . An agreement with the New Zealand government required at least one world premiere to be held in Wellington and at least NZ $ 500 million ( approximately US $410 million at December 2013 exchange rates ) to be spent on production activity in New Zealand , including live - action filming and visual effects . The New Zealand government announced it would raise its baseline tax rebate for filmmaking from 15 % to 20 % , with 25 % available to international productions in some cases and 40 % for New Zealand productions ( as defined by section 18 of the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 ) . In April 2014 , Cameron expected to finish the three scripts within six weeks , stating that all three sequels would be in production simultaneously and were still slated for December 2016 to 2018 releases . He stated that although Friedman , Jaffa and Silver , and Salerno are each co-writing one sequel with him , they at first all worked together on all three scripts : `` I did n't assign each writer which film they were going to work on until the last day . I knew if I assigned them their scripts ahead of time , they 'd tune out every time we were talking about the other movie . '' `` We ... worked out every beat of the story across all three films so it all connects as one , sort of , three - film saga . '' Cameron also stated that Weaver would be featured in all three sequels and that her character Grace Augustine would be alive . In March 2015 , however , Weaver said that she will play a new character in the next film . By 2015 , the scheduled release dates for the sequels were each delayed by another year , with the first sequel expected to be released in December 2017 ; Cameron called the writing process `` a complex job '' . In June 2015 , James Horner , who was reported to be engaged to write music for the franchise , was killed in a plane crash . In December , Cameron stated that he was `` doing another pass through all three scripts ... Just refining . That 's in parallel with the design process . The design process is very mature at this point . We 've been designing for about a year and a half . All the characters , settings and creatures are all pretty much ( set ) . '' The following month , Fox announced a further release delay . As of February 2016 , production of the sequels was scheduled to begin in April 2016 in New Zealand . In April 2016 , Cameron announced at CinemaCon that there will be four Avatar sequels , all of which will be filmed simultaneously , with release dates in December 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2023 , respectively . In late October 2016 , it was reported that Cameron was going to push for `` glasses - free 3D '' with the sequels , but he later disagreed with these rumors and did not think the technology would be there yet . In February 2017 , the media website My Entertainment World stated that Avatar 2 had entered production and shooting would start on August 15 , 2017 , with Manhattan Beach , California as the main shooting location . Cameron confirmed the upcoming shooting , and that the writing of all four sequels was now complete . The following sequels are expected to start shooting right after Avatar 2 wraps filming . The following month , Cameron revealed that Avatar 2 would not be released in 2018 , as originally believed . The sequel release dates were announced as starting on Dec. 18 , 2020 , for Avatar 2 , Dec. 17 , 2021 for Avatar 3 , Dec. 20 , 2024 for Avatar 4 , and Dec. 19 , 2025 for Avatar 5 . In June 2017 , Jon Landau stated at the CineEurope conference that principal photography will begin on September 25 , 2017 . Related Media Stage adaptation Toruk - The First Flight is an original stage production by the Montreal - based Cirque du Soleil which premiered in November 2015 and has been touring other cities since 2016 . Inspired by Avatar , the story is set in Pandora 's past , involving a prophecy concerning a threat to the Tree of Souls and a quest for totems from different tribes . Audience members can download an app in order to participate in show effects . On January 18 , 2016 , it was announced via the Toruk Facebook page that filming for an upcoming DVD has been completed and is currently undergoing editing . Theme park attraction Main article : Pandora -- The World of Avatar In 2011 , Cameron , Lightstorm , and Fox entered an exclusive licensing agreement with The Walt Disney Company to feature Avatar - themed attractions at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide , including a themed land for Disney 's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . The area , known as Pandora -- The World of Avatar , opened on May 27 , 2017 . See also Film in the United States portal 2000s portal List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring powered exoskeletons References Jump up ^ `` AVATAR ( 3D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar '' . BFI . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Wigney ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar director slams bandwagon jumpers '' . Herald Sun . Australia . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Box Office Mojo Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar was the year 's real milestone , never mind the results '' . The Observer . UK . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Review : AVATAR -- The Most Expensive American Film Ever ... And Possibly The Most Anti-American One Too . '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Moons like Avatar 's Pandora could be found '' . MSNBC . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Horwitz , Jane ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Family Filmgoer '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ This property of Unobtanium is stated in movie guides , rather than in the film . Wilhelm , Maria ; Dirk Mathison ( November 2009 ) . James Cameron 's Avatar : A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora . HarperCollins . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 189675 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Winters Keegan , Rebecca ( January 11 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A with James Cameron '' . Time . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Marquardt ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Did Avatar Borrow from Soviet Sci - Fi Novels ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Synthetic actors to star in Avatar '' . St. Petersburg Times . August 12 , 1996 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Judy Hevrdejs ; Mike Conklin ( August 9 , 1996 ) . `` Channel 2 has Monday morning team in place '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Alien Language , Hollywood - Style : Professor 's Work to Hit the Big Screen in Upcoming Blockbuster Avatar '' . USC Marshall . University of Southern California Marshall School of Business . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar Language '' . Nine to Noon . December 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Is No. 1 but Without a Record '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fritz , Ben ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Could ' Avatar ' hit $1 billion ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , R. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` How Much Did Avatar Really Cost ? '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Han Sunhee ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' goes 4D in Korea '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' Film to Feature Vocals From Singer Lisbeth Scott '' ( Press release ) . Los Angeles : PRNewswire . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 -- via Newsblaze . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar ' takes $27 million in its first day '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar Soars Despite Heavy Snowstorms '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Reporting by Dean Goodman ; editing by Anthony Boadle ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` '' Avatar '' leads box office , despite blizzard `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Unadjusted for inflation . See also List of highest - grossing films in Canada and the United States # Adjusted for ticket - price inflation ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' Wins Box Office , Nears Domestic Record '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Academy Award nominations '' . CNN . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Will Shoot Three ' Avatar ' Sequels Back to Back , First Release Planned in 2016 / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Expands ' Avatar ' Sequels To Four , Slams Screening Room & Gets Cheers From Exhibs - CinemaCon '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequel Release Dates Set , Starting in December , 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh . `` James Cameron Talks Avatar : Brave Blue World , '' Entertainment Weekly No. 1081 ( December 18 , 2009 ) : 48 . Jump up ^ Cameron , James . `` Avatar '' ( PDF ) . Avatar Screenings . Fox and its Related Entities . p. 25 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cameron , James . `` Avatar '' ( PDF ) . Avatar Screenings . Fox and its Related Entities . pp. 8 and 15 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Conan O'Brien ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien '' . The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien . Season 1 . Episode 128 . NBC . I was cheap Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson . `` Paraplegic role helps Worthington find his feet '' . lfpress.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Jensen ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Great Expectations ( page 2 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's cover : James Cameron reveals plans for an ' Avatar ' sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Horn . `` Faces to watch 2009 : film , TV , music and Web '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Lang , Rodriguez armed for ' Avatar ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Jessica ( March 26 , 2007 ) . `` Michael Biehn Talks ' Avatar ' -- Cameron Not Using Cameras ? '' . Cinematical . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clint Morris ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Sigouney Weaver talks Avatar '' . Moviehole.net . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Leslie Simmons ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Avatar ' has new player with Ribisi '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cameron , James ( 2007 ) . `` Avatar '' ( PDF ) . Avatar Screenings . Fox and its Related Entities . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Archived version May 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lux , Rachel ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Close - Up : Joel David Moore '' . Alternative Press . Alternative Press Magazine , Inc . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Archived version May 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ Lewis Bazley ( May 25 , 2009 ) . `` Drag Me to Hell Review '' . inthenews.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brennan , David ( February 11 , 2007 ) . `` Avatar Scriptment : Summary , Review , and Analysis '' . James Cameron 's Movies & Creations . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` '' Titanic '' director sets sci - fi epic for ' 09 `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : 20th Century Fox ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Cameron 's Avatar Starts Filming in April '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pounder Talks Avatar '' . April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved December 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Randy McMullen ; Joe Garofoli ( August 9 , 1996 ) . `` ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE ! '' . People . ^ Jump up to : Grover , R ; Lowry , T. ; White , M. ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` King of the World ( Again ) '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Bloomberg . pp. 1 -- 4 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harry Knowles ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Harry talks to James Cameron , Cracks PROJECT 880 , the BATTLE ANGEL trilogy & Cameron 's live shoot on Mars ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : John Horn ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` Director Cameron to shoot again '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Lori ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' team brought in UC Riverside professor to dig in the dirt of Pandora '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Concept Designer Reveals the Secrets of the Na'vi '' . io9 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kendricks , Neil ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` Cameron , the Science Geek Who Became a Movie Titan for the Ages '' . U-T San Diego . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Sheigh ( July 7 , 2006 ) . `` Cameron comes back with CG extravaganza '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved October 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lynn ( August 4 , 2006 ) . `` Special - Effects Giant Signs on for ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jody ; James Cameron ( October 2006 ) . The Winston Effect . Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 150 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Started As A Four - Month , Late - Night Jam Session At James Cameron 's House '' . December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waters , Jen ( September 28 , 2006 ) . `` Technology adds more in - depth feeling to the movie experience '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jody ; Lisa Fitzpatrick ( 2010 ) . The Making of Avatar . United States : Abrams Books . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9706 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Written By homepage '' . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Rampton ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` James Cameron : King of all he surveys '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Ordoña , Michael ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` Eye - popping ' Avatar ' pioneers new technology '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst communications Inc . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Archived version April 29 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` James Cameron : Yes , ' Avatar ' is ' Dances with Wolves ' in space ... sorta & # 124 '' . Los Angeles Times . Latimesblogs . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ito , Norihiro ( December 25 , 2009 ) . `` 新作「アバター」宮崎アニメにオマージュ J ・キャメロン監督 ( New Film Avatar Homage to Miyazaki 's Animated Film : J. Cameron ) '' . Sankei Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ In Hinduism , the human manifestations of several deities , including Vishnu , Krishna , and Rama , have blue - colored skin . See Blue : Religion . Wadhwani , Sita ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` The religious backdrop to James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar : ' 11 Burning Questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Ditzian , with reporting by Josh Horowitz ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron Compares His ' Avatar ' And ' Titanic ' Couples . The director notes the similarities between Sully and Neytiri , and Jack and Rose '' . MTV . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron Fought the Studio to Keep His Aliens Weird in `` Avatar '' `` . io9 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) James Cameron en Chine pour faire la publicité de son film `` Avatar '' , People daily , December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( January 14 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar 's Designers Speak : Floating Mountains , AMP Suits And The Dragon '' . Jump up ^ Renjie , Mao ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Stunning Avatar '' . Global Times . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Noble Clyde Boudreaux '' . Noble Corporation . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Designs Based on Drilling Rig '' . ComingSoon.net . January 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar Friday ' : fans will be shown preview of James Cameron 's 3 - D film '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Archived version April 30 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Hoyle , Ben ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` War on Terror backdrop to James Cameron 's Avatar '' . The Australian . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Anderson ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Alternate World , Alternate Technology '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` A Few Questions for James Cameron '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sharon Waxman ( January 8 , 2007 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Director Joins Fox on $200 Million Film '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( January 2010 ) . `` How James Cameron 's Innovative New 3D Tech Created Avatar '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` James Cameron supercharges 3 - D '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Cameron sets live - action , CG epic for 2009 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Quittner ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` 3 - D : The Future of Movies '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` $200 m Avatar starts filming in Wellington '' . The Dominion Post . October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Cameron and production team ( January 19 , 2010 ) . ' Avatar ' Creating the World of Pandora ( Online web - based video ) . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron 's Jungle Expedition For ' Avatar ' Stars '' . Starpulse.com . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Waxman ( January 9 , 2007 ) . `` Computers Join Actors in Hybrids On Screen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rachel Abramowitz ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` Do the ' Avatar ' actors deserve recognition ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henry Fitzherbert ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar : Director James Cameron 's crowning glory '' . Daily Express . UK . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang , Aldric ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Reading Between the Lines : First Image of James Cameron 's Avatar '' . media-freaks.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jody ( January 2010 ) . `` Avatar '' . Cinefex magazine . Riverside , CA : Cinefex : 86 . ^ Jump up to : Terdiman , Daniel ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Oscars could make Weta household name '' . CNET . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aili McConnon ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` James Cameron on the Cutting Edge '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( July 25 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson , Cameron Saddened by State of Film Industry ( Video ) '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Mixes It Up With Avatar '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Larry Gelten ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` 2nd look : ' Avatar ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Philip Wakefield ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` Close encounters of the 3D kind '' . The Listener . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Says Microsoft 's Role in ' Avatar ' Was Key '' . Microsoft . February 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ericson , Jim ( Jan -- Feb 2010 ) . `` Overheard : AVATAR 's Data Center '' . Information Management : 26 . Jump up ^ Jim Ericson ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Processing AVATAR '' . SourceMedia . Information Management magazine . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cloudy with a chance of Linux : Canonical aims to cash in '' . March 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Earth Stood Still '' . March 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Greasley , developer and Product Manager at The Foundry , takes CGSociety for a look around Mari , the new texture application '' . CG Society . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Foundry NAB Preview '' . FX Guide . March 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tim Masters ( December 16 , 2009 ) . `` Will Avatar crown James Cameron ' King of the Universe ' ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Data - Crunching Powerhouse Behind ' Avatar ' '' . December 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The computing power that created Avatar Chips '' . Geek.com . December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniel Terdiman ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` ILM steps in to help finish ' Avatar ' visual effects '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` Joe Letteri '' . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fox confirms Horner on Cameron 's ' Avatar ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dorey , Jim ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Na'vi Alien Language Incorporated In ' Avatar ' Music Soundtrack '' . MarketSaw Blog . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Ann ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Alumni News '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Department of Ethnomusicology . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carlsson , Mikael ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Top - 10 Most Anticipated Scores of 2009 '' . Upcoming Film Scores . IMDb News . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Owen Vaughan ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` James Horner : ' Scoring Avatar has been the most difficult job I 've done ' '' . The Times . London . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ Fukushima , Glenn ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Atlantic Unveils `` AVATAR : MUSIC FROM THE MOTION PICTURE '' ; Official Companion Album to James Cameron 's Upcoming Epic Adventure Features Music Composed & Conducted by Oscar - Winner James Horner , Plus `` I See You ( Theme From Avatar ) , '' Performed by Leona Lewis `` . marketwire . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` First Official Photo For James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' '' . Filmstage.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Empire Avatar Cover ! '' . Empire . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rettig , Kristina ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron Previews ' Avatar ' '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dolby 3D is the Official 3D Provider for Comic - Con International 2009 '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming for Thursday , July 23 '' . San Diego Comic - Con International . Archived from the original ( php ) on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Programming for Friday , July 24 '' . San Diego Comic - Con International . Archived from the original ( php ) on April 26 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official ' Avatar Day ' Press Release '' . SciFiScoop.com . July 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Cindy ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar ' preview dazzles audiences '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Bodey ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` Titanic director James Cameron grabs film 's holy grail in new film Avatar The Australian '' . Theaustralian.news.com.au . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CTV News Stars gear up for a risky season in Hollywood '' . Ctv.ca . October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` A chip off the ol ' iceberg ? ' Avatar ' run - up recalls another Cameron - captained ship '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 6 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AVATAR Movie Teaser is the Most Viewed Trailer Ever on Apple.com '' . GeekTyrant . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pham Thu Nga ; Trong Kha ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Through a glass starkly '' . Thanh Nien News . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AVATAR Trailer Gets World 's Largest Live Trailer Viewing on November 1 '' . Reuters . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Zero Immerses in the World of Avatar '' . Progressive Grocer . November 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ user . `` FOX on Demand '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Space Ghost to Come out of Retirement For Interview with Avatar Star Zoë Saldana '' . Adult Swim . December 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Stuart ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Campaign Spotlight -- This Campaign Is Wet ( and Wild ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Avatar : A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 189675 - 0 Jump up ^ James Cameron 's Avatar : The Movie Scrapbook . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 180124 - 2 Jump up ^ The Art of Avatar : James Cameron 's Epic Adventure . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8286 - 4 Jump up ^ The Making of Avatar . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9706 - 1 Jump up ^ Germain , David ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar creator Cameron shares alien shop talk '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry Carroll ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron Writing ' Avatar ' Prequel -- But Not For The Big Screen '' . MTV . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` James Cameron Spins Off ' Avatar ' Book Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron 's Na'vi Banshees Take Flight In The Avatar Video Game '' . io9 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' in four different formats '' . The Independent . London . December 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fox Licensing unveils Avatar licensing programme , Licensing.biz . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mattel is Master Toy Licensee for Cameron 's Avatar '' . ComingSoon.net . February 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Happy Meal Toys '' . happymeal.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Brings Customers to Another Planet in Partnership With James Cameron 's Movie Masterpiece AVATAR '' . McDonald 's Press Release via PR Newswire . Accessed August 23 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sharma , Garima ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Stamp - ed ! '' . The Times of India . India . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar International Release Dates '' . foxinternational.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( July 13 , 2007 ) . `` Hollywood films ' dating game '' . Variety . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock , Michael Fleming ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Fox shifts ' Avatar , ' ' Museum ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Q & A Podcast from Aliens / The Abyss Event ! '' . MarketSaw . May 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar ( 2009 ) -- Technical specifications '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DRM - Chaos verhindert 3D - Vorpremieren von Avatar '' . heise.de . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Scott ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Cinema Blend : Over 350 Avatar Screenings Already Sold Out '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' dominates int'l boxoffice '' . December 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar is king of the world with $165.2 m overseas launch '' . December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron 's Avatar Posts Record Opening Weekend Box Office Results in IMAX ( R ) Theatres '' . Yahoo !. December 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ScreenCrave : Avatar Breaks IMAX 's Wide Release Record '' . December 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bollywood film - makers vie for larger screen pie '' . The Economic Times . India . September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Numbers News -- Avatar Scores $3.5 Million at Midnight Screenings , Big Opening Day in Australia '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2009 box office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time 3D Opening Weekends '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Environmentalist Opening Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AVATAR ( 2009 ) International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Britt , Russ ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Can Cameron break his own box - office record ? ' Avatar ' unprecedented in staying power , international sales '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 25 -- 27 , 2009 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 1 -- 3 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 3rd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar fastest film to break $1 billion mark '' . Hindustan Times . India . January 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 4th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Andria ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar becomes top - grossing U.S. film released in 2009 '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies for Martin Lurther King Holiday Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 5th Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekends -- 6th '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Weekends -- 7th '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` The Avengers Hits $600 Million '' , June 26 , 2012 Jump up ^ Deprez , Esme E. ( January 31 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Tops Box Office , Passes $2 Billion Worldwide ( Update1 ) '' . Business Week . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar ( 2009 ) -- Dail Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Avatar ' Reigns with Record MLK Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Shutter Island ' Hangs On , ' Cop Out , ' ' Crazies ' Debut Decently '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Claims Highest Gross of All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' passes ' Titanic ' in domestic earnings '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . February 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Is New King of the World '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Dear John ' Delivers , ' Avatar ' Flies High Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 21 , 2010 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Shutter Island ' Lights Up '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar beats Mamma Mia 's UK box office record '' . Indie London . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Michelle ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` AVATAR Becomes Biggest Blockbuster Ever in Korea '' . Alt Film Guide . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Irish Film and Television Network ( March 2 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sinks ' Titanic ' To Take Irish Box Office Crown '' . Irish Film Research . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Shattering Imax Records '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Another Avatar Weekend : Pandorans Defeat Vampires '' . Time . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` * Adjusted to the estimated 2010 average ticket price of $7.46 '' `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Strikes DVD on Earth Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` '' Avatar '' top film overseas for 10th weekend `` . Reuters News Service . ABC News . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Josh ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Here Come the Cats With Human Boobs . Is Avatar destined to flop ? '' . Slate . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Jason ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` CNN 's Jason Carroll interviews director James Cameron about his new film `` Avatar '' . ( Video . ) `` . CNN . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gwin , Scott ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Avatar 's Headed For Blockbuster Mediocrity '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Engber , Daniel ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar = `` Apocalypto '' + George Lucas `` . Slate . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ceply , Michael ( November 8 , 2009 ) . `` A Movie 's Budget Pops From the Screen '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Adam ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` How Will ' Avatar ' Fare At The Box Office ? Experts Weigh In . One box - office analyst says James Cameron 's 3 - D epic has a shot to break $100 million this weekend '' . MTV . Retrieved December 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wells , Jeffery ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar Adjustments '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blair , Iain ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar 's Cameron shrugs off buzz -- and promises a sequel '' . SciFiWIRE.com . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Avatar ' Hits $1 Billion Mark , Eyes ' Titanic ' Record '' . omg ! . Yahoo ! News . January 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tramontana , Stephen ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Why Avatar will not beat Titanic '' . Manolith.com . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Will ' Avatar ' Top James Cameron 's ' Titanic ' Box - Office Record ? '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacks , Brian ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Will Beat ' Titanic ' To Become Biggest Of All Time '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron : I want to compete with ' Star Wars ' and Tolkien '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Sarah ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Could Out - Earn ' Titanic ' . James Cameron is king of the box office again , but will his latest eclipse his Titanic success ? '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Avatar ' is No. 1 again , soars past $1 billion worldwide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar Opens to Big Returns , But Staying Power is the Key '' . CraveOnline `` FilmSchoolRejects.com '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar film review '' . At The Movies . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . See parts of video of this television review at 3 : 00 and 3 : 52 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar Review '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar - Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Corliss Appraises Avatar : A World of Wonder '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Review : ' Avatar ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar review '' . ReelViews.net . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Armond ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Blue in the Face '' . New York Press . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also last paragraph of the above section Avatar Themes and inspirations . Jump up ^ Moore , Russell D. ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar : Rambo in Reverse '' . The Christian Post . Jump up ^ AbdelRahim , Layla . `` Avatar : An Anarcho - Primitivist Picture of the History of the World '' . Infoshop News . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zerzan , John . `` Radio talk show on 02 - 10 - 2010 and later dates '' . John Zerzan : Anti-civilization theorist , writer and speaker . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 25 , 2009 ) . `` Next - Generation 3 - D Medium of ' Avatar ' Underscores Its Message '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Heaven and Nature '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Prabhu , Saritha ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Movie storyline echoes historical record '' . The Tennessean . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Osipov , Maxim ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` What on Pandora does culture or civilisation stand for ? '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newitz , Annalee ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` When Will White People Stop Making Movies Like `` Avatar '' `` . io9 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Why is ' Avatar ' a film of ' Titanic ' proportions ? '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Devine , Miranda ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` Hit by the leftie sledgehammer '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawtoo , Nidesh , `` Avatar Simulation in 3 Ts : Techne , Trance , Transformation . '' Science Fiction Studies 125 . 41.1 March 2015 Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar '' . Boston Globe . NY Times Co . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Is Avatar weighted down by white man 's burden ? '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Sirota , David ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar loves a white savior '' . Salon . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( October 26 , 2009 ) Did James Cameron Rip Off Poul Anderson 's Novella ? io9 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` All Energy Is Borrowed : A Review of Avatar '' . Locus Publications . LocusMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron rejects claims Avatar epic borrows from Russians ' sci - fi novels '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartzberg , Joel ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` What Did ' Avatar ' Borrow from ' FernGully ' ? '' . IVillage . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't just watch Avatar , see it '' . The Age . Australia . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie News : Avatar to Follow a Pocahontas Narrative '' . Reelzchannel.com . August 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar : James Cameron deserves the Worst Lefty Award 2009 '' ( Blog ) . The Daily Telegraph . UK . December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Neda Ulaby , Zoe Chace ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' And Ke $ ha : A Denominator In Common ? '' . NPR Morning Edition . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` All Energy Is Borrowed : A Review of Avatar '' . Locus Online . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dozois , Gardner ( 2010 ) . `` Summation : 2009 '' . The Year 's Best Science Fiction : Twenty - Seventh Annual Collection . Macmillan . p. xxxv . ISBN 0 - 312 - 60898 - 5 . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Did Prog Rock 's Greatest Artist Inspire Avatar ? All Signs Point To Yes '' . io9 . December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar 's Unexpected Influences : Psychedelic Cover Art , Disney , and ... Furries ? '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron sued by artist Roger Dean over Avatar '' . BBC News . June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron . James Cameron Wins Avatar Idea Theft Lawsuit Against Artist `` , The Hollywood Reporter , September 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Roger Christian talks zombies , Prometheus & Battlefield Earth - movies , TV , videogames , crowd - funding -- Shadowlocked : find the future ! '' . Shadowlocked . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Buzz : Filmmakers react to Avatar '' . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Luc Besson Lays It On The Line For Passion Pic ' Valerian ' -- Deadline Disruptors '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . I thought the script was kind of good a few years ago , and I was ready to start the financing . Then , Avatar arrived . The good news was that , technically , I could see that we can do everything now . The film proved that imagination is the only limit . The bad news is , I threw my script in the garbage , literally , when I came back from the screening . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium ( Thus Far ) '' . TIME . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Rethinking the Movie Masterpieces : Richard Corliss Expands TIME 's List of Cinematic Greats '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Sci - Fi Movies of All Time '' . IGN . September 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe 2010 Winners '' . Moviefone . January 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Don ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.Y. Online Critics like ' Basterds ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Tarantino 's Inglourious Basterds dominates Critics ' Choice awards '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Anna ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` St. Louis Film Critics Awards 2009 '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 BAFTA Awards '' , chiff.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gregg Kilday ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar : Special Edition ' for 3D theaters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Dorey ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : James Cameron Interview ! Talks AVATAR Re-release , Sequels , 3D Conversions & Working With Del Toro ! '' . MarketSaw . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kara Warner ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Director James Cameron Talks ' Alien Kink Scene ' '' . MTV . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Blu - ray 2 Disc Set '' . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron 's Avatar : Combi Pack ( Blu - ray & DVD ) ( 2009 ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Play.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar Earth Day RELEASE : James Cameron Film Comes Out On DVD , Inspires ' Home Tree ' Earth Day 2010 '' . The Huffington Post . April 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Juan Calonge ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Makers of Avatar Unveil Blu - ray Launch '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Some ' Avatar ' Fans Struggle With Blu - Ray '' . Yahoo ! Movies . April 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This is why early adopting sucks : ' Avatar ' does n't play on some Samsung BR players '' . CrunchGear. April 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' shatters sales records -- and inspires an armed heist in Mexico City '' . Los Angeles Times . April 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' is already the bestselling Blu - ray ever '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ King , Mike ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Talk : James Cameron , King of DVD sales '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar breaks UK Blu - ray sales record '' . BBC News . April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar Fastest Selling DVD After Three Weeks '' . ABC News . May 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Best - Selling Blu - ray Titles in the United States '' . The Numbers . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Ryan ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar three - disc extended collectors set due in November '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Mike ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with James Cameron on ' Avatar ' re-release , BP oil spill -- and much more '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update : Cameron Talks Avatar Blu - ray / DVD Releases and Sequel '' . Comingsoon.net . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Rich ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar gets 3D Blu - ray release , comes with free Panasonic 3DTV '' . CNET UK . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Cameron : Avatar CE Blu - ray Is Last Version -- Save for 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digital TV -- Sky to give ' Avatar ' 3D world premiere '' . Digital Spy . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 3DTV world premiere on Sky 3D -- Pocket - lint '' . Pocket-link.com . December 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Secures Avatar 3D TV World Premier '' . IT Pro Portal . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar on Blu - ray 3D '' . YouTube . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 3D Blu - ray : Limited 3D Edition '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Mastermind James Cameron 's King - Size Comeback : Two Sci - Fi Trilogies '' . MTV . Retrieved October 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequel Confirmed By James Cameron ... And Here 's What We 'd Like To See '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron Planning ' Avatar ' Trilogy '' . Yahoo !. January 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Avatar ' Sequels Could Shoot Back - To - Back , Story Hints In Upcoming Novel '' . MTV . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron : The ' Avatar ' sequel will dive into the oceans of Pandora '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron commissions deep sea sub to film footage for Avatar sequel '' . The Australian . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron : New ' Avatar 2 ' Details '' . ABC news . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron Talks ' Avatar ' Sequel Plans '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron Says ' Everyone 's Highly Motivated ' For ' Avatar ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Sigourney Weaver Avatar 2 role confirmed '' . BBC News . September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Has Found Avatar 's Darth Vader : It 's Stephen Lang '' . Deadline.com . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron sets ' Avatar ' 2 & 3 as next films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron to Make Avatar 4 Instead of Battle Angel '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron : ' Avatar ' sequels ' a daunting writing task ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Upped To Three ; Fox , James Cameron Set Trio of Writers to Spearhead '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox & James Cameron Announce ' Avatar ' Novels Based On Movie & Upcoming Sequels '' . Deadline.com . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Steven ; Finlayson , Chris ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Three Avatar films to be made in New Zealand '' . New Zealand Government . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jared Larson ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Trilogy of Avatar Sequels to Be Made in New Zealand '' . IGN . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron . AMA '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Cameron on ' Avatar ' Sequel Timetable Following Rupert Murdoch 's Comments '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Talks Avatar Sequels '' . Empire . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Opens Up About ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Inquisitr . November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Used ' Dark Angel ' Experience to Write ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . ScreenRant . June 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Movie Spoilers , Release Date : Sigourney Weaver Alive , Will Play Crucial Role in New Trilogy '' . BreatheCast . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Will See Sigourney Weaver Play a Brand New Character '' . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` James Cameron Pushes Back ' Avatar ' Sequels By a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Sequel Delayed Until 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` How James Horner Created the Unforgettable Titanic Theme Song , ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron wants to prove Avatar success was n't ' some big fluke ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron 's Avatar 2 Wo n't Be Ready for Christmas 2017 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 '' . My Entertainment World . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` 20th Century Fox CinemaCon : ' Avatar ' Sequels , ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' Greatest Showman On Earth ' Updates , Vanilla Ice Raps , ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Birth Of A Nation ' & More '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Expands ' Avatar ' Sequels To Four , Slams Screening Room & Gets Cheers From Exhibs - CinemaCon '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Pushing for 3D Advances and Higher Frame Rates for ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Cameron on Terminator 2 , Avatar and the future of cinema Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Production Start Date Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 ' Latest News : Sequel to Begin Filming in August '' . The Christian Post . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 : Sam Worthington confirms start date for James Cameron sequels '' . Stuff.co . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 production start date set for August '' . Den of Geek . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 officially starts filming in August , James Cameron teams up with Ubisoft for Avatar game '' . The Independent . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 ' Script News : James Cameron Feels Like He 's Been Freed From Jail After Completing Script for All 5 Films '' . The Christian Post . February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Will Finally Begin Shooting in Late Summer '' . Movie Web . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar 2 ' Wo n't Hit Theaters In 2018 , James Cameron Says '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Update : Production `` Officially '' Begins In September On Saga 's Stand - Alones -- CineEurope `` . Deadline . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Avatar Sequels Officially Begin Production in September '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap ! Filming for the upcoming ... - TORUK - The First Flight - Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Cody , Anthony ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Disney to build Avatar attractions at its theme parks '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levy , Dani ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Avatar ' - Themed Land Opening Date Revealed , Star Wars Land Coming in 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Further reading Armstrong , Jeffrey ( 2010 ) . Spiritual Teachings of the Avatar : Ancient Wisdom for a New World . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58270 - 281 - 0 . A detailed analysis of the film 's parallels with the teachings of the Vedas . Duncan , Jody ; Fitzpatrick , Lisa ( 2010 ) . The Making of Avatar . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9706 - 6 . OCLC 555654027 . Lawtoo , Nidesh ( 2015 ) . `` Avatar Simulation in 3Ts : Techne , Trance , Transformation . '' Modern Fiction Studies 125 41.1 pp. 132 -- 150 . Mahoney , Kevin Patrick ( 2010 ) . The Ultimate Fan 's Guide to Avatar , James Cameron 's Epic Movie ( Unauthorized ) . London : Punked Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9533172 - 5 - 7 . External links Find more aboutAvatar ( 2009 film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Official shooting script Avatar on IMDb Avatar at AllMovie Avatar at Box Office Mojo Avatar at Metacritic Avatar at Rotten Tomatoes Avatar Media Soundtrack album `` I See You '' Video game Art book Toruk - The First Flight Universe Fictional universe Pandoran biosphere Na'vi language Na'vi grammar Related Pandora -- The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Awards and honors Box office records Themes Other Avatar Hallelujah Mountain `` Dances with Smurfs '' `` Treehouse of Horror XXII '' This Ai n't Avatar XXX Book Awards for Avatar Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni GND : 7684937 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar_(2009_film)&oldid=800608961 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Avatar ( 2009 film ) 2000s 3D films 2000s action films American adventure films Science fiction adventure films 2000s adventure films 20th Century Fox films 22nd century in fiction American epic films American films American science fiction action films Artificial uterus in fiction Best Film Empire Award winners Dune Entertainment films Environmental films Fictional - language films Film scores by James Horner Films about cloning Films about extraterrestrial life Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films about rebellions Films about technology Films about telepresence Films directed by James Cameron Films set in the 22nd century Films set on fictional moons Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in New Zealand Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films using computer - generated imagery Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Holography in films IMAX films Lightstorm Entertainment films Military science fiction films Performance capture in film Planetary romances Rebellions in fiction Rotoscoped films Science fiction war films Screenplays by James Cameron Social science fiction films Space adventure films Transhumanism in film Films about consciousness transfer Epic science fiction films Action adventure films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with French - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar%20%282009%20film%29	24,233
the durgapur steel plant in west bengal was built with the collaboration of	Durgapur Steel Plant is one of the integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited , located in Durgapur , in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal . It was set up with the help of United Kingdom. ( S.R.N. )	United Kingdom. ( S.R.N. )	Durgapur Steel Plant	durgapur steel plant	Durgapur Steel Plant is one of the integrated steel plants of Steel Authority of India Limited , located in Durgapur , in the eastern Indian state of West Bengal . It was set up with the help of United Kingdom. ( S.R.N. )	Contents 1 Product mix Tonnes / annum 2 Location 3 Environment control 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Product mix tonnes / annum ( edit ) Merchant Products 280,000 Structural 207,000 Skelp 180,000 Wheels & Axles 58,000 Semis 861,000 Total Salable steel 1,586,000 Forged wheels are especially made here ; in October 2010 , DSP licensed technology from the Ukrainian manufacturer Interpipe which would allow it to make 955mm monobloc wheels . Location ( edit ) DSP is situated about 158 km from Kolkata , its geographical location is defined as 23 ° 27 ' North and 88 ° 29 ' East . It is situated on the banks of the Damodar River in the Bardhaman District in the growing industrial city of Durgapur . The Grand Trunk Road and the main Kolkata - Delhi railway line pass through Durgapur . Environment control ( edit ) Durgapur Steel Plant has made relentless efforts to maintaining a healthy and clean environment . The units in DSP have the necessary pollution control facilities . DSP has undertaken massive afforestation to maintain clean environment . Some 1,266 acres of land have been covered with 14 lakh plantations . In order to develop healthy awareness about the environment amongst the younger generation , Eco-clubs have been formed in DSP schools . See also ( edit ) Steel Authority of India Limited References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Railway Gazette : Wheel production in Durgapur '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . External links ( edit ) About Durgapur Steel Plant at Steel Authority of India website Steel industry of India Companies Steel Bhushan Steel Bramhani Industries Essar Steel Goel TMT Ispat Industries Ltd Jai Balaji group JSW Steel Ltd Jindal Steel and Power Mahindra Ugine Steel Mukand Ltd POSCO India Prakash Industries Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Steel Authority of India Limited Tata Steel Uttam Galva Steels VISA Steel Allied industries Bharat Refractories Limited Ferro Alloys Corporation NSPCL Tayo Rolls Tube Products of India Welspun Corp Ltd Welspun Maxsteel Ltd Plants Integrated Bhilai Steel Plant Bokaro Steel Plant Durgapur Steel Plant ESSAR Steel India Ltd Plants IISCO Steel Plant Rourkela Steel Plant Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Alloy / Mini Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant kalyani steels Under construction Nagarnar Steel Plant Related topics Coalfields of India Power Stations of India Automotive companies of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durgapur_Steel_Plant&oldid=854480341 '' Categories : Steel plants of India Steel Authority of India Companies based in West Bengal Buildings and structures in Durgapur , West Bengal Manufacturing companies established in 1960 1960 establishments in India Hidden categories : Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgapur%20Steel%20Plant	60,929
what are the six political zone in nigeria			Geopolitical zones of Nigeria	geopolitical zones of nigeria	The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is a major division in modern Nigeria , created during the regime of president General Sani Abacha . Nigerian economic , political and educational resources are often shared across the zones .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Reason for the Zones 2 Agitations for Constitutional Recognition 3 Zones 4 References Reason for the zones ( edit ) The six zones have not been entirely carved out based on geopolitical location , but rather states with similar cultures , ethnic groups , and common history were classified in the same zone . Nigeria is made up of approximately 400 ethnic groups and 450 languages . There was a need for the government to merge similar groups for effective allocation of resources . Agitations for constitutional recognition ( edit ) Many groups and individuals in Nigeria including the Afenifere Renewal Movement through its National Publicity Secretary , Mr. Yinka Odumakin , Ohaneze Ndigbo through its late Secretary General , Chief Ralph Uwechue and Ijaw National Congress through its National President , Mr. Joshua Benameisigha have canvassed that the current six zonal divisions be recognized in Nigeria 's constitution and be strengthened to function as federating units in the new structure for Nigeria . According to Chief Nengi James , a Niger Delta activist , `` for all sections of the country to become one entity , the geopolitical zones must be recognized in the constitution . '' These groups are pushing for devolution of powers so that the geopolitical zones become autonomous and manage the resources within their territories in a Federal Nigeria . Zones ( edit ) North Central ( loosely known as Middle Belt ) : Benue Kogi Kwara Nasarawa Niger Plateau Federal Capital Territory North East : Adamawa Bauchi Borno Gombe Taraba Yobe North West : Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Sokoto Zamfara South East : Abia Anambra Ebonyi Enugu Imo South South : Akwa Ibom Cross River Bayelsa Rivers Delta Edo South West : Ekiti Lagos Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.punchng.com/news/constitution-six-geopolitical-zones-divide-north-south/ Jump up ^ http://saharareporters.com/2014/07/17/niger-delta-region-%E2%80%98epicentre-electoral-fraud%E2%80%99-nigeria-africa-check Jump up ^ http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/01/ethnic-groups-geo-political-regions-nigeria/ Jump up ^ http://risenetworks.org/2013/04/08/2015-nigerian-presidential-election-and-the-north-south-political-divide/ Jump up ^ `` Nigeria MDG Acceleration Framework : A commitment to Improved Maternal Health '' ( PDF ) . Federal Republic of Nigeria and UNDP . www.undp.org . August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eze , Titus Chinweuba. , 1 * Okpala , Cyril Sunday , 2 Ogbodo , Joseph Charles ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Patterns of Inequality in Human Development Across Nigeria 's Six Geopolitical Zones '' . Department of Economics , Caritas University , Amorji - Nike , Emene , Enugu State . Nigeria ; Department of Economics , Ebonyi State University , Abakaliki , Ebonyi State , Nigeria ; Department of Economics , Enugu State University of science & Technology , Enugu , Nigeria . iiste.org. 4 ( 8 ) . ISSN 2225 - 0565 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution : Six geopolitical zones divide North , South '' . punchng.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 27 . ( hide ) Nigeria articles History Kingdoms Empires Aro Benin Fulani Kanem - Bornu Nri Oyo Timeline Northern Nigeria Southern Nigeria Civil War Islamist insurgency Communal conflicts in Nigeria Niger Delta conflict 2016 Biafra conflict Geography Adamawa Plateau Cities Ecoregions Environmental issues Islands Jos Plateau Mountains National parks Niger Delta Rivers Niger Benue Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Federal Executive Council Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement LGBT history Military National Assembly House of Representatives Senate Political parties PDP APC President Vice-President Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Central Bank Economic history Energy Mining Naira ( currency ) Petroleum Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Capital punishment Corruption Demographics Diaspora Education Ethnic groups MASSOB MOSOP Oodua Peoples Congress Health Languages Organized crime Poverty Rankings Refugees Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Demonyms Flag List of Nigerians Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Public holidays Religion Smoking Sport Video gaming Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria&oldid=800289047 '' Categories : Politics of Nigeria Subdivisions of Nigeria Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 16 : 06 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitical%20zones%20of%20Nigeria	57,069
what was the captains name of the titanic	Edward John Smith , RD ( / ˈɛdwərd ˈdʒɒn ˈsmɪθ / ; 27 January 1850 -- 15 April 1912 ) was a British Merchant Navy officer . He served as master of numerous White Star Line vessels . He is best known as the captain of the RMS Titanic who perished when the ship sank on its maiden voyage .	Edward John Smith	Edward Smith ( sea Captain )	edward smith ( sea captain )	Edward John Smith , RD ( / ˈɛdwərd ˈdʒɒn ˈsmɪθ / ; 27 January 1850 -- 15 April 1912 ) was a British Merchant Navy officer . He served as master of numerous White Star Line vessels . He is best known as the captain of the RMS Titanic who perished when the ship sank on its maiden voyage .	Raised in a working environment , he left school early to join the Merchant Navy and the Royal Naval Reserve . After earning his master 's ticket , he entered the service of the White Star Line , a prestigious British company . He quickly rose through the ranks and graduated in 1887 . His first command was the SS Celtic . He served as commanding officer of numerous White Star Line vessels , including the Majestic ( which he commanded for nine years ) and attracted a strong and loyal following amongst passengers . In 1904 , Smith became the commodore of the White Star Line , and was responsible for controlling its flagships . He successfully commanded the Baltic , Adriatic and the Olympic . In 1912 , he was the captain of the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic , which struck an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912 ; over 1,500 perished in the sinking , including Smith who went down with the ship . For his stoicism and fortitude in the face of adversity , Smith became an icon of British `` stiff upper lip '' spirit and discipline . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Marriage and children 3 Career 3.1 Early commands 3.2 Bigger commands 3.3 Olympic class command 3.4 The Hawke incident 4 RMS Titanic 4.1 Death 5 Legacy 6 Decorations 7 Family 8 Portrayals 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Early Life Edward John Smith was born on 27 January 1850 on Well Street , Hanley , Staffordshire , England to Edward Smith , a potter , and Catherine Hancock , born Marsh , who married on 2 August 1841 in Shelton , Staffordshire . His parents later owned a shop . Smith attended the Etruria British School until the age of 13 , when he left and operated a steam hammer at the Etruria Forge . In 1867 , aged 17 he went to Liverpool in the footsteps of his half - brother Joseph Hancock , a captain on a sailing ship . He began his apprenticeship on Senator Weber , owned by A Gibson & Co. of Liverpool . Marriage and children On 13 January 1887 , Smith married Sarah Eleanor Pennington at St Oswald 's Church , Winwick , Cheshire . Their daughter , Helen Melville Smith , was born in Waterloo , Liverpool on 2 April 1898 . The family lived in an imposing red brick , twin - gabled house , named `` Woodhead '' , on Winn Road , Highfield , Southampton , Hampshire . Career Early commands Edward Smith joined the White Star Line in March 1880 as the Fourth Officer of SS Celtic . He served aboard the company 's liners to Australia and to New York City , where he quickly rose in status . In 1887 , he received his first White Star command , the Republic . In 1888 , Smith earned his Extra Master 's Certificate and joined the Royal Naval Reserve , receiving a commission as a Lieutenant , which entitled him to add the letters `` RNR '' after his name . This meant that in a time of war he could be called upon to serve in the Royal Navy . Smith retired from the RNR in 1905 with the rank of Commander . His ship had the distinction of being able to fly the Blue Ensign of the RNR ; British merchant vessels generally flew the Red Ensign . Bigger commands Smith was Majestic 's captain for nine years commencing in 1895 . When the Boer War started in 1899 , Majestic was called upon to transport troops to Cape Colony. Smith made two trips to South Africa , both without incident , and in 1903 , for his service , King Edward VII awarded him the Transport Medal , showing the `` South Africa '' clasp. Smith was regarded as a `` safe captain '' . As he rose in seniority , he gained a following amongst passengers with some only sailing the Atlantic on a ship he captained. Smith even became known as the `` Millionaires ' Captain '' . From 1904 on , Smith commanded the White Star Line 's newest ships on their maiden voyages . In 1904 , he was given command of what was then the largest ship in the world , the Baltic . Her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York , sailing 29 June 1904 , went without incident . After three years with Baltic , Smith was given his second new `` big ship , '' the Adriatic . Once again , the maiden voyage went without incident . During his command of Adriatic , Smith received the long service Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve ( RD ) . Olympic class command Edward J. Smith , on Olympic , in 1911 As one of the world 's most experienced sea captains , Smith was called upon to take first command of the lead ship in a new class of ocean liners , the Olympic -- again , the largest vessel in the world at that time . The maiden voyage from Southampton to New York was successfully concluded on 21 June 1911 , but as the ship was docking in New York harbour , a small incident took place . Docking at Pier 59 under the command of Captain Smith with the assistance of a harbour pilot , Olympic was being assisted by twelve tugs when one got caught in the backwash of Olympic , spun around , collided with the bigger ship , and for a moment was trapped under Olympic 's stern , finally managing to work free and limp to the docks . From left to right : First Officer William M Murdoch , Chief Officer Joseph Evans , Fourth Officer David Alexander and Captain Edward J. Smith , all as seen on the Olympic . The Hawke incident On 20 September 1911 , Olympic 's first major mishap occurred during a collision with a British warship , HMS Hawke , in which the warship lost her prow . Although the collision left two of Olympic 's compartments filled and one of her propeller shafts twisted , she was able to limp back to Southampton . At the resultant inquiry , the Royal Navy blamed Olympic , finding that her massive size generated a suction that pulled Hawke into her side . Captain Smith had been on the bridge during the events . The Hawke incident was a financial disaster for White Star , and the out - of - service time for the big liner made matters worse . Olympic returned to Belfast and , to speed up the repairs , Harland and Wolff was forced to delay Titanic 's completion , in order to use one of her propeller shafts and other parts for Olympic . Back at sea in February 1912 , Olympic lost a propeller blade and once again returned to her builder for emergency repairs . To get her back to service immediately , Harland and Wolff again had to pull resources from Titanic , delaying her maiden voyage from 20 March to 10 April . RMS Titanic Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic Despite the past trouble , Smith was again appointed to be in command of the newest ship in the Olympic class when the RMS Titanic left Southampton for her maiden voyage . Although some sources state that he had decided to retire after completing Titanic 's maiden voyage , an article in the Halifax Morning Chronicle on 9 April 1912 stated that Smith would remain in charge of Titanic `` until the Company ( White Star Line ) completed a larger and finer steamer . '' On 10 April 1912 , Smith , wearing a bowler hat and a long overcoat , took a taxi from his home to Southampton docks . He came aboard Titanic at 7 am to prepare for the Board of Trade muster at 8 : 00 am . He immediately went to his cabin to get the sailing report from Chief Officer Henry Wilde . After departure at noon , the huge amount of water displaced by Titanic as she passed caused the laid - up New York to break from her moorings and swing towards Titanic . Quick action from Smith helped to avert a premature end to the maiden voyage . Illustration of the sinking of the Titanic The first four days of the voyage passed without incident , but shortly after 11 : 40 pm on 14 April Smith was informed by First Officer William Murdoch that the ship had just collided with an iceberg . It was soon apparent that the ship was seriously damaged ; designer Thomas Andrews reported that all of the first five of the ship 's watertight compartments had been breached and that Titanic would sink in under two hours . During the evacuation , Captain Smith , aware that there were not enough lifeboats for all of the passengers and crew , did all in his power to prevent panic and did his best to assist in the evacuation ; Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club said `` He was doing everything in his power to get women in these boats , and to see that they were lowered properly . I thought he was doing his duty in regard to the lowering of the boats '' . Robert Williams Daniel , a first class passenger , also said : Captain Smith was the biggest hero I ever saw . He stood on the bridge and shouted through a megaphone , trying to make himself heard . Just minutes before the ship started its final plunge , Smith was still busy releasing Titanic 's crew from their duties ; he went to the Marconi operators room and released Junior Marconi Officer Harold Bride and senior wireless operator John `` Jack '' Phillips from their duties . He then carried out a final tour of the deck , telling crew members : `` Now it 's every man for himself . '' At 2 : 10 a.m. , Steward Edward Brown saw the captain approach with a megaphone in his hand . He heard him say `` Well boys , do your best for the women and children , and look out for yourselves . '' He saw the Captain walk onto the bridge alone . This was the last reliable sighting of Smith . A few minutes later Trimmer Samuel Hemming found the bridge apparently empty . Five minutes later , the ship disappeared beneath the ocean . Smith perished that night along with around 1,500 others , and his body was never recovered . Death See also : The captain goes down with the ship There are conflicting accounts of Smith 's death . Some survivors said they saw Smith enter the ship 's wheelhouse on the bridge , and die there when it was engulfed . The New York Herald in its 19 April 1912 edition quoted Robert Williams Daniel , who jumped from the stern immediately before the ship sank , in its 19 April 1912 edition as have claimed to have witnessed Captain Smith drown in the ship 's wheelhouse . `` I saw Captain Smith on the bridge . My eyes seemingly clung to him . The deck from which I had leapt was immersed . The water had risen slowly , and was now to the floor of the bridge . Then it was to Captain Smith 's waist . I saw him no more . He died a hero . '' Captain Smith himself made statements hinting that he would go down with his ship if he was ever confronted with a disaster . A friend of Smith 's , Dr. Williams , asked Captain Smith what would happen if the Adriatic struck a concealed reef of ice and was badly damaged . `` Some of us would go to the bottom with the ship , '' was Smith 's reply . A boyhood friend , William Jones said , `` Ted Smith passed away just as he would have loved to do . To stand on the bridge of his vessel and go down with her was characteristic of all his actions when we were boys together . '' Because of these factors as well as the accounts of Smith going inside the wheelhouse , this has remained the iconic image which has remained of Smith and has been perpetuated by film portrayals . When working to free Collapsible B , Junior Marconi Officer Harold Bride said he saw Captain Smith dive from the bridge into the sea just as Collapsible B was levered off the roof of the officers ' quarters , a story which was corroborated by first class passenger Mrs Eleanor Widener , who was in Lifeboat No. 4 ( the closest to the sinking ship ) at the time . Also second class passenger William John Mellors , who survived aboard collapsible B , stated that Smith jumped from the bridge . Tim Maltin , author of 101 Things You Thought You Knew About The Titanic - But Did n't ! affirms that the witnesses `` could here be mistaking Captain Smith for Lightoller , who we know did exactly this at this time , first swimming towards the crow 's nest . '' Several accounts say that Smith may have been seen in the water near the overturned Collapsible B during or after the sinking . Colonel Archibald Gracie reported that an unknown swimmer came near the capsized and overcrowded lifeboat , and that one of the men on board told him `` Hold on to what you have , old boy . One more of you aboard would sink us all , '' ; in a powerful voice , the swimmer replied `` All right boys . Good luck and God bless you . '' . Gracie did not see this man , nor was able to identify him , but some other survivors later claimed to have recognised this man as Smith . Another man ( or possibly the same ) never asked to come aboard the boat , but instead cheered its occupants saying `` Good boys ! Good lads ! '' with `` the voice of authority '' . One of the Collapsible B survivors , fireman Walter Hurst , tried to reach him with an oar , but the rapidly rising swell carried the man away before he could reach him . Hurst said he was certain this man was Smith . Some of these accounts also describe Smith carrying a child to the boat . Harry Senior , one of Titanic 's stokers , and second class passenger Charles Eugene Williams , who both survived aboard Collapsible B , stated that Smith swam with a child in his arms to Collapsible B , which Smith presented to a steward , after which he apparently swam back to the rapidly foundering ship . Williams ' account differs slightly , claiming that , after Smith handed the child over to the steward , he asked what had become of First Officer Murdoch . Upon hearing news of Murdoch 's demise , Smith `` pushed himself away from the lifeboat , threw his lifebelt from him and slowly sank from our sight . He did not come to the surface again . '' These accounts are almost certainly apocryphal , according to historians featured in the A&E Documentary Titanic : Death of a Dream . Lightoller who survived on Collapsible B never reported seeing Smith in the water or receiving a child from him . There is also no way in which survivors on Collapsible B would have been able to verify the identity of the individual concerned under such dimly lit and chaotic circumstances . It is more likely based upon wishful thinking that the person they saw was the Captain . Captain Smith 's fate will probably remain uncertain . For many years , there were also conflicting accounts of Smith 's last words . Newspaper reports said that as the final plunge began , Smith advised those on board to `` Be British boys , be British ! '' Although this is engraved on his memorial and portrayed in the 1996 TV miniseries , it is a myth popularised by the British press at the time . If Smith had said these words to anyone , it would have been to the crew , but not one of the surviving crew members claimed he did . Because Steward Brown 's account of Smith giving orders before walking onto the bridge was the last reliable sighting , this would make Smith 's last words simply `` Well boys , do your best for the women and children , and look out for yourselves . '' Legacy The statue of Captain Smith in Beacon Park , Lichfield , Staffordshire , England Detail of the statue A statue , sculpted by Kathleen Scott , wife of Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott , was unveiled in July 1914 at the western end of the Museum Gardens in Beacon Park , Lichfield . The pedestal is made from Cornish granite and the figure is bronze . Lichfield was chosen as the location for the monument because Smith was a Staffordshire man and Lichfield was the centre of the diocese . The statue originally cost £ 740 ( £ 70,000 with inflation ) raised through local and national contributions . For his stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' self - discipline , fortitude and remaining calm in the face of adversity , which popular culture rendered into a British character trait , the plaque below his memorial statue states ; Capt. of R.M.S. Titanic COMMANDER EDWARD JOHN SMITH R.D.R.N.R. BORN JANUARY 27 1850 DIED APRIL 15 1912 BEQUEATHING TO HIS COUNTRYMEN THE MEMORY & EXAMPLE OF A GREAT HEART A BRAVE LIFE AND A HEROIC DEATH `` BE BRITISH '' In 2010 , as part of the ' Parks for People ' programme , the statue was restored and the green patina removed from its surface at a cost of £ 16,000 . In 2011 an unsuccessful campaign was started to get the statue moved back to Captain Smith 's home town of Hanley . Smith had already been commemorated in Hanley 's Town Hall with a plaque reading : This tablet is dedicated to the memory of Commander ( sic ) Edward John Smith RD , RNR . Born in Hanley , 27th Jany 1850 , died at sea , 15th April 1912 . Be British . Whilst in command of the White Star SS Titanic that great ship struck an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean during the night and speedily sank with nearly all who were on board . Captain Smith having done all man could do for the safety of passengers and crew remained at his post on the sinking ship until the end . His last message to the crew was `` Be British . '' The plaque was removed in 1961 , given to a local school and then returned to the Town Hall but remounted in the interior of the building in 1978 . The Titanic Brewery in Burslem , Stoke - on - Trent is in honour of him . Decorations As a member of the Royal Naval Reserve , Smith wore his two decorations when in uniform : the Decoration for Officers of the Royal Naval Reserve and the Transport Medal . Reserve Decoration Transport Medal Family Smith 's half - sister Thyrza died in 1921 and his widow , Sarah Eleanor Smith , was hit and killed by a taxi in London in 1931 . Their daughter , Helen Melville , married and gave birth to twins , Simon and Priscilla . Simon , a pilot in the Royal Air Force , was killed in World War II . Priscilla died from polio three years later ; neither of them had children . Helen died in 1973 . Portrayals Otto Wernicke ( 1943 ) ( Titanic ) Brian Aherne ( 1953 ) ( Titanic ) Clarence Derwent ( 1956 ) ( Kraft Television Theatre ) ( A Night to Remember ) Laurence Naismith ( 1958 ) ( A Night to Remember ) Michael Rennie ( 1966 ) ( The Time Tunnel , episode Rendezvous With Yesterday ) ( fictionalised as `` Captain Malcolm Smith '' ) Harry Andrews ( 1979 ) ( S.O.S. Titanic ) ( TV Movie ) Hugh Reilly ( 1983 ) ( Voyagers ! ) ( Voyagers of the Titanic ) George C. Scott ( 1996 ) ( Titanic ) ( TV Miniseries ) John Cunningham ( 1997 ) ( Titanic ) ( Broadway Musical ) Bernard Hill ( 1997 ) ( Titanic ) Kenneth Belton ( 2001 ) ( Titanic : The Legend Goes On ) ( Animated Film ) John Donovan ( 2003 ) ( Ghosts of the Abyss ) ( Documentary ) Alan Rothwell ( 2005 ) ( Titanic : Birth of a Legend ) ( TV Documentary ) Malcolm Tierney ( 2008 ) ( Who Sank the Titanic ? aka The Unsinkable Titanic ) ( TV Documentary ) Christian Rodska ( 2011 ) ( Curiosity , episode : `` What Sank Titanic ? '' ) ( TV episode ) David Calder ( 2012 ) ( Titanic ) ( TV series / 4 episodes ) Philip Rham ( Titanic - The Musical ) ( Southwark Playhouse , 2013 , and Charing Cross Theatre , London , 2016 ) Bibliography Titanic Captain : The Life of Edward John Smith , G.J. Cooper ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6072 - 7 , The History Press Ltd , 2011 References Jump up ^ birth / death dates and parents at the International Genealogical Index Jump up ^ `` Letter to daughter reveals softer side of Titanic captain '' . Stoke Sentinel. 2 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plaque for Titanic captain 's house in Stoke - on - Trent '' . BBC News . 20 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Kasprzak ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` Titanic : Captain Edward John Smith 's legacy '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2012 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story . Frontline Books . pp. 47 -- 48 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Sean Dennis ( 1998 ) . America Ascendant : From Theodore Roosevelt to FDR . NYU Press . p. 136 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Cooper ( 2011 ) . Titanic Captain : The Life of Edward John Smith . p. 133 . The History Press Jump up ^ For example , the account of his planned retirement is prominently mentioned at the Titanic attraction museums in the United States . Jump up ^ Testimony of Arthur G. Peuchen at Titanic inquiry.com Jump up ^ Robert Williams Daniel , first class passenger Jump up ^ Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry . Day 9 '' . Titanic Inquiry . Jump up ^ Testimony of Samuel Hemming at Titanic inquiry.com Jump up ^ Ballard , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ ( Mark Chirnside 2004 , p. 177 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Allen Butler writes : `` if Smith did indeed go to the bridge around 2 : 10 a.m. as Steward Brown said , and took refuge inside the wheelhouse , that would explain why Trimmer Hemming did not see him when he went onto the bridge a few minutes later . Earlier , at nightfall , the shutters on the Titanic 's wheelhouse windows would have been raised , to keep the lights of the wheelhouse from interfering with the bridge officers ' night vision : Trimmer Hemming would have been unable to see Captain Smith had the captain indeed been inside the wheelhouse , awaiting his end '' . ( website ) Jump up ^ Spignesi , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Titanic for Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 207 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ ON A SEA OF GLASS : THE LIFE & LOSS OF THE RMS TITANIC '' by Tad Fitch , J. Kent Layton & Bill Wormstedt . Amberley Books , March 2012 . pp 329 - 334 Jump up ^ Testimony of Harold Bride at the US Inquiry Jump up ^ Mrs Eleanor Widener , first class passenger ^ Jump up to : Shots in the dark ^ Jump up to : 101 Things You Thought You Knew about the Titanic - But Did n't ! at Google Books.co.uk Jump up ^ The Truth About the Titanic Jump up ^ Cries in the Night Jump up ^ Captain Edward John Smith ^ Jump up to : A Night to Remember Jump up ^ Charles Eugene Williams , second class passenger Jump up ^ `` Smith information at '' . Titanic-titanic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Noszlopy , George T. ( 2005 ) , Public Sculpture in Staffordshire & the Black Country , Liverpool University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 999 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Andy ( 3 November 2011 ) . `` Captain of the Titanic is here to stay despite no local connection '' . Lichfield Mercury . Lichfield . p. 29 . Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Photo of Plaque : Commander Smith of The RMS Titanic '' . Panoramio . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Titanic Captain Smith statue Hanley move campaign , BBC News , retrieved 26 August 2011 Jump up ^ Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 172 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Brewer '' Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... titanicbrewery.co.uk Jump up ^ Gary Cooper ( 31 October 2011 ) . Titanic Captain : The Life of Edward John Smith . History Press Limited . pp. 300 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6777 - 1 . In 1931 , Eleanor was ... knocked down by a taxi cab in Cromwell Road , dying a short while ... A verdict of accidental death was returned by the coroner . Jump up ^ `` The Time Tunnel : Rendezvous with Yesterday '' on IMDb External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edward Smith . One of Stoke - on - Trent Museums ' Local Heroes Captain Smith on Titanic-Titanic.com Edward Smith at Find a Grave RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Tentacolino ( 2004 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2018 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II VIAF : 66353295 LCCN : nr94035527 ISNI : 0000 0000 4983 1199 GND : 1019717084 IATH : w61p5vc6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Smith_(sea_captain)&oldid=815301032 '' Categories : People from Hanley , Staffordshire English sailors Royal Navy officers Steamship captains White Star Line Victims of the RMS Titanic People lost at sea Deaths due to shipwreck People who died at sea Deaths by drowning 1850 births 1912 deaths RMS Titanic 's crew and passengers British military personnel of the Second Boer War British Merchant Navy officers Captains who went down with the ship Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from April 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 01 : 19 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Smith%20%28sea%20captain%29	32,654
where was the movie why did i get married filmed	Agnes Scott College , Decatur , Georgia , USA ; Atlanta , Georgia , USA ; Pemberton , British Columbia , Canada ; Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ; Whistler , British Columbia , Canada	Agnes Scott College , Decatur , Georgia , USA\|Atlanta , Georgia , USA\|Pemberton , British Columbia , Canada\|Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada\|Whistler , British Columbia , Canada	Why Did I get Married ?	why did i get married?	Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? is a 2007 American comedy - drama film adaptation written , produced , directed , and starring Tyler Perry . It was inspired by Perry 's play of the same name . The film also stars Janet Jackson , Jill Scott , Malik Yoba , Sharon Leal , Tasha Smith , Michael Jai White , Richard T. Jones , Denise Boutte , and Keesha Sharp . The film was released in the United States by Lionsgate on October 12 , 2007 .	The film is about the difficulty of maintaining a solid relationship in modern times . Eight married college friends plus one other non-friend ( all of whom have achieved middle to upper class economic status ) go to Colorado for their annual week - long reunion , but the mood shifts when one couple 's infidelity comes to light . Secrets are revealed and each couple begins to question their own marriage . Over the course of the week , the couples battle with issues of commitment , betrayal and forgiveness and examine their lives as individuals and as committed couples . This film explores the resultant emotional impact that infidelity and love have upon the constitution of marriage . Contents 1 Plot 2 Locations 3 Couples cast 4 Single cast 5 Production and development 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Home media 9 Awards and nominations 10 Sequel 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The four couples , who are also best friends , converge in a house in the mountains for a week - long retreat that has become their ritual of sorts to help work out their marital problems and ask the question `` Why did I get married ? '' . Though the couples have committed to being physically present for the week , some of them have not been emotionally present in their respective marriages for quite some time . The week is not planned out in a well - programmed sequence , so the events unfold somewhat spontaneously , beginning with their `` adventures '' in getting up to the mountain retreat . The first couple , over-worked Diane and ignored Terry , drive up together and argue most of the way because Dianne ( a lawyer ) refuses to stop working . She takes calls on her phone instead of talking to her husband Terry . The second couple , over-the - top Angela and annoyed Marcus , take the train . Angela constantly argues with Marcus and anyone who dares to interrupt them . The third couple is overweight Sheila and conceited Mike . Sheila has to get off the plane because of her weight and the requirement to purchase two seats so she drives the long distance in the snow , while her husband Mike continues flirting on the flight with Sheila 's single friend , Trina . The fourth couple is overly - perfect Patricia and depressed Gavin who arrive by limo cab . Their journey is not documented . However , right before they leave to go to the retreat , Gavin shows up to pick up Patricia at a lecture she was giving ( she is the author of a book called `` Why Did I Get Married ? '' ) and artlessly dodges a question about their own marriage . Dianne falls asleep not long after arriving with her BlackBerry close at hand and when her secretary calls while she is asleep , Terry tells the woman not to call them while they are on their vacation . When Patricia arrives , she goes up to wake Dianne while the men bond over the wine that Terry has poured for his wife . The sound of arguing signals the arrival of Angela and Marcus . When Mike arrives without Sheila , the other wives berate him and Trina for having left Shelia to drive alone . Sheila 's husband shows clearly that he does not care for his wife at all . Her friends try to reach Sheila by phone but get her voice mail only . Sheila is persistent to get to the retreat because she wants to make her marriage work . Providence leads her to Sheriff Troy Jackson 's office . Due to the weather , the roads have been closed for the night and she has no choice but to spend the night in the office . That same night , Mike tiptoes , not unseen by Angela , to Trina 's bedroom . Sheila arrives at the retreat house the following morning with Troy in tow . She introduces Troy to the others and tells them she has invited him to breakfast . Troy fast becomes a threat to Sheila 's husband Mike , not because of Sheila , but because of Trina , with whom he is having an affair . Breakfast is a noisy affair with the arguing couples and Angela insulting Trina , the only single woman on the retreat , whom she instantly disliked . Throughout the few days spent on retreat , there are spontaneous revelations . The infidelity of two of the husbands leads to a discussion by the men of the 80 / 20 rule . This rule states that most men get 80 % of what they need from a marriage yet they tend to go after the 20 % that someone outside can provide for them because it appears to be more to them when it really is n't . During a heated argument with Angela , Mike reveals several secrets the couples have been hiding from one another : Marcus had contracted an STD after he cheated on Angela with another woman , Dianne had her tubes tied after her daughter was born and did n't want a son and kept it a secret from Terry , and Gavin had criticized Patricia for not protecting their young son in a tragic car accident that killed him a year prior . Mike , whose secret was revealed that he cheated on Sheila with Trina , makes it clear he is n't attracted to his wife any longer . After all this , Angela reveals that she 's the one who gave Marcus the STD after she slept with someone , then Marcus tries to choke Angela out of anger yelling how she 's so evil . Mike then tells Sheila he wants a divorce , and she smashes a wine bottle over his head knocking him out . All the couples suddenly decide they ca n't stay in the house any longer after all the secrets . Sheila checks into a local hotel to recover from the shock of her divorce and the realization that Mike has drained her bank account . She is in a depressed state when Troy goes to visit her . He takes her up to a mountain where she cries and mourns the loss of her love and the only life she knew . The other couples head back home . Patricia and Gavin are barely speaking to each other because she was deemed `` stupid '' for not protecting their son in a tragic accident by Gavin ; Patricia breaks down emotionally in his arms and eventually confesses that she was only trying to be perfect . They both agree to face the situation and soon reconcile . Angela and Marcus are still fighting , especially when Marcus ' ex-girlfriend and baby mama , Keisha , shows up at Angela 's salon , and disrespects her . Marcus finally stands up to both women , and manages to frighten Angela into realizing she is wrecking their life with her constant arguing by not showing up for a couple of days . Dianne and Terry fight again right before they leave the mountains because he had a paternity test done on their daughter , and later on Terry 's birthday at their home ; Terry moves out because Dianne forgot about his birthday and did not tell him about getting her tubes tied . Patricia meets up with Dianne and Angela , moping over their husbands , and gives them good counseling about the need to get back on track : making a list of both the good and bad things their husbands have done . The men drown all their sorrows in bottles . In the mountains , Sheila settles into a new life at her new job at the general store owned by Troy 's father and , while she realizes her own self - worth , the two bond . Angela cooks dinner for Marcus after finishing with her list , but he suspects she is trying to poison him . Eventually , they make up and set new conditions . Dianne goes to see Terry and begs him to come back after crying over her list . He plays with her head a little to get back at her , but they eventually reconcile as well . Later , all the couples converge at a gala celebration for an award recently received by Patricia . Dianne , Patricia and Angela are shocked when Sheila arrives and introduces Troy as her husband and has successfully lost weight thanks to his help . Her very jealous ex-husband , Mike , although still with Trina , tries to weasel his way back into her good graces , but she tells him to go enjoy Trina as his `` 20 '' , referring to the 80 / 20 rule . Patricia includes a confession of her love for Gavin , as well as a message of loving , respecting and trusting God in her acceptance speech . Locations ( edit ) Agnes Scott College , Decatur , Georgia , USA ; Atlanta , Georgia , USA ; Pemberton , British Columbia , Canada ; Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada ; Whistler , British Columbia , Canada Couples cast ( edit ) First Couple , The Brocks Tyler Perry as Terry , a pediatrician & Sharon Leal as Dianne , an attorney . Second Couple , The Agnews Malik Yoba as Gavin , an architect & Janet Jackson as Patricia , a psychologist . Third Couple , The Williams Michael Jai White as Marcus , a former football player & Tasha Smith as Angela , owner of a hair salon . Fourth Couple , last name unknown Richard T. Jones as Mike , an entrepreneur & Jill Scott as Sheila , a housewife . Single cast ( edit ) Lamman Rucker as Troy Jackson Denise Boutte as Trina aka Tricka Keesha Sharp as Pam Kaira Whitehead as Keisha Sheri Mann Stewart Production and development ( edit ) Perry decided to take out many of the church and message scenes because he wanted the film to be `` on a whole ' nother spiritual level -- there 's a whole ' nother connection to it . '' He said his writing has improved since the play . Perry invited experienced and neophyte African - American actors to a reading of an early script in order to field reactions , including Danny ! and Tracee Ellis Ross . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 45 % based on 42 reviews . The consensus was `` Despite some poignant observations on modern marriages , Why Did I Get Married ? is too preachy and melodramatic . '' On Metacritic , the film had an average score of 54 / 100 based on reviews from 12 critics . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale . Paul Grenada said that while `` there are times where the script seems stiff , ... ( the film ) teaches without hammering , and you leave the movie feeling good about what you saw . '' Giving the movie a B - , Entertainment Weekly said that Perry is of the `` spell - everything - in - capital - letters and act - it - out - loudly schools , '' but added that `` one performance glistens -- Jill Scott 's as the sad , heavyset Sheila , who locates the faith that 's the source of love . '' Time magazine gave the film a B and called it the `` usual artless mix of broad comedy , teary confessions and spiritual uplift . '' Box office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $21.4 million in 3,105 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking # 1 at the box office . In its second weekend , the film slipped to # 2 in the box office charts , with a gross of $12.1 million , bringing the 10 - day total to over $38 million . In total , the film domestically grossed $55,862,886 . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack was released by Atlantic Records on October 2 , 2007 . Neither Janet Jackson nor Jill Scott are featured on the soundtrack . The soundtrack debuted at number 51 on Billboard 200 , number seven on R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and number six on Soundtracks with 58,000 copies sold in first week . Keith Sweat feat . Keyshia Cole - `` Love U Better '' Babyface - `` Sorry for the Stupid Things '' Anita Baker - `` You Belong to Me '' Kelly Price - `` Why '' Gerald Levert feat . Jaheim - `` DJ Do n't Remix '' Musiq Soulchild - `` Betterman '' Tyrese Gibson - `` One '' Hope - `` Who Am I To Say '' Beyoncé - `` Flaws And All '' Laura Izibor - `` Mmm ... '' Amel Larrieux - `` No One Else '' Tamika Scott - `` Why Did I Get Married '' Michael Bublé - `` L-O-V-E '' Jennifer Holliday - `` Givin ' Up '' Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on February 12 , 2008 . The DVD includes subtitles in English and Spanish , as well as bloopers . A Blu - ray was released on November 23 , 2010 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Image Awards Outstanding Motion Picture ( Nominated ) Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture : Jill Scott ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture : Tyler Perry ( Nominated ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture : Janet Jackson ( Winner ) Sequel ( edit ) A sequel , titled Why Did I Get Married Too ? starring Perry and Tasha Smith , was released on April 2 , 2010 . Subsequently , Perry created a comedy - drama television series based upon the two films titled Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse . The series , which stars White and Smith as Marcus and Angela , premiered on TBS on November 25 , 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Why Did I Get Married ? ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Village of Pemberton . `` Filming In The Village of Pemberton '' . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Millner , Denene ( November 2007 ) , `` Friends & Lovers '' . Essence. 38 ( 7 ) : 98 Jump up ^ Hira , Nadira A. ( February 19 , 2007 ) , `` DIARY OF A MAD BUSINESSMAN '' . Fortune . 155 ( 3 ) : 76 Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/why_did_i_get_married/ Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/15/business/fi-boxoffice15 Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/why-cinemascore-matters-box-office-225563 Jump up ^ Grenada , Paul ( October 11 , 2007 ) , `` Tyler Perry 's at it again '' . New York Amsterdam News . 98 ( 42 ) : 24 Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 26 , 2007 ) , `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ? '' , Entertainment Weekly ( 961 ) : 51 Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard , Keegan , Rebecca Winters , Poniewozik , James ( February 18 , 2008 ) , `` 5 Things You Should Know About '' . Time . 171 ( 7 ) : 63 Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( OCTober 15 , 2007 ) , `` Why did they get buried ? Tyler Perry '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married ( 2007 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5mDk7SaFd Jump up ^ Why Did I Get Married Too ? at IMDB Accessed May 16th , 2009 External links ( edit ) Why Did I Get Married ? Why Did I Get Married ? on IMDb Why Did I Get Married ? at AllMovie Why Did I Get Married ? at Box Office Mojo Why Did I Get Married ? at Rotten Tomatoes Why Did I Get Married ? at Metacritic Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Why_Did_I_Get_Married%3F&oldid=848336795 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American LGBT - related films Films directed by Tyler Perry African - American films African - American LGBT - related films Films about race and ethnicity Films set in Colorado Films shot in British Columbia Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why%20Did%20I%20Get%20Married%253F	14,899
who played roy disney in walt before mickey	Walt Before Mickey is an independent 2015 biographical drama film about the early years of Walt Disney and the book Walt Before Mickey : Disney 's Early Years , 1919 -- 1928 by Timothy S. Susanin , with a foreword written by Diane Disney . The film stars Thomas Ian Nicholas as Walt Disney , Armando Gutierrez as Ub Iwerks , and Jon Heder as Roy Disney .	Jon Heder	Walt Before Mickey	walt before mickey		Walt Before Mickey Theatrical release poster Directed by Khoa Le Produced by Armando Gutierrez Arthur L. Bernstein Screenplay by Arthur L. Bernstein Armando Gutierrez Based on Walt Before Mickey : Disney 's Early Years , 1919 -- 1928 by Timothy S. Susanin and the creation of MM Starring Thomas Ian Nicholas Jon Heder Jodie Sweetin David Henrie Armando Gutierrez Arthur L. Bernstein Bucky Dent Music by Jeremy Rubolino Production company Conglomerate Media Lensbern Entertainment ALB Productions Distributed by Voltage Pictures Release date August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) ( AMC Downtown Disney Orlando ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Walt Before Mickey is an independent 2015 biographical drama film about the early years of Walt Disney and the book Walt Before Mickey : Disney 's Early Years , 1919 -- 1928 by Timothy S. Susanin , with a foreword written by Diane Disney . The film stars Thomas Ian Nicholas as Walt Disney , Armando Gutierrez as Ub Iwerks , and Jon Heder as Roy Disney . The film covers Walt Disney 's early years in business , during which he started various businesses including Laugh - O - Gram Studio and The Walt Disney Company with fellow animator Ub Iwerks and Roy Disney . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Critical reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film is narrated periodically by Walt Disney . At the age of thirteen , he develops a love for animation and film . In 1919 , after returning from his time with the Red Cross , Walt moves in with his older brother Roy and his girlfriend Edna , in Kansas City . Roy later moves to California , staying in a veterans hospital to deal with tuberculosis . Walt is hired as an artist at Pesmen - Rubin Commercial Art Studio , meeting Ub Iwerks . However , Walt and Iwerks are made redundant weeks after when the company 's revenue declines . Walt and Iwerks found their own business , Iwerks - Disney Commercial Artists , located in an old barn . They are joined by animators Fred and Hugh Harman , and come up with the `` Laugh - O - Grams '' to show in Frank L. Newman 's theatres . With help from new investors , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio is founded . Walt hires new staff including Friz Freleng and Rudy Ising . The studio struggles financially , and Walt is unable to pay his animators , or keep up his rent . Walt finds solace in a mouse occupying the studio , and contacts New York City - based distributor Margaret Winkler , pitching her a live action - animated Alice series , which Winkler approves of . However , Laugh - O - Gram Studios goes bankrupt shortly after . Walt moves to Los Angeles in 1923 , living with his relatives , relying on Roy for financial support . Walt finishes work on the original Alice film , which is approved by Winkler and her husband Charles Mintz . Walt and Roy found the Disney Brothers Studio in 1923 , hiring Iwerks and the other animators . Lillian Bounds is hired as an ink artist , Walt eventually falling love with her , and they marry in 1925 . Roy also marries Edna . The Alice Comedies are produced , starring Virginia Davis , distributed by Mintz . Mintz , unconfident in Walt 's abilities , sends his brother - in - law , George Winkler , to supervise the studio . It also becomes apparent that Mintz continues to own the rights to all of the studio 's creations . The Alice Comedies come to an end , Walt and Iwerks creating Oswald the Lucky Rabbit for Universal Studios . Guessing that the Disney brothers are running out of money , George begins talking with the animators , inviting them to join Mintz ' new studio for better payment . Iwerks is the only one who refuses the offer . Walt and Lillian travel to New York , hoping to negotiate for a larger fee to make the Oswald shorts . Walt discovers a new contract would surrender all ownership of the Disney studios to Mintz , who already owns the rights to Oswald , and learns his animators have left . Refusing to agree to the terms , Walt leaves Mintz and Oswald behind . On the train back to Los Angeles , Walt is inspired to create a new character which he owns the rights to . He and Iwerks subsequently create Mickey Mouse . In 1928 , Mickey 's first short Plane Crazy is screened , and met with a round of applause . Walt , Roy , and Iwerks exit the theatre in celebration , Walt spotting the mouse from the Laugh - O - Gram Studio , reminding him of how far he has come . Insertions during the end credits detail the success Walt , Roy , Iwerks , and the other animators would go on to have in their own careers . Cast ( edit ) Thomas Ian Nicholas as Walt Disney Owen Teague as young Walt Demitri Vardoulias as young Walt Jon Heder as Roy Disney Noah Forgione as young Roy Armando Gutierrez as Ub Iwerks David Henrie as Rudy Ising Taylor Gray as Friz Freleng Jodie Sweetin as Charlotte Disney Hunter Gomez as Hugh Harman Ayla Kell as Bridget Arthur L. Bernstein as Frank L. Newman Kate Katzman as Lillian Disney Frank Licari as George Winkler Conor Dubin as Charles Mintz Flora Bonfanti as Margaret Winkler Briana Colman as Ruth Disney Beatrice Taveras as Virginia Davis Maralee Thompson as Dawn Paris Natasha Sherritt as Edna Disney Timothy Williams as Fred Sheena Colette as Dessie Randy Molnar as Uncle Robert Disney Donn Lamkin as Elias Disney Nancy J. Barber as Flora Call Disney Production ( edit ) The majority of the filming took place in DeLand and Orlando , Florida . In an interview with the Kansas City Star , director Khoa Le talked about the challenges of the project , having been hired at the last minute to direct and having little familiarity with Disney himself . He mentioned , ' `` I came from a short film background , indie stuff , so I knew how to work efficiently , '' Le said . `` I 'm an editor , too , so I was shooting to edit . For most scenes the actors got only two takes . I had to go back to my grassroots of guerrilla filmmaking . '' ' Soundtrack ( edit ) The song `` Just a Wish '' was written and recorded especially for the film . It appears at the end of the film and over the credits , sung by Julie Zorrilla , American Idol finalist and written by Andrew Capra , Rob Graves and Jeremy Rubolino . It was released as an iTunes and digital single August 12 , 2015 . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at AMC Theatres Downtown Disney in Orlando and continued its nationwide release in AMC , Cobb , Harkins , Marcus , Logan , and other theatre chains . Critical reception ( edit ) Cameron Meier of the Orlando Weekly gave the film one out of five stars , praising the filmmakers ' intentions , but criticized the production 's rather low budget and execution , remarking , ' ... ( the film is ) conceived nobly but executed poorly by people who fell short of their dream . ' Scott Renshaw of the Salt Lake City Weekly gave the film one and a half stars , criticizing the creative team for ' the decision to douse everything in a twinkly , romanticized tone that probably struck the filmmakers as apropos for Disney 's life , but in fact loses all that was spiky and determined about the man ' . Common Sense Media gave the film two stars , remarking that , ' Few visionaries are as fascinating as Walt Disney , so it 's particularly frustrating that this drama is so uninspired . It seems more like an adaptation of a student 's book report than a compelling look at one of the most influential men of the 20th century . ' One of the rare positive reviews came from pop culture site NukeTheFridge , which gave it an 8 / 10 rating and proclaimed , ' Where this film does great at is the fact that it 's relatable . Let 's face it , most or none of us have our own billion dollar companies but the fact that Walt and his animators struggled financially and failed to have others believe in their dream , is something we can all relate to . ' See also ( edit ) Saving Mr. Banks , another film dealing with Disney history , specifically about the making of Mary Poppins . Walt : The Man Behind the Myth , a 2001 documentary on the life of Walt Disney . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jen Yamato ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Hot Trailer : ' Walt Before Mickey ' Shows Down - On - His - Luck Disney '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Butler , Robert . `` ' Walt Before Mickey ' is a small film about Disney 's Missouri and Kansas City years '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Before Mickey -- Soundtrack '' . Jump up ^ Meier , Cameron . `` ' Walt Before Mickey ' : Local production ca n't capture essence of Walt Disney '' . Orlando Weekly . Jump up ^ Renshaw , Scott . `` Walt Before Mickey '' . Salt Lake City Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Walt Before Mickey -- Movie Review '' . Jump up ^ Salce , Chris ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` WALT BEFORE MICKEY Review : Inspiring and Relatable '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Walt Before Mickey Official website Walt Before Mickey on IMDb Walt Before Mickey at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Before_Mickey&oldid=863073095 '' Categories : 2015 films 2010s comedy films 2010s independent films Films about film directors and producers Films about filmmaking American comedy films American coming - of - age films American films American independent films Directorial debut films English - language films Films set in California Films shot in Florida Independent films Films set in the 1920s Films set in 1928 Works about Walt Disney Films about Disney Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Galego Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 15 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Before%20Mickey	107,734
how many points can you have on your licence before a ban			Point system ( driving )	point system ( driving )	A penalty point or demerit point system is one in which a driver 's licensing authority , police force , or other organization issues cumulative demerits , or points to drivers on conviction for road traffic offenses . Points may either be added or subtracted , depending on the particular system in use . A major offense may lead to more than the maximum allowed points being issued . Points are typically applied after driving offenses are committed , and cancelled a defined time , typically a few years , afterwards , or after other conditions are met ; if the total exceeds a specified limit the offender may be disqualified from driving for a time , or the driving license may be revoked . Fines and other penalties may be applied additionally , either for an offense or after a certain number of points have been accumulated .	The primary purpose of such point systems is to identify , deter , and penalize repeat offenders of traffic laws , while streamlining the legal process . Germany introduced a demerit point system , in 1974 , and one was introduced in New York at about that time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Requirements of point systems 3 Jurisdictions that use a point system 3.1 Australia 3.1. 1 New South Wales 3.1. 2 Victoria 3.1. 3 South Australia 3.1. 4 Northern Territory 3.1. 5 Queensland 3.2 Europe 3.2. 1 Bulgaria 3.2. 2 Denmark 3.2. 3 United Kingdom 3.2. 3.1 England and Wales 3.2. 3.2 Northern Ireland 3.2. 3.3 Scotland 3.2. 4 Germany 3.2. 5 Ireland 3.2. 6 Italy 3.2. 7 Netherlands 3.2. 8 Norway 3.3 North America 3.3. 1 Canada 3.3. 1.1 Alberta 3.3. 1.2 Ontario 3.3. 2 United States 3.3. 2.1 Arizona 3.3. 2.2 California 3.3. 2.3 Colorado 3.3. 2.4 Florida 3.3. 2.5 Massachusetts 3.3. 2.6 New Jersey 3.3. 2.7 New York 3.3. 2.8 North Carolina 3.3. 2.9 Ohio 3.3. 2.10 Pennsylvania 3.3. 2.11 South Carolina 3.3. 2.12 Texas 3.4 South America 3.4. 1 Brazil 4 Other jurisdictions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) This article discusses point systems in the abstract and treats points as demerits ; in some jurisdictions , points may instead be measures of merit which are subtracted when a traffic offense is committed . In jurisdictions which use a point system , the police or licensing authorities ( as specified by law ) maintain , for each driver , a driving score -- typically an integer number specified in points . Traffic offenses , such as speeding or disobeying traffic signals , are each assigned a certain number of points , and when a driver is determined to be guilty of a particular offense ( by whatever means appropriate in the region 's legal system ) , the corresponding number of points are added to the driver 's total . When the driver 's total exceeds a certain threshold , the driver may face additional penalties , be required to attend safety classes or driver training , be subject to re-examination , or lose his / her driving privileges . The threshold ( s ) to determine additional penalties may vary based on the driver 's experience level , prior driving record , age , educational level attained , and other factors . In particular , it is common to set a lower threshold for young , inexperienced motorists . In some jurisdictions , points can also be added if the driver is found to be significantly at fault in a traffic accident . Points can be removed from a driver 's score by the simple passage of time , by a period of time with no violations or accidents , or by the driver 's completion of additional drivers ' training or traffic safety training . Major traffic offenses , such as hit and run or drunk driving may or may not be handled within the point system . Such offenses often carry a mandatory suspension of driving privileges , and may incur penalties such as imprisonment . Requirements of point systems ( edit ) Risk of accident related to the number of individual entries in the German register of traffic offenses A close relation of points and accident risk ( validity ) Comprehensibility for a good acceptance A high level of transparency for concerned persons Regulated reduction of points by effective psychological help Higher caution by the drivers . Jurisdictions that use a point system ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Traffic laws are the responsibility of the State and Territory Governments . Demerit points are used in all states and territories , and road authorities share information about interstate offenses . In all states , drivers holding a full , unrestricted license will be disqualified from driving after accumulating 12 demerit points or more within a three - year period , except in New South Wales , where drivers are allowed 13 points in a three - year period . Those who can prove they are professional drivers are allowed an additional point . The minimum suspension period is three months , plus one further month for every extra four demerit points beyond the license 's limit , with a cap in most states of five months ( for 8 points or more over the suspension trigger ; e.g. 20 points or more on a full license ) . An alternative to initially accepting the suspension , a driver can apply for a `` good behavior '' period of 12 months . In most states , drivers under a good behavior period who accumulate one or two further points ( except Victoria does not allow any further offenses ) have their license suspended for double the original period . Most states also provide for immediate suspension of a license , instead of or in addition to demerit points , in certain extreme circumstances . These generally include offenses for driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs , or for greatly excessive speed . New South Wales ( edit ) Provisional licence holders are allowed different numbers of demerit points over the lifetime of their licence , depending on their licence class , before being suspended from driving for three months . Holders of a P1 licence , which lasts 12 -- 18 months ( but can be renewed ) , are suspended after accumulating 4 points , while P2 licence holders are suspended after 7 points in a 24 - to 30 - month period ( but can be renewed ) . Speeding offences for provisional licence holders are set to a minimum of four points , meaning that P1 holders will be suspended after one speeding offence of any speed . During holiday periods , double demerit points apply for speeding , seatbelt and helmet - related offences . Offences in school zones attract more demerit points than in other areas . Automatic suspensions apply for all drink - and drug - driving offences , as well as speeding by more than 30 km / h . Victoria ( edit ) Victoria introduced a demerit points suspension scheme in 1970 . Learner and probationary drivers are sent a combined option - suspension notice for accumulating 5 points or more over any 12 - month period . An option notice allows for either a 12 - month bond or a three - month minimum suspension . If a driver breaches the bond by incurring one demerit point in the 12 - month period , their licence is suspended for a minimum of six months . A limit of 12 points in any three - year period with the same option applies for full licence holders . The list of traffic offences and their respective points is in schedule 3 of the Road Safety ( Drivers ) Regulations 2009 . In Victoria , drunk - driving offences only result in immediate licence cancellation for unrestricted drivers with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05 or higher . Readings lower than this have the option of a 10 - point penalty being imposed of being taken immediately to court ; this option still results in a minimum four - month suspension for novice drivers . Automatic suspensions apply for higher level charges , and re-licensing may require an order to install an interlocking device onto the vehicle . Automatic suspension periods of at least 1 month also apply for speeding by greater than 25 km / h over the speed limit , or any speed greater than 130 km / h . South Australia ( edit ) In South Australia , if a traffic offence is committed against the Road Traffic Act 1961 or the Australian Road Rules 1999 , demerit points may be incurred against a driver 's licence . The number of points incurred depends on the offence and how likely it is to cause a crash . If 12 or more demerit points are accumulated in any three - year period , a driver will be disqualified from holding or obtaining a driver 's licence or permit . Each three - year period is calculated based on the dates the offences were committed . If a driver accumulates : 12 to 15 points , a driver loses his permission to drive for three months . 16 to 20 points , a driver loses his permission to drive for four months . 20 points or more , a driver loses his permission to drive for five months . Demerit points are incurred whether the offence is committed in South Australia or interstate . Northern Territory ( edit ) A demerit points scheme was introduced into the Northern Territory on 1 September 2007 . Offences that accrue points include speeding , failing to obey a red traffic light or level crossing signal , failing to wear a seatbelt , drink driving , using a mobile phone , failure to display L or P plates , street racing , burnouts and causing damage . Learner and provisional drivers are subject to suspension for accumulating 5 points or more over a 12 - month period . The three - year limit of 12 points still applies . Queensland ( edit ) In Queensland provisional or learner drivers are entitled to accumulate 4 demerit points , and open licence holders 12 demerit points , without it affecting their licence . A driver who exceeds their demerit point threshold may elect to lose their licence for a period of 3 months or elect a good driving behaviour period which allows them to incur only one demerit point offences without it affecting their licence . If whilst on the good driving behaviour period a driver incurs more than one demerit point then they will lose their licence for a minimum of 6 months unless a Magistrates Court grants a special hardship licence Europe ( edit ) Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgaria has implemented a penalty point system with a total of 34 points , introduced in 1999 . Denmark ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Denmark has a penalty point system that penalizes drivers with a klip ( `` cut / stamp '' ) for certain traffic violations . The term klip refers to a klippekort ( `` punch card ticket '' ) . If a driver with a non-probationary license accumulates three penalty points , then police conditionally suspend the driver 's license . To get a new license , suspended drivers must pass both written and practical drivers examinations . Drivers who have been suspended and first - time drivers must avoid collecting two penalty points for a three - year probationary period ; if the driver has not accumulated any penalty points , then the driver is allowed an extra penalty point so they can have three maximum . Penalty points are deleted from the police database three years after they were assessed . Police can also unconditionally ban people from driving . United kingdom ( edit ) England and Wales ( edit ) In England and Wales , penalty points are given by courts for some of the traffic offences listed in Schedule 2 of the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 . Where points are given , the minimum is 2 points for some lesser offences and the maximum 11 points for the most serious offences ; some incidents can result in points being given for multiple offences or for multiple occurrences of the same offence ( typically for having more than one defective tyre ) ; the majority of applicable offences attract 3 or more penalty points . The giving of penalty points is obligatory for most applicable offences , but the number of points , and the giving of points for some of several offences , can be discretionary . Points remain on the driver 's record , and an endorsement is made upon the driver 's licence , for four years from conviction ( eleven years for drink - and drug - related convictions ) . Twelve points on the licence within three years make the driver liable to disqualification ; however this is not automatic , but must be decided by a law court . Since the introduction of the Road Traffic ( New Drivers ) Act 1995 , if a person in the two years after passing their first practical test accumulates six penalty points , their licence is revoked by the DVLA , and the driver has to reapply and pay for the provisional licence , drive as a learner , and pay for and take the theory and practical tests before receiving a full licence again . In the case of egregious offences , the court may order the driver to pass an extended driving test before the licence is returned , even beyond the two - year probation period . Since 11 October 2004 there has been mutual recognition of driver disqualification arising from the penalty points given in England and Wales ( and / or Scotland ) with Northern Ireland ; before that date disqualification in England and Wales would only have extended to Scotland by virtue of the driver registration system covering only Great Britain . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The driver registration system is separate from that of Great Britain with different laws covering penalty points and the offences to which they apply . In other respects the application of the system is similar to that in England and Wales . Offences to which penalty points apply are indicated in Schedule 1 of the Road Traffic Offenders ( Northern Ireland ) Order 1996 . Scotland ( edit ) Road traffic laws are mostly shared with , or similar to those of , England and Wales , although Scotland is a separate jurisdiction . The driver registration system currently covers all of Great Britain and the Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 currently governs the penalty points system in Scotland . The main differences in the penalty points provisions of the 1988 Act are the theft and homicide offences attracting penalty points indicated in Schedule 2 Part II ( `` Other Offences '' ) which are not common between Scots Law and English Law . Germany ( edit ) The Federal Motor Transport Authority ( Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ) located in Flensburg , operates an 8 - point system for committed traffic offences . This system was introduced in May 2014 , replacing the previous 18 - points system that dates back to 1974 . Points expire after 2.5 to 10 years depending on the type and severity of each committed offence . Under certain circumstances points can be reduced by attending formal training events . Obtaining eight or more points will result in a revocation of the driving licence ; once revoked the licences will only reinstated after a psychological assessment following the ban . Information about own points can be obtained any time free of charge . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Penalty points in Ireland In the Republic of Ireland , twelve points accrued results in six months ' disqualification. 38 regulatory offences notified by post incur 1 - 2 point penalties on payment of a fine . 10 more serious offences require a mandatory court appearance and incur 3 - 5 point penalties . The most serious offences are outside the penalty point system and incur automatic driving bans , and in some cases imprisonment . Italy ( edit ) In Italy the driver has 20 points by default , and receives a bonus of 2 points for every 2 years of correct behavior , with a maximum of 30 points . Each traffic violation incurs a specific point penalty ( for example , ignoring a traffic light involves a penalty of 6 points ) . If the driver loses all points , the driving license is revoked . In case of the second alcohol abuse in 2 years , the driving license will be revoked . A suspension is effective from when the driver is personally served with the suspension notice and they must surrender their driving license to the person giving them the notice . Netherlands ( edit ) Since March 30 , 2002 , The Netherlands has a point system for starting drivers ( 5 years starting from the moment you first passed a driving test or 7 years if you passed before reaching the age of 18 ) . A driver reaching 2 points in 5 years will lose the driving licence and has to pass a driving test again in order to be regain the licence . On October 1 , 2014 this limit was lowered from 3 to 2 points . Drivers can get a point for : Dangerous behaviour in traffic , Causing an accident resulting in death or injury Tailgating Exceeding the speedlimit with more than 40 km / h ( motorways ) , or 30 km / h ( all other roads ) Any violation of the law which resulted in injury or damage Some of these violations could also directly result in loss of the licence , however when a driver has 2 points the licence is automatically revoked and a driving test has to be passed again , whereas normally the violation would only result in the licence being suspended for several months . However , in Dutch media the effectiveness as been doubted , it was said that points were being given but not always correctly registered . Norway ( edit ) The system is called `` prikkbelastning '' with prikk ( er ) meaning point ( s ) . Points are assessed to a driver 's license for traffic violations which do not by themselves result in immediate revocation of the license . After July 1 , 2011 , the normal penalty for most traffic violations , such as failing to yield or failing to stop at red lights , is three dots in addition to the fine . Speeding violations of between 10 and 15 km / h ( where the speed limit is 60 km / h or less ) , or between 15 and 20 km / h ( where the speed limit is 70 km / h or more ) result in two dots , for speeding violations below this no dots are assessed . Young drivers between 18 - 20 are penalized with twice the number of dots . A driver reaching 8 dots in three years loses his or her driving license for 6 months . Each dot is deleted when three years have passed since the violation took place . When the driving privileges are restored after the six - month ban , the dots which caused the suspension are deleted . North america ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Warning sign in Ontario , Canada Alberta ( edit ) When a driver accumulates 15 or more points within a two - year period , their licence is automatically suspended for one month . Ontario ( edit ) Ontario uses a 15 - point system where points are `` added '' to a driver 's record following a conviction , though Ontario 's point system is unrelated to safe driving behaviour ( a lone driver using a high - occupancy vehicle lane in Ontario will earn three demerit points ) . Ontario drivers guilty of driving offences in other Canadian provinces , as well as the States of New York and Michigan , will see demerit points added to their driving record just as if the offence happened in Ontario . United states ( edit ) The point system is applied in different ways , or not at all , in different states . If a red light running traffic violation is captured by red light camera , no points are assessed . Aspects of a motorist 's driving record ( including points ) may be reported to insurance companies , who may use them in determining what rate to charge the motorist , and whether to renew or cancel an insurance policy . Arizona ( edit ) Arizona uses a point system where your license will be suspended if 8 points are accumulated in one year . Offenses that lead to this are the following : DUI ( blood alcohol concentration ( BAC of 0.08 % or higher ) : 8 points Extreme DUI : 8 points Reckless driving : 8 points Aggressive driving : 8 points Leaving the scene of an accident : 6 points Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield , accident causing death : 6 points Running a stop sign or traffic signal or failing to yield , accident causing serious injury : 4 points Speeding : 3 points Driving or parking over area where one or more lanes diverge to go in different directions ( gore area ) : 3 points All other driving violations : 2 points There are other offenses that can count toward this ( e.g. HOV lane misuse is a 3 - point offense ) California ( edit ) Drivers who accumulate tickets for moving violations may be considered negligent operators and can lose their right to drive . Major offenses , such as hit and run , reckless driving , and driving under the influence , earn 2 points and remain on record for 13 years . Less serious offenses earn 1 point which remain for 39 months ( 3 years , 3 months ) . A driver is considered negligent if they accumulate : 4 points in 12 months , or 6 points in 24 months , or 8 points in 36 months Suspension or Revocation by Department of Motor Vehicles ( DMV ) Negligent drivers can be put on probation for one year ( including a six - month suspension ) or lose their privilege to drive . At the end of the suspension or revocation period , drivers need to re-apply for a license to drive . DMV will revoke a license after conviction for hit - and - run or reckless driving . Suspension by Judge A judge may suspend license following conviction for : Breaking speed laws or reckless driving . Driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs . Hit - and - run driving . Engaging in lewd conduct and prostitution in a vehicle within 1000 feet ( 300 m ) of a residence . Assaulting a driver , passenger , bicyclist , or pedestrian when the offense occurs on a highway ( road rage ) . Failure to stop as required at a railway grade crossing . Felony or misdemeanor offense of recklessly fleeing a law enforcement officer . When a driver is cited for a traffic violation , the judge may offer the driver the opportunity to attend a Traffic Violator School , this would include any online traffic school if the court allows . Drivers may participate once in any 18 - month period to have a citation dismissed from their driving record this way . Upon dismissal of the citation , all record of the citation is removed and no points are accumulated . Regardless of the number of points accumulated , many serious offenses involving a vehicle are punishable by heavy fines or imprisonment . Colorado ( edit ) Colorado uses an accumulating point system according to the Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles Point Schedule . Suspension of driving privileges can result from as few as 6 points in 12 months by a driver under 18 years old . Points remain on the driver 's motor vehicle record for 7 years . Some motor vehicle offenses carry 12 points per incident , which could result in immediate suspension of the drivers license . Multiple traffic violation convictions can also result in a suspension of the drivers license if a sufficient number of points are accumulated during a 12 - or 24 - month period . Florida ( edit ) Florida uses a point system similar to that of Colorado . The Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles is the department responsible for the issuance of Driver 's Licenses in the state and will also track points issued to drivers who are licensed within the state . The following are point values assigned for the following infractions . Speeding 14 mph or less over the speed limit = 3 points 15 mph or more over the speed limit = 4 points Speeding which results in a crash = 6 points ( enacted to curtail street drag racing ) Speeding Fines are doubled when the infraction occurs within an active school zone or a construction zone . Moving Violations Moving violation ( includes driving during restricted hours and parking on a highway outside the limits of a municipality ) = 3 points Moving violation resulting in a crash = 4 points Failing to stop at a traffic signal = 4 points Passing a stopped school bus = 4 points Reckless driving = 4 points Leaving the scene of a crash resulting in property damage of more than US $ 50 = 6 points Improper lane change = 3 points Violation of a traffic control sign / device = 4 points Open container as an operator = 3 points Child restraint violation = 3 points Littering = 3 points Violation of curfew = 3 points ( a licensed driver who is under the age of 17 may not operate a motor vehicle between 11 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. , unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license , or the operator is driving to or from work . A licensed driver who is 17 years of age may not operate a motor vehicle between 1 : 00 a.m. and 5 : 00 a.m. , unless accompanied by a driver who is 21 years of age or older and holds a valid driver license , or the operator is driving to and from work . ) Any person who collects a certain number of points within a given time frame will have their license automatically revoked by the state for the length of time listed . 12 points earned within 12 months results in a 30 - day suspension . 18 points earned within 18 months results in a 3 - month suspension . 24 points earned within 36 months results in a 12 - month suspension . Any driver under the age of 18 who accumulates six or more points within a 12 - month period is automatically restricted for one year to driving for business purposes only . If additional points are accumulated the restriction is extended for 90 days for every additional point received . If a driver license was suspended in the state of Florida for points or as a habitual ( but not DUI ) traffic offender , or by court order , the holder must complete an advanced driver improvement course before driving privileges are reinstated . Points issued against a driver 's license in Florida remain on the license for at least 10 years . The state of Florida issues its citizens points against their driver 's license for infractions occurring anywhere in the United States . Massachusetts ( edit ) In Massachusetts point system is known as Safe Driver Insurance Plan ( SDIP ) . This encourages safe driving with lower premiums for drivers who do not cause accidents or commit traffic violations , and by ensuring that high - risk drivers pay a greater share of insurance costs . The points are accumulated over a six - year period , and reduced for sustained periods of safe driving . New Jersey ( edit ) The Motor Vehicle Commission of New Jersey has a point system . If the motorist receives 6 points or more within a period 3 years or more , he / she will be forced to pay a surcharge annually for three years , which does include court fees and other penalties . If 12 points or more are accumulated on the motorist 's license , then his / her license will be suspended . Other offenses that lead to automatic suspension of the motorist 's license are the following : Driving while intoxicated ( DWI ) Operating a vehicle without a license Driving a vehicle without insurance Failure to pay child support Failure to make a court - ordered appearance Drug - related charges . Drinking alcohol if under the age of 21 The points range from 2 to 8 points , depending on the severity of the offense . Red light camera violations are not worth any points . The motorists can deduct points from their driving records . 3 points may be deducted one year after either the motorist 's last moving violation and no violations for at least one year before . The motorist must also complete an approved driver improvement program . 2 points may be deducted if the motorist completes a defensive driving course . However , the motorist may receive point reductions every five years for every course he / she takes . New York ( edit ) New York Statutes has a point system ; after 11 points or 3 speeding tickets in 18 months , a driver 's privileges are subject to suspension , with the possibility of requesting a review hearing . Points are counted from the date of the incident ( usually the date of the ticket ) rather than the date of conviction . For out - of - state offenses , New York State Department of Motor Vehicles does not record point violations , with the exception of violations from Quebec and Ontario . North Carolina ( edit ) North Carolina operates two parallel point systems : one for DMV license suspension purposes and one for insurance purposes . The DMV point system assigns 2 to 4 points upon conviction or an admission of guilt for most moving violations ; non-moving violations carry no points . A driver 's license is suspended for 60 days on the first suspension if twelve points are assessed against the license within a three - year period . Serious offenses , such as DWI and excessive speeding ( more than 15 mph over the limit at a travelled speed of greater than 55 mph ) , result in an immediate suspension on conviction . Points are not assessed for up to two granted Prayers for Judgment Continued ( PJC ) within a five - year period , though some serious offenses ( such as DUI , passing a stopped school bus , and speeding in excess of 25 mph over the posted speed limit ) are ineligible for a PJC . The insurance point system assigns points differently , assigning points to incidences of at - fault accidents and moving violations . Rather than using the points for a license suspension , the points lead to insurance surcharges of approximately 25 - 35 % per point assessed . Notably , points are assessed for insurance purposes even if the license is suspended . Only points within the three years preceding the policy purchase date are considered , and a single PJC per household within the three - year period does not result in points assigned . Incidents from out - of - state are treated as though they occurred in North Carolina for point assessment purposes . Ohio ( edit ) The State of Ohio institutes the following points system . Any Ohio driver convicted of a traffic violation is assessed a specific number of penalty points according to the type of violation . Should that driver be convicted of a second or subsequent offense within two years after the first violation , the point assessment for the new violation is added to the previous total . The number of penalty points given to a violator are assessed by the court system . Following is a schedule of point assessments for specific violations : Six - Point Violations 1 . Homicide by vehicle 2 . Operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and / or any drug of abuse 3 . Failure to stop and disclose identity at the scene of a collision 4 . Willingly fleeing or eluding a law enforcement officer 5 . Racing 6 . Operating a vehicle without the consent of the owner 7 . Using a vehicle in the commission of a felony , or committing any crime punishable as a felony under Ohio motor vehicle laws Four - Point Violations Willful or wanton disregard of the safety of persons or property . Two - Point Violations 1 . All moving violations and some speed offenses 2 . Operating a motor vehicle in violation of a restriction imposed by the Registrar of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles A speeding violation may result in four points , two points or no points depending on the speed limit in effect and the number of miles per hour ( mph ) by which the speed limit was exceeded : Exceeding any speed limit by 30 mph or more results in four points . If the speed limit is 55 mph or more , exceeding the limit by more than 10 but less than 30 mph results in two points . If the speed limit is less than 55 mph , exceeding the limit by more than five but less than 30 mph results in two points . Exceeding any speed limit by an amount less than stated above results in no points . A driver who has accumulated six points in a two - year period will receive a letter from the Registrar of Motor Vehicles warning that the law provides the following penalties for drivers accumulating 12 or more points in a two - year period : 1 . Driving privileges will be suspended for six months . 2 . Proof of financial responsibility ( see this chapter ) must be filed with the Bureau of Motor Vehicles and maintained for three years to five years . 3 . After the suspension is served , a remedial driving course approved by the director of the Ohio Department of Public Safety must be taken . The course must include a minimum of 25 percent of the number of classroom hours devoted to instruction on driver attitude . 4 . Pay a reinstatement fee of $40 . 5 . Must take the complete driver exam A person who has accumulated at least two but no more than 11 points for traffic violations may earn a two - point credit toward his or her driving record by completing an approved remedial driving course . Senate Bill 123 , effective January 1 , 2004 , permits individuals to enroll in remedial driving classes in order to receive a two - point credit , up to five times in a lifetime , once every three years . Pennsylvania ( edit ) The Department of Traffic of Pennsylvania has a point system that follows : If the motorist accumulates six or more points on his / her license , the motorist is in danger of losing his / her license . If the motorist is under 18 years of age and has 6 points or more on his / her license or receives a ticket for speeding 26 miles over the posted speed limit , then the license will be suspended . Every first suspension period lasts 90 days . All subsequent suspensions will last 120 days . The points range from 2 to 5 points , depending on the severity of the offense . The Pennsylvania DOT has the right to immediately suspend the motorist 's license if any one of the following occurs : DUI ( One - year suspension ) Speeding 31 miles over the posted speed limit ( 15 - day suspension ) Accumulating 11 points or more on the license The suspension / point system is as follows in the state of Pennsylvania : First suspension : 5 days per 1 point Second suspension : 10 days per 1 point Third suspension : 15 days per 1 point All subsequent suspensions : 1 year South Carolina ( edit ) In South Carolina , if a motorist has six or more points on his / her driving record , a warning letter will be sent to the motorist 's home address . If the motorist accumulates 12 or more points , then the license will be suspended . Motorists may reduce their points by taking a Defensive Driving Course . This course can not be taken online and the course must be taken in the state of South Carolina . In addition , the course must be taken after the motorist has been assessed points on his / her license . However , point reductions may be made within a three - year period . If by any chance the motorist 's license is in danger of being suspended , the course must be taken prior to the suspension start time . The points range from 2 to 6 points , depending on the severity of the offense . If a motorist receives a ticket for a DUI , then the license is automatically suspended . Texas ( edit ) In Texas most moving violations are worth two points , but three points are assessed in the case that an accident was caused . A license can not be suspended as a result of point accumulation , however ; instead , after six points have been accumulated , the driver must pay a `` Driver Responsibility Surcharge '' of $100 plus $25 per additional point each year that the license has six or more points recorded . Other convictions carry penalties that remain on the license for three years after conviction , such as a DWI conviction ( $1000 -- $2000 ) , driving without a license ( $100 ) , or driving without insurance ( $250 ) . The license is suspended if the surcharges are not paid . Points clear from the license after three years , but the actual convictions clear from the record after five years , except for DWI convictions , which never expire . South america ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , all traffic violations incur a certain number of demerit points , depending on their severity , according to the 1997 Brazilian Traffic Code . If a driver accumulates more than 20 points ( 5 points for provisional drivers ) , the driving license is suspended and the driver has to take a traffic education course in order to regain the right ( privilege ) to drive . However , some infractions incur in immediate license suspension regardless of current point tally , such as drunk driving , engaging in street racing and others . It is also notable that many offenses that only apply to pedestrians also incur in demerit points . Infraction Points Examples Light 3 points Driving while using a mobile phone Medium 4 points Parking where is not allowed , Stop on a crosswalk or intersection Severe 5 points Not wearing a seatbelt , Failure to signal before turning or changing lanes , Speeding Very Severe 7 points Disrespecting traffic lights , Driving a vehicle without the appropriate license , Excessive Speeding Demerit points expire a year after the date of the violation . Other jurisdictions ( edit ) The following jurisdictions also apply point systems : People 's Republic of China - see also Road Traffic Safety Law of the People 's Republic of China Republic of China ( Taiwan ) France Hong Kong Malaysia - see also KEJARA System Morocco New Zealand Serbia Singapore Slovenia See also ( edit ) Driver 's license Traffic ticket Traffic violations reciprocity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Road Safety Act 1986 ( Victoria ) , Schedule 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/transport,%20travel%20and%20motoring/Motoring/Drivers+and+licences/Driving+offences+and+penalties/Demerit+points Jump up ^ `` Motor Vehicle Registry Information Bulletin - L30 - Northern Territory Demerit Points Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Northern Territory Government . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Country Driving Guides '' ( PDF ) . TISPOL . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish and English dictionaries '' . Small labs . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ MobileReference ( 2007 ) . Travel Denmark Illustrated City Guide , Phrasebook , and Maps . Boston : MobileReference.com . ISBN 9781605011370 . Jump up ^ `` Penalty points ( endorsements ) '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Traffic ( New Drivers ) Act 1995 '' , Directgov Jump up ^ `` Penalty points for driving offences '' . Citizens Information Board . 28 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Offences Incurring Penalty Points and Fixed Charge Notices with effect from 3 August 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Road Safety Authority . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Driving offences '' . Citizens Information Board . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Ommundsen , Mads ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Nå ryker førerkortet fortere enn du tror '' ( in Norwegian ) . Bergens Tidende . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forskrift om Prikkbelastning '' ( in Norwegian ) . regjeringen.no ( Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Demerit Point System for Fully Licenced Drivers '' . Government of Alberta . Retrieved September 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Understanding Demerit Points '' . Queen 's Printer for Ontario . Retrieved September 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ontario Government website . Queen 's Printer for Ontario https://www.ontario.ca/faq/what-happens-if-i-get-out-province-demerit-points . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Fatemeh Baratian - Ghorghi ; Huaguo Zhou ; Wesley Zech ( 2016 ) . `` Red - light running traffic violations : A novel time - based method for determining a fine structure '' . Transportation Research Part A : policy and Practice. 93 : 55 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tra. 2016.08. 015 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Points Assessment '' . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Point '' . Calif DMV . Retrieved 26 Nov 2016 . Jump up ^ Colorado Division of Motor Vehicles Point Schedule Jump up ^ State.co.us Jump up ^ Mass DOT Safe Driver Insurance Plan - Jump up ^ `` About the NYS Driver Point System '' . New York State Department of Motor Vehicles . Jump up ^ http://publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/hsy7607.pdf Jump up ^ `` Driving - offence points system '' . Transport Departmant , The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Penalty Points and Fines , UK site , nice clear information on points for various driving offences . Penalty Points in Czech republic , CZ site , information on points for various driving offences . Czech Point System for OS Android smart phones and tablets , The application provides information about the point system , which applies to drivers in the Czech Republic . ( hide ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Point_system_(driving)&oldid=802472580 '' Categories : Traffic law Scots law English law Road safety Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 errors : dates Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from November 2014 Western culture - centric Articles needing additional references from July 2012 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 10 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20system%20%28driving%29	21,261
where does the united states keep its nuclear weapons			Nuclear weapons of the United States	nuclear weapons of the united states	The United States was the first country to manufacture nuclear weapons and is the only country to have used them in combat , with the separate bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II . Before and during the Cold War , it conducted over a thousand nuclear tests and tested many long - range nuclear weapons delivery systems .	Between 1940 and 1996 , the U.S. government spent at least $9.08 trillion in present - day terms on nuclear weapons , including platforms development ( aircraft , rockets and facilities ) , command and control , maintenance , waste management and administrative costs . It is estimated that , since 1945 , the United States produced more than 70,000 nuclear warheads , which is more than all other nuclear weapon states combined . The Soviet Union / Russia has produced approximately 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949 , France built 1,110 warheads since 1960 , the United Kingdom built 835 warheads since 1952 , China built about 600 warheads since 1964 , and other nuclear powers built fewer than 500 warheads all together since they developed their first nuclear weapons . Until November 1962 , the vast majority of U.S. nuclear tests were above ground . After the acceptance of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty , all testing was relegated underground , in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout . By February 2006 over $ 1.2 billion in compensation had been paid to U.S. citizens exposed to nuclear hazards as a result of the U.S. nuclear weapons program , and by 1998 at least $759 million had been paid to the Marshall Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear testing . The U.S. and Russia possess comparable numbers of nuclear warheads ; together , these two nations possess more than 90 % of the world 's nuclear warheads . As of 2017 , the U.S. has an inventory of 6,800 nuclear warheads ; of these , 2,800 are retired and awaiting dismantlement and 4,018 are part of the U.S. stockpile . Of the stockpiled warheads , the U.S. stated in its April 2017 New START declaration that 1,411 are deployed on 673 ICBMs , SLBMs , and strategic bombers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development history 1.1 Manhattan Project 1.2 During the Cold War 1.3 Post -- Cold War 2 Nuclear weapons testing 3 Delivery systems 4 Command and control 5 Accidents 6 Deliberate attacks on weapons facilities 7 Development agencies 8 Weapons production complex 9 Proliferation 10 Nuclear disarmament in international law 11 International relations and nuclear weapons 12 Occupational illness 13 Current status 14 Nuclear disarmament movement 15 United States strategic nuclear weapons arsenal 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Development History ( edit ) Manhattan Project ( edit ) Main article : Manhattan Project The `` Trinity '' explosion was the world 's first nuclear weapon test The United States first began developing nuclear weapons during World War II under the order of President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 , motivated by the fear that they were engaged in a race with Nazi Germany to develop such a weapon . After a slow start under the direction of the National Bureau of Standards , at the urging of British scientists and American administrators , the program was put under the Office of Scientific Research and Development , where in 1942 it was officially transferred under the auspices of the United States Army and became known as the Manhattan Project , an American , British and Canadian joint venture . Under the direction of General Leslie Groves , over thirty different sites were constructed for the research , production , and testing of components related to bomb making . These included the Los Alamos National Laboratory at Los Alamos , New Mexico , under the direction of physicist Robert Oppenheimer , the Hanford plutonium production facility in Washington , and the Y - 12 National Security Complex in Tennessee . By investing heavily in breeding plutonium in early nuclear reactors and in the electromagnetic and gaseous diffusion enrichment processes for the production of uranium - 235 , the United States was able to develop three usable weapons by mid-1945 . The Trinity test was a plutonium implosion - design weapon tested on 16 July 1945 , with around a 20 kiloton yield . Faced with a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands scheduled to begin on 1 November 1945 and with Japan not surrendering , President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on Japan . On 6 August 1945 , the U.S. detonated a uranium - gun design bomb , Little Boy , over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT , killing approximately 70,000 people , among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers , and destroying nearly 50,000 buildings ( including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters ) . Three days later , on 9 August , the U.S. attacked Nagasaki using a plutonium implosion - design bomb , Fat Man , with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT , destroying 60 % of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people , among them 23,200 -- 28,200 Japanese munitions workers , 2,000 Korean slave laborers , and 150 Japanese combatants . On January 1 , 1947 , the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 ( known as the McMahon Act ) took effect , and the Manhattan Project was officially turned over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission . On August 15 , 1947 , the Manhattan District was abolished . During the Cold War ( edit ) Between 1945 and 1990 , more than 70,000 total warheads were developed , in over 65 different varieties , ranging in yield from around . 01 kilotons ( such as the man - portable Davy Crockett shell ) to the 25 megaton B41 bomb . Between 1940 and 1996 , the U.S. spent at least $9.08 trillion in present - day terms on nuclear weapons development . Over half was spent on building delivery mechanisms for the weapon . $570 billion in present - day terms was spent on nuclear waste management and environmental remediation . Richland , Washington was the first city established to support plutonium production at the nearby Hanford nuclear site , to power the American nuclear weapons arsenals . It produced plutonium for use in cold war atomic bombs . Throughout the Cold War , the U.S. and USSR threatened with all - out nuclear attack in case of war , regardless of whether it was a conventional or a nuclear clash . U.S. nuclear doctrine called for mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) , which entailed a massive nuclear attack against strategic targets and major populations centers of the Soviet Union and its allies . The term `` mutual assured destruction '' was coined in 1962 by American strategist Donald Brennan . MAD was implemented by deploying nuclear weapons simultaneously on three different types of weapons platforms . Post -- Cold War ( edit ) After the end of the Cold War following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 , the U.S. nuclear program was heavily curtailed , halting its program of nuclear testing , ceasing production of new nuclear weapons , and reducing its stockpile by half by the mid-1990s under President Bill Clinton . Many of its former nuclear facilities were shut down , and their sites became targets of extensive environmental remediation . Much of the former efforts towards the production of weapons became involved in the program of stockpile stewardship , attempting to predict the behavior of aging weapons without using full - scale nuclear testing . Increased funding was also put into anti-nuclear proliferation programs , such as helping the states of the former Soviet Union eliminate their former nuclear sites , and assist Russia in their efforts to inventory and secure their inherited nuclear stockpile . By February 2006 , over $1.2 billion had been paid under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 to U.S. citizens exposed to nuclear hazards as a result of the U.S. nuclear weapons program , and by 1998 at least $759 million had been paid to the Marshall Islanders in compensation for their exposure to U.S. nuclear testing , and over $15 million was paid to the Japanese government following the exposure of its citizens and food supply to nuclear fallout from the 1954 `` Bravo '' test . In 1998 , the country spent an estimated total of $35.1 billion on its nuclear weapons and weapons - related programs . In the 2013 book Plutopia : Nuclear Families , Atomic Cities , and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters ( Oxford ) , Kate Brown explores the health of affected citizens in the United States , and the `` slow - motion disasters '' that still threaten the environments where the plants are located . According to Brown , the plants at Hanford , over a period of four decades , released millions of curies of radioactive isotopes into the surrounding environment . Brown says that most of this radioactive contamination over the years at Hanford were part of normal operations , but unforeseen accidents did occur and plant management kept this secret , as the pollution continued unabated . Even today , as pollution threats to health and the environment persist , the government keeps knowledge about the associated risks from the public . During the presidency of George W. Bush , and especially after the 11 September terrorist attacks of 2001 , rumors have circulated in major news sources that the U.S. has been considering design of new nuclear weapons ( `` bunker - busting nukes '' ) , and the resumption of nuclear testing for reasons of stockpile stewardship . Statements by the U.S. government in 2004 , however , indicated that the arsenal will drop to around 5,500 total warheads by 2012 . According to recent reports , much of that reduction was already accomplished by January 2008 . Nuclear weapons testing ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear weapons testing See also : List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States The U.S. conducted hundreds of nuclear tests at the Nevada Test Site . Members of Nevada Desert Experience hold a prayer vigil during the Easter period of 1982 at the entrance to the Nevada Test Site . Shot `` Baker '' of Operation Crossroads ( 1946 ) was the first underwater nuclear explosion . Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992 , the United States maintained a program of vigorous nuclear testing , with the exception of a moratorium between November 1958 and September 1961 . By official count , a total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted , with over 100 of them taking place at sites in the Pacific Ocean , over 900 of them at the Nevada Test Site , and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States ( Alaska , Colorado , Mississippi , and New Mexico ) . Until November 1962 , the vast majority of the U.S. tests were atmospheric ( that is , above - ground ) ; after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty all testing was relegated underground , in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout . The U.S. program of atmospheric nuclear testing exposed a number of the population to the hazards of fallout . Estimating exact numbers , and the exact consequences , of people exposed has been medically very difficult , with the exception of the high exposures of Marshall Islanders and Japanese fishers in the case of the Castle Bravo incident in 1954 . A number of groups of U.S. citizens -- especially farmers and inhabitants of cities downwind of the Nevada Test Site and U.S. military workers at various tests -- have sued for compensation and recognition of their exposure , many successfully . The passage of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allowed for a systematic filing of compensation claims in relation to testing as well as those employed at nuclear weapons facilities . By June 2009 over $1.4 billion total has been given in compensation , with over $660 million going to `` downwinders '' . A few notable U.S. nuclear tests include : Trinity test on 16 July 1945 , was the world 's first test of a nuclear weapon ( yield of around 20 kt ) . Operation Crossroads series in July 1946 , was the first postwar test series and one of the largest military operations in U.S. history . Operation Greenhouse shots of May 1951 included the first boosted fission weapon test ( `` Item '' ) and a scientific test that proved the feasibility of thermonuclear weapons ( `` George '' ) . Ivy Mike shot of 1 November 1952 , was the first full test of a Teller - Ulam design `` staged '' hydrogen bomb , with a yield of 10 megatons . It was not a deployable weapon , however -- with its full cryogenic equipment it weighed some 82 tons . Castle Bravo shot of 1 March 1954 , was the first test of a deployable ( solid fuel ) thermonuclear weapon , and also ( accidentally ) the largest weapon ever tested by the United States ( 15 megatons ) . It was also the single largest U.S. radiological accident in connection with nuclear testing . The unanticipated yield , and a change in the weather , resulted in nuclear fallout spreading eastward onto the inhabited Rongelap and Rongerik atolls , which were soon evacuated . Many of the Marshall Islanders have since suffered from birth defects and have received some compensation from the federal government . A Japanese fishing boat , Daigo Fukuryū Maru , also came into contact with the fallout , which caused many of the crew to grow ill ; one eventually died . Shot Argus I of Operation Argus , on 27 August 1958 , was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon in outer space when a 1.7 - kiloton warhead was detonated at an altitude of 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) during a series of high altitude nuclear explosions . Shot Frigate Bird of Operation Dominic I on 6 May 1962 , was the only U.S. test of an operational submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) with a live nuclear warhead ( yield of 600 kilotons ) , at Christmas Island . In general , missile systems were tested without live warheads and warheads were tested separately for safety concerns . In the early 1960s , however , there mounted technical questions about how the systems would behave under combat conditions ( when they were `` mated '' , in military parlance ) , and this test was meant to dispel these concerns . However , the warhead had to be somewhat modified before its use , and the missile was a SLBM ( and not an ICBM ) , so by itself it did not satisfy all concerns . Shot Sedan of Operation Storax on 6 July 1962 ( yield of 104 kilotons ) , was an attempt to show the feasibility of using nuclear weapons for `` civilian '' and `` peaceful '' purposes as part of Operation Plowshare . In this instance , a 1,280 - foot ( 390 m ) diameter 320 - foot ( 98 m ) deep crater was created at the Nevada Test Site . A summary table of each of the American operational series may be found at United States ' nuclear test series . Delivery systems ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear weapons delivery This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early weapons models , such as the `` Fat Man '' bomb , were extremely large and difficult to use . From left are the Peacekeeper , the Minuteman III and the Minuteman I The original Little Boy and Fat Man weapons , developed by the United States during the Manhattan Project , were relatively large ( Fat Man had a diameter of 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) ) and heavy ( around 5 tons each ) and required specially modified bomber planes to be adapted for their bombing missions against Japan . Each modified bomber could only carry one such weapon and only within a limited range . After these initial weapons were developed , a considerable amount of money and research was conducted towards the goal of standardizing nuclear warheads so that they did not require highly specialized experts to assemble them before use , as in the case with the idiosyncratic wartime devices , and miniaturization of the warheads for use in more variable delivery systems . Through the aid of brainpower acquired through Operation Paperclip at the tail end of the European theater of World War II , the United States was able to embark on an ambitious program in rocketry . One of the first products of this was the development of rockets capable of holding nuclear warheads . The MGR - 1 Honest John was the first such weapon , developed in 1953 as a surface - to - surface missile with a 15 - mile ( 24 km ) maximum range . Because of their limited range , their potential use was heavily constrained ( they could not , for example , threaten Moscow with an immediate strike ) . The MGR - 1 Honest John was the first nuclear - tipped rocket developed by the U.S. The B - 36 Peacemaker in flight Development of long - range bombers , such as the B - 29 Superfortress during World War II , was continued during the Cold War period . In 1946 , the Convair B - 36 Peacemaker became the first purpose - built nuclear bomber ; it served with the USAF until 1959 . The Boeing B - 52 Stratofortress was able by the mid-1950s to carry a wide arsenal of nuclear bombs , each with different capabilities and potential use situations . Starting in 1946 , the U.S. based its initial deterrence force on the Strategic Air Command , which , by the late 1950s , maintained a number of nuclear - armed bombers in the sky at all times , prepared to receive orders to attack the USSR whenever needed . This system was , however , tremendously expensive , both in terms of natural and human resources , and raised the possibility of an accidental nuclear war . During the 1950s and 1960s , elaborate computerized early warning systems such as Defense Support Program were developed to detect incoming Soviet attacks and to coordinate response strategies . During this same period , intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) systems were developed that could deliver a nuclear payload across vast distances , allowing the U.S. to house nuclear forces capable of hitting the Soviet Union in the American Midwest . Shorter - range weapons , including small tactical weapons , were fielded in Europe as well , including nuclear artillery and man - portable Special Atomic Demolition Munition . The development of submarine - launched ballistic missile systems allowed for hidden nuclear submarines to covertly launch missiles at distant targets as well , making it virtually impossible for the Soviet Union to successfully launch a first strike attack against the United States without receiving a deadly response . Improvements in warhead miniaturization in the 1970s and 1980s allowed for the development of MIRVs -- missiles which could carry multiple warheads , each of which could be separately targeted . The question of whether these missiles should be based on constantly rotating train tracks ( to avoid being easily targeted by opposing Soviet missiles ) or based in heavily fortified silos ( to possibly withstand a Soviet attack ) was a major political controversy in the 1980s ( eventually the silo deployment method was chosen ) . MIRVed systems enabled the U.S. to render Soviet missile defenses economically unfeasible , as each offensive missile would require between three and ten defensive missiles to counter . Additional developments in weapons delivery included cruise missile systems , which allowed a plane to fire a long - distance , low - flying nuclear - tipped missile towards a target from a relatively comfortable distance . The current delivery systems of the U.S. make virtually any part of the Earth 's surface within the reach of its nuclear arsenal . Though its land - based missile systems have a maximum range of 10,000 kilometres ( 6,200 mi ) ( less than worldwide ) , its submarine - based forces extend its reach from a coastline 12,000 kilometres ( 7,500 mi ) inland . Additionally , in - flight refueling of long - range bombers and the use of aircraft carriers extends the possible range virtually indefinitely . Command and control ( edit ) Command and control procedures in case of nuclear war were given by the Single Integrated Operational Plan ( SIOP ) until 2003 , when this was superseded by Operations Plan 8044 . Since World War II , the President of the United States has had sole authority to launch U.S. nuclear weapons , whether as a first strike or nuclear retaliation . This arrangement was seen as necessary during the Cold War to present a credible nuclear deterrent ; if an attack was detected , the United States would have only minutes to launch a counterstrike before its nuclear capability was severely damaged , or national leaders killed . If the President has been killed , command authority follows the presidential line of succession . Changes to this policy have been proposed , but currently the only way to countermand such an order before the strike was launched would be for the Vice President and the majority of the Cabinet to relieve the President under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The President can give a nuclear launch order using his or her nuclear briefcase ( called the nuclear football in the case of the United States ) , or can use command centers such as the White House Situation Room . The command would be carried out by a Nuclear and Missile Operations Officer ( a member of a missile combat crew , also called a `` missileer '' ) at a missile launch control center . A two - man rule applies to the launch of missiles , meaning that two officers must turn keys simultaneously ( far enough apart that this can not be done by one man ) . When President Reagan was shot in 1981 there was confusion about where the `` nuclear football '' was , and who was in charge . In 1975 a launch crew member , Harold Hering , was dismissed from the Air Force for asking how he could know whether the order to launch his missiles came from a sane president . It has been claimed that the system is not foolproof . Starting with President Eisenhower , authority to launch a full scale nuclear attack has been delegated to theater commanders and other specific commanders if they believed it was warranted by circumstances , and were out of communication with the president or the president had been incapacitated . For example , during the Cuban Missile Crisis , on October 24 , 1962 , General Thomas Power , commander of the Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , took the country to DEFCON 2 , the very precipice of full - scale nuclear war , launching the SAC bombers of the US with nuclear weapons ready to strike . Moreover , some of these commanders subdelegated to lower commanders the authority to launch nuclear weapons under similar circumstance . In fact , the nuclear weapons were not placed under locks until decades later , so pilots or individual submarine commanders had the power , but not the authority , to launch nuclear weapons entirely on their own . Accidents ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear and radiation accidents The Castle Bravo fallout plume spread dangerous levels of radioactive material over an area over 100 miles ( 160 km ) long , including inhabited islands , in the largest single U.S. nuclear accident . The United States nuclear program since its inception has experienced accidents of varying forms , ranging from single - casualty research experiments ( such as that of Louis Slotin during the Manhattan Project ) , to the nuclear fallout dispersion of the Castle Bravo shot in 1954 , to the accidental dropping of nuclear weapons from aircraft ( broken arrows ) . How close any of these accidents came to being major nuclear disasters is a matter of technical and scholarly debate and interpretation . Weapons accidentally dropped by the United States include incidents near Atlantic City , New Jersey ( 1957 ) , Savannah , Georgia ( 1958 ) ( see Tybee Bomb ) , Goldsboro , North Carolina ( 1961 ) ( see 1961 Goldsboro B - 52 crash ) , off the coast of Okinawa ( 1965 ) , in the sea near Palomares , Spain ( 1966 , see 1966 Palomares B - 52 crash ) , and near Thule Air Base , Greenland ( 1968 ) ( see 1968 Thule Air Base B - 52 crash ) . In some of these cases ( such as Palomares ) , the explosive system of the fission weapon discharged , but did not trigger a nuclear chain reaction ( safety features prevent this from easily happening ) , but did disperse hazardous nuclear materials across wide areas , necessitating expensive cleanup endeavors . Eleven American nuclear warheads are thought to be lost and unrecovered , primarily in submarine accidents . The nuclear testing program resulted in a number of cases of fallout dispersion onto populated areas . The most significant of these was the Castle Bravo test , which spread radioactive ash over an area of over 100 square miles ( 260 km ) , including a number of populated islands . The populations of the islands were evacuated but not before suffering radiation burns . They would later suffer long - term effects , such as birth defects and increased cancer risk . There were also instances during the nuclear testing program in which soldiers were exposed to overly high levels of radiation , which grew into a major scandal in the 1970s and 1980s , as many soldiers later suffered from what were claimed to be diseases caused by their exposures . Many of the former nuclear facilities ( see next section ) produced significant environmental damages during their years of activity , and since the 1990s have been Superfund sites of cleanup and environmental remediation . The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allows for U.S. citizens exposed to radiation or other health risks through the U.S. nuclear program to file for compensation and damages . Deliberate attacks on weapons facilities ( edit ) Main article : Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack In 1972 three hijackers took control of a domestic passenger flight along the east coast of the U.S. and threatened to crash the plane into a U.S. nuclear weapons plant in Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The plane got as close as 8,000 feet above the site before the hijackers ' demands were met . Various acts of civil disobedience since 1980 by the peace group Plowshares have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated , and the group 's actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at nuclear weapons plants in the United States . The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action . Non-proliferation policy experts have questioned `` the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store the government 's most dangerous military material '' . Nuclear weapons materials on the black market are a global concern , and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small , crude nuclear weapon by a militant group in a major city , with significant loss of life and property . Stuxnet is a computer worm discovered in June 2010 that is believed to have been created by the United States and Israel to attack Iran 's nuclear facilities . Development agencies ( edit ) The United States Atomic Energy Commission ( 1946 -- 1974 ) managed the U.S. nuclear program after the Manhattan Project . The initial U.S. nuclear program was run by the National Bureau of Standards starting in 1939 under the edict of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Its primary purpose was to delegate research and dispense funds . In 1940 the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) was established , coordinating work under the Committee on Uranium among its other wartime efforts . In June 1941 , the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) was established , with the NDRC as one of its subordinate agencies , which enlarged and renamed the Uranium Committee as the Section on Uranium . In 1941 , NDRC research was placed under direct control of Vannevar Bush as the OSRD S - 1 Section , which attempted to increase the pace of weapons research . In June 1942 , the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers took over the project to develop atomic weapons , while the OSRD retained responsibility for scientific research . This was the beginning of the Manhattan Project , run as the Manhattan Engineering District ( MED ) , an agency under military control that was in charge of developing the first atomic weapons . After World War II , the MED maintained control over the U.S. arsenal and production facilities and coordinated the Operation Crossroads tests . In 1946 after a long and protracted debate , the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 was passed , creating the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) as a civilian agency that would be in charge of the production of nuclear weapons and research facilities , funded through Congress , with oversight provided by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy . The AEC was given vast powers of control over secrecy , research , and money , and could seize lands with suspected uranium deposits . Along with its duties towards the production and regulation of nuclear weapons , it was also in charge of stimulating development and regulating civilian nuclear power . The full transference of activities was finalized in January 1947 . In 1975 , following the `` energy crisis '' of the early 1970s and public and congressional discontent with the AEC ( in part because of the impossibility to be both a producer and a regulator ) , it was disassembled into component parts as the Energy Research and Development Administration ( ERDA ) , which assumed most of the AEC 's former production , coordination , and research roles , and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission , which assumed its civilian regulation activities . ERDA was short - lived , however , and in 1977 the U.S. nuclear weapons activities were reorganized under the Department of Energy , which maintains such responsibilities through the semi-autonomous National Nuclear Security Administration . Some functions were taken over or shared by the Department of Homeland Security in 2002 . The already - built weapons themselves are in the control of the Strategic Command , which is part of the Department of Defense . In general , these agencies served to coordinate research and build sites . They generally operated their sites through contractors , however , both private and public ( for example , Union Carbide , a private company , ran Oak Ridge National Laboratory for many decades ; the University of California , a public educational institution , has run the Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore laboratories since their inception , and will jointly manage Los Alamos with the private company Bechtel as of its next contract ) . Funding was received both through these agencies directly , but also from additional outside agencies , such as the Department of Defense . Each branch of the military also maintained its own nuclear - related research agencies ( generally related to delivery systems ) . Weapons production Complex ( edit ) This table is not comprehensive , as numerous facilities throughout the United States have contributed to its nuclear weapons program . It includes the major sites related to the U.S. weapons program ( past and present ) , their basic site functions , and their current status of activity . Not listed are the many bases and facilities at which nuclear weapons have been deployed . In addition to deploying weapons on its own soil , during the Cold War , the United States also stationed nuclear weapons in 27 foreign countries and territories , including Okinawa ( which was US - controlled until 1971 , ) Japan ( during the occupation immediately following World War II ) , Greenland , Germany , Taiwan , and French Morocco then independent Morocco . Site name Location Function Status Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos , New Mexico Research , Design , Pit Production Active Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore , California Research and design Active Sandia National Laboratories Livermore , California ; Albuquerque , New Mexico Research and design Active Hanford Site Richland , Washington Material production ( plutonium ) Not active , in remediation Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge , Tennessee Material production ( uranium - 235 , fusion fuel ) , research Active to some extent Y - 12 National Security Complex Oak Ridge , Tennessee Component fabrication , stockpile stewardship , uranium storage Active Nevada Test Site Near Las Vegas , Nevada Nuclear testing and nuclear waste disposal Active ; no tests since 1992 , now engaged in waste disposal Yucca Mountain Nevada Test Site Waste disposal ( primarily power reactor ) Pending Waste Isolation Pilot Plant East of Carlsbad , New Mexico Radioactive waste from nuclear weapons production Active Pacific Proving Grounds Marshall Islands Nuclear testing Not active , last test in 1962 Rocky Flats Plant Near Denver , Colorado Components fabrication Not active , in remediation Pantex Amarillo , Texas Weapons assembly , disassembly , pit storage Active , esp . disassembly Fernald Site Near Cincinnati , Ohio Material fabrication ( uranium - 238 ) Not active , in remediation Paducah Plant Paducah , Kentucky Material production ( uranium - 235 ) Active ( commercial use ) Portsmouth Plant Near Portsmouth , Ohio Material fabrication ( uranium - 235 ) Active , ( centrifuge ) , but not for weapons production Kansas City Plant Kansas City , Missouri Component production Active Mound Plant Miamisburg , Ohio Research , component production , tritium purification Not active , in remediation Pinellas Plant Largo , Florida Manufacture of electrical components Active , but not for weapons production Savannah River Site Near Aiken , South Carolina Material production ( plutonium , tritium ) Active ( limited operation ) , in remediation Proliferation ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear proliferation A sign pointing to an old fallout shelter in New York City . The Atoms for Peace program distributed nuclear technology , materials , and know - how to many less technologically advanced countries . Early on in the development of its nuclear weapons , the United States relied in part on information - sharing with both the United Kingdom and Canada , as codified in the Quebec Agreement of 1943 . These three parties agreed not to share nuclear weapons information with other countries without the consent of the others , an early attempt at nonproliferation . After the development of the first nuclear weapons during World War II , though , there was much debate within the political circles and public sphere of the United States about whether or not the country should attempt to maintain a monopoly on nuclear technology , or whether it should undertake a program of information sharing with other nations ( especially its former ally and likely competitor , the Soviet Union ) , or submit control of its weapons to some sort of international organization ( such as the United Nations ) who would use them to attempt to maintain world peace . Though fear of a nuclear arms race spurred many politicians and scientists to advocate some degree of international control or sharing of nuclear weapons and information , many politicians and members of the military believed that it was better in the short term to maintain high standards of nuclear secrecy and to forestall a Soviet bomb as long as possible ( and they did not believe the USSR would actually submit to international controls in good faith ) . Since this path was chosen , the United States was , in its early days , essentially an advocate for the prevention of nuclear proliferation , though primarily for the reason of self - preservation . A few years after the USSR detonated its first weapon in 1949 , though , the U.S. under President Dwight D. Eisenhower sought to encourage a program of sharing nuclear information related to civilian nuclear power and nuclear physics in general . The Atoms for Peace program , begun in 1953 , was also in part political : the U.S. was better poised to commit various scarce resources , such as enriched uranium , towards this peaceful effort , and to request a similar contribution from the Soviet Union , who had far fewer resources along these lines ; thus the program had a strategic justification as well , as was later revealed by internal memos . This overall goal of promoting civilian use of nuclear energy in other countries , while also preventing weapons dissemination , has been labeled by many critics as contradictory and having led to lax standards for a number of decades which allowed a number of other nations , such as China and India , to profit from dual - use technology ( purchased from nations other than the U.S. ) . The Cooperative Threat Reduction program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency was established after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 to aid former Soviet bloc countries in the inventory and destruction of their sites for developing nuclear , chemical , and biological weapons , and their methods of delivering them ( ICBM silos , long - range bombers , etc . ) . Over $4.4 billion has been spent on this endeavor to prevent purposeful or accidental proliferation of weapons from the former Soviet arsenal . After India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998 , President Bill Clinton imposed economic sanctions on the countries . In 1999 , however , the sanctions against India were lifted ; those against Pakistan were kept in place as a result of the military government that had taken over . Shortly after the September 11 attacks in 2001 , President George W. Bush lifted the sanctions against Pakistan as well , in order to get the Pakistani government 's help as a conduit for US and NATO forces for operations in Afghanistan . The U.S. government has officially taken a silent policy towards the nuclear weapons ambitions of the state of Israel , while being exceedingly vocal against proliferation of such weapons in the countries of Iran and North Korea . Until 2005 when the program was cancelled , it was violating its own non-proliferation treaties in the pursuit of so - called nuclear bunker busters . The 2003 invasion of Iraq by the U.S. was done , in part , on indications that Weapons of Mass Destruction were being stockpiled ( lately , stockpiles of previously undeclared nerve agent and mustard gas shells have been located in Iraq ) , and the Bush administration said that its policies on proliferation were responsible for the Libyan government 's agreement to abandon its nuclear ambitions . Nuclear disarmament in international law ( edit ) The United States is one of the five nuclear weapons states with a declared nuclear arsenal under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) , of which it was an original drafter and signatory on 1 July 1968 ( ratified 5 March 1970 ) . All signatories of the NPT agreed to refrain from aiding in nuclear weapons proliferation to other states . Further under Article VI of the NPT , all signatories , including the US , agreed to negotiate in good faith to stop the nuclear arms race and to negotiate for complete elimination of nuclear weapons . `` Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament , and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament . '' The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) , the preeminent judicial tribunal of international law , in its advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons , issued 8 July 1996 , unanimously interprets the text of Article VI as implying that : `` There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control . '' The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) in 2005 proposed a comprehensive ban on fissile material that would greatly limit the production of weapons of mass destruction . One hundred forty seven countries voted for this proposal but the United States voted against . The US government has also resisted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons , supported by more than 120 nations . International relations and nuclear weapons ( edit ) In 1958 , the United States Air Force had considered a plan to drop nuclear bombs on China during a confrontation over Taiwan but it was overruled , previously secret documents showed after they were declassified due to the Freedom of Information Act in April 2008 . The plan included an initial plan to drop 10 -- 15 kiloton bombs on airfields in Amoy ( now called Xiamen ) in the event of a Chinese blockade against Taiwan 's Offshore Islands . Occupational Illness ( edit ) The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program ( EEOICP ) began on 31 July 2001 . The program provides compensation and health benefits to Department of Energy nuclear weapons workers ( employees , former employees , contractors and subcontractors ) as well as compensation to certain survivors if the worker is already deceased . By 14 August 2010 , the program had already identified 45,799 civilians who lost their health ( including 18,942 who developed cancer ) due to exposure to radiation and toxic substances while producing nuclear weapons for the United States . Current status ( edit ) U.S. nuclear warhead stockpile , 1945 -- 2002 . A graph showing the amount of nuclear weapons stockpiled by either country during the nuclear race . The United States is one of the five recognized nuclear powers by the signatories of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) . As of 2017 , the US has an estimated 4,018 nuclear weapons in either deployment or storage . This figure compares to a peak of 31,225 total warheads in 1967 and 22,217 in 1989 , and does not include `` several thousand '' warheads that have been retired and scheduled for dismantlement . The Pantex Plant near Amarillo , Texas , is the only location in the United States where weapons from the aging nuclear arsenal can be refurbished or dismantled . In 2009 and 2010 , the administration of President Barack Obama declared policies that would invalidate the Bush - era policy for use of nuclear weapons and its motions to develop new ones . First , in a prominent 2009 speech , U.S. President Barack Obama outlined a goal of `` a world without nuclear weapons '' . To that goal , U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev signed a new START treaty on April 8 , 2010 , to reduce the number of active nuclear weapons from 2,200 to 1,550 . That same week Obama also revised U.S. policy on the use of nuclear weapons in a Nuclear Posture Review required of all presidents , declaring for the first time that the U.S. would not use nuclear weapons against nonnuclear , NPT - compliant states . The policy also renounces development of any new nuclear weapons . The Obama Administration , in its release of the 2012 defense budget , included planned to modernize , as well as maintain , the nation 's nuclear weapons arsenal . Nuclear disarmament movement ( edit ) April 2011 OREPA rally at the Y - 12 nuclear weapons plant entrance See also : Nuclear disarmament and Anti-nuclear movement in the United States In the early 1980s , the revival of the nuclear arms race triggered large protests about nuclear weapons . On June 12 , 1982 , one million people demonstrated in New York City 's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race . It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history . International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on June 20 , 1983 at 50 sites across the United States . There were many Nevada Desert Experience protests and peace camps at the Nevada Test Site during the 1980s and 1990s . There have also been protests by anti-nuclear groups at the Y - 12 Nuclear Weapons Plant , the Idaho National Laboratory , Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository proposal , the Hanford Site , the Nevada Test Site , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , and transportation of nuclear waste from the Los Alamos National Laboratory . On May 1 , 2005 , 40,000 anti-nuclear / anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York , 60 years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . This was the largest anti-nuclear rally in the U.S. for several decades . In May 2010 , some 25,000 people , including members of peace organizations and 1945 atomic bomb survivors , marched from downtown New York to the United Nations headquarters , calling for the elimination of nuclear weapons . Some scientists and engineers have opposed nuclear weapons , including Paul M. Doty , Hermann Joseph Muller , Linus Pauling , Eugene Rabinowitch , M.V. Ramana and Frank N. von Hippel . In recent years , many elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament . Sam Nunn , William Perry , Henry Kissinger , and George Shultz -- have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons , and in various op - ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end . The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda . Organizations such as Global Zero , an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament , have also been established . United States Strategic nuclear weapons arsenal ( edit ) Operational American strategic nuclear forces , July 1 , 2016 Delivery Vehicles Warheads Minuteman III W78 / Mk12A ; W87 / Mk21 431 481 ICBM ( total ) 431 481 UGM - 133A Trident II D - 5 W76 - 0 / Mk4 230 N / A UGM - 133A Trident II D - 5 W76 - 1 / Mk4A N / A UGM - 133A Trident II D - 5 W88 / Mk5 N / A SLBM ( total ) 230 920 B - 2 12 N / A B - 52H 68 N / A B61 - 7 N / A N / A B61 - 11 N / A N / A B83 N / A N / A AGM - 86 ALCM W80 - 1 N / A N / A Bomber force ( total ) 80 * Strategic forces ( total ) 741 1481 + Notes : Each heavy bomber is counted as one warhead ( The New START Treaty ) The nuclear weapon delivery capability has been removed from B - 1 heavy bombers . See also ( edit ) Nuclear technology portal Weapons of mass destruction portal Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Global Security Institute History of nuclear weapons International Day against Nuclear Tests List of nuclear weapons tests National Security Strategy ( United States ) Nuclear terrorism Nuclear - free zone Psychic numbing § Nuclear denial disorder U.S. nuclear weapons in Japan United States and weapons of mass destruction United States Strategic Command Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to Carey Sublette 's Nuclear Weapon Archive , the United States `` tested ( by official count ) 1054 nuclear tests '' between 1945 and 1992 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 23 September 1992 -- Last U.S. Nuclear Test '' . Testing Times . Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile '' ( pdf ) . Nuclear Posture Review ( Fact Sheet ) . United States Department of Defense . 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/00963402.2018.1438219?scroll=top&needAccess=true Jump up ^ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/00963402.2018.1438219?scroll=top&needAccess=true ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests '' . The Nuclear Weapon Archive. 6 August 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Estimated Minimum Incurred Costs of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Programs , 1940 -- 1996 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Paine , Christopher E. ; Cochran , Thomas B. ; Norris , Robert S. ( 4 January 1996 ) . `` The Arsenals of the Nuclear Weapons Powers : An Overview '' ( pdf ) . Natural Resources Defense Council . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Daniel A. ( 2016 ) . `` An Aging Army '' . Distillations. 2 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 36 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50 Facts About U.S. Nuclear Weapons '' . Brookings Institution . 1998 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Exposure Compensation System Claims to Date Summary of Claims Received by 08 / 15 / 2013 All Claims '' ( pdf ) . United States Department of Justice . 16 August 2013 . -- updated regularly ^ Jump up to : Fact Sheet : Nuclear Weapons : Who Has What at a Glance , Arms Control Association ( updated : July 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Nuke - Rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons ( The Contemporary anthology series ) . The Spirit That Moves Us Press . May 1 , 1984 . pp. 22 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . p. 641 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07186 - 7 . OCLC 637004643 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 600 . OCLC 10913875 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Lindley ( 2013 ) . `` Kate Brown : Nuclear `` Plutopias '' the Largest Welfare Program in American History `` . History News Network . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Kuznick , Peter , `` The Untold History of the United States , '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , pages 280 - 281 Jump up ^ Daniel. , Deudney , ( 1983 ) . Whole earth security : a geopolitics of peace . Washington , D.C. , USA : Worldwatch Institute . p. 80 . ISBN 0916468542 . OCLC 9833320 . Jump up ^ John Barry ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Do We Still Need a Nuclear ' Triad ' ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Office for the Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear Matters . `` Nuclear Stockpile '' . US Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Toning Up the Nuclear Triad '' . Time . 1985 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Norris , Robert S. ; Kristensen , Hans M. ( September -- October 2007 ) . `` The U.S. stockpile , today and tomorrow '' ( pdf ) . Nuclear Notebook . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 63 ( 5 ) : 60 -- 63 . doi : 10.2968 / 063005013 . Jump up ^ Norris , Robert S. ; Kristensen , Hans M. ( March -- April 2008 ) . `` U.S. nuclear forces , 2008 '' ( pdf ) . Nuclear Notebook . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 64 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 53 , 58 . doi : 10.2968 / 064001012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Donald A. ( 1993 ) . Inventing Accuracy : A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . pp. 343 -- 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 63147 - 1 . Jump up ^ Why President Trump Has Exclusive Authority To Order A Nuclear Strike ^ Jump up to : Ron Rosenbaum ( Feb 28 , 2011 ) . `` An Unsung Hero of the Nuclear Age -- Maj . Harold Hering and the forbidden question that cost him his career '' . Slate . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nuclear button chaos behind Reagan , BBC , Mar 30 , 2001 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Kuznick , Peter `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , pages 286 - 87 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Kuznick , Peter `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 309 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Kuznick , Peter `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , pages 286 - 87 ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : The `` Bravo '' Test `` . Race for the Superbomb . American Experience . Public Broadcasting Service . 1999 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Threat Assessment : U.S. Nuclear Plants Near Airports May Be at Risk of Airplane Attack Archived 2010 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , Global Security Newswire , June 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Newtan , Samuel Upton ( 2007 ) . Nuclear War 1 and Other Major Nuclear Disasters of the 20th Century , AuthorHouse , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Kennette Benedict ( 9 August 2012 ) . `` Civil disobedience '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Jump up ^ Jay Davis . After A Nuclear 9 / 11 The Washington Post , March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Michael Jenkins . A Nuclear 9 / 11 ? CNN.com , September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Orde Kittrie . Averting Catastrophe : Why the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty is Losing its Deterrence Capacity and How to Restore It Archived 2010 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . May 22 , 2007 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Nicholas D. Kristof . A Nuclear 9 / 11 The New York Times , March 10 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Experts : Stuxnet Attack on Iran Was Illegal ' Act of Force ' '' . Wired. 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry DeWolf Smyth Papers Collection Overview 1885 -- 1987 '' . American Philosophical Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Energy Commissions ( AEC ) , 1947 '' . Office of Science -- Chicago Office . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Energy Research and Development Administration ( ERDA ) '' . Office of Science -- Chicago Office . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Department of Energy ( DOE ) '' . Office of Science -- Chicago Office . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` United States Secretly Deployed Nuclear Bombs In 27 Countries and Territories During Cold War '' . National Security Archive ( Press release ) . Natural Resources Defense Council . 20 October 1999 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Jeffrey Arthur ; Smith , Dr. James M. ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Arms Control and Disarmament . Scarecrow Press . p. 65 . ISBN 9780810850606 . Jump up ^ Chivers , CJ . `` The Secret Casualties of Iraq '' . New York Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush : Libya Pledges to Dismantle WMD Programs '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . 19 December 2003 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Information Circulars '' ( PDF ) . iaea.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 August 2007 . Jump up ^ The ICJ ( 8 July 1996 ) . `` Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons '' . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons , Leading Towards their Total Elimination , 27 April to 22 May 2015 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Histories Released through Archive Lawsuit Show Cautious Presidents Overruling Air Force Plans for Early Use of Nuclear Weapons '' . Washington , D.C. : National Security Archive. April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` US Air Force planned nuclear strike on China over Taiwan : report '' . Agence France - Presse. 30 April 2008 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Division of Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation ( DEEOIC ) '' . United States Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Office of Workers ' Compensation Programs ( OWCP ) EEOICP Program Statistics '' . United States Department of Labor . -- Updated weekly Jump up ^ https://fas.org/issues/nuclear-weapons/status-world-nuclear-forces/ Jump up ^ `` Obama sets goal of world without nuclear weapons '' . The Independent . London . 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Russia Agree To Pursue Nuclear Reduction '' . Jump up ^ Michael D. Shear ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Obama , Medvedev sign treaty to reduce nuclear weapons '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ David E. Sanger ; Peter Baker ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` Obama Limits When U.S. Would Use Nuclear Arms '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Hans Kristensen ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` The Nuclear Weapons Modernization Budget '' . FAS Strategic Security Blog . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 23 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence S. Wittner . `` Disarmament movement lessons from yesteryear '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 27 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Schell . The Spirit of June 12 The Nation , July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1982 -- a million people march in New York City Archived 2008 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harvey Klehr . Far Left of Center : The American Radical Left Today Transaction Publishers , 1988 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ 1,400 Anti-nuclear protesters arrested Miami Herald , June 21 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Robert Lindsey. 438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site New York Times , February 6 , 1987 . Jump up ^ 493 Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site New York Times , April 20 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Stop the Bombs ! April 2010 Action Event at Y - 12 Nuclear Weapons Complex , Jump up ^ Keep Yellowstone Nuclear Free ( 2003 ) . Keep Yellowstone Nuclear Free Archived 2009 - 11 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sierra Club . ( undated ) . Deadly Nuclear Waste Transport Jump up ^ 22 Arrested in Nuclear Protest New York Times , August 10 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Hundreds Protest at Livermore Lab Archived 2013 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . The TriValley Herald , August 11 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Concerned Citizens for Nuclear Safety ( undated ) . About CCNS Jump up ^ Lance Murdoch . Pictures : New York MayDay anti-nuke / war march , IndyMedia , 2 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Nuke Protests in New York '' , Fox News , May 2 , 2005 . Jump up ^ A-bomb survivors join 25,000 - strong anti-nuclear march through New York Archived 2013 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Mainichi Daily News , May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New START Treaty Aggregate Numbers of Strategic Offensive Arms . July 1 , 2016 ( archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ New START Jump up ^ Pawlyk , Oriana . `` START Lanced the B - 1 's Nukes , But the Bomber Will Still Get New Bombs '' . Military.com . Military Advantage . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ( The B - 1 ) complies with the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty negotiations , which specifies the once - nuclear bomber remains disarmed of nukes . ( ... ) it will never be a nuclear - capable bomber again Sources Biello , David . `` A Need for New Warheads ? '' Scientific American , November 2007 Hacker , Barton C. Elements of Controversy : The Atomic Energy Commission and Radiation Safety in Nuclear Weapons Testing , 1947 -- 1974 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08323 - 3 Hansen , Chuck . U.S. Nuclear Weapons : The Secret History . Arlington , TX : Aerofax , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 56740 - 1 Schwartz , Stephen I. Atomic Audit : The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution Press , 1998 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313163740/http://www.brookings.edu/about/projects/archive/nucweapons/50 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 7773 - 1 Weart , Spencer R. Nuclear Fear : A History of Images . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1985 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 62835 - 9 Woolf , Amy F. U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces : Background , Developments , and Issues . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , August 8 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , October 12 , 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : US to reduce nuclear weapons arsenal Video archive of US Nuclear Testing at sonicbomb.com Nuclear Threat Initiative : United States NDRC 's data on the US Nuclear Stockpile , 1945 -- 2002 Snapshot of the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex , April 2004 by the Los Alamos Study Group New nuclear warhead design for US Annotated bibliography of U.S. nuclear weapons programs from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Manhattan Project Timeline Sites Ames Berkeley Chicago Dayton Hanford Inyokern Los Alamos Montreal New York Oak Ridge Trinity Wendover Heavy water sites Administrators Vannevar Bush Arthur Compton James Conant Priscilla Duffield Thomas Farrell Leslie Groves John Lansdale Ernest Lawrence James Marshall Franklin Matthias Dorothy McKibbin Kenneth Nichols Robert Oppenheimer Deak Parsons William Purnell Frank Spedding Charles Thomas Paul Tibbets Bud Uanna Harold Urey Stafford Warren Ed Westcott Roscoe Wilson Scientists Luis Alvarez Robert Bacher Hans Bethe Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Norris Bradbury James Chadwick John Cockcroft Harry Daghlian Enrico Fermi Richard Feynman Val Fitch James Franck Klaus Fuchs Maria Goeppert - Mayer George Kistiakowsky George Koval Willard Libby Edwin McMillan Mark Oliphant Norman Ramsey Isidor Isaac Rabi James Rainwater Bruno Rossi Glenn Seaborg Emilio Segrè Louis Slotin Henry DeWolf Smyth Leo Szilard Edward Teller Stanisław Ulam John von Neumann John Wheeler Eugene Wigner Robert Wilson Leona Woods Operations Alsos Mission Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Alberta Silverplate 509th Composite Group Enola Gay Bockscar The Great Artiste Weapons Fat Man Little Boy Pumpkin bomb Thin Man Related topics Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution Chicago Pile - 1 Demon core Einstein -- Szilárd letter Interim Committee Oppenheimer security hearing Plutonium Quebec Agreement RaLa Experiment S - 1 Executive Committee S - 50 Project Smyth Report Uranium X-10 Graphite Reactor Manhattan Project United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Anti-nuclear movement in the United States General Anti-nuclear groups in the US California movement Great Peace March Nuclear history of the United States Nuclear power in the US Canceled nuclear plants in the US Nuclear weapons and the US Protests in the US Anti-nuclear advocates in the US Organizations and groups Abalone Alliance Alliance for Nuclear Responsibility Clamshell Alliance Committee for Nuclear Responsibility Corporate Accountability International Critical Mass Energy Project Friends of the Earth Greenpeace USA Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Mothers for Peace Musicians United for Safe Energy Nevada Desert Experience Nuclear Control Institute Nuclear Information and Resource Service Physicians for Social Responsibility Plowshares Movement Public Citizen Shad Alliance Sierra Club Three Mile Island Alert Women Strike for Peace People Daniel Berrigan William J. Bichsel Larry Bogart Pierce Brosnan Helen Caldicott Barry Commoner Frances Crowe Carrie Barefoot Dickerson Paul M. Doty Jane Fonda Randall Forsberg John Gofman Paul Gunter John Hall Jackie Hudson Sam Lovejoy Amory Lovins Gregory Minor Hermann Joseph Muller Ralph Nader Graham Nash Linus Pauling Eugene Rabinowitch Phil Radford Bonnie Raitt Martin Sheen Karen Silkwood Thomas Louis Vitale Harvey Wasserman Victor Weisskopf Main protest sites Black Fox Bodega Bay Diablo Canyon Indian Point Lawrence Livermore Montague Naval Base Kitsap Nevada Test Site Rancho Seco Rocky Flats San Onofre Seabrook Shoreham Three Mile Island Trojan Vermont Yankee White House Peace Vigil Y - 12 Weapons Plant Yankee Rowe Books Carbon - Free and Nuclear - Free Conservation Fallout : Nuclear Protest at Diablo Canyon Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power Critical Masses : Opposition to Nuclear Power in California , 1958 - 1978 The Cult of the Atom The Doomsday Machine ( book ) Fallout : An American Nuclear Tragedy Killing Our Own Licensed to Kill ? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant Making a Real Killing : Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West Nuclear Implosions : The Rise and Fall of the Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Politics in America We Almost Lost Detroit Films Atomic Ed and the Black Hole The China Syndrome Countdown to Zero Dark Circle Nuclear Tipping Point Silkwood Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_weapons_of_the_United_States&oldid=842893928 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons of the United States Nuclear weapons program of the United States Cold War history of the United States Nuclear weapons programs United States Atomic Energy Commission United States Department of Energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 11 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20weapons%20of%20the%20United%20States	37,111
when did the renaissance reach england how did it affect english culture			English Renaissance	english renaissance	The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th century to the early 17th century . It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century . As in most of the rest of northern Europe , England saw little of these developments until more than a century later . The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken , as a convenience , to be 1485 , when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty . Renaissance style and ideas , however , were slow to penetrate England , and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance .	The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways . The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music . Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance . The English period began far later than the Italian , which was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier . In contrast , the English Renaissance can only truly be said to begin , shakily , in the 1520s , and it continued until perhaps 1620 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Literature 2 Visual arts 3 Music 4 Architecture 5 Criticism of the idea of the English Renaissance 6 Major English Renaissance authors 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Literature ( edit ) William Shakespeare , chief figure of the English Renaissance , as portrayed in the Chandos portrait ( artist and authenticity not confirmed ) . England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular , which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common during the mid 16th century . By the time of Elizabethan literature a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser , whose verse epic The Faerie Queene had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare , Thomas Wyatt and others . Typically , the works of these playwrights and poets circulated in manuscript form for some time before they were published , and above all the plays of English Renaissance theatre were the outstanding legacy of the period . The works of this period are also affected by Henry VIII 's declaration of independence from the Catholic Church and technological advances in sailing and cartography , which are reflected in the generally nonreligious themes and various shipwreck adventures of Shakespeare . The English theatre scene , which performed both for the court and nobility in private performances , and a very wide public in the theatres , was the most crowded in Europe , with a host of other playwrights as well as the giant figures of Christopher Marlowe , Shakespeare and Ben Jonson . Elizabeth herself was a product of Renaissance humanism trained by Roger Ascham , and wrote occasional poems such as On Monsieur 's Departure at critical moments of her life . Philosophers and intellectuals included Thomas More and Francis Bacon . All the 16th century Tudor monarchs were highly educated , as was much of the nobility , and Italian literature had a considerable following , providing the sources for many of Shakespeare 's plays . English thought advanced towards modern science with the Baconian Method , a forerunner of the Scientific Method . The language of the Book of Common Prayer , first published in 1549 , and at the end of the period the Authorised Version ( `` King James Version '' to Americans ) of the Bible ( 1611 ) had enduring impacts on the English consciousness . Visual arts ( edit ) The Ditchley Portrait of Elizabeth I by the foreign Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger , c. 1592 England was very slow to produce visual arts in Renaissance styles , and the artists of the Tudor court were mainly imported foreigners until after the end of the Renaissance ; Hans Holbein was the outstanding figure . The English Reformation produced a huge programme of iconoclasm that destroyed almost all medieval religious art , and all but ended the skill of painting in England ; English art was to be dominated by portraiture , and then later landscape art , for centuries to come . The significant English invention was the portrait miniature , which essentially took the techniques of the dying art of the illuminated manuscript and transferred them to small portraits worn in lockets . Though the form was developed in England by foreign artists , mostly Flemish like Lucas Horenbout , the somewhat undistinguished founder of the tradition , by the late 16th century natives such as Nicolas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver produced the finest work , even as the best producers of larger portraits in oil were still foreigners . The portrait miniature had spread all over Europe by the 18th century . The portraiture of Elizabeth I was carefully controlled , and developed into an elaborate and wholly un-realist iconic style , that has succeeded in creating enduring images . Music ( edit ) English Renaissance music kept in touch with continental developments far more than visual art , and managed to survive the Reformation relatively successfully , though William Byrd and other major figures were Catholic . The Elizabethan madrigal was distinct from , but related to the Italian tradition . Thomas Tallis , Thomas Morley , and John Dowland were other leading English composers . The colossal polychoral productions of the Venetian School had been anticipated in the works of Thomas Tallis , and the Palestrina style from the Roman School had already been absorbed prior to the publication of Musica transalpina , in the music of masters such as William Byrd . The Italian and English Renaissances were similar in sharing a specific musical aesthetic . In the late 16th century Italy was the musical center of Europe , and one of the principal forms which emerged from that singular explosion of musical creativity was the madrigal . In 1588 , Nicholas Yonge published in England the Musica transalpina -- a collection of Italian madrigals that had been Anglicized -- an event which began a vogue of madrigal in England which was almost unmatched in the Renaissance in being an instantaneous adoption of an idea , from another country , adapted to local aesthetics . English poetry was exactly at the right stage of development for this transplantation to occur , since forms such as the sonnet were uniquely adapted to setting as madrigals : indeed , the sonnet was already well developed in Italy . Composers such as Thomas Morley , the only contemporary composer to set Shakespeare , and whose work survives , published collections of their own , roughly in the Italian manner but yet with a unique Englishness ; interest in the compositions of the English Madrigal School have enjoyed a considerable revival in recent decades . Architecture ( edit ) Despite some buildings in a partly Renaissance style from the reign of Henry VIII , notably Hampton Court Palace , the vanished Nonsuch Palace , Sutton Place and Layer Marney Tower , it was not until the Elizabethan architecture of the end of the century that a true Renaissance style emerged , influenced far more by northern Europe than Italy . The most famous buildings are large show houses constructed for courtiers , and characterised by lavish use of glass , as at `` Hardwick Hall , more glass than wall '' , Wollaton Hall and Hatfield House and Burghley House , the style continuing into the early 17th century before developing into Jacobean architecture . Lesser , but still large , houses like Little Moreton Hall continued to be constructed and expanded in essentially medieval half - timbered styles until the late 16th century . Church architecture essentially continued in a late Gothic style until the Reformation , and then stopped almost completely , although church monuments , screens and other fittings often had classical styles from about the mid-century . The few new church buildings were usually still Gothic in style , as in Langley Chapel of 1601 . Criticism of the idea of the English Renaissance ( edit ) Young Man Among Roses , portrait miniature by Nicholas Hilliard , 1588 , V&A . Believed to be the Earl of Essex The notion of calling this period `` The Renaissance '' is a modern invention , having been popularized by the historian Jacob Burckhardt in the 19th century . The idea of the Renaissance has come under increased criticism by many cultural historians , and some have contended that the `` English Renaissance '' has no real tie with the artistic achievements and aims of the Italian artists ( Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Donatello ) who are closely identified with Renaissance visual art . Whereas from the perspective of literary history , England had already experienced a flourishing of literature over 200 years before the time of Shakespeare , during the last decades of the fourteenth century . Geoffrey Chaucer 's popularizing of English as a medium of literary composition rather than Latin occurred only 50 years after Dante had started using Italian for serious poetry , and Chaucer translated works by both Boccaccio and Petrarch into Middle English . At the same time William Langland , author of Piers Plowman , and John Gower were also writing in English . In the fifteenth century , Thomas Malory ( author of Le Morte D'Arthur ) , John Lydgate , and Thomas Hoccleve were notable figures . For this reason , scholars find the singularity of the period called the English Renaissance questionable ; C.S. Lewis , a professor of Medieval and Renaissance literature at Oxford and Cambridge , famously remarked to a colleague that he had `` discovered '' that there was no English Renaissance , and that if there had been one , it had `` no effect whatsoever '' . Historians have also begun to consider the word `` Renaissance '' as an unnecessarily loaded word that implies an unambiguously positive `` rebirth '' from the supposedly more primitive Middle Ages . Some historians have asked the question `` a renaissance for whom ? , '' pointing out , for example , that the status of women in society arguably declined during the Renaissance . Many historians and cultural historians now prefer to use the term `` early modern '' for this period , a term that highlights the period as a transitional one that led to the modern world , but attempts to avoid positive or negative connotations . Other cultural historians have countered that , regardless of whether the name `` renaissance '' is apt , there was undeniably an artistic flowering in England under the Tudor monarchs , culminating in Shakespeare and his contemporaries . Major English Renaissance authors ( edit ) Major literary figures in the English Renaissance include : Francis Bacon Francis Beaumont George Chapman Francis Hubert Thomas Dekker John Donne John Fletcher John Ford Ben Jonson Thomas Kyd Christopher Marlowe Philip Massinger Thomas Middleton Thomas More Thomas Nashe William Rowley William Shakespeare James Shirley Philip Sidney Edmund Spenser William Tyndale John Webster Thomas Wyatt See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Renaissance in the United Kingdom . Tudor period Canons of Renaissance poetry Jacobean era Early modern Britain Walter Raleigh References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Renaissance Period '' . people.umass.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Life in Renaissance England '' . www.uh.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Airs , Malcolm , The Buildings of Britain , A Guide and Gazetteer , Tudor and Jacobean , especially chapters 1 , 3 and 8 , 1982 , Barrie & Jenkins ( London ) , ISBN 0 - 09 - 147831 - 6 Further reading ( edit ) Cheney , Patrick . `` Recent Studies in the English Renaissance , '' SEL : Studies In English Literature ( 2007 ) 47 ( 1 ) : 199 - 275 Hadfield , Andrew . The English Renaissance , 1500 - 1620 ( 2001 ) Hattaway , Michael , ed . A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture . ( 2000 ) . 747 pp . Keenan , Siobhan . Renaissance Literature ( Edinburgh Critical Guides to Literature ) ( 2008 ) Lamb , Mary Ellen . `` Recent Studies In The English Renaissance , '' SEL : Studies in English Literature ( Johns Hopkins ) ; 2006 46 ( 1 ) : 195 - 252 Loewenstein , David . `` Recent Studies in the English Renaissance , '' SEL : Studies in English Literature Spring 2011 , Vol. 51 Issue 2 , pp 199 -- 278 Robin , Diana ; Larsen , Anne R. ; and Levin , Carole , eds . Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England ( 2007 ) 459p . Rowse , A.L. The Elizabethan Renaissance : The Life of the Society ( 2000 ) excerpt and text search Sheen , Erica , and Lorna Hutson , eds . Literature , Politics and Law in Renaissance England ( 2005 ) Smith , Emma and Garrett A. Sullivan Jr. , eds . The Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Tragedy ( 2010 ) Renaissance General Renaissance High Renaissance 12th century Early modern Europe By field Architecture Art Dance Latin Literature Magic Medicine Music Philosophy Science Technology Theatre Warfare By region Bengali English Flemish French German Italian Northern Papacy Polish Portugal Scotland Spain Lists Composers Figures Structures See also Nuclear renaissance Medieval renaissances Kingdom of England History Timeline Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Anglo - Normans Angevin Empire England in the Late Middle Ages Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Union of the Crowns Overseas possessions Gunpowder Plot Jacobean era Civil War Interregnum Commonwealth of England The Protectorate Restoration Popish Plot Glorious Revolution Maritime history Economy in the Middle Ages Union with Scotland Royal Houses Wessex Knýtlinga Normandy Angevin Plantagenet Lancaster York Tudor Stuart Orange - Nassau Politics Law Witenagemot Curia regis Parliament House of Lords House of Commons Monarchy Council of State Lord Protector Peerage Privy Council Ministries Secretary of State Governance Elizabethan Star Chamber Whigs Tories Acts of Parliament : to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 1642 -- 1660 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Military Anglo - Saxon military Warfare English Army New Model Army Royal Navy Ships History Geography Counties Islands Places Towns Castles Palaces Demographics English language English people list Culture Religion Church of England Cuisine Folklore Morris dance Country dance Architecture Anglo - Saxon English Gothic Tudor Elizabethan Jacobean Queen Anne Georgian Symbols National flag ( list ) Heraldry Coat of arms College of Arms Royal badges Royal supporters Royal standards Crown Jewels Tudor rose Oak tree St George St George 's Day Articles on the history of England Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Renaissance&oldid=843612392 '' Categories : English Renaissance Renaissance Northern Renaissance Renaissance architecture in England Cultural history of England Stuart England Tudor England 15th century in England 16th century in England 17th century in England History of England by period History of the United Kingdom by period Kingdom of England Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Español Français Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20Renaissance	25,020
when does fresh off the boat come back on tv			Fresh Off the Boat	fresh off the boat	Fresh Off the Boat is an American sitcom series , starring Hudson Yang , Randall Park , and Constance Wu . Created by Nahnatchka Khan , it is loosely inspired by the life of chef and food personality Eddie Huang and his book Fresh Off the Boat . It is the first American television sitcom starring an Asian - American family to air on American network primetime since Margaret Cho 's All American Girl , which aired for one season in 1994 . Its style has been compared to the comedy series Everybody Hates Chris . The flashback technique with voice - over narration from the present day ( first season only ) is similar to The Wonder Years .	The show debuted on ABC with two preview episodes on February 4 , 2015 . The second episode , which aired after Modern Family , was promoted as a bonus episode , and formally premiered in its primetime slot on February 10 , 2015 . The first of the two preview episodes garnered 7.94 million viewers , becoming the second - highest rated comedy premiere that season . On May 7 , 2015 , ABC renewed Fresh off the Boat for a second season of 13 episodes . ABC ordered 9 additional episodes on October 13 and two more on November 17 , leading to a total of 24 episodes for the second season . On March 3 , 2016 , ABC announced that the series has been renewed for a third season , which premiered on October 11 , 2016 . On May 12 , 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2017 . On May 11 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 3 Development and production 3.1 Season two changes 4 Episodes 4.1 Home media 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Seasonal ratings 6.2 Critical reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The story follows the course of Eddie Huang 's Taiwanese family as they make their way from Chinatown of Washington , DC to Orlando , Florida , to open a cowboy - themed steak restaurant in 1995 ( with the first season being set between 1995 and 1997 ) . His mother struggles with the culture clash between her upbringing and a Florida community that does not have a large Asian population , his father embraces the `` American Dream '' , and Eddie struggles with assimilating into school . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Hudson Yang as Edwyn `` Eddie '' Huang , the show 's protagonist and a die - hard hip - hop and rap fan , as well as a great fan of basketball . The oldest of three brothers , he eschews Taiwanese culture and is more rebellious than his younger siblings , which makes him a frequent target of Jessica 's complaints . Because Eddie represents the writer of the book on which the show is based , all of the season - one episodes were told from his perspective , and the real - life Eddie Huang voices the narrator . A creative change for season two expands the focus to the entire Huang family . Randall Park as Louis Huang , is the father of Eddie , Emery , and Evan , and husband of Jessica . He is nice and naive , and embraces all things American . He owns a Western steakhouse restaurant in Orlando named Cattleman 's Ranch . Constance Wu as Jessica ( née Chu ) Huang , is the wife of Louis and mother of Eddie , Emery , and Evan . She is a no - nonsense , pragmatic woman who believes in tough love . She wants her children to be successful and also keep in touch with their Taiwanese heritage . Forrest Wheeler as Emery Huang , is the middle child of the Huang family . He is a romantic and lovable kid who is fairly intelligent . He is also depicted as charismatic and mature for his age . He graduated elementary school at the end of the second season . Ian Chen as Evan Huang , is the youngest child , who is a star student and obeys the rules . He is Jessica 's favorite child . He was allowed to skip fifth grade between seasons 3 and 4 , and is starting middle school in the fourth season . Lucille Soong as Grandma Jenny Huang ( regular season 2 -- present , recurring season 1 ) , is Louis ' mother and grandmother of Eddie , Evan , and Emery . Although she clearly understands English , she speaks only in Mandarin ( subtitled in English ) . However , she spoke English in Marvin 's dream in the season - three episode `` Where Are the Giggles ? '' . In the season - four episode , `` It 's a Plastic Pumpkin , Louis Huang '' , the family discovers she has secretly been taking ESL lessons , and she speaks English for the first time ( excluding that dream sequence ) . In the season - four episode , `` The Day After Thanksgiving '' , Jenny finishes her ESL class and speaks English around her ESL professor . She recites lines from the 1989 Tim Burton movie , Batman for her class . Chelsey Crisp as Honey Ellis ( regular season 2 -- present , recurring season 1 ) , is the Huangs ' next door neighbor , Marvin 's third wife , and Jessica 's new best friend . Ray Wise as Marvin Ellis ( regular season 3 -- present , recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) is Honey 's much - older husband and Nicole 's father . He is a successful dentist who married Honey after his previous wife caught him cheating with Honey on the kitchen floor . Recurring cast ( edit ) Cattleman 's Steakhouse staff : Paul Scheer as Mitch Jillian Armenante as Nancy Amanda Lund as Vanessa Noel Gugliemi as Hector Martinez Michael Bolton as himself , briefly co-owner of Cattleman 's ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Matt Oberg as Matthew Chestnut ( season 4 ) Eddie 's school friends : Luna Blaise as Nicole Ellis , Eddie 's first crush , who is Marvin 's daughter and Honey 's stepdaughter ; in season four , she reveals to Eddie that she is gay . Isabella Alexander as Alison , also Eddie 's girlfriend . They break up in episode 2 of season 4 . Prophet Bolden as Walter , one of Eddie 's friends Trevor Larcom as Trent Masterson , one of Eddie 's friends Evan Hannemann as Dave Selby , one of Eddie 's friends Dash Williams as Brian Stone , one of Eddie 's friends Connor Rosen as Doug Pew , one of Eddie 's friends Brady Tutton as Brock Blanca Albert Tsai as Phillip Goldstein Arden Belle as Shelly , one of Nicole 's friends Liliana Mumy as Layla , one of Nicole 's friends Monique Green as Sandy , one of Nicole 's friends Marlowe Peyton as Reba , Eddie 's classmate , who has an unrequited crush on him Others : Rachel Cannon as Deidre Sanderson Stacey Scowley as Carol - Joan Colleen Ryan as Amanda Kimberly Crandall as Lisa Arden Myrin as Ashley Alexander David Goldman as Principal Charlie Hunter Maria Bamford as Principal Thomas Susan Park as Connie Chen , Jessica 's sister C.S. Lee as Steve Chen , Jessica 's brother - in - law Ken Jeong as Gene Huang , Louis ' younger brother Eddie Huang as adult Eddie Huang ( voice only ) , the narrator of the show for season one only Development and production ( edit ) Eddie Huang 's 2013 Fresh Off the Boat caught the attention of TV networks upon release , with ABC and 20th Century Fox Television signing in late that year . Huang , the show 's creator and one of the producers of the series , led a Twitter campaign to change the original show name , Far East Orlando , when it was in development . On May 13 , 2014 , ABC ordered the first season of the show during the May 2014 upfront to air in 2015 as a mid-season replacement . The Fresh Off the Boat cast at a panel discussion for the show . The real - life Eddie Huang narrates the first season only . Eleven episodes into the first season , Huang expressed frustration over ABC 's approach , saying it presents an `` ambiguous , cornstarch story about Asian - Americans '' that perpetuates `` an artificial representation of Asian American lives '' . The sitcom was adapted to suit a broader American audience . He also Tweeted in April 2015 , `` I understand this is a comedy but the great comics speak from pain : Pryor , Rock , Louis ... This show had that opportunity but it fails . '' Despite his concern for authenticity , he finds the show a `` milestone '' for Asian - Americans as they are at the forefront of this television series . Huang further explained in an interview on National Public Radio , `` The studio and network are not on a mission to not represent us . They just do n't know how to . '' Huang described the exchange between his team and ABC as brief . In an article in Vulture Huang expressed concern over the studio 's decision that Nahnatchka Khan , an Iranian - American writer , would represent his memoir for the TV scripts , believing that she would present the story as less than realistic and authentic . `` I would be excited , but you attached a Persian writer , and I 'm kinda worried it 's going to be The Shahs of Cul - de-Sac Holando . '' In 2015 , Constance Wu was interviewed by Jenny Zhang for The Lenny Interview . In this interview , she spoke about her initial fear of criticizing some of the shows details . Now in its second season , Wu speaks openly about her request for the staff to make the show more specific , stating , `` If you change the food to a 1,000 - year - old black egg with tofu and scallions , it will be a little more specific , and specificity is just better for character , and it 's more interesting than , say , tofu and rice . '' Season two changes ( edit ) Fresh Off the Boat made many changes for the second season , including : Eddie Huang reduced his involvement with the series , including no longer being the narrator , due to creative differences with ABC , as well as time constraints with other projects . He is still credited as a producer , and the show 's credits continue to note that the series is based on his memoir . With Huang 's departure , ABC decided not to recast the narrator role , dropping it from the series altogether . The writing from season two onward is focused on the entire Huang family instead of centering on Eddie . In particular , more Louis - and Jessica - centered episodes were shot . Lucille Soong and Chelsey Crisp were both promoted from recurring cast to main cast . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fresh Off the Boat episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) April 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 21 ) 24 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 23 October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 19 October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) Home media ( edit ) On September 29 , 2015 , the first season of Fresh Off the Boat was released on DVD . The DVD had two discs with all 13 season - one episodes and special features such as a gag reel , as well a `` Fresh Facts Trivia Track '' . On May 22 , 2018 , the second and third season of Fresh Off the Boat was released on DVD . Broadcast ( edit ) On November 8 2014 , the world premiere of the pilot episode was hosted by the San Diego Asian Film Festival . Fresh Off the Boat premiered on FOX8 in Australia starting May 10 , 2015 ; It was also picked up by Network Ten , and started airing on 7 March 2016 on its sister channel , Eleven until October 2017 . In the UK , the first season originally premiered on Amazon Video on February 4 , 2015 . The second season premiered on September 22 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2017 Fresh Off the Boat received its television premiere on Channel 5 's sister channel 5Star starting with the pilot episode . It debuted on March 12 , 2015 in South Africa on Fox Crime . In South Asia , Fresh Off The Boat , airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast on Star World Premiere HD . Reception ( edit ) Seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( Episode 1 ) Wednesday 9 : 30 pm ( Episode 2 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( Episodes 3 - 13 ) 13 February 4 , 2015 7.94 April 21 , 2015 5.08 2014 -- 15 78 6.99 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm ( 2015 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( 2016 ) 24 September 22 , 2015 6.05 May 24 , 2016 4.88 2015 -- 16 86 5.48 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 October 11 , 2016 5.03 May 16 , 2017 3.55 2016 -- 17 95 4.66 Tuesday 8 : 30 pm 19 October 3 , 2017 4.51 March 20 , 2018 3.61 2017 -- 18 108 4.57 Critical reception ( edit ) Fresh Off the Boat has received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the show has a 91 % certified fresh approval rating , with the critical consensus `` Once the cliched gags of Fresh off the Boat are superseded by a grounded truthfulness , the series evolves into a humorously charming family sitcom . '' It also has earned a 75 out of 100 score on Metacritic , indicating ' generally favorable reviews ' . Particularly , Constance Wu 's performance has been acclaimed , earning nominations for both the TCA Awards and the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Comedy , as well as an `` Individual Achievement in Comedy '' nomination at the Critics ' Choice Television Awards . Reviews cited the show 's potential to increase the visibility and accuracy of Asian Americans in arts and entertainment . For writer and poet Jenny Zhang ( who interviewed Constance Wu for Lenny Letter ) , Fresh Off the Boat was a welcome change from the representation of Asian Americans on the TV series she had seen as a child at age 11 , where the few people who looked like her were either the subjects of crude jokes or had only minor cameos . `` It means that there are real conversations being had about Asian American identity in addition to acknowledging the lack of inclusivity Asian Americans have had in the nation 's cultural and entertainment dialogue . '' Ester Suh , writing for the Huffington Post , felt that many characterizations in the show misrepresented the Asian - American experience , but acknowledged that `` our experience as Americans , like everyone else 's , is varied , and to say that a single show can exemplify all our experiences , would be a disfavor . I see Fresh as a sound board for future shows with Asian American casts , helping make television a more diverse and inclusive cultural platform . '' The Harvard Political Review additionally commented that `` Fresh Off the Boat captures the essence of why diversity in media matters -- we , like young Eddie , all want to see ourselves as worthy of being protagonists , whether in stories or in real life . However , lost in translation are the stories of parents and grandparents , who also have claim to labels like the Asian - American experience . '' Television critic Emily Nussbaum , in her review for The New Yorker , compares the memoir and television version of Huang 's relationship with his father and with black culture , `` Without a cruel bully for a father , Eddie 's taste for hip - hop feels more superficial -- in the book , it 's an abused kid 's catharsis and an identification with black history . '' News of the Fresh Off The Boat TV show is covered in Chinese - language news media , where the title is simplified Chinese : 菜鸟新移民 ; traditional Chinese : 菜鳥新移民 ; pinyin : càiniǎo xīn yímín ; literally : `` Beginner New Immigrants '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2015 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated EWwy Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Best Comedy Actress Nominated Unforgettable Gala -- Asian American Awards Actor of the Year Randall Park Won Female Breakout Star of the Year Constance Wu Won 2016 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth ( Series , Special , Television Movie or Mini-series ) Hudson Yang Nominated Women 's Image Network Awards Best Comedy Series Fresh Off the Boat Nominated Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast In A TV Series Hudson Yang , Forrest Wheeler , Ian Chen Won Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Ian Chen Nominated Best Performance In A TV Series - Recurring Young Actress ( 14 - 21 ) Luna Blaise Won Best Performance In A TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress ( 11 - 13 ) Laura Krystine Nominated Young Entertainer Awards Best Young Ensemble Cast - TV Series Hudson Yang , Forrest Wheeler , Ian Chen Won Best Recurring Young Actor 13 and Under - Television Series Trevor Larcom Nominated Best Recurring Young Actress 13 to 15 - Television Series Luna Blaise Nominated Best Recurring Young Actress 12 and Under - Television Series Isabella Alexander Won Best Guest Starring Young Actor 11 and Under - TV Series Cole Sand Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Scene Stealer Hudson Yang Nominated TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Constance Wu Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Poppy Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated 2017 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth ( Series , Special , Television Movie or Mini-series ) Hudson Yang Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor Ian Chen Nominated Forrest Wheeler Nominated Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Teen Actor Hudson Yang Won Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Teen Actor Trevor Larcom Won Young Entertainer Awards Best Leading Young Actor 14 and Under - Television Series Ian Chen Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards Best American Story Fresh Off the Boat Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Asian Americans portal Comedy portal These are television shows with a similar premise . The Family Law Citizen Khan Kim 's Convenience Brown Nation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eddie Huang on ' Fresh Off the Boat ' '' . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Phil ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Hudson Yang to star as Eddie Huang in ' Far East Orlando ' '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Orders Comedies ' Cristela , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' Renews ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Phil ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` CONSTANCE WU AND RANDALL PARK CAST IN ' FRESH OFF THE BOAT ' '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Phil ( 2014 - 05 - 09 ) . `` ANGRY READER OF THE WEEK : HUDSON YANG '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Jeff ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Why the ' Fresh Off the Boat ' TV Series Could Change the Game '' . WSJ Blogs - Speakeasy . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's ' Black - ish , ' ' Cristela , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' a win for racial diversity in television comedy ? '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fresh Off The Boat ' to Premiere Tuesday , February 10 at 8PM on ABC ; Preview on Wednesday February 4 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Galavant ' , ' Secrets & Lies , ' American Crime ' , ' Nashville ' , ' Agent Carter ' , ' Fresh Off The Boat ' & More Renewed by ABC '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Fresh Off the Boat ' Gets Full - Season Order for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Ups Orders For ' Middle ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Blackish ' , and ' FOTB ' , ' Modern Family ' next '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Fresh Off the Boat Will Film the Season 3 Premiere in Taiwan '' . TVGuide . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' Speechless ' Renewed By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 Premiere : Pilot '' . abc.go.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What `` Fresh off the Boat '' means to Asian - Americans `` . Vox Media . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` ABC & 20th TV Reach Deal : ' Cristela ' & ' Fresh Off the Boat ' Picked Up To Series , ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Constance Wu , Randall Park Join ' Fresh Off The Boat ' ; Windell Middlebrooks In ' Mason Twins ' '' . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' : Hudson , Jeff Yang talk playing Eddie Huang '' . scpr.org . February 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryssdal , Kai ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' star Constance Wu on Asians and TV '' . marketplace.org . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Nolan . `` Fresh Off the Boat Star : I Do n't Need to Represent Every Asian Mom Ever '' . Time . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Eddie Huang 's memoir has become a distinctive and funny sitcom '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 30 June 2015 ) . `` Chelsey Crisp Upped To Regular On ' Fresh Off The Boat ' ; Frances De La Tour Joins ' Outlander ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' star Ian Chen stops by ' Dr. Ken ' in exclusive sneak peek '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Dr. Ken ' star Albert Tsai and ' Fresh Off the Boat ' star Ian Chen to swap shows '' . Jump up ^ Eddie Huang ( @ MrEddieHuang ) ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) . `` TELL ABC YOU WANT IT TO BE CALLED FRESH OFF THE BOAT ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Reyna ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) . `` ABC Sitcom May Offend Asian American Sensibilities '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yu , Phil ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` FRESH FIRST LOOK AT ' FRESH OFF THE BOAT ' '' . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` ABC 2014 - 15 Primetime Schedule : ' Agents of SHIELD ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Get New Timeslots + ' Black - ish ' Gets Post ' Modern Family ' Spot & ' Agent Carter ' Held for Midseason '' . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( 2015 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Outsider Art '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Fresh Off the Boat author Eddie Huang does n't watch the ABC adaptation '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fresh Off The Boat ' Repackages The Asian - American Story For TV '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NPR Media Player '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Network TV Ate My Life : Eddie Huang on Watching His Memoir Become a Sitcom '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Zhang , Jenny ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` The Lenny Interview : Constance Wu '' . Lenny Letter . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Picks for the 2014 San Diego Asian Film Festival '' . San Diego Travel Blog. 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Foxtel Acquires New U.S. Fall Series '' . 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOX International Channels Africa kicks Off 2015 With Seven Brand New Shows ! '' . balancingact-africa.com . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star World Premiere HD to simulcast 23 shows in India with US '' . 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Undateable ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2014 - 15 Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' NCIS ' , ' Limitless ' and ' The Muppets ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' and ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' The Middle ' and ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Off the Boat : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Off the Boat - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chow , Kat ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` You 'll Be Seeing More Asian - Americans On Network TV This Fall '' . NPR . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cornish , Audie ; Eric Deggans ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Reading The Tea Leaves Of The Upcoming TV Season '' . NPR.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Fresh Off The Boat Is Not Asian America 's Saving Grace '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Off the Boat : Asian - American Representation - Harvard Political Review '' . Harvard Political Review . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fresh Off the Boat '' and `` Black - ish '' Reviews `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ma Yun ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` 菜鳥新移民獲續訂楊昇德 : 變化好大 '' . World Journal . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Xu Xiexi ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` 黃頤銘 : 我不再看《菜鳥新移民》 '' . Epoch Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fresh Off the Boat on IMDb Fresh Off the Boat at TV Guide Fresh Off the Boat on Twitter Fresh Off the Boat on Facebook Fresh Off the Boat at TV.com ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) The Alec Baldwin Show ( since 2018 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) American Idol ( since 2018 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( since 2018 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) The Crossing ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) For the People ( since 2018 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) Splitting Up Together ( since 2018 ) Station 19 ( since 2018 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) Daytime General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The Chew ( since 2011 ; ending September 2018 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Formula One Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Dancing with the Stars : Juniors ( 2018 ) A Million Little Things ( 2018 ) The Kids Are Alright ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( 2018 ) Single Parents ( 2018 ) Take Two ( 2018 ) Grand Hotel ( 2019 ) The Fix ( 2019 ) Schooled ( 2019 ) Whiskey Cavalier ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fresh_Off_the_Boat&oldid=842660501 '' Categories : 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Asian - American media English - language television programs Television programs based on books Television series set in the 1990s Television series set in 1995 Television series set in 1996 Television series set in 1997 Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Orlando , Florida Single - camera television sitcoms Television series about brothers Television series about families Television series about marriage Television series created by Nahnatchka Khan Television shows featuring audio description Hidden categories : Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Twitter username different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20Off%20the%20Boat	15,622
where and when did the colonists meet to write the constitution	The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention . The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution . After ratification in eleven states , in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City , replacing the Articles of Confederation government . The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times . The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts . The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building .	1787 during the Philadelphia Convention	History of the United states Constitution	history of the united states constitution	The United States Constitution was written in 1787 during the Philadelphia Convention . The old Congress set the rules the new government followed in terms of writing and ratifying the new constitution . After ratification in eleven states , in 1789 its elected officers of government assembled in New York City , replacing the Articles of Confederation government . The original Constitution has been amended twenty - seven times . The meaning of the Constitution is interpreted and extended by judicial review in the federal courts . The original parchment copies are on display at the National Archives Building .	Two alternative plans were developed in Convention . The nationalist majority , soon to be called `` Federalists , '' put forth the Virginia Plan , a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population . The `` old patriots , '' later called `` Anti-Federalists , '' advocated the New Jersey Plan , a purely federal proposal , based on providing each state with equal representation . The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together . Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document . The drafted Constitution was submitted to the Confederation Congress . It in turn forwarded the Constitution as drafted to the states for ratification by the Constitutional method proposed . The Federalist Papers provided background and justification for the Constitution . Some states agreed to ratify the Constitution only if the amendments that were to become the Bill of Rights would be taken up immediately by the new government , and they were duly proposed in the first session of the First Congress . Once the Confederation Congress certified that eleven states had ratified the Constitution , elections were held , the new government began on March 4 , 1789 , and the Articles Congress dissolved itself . Later Amendments address individual liberties and freedoms , federal relationships , election procedures , terms of office , expanding the electorate , ending slavery , financing government , consumption of alcohol and Congressional pay . Criticism over the life of the Constitution has centered on expanding democracy and states rights . Contents ( hide ) 1 Declaration of Independence 2 Revolutionary Congress 3 Articles of Confederation 4 Steps to a convention 4.1 Mount Vernon Conference 4.2 Constitutional reforms considered 4.3 Annapolis Convention 5 Constitutional Convention 5.1 Sessions 5.1. 1 Convening 5.1. 2 Agenda 5.1. 3 Slavery in debate 5.2 `` Great Compromise '' 5.3 Two new branches 5.4 Re-allocate power 5.4. 1 Increase Congress 5.4. 2 Limit governments 5.4. 3 Population power 5.4. 3.1 House changes 5.4. 3.2 Senate changes 5.5 Final document 6 Ratification of the Constitution 7 Amendments to the Constitution 7.1 Bill of Rights 7.2 Subsequent amendments 8 Criticism of the Constitution 8.1 Expand democracy 8.2 States ' rights 9 History of the physical document 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Scholarly studies 14 External links Declaration of Independence ( edit ) Main article : United States Declaration of Independence On June 4 , 1776 , a resolution was introduced in the Second Continental Congress declaring the union with Great Britain to be dissolved , proposing the formation of foreign alliances , and suggesting the drafting of a plan of confederation to be submitted to the respective states . Independence was declared on July 4 , 1776 ; the preparation of a plan of confederation was postponed . Although the Declaration was a statement of principles , it did not create a government or even a framework for how politics would be carried out . It was the Articles of Confederation that provided the necessary structure to the new nation during and after the American Revolution . The Declaration , however , did set forth the ideas of natural rights and the social contract that would help form the foundation of constitutional government . The era of the Declaration of Independence is sometimes called the `` Continental Congress '' period . John Adams famously estimated as many as one - third of those resident in the original thirteen colonies were patriots . Scholars such as Gordon Wood describe how Americans were caught up in the Revolutionary fervor and excitement of creating governments , societies , a new nation on the face of the earth by rational choice as Thomas Paine declared in Common Sense . Republican government and personal liberty for `` the people '' were to overspread the New World continents and to last forever , a gift to posterity . These goals were influenced by Enlightenment philosophy . The adherents to this cause seized on English Whig political philosophy as described by historian Forrest McDonald as justification for most of their changes to received colonial charters and traditions . It was rooted in opposition to monarchy they saw as venal and corrupting to the `` permanent interests of the people . '' To these partisans , voting was the only permanent defense of the people . Elected terms for legislature were cut to one year , for Virginia 's Governor , one year without re-election . Property requirements for suffrage for men were reduced to taxes on their tools in some states . Free blacks in New York could vote if they owned enough property . New Hampshire was thinking of abolishing all voting requirements for men but residency and religion . New Jersey let women vote . In some states , senators were now elected by the same voters as the larger electorate for the House , and even judges were elected to one - year terms . These `` radical Whigs '' were called the people `` out - of - doors . '' They distrusted not only royal authority , but any small , secretive group as being unrepublican . Crowds of men and women massed at the steps of rural Court Houses during market - militia - court days . Shays Rebellion is a famous example . Urban riots began by the out - of - doors rallies on the steps of an oppressive government official with speakers such as members of the Sons of Liberty holding forth in the `` people 's `` committees '' until some action was decided upon , including hanging his effigy outside a bedroom window , or looting and burning down the offending tyrant 's home . Revolutionary Congress ( edit ) The government of the First and Second Continental Congress , the period from September 1774 to March 1 , 1781 is referred to as the Revolutionary Congress . Beginning in 1777 , the substantial powers assumed by Congress `` made the league of states as cohesive and strong as any similar sort of republican confederation in history '' . The process created the United States `` by the people in collectivity , rather than by the individual states '' , because only four had state constitutions at the time of the Declaration of Independence founding the nation , and three of those were provisional . Prior to the Articles of Confederation , and the Articles Congress , the Supreme Court in Ware v. Hylton and again in Penhallow v. Doane 's Administrators , perceived Congress as exercising powers derived from the people , expressly conferred through the medium of state conventions or legislatures , and , once exercised , `` impliedly ratified by the acquiescence and obedience of the people '' . Articles of Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was unanimously adopted in 1781 once Maryland agreed . Over the previous four years , it had been used by Congress as a `` working document '' to administer the early United States government , win the Revolutionary War and secure the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) with Great Britain . Lasting successes during its life prior to the Constitutional Convention included the Land Ordinance of 1785 whereby Congress promised settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains full citizenship and eventual statehood . Some historians characterize this period from 1781 to 1789 as weakness , dissension , and turmoil . Other scholars view the evidence as reflecting an underlying stability and prosperity . But signs of returning prosperity in some areas did not slow growing domestic and foreign problems . Nationalists saw that the confederation 's central government was not strong enough to establish a sound financial system , regulate trade , enforce treaties , or go to war when needed . The Congress was the sole organ of the national government , without a national court to interpret law nor an executive branch to enforce them , in the states or on individuals . Governmental functions , including declarations of war and calls for an army , were supported in some degree for some time , by each state voluntarily , or not . These newly independent states separated from Britain no longer received favored treatment at British ports . The British refused to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1785 because the individual American states would not be bound by it . Congress could not act directly upon the States nor upon individuals . It had no authority to regulate foreign or interstate commerce . Every act of government was left to the individual States . Each state levied taxes and tariffs on other states at will , which invited retaliation . Congress could vote itself mediator and judge in state disputes , but states did not have to accept its decisions . The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength , embarrassing it in foreign affairs . The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory , as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes , allowing them to attack American settlers . The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce . Revenues were requisitioned by Congressional petition to each state . None paid what they were asked ; sometimes some paid nothing . Congress appealed to the thirteen states for an amendment to the Articles to tax enough to pay the public debt as principal came due . Twelve states agreed , Rhode Island did not , so it failed . The Articles required super majorities . Amendment proposals to states required ratification by all thirteen states , all important legislation needed 70 % approval , at least nine states . Repeatedly , one or two states defeated legislative proposals of major importance . Without taxes the government could not pay its debt . Seven of the thirteen states printed large quantities of its own paper money , backed by gold , land , or nothing , so there was no fair exchange rate among them . State courts required state creditors to accept payments at face value with a fraction of real purchase power . The same legislation that these states used to wipe out the Revolutionary debt to patriots was used to pay off promised veteran pensions . The measures were popular because they helped both small farmers and plantation owners pay off their debts . The Massachusetts legislature was one of the five against paper money . It imposed a tightly limited currency and high taxes . Without paper money veterans without cash lost their farms for back taxes . This triggered Shays Rebellion to stop tax collectors and close the courts . Troops quickly suppressed the rebellion , but nationalists like George Washington warned , `` There are combustibles in every state which a spark might set fire to . '' Steps to a Convention ( edit ) Mount Vernon conference ( edit ) Main article : Mount Vernon Conference An important milestone in interstate cooperation outside the framework of the Articles of Confederation occurred in March 1785 , when delegates representing Maryland and Virginia met in Virginia , to address navigational rights in the states 's common waterways . On March 28 , 1785 , the group drew up a thirteen - point proposal to govern the two states ' rights on the Potomac River , Pocomoke River , and Chesapeake Bay . Known as the Mount Vernon Compact ( formally titled the `` Compact of 1785 '' ) , this agreement not only covered tidewater navigation but also extended to issues such as toll duties , commerce regulations , fishing rights , and debt collection . Ratified by the legislatures of both states , the compact , which is still in force , helped set a precedent for later meetings between states for discussions into areas of mutual concern . The conference 's success encouraged James Madison to introduce a proposal in the Virginia General Assembly for further debate of interstate issues . With Maryland 's agreement , on January 21 , 1786 , Virginia invited all the states to attend another interstate meeting later that year in Annapolis , Maryland , to discuss the trade barriers between the various states . Constitutional reforms considered ( edit ) The Articles Congress received a report on August 7 , 1786 from a twelve - member `` Grand Committee '' , appointed to develop and present `` such amendments to the Confederation , and such resolutions as it may be necessary to recommend to the several states , for the purpose of obtaining from them such powers as will render the federal government adequate to '' its declared purposes . Seven amendments to the Articles of Confederation were proposed . Under these reforms , Congress would gain `` sole and exclusive '' power to regulate trade . States could not favor foreigners over citizens . Tax bills would require 70 % vote , public debt 85 % , not 100 % . Congress could charge states a late payment penalty fee . A state withholding troops would be charged for them , plus a penalty . If a state did not pay , Congress could collect directly from its cities and counties . A state payment on another 's requisition would earn annual 6 % . There would have been a national court of seven . No - shows at Congress would have been banned from any U.S. or state office . These proposals were , however , sent back to committee without a vote and were not taken up again . Annapolis Convention ( edit ) Main article : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) The Annapolis Convention , formally titled `` A Meeting of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government '' , convened at George Mann 's Tavern on September 11 , 1786 . Delegates from five states gathered to discuss ways to facilitate commerce between the states and establish standard rules and regulations . At the time , each state was largely independent from the others and the national government had no authority in these matters . Appointed delegates from four states either arrived too late to participate or otherwise decided not attend . Because so few states were present , delegates did not deem `` it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission . '' However , they did adopt a report calling for another convention of the states to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . They desired that Constitutional Convention take place in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 . Legislatures of seven states -- Virginia , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , New Hampshire , Delaware , and Georgia -- immediately approved and appointed their delegations . New York and others hesitated thinking that only the Continental Congress could propose amendments to the Articles . George Washington was unwilling to attend an irregular convention like failed Annapolis Convention . Congress then called the convention at Philadelphia . The `` Federal Constitution '' was to be changed to meet the requirements of good government and `` the preservation of the Union '' . Congress would then approve what measures it allowed , then the state legislatures would unanimously confirm whatever changes of those were to take effect . Constitutional Convention ( edit ) See also : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Independence Hall , south wing . Philadelphia Washington as Convention President Twelve state legislatures , Rhode Island being the only exception , sent delegates to convene at Philadelphia in May 1787 . While the resolution calling the Convention specified that its purpose was to propose amendments to the Articles , through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that the Convention would propose a Constitution with a fundamentally new design . Sessions ( edit ) The Congress of the Confederation endorsed a plan to revise the Articles of Confederation on February 21 , 1787 . It called on each state legislature to send delegates to a convention `` ' for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ' in ways that , when approved by Congress and the states , would ' render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union . ' '' To amend the Articles into a workable government , 74 delegates from the twelve states were named by their state legislatures ; 55 showed up , and 39 eventually signed . On May 3 , eleven days early , James Madison arrived to Philadelphia and met with James Wilson of the Pennsylvania delegation to plan strategy . Madison outlined his plan in letters that ( 1 ) State legislatures each send delegates , not the Articles Congress . ( 2 ) Convention reaches agreement with signatures from every state . ( 3 ) The Articles Congress approves forwarding it to the state legislatures . ( 4 ) The state legislatures independently call one - time conventions to ratify , selecting delegates by each state 's various rules of suffrage . The Convention was to be `` merely advisory '' to the people voting in each state . ( show ) Delegates to the Constitutional Convention Order Name State represented aa 1 Washington , George George Washington Virginia ab 2 Langdon , John John Langdon New Hampshire ac 3 Gilman , Nicholas Nicholas Gilman New Hampshire ad 4 Gorham , Nathaniel Nathaniel Gorham Massachusetts ae 5 King , Rufus Rufus King Massachusetts af 6 Johnson , William Samuel William Samuel Johnson Connecticut ag 7 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut ah 8 Hamilton , Alexander Alexander Hamilton New York ai 9 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey aj 10 Brearley , David David Brearley New Jersey ak 11 Paterson , William William Paterson New Jersey al 12 Dayton , Jonathan Jonathan Dayton New Jersey am 13 Franklin , Benjamin Benjamin Franklin Pennsylvania an 14 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania ao 15 Morris , Robert Robert Morris Pennsylvania ap 16 Clymer , George George Clymer Pennsylvania aq 17 FitzSimons , Thomas Thomas FitzSimons Pennsylvania ar 18 Ingersoll , Jared Jared Ingersoll Pennsylvania as 19 Wilson , James James Wilson Pennsylvania at 20 Morris , Gouverneur Gouverneur Morris Pennsylvania au 21 Read , George George Read Delaware av 22 Bedford , Jr. , Gunning Gunning Bedford , Jr . Delaware aw 23 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Delaware ax 24 Bassett , Richard Richard Bassett Delaware ay 25 Broom , Jacob Jacob Broom Delaware az 26 McHenry , James James McHenry Maryland bb 27 Jenifer , Daniel of St. Thomas Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Maryland bc 28 Carroll , Daniel Daniel Carroll Maryland bd 29 Blair , Jr. , John John Blair , Jr . Virginia be 30 Madison , Jr. , James James Madison , Jr . Virginia bf 31 Blount , William William Blount North Carolina bg 32 Spaight , Richard Dobbs Richard Dobbs Spaight North Carolina bh 33 Williamson , Hugh Hugh Williamson North Carolina bi 34 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina bj 35 Pinckney , Charles Cotesworth Charles Cotesworth Pinckney South Carolina bk 36 Pinckney , Charles Charles Pinckney South Carolina bl 37 Butler , Pierce Pierce Butler South Carolina bm 38 Few , William William Few Georgia bn 39 Baldwin , Abraham Abraham Baldwin Georgia bp Χ Gerry , Elbridge Elbridge Gerry Massachusetts bq Χ Mason , George George Mason Virginia br Χ Randolph , Edmund Edmund Randolph Virginia bs ⋈ Davie , William William Davie North Carolina bt ⋈ Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth Massachusetts bu ⋈ Houston , William William Houston New Jersey bv ⋈ Houstoun , William William Houstoun Georgia bw ⋈ Lansing , John John Lansing New York bx ⋈ Martin , Alexander Alexander Martin North Carolina by ⋈ Martin , Luther Luther Martin Maryland bz ⋈ McClurg , James James McClurg Virginia cc ⋈ Mercer , John John Mercer Maryland cd ⋈ Pierce , William William Pierce Georgia ce ⋈ Strong , Caleb Caleb Strong Massachusetts cf ⋈ Wythe , George George Wythe Virginia cg ⋈ Yates , Robert Robert Yates New York Signed the Constitution Refused to sign the Constitution Dropped out of the convention Convening ( edit ) George Washington arrived on time , Sunday , the day before the scheduled opening . For the entire duration of the Convention , Washington was a guest at the home of Robert Morris , Congress ' financier for the American Revolution and a Pennsylvania delegate . Morris entertained the delegates lavishly . William Jackson , in two years to be the president of the Society of the Cincinnati , had been Morris ' agent in England for a time ; and he won election as a non-delegate to be the convention secretary . The nationalists organize George Washington Convention President Nathaniel Gorham , MA Chair , Cmte. of the Whole The convention was scheduled to open May 14 , but only Pennsylvania and Virginia delegations were present . The Convention was postponed until a quorum of seven states gathered on Friday the 25th . George Washington was elected the Convention president , and Chancellor ( judge ) George Wythe ( Va ) was chosen Chair of the Rules Committee . The rules of the Convention were published the following Monday . Nathaniel Gorham ( Ma ) was elected Chair of the `` Committee of the Whole '' . These were the same delegates in the same room , but they could use informal rules for the interconnected provisions in the draft articles to be made , remade and reconnected as the order of business proceeded . The Convention officials and adopted procedures were in place before the arrival of nationalist opponents such as John Lansing ( NY ) and Luther Martin ( MD ) . By the end of May , the stage was set . The Constitutional Convention voted to keep the debates secret so that the delegates could speak freely , negotiate , bargain , compromise and change . Yet the proposed Constitution as reported from the Convention was an `` innovation '' , the most dismissive epithet a politician could use to condemn any new proposal . It promised a fundamental change from the old confederation into a new , consolidated yet federal government . The accepted secrecy of usual affairs conducted in regular order did not apply . It became a major issue in the very public debates leading up to the crowd - filled ratification conventions . Despite the public outcry against secrecy among its critics , the delegates continued in positions of public trust . State legislatures chose ten Convention delegates of their 33 total for the Articles Congress that September . Agenda ( edit ) Every few days , new delegates arrived , happily noted in Madison 's Journal . But as the Convention went on , individual delegate coming and going meant that a state 's vote could change with the change of delegation composition . The volatility added to the inherent difficulties , making for an `` ever - present danger that the Convention might dissolve and the entire project be abandoned . '' Nationalist floor leaders from biggest states James Madison , VA `` Father of the Constitution '' James Wilson , PA `` unsung hero of Convention '' Although twelve states sent delegations , there were never more than eleven represented in the floor debates , often fewer . State delegations absented themselves at votes different times of day . There was no minimum for a state delegation ; one would do . Daily sessions would have thirty members present . Members came and went on public and personal business . The Articles Congress was meeting at the same time , so members would absent themselves to New York City on Congressional business for days and weeks at a time . But the work before them was continuous , even if attendance was not . The Convention resolved itself into a `` Committee of the Whole '' , and could remain so for days . It was informal , votes could be taken and retaken easily , positions could change without prejudice , and importantly , no formal quorum call was required . The nationalists were resolute . As Madison put it , the situation was too serious for despair . They used the same State House , later named Independence Hall , as the Declaration signers . The building setback from the street was still dignified , but the `` shaky '' steeple was gone . When they adjourned each day , they lived in nearby lodgings , as guests , roomers or renters . They ate supper with one another in town and taverns , `` often enough in preparation for tomorrow 's meeting . '' Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary , Major William Jackson of South Carolina . The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad . New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible `` alterations and provisions '' for good government and `` preservation of the Union '' . New Hampshire called for `` timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress '' . Virginia stressed the `` necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects '' . Consolidated national v. pure `` federal '' Edmund Randolph , VA consolidated government William Paterson , NJ states and congress equal On the other hand , Delaware categorically forbade any alteration of the Articles one - state , equal vote , one - vote - only provision in the Articles Congress . The Convention would have a great deal of work to do to reconcile the many expectations in the chamber . At the same time , delegates wanted to finish their work by fall harvest and its commerce . May 29 , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention . It was weighted toward the interests of the larger , more populous states . The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation , `` common defense , security of liberty and general welfare '' . The Virginia Plan was national , authority flowed from the people . If the people will ratify them , changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed . Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted . All the powers in the Articles transfer to the new government . Congress has two houses , the ' house ' apportioned by population . It can enact laws affecting more than one state and Congress can override a veto . The President can enforce the law . The Supreme Court and inferior courts rule on international , U.S. and state law . The Constitution is the supreme law and all state officers swear to uphold the Constitution . Every state is a republic , and new states can be admitted . The Articles Congress continued until the new system started . Amendments are possible without Congress . The Convention recommendations went to Congress , from them to the states . State legislatures set the election rules for ratification conventions , and the people `` expressly '' chose representatives to consider and decide about the Constitution . June 15 , William Patterson ( NJ ) proposed the Convention minority 's New Jersey Plan . It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller , less populous states . The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to `` destroy or annihilate '' them . The New Jersey Plan was purely federal , authority flowed from the states . Gradual change should come from the states . If the Articles could not be amended , then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states . Although the New Jersey Plan only survived three days as an alternate proposal , substantial elements of it were adopted . The articles were `` revised , corrected and enlarged '' for good government and preservation of the Union . The Senate is elected by the states , at first by the state legislatures . Congress passes acts for revenue collected directly in the states , and the rulings of state courts are reviewed by the Supreme Court . State apportionment for taxes failed , but the ' house ' is apportioned by the population count of free inhabitants and three - fifths of others originally . States can be added to the Union . Presidents appoint federal judges . Treaties entered into by Congress are the supreme law of the land . All state judiciaries are bound to enforce treaties , state laws notwithstanding . The President can raise an army to enforce treaties in any state . States treat a violation of law in another state as though it happened there . Current knowledge of drafting the Constitution comes primarily from the Journal left by James Madison , found chronologically incorporated in Max Farrand 's `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 '' , which included the Convention Journal and sources from other Federalists and Anti-Federalists . Scholars observe that it is unusual in world history for the minority in a revolution to have the influence that the `` old patriot '' Anti-Federalists had over the `` nationalist '' Federalists who had the support of the revolutionary army in the Society of the Cincinnati . Both factions were intent on forging a nation in which both could be full participants in the changes which were sure to come , since that was most likely to allow for their national union , guarantee liberty for their posterity , and promote their mutual long - term material prosperity . Slavery in debate ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention . But it was at center stage in the Convention three times , June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress , June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ' , and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation . Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation , tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery . When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks , it adopted the existing `` federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held . On August 6 , the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan . Again the question of slavery came up , and again the question was met with attacks of outrage . Over the next two weeks , delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade , east and west , slave - holding and free . The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years , but only then . Later generations could try out their own answers . The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long . Migration of the free or `` importation '' of indentures and slaves could continue by states , defining slaves as persons , not property . Long - term power would change by population as counted every ten years . Apportionment in the House would not be by wealth , it would be by people , the free citizens and three - fifths the number of other persons meaning propertyless slaves and taxed Indian farming families . In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade `` ( violating ) human rights '' . The 1807 `` Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed , January 1 , 1808 . The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first `` international humanitarian campaign '' . In the 1840 - 1860 era abolitionists denounced the Fugitive Slave Clause and other protections of slavery . William Lloyd Garrison famously declared the Constitution `` a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell . '' In ratification conventions , the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes . Still , the Constitution `` as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view . The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not . The outcome could be determined gradually over time . Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts . In Virginia , Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides . Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent , `` At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery ! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably , and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War . `` Great Compromise '' ( edit ) Main article : Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman ( CT ) , although something of a political broker in Connecticut , was an unlikely leader in the august company of the Convention . But on June 11 , he proposed the first version of the Convention 's `` Great Compromise '' . It was like the proposal he made in the 1776 Continental Congress . Representation in Congress should be both by states and by population . There , he was voted down by the small states in favor of all states equal , one vote only . Now in 1787 Convention , he wanted to balance all the big - state victories for population apportionment . He proposed that in the second ' senate ' branch of the legislature , each state should be equal , one vote and no more . The motion for equal state representation in a ' senate ' failed : 6 against , 5 for . `` Men of original principles '' Luther Martin , MD if not state equality create regional nations After these defeats , the delegates who called themselves the `` old patriots '' of 1776 and the `` men of original principles '' organized a caucus in the Convention . William Paterson ( NJ ) spoke for them introducing his `` New Jersey Plan '' . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was with them . Supporters explained that it `` sustained the sovereignty of the states '' , while the Edmund Randolph ( VA ) `` Virginia Plan '' erased it . The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures , and the states were not likely to adopt anything new . The `` nationalists '' answered , The Convention could not conclude anything , but it could recommend anything . `` Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government , it would not have sent anyone . `` Nationalists '' countered , that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake . Three sessions after its introduction , the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against , 3 for , 1 divided . For nearly a month there was no progress ; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention . Then June 25 , the `` original principles '' men finally won a vote . The ' senate ' would be chosen by the state legislatures , not the people , passed : 9 for , 2 against . The basis of representation for both the ' house ' and the ' senate ' re-surfaced . Sherman tried a second time to get his idea for a ' house ' on the basis of population and a ' senate ' on an equal states basis . The `` big states '' got their population ' house ' win , then his equal state ' senate ' motion was dropped without a vote . The majority adjourned `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' Luther Martin ( MD ) insisted that he would rather divide the Union into regional governments than submit to a consolidated government under the Randolph Plan . Sherman 's proposal came up again for the third time from Oliver Ellsworth ( CT ) . In the `` senate '' , the states should have equal representation . Advocates said that it could not be agreed to , the union would fall apart somehow . Big states would not be trusted , the small states could confederate with a foreign power showing `` more good faith '' . If delegates could not unite behind this here , one day the states could be united by `` some foreign sword '' . On the question of equal state representation , the Convention adjourned in the same way again , `` before a determination was taken in the House . '' . On July 2 , the Convention for the fourth time considered a `` senate '' with equal state votes . This time a vote was taken , but it stalled again , tied at 5 yes , 5 no , 1 divided . The Convention elected one delegate out of the delegation of each state onto a Committee to make a proposal ; it reported July 5 . Nothing changed over five days . July 10 , Lansing and Yates ( NY ) quit the Convention in protest over the big state majorities repeatedly overrunning the small state delegations in vote after vote . No direct vote on the basis of ' senate ' representation was pushed on the floor for another week . But the Convention floor leaders kept moving forward where they could . First the new ' house ' seat apportionment was agreed , balancing big and small , north and south . The big states got a decennial census for ' house ' apportionment to reflect their future growth . Northerners had insisted on counting only free citizens for the ' house ' ; southern delegations wanted to add property . Benjamin Franklin 's compromise was that there would be no `` property '' provision to add representatives , but states with large slave populations would get a bonus added to their free persons by counting three - fifths other persons . On July 16 , Sherman 's `` Great Compromise '' prevailed on its fifth try . Every state was to have equal numbers in the United States Senate . Washington ruled it passed on the vote 5 yes , 4 no , 1 divided . It was not that five was a majority of twelve , but to keep the business moving forward , he used precedent established in the Convention earlier . Now some of the big - state delegates talked of walking out , but none did . Debate over the next ten days developed an agreed general outline for the Constitution . Small states readily yielded on many questions . Most remaining delegates , big - state and small , now felt safe enough to chance a new plan . Two new branches ( edit ) Ruler as `` chief magistrate '' John Dickinson , DE for one - person president The Constitution innovated two branches of government that were not a part of the U.S. government during the Articles of Confederation . Previously , a thirteen - member committee had been left behind in Philadelphia when Congress adjourned to carry out the `` executive '' functions . Suits between states were referred to the Articles Congress , and treated as a private bill to be determined by majority vote of members attending that day . On June 7 , the `` national executive '' was taken up in Convention . The `` chief magistrate '' , or ' presidency ' was of serious concern for a formerly colonial people fearful of concentrated power in one person . But to secure a `` vigorous executive '' , nationalist delegates such as James Wilson ( PA ) , Charles Pinckney ( SC ) , and John Dickenson ( DE ) favored a single officer . They had someone in mind whom everyone could trust to start off the new system , George Washington . After introducing the item for discussion , there was a prolonged silence . Benjamin Franklin ( Pa ) and John Rutledge ( SC ) had urged everyone to speak their minds freely . When addressing the issue with George Washington in the room , delegates were careful to phrase their objections to potential offenses by officers chosen in the future who would be ' president ' `` subsequent '' to the start - up . Roger Sherman ( CT ) , Edmund Randolph ( VA ) and Pierce Butler ( SC ) all objected , preferring two or three persons in the executive , as had the ancient Roman Republic . Nathaniel Gorham was Chair of the Committee of the Whole , so Washington sat in the Virginia delegation where everyone could see how he voted . The vote for a one - man ' presidency ' carried 7 - for , 3 - against , New York , Delaware and Maryland in the negative . Virginia , along with George Washington , had voted yes . As of that vote for a single ' presidency ' , George Mason ( VA ) gravely announced to the floor , that as of that moment , the Confederation 's federal government was `` in some measure dissolved by the meeting of this Convention . '' First national court ( s ) Rufus King , MA district courts = flexibility The Convention was following the Randolph Plan for an agenda , taking each resolve in turn to move proceedings forward . They returned to items when overnight coalitions required adjustment to previous votes to secure a majority on the next item of business . June 19 , and it was Randolph 's Ninth Resolve next , about the national court system . On the table was the nationalist proposal for the inferior ( lower ) courts in the national judiciary . Pure 1776 republicanism had not given much credit to judges , who would set themselves up apart from and sometimes contradicting the state legislature , the voice of the sovereign people . Under the precedent of English Common Law according to William Blackstone , the legislature , following proper procedure , was for all constitutional purposes , `` the people . '' This dismissal of unelected officers sometimes took an unintended turn among the people . One of John Adams clients believed the First Continental Congress in 1775 had assumed the sovereignty of Parliament , and so abolished all previously established courts in Massachusetts . In the Convention , looking at a national system , Judge Wilson ( PA ) sought appointments by a single person to avoid legislative payoffs . Judge Rutledge ( SC ) was against anything but one national court , a Supreme Court to receive appeals from the highest state courts , like the South Carolina court he presided over as Chancellor . Rufus King ( MA ) thought national district courts in each state would cost less than appeals that otherwise would go to the ' supreme court ' in the national capital . National inferior courts passed but making appointments by ' congress ' was crossed out and left blank so the delegates could take it up later after `` maturer reflection . '' Re-allocate power ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention created a new , unprecedented form of government by reallocating powers of government . Every previous national authority had been either a centralized government , or a `` confederation of sovereign constituent states . '' The American power - sharing was unique at the time . The sources and changes of power were up to the states . The foundations of government and extent of power came from both national and state sources . But the new government would have a national operation . To meet their goals of cementing the Union and securing citizen rights , Framers allocated power among executive , senate , house and judiciary of the central government . But each state government in their variety continued exercising powers in their own sphere . Increase Congress ( edit ) The Convention did not start with national powers from scratch , it began with the powers already vested in the Articles Congress with control of the military , international relations and commerce . The Constitution added ten more . Five were minor relative to power sharing , including business and manufacturing protections . One important new power authorized Congress to protect states from the `` domestic violence '' of riot and civil disorder , but it was conditioned by a state request . The Constitution increased Congressional power to organize , arm and discipline the state militias , to use them to enforce the laws of Congress , suppress rebellions within the states and repel invasions . But the Second Amendment would ensure that Congressional power could not be used to disarm state militias . Taxation substantially increased the power of Congress relative to the states . It was limited by restrictions , forbidding taxes on exports , per capita taxes , requiring import duties to be uniform and that taxes be applied to paying U.S. debt . But the states were stripped of their ability to levy taxes on imports , which was at the time , `` by far the most bountiful source of tax revenues '' . Congress had no further restrictions relating to political economy . It could institute protective tariffs , for instance . Congress overshadowed state power regulating interstate commerce ; the United States would be the `` largest area of free trade in the world . '' The most undefined grant of power was the power to `` make laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution '' the Constitution 's enumerated powers . Limit governments ( edit ) As of ratification , sovereignty was no longer to be theoretically indivisible . With a wide variety of specific powers among different branches of national governments and thirteen republican state governments , now `` each of the portions of powers delegated to the one or to the other ... is ... sovereign with regard to its proper objects '' . There were some powers that remained beyond the reach of both national powers and state powers , so the logical seat of American `` sovereignty '' belonged directly with the people - voters of each state . Besides expanding Congressional power , the Constitution limited states and central government . Six limits on the national government addressed property rights such as slavery and taxes . Six protected liberty such as prohibiting ex post facto laws and no religious tests for national offices in any state , even if they had them for state offices . Five were principles of a republic , as in legislative appropriation . These restrictions lacked systematic organization , but all constitutional prohibitions were practices that the British Parliament had `` legitimately taken in the absence of a specific denial of the authority . '' The regulation of state power presented a `` qualitatively different '' undertaking . In the state constitutions , the people did not enumerate powers . They gave their representatives every right and authority not explicitly reserved to themselves . The Constitution extended the limits that the states had previously imposed upon themselves under the Articles of Confederation , forbidding taxes on imports and disallowing treaties among themselves , for example . In light of the repeated abuses by ex post facto laws passed by the state legislatures , 1783 -- 1787 , the Constitution prohibited ex post facto laws and bills of attainder to protect United States citizen property rights and right to a fair trial . Congressional power of the purse was protected by forbidding taxes or restraint on interstate commerce and foreign trade . States could make no law `` impairing the obligation of contracts . '' To check future state abuses the framers searched for a way to review and veto state laws harming the national welfare or citizen rights . They rejected proposals for Congressional veto of state laws and gave the Supreme Court appellate case jurisdiction over state law because the Constitution is the supreme law of the land . The United States had such a geographical extent that it could only be safely governed using a combination of republics . Federal judicial districts would follow those state lines . Population power ( edit ) The British had relied upon a concept of `` virtual representation '' to give legitimacy to their House of Commons . It was not necessary to elect anyone from a large port city , or the American colonies , because the representatives of `` rotten boroughs '' , the mostly abandoned medieval fair towns with twenty voters , `` virtually represented '' them . Philadelphia in the colonies was second in population only to London . They were all Englishmen , supposed to be a single people , with one definable interest . Legitimacy came from membership in Parliament of the sovereign realm , not elections from people . As Blackstone explained , the Member is `` not bound ... to consult with , or take the advice , of his constituents . '' As Constitutional historian Gordon Wood elaborated , `` The Commons of England contained all of the people 's power and were considered to be the very persons of the people they represented . '' G. Morris , PA provinces forever While the English `` virtual representation '' was hardening into a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty , the American theory of representation was moving towards a theory of sovereignty of the people . In their new constitutions written since 1776 , Americans required community residency of voters and representatives , expanded suffrage , and equalized populations in voting districts . There was a sense that representation `` had to be proportioned to the population . '' The Convention would apply the new principle of `` sovereignty of the people '' both to the House of Representatives , and to the United States Senate . House changes ( edit ) Once the Great Compromise was reached , delegates in Convention then agreed to a decennial census to count the population . The Americans themselves did not allow for universal suffrage for all adults . Their sort of `` virtual representation '' said that those voting in a community could understand and themselves represent non-voters when they had like interests that were unlike other political communities . There were enough differences among people in different American communities for those differences to have a meaningful social and economic reality . Thus New England colonial legislatures would not tax communities which had not yet elected representatives . When the royal governor of Georgia refused to allow representation to be seated from four new counties , the legislature refused to tax them . The 1776 Americans had begun to demand expansion of the franchise , and in each step , they found themselves pressing towards a philosophical `` actuality of consent . '' The Convention determined that the power of the people , should be felt in the House of Representatives . For the U.S. Congress , persons alone were counted . Property was not counted . Senate changes ( edit ) The Convention found it more difficult to give expression to the will of the people in new states . What state might be `` lawfully arising '' outside the boundaries of the existing thirteen states ? The new government was like the old , to be made up of pre-existing states . Now there was to be admission of new states . Regular order would provide new states by state legislatures for Kentucky , Tennessee and Maine . But the Articles Congress had by its Northwest Ordnance presented the Convention with a new issue . Settlers in the Northwest Territory might one day constitute themselves into `` no more than five '' states . More difficult still , most delegates anticipated adding alien peoples of Canada , Louisiana and Florida to United States territory . Generally in American history , European citizens of empire were given U.S. citizenship on territorial acquisition . Should they become states ? Some delegates were reluctant to expand into any so `` remote wilderness '' . It would retard the commercial development of the east . They would be easily influenced , `` foreign gold '' would corrupt them . Western peoples were the least desirable Americans , only good for perpetual provinces . There were so many foreigners moving out west , there was no telling how things would turn out . These were poor people , they could not pay their fair share of taxes . It would be `` suicide '' for the original states . New states could become a majority in the Senate , they would abuse their power , `` enslaving '' the original thirteen . If they also loved liberty , and could not tolerate eastern state dominance , they would be justified in civil war . Western trade interests could drag the country into an inevitable war with Spain for the Mississippi River . As time wore on , any war for the Mississippi River was obviated by the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the 1812 American victory at New Orleans . Even if there were to be western states , a House representation of 40,000 might be too small , too easy for the westerners . `` States '' had been declared out west already . They called themselves republics , and set up their own courts directly from the people without colonial charters . In Transylvania , Westsylvania , Franklin , and Vandalia , `` legislatures '' met with emissaries from British and Spanish Empires in violation of the Articles of Confederation , just as the sovereign states had done . In the Constitution as written , no majorities in Congress could break up the larger states without their consent . `` New state '' advocates had no fear of western states achieving a majority one day . For example , the British sought to curb American growth . That brought hate , then separation . Follow the same rule , get the same results . Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule . If they grow , let them rule . As they grow , they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses . Character is not determined by points of a compass . States admitted are equals , they will be made up of our brethren . Commit to right principles , even if the right way , one day , benefits other states . They will be free like ourselves , their pride will not allow anything but equality . It was at this time in the Convention that Reverend Manasseh Cutler arrived to lobby for western land sales . He brought acres of land grants to parcel out . Their sales would fund most of the U.S. government expenditures for its first few decades . There were allocations for the Ohio Company stockholders at the Convention , and for others delegates too . Good to his word , in December 1787 , Cutler led a small band of pioneers into the Ohio Valley . The provision for admitting new states became relevant at the purchase of Louisiana . It was constitutionally justifiable under the `` treaty making '' power of the federal government . The agrarian advocates sought to make the purchase of land that had never been administered , conquered , or formally ceded to any of the original thirteen states . Jefferson 's Democratic - Republicans would divide the Louisiana Purchase into states , speeding land sales to finance the federal government with no new taxes . The new populations of new states would swamp the commercial states in the Senate . They would populate the House with egalitarian Democrat - Republicans to overthrow the Federalists . Jefferson dropped the proposal of Constitutional amendment to permit the purchase , and with it , his notion of a confederation of sovereign states . Final document ( edit ) After nearly four months of debate , on September 8 , 1787 , the final text of the Constitution was set down and revised . Then , an official copy of the document was engrossed by Jacob Shallus . The effort consisted of copying the text ( prelude , articles and endorsement ) on four sheets of vellum parchment , made from treated animal skin and measuring approximately 28 inches ( 71 cm ) by 23 inches ( 58 cm ) , probably with a goose quill . Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of states at the end of the document , which are in Alexander Hamilton 's handwriting . On September 17 , 1787 , following a speech given by Benjamin Franklin , 39 delegates endorsed and submitted the Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation . Ratification of the Constitution ( edit ) Territorial extent of the United States , 1790 . Massachusetts ' Rufus King assessed the Convention as a creature of the states , independent of the Articles Congress , submitting its proposal to Congress only to satisfy forms . Though amendments were debated , they were all defeated . On September 28 , 1787 , the Articles Congress resolved `` unanimously '' to transmit the Constitution to state legislatures for submitting to a ratification convention according to the Constitutional procedure . Several states enlarged the numbers qualified just for electing ratification delegates . In doing so , they went beyond the Constitution 's provision for the most voters for the state legislature . Delaware , on December 7 , 1787 , became the first State to ratify the new Constitution , with its vote being unanimous . Pennsylvania ratified on December 12 , 1787 , by a vote of 46 to 23 ( 66.67 % ) . New Jersey ratified on December 19 , 1787 , and Georgia on January 2 , 1788 , both with unanimous votes . The requirement of ratification by nine states , set by Article Seven of the Constitution , was met when New Hampshire voted to ratify , on June 21 , 1788 . In New York , fully two thirds of the convention delegates were at first opposed to the Constitution . Hamilton led the Federalist campaign , which included the fast - paced appearance of The Federalist Papers in New York newspapers . An attempt to attach conditions to ratification almost succeeded , but on July 26 , 1788 , New York ratified , with a recommendation that a bill of rights be appended . The vote was close -- yeas 30 ( 52.6 % ) , nays 27 -- due largely to Hamilton 's forensic abilities and his reaching a few key compromises with moderate anti-Federalists led by Melancton Smith . Following Massachusetts 's lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A minority of the Constitution 's critics continued to oppose the Constitution . Maryland 's Luther Martin argued that the federal convention had exceeded its authority ; he still called for amending the Articles . Article 13 of the Articles of Confederation stated that the union created under the Articles was `` perpetual '' and that any alteration must be `` agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State '' . However , the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible . Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was '' , seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . New York Anti 's `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' . It failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying . The Constitution was ratified by the states in the following order : Date State Votes Yea Nay December 7 , 1787 Delaware 30 0 December 11 , 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23 December 18 , 1787 New Jersey 38 0 January 2 , 1788 Georgia 26 0 5 January 9 , 1788 Connecticut 128 40 6 February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts 187 168 7 April 26 , 1788 Maryland 63 11 8 May 23 , 1788 South Carolina 149 73 9 June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire 57 47 10 June 25 , 1788 Virginia 89 79 11 July 26 , 1788 New York 30 27 12 November 21 , 1789 North Carolina 194 77 13 May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island 34 32 Article VII of the proposed constitution stipulated that only nine of the thirteen states would have to ratify for the new government to go into effect for the participating states . By the end of July 1788 , eleven states had ratified the Constitution , and soon thereafter , the process of organizing the new government began . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for it to go into effect . Congress fixed the city of New York as the temporary seat of the new government and set the dates for the election of representatives and presidential electors . It also set the date for operations to begin under the new government . This occurred on March 4 , 1789 , when the First Congress convened . The membership of the new Congress was decidedly federalist . In the eleven - state ( minus North Carolina and Rhode Island ) Senate 20 were Federalist and two Anti-federalist ( both from Virginia ) . The House included 48 Federalists and 11 Anti-federalists ( from four states : Massachusetts , New York , South Carolina , and Virginia ) . On April 6 the House and Senate held a joint meeting to count the electoral vote . George Washington was unanimously elected the first president , even receiving the electoral vote of ardent anti-federalist Patrick Henry . John Adams of Massachusetts was elected vice president . Both were sworn into office on April 30 , 1789 . The business of setting up the new government was completed . Anti-Federalists ' fears of personal oppression by Congress were allayed by amendments passed under the floor leadership of James Madison during the first session of Congress . These first ten Amendments became known as the Bill of Rights . Objections to a potentially remote federal judiciary were reconciled with 13 federal courts ( 11 states , plus Maine and Kentucky ) , and three federal riding circuits out of the Supreme Court : Eastern , Middle and South . Suspicion of a powerful federal executive was answered by Washington 's cabinet appointments of once - Anti-Federalists Edmund Jennings Randolph as Attorney General and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State . What Constitutional historian Pauline Maier termed a national `` dialogue between power and liberty '' had begun anew . Amendments to the Constitution ( edit ) Since the beginning of federal operations under the Constitution in 1789 through the beginning of 2013 , approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in the United States Congress . Of these , thirty - three have been approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification . Twenty - seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution . The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights . Prior to the Twenty - seventh Amendment , which languished for 202 years , 7 months , 12 days before being ratified ( submitted for ratification in 1789 as part of the Bill of Rights , but not ratified until 1992 ) , the Twenty - second Amendment held the record for longest time taken to successfully complete the ratification process -- 3 years , 11 months , 6 days . The Twenty - sixth Amendment holds the record for shortest time taken -- 3 months , 8 days . Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution . Four of these are still technically open and pending , one is closed and has failed by its own terms , and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it . The U.S. constitutional amendment process . Bill of rights ( edit ) Main article : United States Bill of Rights Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States Bill of Rights Much of opposition to the proposed Constitution within several states arose , not because the machinery of the new frame of government was considered unworkable or because strengthening the union between the 13 states viewed as undesirable . The debates in the state ratifying conventions centered around the absence of anything equivalent to the bill of rights found in several state constitutions . George Mason , a delegate to the 1787 Constitutional Convention , and the author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights , refused to sign the document because he felt it did not specifically spell out or protect individual rights sufficiently . He also opposed the constitution when it was brought before the state for ratification . He acquiesced and the convention voted narrowly to give its assent only after it was decided that a list of twenty proposed amendments be sent along with the state 's resolution of ratification . Delegates to Massachusetts ' convention had many of the same concerns , and along with its notification of approval made a request for nine alterations , the first among them being `` that it be explicitly declared that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved to the states to be exercised by them . '' New York , not to be outdone , appended a list of thirty - two requested amendments plus a lengthy statement of impressions and explanations about the new Constitution to their affirmative vote . The sharp Anti-Federalist critique of the Constitution did not abate after it became operational , and by the time the First Congress convened in March 1789 , there existed widespread sentiment in both the House and Senate in favor of making alterations . That September , Congress adopted twelve amendments and sent to the states for ratification . Ten of these were ratified by the required number of states in December 1791 and became part of the Constitution . These amendments enumerate freedoms not explicitly indicated in the main body of the Constitution , such as freedom of religion , freedom of speech , a free press , and free assembly ; the right to keep and bear arms ; freedom from unreasonable search and seizure , security in personal effects , and freedom from warrants issued without probable cause ; indictment by a grand jury for a capital or `` infamous crime '' ; guarantee of a speedy , public trial with an impartial jury ; and prohibition of double jeopardy . In addition , the Bill of Rights reserves for the people any rights not specifically mentioned in the Constitution and reserves all powers not specifically granted to the federal government to the people or the States . Subsequent amendments ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Additional amendments to the United States Constitution Amendments to the Constitution subsequent to the Bill of Rights cover a wide range of subjects . Several have added significant content to the original document . One of the most far - reaching is the Fourteenth , ratified in 1868 , which establishes a clear and simple definition of citizenship and guarantees equal treatment under the law . Also significant are the Fifteenth , Nineteenth , Twenty - fourth , and Twenty - sixth , which were enacted to extend the right to vote to persons previously considered ineligible and also to protect their exercise of that right . One Amendment , the Eighteenth , which criminalized the production , transport and sale of alcohol nationwide , was later repealed by another , the Twenty - first . Nine ratified amendments ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 22 , and 25 ) have explicitly superseded or modified the text of the original Constitution . Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3a Regarding how the apportionment of representatives and direct taxes among the states is determined . Superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 1 Regarding the senators from each state being chosen by the legislature of that state . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 1 Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 2 Regarding the filling of vacancies in the senate . Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 4 , Clause 2 Regarding when each year the Congress must assemble . Modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 2 Article 1 , Section 9 , Clause 4 Regarding Congress ' restricted taxation power . Superseded by the Sixteenth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 1b Regarding the length of the president 's and vice president 's term of office . Temporarily modified by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 3 Regarding Electoral College voting procedures . Superseded by the Twelfth Amendment Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 5 Regarding eligibility for holding the office of president . Modified by the Twenty - second Amendment , Section 1 Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 Regarding presidential powers and duties if the presidency is vacant or if the President is unable to discharge said powers and duties . Superseded by the Twenty - fifth Amendment Article 3 , Section 2 , Clause 1 Regarding the diversity jurisdiction given to the judiciary to hear cases between a state and citizens of another state . Modified by the Eleventh Amendment Article 4 , Section 2 , Clause 3 Regarding persons held ( involuntarily ) to service or labor . Superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment , Section 1 α -- In 1865 , the Thirteenth Amendment rendered the formula prescribed in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 , whereby only three - fifths of all other Persons ( slaves ) were counted when determining a state 's total population for apportionment purposes , moot de jure . Three years later , the entire first sentence of the clause was superseded by the Fourteenth Amendment , Section 2 . This later amendment however , left Congress ' taxation power unchanged , as the replacement clause in it made no mention of apportionment of direct taxes . Even so , Congress ' ability to levy taxes was still governed by Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 of the Constitution . β -- Section 1 of the Seventeenth Amendment , regarding the six - year term of office for senators , was shortened for those persons whose term as senator ended on March 4 , 1935 , 1937 , and 1939 , by the interval between January 3 and March 4 , of that year ( 61 days ) by the Twentieth Amendment , which became part of the Constitution on January 23 , 1933 and the changes made by Section 1 took effect on October 15 , 1933 . This amendment also had a de facto effect on Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 1a , for although the election was held as prescribed , the term of office for the persons elected to Congress in November 1932 , was in effect shortened by the same interval of days . γ -- The term of office for the persons elected President and Vice President ( Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner respectively ) in November 1932 , was shortened by the interval between January 20 and March 4 , 1937 ( 44 days ) , by the Twentieth Amendment . δ -- The fourth sentence of the Twelfth Amendment , regarding the Vice President acting as President if the House , when the choice is theirs to make , has not elected a President by March 4 , has been superseded by the Twentieth Amendment , Section 3 . Further information : List of amendments to the United States Constitution Criticism of the Constitution ( edit ) Expand democracy ( edit ) In the early twentieth century Lochner era , the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional various state laws that limited labor contracts . The Constitution was criticized as putting the government at the beck and call of big business . More recent criticism has often been academic and limited to particular features . University of Texas law professor Sanford Levinson wonders whether it makes sense for the Connecticut Compromise to give `` Wyoming the same number of votes as California , which has roughly seventy times the population '' . Levinson thinks this imbalance causes a `` steady redistribution of resources from large states to small states . '' Levinson is critical of the Electoral College as it allows the possibility of electing presidents who do not win the majority , or even plurality , of votes . Five times in American history , presidents have been elected despite failing to win a plurality of the popular vote : 1824 ( John Quincy Adams ) , 1876 ( Rutherford B. Hayes ) , 1888 ( Benjamin Harrison ) , 2000 ( George W. Bush ) and 2016 ( Donald Trump ) . The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents , in his view . Others have criticized gerrymandering . Yale professor Robert A. Dahl sees a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself . ( See American civil religion ) He sees aspects of American governance which are `` unusual and potentially undemocratic : the federal system , the bicameral legislature , judicial review , presidentialism , and the electoral college system . '' Levinson and Labunski and others have called for a Second Constitutional Convention , although professors like Dahl believe there is no real hope this would ever happen . French journalist Jean - Philippe Immarigeon wrote in Harper 's that the `` nearly 230 - year - old constitution stretched past the limits of its usefulness '' , and suggested key problem points were the inability to call an election when government became gridlocked , a several month period between inauguration of a president and when he or she takes office , and inability of the lower house of Congress to influence serious foreign policy decisions such as ending a war when faced with a veto . University of Virginia professor Larry Sabato advocates an amendment to organize presidential primaries . Sabato details more objections in his book A More Perfect Constitution . He opposes life tenure for Federal Court judges , including Supreme Court justices . He also writes that `` If the 26 least populated states voted as a bloc , they would control the U.S. Senate with a total of just under 17 % of the country 's population . '' Sabato further contends that the Constitution is in need of an overhaul , and argues that only a national constitutional convention can bring the document up to date and settle many of the issues that have arisen over the past two centuries . States ' rights ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) John C. Calhoun In United States history , four periods of widespread Constitutional criticism have been characterized by the idea that specific political powers belong to state governments and not to the federal government -- a doctrine commonly known as states rights . At each stage , states ' rights advocates failed to develop a preponderance in public opinion or to sustain the democratic political will required to alter the generally held constitutional understanding and political practice in the United States . At its adoption among the people in the state ratification conventions , the `` men of original principles '' opposed the new national government as violating the Whig philosophy generally accepted among the original thirteen colonies in 1776 . According to this view , Congress as a legislature should be only equal to any state legislature , and only the people in each state might be sovereign . They are now referred to as the Anti-Federalists in American historiography . The proponents of `` state sovereignty '' and `` states rights '' were outvoted in eleven of thirteen state ratification conventions , then thirteen of thirteen , to `` ordain and establish '' the Constitution . During Andrew Jackson 's administration , South Carolina objected to U.S. government 's `` tariff of abominations '' collected as federal duties in Charleston Harbor . The Nullification Crisis ensued . Justification for the nullifiers was found in the U.S. Senate speeches and writings of John C. Calhoun . He defended slavery against the Constitutional provisions allowing its statutory regulation or its eventual abolition by Constitutional amendment , most notably in his Disquisition on Government . The crisis was averted when once General Jackson declared he would march a U.S. army into South Carolina and hang the first nullifier he saw from the first tree , and a new negotiated tariff , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , satisfactory to South Carolina was enacted . Despite this , a states - rights - based defense of slavery persisted amongst Southerners until the American Civil War ; conversely , Northerners explored nullification of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . Abraham Lincoln kept a portrait of Andrew Jackson above his desk at the War Department during efforts to defend the Constitution as understood by a national majority of people and states at that time . In the mid-19th Century during the administrations of Abraham Lincoln , Andrew Johnson and Ulysses S. Grant , the United States suffered a tragic passage through the Civil War and Reconstruction . An important survey of the philosophical and legal underpinnings of `` States Rights '' as held by secessionists and Lost Cause advocates afterwards is found in the speeches of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government . Davis defended secession by appealing to the `` original principles '' of the Founders ' 1776 Revolutionary generation , and by expanding on William Blackstone 's doctrine of legislative supremacy . By the elections of 1872 , all states which had been admitted to the United States in accordance with the Constitution were fully represented in the U.S. Congress . Jefferson Davis Following the Supreme Court 1954 holding in Brown v. Board of Education , President Dwight D. Eisenhower used National Guard and U.S. paratroopers to enforce the rulings of the Federal Courts as they pertained to the Constitution . The `` States Rights '' doctrine was again appealed to during the mid-20th Century resistance to racial integration in the schools , notably in Arkansas ' Little Rock Nine , Alabama 's Stand in the Schoolhouse Door , and Virginia 's Massive Resistance . Public schools in every state are now racially integrated by law under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . The tradition is seen in many shorter episodes of limited minority protest against the United States . During the War of 1812 , Federalists conducted a Hartford Convention proposing New England secession during wartime to reopen trade with the declared enemy of the United States . It led to accusations of treason and the demise of the Federalist Party as a force in American politics . In 1921 , the Maryland Attorney General sued to block woman suffrage . He argued in Leser v. Garnett that state legislatures were Constitutionally the sole determiners of who should vote in what federal or state elections , and that the 19th Amendment was improper . The Supreme Court 's judicial review of the state court findings held that the 19th Amendment was Constitutional , and that it applied to the women 's right to vote in every state . Women now vote in every state under the authority of the U.S. Constitution . One exceptional example of `` states rights '' persuading overwhelming majorities in a democratic and sustained way , and so transforming the nation came in the John Adams administration . Fear had spread that radical democratic sentiment might turn subversive as it had in the French Reign of Terror . But the Federalist - sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts meant to preempt the danger led to suppression of opposition press . The political reaction in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions sparked public opposition against the Federalist policy and led to twenty - four years of Constitutionally elected Democratic - Republican Party rule through six administrations of Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and James Monroe . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries , opponents of federal laws prohibiting the sale and possession of marijuana have based their objections partially on states ' rights grounds , as have opponents of federal laws and regulations pertaining to firearms . States ' rights under the constitution has also been recently raised as an issue on a number of other occasions , most notably regarding Common Core , the Affordable Care Act , and same - sex marriage . History of the physical document ( edit ) At first , little interest was shown in the parchment object itself . Madison had custody of it as Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) but having left Washington , he had lost track of it in the years leading to his death . A publisher had access to it in 1846 for a book on the Constitution . In 1883 historian J. Franklin Jameson found the parchment folded in a small tin box on the floor of a closet at the State , War and Navy Building . In 1894 the State Department sealed the Declaration and Constitution between two glass plates and kept them in a safe . The two parchment documents were turned over to the Library of Congress by executive order , and in 1924 President Coolidge dedicated the bronze - and - marble shrine for public display of the Constitution in the main building . The parchments were laid over moisture absorbing cellulose paper , vacuum - sealed between double panes of insulated plate glass , and protected from light by a gelatin film . Although building construction of the Archives Building was completed in 1935 , in December 1941 they were moved from the Library of Congress until September 1944 , and stored at the U.S. Bullion Depository , Fort Knox , Kentucky , along with the Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address . In 1951 following a study by the National Bureau of Standards to protect from atmosphere , insects , mold and light , the parchments were re-encased with special light filters , inert helium gas and proper humidity . They were transferred to the National Archives in 1952 . Since 1952 , the `` Charters of Freedom '' have been displayed in the Rotunda of the National Archives Building . Visual inspections have been enhanced by electronic imaging . Changes in the cases led to removal from their cases July 2001 , preservation treatment by conservators , and installment in new encasements for public display in September 2003 . See also ( edit ) Constitution Day ( United States ) History of democracy List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of amendments to the United States Constitution Republicanism in the United States Second Constitutional Convention of the United States Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution Notes ( edit ) ^ The colonists , for example , claimed the right `` to life , liberty , and property '' , `` the rights , liberties , and immunities of free and natural - born subjects within the realm of England '' ; the right to participate in legislative councils ; `` the great and inestimable privilege of being tried by their peers of the vicinage , according to the course of ( the common law of England ) '' ; `` the immunities and privileges granted and confirmed to them by royal charters , or secured by their several codes of provincial laws '' ; `` a right peaceably to assemble , consider of their grievances , and petition the king . '' They further declared that the keeping of a standing army in the colonies in time of peace without the consent of the colony in which the army was kept was `` against law '' ; that it was `` indispensably necessary to good government , and rendered essential by the English constitution , that the constituent branches of the legislature be independent of each other '' ; that certain acts of Parliament in contravention of the foregoing principles were `` infringement and violations of the rights of the colonists . '' Text in C. Tansill ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , 1 . See also H. Commager ( ed . ) , Documents of American History ( New York ; 8th ed. 1964 ) , 82 . ^ Text in Tansill , op . cit. , 10 . ^ Id. , 19 . ^ Id. , 21 . ^ George Mason , Edmund Randolph , James Madison , and Alexander Henderson were appointed commissioners for Virginia ; Thomas Johnson , Thomas Stone , Samuel Chase , and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer for Maryland . ^ Text of the resolution and details of the compact may be found in Wheaton v. Wise , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) . ^ Tansill , op . cit. , 38 . ^ Id. , 39 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historians following Charles A. Beard emphasize this aspect of the U.S. Constitution . Although An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States is discredited among modern scholars , Beard 's legacy is that the economic , financial and commercial aspects of American history are almost always included in a survey of any topic . Jump up ^ The meeting at Mount Vernon was past and prologue . All nine were leaders in the Revolution , seven served in the Continental Congress . Five attended the Constitutional Convention , one later served the new government as Attorney General , two on the Supreme Court , and two as President . In the Revolution , three served in uniform , two were judges , two merchants , one financier . Two had been immigrants . The host was George Washington , General of the Continental Army , President of the Constitutional Convention and first U.S. President . Commissioner and Virginia jurist George Mason was the `` Father of the Virginia Bill of Rights '' and attended the Constitutional Convention and the Virginia Ratification Convention . Edmund Randolph , was a Continental Army officer , member of Congress and the Constitutional Convention , would be Virginia governor and U.S. Attorney General . ( Neither Randolph nor Madison actually attended the conference ; Gov. Patrick Henry had not informed them of the date . ) James Madison , signer of the Declaration , member of Congress , `` Father of the Constitution '' at the Convention , led the Virginia Ratification Convention , `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' , and President . Alexander Henderson served during the Revolution as an officer in the Virginia militia . He was a Scottish - born merchant , the `` Father of the American chain store '' . The Maryland commissioners included jurist Thomas Johnson from England . He was the first independent Governor of Maryland and member of Congress serving on a finance committee with later Convention members Benjamin Franklin , John Dickinson and future Chief Justice John Jay . Johnson himself would be a U.S. Supreme Court Justice . Wealthy Thomas Stone was a signer of the Declaration of Independence , and championed Union when Maryland was reluctantly the last to sign the Articles of Confederation . Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer was a member of Congress who worked with Benjamin Franklin , James Madison , John Dickinson and George Washington . Jenifer was the financial administrator for Maryland who helped it recover from economic depression , and a member of the Constitutional Convention . Samuel Chase signed the Declaration of Independence and served on the U.S. Supreme Court . Jump up ^ In the event , the signed Constitution was merely forwarded to the state legislatures without amendment or endorsement . But the states did receive a recommendation that each call a ratification convention apart from the state legislature according to each state 's suffrage and timing . All but Rhode Island did so . Rhode Island and North Carolina did not join the United States until after the Constitutional government began in 1789 . Jump up ^ George Washington 's participation lent prestige to the proceedings , attracting some of the best minds in America . Some 1776 notables did not attend , such as Tom Paine , Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , of the older generation , and Thomas Jefferson , and John Adams , of the younger . Jump up ^ In the Articles Congress , a state could not be represented on the floor until two delegates were present . The Convention quorum of seven states was met the first day with New York with two of its five delegates present that first day , New Jersey with three , Pennsylvania with four of its eight , Delaware with three of its five , Virginia with all seven , North Carolina with four of its five , and South Carolina with all four . Massachusetts and Georgia had each one delegate of their respective four present on the 25th . See Constitutional Convention for a complete listing of state delegations arrived in Philadelphia . Jump up ^ The rules of a formal body can determine outcomes . The nationalist `` Federalists '' will make a point of setting the rules to win the later ratification conventions . Their ratification strategy was to take up each article and section , with no votes on measures until completing the document . This delay suited different objectives . The intent was to persuade in Massachusetts , to accommodate in Virginia , and to await news in New York Jump up ^ In view of the Martin - Lansing `` small state '' positions and their importance in U.S. intellectual history , relative sizes of the states in 1787 can be ranked from the Constitution 's enumeration for the first House of Representatives . States free or with gradual emancipation had 35 Representatives : Pennsylvania eight . Massachusetts eight , New York six , Connecticut five , New Jersey four , New Hampshire three , Rhode Island one . States with a sizable 3 / 5 bonus for non-citizen slaves had 30 representatives at first : Virginia ten , Maryland six , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , Georgia three and Delaware one . ( See U.S. Constitution , Article I , Section 2 . ) Jump up ^ Both the British House of Commons and their North American colonial assemblies were secret . Debates of the Articles Congress were not reported . Jump up ^ Elements of Randolph 's `` Virginia Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . Members of Congress did not have one term , then barred from any U.S. or state office for a number of years after . A ' senate ' was not apportioned by state taxes paid . The ' senate ' is not elected by the ' house ' from state legislature nominees . Congress does not veto state laws , and coerce noncompliant states . The ' president ' might be elected by Congress for two terms . A `` council of revision '' made up of the ' president ' and some of the ' supreme court ' could veto any act of Congress or veto of state legislature . None of these provisions were incorporated into the draft `` Constitution '' as forwarded by Congress to the states for their ratification conventions of representatives of the people voting , as each state legislature allowed . Jump up ^ Elements of Paterson 's `` New Jersey Plan '' proposal as submitted were not adopted . State courts did not interpret federal legislation , with appeals to the Supreme Court only . States in the Union can not be `` diminished '' . Presidents are one person , not three persons . Presidents can serve more than one term . A majority of state Governors can not remove a President . The rule of naturalization was not the same for every state in the 19th Century . Immigrants could become citizens and vote in northern states years before they were eligible for U.S. citizenship . Powers not expressly enumerated belong to the states was out - voted in Convention , but in the first ten amendments , the Tenth Amendment specifies powers not expressly given to the Congress reside with the states or with the people . Jump up ^ The Constitution sets up a bicameral legislature which enacts law only if there are national majorities both among ( a ) the states in the ' senate ' and ( b ) the people in the ' house ' . At the time the Constitution was ratified , it balanced states equally relative to slavery in the Senate . There were six states north of Pennsylvania , and six states south of it . Pennsylvania , the `` keystone '' state , split Senators one - one at first . After Pennsylvania abolished slavery , the next state to enter the Union in 1792 was Kentucky , which was admitted with slavery . That action maintained a `` sectional equality '' between free - soil states and slave - holding states , 7 -- 7 . Then in 1850 , California was admitted as a free state , then Minnesota , Oregon and Kansas followed as free states before outbreak of the Civil War . The Constitution 's House of Representatives began nearly equal , but the decennial census reallocated power away from declining slave - economies and towards the places which supported more people . Over time , ten years at a time , under the Constitution , the state antecedents , wealth , commerce and militias matter less than the numbers of people it can sustain in its domestic economy . Jump up ^ Section 2 of Article I provides in part : `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons . '' State population for U.S. representation or taxes was to exclude all numbers of untaxed Native - Americans. -- `` Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states ... by adding to the whole number of free persons , including those bound to service for a term of years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three - fifths of all other persons '' . Jump up ^ He was the son of a shoemaker , now a farmer and lawyer . Although awkward , vulgar and laughable to more polished colleagues , he was an honest political broker . The most frequent speakers on the Convention floor were Madison , Wilson , G. Morris , all nationalists . Roger Sherman of Connecticut , a small - state ' federal ' delegate , was fourth . His legislative philosophy was , `` When you are a minority , talk . When you are a majority , vote . '' Among the small - state advocates , he would make the most speeches throughout the Convention . Arriving right behind the nationalist leaders on May 30 , Sherman was reported to prefer a `` patch up '' of the existing Confederacy . Another small state delegate , George Read ( DE ) agreed with the nationalists that state legislatures were a national problem . But rather than see larger states overshadow the small , he 'd prefer to see all state boundaries erased . Big - state versus small - state antagonisms hardened early . Jump up ^ The nationalists had proposed a ' senate ' smaller than the ' house ' , but still proportioned by population : one senator for small , two senators for medium , and three senators for large population states . Sherman argued that the bicameral British Parliament had a House of Lords equal with the House of Commons to protect their propertied interests apart from the people . He was voted down , this time by the big states . Jump up ^ The most important were Lansing and Yates ( NY ) , Bedford ( DE ) , Paterson and Brearly ( NJ ) and Martin ( MD ) . Other supporters of note were Mason ( VA ) , Gerry ( MA ) , Ellsworth and Sherman ( CT ) . Jump up ^ Yates and Lansing ( NY ) would walk out July 10 . New York voted as a `` small '' state on big - state - small - state issues . It had no western frontier like Pennsylvania and Virginia , for instance . In 1787 , the Erie Canal did not tie New York to the west , and Philadelphia was still the nation 's largest commercial and banking center , followed by Boston . Jump up ^ Pierce Butler of South Carolina was generally a nationalist , representing up - country interests against the state - dominating big plantations , but on this , he switched between Resolution 7 and Resolution 8 , speaking with the small - states , supporting a two - or three - person ' presidency ' . Cromwell had started well enough , but his Interregnum turned out badly . Jump up ^ The Articles of Confederation gave Congress control of ( 1 ) the military : appoint and commission officers , build a navy , regulate uniform justice , and use privateers. ( 2 ) international relations : declare war and make peace , exchange ambassadors , enter treaties and alliances , establish admiralty courts , punish crimes on the high seas and regulate captures , and manage trade and affairs with non-state Indians . ( 3 ) commerce : value of coin , uniform standards of weights and measures , post offices , borrow money and establish courts to adjudicate issues between states . Jump up ^ McDonald lists his five `` minor powers '' as governing the federal district , punishing crimes against the law of nations , copyrights and patents , bankruptcies and counterfeiting . Jump up ^ States would lose more powers with the addition of Constitutional Amendments , the 14th will extend national Bill of Rights freedoms to states , the 15th and 19th will enlarge state citizenship , and the 18th will strip state legislatures of U.S. Senator election . Jump up ^ Property right provisions included prohibiting restrictions on slavery within the country until 1808 ; banning export duties , direct taxes , and port preference ; taxing interstate commerce , and confiscating estates . Jump up ^ Guarantees for liberty in the original Constitution included prohibiting suspension of the writ of habeas corpus except in times of rebellion or invasion , prohibiting ex post facto laws and bills of attainder , providing for impeachment of all civil officers , Jury trial in criminal cases , narrowing the definition of treason by direct action and two witnesses , and forbidding religious qualifications for national office . Jump up ^ In a republic , theory proposed that the people 's agent ( represented by the House of Representatives ) would originate money bills . No money could be spent but by legislative appropriation . Military appropriations were limited to two - years duration . There could be no dual office - holding in the national government and no titles of nobility . Jump up ^ The Articles prohibited each state from treating with foreign governments , exchanging ambassadors , grant titles of nobility , maintaining their own armies or ships of war or privateers , they were not to engage in war unless invaded , lay taxes on imports . The states under the Articles of Confederation were not to make treaties among themselves . Jump up ^ This was necessary since Blackstone held the British Parliament was restrained from ex post facto laws only in criminal matters . Jump up ^ But because the 18th Century Founders did not choose universal suffrage for representatives or for direct proposition referendums does not mean that they did not have to argue the point down and outvote their opponents . In a letter to James Sullivan , May 26 , 1776 , John Adams asked rhetorically , `` Shall we say , that every member of the community , old and young , male and female , as well as rich and poor , must consent , expressly , to every act of legislation ? '' His answer was , for 1776 , No . Jump up ^ This point was the principal reason for Maryland 's reluctance to ratify the Articles in the first place , delaying its unanimous adoption from 1777 to 1783 . Luther Martin ( MD ) stopped any spontaneously arising western claim of independent statehood by ensuring that the United States owned all the backlands ceded by the states . Jump up ^ Federalists ruled the first twelve years of government with a President by Washington and Adams . The Democratic - Republicans ruled for the next twenty - four , and arguably after one - term John Quincy Adams , for another thirty years under the Jacksonian Democrats . Jump up ^ Connecticut expanded electorate to add all town meeting voters ; Massachusetts dropped property requirements ; New Hampshire dropped certain property requirements , and added town delegates ; Rhode Island put the question to a referendum which rejected the ratification convention , the Federalist minority centered in Newport and Providence boycotted the election ; Virginia dropped `` legal and Constitutional requirements '' to expand the freehold electorate ; New York dropped property requirements , timed assembly elections at the same time , and allowed up to five sequential days of voting until the voting rolls were `` complete '' . Jump up ^ Opposition to ratification was led by Governor George Clinton ; the opposition also suggested that New York reserve the right to withdraw if the Constitution were not amended . Madison led the first session of the first Congress to propose amendments , and ten of the twelve were made Constitutional . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. , `` The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 '' ( 1972 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84723 - 7 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. , American Historical Association Presidential Address AHA December 28 , 1976 . Viewed June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ch. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1987 ) ; Nevins ( 1924 ) Jump up ^ Jensen ( 1950 ) ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ; The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 ( 1950 ) . When Congress could borrow no more money , it sold western lands . This revenue source would grow to provide the Early Republic with half of its annual expenditures , freeing the states of national tax burdens . Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The Power of The Purse : A History of American Public Finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Flexner , James Thomas , George Washington and the New Nation : 1783 -- 1793 ( 1970 ) 3 : 100 Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vernon Conference '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ General Assembly of Maryland , 1786 Md . Laws c. 1 , Virginiaplaces.org Jump up ^ U.S. Supreme Court , WHARTON v. WISE , 153 U.S. 155 ( 1894 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Richard Brandon ( 1987 ) . The forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 015733 - 3 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confederation text . August 7 , 1786 Report of Continental Congress ( Journals 31 : 494 -- 98 ) . Teaching American History . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress , 31 : 494 -- 98 pp. 498n , 515 , 518 . Viewed December 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor Jr. , Morris J. `` Appendix A : The Annapolis Convention '' . Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution . Washington D.C : United States Army Center of Military History . p. 264 . LCCN 87001353 . CMH Pub 71 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 9780195176001 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tansill , C. ( ed . ) , Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States , H. Doc . No. 358 , 69th Congress , 1st sess. ( 1927 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` National Archives Article on the Constitution '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 22 , 267 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 24 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 15 , 19 -- 20 , 54 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 23 , 41 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 50 , 52 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 18 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press 1974 . ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Madison 's Journal , May 29 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . ed. , The Records of Federal Convention of 1787 , Yale University Press ISBN 0300000804 pp. 18 -- 23 , Yates ' Journal , June 16 pp. 257 -- 60 Jump up ^ Farrand 2010 , pp. 242 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand 1974 , pp. 242 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Farrand 's Records '' , viewed September 15 , 2011 . The Yale University Press reprint is ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 00080 - 1 . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School makes Madison 's Journal available online by date - link , which is particularly helpful in comparing multiple editions . Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention . A complete Gregorian Calendar for the year is available online : 1787 Calendar Archived 2011 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Madison 's Journal with errors from several sources can be found online as a searchable text and linked index edited by Gaillard Hunt ( 1903 ) . Journal of the Constitution in The Writings of James Madison , vol. IV . 1787 . Putnam Sons 1903 . In Farrand , the source documents are organized by date including those from the Convention Journal , Rufus King ( MA ) , and James McHenry ( MD ) , along with later Anti-federalists Robert Yates ( NY ) , and William Paterson ( NJ ) . Farrand corrects errors among revisions that Madison made to his Journal while in his seventies . ( Farrand , 1974 pp. v -- ix ) . The work includes additional sources , cross references in the daily notes , a general index , and an index of every clause in the Constitution throughout the debates . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 197 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress , `` House of Representatives , 9th Congress , 2nd Session '' , History of Congress , `` Importation of Slaves '' pp. 241 -- 42 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice . `` Slavery and Justice '' p. 35 . Viewed October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillip Shaw Paludan , A Covenant with Death : the Constitution , Law , and Equality in the Civil War Era ( 1975 ) pp. 2 -- 4 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 201 , 284 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ See South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession ( December 24 , 1860 ) , reprinted in Richard Hofstadter , Great Issues in American History . Volume II , Vintage Books ( 1958 ) , pp. 76 -- 77 ; Abraham Lincoln , Message to Congress ( July 4 , 1861 ) reprinted in Hofstadter , supra . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 93 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ' ( 1966 , 1974 ) , Yale University Press 1937 reprint four vols . Vol . I , p. 202 Madison , Mr. Sherman 's motion June 11 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 104 , 105 , 107 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 322 Madison , Mr. King 's motion June 19 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , Vol . I. p. 408 Madison , on the question `` that the members of the 2nd branch be chosen by the individual legislatures . '' . June 25 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 436 Journal . June 27 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Farrand , op. cit. , V.I , p. 460 . Journal . June 29 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 138 - 139 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 140 , 187 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 227 - 228 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 55 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2010 , pp. 63 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 276 -- 77 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 262 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate , The Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . in the Constitution of the United States , p. 1193 . Government Printing Office , 1995 , viewed 08 / 11 / 2011 Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 263 -- 67 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 277 - 278 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 279 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , pp. 268 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 271 -- 72 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 174 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 184 , 186 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , pp. 177 -- 78 , 183 . Jump up ^ Wood 1998 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 66 . ^ Jump up to : McDonald 1958 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , pp. 282 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 80 -- 81 , 176 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 181 , 184 . Jump up ^ McDonald 1958 , p. 285 . Jump up ^ John R. Vile , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding , Volume 1 . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 674 - 4 . Jump up ^ NARA . `` National Archives Article on the Entire Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , pp. 54 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : Maier 2010 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ WikiSource . `` Articles of Confederation '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ratification Dates and Votes -- The U.S. Constitution Online '' . USConstitution.net . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the United States of America '' . WikiSource . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 438 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ `` Founding Fathers : Virginia '' . FindLaw Constitutional Law Center . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Jefferson Cyclopedia '' , Thomas Jefferson & John P. Foley , Funk and Wagnalls Company , NY and London 1900 , `` Anti-Federalists , and '' p. 38 Jump up ^ Maier 2010 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ `` Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution '' . Statistics & Lists . United States Senate . Jump up ^ For dates proposed and ratified : U.S. Congress , House . The Constitution of the United States of America , As Amended , H. Doc . 102 -- 188 , 102nd Cong. , 2nd sess. , ( Washington : GPO , 1992 ) . Length of ratification process calculated : http://www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : With a Summary of the Actions of the States in Ratification of the Provisions Thereof . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department on Constitutional Government . ^ Jump up to : `` Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . Charters of Freedom : Constitution of the United States . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XIV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVI '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XVII '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XX '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Article II : Executive Branch '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monk , Linda . `` Amendment XXV '' . National Constitution Center . Annenberg Classroom . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Phillips , The Lochner Court , Myth and Reality : Substantive Due Process from the 1890s to the 1930s ( 2001 ) , preface ^ Jump up to : Robert Justin Lipkin ( January 2007 ) . `` Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How the People Can Correct It ) '' . Widener University School of Law . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Popular vote , Electoral College vote at odds ? '' . USA Today . November 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( 2006 ) . Our Undemocratic Constitution : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530751 - 1 . Jump up ^ Randall Kennedy ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Books : Randall Kennedy '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Nora Krug ( reviewer ) ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` Radical Re-readings -- Our Undemocratic Constition : Where the Constitution Goes Wrong ( And How We the People Can Correct It ) by Sanford Levinson '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Macedo , Stephen ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Toward a More Democratic Congress ? Our Imperfect Democratic Constitution : The Critics Examined '' . Boston University Law Review . 89 : 609 -- 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Dahl ( February 11 , 2002 ) . `` How Democratic Is the American Constitution ? '' . Yale University Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Stanford Levinson Proposes a New Constitutional Convention '' . Colorado Law -- Univ. of Colorado at Boulder . January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jean - Philippe Immarigeon , Harper 's Magazine , February 2014 issue , Dissolve Congress : A cure for constitutional crisis , Accessed Jan. 25 , 2014 , `` ... America 's institutional breakdown ... '' ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` An amendment is needed to fix the primary mess '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Larry J. Sabato interviewed by Policy Today 's Dan Schwartz ( 18 October 2007 ) . `` Time for a Second Constitutional Convention ? '' . Policy Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sabato , A More Perfect Constitution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tim Devaney ( 2015 - 06 - 30 ) . `` States move to counter gay marriage ruling '' . TheHill . Jump up ^ Robert G. Ferris and James H. Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) p. 245 Jump up ^ Stephen Puleo , American Treasures : The Secret Efforts to Save the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Gettysburg Address . Jump up ^ Ferris and Charleton , The Signers of the Constitution ( 1986 ) pp. 246 -- 48 Jump up ^ Since 1987 , inspections were enhanced by an electronic imaging monitoring system developed for NARA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California . In 1995 , conservators noticed changes in the glass encasements of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights . Glass experts from Libby - Owens - Ford ( the original manufacturer of the encasement glass ) and the Corning Glass Museum identified signs of deterioration . Both the glass experts and the National Archives Advisory Committee on Preservation recommended that the Charters be re-encased by 2002 for document safety . ( NARA website ) Jump up ^ National Archives publication , Archives building history Archived 2012 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine ... Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Archives were set up by Franklin Roosevelt in 1934 . It keeps 1 -- 3 % of government documents to be kept forever . These are over 9 billion text records , 20 million photographs , 7 million maps , charts , and architectural drawings and over 365,000 reels of film . The monumental Archives Building was inadequate by the 1960s , so new facilities were built in College Park , MD . Work on electronic archives progresses . Fitzpatrick , Laura. , A Brief History of The National Archives , Thursday , May 21 , 2009 . Viewed August 19 , 2011 . Primary sources ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part One : September 1787 to February 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 42 - 9 Bailyn , Bernard , ed . The Debate on the Constitution : Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches , Articles , and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification . Part Two : January to August 1788 ( The Library of America , 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 940450 - 64 - X Max Farrand , ed. , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 ( 4 vols. , 1911 -- 1937 ; rev . ed. 1966 ) . Madison , James . Jonathan Elliot 's Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 3 : Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 as Reported by James Madison . 1989 . 811 pp . Scott , James Brown , ed . James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations 1918 . Martin , Luther . Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 . 1838 . Pole , J.R. , ed . The Federalist Indianapolis : Hackett , 2005 . 512 pp . Jump up ^ Max Farrand ( 1911 ) . `` The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , 3 vols '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max ( 1 January 1911 ) . `` The records of the Federal convention of 1787 '' . Yale university press ; ( etc. , etc . ) Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : ( ( subject : '' Farrand , Max '' OR subject : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , Max '' OR creator : `` Max Farrand '' OR creator : `` Farrand , M . '' OR title : `` Max Farrand '' OR description : `` Farrand , Max '' OR description : `` Max Farrand '' ) OR ( `` 1869 - 1945 '' AND Farrand ) ) AND ( - mediatype : software ) `` . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Search : Records Federal Convention 1787 '' . archive.org . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown ( 1 January 1918 ) . `` James Madison 's notes of debates in the Federal convention of 1787 and their relation to a more perfect society of nations '' . New York , Oxford University Press , American branch . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Scott , James Brown . `` 1787 : Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 ( from old catalog ) '' . Cincinnati , A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1821 ) . `` Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia ... '' Printed by Websters and Skinners . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Washington : Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1844 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . Louisville , Ky . : A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1838 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the 1787 , : for the purpose of forming the Constitution of the United States of America '' . A. Mygatt . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ Martin , Luther ; Lansing , John ; Yates , Robert ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` Secret proceedings and debates of the convention assembled at Philadelphia , in the year 1787 : for the purpose of forming the United States of America '' . Govt . Print . Off . Retrieved 12 March 2017 -- via Hathi Trust . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ( United States . Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) ) -- The Online Books Page '' . upenn.edu . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Scholarly studies ( edit ) Adair , Douglass ( author ) ; Colbourn , Trevor ( editor ) . Fame and the Founding Fathers : Writings of Douglass Adair . W.W. Norton for Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1974 ; reprint ed. , Liberty Fund , 1998 . Collection of essays by one of the most influential scholars on the intellectual origins of the Constitution . Adams , Willi Paul . The First American Constitutions . University of North Carolina Press , 1980 ; revised and expanded edition , Madison House , 2000 . Focusing on the state constitutions framed in the era of Revolutionary constitutionalism and their relationship to the Constitution of 1787 . Berkin , Carol . A Brilliant Solution : Inventing the American Constitution . 2002 . 310 pp. broad and accessible overview Bernstein , Richard B. , with Rice , Kym S. Are We to Be a Nation ? The Making of the Constitution . Harvard University Press , 1987 , 324 pp. Broad - focus overview , written for scholars and general readers alike , of the `` age of experiments in government '' spanning the period from the early 1750s through the early 1790s , and giving careful attention to the intellectual context and origins of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights . Bernstein , Richard B. Amending America : If We Love the Constitution So Much , Why Do We Keep Trying to Change It ? Times Books , 1993 ; paperback , University Press of Kansas , 1995 . 398 pp. History of the Constitution 's amending process , focusing on the links between the Constitution and American national identity and values . Bowen , Catherine ( 2010 ) ( First published 1966 ) . Miracle at Philadelphia : the story of the Constitutional Convention , May to September , 1787 . New York : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 10261 - 2 . Collier , Christopher . All Politics Is Local : Family , Friends , and Provincial Interests in the Creation of the Constitution . U. Press of New England , 2003 . 224 pp . Collier , Christopher and Collier , James Lincoln . Decision in Philadelphia : The Constitutional Convention of 1787 . 1986 . 331 pp . Currie , David P . The Constitution in Congress : Democrats and Whigs , 1829 -- 1861 . U. of Chicago Press , 2005 . 346 pp . Edling , Max . A Revolution in Favor of Government : Origins of the United States Constitution and the Making of the American State , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jensen , Merrill . The New Nation a History of the United States During the Confederation 1781 -- 1789 , 1950 . Johnson , Allen . Union and Democracy . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1915 . Kernell , Samuel , ed . James Madison : The Theory and Practice of Republican Government . 2003 . 381 pp . Kyvig , David . Explicit & Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . University Press of Kansas , 1996 . Bancroft - Prize - winning history of the Constitution 's amending process . Levy , Leonard W. ; Karst , Kenneth ; and Mahoney , Dennis , eds . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 4 volumes ( 1986 ) . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86854 - 7 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1958 ) . We the People : The Economic Origins of the Constitution . University of Chicago Press . McDonald , Forrest . E Pluribus Unum : The Formation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1790 . Reprint Edition , Liberty Fund . McDonald , Forrest . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas , 1995 . McGuire , Robert A. To Form a More Perfect Union : A New Economic Interpretation of the United States Constitution . 2003 . 395 pp . Morris , Richard B . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . 1987 . 416 pp. political and economic survey of 1780s and writing of Constitution Nevins , Allan . The American States During and After the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . 1924 ( ISBN 0 - 678 - 00510 - 9 ) Robertson , David Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Madison 's Opponents and Constitutional Design '' . American Political Science Review . 99 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 43 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055405051622 . Tasi , Robert L. , America 's Forgotten Constitutions : Defiant Visions of Power and Community ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2014 ) . Wood , Gordon S . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early American History and Culture , 1969 . Massive , Bancroft - Prize - winning examination of the intellectual , constitutional , and political history of the new nation from the opening of the American Revolution to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution . External links ( edit ) Madison letter to Jefferson informing him of proceedings of the Constitutional Convention The Fathers of the Constitution ; a chronicle of the establishment of the Union by Max Farrand 1869 -- 1945 The Framers of the Constitution : Biographical sketches by William Pierce The Federalist Papers United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=809063054 '' Categories : History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Constitutional history of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Constitution	740
the episcopal school of dallas (middle and upper school campus)			Episcopal school of Dallas	episcopal school of dallas	The Episcopal School of Dallas ( ESD ) is an independent , co-educational preparatory day school located in Dallas , Texas .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Campus 3 Demographics 4 Controversy 5 Notable alumni 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Episcopal School of Dallas is a coeducational academic community founded in 1974 by Stephen B. Swann and a group of Episcopalian local leaders . The first ESD class was held in 1974 and included eight 7th graders . Today , more than 1,150 students attend ESD , aged Beginner ( age 3 ) through 12th grade , with 400 students in the Upper School ( 9th -- 12th grade ) . Meredyth M. Cole is the Head of School . Campus ( edit ) The campus , which is continuing to expand , contains three major buildings , with a total of 248,000 sq ft ( 23,000 m2 ) in facilities . The campus encompasses over 39 acres ( 160,000 m ) . The school 's first building , the gymnasium , was built in the late 1970s . Until the main building was in 1981 , classes were held in the gym . In 1986 , the school had another major expansion , which added a library , publication suite , and fine arts facilities , along with additional classrooms and offices . The Cook Math and Science Building was completed in 1994 to allow the construction of additional science labs , computer labs , and math classrooms . Daily chapel was moved from the gym to the All Saints Chapel following its completion in 2002 . In 2005 , another project , the Susan M. Frank Center for Arts and Humanities Building opened , allowing for the construction of additional humanities classrooms , as well as expanded music facilities . In addition , the school also offers a Proscenium and a black box theater , ceramics studio , and a digital imaging suite and darkroom . Additional improvements include a 55,000 sq ft ( 5,100 m2 ) humanities building added to the Merrell Road campus , a new stadium and new turf field , and improved locker room facilities . The new stadium also features improved accommodations for fans . The school also acquired an outdoor education center in northern Collin County , spanning spans 165 acres ( 0.67 km2 ) . In 2010 , the school opened its Stephen B. Swann Athletic and Wellness Center . The building houses Dining Commons , physical education facilities , and additional office space . The building , covering over 100 , 00 sq. ft. , also includes a gymnasium , indoor track , conditioning and workout facilities , a dance studio , and sports medicine facilities . The building was later modified to expand locker rooms and add a team room and athletic offices . The new dining facilities can seat 480 students , and overlook the school 's quarry and Louise Crespi Benners Courtyard . The kitchen also houses a laboratory for instruction from nutritional experts and professional chefs , based on guidelines from the Center for Human Nutrition at The University of Texas Southwest Medical Center . Demographics ( edit ) ESD has an enrollment of more than 1,100 students and more than 200 faculty and staff members . They have a student - faculty ratio of 7 : 1 . The student population contains a plurality of Episcopalian ( 30 % ) and Caucasian students ( 82 % ) . The school also provides tuition assistance to students through grants . Controversy ( edit ) In 2012 , the school was found guilty of fraud and negligent behavior for mishandling a 2009 statutory rape . The 34 - year - old teacher pleaded guilty to sexually assaulting a 16 - year - old student in the criminal case . Administrators forced the victim to withdraw upon hearing about their relations . The student 's parents pressed civil charges against ESD and were awarded $9 million for punitive and compensatory damages from the withdrawal . Notable alumni ( edit ) This article 's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia 's verifiability or notability policies . Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni , or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( September 2017 ) Gray Malin - Photographer Barrett Brown - Journalist , essayist , involved with Anonymous Drew Moor - Professional soccer player for the Colorado Rapids Phil Pressey - Professional basketball player for the Boston Celtics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ESD is situated on three campuses and continues to develop '' CJMARTINS.COM . Accessed 10 / 30 / 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ http://www.esdallas.org/page.cfm?p=3069 Jump up ^ Former teacher at Episcopal School of Dallas wo n't do time for sex with student Jump up ^ ESD found negligent in teacher - student relationship case wfaa.com Dallas - Fort Worth Jump up ^ Episcopal School of Dallas , family reach settlement in lawsuit Jump up ^ Forensic psychologist testified that Episcopal School acted in girl 's best interest by forcing her to go Jump up ^ ESD promotes administrator who testified in trial Dallasnews.com - News for Dallas , Texas - The Dallas Morning News Jump up ^ The ESD Sex Scandal - D Magazine Jump up ^ `` Barrett Brown Is Anonymous '' . dmagazine.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Episcopal School of Dallas Wikimedia Commons has media related to Episcopal School of Dallas . High schools in the City of Dallas This list is incomplete . Italicized public schools are not in the `` full purpose '' Dallas city limits but have portions of Dallas in their attendance boundaries . Dallas Independent School District Zoned schools Bryan Adams Adamson Carter Conrad Hillcrest Jefferson Kimball Lincoln Madison Molina North Dallas Pinkston Roosevelt Samuell Seagoville Skyline South Oak Cliff Spruce Sunset Wilmer - Hutchins W.T. White Wilson Magnet / Alternative schools Townview magnets Government , Law , & Law Enforcement Science and Engineering Magnet Talented & Gifted Business and Management Education and Social Services Health Professions Washington HS for Performing and Visual Arts Gilliam Collegiate Academy Lassiter Early College Lincoln Humanities / Communications Magnet Skyline Smith New Tech Obama Male Rangel Young Women 's Public schools not in Dallas ISD Highland Park ISD Highland Park High School ( University Park ) Richardson ISD Lake Highlands High School Carrollton - Farmers Branch ISD Creekview High School ( Carrollton ) Plano ISD Shepton High School ( Plano ) Plano West Senior High School ( Plano ) State charter ? ? ? ? ? Independent Secular private Dallas International School Lakehill Preparatory School Closed Walt Whitman Community School Religious Episcopal School of Dallas Hockaday School Dallas Jesuit Mesorah High School for Girls Parish Episcopal School St. Mark 's School of Texas Ursuline Academy of Dallas Yavneh Academy of Dallas The portion of Dallas in Collin County is zoned to Plano Independent School District schools The portion of Dallas in Denton County is zoned to Carrollton - Farmers Branch Independent School District schools Southwest Preparatory Conference All Saints ' Episcopal School ( Fort Worth , Texas ) Casady School Cistercian Preparatory School Episcopal School of Dallas Episcopal High School Fort Worth Country Day School Greenhill School Hockaday School Holland Hall Houston Christian High School John Cooper School Kinkaid School Oakridge St. Mary 's Hall St. Andrew 's Episcopal School St. John 's School St. Mark 's School St. Stephen 's Episcopal School Trinity Valley School Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episcopal_School_of_Dallas&oldid=800764110 '' Categories : Educational institutions established in 1974 Private middle schools in Texas Private elementary schools in Texas Private high schools in Texas Private high schools in Dallas Independent Schools Association of the Southwest Episcopal schools in the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal%20School%20of%20Dallas	107,735
who was the only queen the united states ever had			List of the last monarchs in the Americas	list of the last monarchs in the americas	This is a list of last monarchs of the Americas .	Contents ( hide ) 1 North America 1.1 United States 1.1. 1 By states 1.1. 2 By territories 2 South America 3 See also 4 References North america ( edit ) Nation / territory Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms Clipperton Island Napoleon III Emperor of the French 20 April 1808 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 French defeated at Sedan ( Third Republic declared ) 9 January 1873 Costa Rica Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Cuba Alfonso XIII King of Spain ( Under the regency of Maria Christina ) 17 May 1886 10 December 1898 Spanish -- American War ( Treaty of Paris ) 28 February 1941 Dominica Elizabeth II Queen of the United Kingdom 21 April 1926 6 February 1952 3 November 1978 Granted independence by the U.K. living Dominican Republic Napoleon I Emperor of the French 15 August 1769 20 March 1804 2 May 1808 Return to Spain following Peninsular War 5 May 1821 Isabella II Queen of the Spains 10 October 1830 1861 1865 Spain 's defeat in Dominican Restoration War 10 April 1904 El Salvador Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Guadeloupe Napoleon III Emperor of the French 20 April 1808 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 French defeated at Sedan ( Third Republic declared ) 9 January 1873 Guatemala Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Haiti Faustin I Emperor of Haïti 1782 26 August 1849 15 January 1859 Revolution Abdication Republic declared 6 August 1867 Martinique Napoleon III Emperor of the French 20 April 1808 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 French defeated at Sedan ( Third Republic declared ) 9 January 1873 Mexico Cuauhtémoc Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan Emperor of the Aztecs 1502 1520 13 August 1521 Surrendered to the Spaniards Tortured to death Puppet rulers installed 1525 Cacamatzin Tlatoani of Texcoco 1483 1515 1520 Murdered by the Spaniards Puppet rulers installed 1520 Itzquauhtzin Tlatoani of Tlacateotl unknown 1475 Nanacacipactzin Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan Spanish Governor of San Juan Tenochtitlan unknown 30 September 1563 27 December 1565 Death Ceased to exist 27 December 1565 Tlahuitoltzin Tlatoani of Texcoco Spanish Governor of Texcoco unknown 1540 1546 Abdication ? Oquiztzin Tlatoani of Tlacateotl Spanish Governor of Governor of Tlacateotl unknown 1567 1579 Abdication ? Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico 6 July 1832 10 April 1864 15 May 1867 Murdered by Republics ( Republic declared ) 19 June 1867 Nicaragua Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Panama Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 28 November 1821 Panamanian Independence 29 September 1833 Saint Barthélemy Oscar II King of Sweden and Norway 21 January 1829 18 September 1872 16 March 1878 Sold to the French Republic 8 December 1907 Saint Martin Napoleon III Emperor of the French 20 April 1808 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 French defeated at Sedan ( Third Republic declared ) 9 January 1873 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Trinidad and Tobago Elizabeth II Queen of Trinidad and Tobago 21 April 1926 31 August 1962 1 August 1976 Republican constitution adopted living Nation / territory Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms United States ( edit ) The Native American hereditary leaders during this time are not included . Those that are listed as former monarchs of what is now the continental United States were heads of European seated monarchies ( or Mexican monarchs , such as Agustín I of Mexico and Maximilian I of Mexico ) and themselves never set foot on American soil . Others were indigenous monarchs , such as Malietoa Tanumafili I , Tuʻi Manuʻa Elisala and Liliuokalani of Hawaii ; The last monarch of each state and territory may not be the last colonial ruler ( i.e. Louis XV of France is the last French monarch of Louisiana , but Napoleon Bonaparte , prior to becoming Emperor , was the last ruler of Louisiana ) . Also their end of reign may not be how the US acquired these states . One state can have more than one last monarch , since each state may have been the product of many different acquisitions by the United States . Different claims of a foreign country are taken into account . By states ( edit ) State Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms Alabama George III King of Great Britain and Ireland 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Alaska Alexander II Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 29 April 1818 3 March 1855 30 March 1867 Alaska Purchase 13 March 1881 Arizona Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Arkansas Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 California Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Nicholas I Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias 6 July 1796 1 December 1825 1841 Fort Ross sold to John Sutter 2 March 1855 Colorado Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Connecticut George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Delaware Florida Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 22 February 1821 Adams -- Onís Treaty 29 September 1833 Georgia George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Hawaii Liliuokalani Queen of the Hawaiian Islands 2 September 1838 29 January 1891 17 January 1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 11 November 1917 Idaho Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 22 January 1901 Illinois George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Indiana Iowa Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Kansas Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Kentucky George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Louisiana Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Maine George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 29 August 1842 Aroostook War ( Webster - Ashburton Treaty ) 22 January 1901 Maryland George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 George III King of United Kingdom ( under the Regency Act of 1811 ) 4 June 1738 5 January 1811 20 October 1818 Treaty of 1818 29 January 1820 George IV Prince Regent 12 August 1762 26 June 1830 Mississippi George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Missouri Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Montana Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 22 January 1901 Nebraska Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Nevada Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 New Hampshire George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 New Jersey New Mexico Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 New York George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 North Carolina North Dakota Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 George III King of United Kingdom ( under the Regency Act of 1811 ) 4 June 1738 5 January 1811 20 October 1818 Treaty of 1818 29 January 1820 George IV Prince Regent 12 August 1762 26 June 1830 Ohio George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Oklahoma Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Oregon Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 22 January 1901 Pennsylvania George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Tennessee George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Texas Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Utah Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Vermont George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Virginia Washington Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 22 January 1901 West Virginia George III King of Great Britain 4 June 1738 25 October 1760 14 January 1784 American Revolution ( Treaty of Paris ) 29 January 1820 Wisconsin Wyoming Louis XV King of France and Navarre 15 February 1710 1 September 1715 13 November 1762 French and Indian War ( Treaty of Fontainebleau ) 10 May 1774 Charles IV King of Spain 11 November 1748 14 December 1788 30 November 1803 Return to the French Republic ( Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ) 20 January 1819 Augustine I Emperor of Mexico 27 September 1783 19 May 1822 19 March 1823 Abdication ( Republic declared ) 19 July 1824 Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom 24 May 1819 20 June 1837 15 June 1846 Oregon Treaty 22 January 1901 State Picture Name Birth Ruled from Ruled until Reason Death Arms By territories ( edit ) Territory Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms Navassa Island Faustin I Emperor of Haïti 1782 26 August 1849 15 January 1859 Revolution Abdication Republic declared 6 August 1867 Puerto Rico Alfonso XIII King of Spain ( Under the regency of Maria Christina ) 17 May 1886 10 December 1898 Spanish -- American War ( Treaty of Paris ) Ratified 6 February 1899 28 February 1941 Danish Virgin Islands Christian X King of Denmark 26 September 1870 14 May 1912 31 March 1917 Sold to the U.S. in face of World War I 20 April 1947 Territory Picture Name Birth Ruled from Ruled until Reason Death Arms South America ( edit ) Nation Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms Argentina Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 9 July 1816 Independence from Spain 29 September 1833 Bolivia Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 6 August 1825 Independence from Spain 29 September 1833 Brazil Pedro II Emperor of Brazil 2 December 1825 7 April 1831 15 November 1889 Military coup d'état overthrew the Empire of Brazil Imperial Family went into exile ( Republic declared ) 5 December 1891 Chile Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 12 February 1818 Independence from Spain 29 September 1833 Antonio I King of Araucania and Patagonia 12 May 1825 17 November 1860 5 January 1862 Arrested by Chilean forces and sent to a madhouse 17 September 1878 Kai Mako'i ' Iti , Ariki Mau ( King of Rapanui ) ? ? 1863 Devastation of island by Peruvian slavers Died as slave 1863 ? Atamu Tekena Ariki Mau ( King of Rapanui ) ? 1883 9 September 1888 Atamu signs Treaty of Annexation Easter Islands is Annexed August 1892 Simeon Riro Rokoroko He Tau Ariki Mau ( King of Rapanui ) ? ? 1892 Assassination in Chile 1899 Colombia Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Joseph King of Spain 7 January 1768 6 June 1808 20 July 1810 Independence from Spain 28 July 1844 Ecuador Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 24 May 1822 Independence from Spain 29 September 1833 French Guiana Napoleon III Emperor of the French 20 April 1808 2 December 1852 4 September 1870 French defeated at Sedan ( Third Republic declared ) 9 January 1873 Guyana Elizabeth II Queen of Guyana 21 April 1926 26 May 1966 23 May 1970 Republican constitution adopted living Paraguay Joseph King of Spain 7 January 1768 6 June 1808 15 May 1811 Independence from Spain 28 July 1844 Peru Atahualpa Sapa Inca unknown 1532 26 July 1533 Execution by Spaniards 29 August 1533 Túpac Amaru Sapa Inca unknown 1571 1572 Execution by Spaniards Destruction of the last remnant of the Inca Empire 24 September 1572 Ferdinand VII King of Spain 14 October 1784 11 December 1813 28 July 1821 Independence from Spain 29 September 1833 Suriname Juliana Queen of the Netherlands 30 April 1909 6 September 1948 25 November 1975 Independence from the Netherlands 20 March 2004 Uruguay Pedro I Emperor of Brazil 12 October 1798 12 October 1822 28 August 1828 Brazil recognize Cisplatina 's Independence Cisplatine War Treaty of Montevideo 24 September 1834 Venezuela Joseph King of Spain 7 January 1768 6 June 1808 5 July 1811 Independence from Spain 28 July 1844 Nation Picture Name Birth Ruled from Rule Ceased Reason Death Arms See also ( edit ) Monarchies in the Americas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Assies , Willem . RAPA NUI : INDIGENOUS STRUGGLES FOR THE NAVEL OF THE WORLD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_last_monarchs_in_the_Americas&oldid=786660613 '' Categories : Americas - related lists Lists of monarchs History of the Americas Lists of superlatives Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2017 , at 20 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20last%20monarchs%20in%20the%20Americas	107,736
how much psi does it take to make a diamond	Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on December 16 , 1954 , and this was announced on February 15 , 1955 . His breakthrough was using a `` belt '' press , which was capable of producing pressures above 10 GPa ( 1,500,000 psi ) and temperatures above 2,000 ° C ( 3,630 ° F ) . The press used a pyrophyllite container in which graphite was dissolved within molten nickel , cobalt or iron . Those metals acted as a `` solvent - catalyst '' , which both dissolved carbon and accelerated its conversion into diamond . The largest diamond he produced was 0.15 mm ( 0.0059 in ) across ; it was too small and visually imperfect for jewelry , but usable in industrial abrasives . Hall 's co-workers were able to replicate his work , and the discovery was published in the major journal Nature . He was the first person to grow a synthetic diamond with a reproducible , verifiable and well - documented process . He left GE in 1955 , and three years later developed a new apparatus for the synthesis of diamond -- a tetrahedral press with four anvils -- to avoid violating a U.S. Department of Commerce secrecy order on the GE patent applications . Hall received the American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention for his work in diamond synthesis .		Synthetic diamond	synthetic diamond	A synthetic diamond ( also known as an artificial diamond , cultured diamond , or cultivated diamond ) is diamond produced in an artificial process , as opposed to natural diamonds , which are created by geological processes . Synthetic diamond is also widely known as HPHT diamond or CVD diamond after the two common production methods ( referring to the high - pressure high - temperature and chemical vapor deposition crystal formation methods , respectively ) . While the term synthetic is associated by consumers with imitation products , artificial diamonds are made of the same material ( pure carbon , crystallized in isotropic 3D form ) . In the U.S. , the Federal Trade Commission has indicated that the alternative terms laboratory - grown , laboratory - created , and ( manufacturer - name ) - created `` would more clearly communicate the nature of the stone '' .	Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were documented between 1879 and 1928 ; most of those attempts were carefully analyzed but none were confirmed . In the 1940s , systematic research began in the United States , Sweden and the Soviet Union to grow diamonds using CVD and HPHT processes . The first reproducible synthesis was reported around 1953 . Those two processes still dominate the production of synthetic diamond . A third method , known as detonation synthesis , entered the diamond market in the late 1990s . In this process , nanometer - sized diamond grains are created in a detonation of carbon - containing explosives . A fourth method , treating graphite with high - power ultrasound , has been demonstrated in the laboratory , but currently has no commercial application . The properties of synthetic diamond depend on the details of the manufacturing processes ; however , some synthetic diamonds ( whether formed by HPHT or CVD ) have properties such as hardness , thermal conductivity and electron mobility that are superior to those of most naturally formed diamonds . Synthetic diamond is widely used in abrasives , in cutting and polishing tools and in heat sinks . Electronic applications of synthetic diamond are being developed , including high - power switches at power stations , high - frequency field - effect transistors and light - emitting diodes . Synthetic diamond detectors of ultraviolet ( UV ) light or high - energy particles are used at high - energy research facilities and are available commercially . Because of its unique combination of thermal and chemical stability , low thermal expansion and high optical transparency in a wide spectral range , synthetic diamond is becoming the most popular material for optical windows in high - power CO lasers and gyrotrons . It is estimated that 98 % of industrial grade diamond demand is supplied with synthetic diamonds . Both CVD and HPHT diamonds can be cut into gems and various colors can be produced : clear white , yellow , brown , blue , green and orange . The appearance of synthetic gems on the market created major concerns in the diamond trading business , as a result of which special spectroscopic devices and techniques have been developed to distinguish synthetic and natural diamonds . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 GE diamond project 1.2 Later developments 2 Manufacturing technologies 2.1 High pressure , high temperature 2.2 Chemical vapor deposition 2.3 Detonation of explosives 2.4 Ultrasound cavitation 3 Properties 3.1 Crystallinity 3.2 Hardness 3.3 Impurities and inclusions 3.4 Thermal conductivity 4 Applications 4.1 Machining and cutting tools 4.2 Thermal conductor 4.3 Optical material 4.4 Electronics 4.5 Gemstones 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links History ( edit ) Moissan trying to create synthetic diamonds using an electric arc furnace After the 1797 discovery that diamond was pure carbon , many attempts were made to convert various cheap forms of carbon into diamond . The earliest successes were reported by James Ballantyne Hannay in 1879 and by Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan in 1893 . Their method involved heating charcoal at up to 3500 ° C with iron inside a carbon crucible in a furnace . Whereas Hannay used a flame - heated tube , Moissan applied his newly developed electric arc furnace , in which an electric arc was struck between carbon rods inside blocks of lime . The molten iron was then rapidly cooled by immersion in water . The contraction generated by the cooling supposedly produced the high pressure required to transform graphite into diamond . Moissan published his work in a series of articles in the 1890s . Many other scientists tried to replicate his experiments . Sir William Crookes claimed success in 1909 . Otto Ruff claimed in 1917 to have produced diamonds up to 7 mm in diameter , but later retracted his statement . In 1926 , Dr. J Willard Hershey of McPherson College replicated Moissan 's and Ruff 's experiments , producing a synthetic diamond ; that specimen is on display at the McPherson Museum in Kansas . Despite the claims of Moissan , Ruff , and Hershey , other experimenters were unable to reproduce their synthesis . The most definitive replication attempts were performed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons . A prominent scientist and engineer known for his invention of the steam turbine , he spent about 40 years ( 1882 -- 1922 ) and a considerable part of his fortune trying to reproduce the experiments of Moissan and Hannay , but also adapted processes of his own . Parsons was known for his painstakingly accurate approach and methodical record keeping ; all his resulting samples were preserved for further analysis by an independent party . He wrote a number of articles -- some of the earliest on HPHT diamond -- in which he claimed to have produced small diamonds . However , in 1928 , he authorized Dr. C.H. Desch to publish an article in which he stated his belief that no synthetic diamonds ( including those of Moissan and others ) had been produced up to that date . He suggested that most diamonds that had been produced up to that point were likely synthetic spinel . GE diamond project ( edit ) A belt press produced in the 1980s by KOBELCO In 1941 , an agreement was made between the General Electric ( GE ) , Norton and Carborundum companies to further develop diamond synthesis . They were able to heat carbon to about 3,000 ° C ( 5,430 ° F ) under a pressure of 3.5 gigapascals ( 510,000 psi ) for a few seconds . Soon thereafter , the Second World War interrupted the project . It was resumed in 1951 at the Schenectady Laboratories of GE , and a high - pressure diamond group was formed with Francis P. Bundy and H.M. Strong . Tracy Hall and others joined this project shortly thereafter . The Schenectady group improved on the anvils designed by Percy Bridgman , who received a Nobel Prize for his work in 1946 . Bundy and Strong made the first improvements , then more were made by Hall . The GE team used tungsten carbide anvils within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a catlinite container , the finished grit being squeezed out of the container into a gasket . The team recorded diamond synthesis on one occasion , but the experiment could not be reproduced because of uncertain synthesis conditions , and the diamond was later shown to have been a natural diamond used as a seed . Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on December 16 , 1954 , and this was announced on February 15 , 1955 . His breakthrough was using a `` belt '' press , which was capable of producing pressures above 10 GPa ( 1,500,000 psi ) and temperatures above 2,000 ° C ( 3,630 ° F ) . The press used a pyrophyllite container in which graphite was dissolved within molten nickel , cobalt or iron . Those metals acted as a `` solvent - catalyst '' , which both dissolved carbon and accelerated its conversion into diamond . The largest diamond he produced was 0.15 mm ( 0.0059 in ) across ; it was too small and visually imperfect for jewelry , but usable in industrial abrasives . Hall 's co-workers were able to replicate his work , and the discovery was published in the major journal Nature . He was the first person to grow a synthetic diamond with a reproducible , verifiable and well - documented process . He left GE in 1955 , and three years later developed a new apparatus for the synthesis of diamond -- a tetrahedral press with four anvils -- to avoid violating a U.S. Department of Commerce secrecy order on the GE patent applications . Hall received the American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention for his work in diamond synthesis . Later developments ( edit ) An independent diamond synthesis was achieved on February 16 , 1953 in Stockholm by the ASEA ( Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget ) , one of Sweden 's major electrical manufacturing companies . Starting in 1949 , ASEA employed a team of five scientists and engineers as part of a top - secret diamond - making project code - named QUINTUS . The team used a bulky split - sphere apparatus designed by Baltzar von Platen and Anders Kämpe . Pressure was maintained within the device at an estimated 8.4 GPa for an hour . A few small diamonds were produced , but not of gem quality or size . The work was not reported until the 1980s . During the 1980s , a new competitor emerged in Korea , a company named Iljin Diamond ; it was followed by hundreds of Chinese enterprises . Iljin Diamond allegedly accomplished diamond synthesis in 1988 by misappropriating trade secrets from GE via a Korean former GE employee . A scalpel with single - crystal synthetic diamond blade Synthetic gem - quality diamond crystals were first produced in 1970 by GE , then reported in 1971 . The first successes used a pyrophyllite tube seeded at each end with thin pieces of diamond . The graphite feed material was placed in the center and the metal solvent ( nickel ) between the graphite and the seeds . The container was heated and the pressure was raised to about 5.5 GPa . The crystals grow as they flow from the center to the ends of the tube , and extending the length of the process produces larger crystals . Initially , a week - long growth process produced gem - quality stones of around 5 mm ( 1 carat or 0.2 g ) , and the process conditions had to be as stable as possible . The graphite feed was soon replaced by diamond grit because that allowed much better control of the shape of the final crystal . The first gem - quality stones were always yellow to brown in color because of contamination with nitrogen . Inclusions were common , especially `` plate - like '' ones from the nickel . Removing all nitrogen from the process by adding aluminium or titanium produced colorless `` white '' stones , and removing the nitrogen and adding boron produced blue ones . Removing nitrogen also slowed the growth process and reduced the crystalline quality , so the process was normally run with nitrogen present . Although the GE stones and natural diamonds were chemically identical , their physical properties were not the same . The colorless stones produced strong fluorescence and phosphorescence under short - wavelength ultraviolet light , but were inert under long - wave UV . Among natural diamonds , only the rarer blue gems exhibit these properties . Unlike natural diamonds , all the GE stones showed strong yellow fluorescence under X-rays . The De Beers Diamond Research Laboratory has grown stones of up to 25 carats ( 5.0 g ) for research purposes . Stable HPHT conditions were kept for six weeks to grow high - quality diamonds of this size . For economic reasons , the growth of most synthetic diamonds is terminated when they reach a mass of 1 carat ( 200 mg ) to 1.5 carats ( 300 mg ) . In the 1950s , research started in the Soviet Union and the US on the growth of diamond by pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases at the relatively low temperature of 800 ° C . This low - pressure process is known as chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) . William G. Eversole reportedly achieved vapor deposition of diamond over diamond substrate in 1953 , but it was not reported until 1962 . Diamond film deposition was independently reproduced by Angus and coworkers in 1968 and by Deryagin and Fedoseev in 1970 . Whereas Eversole and Angus used large , expensive , single - crystal diamonds as substrates , Deryagin and Fedoseev succeeded in making diamond films on non-diamond materials ( silicon and metals ) , which led to massive research on inexpensive diamond coatings in the 1980s . In recent years , there has been a rise in cases of undisclosed synthetic diamond melee being found in set jewelry and within diamond parcels sold in the trade . Due to the relatively inexpensive cost of diamond melee , as well as relative lack of universal knowledge for identifying large quantities of melee efficiently , not all dealers have made an effort to test diamond melee to correctly identify whether it is of natural or man - made origin . However , international laboratories are now beginning to tackle the issue head - on , with significant improvements in synthetic melee identification being made . Manufacturing technologies ( edit ) There are several methods used to produce synthetic diamond . The original method uses high pressure and high temperature ( HPHT ) and is still widely used because of its relatively low cost . The process involves large presses that can weigh hundreds of tons to produce a pressure of 5 GPa at 1500 ° C. The second method , using chemical vapor deposition ( CVD ) , creates a carbon plasma over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond . Other methods include explosive formation ( forming detonation nanodiamonds ) and sonication of graphite solutions . High pressure , high temperature ( edit ) Schematic of a belt press In the HPHT method , there are three main press designs used to supply the pressure and temperature necessary to produce synthetic diamond : the belt press , the cubic press and the split - sphere ( BARS ) press . Diamond seeds are placed at the bottom of the press . The internal part of press is heated above 1400 ° C and melts the solvent metal . The molten metal dissolves the high purity carbon source , which is then transported to the small diamond seeds and precipitates , forming a large synthetic diamond . The original GE invention by Tracy Hall uses the belt press wherein the upper and lower anvils supply the pressure load to a cylindrical inner cell . This internal pressure is confined radially by a belt of pre-stressed steel bands . The anvils also serve as electrodes providing electric current to the compressed cell . A variation of the belt press uses hydraulic pressure , rather than steel belts , to confine the internal pressure . Belt presses are still used today , but they are built on a much larger scale than those of the original design . The second type of press design is the cubic press . A cubic press has six anvils which provide pressure simultaneously onto all faces of a cube - shaped volume . The first multi-anvil press design was a tetrahedral press , using four anvils to converge upon a tetrahedron - shaped volume . The cubic press was created shortly thereafter to increase the volume to which pressure could be applied . A cubic press is typically smaller than a belt press and can more rapidly achieve the pressure and temperature necessary to create synthetic diamond . However , cubic presses can not be easily scaled up to larger volumes : the pressurized volume can be increased by using larger anvils , but this also increases the amount of force needed on the anvils to achieve the same pressure . An alternative is to decrease the surface area to volume ratio of the pressurized volume , by using more anvils to converge upon a higher - order platonic solid , such as a dodecahedron . However , such a press would be complex and difficult to manufacture . Schematic of a BARS system The BARS apparatus is the most compact , efficient , and economical of all the diamond - producing presses . In the center of a BARS device , there is a ceramic cylindrical `` synthesis capsule '' of about 2 cm in size . The cell is placed into a cube of pressure - transmitting material , such as pyrophyllite ceramics , which is pressed by inner anvils made from cemented carbide ( e.g. , tungsten carbide or VK10 hard alloy ) . The outer octahedral cavity is pressed by 8 steel outer anvils . After mounting , the whole assembly is locked in a disc - type barrel with a diameter about 1 meter . The barrel is filled with oil , which pressurizes upon heating , and the oil pressure is transferred to the central cell . The synthesis capsule is heated up by a coaxial graphite heater and the temperature is measured with a thermocouple . Chemical vapor deposition ( edit ) Free - standing single - crystal CVD diamond disc Chemical vapor deposition is a method by which diamond can be grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture . Since the early 1980s , this method has been the subject of intensive worldwide research . Whereas the mass - production of high - quality diamond crystals make the HPHT process the more suitable choice for industrial applications , the flexibility and simplicity of CVD setups explain the popularity of CVD growth in laboratory research . The advantages of CVD diamond growth include the ability to grow diamond over large areas and on various substrates , and the fine control over the chemical impurities and thus properties of the diamond produced . Unlike HPHT , CVD process does not require high pressures , as the growth typically occurs at pressures under 27 kPa . The CVD growth involves substrate preparation , feeding varying amounts of gases into a chamber and energizing them . The substrate preparation includes choosing an appropriate material and its crystallographic orientation ; cleaning it , often with a diamond powder to abrade a non-diamond substrate ; and optimizing the substrate temperature ( about 800 ° C ) during the growth through a series of test runs . The gases always include a carbon source , typically methane , and hydrogen with a typical ratio of 1 : 99 . Hydrogen is essential because it selectively etches off non-diamond carbon . The gases are ionized into chemically active radicals in the growth chamber using microwave power , a hot filament , an arc discharge , a welding torch , a laser , an electron beam , or other means . During the growth , the chamber materials are etched off by the plasma and can incorporate into the growing diamond . In particular , CVD diamond is often contaminated by silicon originating from the silica windows of the growth chamber or from the silicon substrate . Therefore , silica windows are either avoided or moved away from the substrate . Boron - containing species in the chamber , even at very low trace levels , also make it unsuitable for the growth of pure diamond . Detonation of explosives ( edit ) Electron micrograph ( TEM ) of detonation nanodiamond Main article : Detonation nanodiamond Diamond nanocrystals ( 5 nm in diameter ) can be formed by detonating certain carbon - containing explosives in a metal chamber . These nanocrystals are called `` detonation nanodiamond '' . During the explosion , the pressure and temperature in the chamber become high enough to convert the carbon of the explosives into diamond . Being immersed in water , the chamber cools rapidly after the explosion , suppressing conversion of newly produced diamond into more stable graphite . In a variation of this technique , a metal tube filled with graphite powder is placed in the detonation chamber . The explosion heats and compresses the graphite to an extent sufficient for its conversion into diamond . The product is always rich in graphite and other non-diamond carbon forms and requires prolonged boiling in hot nitric acid ( about 1 day at 250 ° C ) to dissolve them . The recovered nanodiamond powder is used primarily in polishing applications . It is mainly produced in China , Russia and Belarus and started reaching the market in bulk quantities by the early 2000s . Ultrasound cavitation ( edit ) Micron - sized diamond crystals can be synthesized from a suspension of graphite in organic liquid at atmospheric pressure and room temperature using ultrasonic cavitation . The diamond yield is about 10 % of the initial graphite weight . The estimated cost of diamond produced by this method is comparable to that of the HPHT method ; the crystalline perfection of the product is significantly worse for the ultrasonic synthesis . This technique requires relatively simple equipment and procedures , but it has only been reported by two research groups , and has no industrial use as of 2012 . Numerous process parameters , such as preparation of the initial graphite powder , the choice of ultrasonic power , synthesis time and the solvent , are not yet optimized , leaving a window for potential improvement of the efficiency and reduction of the cost of the ultrasonic synthesis . Properties ( edit ) Traditionally , the absence of crystal flaws is considered to be the most important quality of a diamond . Purity and high crystalline perfection make diamonds transparent and clear , whereas its hardness , optical dispersion ( luster ) and chemical stability ( combined with marketing ) , make it a popular gemstone . High thermal conductivity is also important for technical applications . Whereas high optical dispersion is an intrinsic property of all diamonds , their other properties vary depending on how the diamond was created . Crystallinity ( edit ) Diamond can be one single , continuous crystal or it can be made up of many smaller crystals ( polycrystal ) . Large , clear and transparent single - crystal diamonds are typically used in gemstones . Polycrystalline diamond ( PCD ) consists of numerous small grains , which are easily seen by the naked eye through strong light absorption and scattering ; it is unsuitable for gems and is used for industrial applications such as mining and cutting tools . Polycrystalline diamond is often described by the average size ( or grain size ) of the crystals that make it up . Grain sizes range from nanometers to hundreds of micrometers , usually referred to as `` nanocrystalline '' and `` microcrystalline '' diamond , respectively . Hardness ( edit ) Synthetic diamond is the hardest known material , where hardness is defined as resistance to indentation . The hardness of synthetic diamond depends on its purity , crystalline perfection and orientation : hardness is higher for flawless , pure crystals oriented to the ( 111 ) direction ( along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice ) . Nanocrystalline diamond produced through CVD diamond growth can have a hardness ranging from 30 % to 75 % of that of single crystal diamond , and the hardness can be controlled for specific applications . Some synthetic single - crystal diamonds and HPHT nanocrystalline diamonds ( see hyperdiamond ) are harder than any known natural diamond . Impurities and inclusions ( edit ) Main article : Crystallographic defects in diamond Every diamond contains atoms other than carbon in concentrations detectable by analytical techniques . Those atoms can aggregate into macroscopic phases called inclusions . Impurities are generally avoided , but can be introduced intentionally as a way to control certain properties of the diamond . Growth processes of synthetic diamond , using solvent - catalysts , generally lead to formation of a number of impurity - related complex centers , involving transition metal atoms ( such as nickel , cobalt or iron ) , which affect the electronic properties of the material . For instance , pure diamond is an electrical insulator , but diamond with boron added is an electrical conductor ( and , in some cases , a superconductor ) , allowing it to be used in electronic applications . Nitrogen impurities hinder movement of lattice dislocations ( defects within the crystal structure ) and put the lattice under compressive stress , thereby increasing hardness and toughness . Thermal conductivity ( edit ) Unlike most electrical insulators , pure diamond is a good conductor of heat because of the strong covalent bonding within the crystal . The thermal conductivity of pure diamond is the highest of any known solid . Single crystals of synthetic diamond enriched in 12 ( 99.9 % ) , isotopically pure diamond , have the highest thermal conductivity of any material , 30 W / cm K at room temperature , 7.5 times higher than copper . Natural diamond 's conductivity is reduced by 1.1 % by the 13 naturally present , which acts as an inhomogeneity in the lattice . Diamond 's thermal conductivity is made use of by jewelers and gemologists who may employ an electronic thermal probe to separate diamonds from their imitations . These probes consist of a pair of battery - powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip . One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip : if the stone being tested is a diamond , it will conduct the tip 's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop . This test takes about 2 -- 3 seconds . Applications ( edit ) Machining and cutting tools ( edit ) Diamonds in an angle grinder blade Most industrial applications of synthetic diamond have long been associated with their hardness ; this property makes diamond the ideal material for machine tools and cutting tools . As the hardest known naturally occurring material , diamond can be used to polish , cut , or wear away any material , including other diamonds . Common industrial applications of this ability include diamond - tipped drill bits and saws , and the use of diamond powder as an abrasive . These are by far the largest industrial applications of synthetic diamond . While natural diamond is also used for these purposes , synthetic HPHT diamond is more popular , mostly because of better reproducibility of its mechanical properties . Diamond is not suitable for machining ferrous alloys at high speeds , as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high - speed machining , leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives . The usual form of diamond in cutting tools is micrometer - sized grains dispersed in a metal matrix ( usually cobalt ) sintered onto the tool . This is typically referred to in industry as polycrystalline diamond ( PCD ) . PCD - tipped tools can be found in mining and cutting applications . For the past fifteen years , work has been done to coat metallic tools with CVD diamond , and though the work still shows promise it has not significantly replaced traditional PCD tools . Thermal conductor ( edit ) Most materials with high thermal conductivity are also electrically conductive , such as metals . In contrast , pure synthetic diamond has high thermal conductivity , but negligible electrical conductivity . This combination is invaluable for electronics where diamond is used as a heat sink for high - power laser diodes , laser arrays and high - power transistors . Efficient heat dissipation prolongs the lifetime of those electronic devices , and the devices ' high replacement costs justify the use of efficient , though relatively expensive , diamond heat sinks . In semiconductor technology , synthetic diamond heat spreaders prevent silicon and other semiconducting materials from overheating . Optical material ( edit ) Diamond is hard , chemically inert , and has high thermal conductivity and a low coefficient of thermal expansion . These properties make diamond superior to any other existing window material used for transmitting infrared and microwave radiation . Therefore , synthetic diamond is starting to replace zinc selenide as the output window of high - power CO lasers and gyrotrons . Those synthetic polycrystalline diamond windows are shaped as disks of large diameters ( about 10 cm for gyrotrons ) and small thicknesses ( to reduce absorption ) and can only be produced with the CVD technique . Single crystal slabs of dimensions of length up to approximately 10 mm are becoming increasingly important in several areas of optics including heatspreaders inside laser cavities , diffractive optics and as the optical gain medium in Raman lasers . Recent advances in the HPHT and CVD synthesis techniques have improved the purity and crystallographic structure perfection of single - crystalline diamond enough to replace silicon as a diffraction grating and window material in high - power radiation sources , such as synchrotrons . Both the CVD and HPHT processes are also used to create designer optically transparent diamond anvils as a tool for measuring electric and magnetic properties of materials at ultra high pressures using a diamond anvil cell . Electronics ( edit ) Synthetic diamond has potential uses as a semiconductor , because it can be doped with impurities like boron and phosphorus . Since these elements contain one more or one less valence electron than carbon , they turn synthetic diamond into p - type or n - type semiconductor . Making ap -- n junction by sequential doping of synthetic diamond with boron and phosphorus produces light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) producing UV light of 235 nm . Another useful property of synthetic diamond for electronics is high carrier mobility , which reaches 4500 cm / ( V s ) for electrons in single - crystal CVD diamond . High mobility is favourable for high - frequency operation and field - effect transistors made from diamond have already demonstrated promising high - frequency performance above 50 GHz . The wide band gap of diamond ( 5.5 eV ) gives it excellent dielectric properties . Combined with the high mechanical stability of diamond , those properties are being used in prototype high - power switches for power stations . Synthetic diamond transistors have been produced in the laboratory . They are functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices , and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage . While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics , they are promising for use in exceptionally high - power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments . Synthetic diamond is already used as radiation detection device . It is radiation hard and has a wide bandgap of 5.5 eV ( at room temperature ) . Diamond is also distinguished from most other semiconductors by the lack of a stable native oxide . This makes it difficult to fabricate surface MOS devices , but it does create the potential for UV radiation to gain access to the active semiconductor without absorption in a surface layer . Because of these properties , it is employed in applications such as the BaBar detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator and BOLD ( Blind to the Optical Light Detectors for VUV solar observations ) . A diamond VUV detector recently was used in the European LYRA program . Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances . Photochemical methods have been developed for covalently linking DNA to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD . Such DNA modified films can be used for detecting various biomolecules , which would interact with DNA thereby changing electrical conductivity of the diamond film . In addition , diamonds can be used to detect redox reactions that can not ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox - reactive organic contaminants in water supplies . Because diamond is mechanically and chemically stable , it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials . As an electrode , synthetic diamond can be used in waste water treatment of organic effluents and the production of strong oxidants . Gemstones ( edit ) Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition Synthetic diamonds for use as gemstones are grown by HPHT or CVD methods , and currently represent approximately 2 % of the gem - quality diamond market . However , there are indications that the market share of synthetic jewelry - quality diamonds may grow as advances in technology allows for larger higher - quality synthetic production on a more economic scale . They are available in yellow and blue , and to a lesser extent colorless ( or white ) . The yellow color comes from nitrogen impurities in the manufacturing process , while the blue color comes from boron . Other colors , such as pink or green , are achievable after synthesis using irradiation . Several companies also offer memorial diamonds grown using cremated remains . Gem - quality diamonds grown in a lab can be chemically , physically and optically identical to naturally occurring ones . The mined diamond industry has undertaken legal , marketing and distribution countermeasures to protect its market from the emerging presence of synthetic diamonds . Synthetic diamonds can be distinguished by spectroscopy in the infrared , ultraviolet , or X-ray wavelengths . The DiamondView tester from De Beers uses UV fluorescence to detect trace impurities of nitrogen , nickel or other metals in HPHT or CVD diamonds . At least one maker of laboratory - grown diamonds has made public statements about being `` committed to disclosure '' of the nature of its diamonds , and laser - inscribes serial numbers on all of its gemstones . The company web site shows an example of the lettering of one of its laser inscriptions , which includes both the words `` Gemesis created '' and the serial number prefix `` LG '' ( laboratory grown ) . In May 2015 , a record was set for an HPHT colorless diamond at 10.02 carats . The faceted jewel was cut from a 32.2 - carat stone that was grown within 300 hours . Traditional diamond mining has led to human - rights abuses in Africa and elsewhere . The 2006 Hollywood movie Blood Diamond helped to publicize the situation . Consumer demand for synthetic diamonds is increasing , albeit from a small base , as customers look for stones which are ethically sound , and are cheaper . According to a report from the Gem & Jewellery Export Promotional Council , synthetic diamonds accounted for 0.28 % of diamond produced for use as gem stones in 2014 . Lab diamond jewellery is sold in the United States by brands including Pure Grown Diamonds ( formerly known as Gemesis ) and Lab Diamonds Direct ; and in the UK by Nightingale online jewellers . Synthetic diamonds sold as jewelry typically sell for 15 -- 20 % less than natural equivalents , but the relative price is expected to decline further as production economics improve . See also ( edit ) Diamond simulant Diamond enhancement List of synthetic diamond manufacturers Material properties of diamond Moissanite Poly ( hydridocarbyne ) Shelby Gem Factory The Diamond Maker ( 1895 ) : a short story by H.G. Wells inspired by Hannay and Moissan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 16 C.F.R. Part 23 : Guides For The Jewelry , Precious Metals , and Pewter Industries : Federal Trade Commission Letter Declining To Amend The Guides With Respect To Use Of The Term `` Cultured '' , U.S. Federal Trade Commission , July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zimnisky , Paul ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply '' . Resource Investor . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tennant , Smithson ( 1797 ) . `` On the nature of the diamond '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 87 : 123 -- 127 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1797.0005 . See also : Lavoisier ( 1772 ) `` Premier mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu '' ( First memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire ) , Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences . Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique ( History of the Royal Academy of Sciences . With the Memoirs of Mathematics and Physics ) , part 2 , 564 -- 591 . Lavoisier ( 1772 ) `` Second mémoire sur la destruction du diamant par le feu '' ( Second memoir on the destruction of diamond by fire ) , Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences . Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique , part 2 , 591 -- 616 . Jump up ^ As early as 1828 , investigators claimed to have synthesized diamonds : Procès - verbaux des séances de l'Académie ( Académie des sciences ) ( Minutes of the meetings of the ( French ) Academy of Sciences ) , November 3 , 1828 , volume 9 , page 137 : `` Il est donné lecture d'une lettre de M. Gannal qui communique quelques recherches sur l'action du phosphore mis en contact avec le carbure de soufre pur , et sur le produit des ses espériences qui ont offert des propriétés semblables à celles de particules de diamant . '' ( There was given a reading of a letter from Mr. Gannal , who communicated some investigations into the action of phosphorus placed in contact with pure carbon disulfide , and into the product of his experiments , which have presented properties similar to those of particles of diamond . ) `` Artificial production of real diamonds , '' Mechanics ' Magazine , 10 ( 278 ) : 300 -- 301 ( December 6 , 1828 ) . Procès - verbaux des séances de l'Académie ( Académie des sciences ) , November 10 , 1828 , volume 9 , page 140 : `` M. Arago communique une note de M. Cagniard de Latour , par laquelle ce physician déclare qu'il a de son côté réussi à faire cristalliser le carbone par des méthodes différentes de celles de M. Gannal , et qu'un paquet cacheté qu'il a déposé au Secrétariat en 1824 contient le détail de ses premiers procédés . M. Arago annonce qu'il connaît une autre personne qui est arrivée à des résultats semblables , et M. Gay - Lussac fait connaître que M. Gannal lui avait parlé depuis plus de huit ans de ses tentatives . '' ( Mr. Arago communicated a note from Mr. Cagniard de Latour , in which this physicist states that he has , on his part , succeeded in making carbon crystallize by methods different from those of Mr. Gannal , and that a sealed packet which he deposited with the Secretary in 1824 contains the details of his initial procedures . Mr. Arago announced that he knew another person who had arrived at similar results , and Mr. Gay - Lussac announced that Mr. Ganal had spoken to him eight years ago about his attempts . ) Procès - verbaux des séances de l'Académie ( Académie des sciences ) , December 1 , 1828 , volume 9 , page 151 : `` M. Thenard donne lecture du procès verbal des expériences faites le 26 Novembre 1828 sur la Poudre présentée comme diamant artificiel , par M. Cagniard de Latour . '' ( Mr. Thenard gave a reading of the minutes of experiments made on November 26 , 1828 on the powder presented as artificial diamond by Mr. Cagniard de Latour . ) Jump up ^ Hannay , J.B. ( 1879 ) . `` On the Artificial Formation of the Diamond '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond. 30 ( 200 -- 205 ) : 450 -- 461 . JSTOR 113601 . doi : 10.1098 / rspl. 1879.0144 . Jump up ^ Royère , C. ( 1999 ) . `` The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years : connection with the electric furnace , the solar furnace , the plasma furnace ? '' . Annales pharmaceutiques françaises. 57 ( 2 ) : 116 -- 30 . PMID 10365467 . Jump up ^ Moissan , H. ( 1894 ) . `` Nouvelles expériences sur la reproduction du diamant '' . Comptes Rendus. 118 : 320 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Crookes , William ( 1909 ) . Diamonds . London and New York 's Harper Brothers . pp. 140 ff . Jump up ^ Ruff , O. ( 1917 ) . `` Über die Bildung von Diamanten '' . Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 99 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 104 . doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 19170990109 . Jump up ^ Nassau , K. ( 1980 ) . Gems made by Man . Chilton Book Co. pp. 12 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hershey , J. Willard ( 2004 ) . The Book of Diamonds : Their Curious Lore , Properties , Tests and Synthetic Manufacture . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 123 -- 130 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 7715 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hershey , J. Willard ( 1940 ) . Book of Diamonds . Heathside Press , New York . pp. 127 -- 132 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41816 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Science '' . mcphersonmuseum.com . ^ Jump up to : Lonsdale , K. ( 1962 ) . `` Further Comments on Attempts by H. Moissan , J.B. Hannay and Sir Charles Parsons to Make Diamonds in the Laboratory '' . Nature . 196 ( 4850 ) : 104 -- 106 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 196 ... 104L . doi : 10.1038 / 196104a0 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , p. 473 Jump up ^ Feigelson , R.S. ( 2004 ) . 50 years progress in crystal growth : a reprint collection . Elsevier . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51650 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Parson , C.A. ( 1907 ) . `` Some notes on carbon at high temperatures and pressures '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 79a ( 533 ) : 532 -- 535 . Bibcode : 1907RSPSA ... 79 ... 532P . JSTOR 92683 . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1907.0062 . Jump up ^ Desch , C.H. ( 1928 ) . `` The Problem of Artificial Production of Diamonds '' . Nature . 121 ( 3055 ) : 799 -- 800 . Bibcode : 1928Natur. 121 ... 799C . doi : 10.1038 / 121799a0 . ^ Jump up to : Hazen , R.M. ( 1999 ) . The diamond makers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 100 -- 113 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65474 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , p. 474 ^ Jump up to : Bovenkerk , H.P. ; Bundy , F.P. ; Chrenko , R.M. ; Codella , P.J. ; Strong , H.M. ; Wentorf , R.H. ( 1993 ) . `` Errors in diamond synthesis '' . Nature . 365 ( 6441 ) : 19 . Bibcode : 1993Natur. 365 ... 19B . doi : 10.1038 / 365019a0 . Jump up ^ Hall , H.T. ( 1960 ) . `` Ultra-high pressure apparatus '' ( PDF ) . Rev. Sci. Instr. 31 ( 2 ) : 125 . Bibcode : 1960RScI ... 31 ... 125H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1716907 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bundy , F.P. ; Hall , H.T. ; Strong , H.M. and Wentorf , R.H. ; Hall ; Strong ; Wentorf ( 1955 ) . `` Man - made diamonds '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 176 ( 4471 ) : 51 -- 55 . Bibcode : 1955Natur. 176 ... 51B . doi : 10.1038 / 176051a0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 8 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bovenkerk , H.P. ; Bundy , F.P. ; Hall , H.T. ; Strong , H.M. and Wentorf , R.H. ; Bundy ; Hall ; Strong ; Wentorf ( 1959 ) . `` Preparation of diamond '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 184 ( 4693 ) : 1094 -- 1098 . Bibcode : 1959Natur. 184.1094 B . doi : 10.1038 / 1841094a0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 8 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 40 -- 43 Jump up ^ `` ACS Award for Creative Invention '' . American Chemical Society . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Liander , H. & Lundblad , E. ( 1955 ) . `` Artificial diamonds '' . ASEA Journal . 28 : 97 . Jump up ^ Barnard , pp. 31 -- 33 Jump up ^ General Electric v. Sung , 843 F. Supp. 776 : `` granting production injunction against Iljin Diamond '' cited in Epstein , M.A. ( 1998 ) . Epstein on intellectual property . Aspen Publishers Online . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 7355 - 0319 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hannas , W.C. ( 2003 ) . The writing on the wall . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3711 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , R.C. ; Cvetkovic , V. and Dodge , C.N. ; Cvetkovic ; Dodge ; Evans ; Rooney ( 1990 ) . `` Growth - sector dependence of optical features in large synthetic diamonds '' . Journal of Crystal Growth . 104 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 279 . Bibcode : 1990JCrGr. 104 ... 257B . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0248 ( 90 ) 90126 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barnard , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : Abbaschian , Reza ; Zhu , Henry ; Clarke , Carter ( 2005 ) . `` High pressure - high temperature growth of diamond crystals using split sphere apparatus '' . Diam . Rel . Mater. 14 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1916 -- 1919 . Bibcode : 2005DRM ... 14.1916 A . doi : 10.1016 / j. diamond. 2005.09. 007 . Jump up ^ Eversole , W.G. ( April 17 , 1962 ) `` Synthesis of diamond '' U.S. Patent 3,030,188 Jump up ^ Angus , John C. ; Will , Herbert A. ; Stanko , Wayne S. ( 1968 ) . `` Growth of Diamond Seed Crystals by Vapor Deposition '' . J. Appl . Phys. 39 ( 6 ) : 2915 . Bibcode : 1968JAP ... 39.2915 A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1656693 . Jump up ^ Deryagin , B.V. and Fedoseev , D.V. ; Fedoseev ( 1970 ) . `` Epitaxial Synthesis of Diamond in the Metastable Region '' . Rus . Chem. Rev. 39 . 39 ( 9 ) : 783 -- 788 . Bibcode : 1970RuCRv ... 39 ... 783D . doi : 10.1070 / RC1970v039n09ABEH002022 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Spear and Dismukes , pp. 265 -- 266 Jump up ^ `` Industry worries about undisclosed synthetic melee '' . JCKOnline . jckonline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Melee definition '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss lab introduces melee identifier '' . National Jeweler . National Jeweler . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Werner , M ; Locher , R ( 1998 ) . `` Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films '' . Rep. Prog . Phys. 61 ( 12 ) : 1665 -- 1710 . Bibcode : 1998RPPh ... 61.1665 W . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 61 / 12 / 002 . ^ Jump up to : Osawa , E ( 2007 ) . `` Recent progress and perspectives in single - digit nanodiamond '' . Diamond and Related Materials. 16 ( 12 ) : 2018 -- 2022 . Bibcode : 2007DRM ... 16.2018 O . doi : 10.1016 / j. diamond. 2007.08. 008 . ^ Jump up to : Galimov , É . M. ; Kudin , A.M. ; Skorobogatskii , V.N. ; Plotnichenko , V.G. ; Bondarev , O.L. ; Zarubin , B.G. ; Strazdovskii , V.V. ; Aronin , A.S. ; Fisenko , A.V. ; Bykov , I.V. ; Barinov , A. Yu. ( 2004 ) . `` Experimental Corroboration of the Synthesis of Diamond in the Cavitation Process '' . Doklady Physics. 49 ( 3 ) : 150 -- 153 . Bibcode : 2004DokPh ... 49 ... 150G . doi : 10.1134 / 1.1710678 . ^ Jump up to : `` HPHT synthesis '' . International Diamond Laboratories . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnard , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Ito , E. ( 2007 ) . G. Schubert , ed . Multianvil cells and high - pressure experimental methods , in Treatise of Geophysics. 2 . Elsevier , Amsterdam . pp. 197 -- 230 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 2275 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hall , H.T. ( 1958 ) . `` Ultrahigh - Pressure Research : At ultrahigh pressures new and sometimes unexpected chemical and physical events occur '' . Science . 128 ( 3322 ) : 445 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1958Sci ... 128 ... 445H . JSTOR 1756408 . PMID 17834381 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 128.3322. 445 . Jump up ^ Loshak , M.G. & Alexandrova , L.I. ( 2001 ) . `` Rise in the efficiency of the use of cemented carbides as a matrix of diamond - containing studs of rock destruction tool '' . Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 19 : 5 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0263 - 4368 ( 00 ) 00039 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pal'Yanov , N. ; Sokol , A.G. ; Borzdov , M. ; Khokhryakov , A.F. ( 2002 ) . `` Fluid - bearing alkaline carbonate melts as the medium for the formation of diamonds in the Earth 's mantle : an experimental study '' . Lithos. 60 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 145 -- 159 . Bibcode : 2002Litho ... 60 ... 145P . doi : 10.1016 / S0024 - 4937 ( 01 ) 00079 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Koizumi , S. ; Nebel , C.E. & Nesladek , M. ( 2008 ) . Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond . Wiley VCH . p. 50 ; 200 -- 240 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40801 - 0 . Jump up ^ Barjon , J. ; Rzepka , E. ; Jomard , F. ; Laroche , J. - M. ; Ballutaud , D. ; Kociniewski , T. ; Chevallier , J. ( 2005 ) . `` Silicon incorporation in CVD diamond layers '' . Physica Status Solidi ( a ) . 202 ( 11 ) : 2177 -- 2181 . Bibcode : 2005PSSAR. 202.2177 B . doi : 10.1002 / pssa. 200561920 . Jump up ^ Kopf , R.F. , ed. ( 2003 ) . State - of - the - Art Program on Compound Semiconductors XXXIX and Nitride and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Sensors , Photonics and Electronics IV : proceedings of the Electrochemical Society . 2003 -- 2011 . The Electrochemical Society . p. 363 . ISBN 1 - 56677 - 391 - 1 . Jump up ^ Iakoubovskii , K. ; Baidakova , M.V. ; Wouters , B.H. ; Stesmans , A. ; Adriaenssens , G.J. ; Vul ' , A. Ya. ; Grobet , P.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Structure and defects of detonation synthesis nanodiamond '' ( PDF ) . Diamond and Related Materials. 9 ( 3 -- 6 ) : 861 -- 865 . Bibcode : 2000DRM ... 9 ... 861I . doi : 10.1016 / S0925 - 9635 ( 99 ) 00354 - 4 . Jump up ^ Decarli , P. and Jamieson , J. ; Jamieson ( June 1961 ) . `` Formation of Diamond by Explosive Shock '' . Science . 133 ( 3467 ) : 1821 -- 1822 . Bibcode : 1961Sci ... 133.1821 D. PMID 17818997 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 133.3467. 1821 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dolmatov , V. Yu. ( 2006 ) . `` Development of a rational technology for synthesis of high - quality detonation nanodiamonds '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 79 ( 12 ) : 1913 -- 1918 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427206120019 . Jump up ^ Khachatryan , A.Kh. ; Aloyan , S.G. ; May , P.W. ; Sargsyan , R. ; Khachatryan , V.A. ; Baghdasaryan , V.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Graphite - to - diamond transformation induced by ultrasonic cavitation '' . Diam . Relat . Mater. 17 ( 6 ) : 931 -- 936 . Bibcode : 2008DRM ... 17 ... 931K . doi : 10.1016 / j. diamond. 2008.01. 112 . Jump up ^ Spear and Dismukes , pp. 308 -- 309 Jump up ^ Zoski , Cynthia G. ( 2007 ) . Handbook of Electrochemistry . Elsevier . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51958 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Blank , V. ; Popov , M. ; Pivovarov , G. ; Lvova , N. ; Gogolinsky , K. ; Reshetov , V. ( 1998 ) . `` Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60 : comparison with diamond on hardness and wear '' ( PDF ) . Diamond and Related Materials. 7 ( 2 -- 5 ) : 427 -- 431 . Bibcode : 1998DRM ... 7 ... 427B . doi : 10.1016 / S0925 - 9635 ( 97 ) 00232 - X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Neves , A.J. & Nazaré , M.H. ( 2001 ) . Properties , Growth and Applications of Diamond . IET . pp. 142 -- 147 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumiya , H. ( 2005 ) . `` Super-hard diamond indenter prepared from high - purity synthetic diamond crystal '' . Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76 ( 2 ) : 026112 -- 026112 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2005RScI ... 76b6112S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1850654 . Jump up ^ Yan , Chih - Shiue ; Mao , Ho - Kwang ; Li , Wei ; Qian , Jiang ; Zhao , Yusheng ; Hemley , Russell J. ( 2005 ) . `` Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition '' . Physica Status Solidi ( a ) . 201 ( 4 ) : R25 . Bibcode : 2004PSSAR. 201R ... 25Y . doi : 10.1002 / pssa. 200409033 . Jump up ^ Larico , R. ; Justo , J.F. ; Machado , W.V.M. ; Assali , L.V.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Electronic properties and hyperfine fields of nickel - related complexes in diamond '' . Phys. Rev. B. 79 ( 11 ) : 115202 . Bibcode : 2009PhRvB ... 79k5202L . arXiv : 1208.3207 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 79.115202 . Jump up ^ Assali , L.V.C. ; Machado , W.V.M. ; Justo , J.F. ( 2011 ) . `` 3d transition metal impurities in diamond : electronic properties and chemical trends '' . Phys. Rev. B. 84 ( 15 ) : 155205 . Bibcode : 2011PhRvB ... 84o5205A . arXiv : 1307.3278 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 84.155205 . Jump up ^ Ekimov , E.A. ; Sidorov , V.A. ; Bauer , E.D. ; Mel'Nik , N.N. ; Curro , N.J. ; Thompson , J.D. ; Stishov , S.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Superconductivity in diamond '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 428 ( 6982 ) : 542 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 428 ... 542E . PMID 15057827 . arXiv : cond - mat / 0404156 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02449 . Jump up ^ Catledge , S.A. ; Vohra , Yogesh K. ( 1999 ) . `` Effect of nitrogen addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diamond films grown using high - methane concentrations '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 86 : 698 . Bibcode : 1999JAP ... 86 ... 698C . doi : 10.1063 / 1.370787 . Jump up ^ Wei , Lanhua ; Kuo , P. ; Thomas , R. ; Anthony , T. ; Banholzer , W. ( 1993 ) . `` Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond '' . Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 ( 24 ) : 3764 -- 3767 . Bibcode : 1993PhRvL ... 70.3764 W . PMID 10053956 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 70.3764 . Jump up ^ Wenckus , J.F. ( December 18 , 1984 ) `` Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond '' U.S. Patent 4,488,821 Jump up ^ Holtzapffel , C. ( 1856 ) . Turning And Mechanical Manipulation . Holtzapffel . pp. 176 -- 178 . ISBN 1 - 879335 - 39 - 5 . Jump up ^ Coelho , R.T. ; Yamada , S. ; Aspinwall , D.K. ; Wise , M.L.H. ( 1995 ) . `` The application of polycrystalline diamond ( PCD ) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum - based alloys including MMC '' . International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 35 ( 5 ) : 761 -- 774 . doi : 10.1016 / 0890 - 6955 ( 95 ) 93044 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , W. ; Sein , H. ; Ali , N. ; Gracio , J. ; Woodwards , R. ( 2003 ) . `` Diamond films grown on cemented WC - Co dental burs using an improved CVD method '' . Diamond and Related Materials. 12 ( 8 ) : 1300 -- 1306 . Bibcode : 2003DRM ... 12.1300 A . doi : 10.1016 / S0925 - 9635 ( 03 ) 00074 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sakamoto , M. ; Endriz , J.G. & Scifres , D.R. ( 1992 ) . `` 120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs ( 800 nm ) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink '' . Electronics Letters. 28 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 199 . doi : 10.1049 / el : 19920123 . Jump up ^ Ravi , Kramadhati V. et al. ( August 2 , 2005 ) `` Diamond - silicon hybrid integrated heat spreader '' U.S. Patent 6,924,170 Jump up ^ Harris , D.C. ( 1999 ) . Materials for infrared windows and domes : properties and performance . SPIE Press . pp. 303 -- 334 . ISBN 0 - 8194 - 3482 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The diamond window for a milli - wave zone high power electromagnetic wave output '' . New Diamond . 15 : 27 . 1999 . ISSN 1340 - 4792 . Jump up ^ Nusinovich , G.S. ( 2004 ) . Introduction to the physics of gyrotrons . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7921 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mildren , Richard P. ; Sabella , Alexander ; Kitzler , Ondrej ; Spence , David J. and McKay , Aaron M. `` Ch. 8 Diamond Raman Laser Design and Performance '' . In Mildren , Rich P. and Rabeau , James R. Optical Engineering of Diamond . Wiley . pp. 239 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 352764860 - 3 . doi : 10.1002 / 9783527648603. ch8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Khounsary , Ali M. ; Smither , Robert K. ; Davey , Steve ; Purohit , Ankor ; Smither ; Davey ; Purohit ( 1992 ) . Khounsary , Ali M , ed . `` Diamond Monochromator for High Heat Flux Synchrotron X-ray Beams '' . Proc. SPIE . High Heat Flux Engineering . 1739 : 628 -- 642 . Bibcode : 1993SPIE. 1739 ... 628K . doi : 10.1117 / 12.140532 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Heartwig , J. ; et al. ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Diamonds for Modern Synchrotron Radiation Sources '' . European Synchrotron Radiation Facility . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jackson , D.D. ; Aracne - Ruddle , C. ; Malba , V. ; Weir , S.T. ; Catledge , S.A. ; Vohra , Y.K. ( 2003 ) . `` Magnetic susceptibility measurements at high pressure using designer diamond anvils '' . Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74 ( 4 ) : 2467 . Bibcode : 2003RScI ... 74.2467 J . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1544084 . Jump up ^ Denisenko , A. and Kohn , E. ; Kohn ( 2005 ) . `` Diamond power devices . Concepts and limits '' . Diamond and Related Materials. 14 ( 3 -- 7 ) : 491 -- 498 . Bibcode : 2005DRM ... 14 ... 491D . doi : 10.1016 / j. diamond. 2004.12. 043 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Koizumi , S. ; Watanabe , K ; Hasegawa , M ; Kanda , H ( 2001 ) . `` Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction '' . Science . 292 ( 5523 ) : 1899 -- 901 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292.1899 K. PMID 11397942 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1060258 . Jump up ^ Isberg , J. ; Hammersberg , J ; Johansson , E ; Wikström , T ; Twitchen , DJ ; Whitehead , AJ ; Coe , SE ; Scarsbrook , GA ( 2002 ) . `` High Carrier Mobility in Single - Crystal Plasma - Deposited Diamond '' . Science . 297 ( 5587 ) : 1670 -- 2 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 297.1670 I . PMID 12215638 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1074374 . Jump up ^ Russell , S.A.O. ; Sharabi , S. ; Tallaire , A. ; Moran , D.A.J. ( 2012 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Hydrogen - Terminated Diamond Field - Effect Transistors With Cutoff Frequency of 53 GHz '' . IEEE Electron Device Letters. 33 ( 10 ) : 1471 -- 1473 . Bibcode : 2012IEDL ... 33.1471 R . doi : 10.1109 / LED. 2012.2210020 . Jump up ^ Ueda , K. ; Kasu , M. ; Yamauchi , Y. ; Makimoto , T. ; Schwitters , M. ; Twitchen , D.J. ; Scarsbrook , G.A. ; Coe , S.E. ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Diamond FET using high - quality polycrystalline diamond with fT of 45 GHz and fmax of 120 GHz '' . IEEE Electron Device Letters. 27 ( 7 ) : 570 -- 572 . Bibcode : 2006IEDL ... 27 ... 570U . doi : 10.1109 / LED. 2006.876325 . Jump up ^ Isberg , J. ; Gabrysch , M. ; Tajani , A. & Twitchen , D.J. ( 2006 ) . `` High - field Electrical Transport in Single Crystal CVD Diamond Diodes '' . Advances in Science and Technology . 48 : 73 -- 76 . doi : 10.4028 / www.scientific.net/AST.48.73 . Jump up ^ Railkar , T.A. ; Kang , W.P. ; Windischmann , Henry ; Malshe , A.P. ; Naseem , H.A. ; Davidson , J.L. ; Brown , W.D. ( 2000 ) . `` A critical review of chemical vapor - deposited ( CVD ) diamond for electronic applications '' . Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences . 25 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 277 . Bibcode : 2000CRSSM ... 25 ... 163R . doi : 10.1080 / 10408430008951119 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , David ( August 4 , 2011 ) `` Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments '' , Vanderbilt University Research News . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucciolini , M. ; Borchi , E ; Bruzzi , M ; Casati , M ; Cirrone , P ; Cuttone , G ; Deangelis , C ; Lovik , I ; Onori , S ; Raffaele , L. ; Sciortino , S. ( 2005 ) . `` Diamond dosimetry : Outcomes of the CANDIDO and CONRADINFN projects '' . Nuclear Instruments and Methods A. 552 : 189 -- 196 . Bibcode : 2005NIMPA. 552 ... 189B . doi : 10.1016 / j. nima. 2005.06. 030 . Jump up ^ `` Blind to the Optical Light Detectors '' . Royal Observatory of Belgium . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Benmoussa , A ; Soltani , A ; Haenen , K ; Kroth , U ; Mortet , V ; Barkad , HA ; Bolsee , D ; Hermans , C ; Richter , M ; De Jaeger , JC ; Hochedez , JF ( 2008 ) . `` New developments on diamond photodetector for VUV Solar Observations '' . Semiconductor Science and Technology . 23 ( 3 ) : 035026 . Bibcode : 2008SeScT ... 23c5026B . doi : 10.1088 / 0268 - 1242 / 23 / 3 / 035026 . Jump up ^ Panizza , M. & Cerisola , G. ( 2005 ) . `` Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes '' . Electrochimica Acta. 51 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 199 . doi : 10.1016 / j. electacta. 2005.04. 023 . Jump up ^ Nebel , C.E. ; Uetsuka , H. ; Rezek , B. ; Shin , D. ; Tokuda , N. ; Nakamura , T. ( 2007 ) . `` Inhomogeneous DNA bonding to polycrystalline CVD diamond '' . Diamond and Related Materials. 16 ( 8 ) : 1648 -- 1651 . Bibcode : 2007DRM ... 16.1648 N . doi : 10.1016 / j. diamond. 2007.02. 015 . Jump up ^ Gandini , D. ( 2000 ) . `` Oxidation of carbonylic acids at boron - doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment '' . Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 20 ( 12 ) : 1345 -- 1350 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026526729357 . Jump up ^ Michaud , P. - A. ( 2000 ) . `` Preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using Boron - Doped Diamond thin film electrodes '' . Electrochemical and Solid - State Letters. 3 ( 2 ) : 77 . doi : 10.1149 / 1.1390963 . ^ Jump up to : Yarnell , Amanda ( February 2 , 2004 ) . `` The Many Facets of Man - Made Diamonds '' . Chemical & Engineering News . American Chemical Society . 82 ( 5 ) : 26 -- 31 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v082n005. p026 . Jump up ^ `` How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market '' . Kitco . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zimnisky , Paul ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Global Rough Diamond Production Estimated to Hit Over 135M Carats in 2015 '' . Kitco Commentary . Kitco . Jump up ^ Walker , J. ( 1979 ) . `` Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond '' . Rep. Prog . Phys. 42 ( 10 ) : 1605 -- 1659 . Bibcode : 1979RPPh ... 42.1605 W . doi : 10.1088 / 0034 - 4885 / 42 / 10 / 001 . Jump up ^ Collins , A.T. ; Connor , A. ; Ly , C-H. ; Shareef , A. ; Spear , P.M. ( 2005 ) . `` High - temperature annealing of optical centers in type - I diamond '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 97 ( 8 ) : 083517 . Bibcode : 2005JAP ... 97h3517C . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1866501 . More than one of pages = and page = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Memorial Diamonds Deliver Eternal Life '' . Reuters . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case '' . Associated Press via MSNBC.com . July 13 , 2004 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pressler , Margaret Webb ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` DeBeers Pleads to Price - Fixing : Firm Pays $10 million , Can Fully Reenter U.S. '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , p. 115 Jump up ^ Laboratory Grown Diamond Report for Gemesis diamond , International Gemological Institute , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Company Grows 10 Carat Synthetic Diamond . Jckonline.com ( May 27 , 2015 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Hannah ; Biesheuvel , Thomas ; Elmquist , Sonja ( August 27 , 2015 ) `` Want to Make a Diamond in Just 10 Weeks ? Use a Microwave '' , Businessweek . Jump up ^ `` Synthetic Diamonds -- Promoting Fair Trade '' ( PDF ) . gjepc.org . The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shine Bright Like a Diamond : Nightingales '' . oneandother.com . One&Other . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Zimnisky , Paul ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` A New Diamond Industry '' . Mining Journal ( London ) . The Mining Journal ( trade magazine ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Barnard , A.S. ( 2000 ) . The diamond formula : diamond synthesis - a gemological perspective . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 4244 - 0 . O'Donoghue , Michael ( 2006 ) . Gems : their sources , descriptions and identification . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 5856 - 8 . Spear , K.E. & Dismukes , J.P. ( 1994 ) . Synthetic diamond . Wiley - IEEE . ISBN 0 - 471 - 53589 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synthetic diamonds . Wikisource has original text related to this article : a letter refuting an early attempt to create a synthetic diamond . Wild , Christoph ( 2008 ) `` CVD Diamond Properties and useful Formula '' CVD Diamond Booklet . J. Davis ( 2003 ) . `` The New Diamond Age '' . Wired Magazine ( 11.09 ) . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . `` Putting the Squeeze on Materials '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Srikanth , Varanasi ; Akaishi , Minoru ; Yamaoka , Shinobu ; Yamada , Hirohshi ; Taniguchi , Takashi ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Diamond Synthesis from Graphite in the Presence of MnCO3 '' . Journal of the American Ceramic Society . 80 ( 3 ) : 786 -- 790 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1151 - 2916.1997. tb02900. x . Kennett , D.J. ; Kennett , J.P. ; West , A. ; West , G.J. ; Bunch , T.E. ; Culleton , B.J. ; Erlandson , J.M. ; Que Hee , S.S. ; Johnson , J.R. ; Mercer , C. ; Shen , F. ; Sellers , M. ; Stafford , T.W. ; Stich , A. ; Weaver , J.C. ; Wittke , J.H. ; Wolbach , W.S. ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Shock - synthesized hexagonal diamonds in Younger Dryas boundary sediments '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 31 ) : 12623 -- 12628 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 10612623K . PMC 2722287 . PMID 19620728 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0906374106 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Yarnell , Amanda ( 2004 ) . `` The Many Facets of Man Made Diamonds '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 82 ( 5 ) : 26 -- 31 . ISSN 0009 - 2347 . doi : 10.1021 / cen - v082n005. p026 . Schulz , William . `` First Diamond Synthesis : 50 Years Later , A Murky Picture Of Who Deserves Credit '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 82 ( 5 ) . ISSN 0009 - 2347 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_diamond&oldid=807046477 '' Categories : Diamond Synthetic diamond 1953 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with citations having redundant parameters Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20diamond	99,215
who are the guest stars on criminal minds tonight			Criminal Minds ( season 13 )	criminal minds ( season 13 )	The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . The season concluded on April 18 , 2018 .	Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . His character was killed off in the season premiere off - screen . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Kim Rhodes as Assistant Director Linda Barnes Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Zelda Williams as Melissa Miller Lou Diamond Phillips as Sheriff Clifford Daniella Alonso as Lisa Douglas Gail O'Grady as Krystall Richards Danielle C. Ryan as Portia Richards Sebastian Sozzi as Carlos Garica James Urbaniak as Special Agent Owen Quinn Karen David as Special Agent Mary Meadows Michael Hogan as Benjamin David Merva Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler directed the seventeenth episode of the season and it was said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and involved clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) . His character returned to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To A Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When three vintage suitcases containing sets of human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to determine what connects the victims . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are tortured and emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU interrogates a former escort who was involved with both men only to unearth a dark family secret that changes the course of the investigation . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When three employees are gunned down in a Silicon Valley workplace shooting , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs severed and several fingers cut off , the BAU attempts to determine if incarcerated serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another killing spree or if a copycat killer is trying to frame him . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) visits Garcia after she finds herself overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 5.50 When a Richmond , Virginia chef disappears while leaving her place of her work , the BAU sets out to connect the abduction to a series of open missing persons cases in both Richmond and Culpeper . Meanwhile , JJ bonds with a potential victim 's sister and Garcia searches for a new apartment . 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 5.64 When three women are disfigured in Austin , Texas , the BAU sets out to identify a budding serial abductor obsessed with a venemous creature . Meanwhile , Alvez tries to find a way to help his former Fugitive Task Force partner come to terms with his paralysis . 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 6.31 When the latest in a series of brutal robbery - homicides occurs in Miami , Florida , the BAU sets out to catch a spree killer who releases footage of his crimes to the media as a cry for attention . 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1309 5.34 When two members of a Roswell , New Mexico conspiracy theory group die in quick succession , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a serial killer only to find themselves reexamining the evidence following a catastrophic encounter . Meanwhile , Lewis struggles to keep her emotions in check as she interrogates a young podcaster ( Zelda Williams ) with ties to the group . 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1310 5.41 When the latest in a series of perplexing robbery - homicides occurs in Ramona , California , the BAU works with a frustrated sheriff ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) to track down a serial killer with mysterious motives and an even more mysterious past . 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1311 5.70 When the wife of a Virginia police chief survives a brutal home invasion - homicide , the BAU coordinates with local authorities to catch her attempted killer only to uncover a multitude of secrets being kept by the town 's inhabitants . 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1312 5.63 When a New York City jogger 's gruesome murder is connected to a series of equally gruesome murder - mutilations , the BAU searches for a killer suffering from a bizarre condition . Meanwhile , Alvez deals with the fallout of a blind date gone wrong . 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1313 5.30 When a cryptic message is found inside the mouth of a Washington , D.C. financier , the BAU sets out to catch a serial killer determined to eradicate institutions of power . Meanwhile , JJ grows increasingly concerned after receiving an email asking her to sit down with Assistant Director Linda Barnes ( Kim Rhodes ) . 291 14 `` Miasma '' Leon Ichaso Erica Meredith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1314 5.42 When a mass grave is uncovered in a New Orleans cemetery , the BAU searches for a killer who sees himself as a modern - day plague doctor . Meanwhile , Prentiss finds herself forced to endure a hostile interrogation after Barnes suspends her from active duty and summons her for an internal audit . 292 15 `` Annihilator '' Rob Bailey Erik Stiller March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1315 5.04 With Prentiss still suspended from active duty and Reid refusing to work without her , Barnes takes the lead and joins the remaining members of the BAU as they search St. Louis for the perpetrator of a quadruple homicide . Meanwhile , Reid attempts to dissuade Prentiss from making a bold decision . 293 16 `` Last Gasp '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1316 5.69 In the wake of Barnes ' attempt to restructure the BAU , the divided team works behind her back to identify a serial abductor who photographs Washington , D.C. call girls before killing them and incinerating their bodies . 294 17 `` The Capilanos '' Matthew Gray Gubler Erica Messer March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1317 5.26 When a seven - year - old child residing in Guymon , Oklahoma claims a man dressed as a clown killed his father , the BAU attempts to determine whether or not the child 's statement is true . 295 18 `` The Dance of Love '' Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1318 6.59 When two women residing in Chicago , Illinois are stabbed to death on consecutive nights and found with a single red rose in their mouths , the BAU searches for a serial killer with unexpected motives . Meanwhile , Rossi takes personal time off after receiving a phone call from his third ex-wife Krystall ( Gail O'Grady ) . 296 19 `` Ex Parte '' Lily Mariye Christopher Barbour April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 1319 5.90 When a hostage situation takes place at a Washington , D.C. law firm , the BAU juggles resolving the situation and determining the perpetrators ' motivations . Meanwhile , Simmons becomes emotionally involved in the case after learning that his wife Kristy ( Kelly Frye ) is one of the hostages . 297 20 `` All You Can Eat '' Diana C. Valentine Karen Maser April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1320 5.20 When two sudden deaths in Virginia are believed to be acts of bioterrorism , the BAU works with the CDC to prevent a large - scale incident from taking place . Meanwhile , Garcia reunites with her stepbrother Carlos ( Sebastian Sozzi ) after learning that the drunk driver who killed their parents is eligible for parole . 298 21 `` Mixed Signals '' Alec Smight Erica Meredith & Erik Stiller April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1321 5.92 When two people residing in Taos , New Mexico are subjected to crude lobotomies , the BAU suspects the perpetrator is obsessed with proving an inexplicable collection of phenomena exists . 299 22 `` Believer '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1322 5.39 When a former VICAP agent is found locked inside a storage unit , the BAU investigates his frantic claims of an active serial killer nicknamed `` The Strangler '' only to find themselves questioning everything they think they know . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 1.0 3.81 2.0 9.72 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 1.0 3.53 1.9 9.03 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.64 1.0 3.76 2.0 9.40 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.31 1.0 3.70 2.0 10.00 9 `` False Flag '' December 6 , 2017 0.9 / 4 5.34 1.1 4.04 2.0 9.38 10 `` Submerged '' January 3 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.41 1.1 3.93 2.0 9.37 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' January 10 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.70 1.1 4.13 2.1 9.83 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' January 17 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.63 1.1 4.02 2.1 9.65 13 `` Cure '' January 24 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.30 1.1 4.12 2.0 9.42 14 `` Miasma '' January 31 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.42 1.0 3.90 2.0 9.32 15 `` Annihilator '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.05 1.0 4.06 1.9 9.11 16 `` Last Gasp '' March 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.69 1.2 4.16 2.1 9.85 17 `` The Capilanos '' March 21 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.26 1.1 3.94 2.0 9.20 18 `` The Dance of Love '' March 28 , 2018 1.1 / 5 6.59 0.9 3.54 2.0 10.13 19 `` Ex Parte '' April 4 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 1.0 3.71 2.0 9.62 20 `` All You Can Eat '' April 11 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.20 1.0 3.94 1.9 9.14 21 `` Mixed Signals '' April 18 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 0.8 3.05 1.8 8.97 22 `` Believer '' April 18 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.39 0.8 3.35 1.7 8.74 Home media ( edit ) The Complete Thirteenth Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 6 - disc set ( Region 1 ) 5 - disc set ( Region 2 & 4 ) Aspect Ratio : 1.78 : 1 Subtitles : English English : Dolby Digital 5.1 Getting Lucky Bunker Mentality Breaking Up The BAU The Table Read : Mixed Signals Thirteen Minds Would You Make A Good FBI Agent ? Pilot Episode of `` SEAL Team '' Pilot Episode of `` Bull '' Gag Reel Deleted Scenes DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 August 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBA TBA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds : The Thirteenth Season '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Tara Lewis Matt Simmons Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=865628395 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : TV.com template with ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 04 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal%20Minds%20%28season%2013%29	14,994
when does the hate u give take place			The Hate U Give	the hate u give	The Hate U Give is a young adult novel by Angie Thomas , that follows a protagonist drawn to activism after she witnesses the police shooting of her unarmed friend . Published February 28 , 2017 by Balzer + Bray , The Hate U Give opened at number one on The New York Times young adult best - seller list . It is Thomas 's debut novel .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Publication history 3 Plot 4 Reception 5 Adaptation 6 References Development ( edit ) Shaken by the 2009 shooting of Oscar Grant , Thomas initially developed the project as a short story for her senior project in Belhaven University 's creative writing program . While writing the short story , the project quickly expanded , though Thomas temporarily put it aside after graduation ; speaking to Ebony , Thomas noted the emotional strain of the subject matter . But the deaths of Trayvon Martin , Mike Brown , Tamir Rice , and Sandra Bland drew Thomas back to expand the project into a novel , which she titled after Tupac Shakur 's `` THUG LIFE '' concept : `` The Hate U Give Little Infants Fucks Everybody . '' Publication history ( edit ) Unsure whether publishers would be interested in the Black Lives Matter - inspired material , Thomas reached out to literary agent Brooks Sherman on Twitter in June 2015 to ask for advice . A year later , HarperCollins imprint Balzer + Bray bought the rights to the novel in an auction with 13 publishing houses bidding , signing a two - book deal with Thomas . The 464 - page book was published on February 28 , 2017 . Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) The novel follows protagonist Starr Carter , a 16 - year - old black high school student who witnesses a white police officer shooting her unarmed friend , Khalil . Starr Carter moves between two worlds : the poor black neighborhood where she lives and the fancy suburban prep school that she and her brother attend . The balance of these two worlds collapse when she sees her childhood friend die at the hands of a cop . Everyone wants to know what took place that night and the only person who can answer that is Starr . But the problem is that what Starr says might endanger her life and her home . She must fight for what she believes in despite the given consequences . Reception ( edit ) The book debuted at the top of The New York Times young adult best - seller list and had 100,000 copies in print in the first month . Critics widely praised the book . In The Globe and Mail , Shannon Ozirny wrote , `` Ignore the YA label -- this should be the one book everyone reads this year . '' In Salon , Erin Keane said the novel is `` topical , urgent , necessary , and if that were n't enough , it 's also a highly entertaining and engaging read . '' In the Christian Science Monitor , Katie Ward Beim - Esche wrote , `` Believe the hype : The Hate U Give , Angie Thomas 's extraordinary and fearless debut , really is that good . '' Adaptation ( edit ) Main article : The Hate U Give ( film ) Fox 2000 has optioned The Hate U Give for a film adaption , with George Tillman Jr. and Amandla Stenberg attached to the project ( to direct and act , respectively ) . The cast is also slated to include Issa Rae , Regina Hall , Russell Hornsby , Algee Smith , Lamar Johnson , Common , and Sabrina Carpenter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ozirny , Shannon ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Angie Thomas 's The Hate U Give , Vicki Grant 's Short for Chameleon and Nina LaCour 's We Are Okay , reviewed '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Philyaw , Deesha ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` One - on - One with ' The Hate U Give ' Novelist Angie Thomas '' . Ebony . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ohikuare , Judith ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) . `` How Tupac 's THUG LIFE Inspired This Woman 's YA Novel '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kirch , Claire ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Balzer + Bray Prevails in 13 - House Auction for YA Debut '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Alexandra ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` New Crop of Young Adult Novels Explores Race and Police Brutality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE HATE U GIVE by Angie Thomas '' . Kirkus Reviews . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Keane , Erin ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Hate U Give `` : Angie Thomas ' sensational debut novel should be required reading for clueless white people '' . Salon . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beim - Esche , Katie Ward ( 1 March 2017 ) . `` ' The Hate U Give ' provides a window into conversations about race '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insecure ' Star Issa Rae Joins Drama ' The Hate U Give ' '' . Variety , August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina Carpenter Joins YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hate_U_Give&oldid=824499122 '' Categories : 2017 American novels American young adult novels American novels adapted into films Debut novels Novels about race and ethnicity Novels set in the 21st century Novels set in the United States Novels featuring female protagonists Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 18 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hate%20U%20Give	33,826
who is eileen in the song come on eileen			Come on Eileen	come on eileen	`` Come On Eileen '' is a song by English group Dexys Midnight Runners ( credited to Dexys Midnight Runners and the Emerald Express ) , released in the UK on 25 June 1982 as a single from their album Too - Rye - Ay . It reached number one in the US , and was their second number one hit in the UK , following 1980 's `` Geno '' . The song was written by Kevin Rowland , Jim Paterson and Billy Adams ; it was produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley .	`` Come On Eileen '' won Best British Single at the 1983 Brit Awards and in 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's sixth favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV . It was ranked number 18 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 80s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Single and album versions 3 Music video 4 Chart success 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications and sales 5 Other uses 6 Personnel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) There are various versions of the song , some in addition to the main section featuring either an intro of a Celtic fiddle solo , or an a cappella coda both based on Thomas Moore 's Irish folk song `` Believe Me , if All Those Endearing Young Charms '' . The main section begins with a Celtic - style fiddle played over a drum beat , with the bass guitar and piano providing accompaniment . The lyrics of the song begin with the lines : Poor old Johnnie Ray Sounded sad upon the radio Moved a million hearts in mono Our mothers cried , sang along Who would blame them ? The phrase `` Come on Eileen '' is used as the chorus to the song , which was loosely inspired by the song `` A Man Like Me '' by the 1960s British soul group Jimmy James and the Vagabonds . The bridge of `` Come On Eileen '' features an improvised counter-melody which begins in a slow tempo and gets faster and faster over an accelerando vocal backing . The chord sequence of the bridge is actually the same as the verses , but transposed up by a whole tone . Throughout the song , there are numerous tempo changes and key changes : Key changes throughout the song Section Introduction Verses Chorus and bridge Key F major C major D major Although often believed to have been inspired by a childhood friend with whom Kevin Rowland had a romantic , and later sexual , relationship in his teens , there was actually no real Eileen . `` In fact she was composite , to make a point about Catholic repression . '' Single and album versions ( edit ) Dexys Midnight Runners ' CD compilations again omit the introduction and coda but use the unedited main section ( 4.06 ) . The worldwide 12 '' and UK / US 7 '' singles featured the intro and the unedited main section ( 4.12 ) . This version has only been released on CD on a Kevin Rowland CD single `` Tonight '' . The album version features the unedited main section and the coda ( 4.32 ) . An exception to this is the 2002 US only release of Too - Rye - Ay which uniquely features both introduction and coda ( 4.47 ) . Music video ( edit ) The 1982 music video was filmed in the inner south London suburb of Kennington in the vicinity of the corner of Brook Drive and Hayles Street . The character of `` Eileen '' in the music video , as well as on the single cover , is played by Máire Fahey , sister of Siobhan Fahey from Bananarama . Archival footage of Johnnie Ray arriving at London Heathrow Airport in 1954 was featured in the video . Chart success ( edit ) In a poll by Channel 4 , a UK TV channel , the song was placed at number 38 in the 100 greatest number one singles of all time . Similar polls by the music channel VH1 placed the song at number three in the 100 Greatest One - hit Wonders of all time , number 18 in VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 1980 's and number one in the 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s ( the group had a previous number - one single in the UK -- `` Geno '' in 1980 -- but `` Come On Eileen '' was their only US hit ) . `` Come on Eileen '' has sold 1.33 million copies in the UK as of June 2013 . The song reached number one in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 charts during the week ending 23 April 1983 . `` Come on Eileen '' prevented Michael Jackson from having back - to - back number one hits in the US : `` Billie Jean '' was the number one single the previous week , while `` Beat It '' was the number one song the following week . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 31 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Top Tracks 6 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 32 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 28 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 34 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 13 US Cash Box 12 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 1,330,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Other uses ( edit ) In 1997 , ska band Save Ferris released a cover of the song as a single . In 2004 , the band 4 - 4 - 2 was formed to cover the song as `` Come On England '' with altered lyrics to support the England national football team during their appearance in the 2004 European Championships . On 7 August 2005 , the song was used to wake the astronauts of Space Shuttle Discovery on the final day of STS - 114 in reference to commander Eileen Collins . The song was used in the films Tommy Boy , Take Me Home Tonight and The Perks of Being a Wallflower . Personnel ( edit ) Kevin Rowland -- vocals Billy Adams -- banjo , guitar , backing vocals Giorgio Kilkenny -- bass and backing vocals Seb Shelton -- drums and backing vocals Mickey Billingham -- piano , accordion , and backing vocals Helen O'Hara -- fiddle Steve Brennan -- fiddle Jennifer Tobis -- fiddle Roger MacDuff ( real name Roger Huckle ) -- fiddle `` Big '' Jim Paterson -- trombone Paul Speare -- tenor saxophone , flute Brian Maurice -- alto saxophone Andy `` Stoker '' Growcott -- drums and backing vocals See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1980s List of best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one singles of 1982 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 1980s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of the 1980s ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mann , Brent ( 2003 ) . 99 Red Balloons ... and 100 Other All - Time Great One - Hit Wonders . Citadel Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2516 - 7 . New Wave spawned some of pop music 's classic one - hit wonders , artists who are vividly remembered today : Dexys Midnight Runners ( `` Come on Eileen '' ) , Nena ( `` 99 Luftballons '' ) , and Thomas Dolby ( `` She Blinded Me with Science '' ) , to name just a few . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Dexys Midnight Runners -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . `` Come on Eileen , '' a distinctive fusion of ' 80s pop , Celtic folk , and blue - eyed soul . Jump up ^ NME . London , England . 19 June 1982 . p. 34 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's '' . Archived from the original on 1 September 2015 ... TheCelebrityCafe.com. 26 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Jimmy James - A Man Like Me . YouTube . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audio '' . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 ... Dexys.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Come On Eileen by Dexys Midnight Runners '' . Songfacts . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` ' We were always hard workers ' : Kevin Rowland and Big Jim Paterson on their favourite Dexys songs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dexys Midnight Runners -- The Very Best Of Dexys Midnight Runners '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dexys Midnight Runners & Emerald Express , The -- Come On Eileen '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dexys Midnight Runners -- Come On Eileen '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rowland Of Dexys Midnight Runners -- Tonight '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rowland & Dexys Midnight Runners -- Too - Rye - Ay '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rowland & Dexys Midnight Runners -- Too - Rye - Ay '' . Discogs . Retrieved 29 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Things You Did n't Know : `` Come On Eileen '' By Dexys Midnight Runners `` . WCBS - FM . 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann 2003 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 - 100 Greatest Number One Singles in the UK '' . Classic Whitney . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lists : : Best : : VH1 - 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders '' . Dave Tompkins . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ali , Rahsheeda ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders of the ' 80s '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 ... VH1 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia No. 1 hits -- 1980 's '' . World Charts . Archived from the original on 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6194 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Le Détail par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Dexy 's Midnight Runners '' from the artist drop - down menu . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Come On Eileen '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express - Come On Eileen search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( D ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dexys Midnight Runners & The Emerald Express -- Come On Eileen '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Too - Rye - Ay -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending APRIL 23 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1982 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1982 '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling singles of every year revealed ! ( 1952 - 2011 ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kevin Rowland & Dexys Midnight Runners -- Come On Eileen '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Dexys Midnight Runners -- Come On Eileen '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Come On Eileen in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Save Ferris -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Come on England -- 2004 '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 ... Hamptons.org.uk . Jump up ^ Fries , Colin , NASA History Division ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Chronology of Wakeup Calls '' ( PDF ) . NASA . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Original Soundtrack -- Tommy Boy ( Music from the Motion Picture ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Original Soundtrack -- Take Me Home Tonight '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 19 September 2012 ) . `` Perks of Being a Wallflower , The '' . Reelviews.net . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dexys Diary '' . Dexys.org . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dexys Midnight Runners Kevin Rowland Lucy Morgan Sean Read Michael Timothy Andy Hobson Al Archer Jim Paterson Pete Williams Pete Saunders John Jay Steve Spooner Geoff Blythe Jeff Kent Bobby Ward Andy Leek Andy `` Stoker '' Growcott Mick Talbot Billy Adams Mickey Billingham Seb Shelton Paul Speare Brian Maurice Steve Wynne Giorgio Kilkenny Helen O'Hara Steve Brennan Roger MacDuff John Edwards Andy Hamilton Nick Gatfield Spike Edney Robert Noble Vincent Crane Tim Dancy Julian Litman Mick Bolton Pol Coussee Fayyaz Virji Penn Pennington Jerry Preston Philip Blakeman Neil Hubbard Julian Crampton Crispin Taylor Volker Janssen Paul Taylor Madeleine Hyland Tim Cansfield David Ruffy Siobhan Fahey Billy Stookes Mark Kavuma Studio albums Searching for the Young Soul Rebels Too - Rye - Ay Do n't Stand Me Down One Day I 'm Going to Soar Let The Record Show : Dexys Do Irish And Country Soul Compilations Geno The Very Best of Dexys Midnight Runners BBC Radio One Live in Concert Let 's Make This Precious : The Best of Dexys Midnight Runners The Projected Passion Revue Master Series - Dexy 's Midnight Runners Singles `` Dance Stance '' `` Geno '' `` There , There , My Dear '' `` Keep It Part Two ( Inferiority Part One ) '' `` Plan B '' `` Show Me '' `` Liars A To E '' `` The Celtic Soul Brothers '' `` Come On Eileen '' `` Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) '' `` Let 's Get this Straight ( From the Start ) '' `` This is What She 's Like '' `` Because of You '' `` She Got a Wiggle '' Related articles The Blue Ox Babes The Bureau General Public The Killjoys Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_On_Eileen&oldid=802257013 '' Categories : 1982 singles 1983 singles 1982 songs Dexys Midnight Runners songs Brit Award for British Single Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Mercury Records singles Music videos directed by Julien Temple Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Number - one singles in Switzerland Song recordings produced by Clive Langer Songs written by Kevin Rowland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come%20On%20Eileen	38,340
what does a corpse flower look like in bloom			Amorphophallus titanum	amorphophallus titanum		Amorphophallus titanum Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Monocots Order : Alismatales Family : Araceae Genus : Amorphophallus Species : A. titanum Binomial name Amorphophallus titanum ( Becc . ) Becc . ex Arcang Synonyms Amorphophallus selebicus Nakai Conophallus titanum Becc . Amorphophallus titanum , also known as the titan arum , is a flowering plant with the largest unbranched inflorescence in the world . The titan arum 's inflorescence is not as large as that of the talipot palm , Corypha umbraculifera , but the inflorescence of the talipot palm is branched rather than unbranched . Due to its odor , which is like the smell of a rotting corpse or carcass , the titan arum is characterized as a carrion flower , and is also known as the corpse flower or corpse plant ( Indonesian : bunga bangkai -- bunga means flower , while bangkai can be translated as corpse , cadaver , or carrion ) . For the same reason , the title corpse flower is also attributed to the genus Rafflesia . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Distribution 3 Description 4 Cultivation 5 Blooming 6 Odor 7 Blooms 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) Amorphophallus titanum derives its name from Ancient Greek ( άμορφος - amorphos , `` without form , misshapen '' + φαλλός - phallos , `` phallus '' , and titan , `` giant '' ) . The popular name Titan arum was coined by the broadcaster and naturalist Sir David Attenborough for his BBC series The Private Life of Plants , in which the flowering and pollination of the plant were filmed for the first time . Attenborough felt that constantly referring to the plant as Amorphophallus on a popular TV documentary would be inappropriate , because the translation of the scientific name was considered `` too rude '' for television audiences . Distribution ( edit ) Amorphophallus titanum is native solely to western Sumatra , and western Java where it grows in openings in rainforests on limestone hills . However , the plant is cultivated by botanical gardens and private collectors around the world . Description ( edit ) Two titan arum in Sumatra , Indonesia ( ca . 1900 - 40 ) ; one in leaf , which can reach up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall , and one in bloom . The titan arum 's inflorescence can reach over 3 metres ( 10 ft ) in height . Like the related cuckoo pint and calla lily , it consists of a fragrant spadix of flowers wrapped by a spathe , which looks like a large petal . In the case of the titan arum , the spathe is a deep green on the outside and dark burgundy red on the inside , with a deeply furrowed texture . The spadix is hollow and resembles a large loaf of French bread . Near the bottom of the spadix , hidden from view inside the sheath of the spathe , the spadix bears two rings of small flowers . The upper ring bears the male flowers , the lower ring is spangled with bright red - orange carpels . The `` fragrance '' of the titan arum resembles rotting meat , attracting carrion - eating beetles and flesh flies ( family Sarcophagidae ) that pollinate it . The inflorescence 's deep red color and texture contribute to the illusion that the spathe is a piece of meat . During bloom , the tip of the spadix is approximately human body temperature , which helps the perfume volatilize ; this heat is also believed to assist in the illusion that attracts carcass - eating insects . Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence . The female flowers open first , then a day or two following , the male flowers open . This usually prevents the flower from self - pollinating . After the flower dies back , a single leaf , which reaches the size of a small tree , grows from the underground corm . The leaf grows on a somewhat green stalk that branches into three sections at the top , each containing many leaflets . The leaf structure can reach up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) tall and 5 metres ( 16 ft ) across . Each year , the old leaf dies and a new one grows in its place . When the corm has stored enough energy , it becomes dormant for about four months . Then the process repeats . Small corm of A. titanum , Muttart Conservatory , Edmonton , Canada . The corm is the largest known , typically weighing around 50 kilograms ( 110 lb ) . When a specimen at the Princess of Wales Conservatory , Kew Gardens , was repotted after its dormant period , the weight was recorded as 91 kilograms ( 201 lb ) . In 2006 , a corm in the Botanical Garden of Bonn , Germany was recorded at 117 kilograms ( 258 lb ) , and an A. titanum grown in Gilford , New Hampshire by Dr. Louis Ricciardiello in 2010 weighed 138 kilograms ( 305 lb ) . However the current record is held by a corm grown at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh , weighing 153.9 kilograms ( 339 lb ) after 7 years growth from an initial corm the size of an orange . Cultivation ( edit ) The titan arum grows in the wild only in the equatorial rainforests of Sumatra , Indonesia . It was first scientifically described in 1878 by Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari . The plant flowers only infrequently in the wild and even more rarely when cultivated . It first flowered in cultivation at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in London , in 1889 , with over 100 cultivated blossoms since then . The first documented flowerings in the United States were at New York Botanical Garden in 1937 and 1939 . This flowering also inspired the designation of the titan arum as the official flower of the Bronx in 1939 , only to be replaced in 2000 by the day lily . The number of cultivated plants has increased in recent years , and it is not uncommon for there to be five or more flowering events in gardens around the world in a single year . The titan arum is more commonly available to the advanced gardener due to pollination techniques . The pollen area as seen from the inside ( UC Davis , California ) In 2003 , the tallest bloom in cultivation , some 2.74 m ( 8 ft 11 in ) high , was achieved at the Botanical Garden of the University of Bonn in Germany . The event was acknowledged by Guinness World Records . On 20 October 2005 , this record was broken at the botanical and zoological garden Wilhelma in Stuttgart , Germany ; the bloom reached a height of 2.94 m ( 9 ft 6 in ) . The record was broken again by Louis Ricciardiello , whose specimen measured 3.1 m ( 10 ft 2.25 in ) tall on 18 June 2010 , when it was on display at Winnipesaukee Orchids in Gilford , New Hampshire , USA . This event , too , was acknowledged by Guinness World Records . In 2011 , Roseville High School in California became the first high school in the world to successfully bring a titan arum to bloom . Blooming ( edit ) Visitors photograph a blooming corpse flower on display at Phipps Conservatory in the United States in August 2013 . In cultivation , the titan arum generally requires 7 -- 10 years of vegetative growth before blooming for the first time . After its initial blooming , there can be considerable variation in blooming frequency . Some plants may not bloom again for another 7 -- 10 years while others may bloom every two to three years . There have also been documented cases of back - to - back blooms occurring within a year and corms simultaneously sending up both a leaf ( or two ) and an inflorescence . There has also been an occasion when a corm produced multiple simultaneous blooms . The spathe generally begins to open between mid-afternoon and late evening and remains open all night . At this time , the female flowers are receptive to pollination . Although most spathes begin to wilt within twelve hours , some have been known to remain open for 24 -- 48 hours . As the spathe wilts , the female flowers lose receptivity to pollination . Self - pollination is normally considered impossible , but in 1999 , Huntington Botanical Garden botanists hand - pollinated their plant with its own pollen from ground - up male flowers . The procedure was successful , resulting in fruit and ten fertile seeds from which several seedlings eventually were produced . Additionally , a titan arum at Gustavus Adolphus College unexpectedly produced viable seed through self - pollination in 2011 . Odor ( edit ) As the spathe gradually opens , the spadix releases powerful odors to attract pollinators , insects which feed on dead animals or lay their eggs in rotting meat . The potency of the odor ( aroma ) gradually increases from late evening until the middle of the night , when carrion beetles and flesh flies are active as pollinators , then tapers off towards morning . Analyses of chemicals released by the spadix show the stench includes dimethyl trisulfide ( like limburger cheese ) , dimethyl disulfide , trimethylamine ( rotting fish ) , isovaleric acid ( sweaty socks ) , benzyl alcohol ( sweet floral scent ) , phenol ( like Chloraseptic ) , and indole ( like feces ) . Blooms ( edit ) See list of publicised titan arum blooms in cultivation Live feed video : Rosie , began blooming Monday , April 23 , 2018 at the Tucson Botanical Gardens in Tucson , AZ Octavia , the eighth corpse flower to bloom in five years at the Missouri Botanical Garden , began blooming on July 9 , 2017 . Kansas State University Gardens began blooming Tuesday June 27 , 2017 in Manhattan , KS Little Dougie , bloom started Wednesday May 28 , 2017 at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa , CA Audrey , began blooming Monday June 26 , 2017 at California Carnivores in Sebastopol , CA Terra , began blooming Thursday , June 15 , 2017 at the Conservatory of Flowers in San Francisco . Java and Sumatra , began blooming Wednesday , May 31 , 2017 at Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe , IL . Wee Stinky , titan arum bloom , began blooming Friday , October 14 , 2016 at Cornell University in Ithaca , New York . Lupin , titan arum bloom , began blooming Thursday , September 22 , 2016 at North Carolina State University in Raleigh , North Carolina . Pep le pew , blooming June 13 , 2018 at Mitchell Park Domes , Milwaukee , WI Putricia , blooming July 12 , 2018 at Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park , Grand Rapids , MI Time Lapse Videos : Titan arum bloom , July 2007 Cleveland Metroparks Zoo , name Cronus by Zoo Horticulture staff . The bloomed occurred early morning Monday , July 23 , 2007 , the elapsed time is about 48 hours from July 22 , 2007 . Perry T. Titan , Gustavus Adolphus College , September 24 to November 7 , 2013 , from the corm until the spadix collapses 45 days later . Ohio State University May 2012 . First flowering of ' Aaron ' on 9 -- 10 July 2015 at Botanical Garden of the Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew Mount Lofty Botanic Garden , South Australia , bloomed December 29 , 2015 . Adelaide Botanic Gardens , South Australia , bloomed February 1 , 2016 and again on 3 January 2017 . College of Biological Sciences Conservatory , University of Minnesota , name Chauncey , bloomed in February 2016 . Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences , Ithaca , NY , bloomed 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 . Indiana University Bloomington , Wally , at the Jordan Greenhouse in Indiana University , bloomed July 2016 . Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park , Putricia , at Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park in Grand Rapids , MI , bloomed July 2018 . Gallery ( edit ) Images of ' ' Amorphophallus titanum ' ' Plant finishing blooming , showing the male and female flowers at the base of the spadix First of two plants , Kew Gardens , London , May 1 , 2009 Second of two plants , Kew Gardens , London , May 1 , 2009 `` Morticia '' , Franklin Park Zoo , Boston , Massachusetts , USA , June 20 , 2012 Titan Arum , Royal Botanic Gardens , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia , December 27 , 2012 `` Morty '' , Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens , Buffalo , NY , USA , August 8 , 2014 Huntington Library , San Marino , California August 24 , 2014 A. titanum close up , Bayreuth University , Germany , June 7 , 2015 A. titanum close up , Bayreuth University , Germany , June 6 , 2015 A. titanum , Bayreuth University , Germany , June 7 , 2015 A. titanum close up , Bayreuth University , Germany , June 6 , 2015 `` Putrella '' , Muttart Conservatory , Edmonton , Canada , April 7 , 2015 A. titanum leaflets , Muttart Conservatory , Edmonton , Canada A. titanum with fruits , Liberec , Czech Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` David Attenborough : a wild life '' . London : Telegraph . 2008 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-40382316 Jump up ^ University of Connecticut ( 14 Feb 2011 ) . `` Amorphophallus titanum '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Titan Arum Blooming '' . Events . UNC Charlotte Botanical Gardens . 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` About titan arum Amorphophallus titanum '' ( PDF ) . Information sheetO10 . Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Titanenwurz -- Bonner Blütenstände '' . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gilford Steamer ( newspaper ) July 1 , 2010 pp. A1 & A9 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest bloom '' . Jump up ^ McDonald , Charlotte . `` Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh - The story of our corm '' . www.rbge.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botanic Garden of the University of Bonn . `` Official Homepage of the Botanic Garden '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tallest bloom . Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Koziol , J. 2010 . `` Corpse flower '' makes Guinness record . Fosters , September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.rjuhsd.us/site/default.aspx?PageType=3&DomainID=200&ModuleInstanceID=2483&ViewID=6446EE88-D30C-497E-9316-3F8874B3E108&RenderLoc=0&FlexDataID=14723&PageID=412 Jump up ^ Eastern Illinois University 's Three Titan Arum Blooms 2012 Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ ' Big Bucky ' 5 / 2009 and 6 / 2009 , University of Wisconsin - Madison Jump up ^ ' Big Bucky ' 5 / 2012 and ' Little Stinker ' 9 / 2009 , University of Wisconsin - Madison Jump up ^ University of Bonn Botanic Garden , Bonn , Germany Three blooms from one corm Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Eastern Illinois University 's Three Titan Arum blooms 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Huntington Botanical Gardens , California Self - pollination Archived August 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ Gustavus Adolphus College Self - pollination 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Titan Arum -- FAQ Chicago Botanic Garden '' . www.chicagobotanic.org . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ American Chemical Society . The Chemistry of the Corpse Flower 's Stench 2013 Jump up ^ Cornell University . What made ' Wee Stinky ' stink. 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 11 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Tucson ' corpse flower ' watch : Rosie is blooming '' . Arizona Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` Corpse Flower '' , Missouri Botanical Garden . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Corpse Flower Live Stream '' . Conservatory of Flowers . Jump up ^ `` Meet java and Sumatra '' . Chicago Botanic Gardens . Jump up ^ `` '' Wee Stinky '' titan arum cam `` . Cornell Cast - Cornell University . Jump up ^ `` Corpse flower at NC State '' . College of Agriculture and Life Sciences . Jump up ^ Pep le pew corpse flower bloom 2018 Jump up ^ Putricia blooms at Meijer Gardens Jump up ^ Time - lapse Video of Titan Arum Bloom , July 2007 , retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 Jump up ^ Perry the Corpse Flower Full Bloom Cycle 2013 , retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 Jump up ^ Giant Corpse Flower bloom - time lapse from two views , retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 Jump up ^ First flowering of Aaron Jump up ^ `` Amorphophallus titanum '' . Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Timelapse flowering of the Titan arum at Mount Lofty Botanic Garden ( first vision ) '' . www.environment.sa.gov.au/botanicgardens/Home . Jump up ^ `` Thousands queue for whiff of Adelaide ' corpse flower ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Surprise corpse flower blooming creates suspected ' world first ' at Adelaide Botanic Gardens '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Geena Fowles ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Stinky Flower Blooms in Minnesota '' . America Herald . Jump up ^ `` The Spadix Speaks : Cornell 's Titan Arum Blog '' . Cornell University . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Corpse flower blooming time lapse ( titan arum ) at Indiana University '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Meijer Gardens Corpse Flower Timelapse '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bown , Deni ( 2000 ) . Aroids : Plants of the Arum Family . Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 485 - 7 Association of Education and Research Greenhouse Newsletter , volume 15 number 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amorphophallus titanum . Wikispecies has information related to Amorphophallus titanum Three Webcams of Titan plus time - lapse videos at Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter , Minnesota 3D Photo of 2004 bloom at Walt Disney World ( Requires red / cyan 3D Glasses ) List of bloomings in the US since 1937 How to grow a Titan Arum Titan Arum at the Flower Park Kagoshima of Kagoshima Prefecture , Japan ( in Japanese ) Amorphophallus titanum YouTube video Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q431224 Wikispecies : Amorphophallus titanum ARKive : amorphophallus - titanum EoL : 1100364 GBIF : 2871508 GRIN : 2953 iNaturalist : 62194 IPNI : 84456 - 1 IRMNG : 10250805 NCBI : 175755 NZOR : 4b5704a4 - 934c - 4be2 - b205 - 5645c4cfb73e Plant List : kew - 8323 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 84456 - 1 Tropicos : 50194814 uBio : 5822369 WCSP : 8323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amorphophallus_titanum&oldid=856212258 '' Categories : Amorphophallus Endemic flora of Sumatra National symbols of Indonesia Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari Thermogenic plants Plants described in 1879 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 17 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus%20titanum	69,511
who sings the songs on mcleod's daughters	McLeod 's Daughters have had many different songs for their closing credits which are written by Posie Graeme - Evans & Chris Harriot and performed by singer Rebecca Lavelle who also had a guest role in series 6 as Bindi Martin	Rebecca Lavelle	Music from McLeod 's Daughters	music from mcleod's daughters	McLeod 's Daughters have had many different songs for their closing credits which are written by Posie Graeme - Evans & Chris Harriot and performed by singer Rebecca Lavelle who also had a guest role in series 6 as Bindi Martin	Contents ( hide ) 1 Song List 2 Other 3 List of Released Songs 4 List of Unreleased Songs 5 References 6 External links Song List ( edit ) Song Name Performer Featured In Episode / s Love You , Hate You Rebecca Lavelle Episode 1 , 8 , 86 , 98 , 102 , 119 , 131 Am I Crazy Rebecca Lavelle Episode 1 , 6 Room to Move Rebecca Lavelle Episode 2 , 16 Common Ground Rebecca Lavelle Episode 2 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 25 , 33 , 59 , 74 , 78 , 110 McLeod 's Daughters Theme Rebecca Lavelle Episode 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 Do n't Judge Rebecca Lavelle Episode 3 , 6 , 14 , 56 , 130 Feet On The Ground Rebecca Lavelle Episode 3 , 32 , 54 Hopeless Case Rebecca Lavelle Episode 3 , 11 , 15 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 55 , 66 , 80 , 87 , 92 , 114 , 116 , 121 Understand Me Rebecca Lavelle Episode 4 , 58 , 76 , 125 My Heart Is Like A River Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 5 , 7 , 31 , 32 , 52 , 73 , 178 Heat Rebecca Lavelle Episode 8 , 26 Matter Of Time Rebecca Lavelle Episode 11 , 33 Just A Child Rebecca Lavelle Episode 24 , 29 I Reach Out Rebecca Lavelle Episode 28 Never Enough Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 30 , 31 , 43 , 115 , 132 We Got It Wrong Rebecca Lavelle Episode 35 , 64 , 77 , 127 The Sirens Song Rebecca Lavelle Episode 36 , 40 , 44 , 68 , 103 , 124 Take The Rain Away Rebecca Lavelle Episode 45 , 69 , 73 , 107 , 138 Brick & Becky Theme - Instrumental Instrumental Episode 47 By My Side Rebecca Lavelle Episode 48 , 81 , 99 The First Touch Rebecca Lavelle Episode 50 , 145 In His Eyes Rebecca Lavelle Episode 53 , 137 Gentle , Gentle ( Life Of Your Life ) Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 60 , 61 , 62 , 83 Did I Tell You ? Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 67 , 72 , 135 Hey Girl ( You Got A New Life ) Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 70 , 88 , 91 , 101 , 109 , 113 , 117 , 142 The Stranger Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 71 , 90 Do n't Give Up Rebecca Lavelle Episode 75 , 106 , 139 Sometimes ( You Ca n't Go Back ) Rebecca Lavelle Episode 79 , 105 , 123 , 133 , 144 Too Young Rebecca Lavelle Episode 82 Charlotte 's Song Rebecca Lavelle Episode 84 Strip Jack Naked Rebecca Lavelle Episodes 85 , 94 , 111 , 120 Had To Happen Rebecca Lavelle Episode 89 , 93 , 95 , 122 Something So Strong Rebecca Lavelle Episode 96 All I Ever Wanted Was Love Rebecca Lavelle Episode 97 , 129 This Perfect Day Rebecca Lavelle Episode 100 Broken Dreams Rebecca Lavelle Episode 104 , 128 Stay Rebecca Lavelle Episode 108 , 112 So Sorry Rebecca Lavelle Episode 126 I Wish The Past Was Different Rebecca Lavelle Episode 134 Love Is Endless Rebecca Lavelle Episode 146 Life Makes A Fool Of Us Rebecca Lavelle Episode 159 Our Place Rebecca Lavelle Episode 163 It Comes To This Rebecca Lavelle Episode 167 You Believed Rebecca Lavelle Episode 169 Locked Away Inside My Heart Rebecca Lavelle Episode 170 Drovers Run Rebecca Lavelle Episode 178 One True Thing Rebecca Lavelle Episode 184 Belonging Rebecca Lavelle Episode 198 Alone & Afraid Rebecca Lavelle Episode 199 Other ( edit ) Hey You by Abi Tucker who plays Grace McLeod from 2007 - 2008 and featured the song in Episode 196 , My Enemy , My Friend . List of Released Songs ( edit ) Rebecca Lavelle Understand Me Common Ground Never Enough Do n't Judge Love You , Hate You Heat Am I Crazy ? We Got It Wrong The Siren 's Song Hopeless Case Just A Child My Heart Is Like A River Theme Song - Version 1 Hey Girl ( You Got A New Life ) Take The Rain Away The Stranger Sometimes Too Young The First Touch In His Eyes By My Side Did I Tell You ? Do n't Give Up Gentle Gentle ( Life of Your Life ) Theme Song - Version 2 You Believed Had To Happen It Comes To This Charlotte 's Song One True Thing I Wish The Past Was Different Locked Away Inside My Heart Our Home , Our Place Strip Jack Naked Broken Dreams This Perfect Day Trust The Night The Man I Loved ( We Had No Time ) Time Turn Over Drover 's Run ( My Heart 's Home ) Abi Tucker Hey You Speak My Angel List of Unreleased Songs ( edit ) Feet on The Ground by Rebecca Lavelle Room To Move by Rebecca Lavelle A Matter of Time by Rebecca Lavelle All I Ever Wanted was Love by Rebecca Lavelle Alone & Afraid by Rebecca Lavelle Belonging by Rebecca Lavelle I Reach Out by Naomi Starr Life Makes A Fool of Us by Rebecca Lavelle Love is Endless by Rebecca Lavelle Something So Strong by Rebecca Lavelle Sorrow by Rebecca Lavelle Stay by Rebecca Lavelle Tears on My Pillow by Rebecca Lavelle & Glenda Linscott Kate 's Lullaby by Michala Banas Wake Up Gungellan by Doris Younane ( Abi Tucker & Gillian Alexy Short Clip ) Truckstop Woman by Doris Younane , Simmone Jade Mackinnon , Luke Jacobz , Gillian Alexy & Chorus Forever by Doris Youanne , Peter Hardy , Abi Tucker & Matt Passmore References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) McLeod 's Daughters Official Website Dutch McLeod 's Daughters Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_from_McLeod%27s_Daughters&oldid=702902397 '' Categories : McLeod 's Daughters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 February 2016 , at 08 : 44 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20from%20McLeod%2527s%20Daughters	10,470
what did the rave act of 2003 include			Reducing Americans ' Vulnerability to ecstasy Act	reducing americans'vulnerability to ecstasy act	The Reducing Americans ' Vulnerability to Ecstasy Act , commonly known as the RAVE Act , was a bill proposed in the United States Senate during the 107th Congress . A substantially similar law , the Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act was passed during the 108th Congress on April 30 , 2003 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Legislative history 2 Purpose of the Act 3 Substantive law changes of the Act 4 Public commentary on the Act 5 See also 6 References Legislative history ( edit ) The bill was sponsored by Senator Joseph Biden , along with cosponsors Chuck Grassley , Orrin Hatch , Joseph Lieberman , Strom Thurmond , Patrick Leahy and Richard Durbin . The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on June 18 , 2002 . June 27 , 2002 it was reported out of the committee without written comment or amendment and placed on the Senate Legislative Calendar . On October 10 , 2002 , Senator Biden provided introductory remarks on the bill before the Senate . This bill was introduced to the Senate again on January 7 , 2003 by Senator Thomas Daschle ( SD ) with co-sponsors ; Senator Joseph Biden Jr . ( D - DE ) , Senator Hillary Clinton ( D - NY , ) Senator Jon Corzine ( D - NJ ) , Senator Mark Dayton ( D - MN ) Senator Richard Durbin ( D - IL ) , Senator Edward Kennedy ( D - MA ) , Senator Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) , Senator Patty Murray ( D - WA ) , Senator Jack Reed ( D - RI ) , Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) . This bill also failed to pass . ( 1 ) On Thursday ( April 10 , 2003 ) the Senate and House passed ( 2 ) the Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act ( formerly known as the RAVE Act ) as an attachment to the child abduction - related AMBER Alert Bill . The language of the original act was changed slightly before the bill was passed without public hearing , debate or a vote . Purpose of the Act ( edit ) The stated purpose of the Act was : `` A bill to prohibit an individual from knowingly opening , maintaining , managing , controlling , renting , leasing , making available for use , or profiting from any place for the purpose of manufacturing , distributing , or using any controlled substance , and for other purpose . '' Substantive law changes of the Act ( edit ) The Act would have modified section 416 ( a ) of the Controlled Substances Act ( also known as the `` crackhouse law '' and codified at United States Code , 21 U.S.C. § 856 ( a ) ) to expand the section regarding `` Establishment of manufacturing operations '' , which previously outlawed maintaining , managing or owning any place used to manufacture , distribute or use drugs to include temporary or permanent uses of the premises . The Act also would have created a civil penalty of $250,000 or `` 2 times the gross receipts , either known or estimated , that were derived from each violation that is attributable to the person . '' , whichever was greater . Additionally , the Act recommended that the United States Sentencing Commission reconsider the then - current Federal sentencing guidelines with respect to offenses involving Gamma - Hydroxybutyric acid , commonly known as a date rape drug . Public commentary on the Act ( edit ) Most of the public commentary regarding the RAVE Act centered on the prologue section of the bill titled `` Findings . '' Such sections do not create new substantive law and serve only as guidance to the judiciary in interpreting the law and the executive in enforcing the law . Among the items listed in the `` Findings '' section include statements regarding rave promoters providing `` chill rooms '' and bottled water for large fees , where participants can go and cool down from the body - temperature - raising effects of ecstasy ; and selling `` neon glow sticks ; massage oils ; menthol nasal inhalers ; and pacifiers that are used to combat the involuntary teeth clenching associated with ecstasy . '' Specifically , many were concerned that these expansive definitions might permit the police to arrest and charge concert promoters under this law so long as glow sticks and bottled water were present . Congress was also accused of picking an easy , public target so as to continue support for the War on Drugs . Others were concerned that too much responsibility would be placed on concert promoters to police their patrons . Also , many were concerned that their First Amendment right to freedom of assembly would be violated were the law enacted . See also ( edit ) Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick Leahy and Richard Durbin withdrew their sponsorship of the bill in September 2002 . ^ Jump up to : See text of statute . ^ Jump up to : `` Raving Lunacy '' . Fox News . July 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` RAVE Act : RIP Live Electronic Music '' , Kuro5hin.org , July 7 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Chemical Warfare : The RAVE Act '' , AlterNet , October 8 , 2002 Jump up ^ http://www.law.indiana.edu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reducing_Americans%27_Vulnerability_to_Ecstasy_Act&oldid=800834790 '' Categories : Drug culture United States proposed federal legislation Drugs in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing%20Americans%2527%20Vulnerability%20to%20Ecstasy%20Act	107,737
who played susan walker in miracle on 34th street	Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker John Payne as Frederick M. `` Fred '' Gailey Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle Gene Lockhart as The Hon . Henry X . Harper Natalie Wood as Susan Walker Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer William Frawley as Charlie Halloran Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer	Natalie Wood	Miracle on 34th Street	miracle on 34th street	Miracle on 34th Street ( originally released in the United Kingdom as The Big Heart ) is a 1947 American Christmas comedy - drama film written and directed by George Seaton and based on a story by Valentine Davies . It stars Maureen O'Hara , John Payne , Natalie Wood and Edmund Gwenn . The story takes place between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day in New York City , and focuses on the impact of a department store Santa Claus who claims to be the real Santa . The film has become a perennial Christmas favorite .	The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Miracle on 34th Street in 2009 . Davies also penned a short novelization of the tale , which was published by Harcourt Brace simultaneously with the film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Legal inaccuracies 4 Release 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Home media and colorization 7 Remake 8 In other media 8.1 Radio 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Television 8.4 Puppets 8.5 Changing character names 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Kris Kringle ( Edmund Gwenn ) is indignant to find that the man ( Percy Helton ) assigned to play Santa in the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is intoxicated . When he complains to event director Doris Walker ( Maureen O'Hara ) , she persuades Kris to take his place . He does so well , he is hired to play Santa at Macy 's flagship New York City store on 34th Street . Ignoring instructions to steer parents to buy from Macy 's , Kris directs one shopper ( Thelma Ritter ) to a competitor . Impressed , she tells Julian Shellhammer ( Philip Tonge ) , head of the toy department , that she will become a loyal customer . Attorney Fred Gailey ( John Payne ) , Doris 's neighbor , takes the young divorcée 's daughter Susan ( Natalie Wood ) to see Santa . Doris has raised her to not believe in fairy tales , but Susan is shaken after seeing Kris speak Dutch with a girl who does not know English . Doris asks Kringle to tell Susan that he is not Santa , but he insists that he is . Worried , Doris decides to fire him . However , Kris has generated so much positive publicity and goodwill for Macy 's that Macy ( Harry Antrim ) promises Doris and Julian bonuses . To alleviate Doris 's misgivings , Julian has Granville Sawyer ( Porter Hall ) administer a `` psychological evaluation '' . Kris passes , and questions Sawyer 's own mental health . The store expands on the concept . To avoid looking greedy , competitor Gimbels implements the same policy , forcing Macy 's and others to escalate . Eventually , Kris does the impossible : he reconciles bitter rivals Macy and Gimbel ( Herbert Heyes ) . Pierce ( James Seay ) , the doctor at Kris ' nursing home , assures Doris that Kris is harmless . Kris makes a pact with Fred -- he will work on Susan 's cynicism while Fred does the same with Doris , disillusioned by her failed marriage . When Susan reveals she wants a house , Kris reluctantly promises to do his best . Kris learns that Sawyer has convinced young employee Alfred that he is unstable simply because he is kind - hearted . Finding Sawyer unwilling to budge , Kris hits him on the head with Sawyer 's umbrella , which was on the desk . Sawyer exaggerates his pain in order to have Kris confined to Bellevue Hospital . Tricked into cooperating , and believing Doris to be in on the deception , Kris deliberately fails his examination and is recommended for permanent commitment . However , Fred persuades Kris not to give up . At a hearing before Judge Henry X . Harper ( Gene Lockhart ) , District Attorney Thomas Mara ( Jerome Cowan ) gets Kris to assert that he is Santa Claus and rests his case . Fred argues that Kris is not insane because he actually is Santa . Mara requests Harper rule that Santa does not exist . In private , Harper 's political adviser , Charlie Halloran ( William Frawley ) , warns him that doing so would be disastrous for his upcoming reelection bid . The judge buys time by hearing evidence . Doris quarrels with Fred when he quits his job at a prestigious law firm to defend Kris . Fred calls Macy as a witness . When Mara asks if he believes Kris to be Santa , Macy starts to equivocate , but when pressed , he remembers the good Kris has done and states , `` I do ! '' Afterward , Macy fires Sawyer . Fred then calls Mara 's own young son ( Bobby Hyatt ) , who testifies that his father told him that Santa was real . Mara concedes the point . Mara then demands that Fred prove that Kris is `` the one and only '' Santa Claus on the basis of some competent authority . While Fred searches frantically , Susan writes Kris a letter to cheer him up , which Doris also signs . When a mail sorter ( Jack Albertson ) sees Susan 's letter , he suggests delivering the many letters to Santa taking up space in the dead letter office too . Fred presents Judge Harper with three of them ( from 21 full mailbags ) , addressed simply to `` Santa Claus '' and delivered to Kris , asserting the Post Office has acknowledged that he is the Santa Claus. Harper dismisses the case . On Christmas morning , Susan is disappointed that Kris could not get her what she wanted . Kris gives Fred and Doris a route home that avoids traffic . Along the way , Susan sees her dream house with a `` For Sale '' sign in the front yard . Fred learns that Doris had encouraged Susan to have faith and suggests they get married and purchase the house . He then boasts that he must be a great lawyer since he proved Kris was Santa . However , when they spot a cane inside that looks just like Kris 's , he is not so sure . Cast ( edit ) Maureen O'Hara as Doris Walker John Payne as Frederick M. `` Fred '' Gailey Edmund Gwenn as Kris Kringle Gene Lockhart as The Hon . Henry X . Harper Natalie Wood as Susan Walker Porter Hall as Granville Sawyer William Frawley as Charlie Halloran Jerome Cowan as District Attorney Thomas Mara Philip Tonge as Julian Shellhammer Uncredited ( alphabetically ) : Jack Albertson as `` Al '' , the Post Office Mail Sorter Harry Antrim as R.H. Macy Lela Bliss as Mrs. Shellhammer Jeff Corey as Reporter Mary Field as Dutch Girl 's Adopted Mother William Forrest as Dr. Rogers at Bellevue Alvin Greenman as Alfred Theresa Harris as Cleo , the Walkers ' maid / housekeeper Percy Helton as Drunken Santa Claus Herbert Heyes as Mr. Gimbel Robert Karnes as 2nd Bellevue Intern Snub Pollard as Mail - Bearing Court Officer Thelma Ritter as Peter 's Mother James Seay as Dr. Pierce , physician at the Brooks Memorial Home for the Aged Production ( edit ) Although the film is set during the Christmas season , studio head Darryl F. Zanuck insisted that it be released in May , arguing that more people go to the movies in warmer weather . The studio rushed to promote it while keeping its Christmas setting a secret . Fox 's promotional trailer depicted a fictional producer roaming the studio backlot and encountering such stars as Rex Harrison , Anne Baxter , Peggy Ann Garner , and Dick Haymes extolling the virtues of the film . In addition , the movie posters prominently featured O'Hara and Payne , with Gwenn 's character kept in the background . The film opened in New York City at the Roxy Theatre on June 4 , 1947 . By contrast , modern home video packaging has Gwenn and Wood dominating the imagery , with the DVD release having Kringle in his Santa Claus costume . O'Hara was initially reluctant to take the role , having recently moved back to Ireland . She immediately changed her mind after reading the script and came back to the United States for the film . The Christmas window displays seen in the film were originally made by Steiff for Macy 's . Macy 's later sold the window displays to FAO Schwarz in New York . FAO Schwarz then sold the windows to the Marshall & Ilsley Bank of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , where they are on display every December in the bank 's lobby on North Water Street . The house shown at the end of the film is a 1703 square foot single family home built in 1943 at 24 Derby Road , Port Washington , New York . The home looks practically the same as it did in 1947 , except that the roof line has been altered by the addition of a window . Rowland Hussey Macy , called R.H. Macy in the film , died 70 years prior to the film ( in 1877 ) . Legal inaccuracies ( edit ) In the book Reel Justice , the authors claim that Judge Harper could have dismissed the case early without the political repercussions he feared . In their theory , once the prosecutor rested his case immediately after Kris Kringle admitted in court simply that he believed he was Santa Claus , Judge Harper could have ruled that prosecution had forfeited its opportunity to prove that Kringle was dangerous ( the basic point of such hearings ; Kringle 's actual mental state itself being irrelevant ) , and ordered him immediately released . However , this high standard for involuntary commitment was not instituted until 1975 with the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision O'Connor v. Donaldson . When demonstrating that he has taken several mental examinations in the past , Kris Kringle answers his own question about who was the Vice President under John Quincy Adams as Daniel D. Tompkins . Tompkins actually served under James Monroe . John C. Calhoun is the correct answer to Kringle 's question . Tompkins was the 6th vice-president and Quincy Adams was the 6th president , leading to confusion in the script . Release ( edit ) The film was re-released in theatres on December 20 and 23 , 2015 , as part of the `` TCM Presents '' series by Turner Classic Movies and Fathom Events . Reaction ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) Miracle on 34th Street received mostly positive reviews from critics . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said : `` For all those blasé skeptics who do not believe in Santa Claus -- and likewise for all those natives who have grown cynical about New York -- but most especially for all those patrons who have grown weary of the monotonies of the screen , let us heartily recommend the Roxy 's new picture , Miracle on 34th Street . As a matter of fact , let 's go further : let 's catch its spirit and heartily proclaim that it is the freshest little picture in a long time , and maybe even the best comedy of this year . '' Today , it is considered by many as one of the best films of 1947 . The film currently holds a 96 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes . The Catholic Legion of Decency gave the movie a `` B '' , `` morally objectionable in part '' rating . This was mainly due to the fact that O'Hara was portraying a divorcée in the film . Awards and honors ( edit ) The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . It was ranked ninth by the American Film Institute on 100 Years ... 100 Cheers , a list of America 's most inspiring films . Miracle on 34th Street was listed as the fifth best film in the fantasy genre in the American Film Institute 's `` Ten top Ten '' lists in 2008 . In 2005 , Miracle on 34th Street was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 9 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 5 Fantasy Film Home media and colorization ( edit ) Miracle on 34th Street was first released on VHS and laserdisc in 1987 . In 1985 , it became one of the first full - length black and white films to be colorized . The 41⁄2 - month process was carried out by Color Systems Technology , Inc . In 1993 , this version was released on laserdisc and VHS and was followed four years later by a `` 50th Anniversary Edition '' , remastered by THX . The first DVD release was in October 1999 , featuring the B&W version alongside the original theatrical trailer and a TV spot . In November 2006 , it was re-released as a two - disc `` Special Edition '' DVD , with disc one containing an `` all new colorized version '' carried out by Legend Films . The second disc had the original black - and - white version and numerous extras , including The 20th Century Fox Hour 's 1955 TV remake . Both discs also included a full - length audio commentary by Maureen O'Hara . The B&W disc has since been re-released several times , including in a pairing with the 1994 remake . In October 2009 , 20th Century Fox released the B&W version on Blu - ray with all previous extras , bar the TV remake . Remake ( edit ) Main article : Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 film ) A 1994 feature film starred Richard Attenborough , Elizabeth Perkins , Dylan McDermott , J.T. Walsh , Timothy Shea , James Remar , Jane Leeves , Simon Jones , William Windom and Mara Wilson . It was adapted by John Hughes from the Seaton script , and directed by Les Mayfield . Due to Macy 's refusal to give permission to use its name , it was replaced by the fictitious `` Cole 's '' . Gimbels no longer existed by 1994 and was replaced with the fictional `` Shopper 's Express '' . Alvin Greenman ( Alfred in the original version ) played a doorman . This version had a more serious tone than the original and a large portion was rewritten , although the majority of the plot and characters remained intact . The film also added a subtext concerning religious faith . In other media ( edit ) There are four remakes of the movie and a Broadway musical . Radio ( edit ) Lux Radio Theater broadcast an adaptation in 1947 which starred the original cast including Natalie Wood . In 1948 it was done again on Lux , without Natalie Wood 's participation , and it was adapted as a half - hour radio play on two broadcasts of Screen Director 's Playhouse , all featuring Edmund Gwenn in his screen role . In these production Kris correctly cites James Monroe as the President for whom Daniel D. Tompkins was the Vice-President . Theatre ( edit ) A 1963 Broadway musical version , entitled Here 's Love , was written by Meredith Willson . The novella was adapted into a stage play by Will Severin , Patricia Di Benedetto Snyder and John Vreeke in 2000 . It is a favorite in many community and regional theaters during the Christmas season . The characters ' names are those used in the novella , and the stage setting is distinctly late 1940s . Production rights are held by Samuel French , Inc . Television ( edit ) A 1955 one - hour television adaptation of the movie starred Thomas Mitchell as Kris , Macdonald Carey as Fred , Teresa Wright as Doris , and Sandy Descher as Susan . This version did not show the drunken Santa at all . Titled `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' , it originally aired as an episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour . It was later re-run as `` Meet Mr. Kringle '' . Ed Wynn played Kris in a 1959 television adaptation of the movie . Also featured was Orson Bean . It was broadcast live and in color on NBC the day after Thanksgiving . NBC made a kinescope of the program , probably for broadcasting opening night on the West Coast . The copy was in a large collection of kinescopes donated by NBC to the Library of Congress and recently unearthed by Richard Finegan , who reported his experiences in the December 2005 issue of Classic Images . A 1973 television version featured Jane Alexander , David Hartman , Roddy McDowall , Sebastian Cabot as Kris ( without his natural beard ; he was forced to shave and wear a false beard for the role ) , Suzanne Davidson , Jim Backus , David Doyle and Tom Bosley . It was adapted by Jeb Rosebrook from the George Seaton screenplay , and directed by Fielder Cook . Mrs. Walker 's first name is changed to Karen in this version . This would prove to be the final version in which the department store was actually Macy 's . David Doyle , who played R.H. Macy in this version had played Mr. Sawyer in the original Broadway cast of Here 's Love 10 years earlier . Puppets ( edit ) The flagship Macy 's Department Store at Herald Square in New York features a 30 - minute puppet version of the story within its Santaland display , featuring the voice talents of Broadway stars Brian Stokes Mitchell and Victoria Clark . Changing character names ( edit ) 1947 1955 1959 1963 Broadway musical 1973 Doris Walker Karen Walker Dorey Walker Frederick M. Gailey Bill Schaffner Bryan Bedford Kris Kringle Susan Walker Cleo ( eliminated ) Drunk Santa ( no name given ) ( no name given ) Tony Falacchi Julian Shellhammer Mr. Shellhammer Marvin Shellhammer Horace Shellhammer Donald Shellhammer Mrs. Shellhammer ( eliminated ) Alfred Alfred ( eliminated ) Granville Sawyer Dr. Albert Sawyer Dr. William Sawyer Dr. Bartholomew Sawyer Dr. Henry Sawyer ( eliminated ) R.H. Macy Mr. Macy R.H. Macy C.F. Cole Mr. Gimbel Victor Landbergh Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Dr. Pierce ( eliminated ) Hon . Henry X . Harper Hon. Harper Hon . Martin Group Hon. Harper Hon . Henry Harper Charlie Halloran Tammany O'Halloran ( eliminated ) Thomas Mara Mr. Mara Thomas Mara Ed Collins Mrs. Mara ( eliminated ) ( eliminated ) Rebecca Collins Macy 's Department Store Cole 's Department Store Gimbels Department Store Shopper 's Express See also ( edit ) Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of 1947 '' , Variety , 7 January 1948 , p. 63 Jump up ^ BFI : Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved December 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street , Release Info , Also Known As '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Heart Poster '' . Movie Poster Studio . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Academy Film Archive . Jump up ^ Brown , Gene ( 1995 ) . Movie Time : A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from Its Beginnings to the Present . New York , NY : Macmillan . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860429 - 6 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Maureen ; John Nicoletti ( 2005 ) . ' Tis herself : a memoir . London : Pocket . p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 9535 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rowland Hussey Macy '' . Find a Grave . June 3 , 1998 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Miracle on 34th Street , 50th Anniversary Edition '' ( Sindpiper Publishing ) , 1997 Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Psycho , ' ' Grease ' Returning to Cinemas in ' TCM Presents ' Series '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( June 5 , 1947 ) . `` Movie Review : ' Miracle on 34th Street , ' With Edmund Gwenn in the Role of Santa Claus , at Roxy -- ' Web ' at Loew 's Criterion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Films of 1947 '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1947 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Catcher , Jessica ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` 12 Awesome Facts You Did n't Know About The Original Miracle On 34th Street '' . ViralNova . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres '' . ComingSoon.net . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Fantasy '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street '' . On Location Tours . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) : Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI . September 23 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) - Articles - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nitrate Wo n't Wait : A History of Film Preservation in the United States ( 2000 ) by Anthony Slide , page 125 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle on 34th Street Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rancho Cucamonga Community Theatre Presents Miracle on 34th Street '' . Lewis Family Playhouse . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Patricia Di Benedetto ; Severin , Will ; Vreeke , John ( 2000 ) . Miracle on 34th Street : A Play from the Novel by Valentine Davies . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0573628924 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Miracle on 34th Street Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miracle on 34th Street ( film ) . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Miracle on 34th Street '' dated 2017 - 03 - 26 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Backstage and deleted scenes Miracle on 34th Street at AllMovie Miracle on 34th Street at the TCM Movie Database Miracle on 34th Street on IMDb Miracle on 34th Street at the American Film Institute Catalog Streaming audio Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 22 , 1947 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 23 , 1949 Miracle on 34th Street on Screen Directors Playhouse : December 21 , 1950 Miracle on 34th Street on Lux Radio Theater : December 21 , 1954 Miracle on 34th Street Films Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) Television productions `` The Miracle on 34th Street '' ( The 20th Century Fox Hour ) ( 1955 ) `` Miracle on 34th Street '' ( NBC Friday Night Special Presentation ) ( 1959 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1973 ) Other versions Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 novella ) Here 's Love ( 1963 musical ) Films directed by George Seaton Diamond Horseshoe ( 1945 ) Junior Miss ( 1945 ) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim ( 1947 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) Apartment for Peggy ( 1948 ) Chicken Every Sunday ( 1949 ) The Big Lift ( 1950 ) For Heaven 's Sake ( 1950 ) Anything Can Happen ( 1952 ) Little Boy Lost ( 1953 ) The Country Girl ( 1954 ) The Proud and Profane ( 1956 ) Williamsburg : the Story of a Patriot ( 1957 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 1958 ) The Pleasure of His Company ( 1961 ) The Counterfeit Traitor ( 1962 ) The Hook ( 1963 ) 36 Hours ( 1965 ) What 's So Bad About Feeling Good ? ( 1968 ) Airport ( 1970 ) Showdown ( 1973 ) Macy 's , Inc . Bloomingdale 's Bluemercury Macy 's Key people Terry Lundgren Fred Lazarus Jr . Simon Lazarus Rowland Hussey Macy Isidor Straus Nathan Straus Events Glamorama Macy 's Great Tree Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade My Macy 's Holiday Parade Related Macy 's Herald Square Miracle on 34th Street Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_on_34th_Street&oldid=829676822 '' Categories : 1947 films English - language films 1940s comedy - drama films 1940s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American black - and - white films American fantasy films American Christmas films American comedy films American films Films based on short fiction Films directed by George Seaton Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films set in department stores Films set in New York City Films shot in New York City Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Santa Claus in film United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle%20on%2034th%20Street	6,667
who played sanaa lathan sister in love and basketball			Love & Basketball	love & basketball	Love & Basketball is a 2000 American romantic drama film starring Sanaa Lathan and Omar Epps . The film tells the story of Quincy McCall ( Epps ) and Monica Wright ( Lathan ) , two next - door neighbors in Los Angeles , California who are pursuing their basketball careers before eventually falling for each other . The film was produced by 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks , and marks the directorial debut of screenwriter Gina Prince - Bythewood .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Reviews 6.2 Box office 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Monica ( Sanaa Lathan ) and Quincy ( Omar Epps ) have wanted to be professional basketball stars since they were kids . Monica wanted to play for the Los Angeles Lakers and wear Magic Johnson 's number 32 , and Quincy wanted to be like his father and play for the Clippers , wearing number 22 . However , Monica has to work hard to establish herself , while Quincy was born with natural star potential . As the two struggle to reach their goals of playing professionally , they must also deal with their emotions for each other . The film spans roughly thirteen years of friendship between childhood sweethearts Monica Wright and Quincy McCall . The first quarter of the story begins in 1981 , when Monica ( played as a youth by Kyla Pratt ) and her family moved to Los Angeles in 1981 from Atlanta , Georgia , and quickly became acquainted with their new neighbors the McCalls , a wealthy family due to the success of Quincy 's father Zeke , the star shooting guard for the Los Angeles Clippers . Quincy and Monica are drawn to each other instantly , sharing a love of the game : basketball . Quincy ( played as a youth by Glendon Chattman ) is shocked that a girl could ever love basketball as much as he did , and he is even more shocked when Monica plays so well . Although their first interaction results in Quincy angrily knocking her down during game point and accidentally scarring her face , they share their first kiss on the first day of school and end the `` first quarter '' of the story fighting in the grass . The second quarter of the story begins in 1988 , when both Monica and Quincy are the respective leaders of their high school teams . Scouts have taken clear notice of Quincy , who many see as one of the top prospects in the country . His popularity was not just evident on the court as he is extremely popular with the other students and could have any girl in school that he wanted , but he is still good friends and neighbors with Monica . Monica , on the other hand , struggles with her fiery emotions on the court , which often resulted in technical fouls at critical moments of games , getting benched , and eventually pushing away many potential scouting opportunities due to her lack of control . Aside from her emotions on the court , she also struggles with the emotions she secretly still harbors for Quincy and struggles to express them as he is always surrounded by other girls . Monica also has problems with her mother Camille , who is a stay at home wife and mother . Ever since she was a little girl , Monica has been pressured by Camille to give up basketball and `` act like a lady '' , to the point that Camille would force her to wear dresses and skirts against her will . This has continued into her high school years , with Camille still complaining that Monica is too much of a `` tomboy '' and needs to learn to be more feminine , which leaves Monica feeling hurt and resentful of her mother for not accepting her for who she is and refuses to embrace the domestic `` housewife '' work that her mother seems to enjoy so much . Through soul searching throughout the season , Monica learns to control her emotions and leads her team to the state championship game . However , both she and her team came up short leading them to a victory , leaving Monica devastated and in tears . Later on , Monica begins to recover from the defeat with the help of her older sister , Lena , who gives her a makeover and even finds a college friend to take her to her spring dance . With nothing more than a new hair style and a dress , Monica shows up to the spring dance looking as beautiful as ever . Despite having a date of his own , Quincy notices her and immediately walks over to her to compliment her new appearance but does n't hesitate to comment on her date . They both show jealousy towards each others ' dates and part ways . Later that night , they both speak outside her window and reveal to each other how their dates did n't meet their needs . She also lets him know that she has a letter from University of Southern California ( USC ) and insists on him to open it . After the letter reveals that she has been accepted , he finally stated that USC was also his choice . As they move in to congratulate each other with a hug , Monica mistakes the gesture as a kiss and that leads to them finally acting on their feelings for one another by making love to each other . It was Monica 's first time . The third quarter of the story follows Quincy and Monica to their freshman year at USC in 1988 - 89 , where they are managing themselves as athletes , students , and a couple . Again , the same problems seem to present themselves , this time on a bigger stage . While Quincy finds instant success on the court , as well as more and more female admirers , Monica struggles for playing time , being the backup to USC 's senior guard , Sidra O'Neal . To make matters worse , she falls on the bad side of the head coach , Ellie Davis , both for showing off and for her lack of defense . Her relationship with Quincy becomes more and more strained as Quincy struggles to deal with the media attention surrounding his father , who is trying to convince Quincy to finish college before going pro , and a paternity suit against him from a former lover . Quincy feels betrayed by his father for lying to him and threatens to leave school for the NBA early , despite his father begging him not to sacrifice his education just to spite him . Zeke mentions that his mom was only nineteen when she was pregnant with Quincy and he was n't ready for a family , but he stayed anyway . Monica finally earns the starting point guard spot at the end of the season . However , Quincy ca n't be happy for her , because he blames her for not being there for him when he was having problems with his father . Monica is hurt deeply by Quincy , leading the two of them to go their separate ways . The fourth quarter of the story follows the characters through the early 1990s , a few years before the establishment of the WNBA . In 1993 , Monica 's prospects for professional basketball lie exclusively in the IWBA , the International Women 's Basketball Association , while Quincy steps into the pros at home . Monica settles into her new life in Barcelona , where she struggles to cope with the everyday grind of playing overseas away from family and friends . She misses home , but ca n't imagine a life that did n't include basketball . ( Sidra points out that their teammate at USC , Big Toni , quit the previous year and now works at a bookstore ) . She tries to adapt to her surroundings as a local sports celebrity and the focal point of the team 's offense . She leads her team to a dominant victory in the championship game at the end of the season . Despite all of her personal success , she starts to realize that her love for basketball is n't the same as it was before . Having left USC after his freshman season , Quincy is now in his fifth year in the pros , trying to find a role with his new team , the Los Angeles Lakers . The moment he finally finds some playing time , he injures himself landing awkwardly after a slam - dunk and tearing his ACL . His family rushes to the hospital to be with him , but his now divorced parents still have bad blood when they see each other . After Monica hears about Quincy 's injury , she flies home to see him . Monica goes to the hospital to visit Quincy , and is stunned to hear of Quincy 's engagement and to meet his fiancée ( Tyra Banks ) . After her meeting with Quincy , Monica soon realizes that her feelings for him still exist . Monica also clashes with her mother Camille again over old resentments , causing Camille to remark that she had to give up her own dreams after having children and resenting Monica for not appreciating the sacrifices she made for her family , with Monica counter-arguing that Camille never made her feel loved and accepted , because she kept trying to force her to give up her goals for a stereotypical `` woman 's role '' in life that she did n't want . Over the next few months , Quincy undergoes rehabilitation , while the day of his wedding draws closer . By this time , Monica has decided to give up basketball and work at a bank with her dad instead . When questioned by Quincy , she states that it was no longer fun for her . However , Quincy does not understand , stating that he never knew anyone who loved basketball as much as she did . After seeing how truly unhappy her youngest daughter is without either basketball or Quincy ( or both ) in her life , Camille finally relents and encourages Monica to fight for her dreams and the man she loves . Quincy and Monica meet up , this time as friends , and reminisce over their shared past . At this point , Quincy has recovered from his injury , and Monica finally steps up with an ultimatum . She challenges him to one final game on the court , but this time , the stakes are higher : if he loses , he calls off the wedding and chooses Monica ; if not , he marries his fiancée . Her reasoning is that if he loses , it would be , because he let her win , which would mean that , deep down , he really does n't want to get married , because he still loves her . Quincy agrees and beats her in the game , but can no longer be apart from Monica and chooses her instead . The phrase `` double or nothing '' brings a whole new meaning to the game . The film fast - forwards to five years later in 1998 . Monica has finally gone pro in the WNBA , which was created two years earlier by the NBA in 1996 . The movie ends with Quincy helping their baby daughter cheer on Monica during her game . The back of her jersey is seen with the name `` Wright - McCall '' , showing that Monica and Quincy got married . In the closing post-credit scene , Quincy and Monica 's toddler daughter is seen in the backyard , running and putting her basketball into her toy basketball hoop . Cast ( edit ) Sanaa Lathan ( left ) and Omar Epps ( right ) are the two main characters of the film . Cast and crew adapted from AllRovi . Sanaa Lathan as Monica Wright Kyla Pratt as Young Monica Omar Epps as Quincy McCall Glenndon Chatman as Young Quincy Alfre Woodard as Camille Wright , Monica 's mom Dennis Haysbert as Zeke McCall , Quincy 's father Debbi Morgan as Nona McCall , Quincy 's mother Harry J. Lenix as Nathan Wright , Monica 's dad Boris Kodjoe as Jason Gabrielle Union as Shawnee Monica Calhoun as Kerry Regina Hall as Lena Wright , Monica 's sister Christine Dunford as Coach Davis Tyra Banks as Karen , Quincy 's fiancé Al Foster as Coach Hiserman Production ( edit ) From August 1999 to October 1999 This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Love & Basketball ( soundtrack ) Love & Basketball is the soundtrack to the film , released April 18 , 2000 , on Overbrook Entertainment and New Line Records . Production for the album came from several recording artists , including Raphael Saadiq , Angie Stone , Zapp , and Steve `` Silk '' Hurley . In the US , the album peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200 and number 15 on R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . Stacia Proefrock of Allmusic gave the album a three - of - five star review , saying `` Songs like MeShell Ndege'ocello's ' Fool of Me ' help punctuate this story of childhood friends who love each other almost as much as they love the game of basketball . Other highlights of the soundtrack include songs from MC Lyte , Al Green , and Rufus . '' Release ( edit ) Love & Basketball was released in the United States on April 21 , 2000 . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Love & Basketball received generally favorable reviews from film critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 70 , based on 28 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable '' . At Rotten Tomatoes , which is similar to Metacritic , the film received an aggregated score of 82 % , based on 87 reviews stating , `` Confident directing and acting deliver an insightful look at young athletes . '' Film reviewer Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave Love & Basketball an A - review . She enjoyed how the film portrayed women 's sports in general and says `` The speed and wiliness of the game itself ensure that movies about men who shoot hoops are exciting , but the novelty of watching women bring their own physical grace to the contest is a turn - on . '' Schwarzbaum also appreciated Prince - Bythewood 's directing skills , claiming `` ( She ) is also vigilant and honest about the hard sacrifices made in pursuit of sexual equality . And for that , she scores big in her first pro game . '' Rachel Deahl of AllRovi gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars . In her review she complimented Epps and Lathan on their performances , and said , `` Love & Basketball serves as a somber reminder of how few films exist ( much less love stories , much less ones that focus on the female perspective ) about multi-dimensional African - American characters outside the ghetto . '' Film critic Desson Howe of The Washington Post 's Entertainment Guide wrote , `` Love and Basketball had moments of such tenderness and sophistication , complimented ( sic ) by such romantic dreaminess between lead performers Omar Epps and Sanaa Lathan . First - time filmmaker Gina Prince - Bythewood 's film joins such films as The Best Man and The Wood , which look for the class , not the crass , in African American life . '' Howe gave the film a favorable review . New York Post film critic Jonathan Foreman gave the film a mixed review ; he appreciated how the film `` effectively conveys the excitement of basketball from a player 's point of view '' , but says it 's filled with fake - sounding dialogue you only find in the cheesiest TV movies . '' Roger Ebert , film critic of the Chicago Sun - Times , says `` The film is not as taut as it could have been , but I prefer its emotional perception to the pumped - up sports clichés I was sort of expecting . It 's about the pressures of being a star athlete ; the whole life , not the game highlights . I 'm not sure I quite believe the final shot , though . I think the girl suits up for the sequel . '' Ebert gave the film three out of four stars . Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer gave the film a negative review , saying , `` ( it ) is a film built upon transitions so weak and obvious it 's astonishing the entire thing does n't collapse on itself . You want to root for it , as you would any rookie underdog , but it offers nothing to cheer for . '' He also elaborates on the acting , stating `` Omar Epps possesses a chiseled body and a blank stare ( ... ) Lathan is only slightly better , but she 's stuck in a hollow role . '' Box Office ( edit ) Love & Basketball was released in North America on April 21 , 2000 to 1,237 theaters . It grossed $3,176,000 its first day and ending its North American weekend with $8,139,180 , which was the second - highest grossing movie of the April 21 -- 23 , 2000 weekend , only behind U-571 . Love & Basketball grossed $27,459,615 in the United States , which is ninth all - time for a basketball film and thirty - seventh all - time for a sports drama . The film grossed $27,728,118 worldwide ; $268,503 ( 1 % ) was grossed outside of the United States . Awards ( edit ) BET Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Sanaa Lathan Best Actress Won Black Reel Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Love & Basketball Best Film Won Love & Basketball Best Film Poster Won Love & Basketball Best Soundtrack Won Sanaa Lathan Theatrical -- Best Actress Won Gina Prince - Bythewood Theatrical -- Best Director Won `` Fool of Me '' ( Meshell Ndegeocello ) Best Song Won Humanitas Prize Year Nominee / work Award Result 2000 Love & Basketball Sundance Film Category Won Independent Spirit Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2000 Gina Prince - Bythewood Best First Screenplay Won Key Art Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 D. Stevens Best Drama Poster Won NAACP Image Award Year Nominee / work Award Result 2001 Film Outstanding Motion Picture Nominated Omar Epps Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated Sanaa Lathan Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Won Alfre Woodard Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Won Kyla Pratt Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Nominated References ( edit ) General Prince - Bythewood , Gina ( Director ) ( 2000 ) . Love & Basketball ( DVD ) . Los Angeles , CA : New Line Cinema . Specific Jump up ^ `` Love & Basketball -- Cast and Crew '' . AllRovi . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love & Basketball ( Soundtrack ) -- Original Soundtrack > Overview '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love & Basketball ( Soundtrack ) -- Original Soundtrack > Credits '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love & Basketball ( Soundtrack ) -- Original Soundtrack > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Proefrock , Stacia . `` Love & Basketball ( Soundtrack ) -- Original Soundtrack > Review '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Deahl , Rachel . `` Love & Basketball -- Review '' . AllRovi . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love & Basketball Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love and Basketball '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( April 28 , 2000 ) . `` Movie Review : Love * Basketball ( 2000 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . CNN . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( April 21 , 2000 ) . `` ' Love and Basketball ' : A Winning Team '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Jonathan . `` It Shoots , It Misses '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2000 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( April 21 , 2000 ) . `` Love & Basketball '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert . `` Foul Shots : All 's So - so in the Off - the - mark Hoop Drama Love & Basketball '' . Dallas Observer . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love & Basketball ( 2000 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 21 -- 23 , 2000 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Love and Basketball ( 2000 ) -- Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Reel Awards ( 2001 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners : Sundance Winners '' . Humanitas Prize . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Love & Basketball > Awards '' . AllRovi . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 Image Awards '' . Imdb.com . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 NAACP Image Awards '' . Infoplease . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Love & Basketball Official website Love & Basketball on IMDb Films directed by Gina Prince - Bythewood Love & Basketball ( 2000 ) Disappearing Acts ( 2000 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2008 ) Beyond the Lights ( 2014 ) Black Reel Award for Outstanding Film 2000 - 2009 The Hurricane ( 2000 ) Love & Basketball ( 2001 ) Training Day ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) Out of Time ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 , drama ) Lightning in a Bottle ( 2005 , comedy / musical ) Crash ( 2006 ) Dreamgirls ( 2007 ) Cadillac Records ( 2008 ) no awards in 2009 2010 - present Precious ( 2010 ) Night Catches Us ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Creed ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_%26_Basketball&oldid=787214671 '' Categories : English - language films 2000 films 2000s romantic drama films 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks films American basketball films American coming - of - age films American independent films American romantic drama films American films Directorial debut films Films about women 's sports Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in Barcelona New Line Cinema films Films about race and ethnicity Films directed by Gina Prince - Bythewood Film scores by Terence Blanchard Films set in 1988 Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from January 2013 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 03 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20%2526%20Basketball	59,867
where does a wired computer get its ip address from			MAC address	mac address	A media access control address ( MAC address ) of a device is a unique identifier assigned to network interface controllers for communications at the data link layer of a network segment . MAC addresses are used as a network address for most IEEE 802 network technologies , including Ethernet and Wi - Fi . In this context , MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer .	MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface controller ( NIC ) and are stored in its hardware , such as the card 's read - only memory or some other firmware mechanism . If assigned by the manufacturer , a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer 's registered identification number and may be referred to as the burned - in address ( BIA ) . It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address ( EHA ) , hardware address or physical address ( not to be confused with a memory physical address ) . This can be contrasted to a programmed address , where the host device issues commands to the NIC to use an arbitrary address . A network node may have multiple NICs and each NIC must have a unique MAC address . Sophisticated network equipment such as a multilayer switch or router may require one or more permanently assigned MAC addresses . MAC addresses are formed according to the rules of one of three numbering name spaces managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) : MAC - 48 , EUI - 48 , and EUI - 64 . The IEEE claims trademarks on the names EUI - 48 and EUI - 64 , in which EUI is an abbreviation for Extended Unique Identifier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Address details 1.1 Universal vs. local 1.2 Unicast vs. multicast 2 Applications 3 Usage in hosts 4 Spying 5 Notational conventions 5.1 Bit - reversed notation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Address details ( edit ) The original IEEE 802 MAC address comes from the original Xerox Ethernet addressing scheme . This 48 - bit address space contains potentially 2 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses . The distinction between EUI - 48 and MAC - 48 identifiers is purely nominal : MAC - 48 is used for network hardware ; EUI - 48 is used to identify other devices and software . ( Thus , by definition , an EUI - 48 is not in fact a `` MAC address '' , although it is syntactically indistinguishable from one and assigned from the same numbering space . ) The IEEE now considers the label MAC - 48 to be an obsolete term , previously used to refer to a specific type of EUI - 48 identifier used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802 - based networking applications , and thus not to be used in the future . Instead , the proprietary term EUI - 48 should be used for this purpose . In addition , the EUI - 64 numbering system encompasses both MAC - 48 and EUI - 48 identifiers by a simple translation mechanism . To convert a MAC - 48 into an EUI - 64 , copy the OUI , append the two octets FF - FF and then copy the organization - specified extension identifier . To convert an EUI - 48 into an EUI - 64 , the same process is used , but the sequence inserted is FF - FE . In both cases , the process can be trivially reversed when necessary . Organizations issuing EUI - 64s are cautioned against issuing identifiers that could be confused with these forms . The IEEE has a target lifetime of 100 years for applications using MAC - 48 space , but encourages adoption of EUI - 64s instead . IPv6 -- one of the most prominent standards that uses a Modified EUI - 64 -- treats MAC - 48 as EUI - 48 instead ( as it is chosen from the same address pool ) and toggles the U / L bit ( as this makes it easier to type locally assigned IPv6 addresses based on the Modified EUI - 64 ) . This results in extending MAC addresses ( such as IEEE 802 MAC address ) to Modified EUI - 64 using only FF - FE ( and never FF - FF ) and with the U / L bit inverted . An Individual Address Block ( IAB ) was a 24 - bit OUI managed by the IEEE Registration Authority , followed by 12 IEEE - provided bits ( identifying the organization ) , and 12 bits for the owner to assign to individual devices . An IAB is ideal for organizations requiring fewer than 4097 unique 48 - bit numbers ( EUI - 48 ) . IAB 's have been replaced with 12 - bit `` MA - S '' address blocks . Universal vs. local ( edit ) Addresses can either be universally administered addresses ( UAA ) or locally administered addresses ( LAA ) . A universally administered address is uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer . The first three octets ( in transmission order ) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the organizationally unique identifier ( OUI ) . The remainder of the address ( three octets for MAC - 48 and EUI - 48 or five for EUI - 64 ) are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please , subject to the constraint of uniqueness . A locally administered address is assigned to a device by a network administrator , overriding the burned - in address . Universally administered and locally administered addresses are distinguished by setting the second - least - significant bit of the first octet of the address . This bit is also referred to as the U / L bit , short for Universal / Local , which identifies how the address is administered . If the bit is 0 , the address is universally administered . If it is 1 , the address is locally administered . In the example address 06 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 - 00 the first octet is 06 ( hex ) , the binary form of which is 00000110 , where the second - least - significant bit is 1 . Therefore , it is a locally administered address . Another example that uses locally administered addresses is the DECnet protocol . The MAC address of the Ethernet interface is changed by the DECnet software to be AA - 00 - 04 - 00 - xx - yy where xx - yy reflects the DECnet network address xx. yy of the host . This eliminates the need for an address resolution protocol since the MAC address for any DECnet host can be simply determined . Unicast vs. multicast ( edit ) If the least significant bit of the first octet of an address is set to 0 ( zero ) , the frame is meant to reach only one receiving NIC . This type of transmission is called unicast . A unicast frame is transmitted to all nodes within the collision domain . In a modern wired setting the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cable between two network cards . In a wireless setting , the collision domain is as far as the radio transmitter can reach . A switch will forward a unicast frame through all of its ports ( except for the port that originated the frame ) , an action known as unicast flood , if the switch has no knowledge of which port leads to that MAC address . Only the node with the matching hardware MAC address will accept the frame ; network frames with non-matching MAC - addresses are ignored , unless the device is in promiscuous mode . If the least significant bit of the first octet is set to 1 , the frame will still be sent only once ; however , NICs will choose to accept it based on criteria other than the matching of a MAC address : for example , based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses . This is called multicast addressing . The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one network interface card to be addressed at one time : Packets sent to the broadcast address , all one bits , are received by all stations on a local area network . In hexadecimal the broadcast address would be FF : FF : FF : FF : FF : FF . A broadcast frame is flooded and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes . Packets sent to a multicast address are received by all stations on a LAN that have been configured to receive packets sent to that address . Functional addresses identify one or more Token Ring NICs that provide a particular service , defined in IEEE 802.5 . These are all examples of group addresses , as opposed to individual addresses ; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses . That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and set to 1 in group addresses . Group addresses , like individual addresses , can be universally administered or locally administered . Applications ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following network technologies use the MAC - 48 identifier format : Ethernet 802.11 wireless networks Bluetooth IEEE 802.5 token ring most other IEEE 802 networks Fiber Distributed Data Interface ( FDDI ) Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) , switched virtual connections only , as part of an NSAP address Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI ( as part of a World Wide Name ) The ITU - T G.hn standard , which provides a way to create a high - speed ( up to 1 gigabit / s ) local area network using existing home wiring ( power lines , phone lines and coaxial cables ) . The G.hn Application Protocol Convergence ( APC ) layer accepts Ethernet frames that use the MAC - 48 format and encapsulates them into G.hn Medium Access Control Service Data Units ( MSDUs ) . Every device that connects to an IEEE 802 network ( such as Ethernet and WiFi ) has a MAC - 48 address . Common networked consumer devices such as PCs , smartphones and tablet computers use MAC - 48 addresses . EUI - 64 identifiers are used in : IEEE 1394 ( FireWire ) IPv6 ( Modified EUI - 64 as the least - significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link - local address when stateless autoconfiguration is used ) ZigBee / 802.15. 4 / 6LoWPAN wireless personal - area networks Usage in hosts ( edit ) On broadcast networks , such as Ethernet , the MAC address is expected to uniquely identify each node on that segment and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts . It thus forms the basis of most of the link layer ( OSI Layer 2 ) networking upon which upper layer protocols rely to produce complex , functioning networks . Although intended to be a permanent and globally unique identification , it is possible to change the MAC address on most modern hardware . Changing MAC addresses is necessary in network virtualization . It can also be used in the process of exploiting security vulnerabilities . This is called MAC spoofing . In IP networks , the MAC address of an interface can be queried given the IP address using the Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP ) for Internet Protocol Version 4 ( IPv4 ) or the Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( NDP ) for IPv6 . In this way , ARP or NDP is used to relate IP addresses ( OSI layer 3 ) to Ethernet MAC addresses ( OSI layer 2 ) . Spying ( edit ) According to Edward Snowden , the US National Security Agency has a system that tracks the movements of everyone in a city by monitoring the MAC addresses of their electronic devices . As a result of users being trackable by their devices ' MAC addresses , Apple has started using random MAC addresses in their iOS line of devices while scanning for networks . If random MAC addresses are not used , researchers have confirmed that it is possible to link a real identity to a particular wireless MAC address . Many network interfaces ( including wireless ones ) support changing their MAC address . The configuration is specific to the operating system . On most Unix - like systems , the ifconfig command may be used to add and remove `` link '' ( Ethernet MAC family ) address aliases . For instance , the `` active '' ifconfig directive may then be used on NetBSD to specify which of the attached addresses to activate . Hence , various configuration scripts and utilities allow to randomize the MAC address at boot or network connection time . Using wireless access points in SSID - hidden mode ( see network cloaking ) , a mobile wireless device may not only disclose its own MAC address when traveling , but even the MAC addresses associated to SSIDs the device has already connected to , if they are configured to send these as part of probe request packets . Alternative modes to prevent this include configuring access points to be either in beacon - broadcasting mode , or probe - response with SSID mode . In these modes , probe requests may be unnecessary , or sent in broadcast mode without disclosing the identity of previously - known networks . Notational conventions ( edit ) The standard ( IEEE 802 ) format for printing MAC - 48 addresses in human - friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits , separated by hyphens ( - ) in transmission order ( e.g. 01 - 23 - 45 - 67 - 89 - ab ) . This form is also commonly used for EUI - 64 ( e.g. 01 - 23 - 45 - 67 - 89 - ab - cd - ef ) . Other conventions include six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons ( : ) ( e.g. 01 : 23 : 45 : 67 : 89 : ab ) , and three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots ( . ) ( e.g. 0123.4567. 89ab ) ; again in transmission order . Bit - reversed notation ( edit ) The standard notation , also called canonical format , for MAC addresses is written in transmission bit order with the least significant bit transmitted first , as seen in the output of the ifconfig , iproute2 , and ipconfig commands , for example . However , since IEEE 802.3 ( Ethernet ) and IEEE 802.4 ( Token Bus ) send the bytes ( octets ) over the wire , left - to - right , with least significant bit in each byte first , while IEEE 802.5 ( Token Ring ) and IEEE 802.6 send the bytes over the wire with the most significant bit first , confusion may arise when an address in the latter scenario is represented with bits reversed from the canonical representation . For example , an address in canonical form 12 - 34 - 56 - 78 - 9A - BC would be transmitted over the wire as bits 01001000 00101100 01101010 00011110 01011001 00111101 in the standard transmission order ( least significant bit first ) . But for Token Ring networks , it would be transmitted as bits 00010010 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 in most - significant - bit first order . The latter might be incorrectly displayed as 48 - 2C - 6A - 1E - 59 - 3D . This is referred to as bit - reversed order , non-canonical form , MSB format , IBM format , or Token Ring format , as explained in RFC 2469 . See also ( edit ) Hot Standby Router Protocol IPv6 LAN switching Organizationally Unique Identifier Network management NSAP address , another endpoint addressing scheme Sleep Proxy Service , which may spoof another device 's MAC address during certain periods Transparent bridging Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for 48 - Bit Global Identifier ( EUI - 48 ) '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Standards Association . IEEE . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guidelines for 64 - Bit Global Identifier ( EUI - 64 ) '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Standards Association . IEEE . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ IEEE Std 802 - 2001 ( PDF ) . The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , Inc . ( IEEE ) . 2002 - 02 - 07 . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 7381 - 2941 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . The universal administration of LAN MAC addresses began with the Xerox Corporation administering Block Identifiers ( Block IDs ) for Ethernet addresses . ^ Jump up to : `` Guidelines for use of the 24 - bit Organizationally Unique Identifiers ( OUI ) '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` IANA Considerations and IETF Protocol Usage for IEEE 802 Parameters '' . IETF . September 2008 . RFC 5342 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ IEEE - RA . `` What is an Individual Address Block ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Group MAC Addresses : A Tutorial Guide '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Fibre Channel Use of the Organizationally Unique Identifier ( OUI ) '' ( PDF ) . IEEE - SA . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Layer 2 Switched Networks and Communication Getting Started with LANs Cisco Support Community 5896 68421 '' . supportforums.cisco.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Bamford , James . `` The Most Wanted Man in the World '' . Wired . p. 4 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mamiit , Aaron ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Apple Implements Random MAC Address on iOS 8 . Goodbye , Marketers '' . Tech Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cunche , Mathieu . `` I know your MAC Address : Targeted tracking of individual using Wi - Fi '' ( PDF ) . 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ifconfig ( 8 ) manual page '' . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hidden network no beacons '' . security.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Use of EUI , OUI , and CID '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Agentless Host Configuration Scenario '' . Configuration Guide for Cisco Secure ACS 4.2 . Cisco . February 2008 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . You can enter the MAC address in the following formats for representing MAC - 48 addresses in human - readable form : six groups of two hexadecimal digits , separated by hyphens ( - ) in transmission order , ( ... ) six groups of two separated by colons ( : ) , ( ... ) three groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by dots ( . ) ... External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Changing Your MAC Address IEEE Registration Authority Tutorials IEEE Public OUI and Company_id Assignment lookup IEEE Public IAB list IEEE Public OUI list IANA Considerations and IETF Protocol Usage for IEEE 802 Parameters IANA list of Ethernet Numbers Wireshark 's MAC address list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAC_address&oldid=827405951 '' Categories : Media access control Network addressing Unique identifiers Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles that may contain original research from January 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 15 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC%20address	13,813
the chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the chinese nation			Chinese Dream	chinese dream		This article is part of a series on the Politics of the People 's Republic of China Leadership ( show ) Leadership generations Succession of power Hu -- Wen Administration ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Xi -- Li Administration ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Xi Core Administration ( zh ) ( since 2017 ) 4th Leadership Core : Xi Jinping 19th Central Politburo 13th State Council Current State leaders Current provincial leaders National leaders Orders of precedence Paramount leader : Xi Jinping Communist Party leader : Xi Jinping Head of state : Xi Jinping Head of government : Li Keqiang Congress Chairman : Li Zhanshu Conference Chairman : Wang Yang Commander - in - chief : Xi Jinping Politburo Standing Committee Related systems Democratic centralism Collective leadership Organization Department Elections Civil service Communist Party ( show ) History Principal leaders Constitution Organization National Party Congress ( 19th ) Central Committee ( 19th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 19th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - ranked secretary : Wang Huning Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang , Zhang Youxia National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Li Keqiang , Li Zhanshu Office Chief : Ding Xuexiang Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Directors : Li Keqiang , Wang Huning , Han Zheng Secretary - General : Wang Huning Financial & Economic Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Director : Li Keqiang Office Chief : Liu He General Office Director : Ding Xuexiang General Secretary 's Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Central Security Bureau Central Guard Unit Office of the Central Secrecy Commission Organization Department Head : Chen Xi Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Provincial committee Standing committee Secretary Deputy secretaries United Front ( show ) Political Consultative Conference National Committee ( zh ) Chairman : Wang Yang Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Zhang Qingli Secretary - General : Xia Baolong Political parties : CPC ( ruling ) United Front Work Department Head : You Quan RCCK CDL CDNCA CAPD CPWDP CZGP JS TDSGL Federation of Industry and Commerce People 's organizations Ideology ( hide ) Marxism -- Leninism Maoism ( `` Mao Zedong Thought '' ) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution Previous constitutions 1954 1978 `` People 's democratic dictatorship '' ( Article 1 ) Democratic centralism ( Article 3 ) Constitutional oath of office ( Article 27 ) Protection of human rights ( Article 33 ) Freedom of religion ( Article 36 ) Chinese legal system Civil law tradition Socialist law tradition Laws Legislation Law List of statutes General Principles of the Civil Law Marriage Law Labour law Labour Law Labour Contract Law Property law Property Law Intellectual property law Patent law Administrative law Administrative Procedure Law Criminal law Capital punishment Capital offences Death sentence with reprieve Legislative ( show ) National People 's Congress ( 13th ) Members Plenary sessions Voting results Presidium Standing Committee Chairman : Li Zhanshu Vice-Chairpersons Top - ranked : Wang Chen Secretary - General : Yang Zhenwu ( zh ) Special committees Ethnic Affairs Constitution and Law Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Financial and Economic Affairs Education , Science , Culture and Public Health Foreign Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Environment Protection and Resources Conservation Agriculture and Rural Affairs Social Development Affairs Legislation Law Elections Presidency ( show ) President ( list ) : Xi Jinping Presidential spouse : Peng Liyuan Presidential Office ( zh ) Chief : Ding Xuexiang Vice-President : Wang Qishan Executive ( show ) State Council ( Central People 's Government ) Li Keqiang Cabinet II Premier ( list ) : Li Keqiang Vice-Premiers ( list ) Han Zheng Sun Chunlan Hu Chunhua Liu He State Councilors Wei Fenghe Wang Yong Wang Yi Xiao Jie Zhao Kezhi Secretary - General : Xiao Jie Cabinet - level departments National Development & Reform Commission Central bank National Audit Office General Office Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - Generals State - owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission Most Central Enterprises Military ( show ) Central Military Commission ( CMC ) Chairman ( supreme commander ) : Xi Jinping Vice-Chairmen : Xu Qiliang Zhang Youxia Members : Wei Fenghe Li Zuocheng Miao Hua Zhang Shengmin Departments : General Office Joint Staff Chief : Li Zuocheng Political Work Director : Miao Hua Logistic Support Equipment Development Training & Administration National Defense Mobilization Discipline Inspection Secretary : Zhang Shengmin National armed forces : People 's Liberation Army Theater commands People 's Armed Police China Coast Guard Militia State Council National Defense Mobilization Commission Chairman : Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister : Wei Fenghe Ministry of Veterans Affairs State Administration for Sci. , Tech . & Industry for National Defense Military history Armed conflicts Military modernization Military reform since 2015 CMC Leading Group for Military Reform Leader : Xi Jinping Supervision ( show ) Corruption in China Anti-corruption campaign since 2012 CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 19th ) Secretary : Zhao Leji Deputy Secretaries Yang Xiaodu Zhang Shengmin Liu Jinguo Yang Xiaochao Li Shulei Xu Lingyi Xiao Pei Chen Xiaojiang Secretary - General : Yang Xiaochao National Supervisory Commission Director : Yang Xiaodu Central Leading Group for Inspection Work Leader : Zhao Leji Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission Secretary : Zhang Shengmin Independent Commission Against Corruption ( Hong Kong ) Commission Against Corruption ( Macau ) Judiciary Law enforcement ( show ) CPC Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary : Guo Shengkun Supreme People 's Court President : Zhou Qiang People 's Courts Judicial Police ( zh ) Supreme People 's Procuratorate Procurator - General : Zhang Jun People 's Procuratorates Judicial Police ( zh ) State Council Ministry of Public Security Minister : Zhao Kezhi ( State Councilor ) Public Security Organs People 's Police ( zh ) State Immigration Administration ( zh ) Local public security bureaus Ministry of State Security Minister : Chen Wenqing State Security Organs People 's Police ( zh ) Ministry of Justice Minister : Fu Zhenghua Judicial Administrative Organs People 's Police ( zh ) Bureau of Prison Administration ( zh ) Urban Management ( chengguan ) Judiciary of Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Department of Justice Prosecutions Division Law enforcement in Hong Kong Security Bureau Regular Disciplined Services Hong Kong Police Force Judiciary of Macau Court of Final Appeal Public Prosecutions Office Secretariat for Security Macau Security Force Unitary Police Services ( zh ) Public Security Police Judiciary Police ( zh ) Publicity ( show ) Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology Leader : Wang Huning Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization Director : Wang Huning Deputy Director : Huang Kunming Central Publicity ( Propaganda ) Department Head : Huang Kunming General Administration of Press and Publication National Film Bureau ( zh ) State Council Information Office China Daily Ministry of Culture and Tourism State Administration of Radio and Television China Media Group China Central Television China Global Television Network China National Radio China Radio International Xinhua News Agency Reference News China News Service People 's Daily Global Times China Today Censorship in China Radio jamming Media of China Internal media Publishing industry in China Internet in China Internet censorship Great Firewall Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy director : Li Keqiang Cyberspace Administration of China Director : Xu Lin Hong Kong Macau ( show ) Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Leader : Han Zheng HK & Macau Affairs Office Director : Zhang Xiaoming Liaison Office in Hong Kong Liaison Office in Macau One country , two systems Special administrative regions Hong Kong Basic Law Chief Executive : Lam Cheng Yuet - ngor Hong Kong SAR Government Politics of Hong Kong Independence movement Mainland & HK CEPA Macau Basic Law Chief Executive : Chui Sai On Macau SAR Government Politics of Macau Mainland & Macau CEPA Cross-Strait relations ( show ) Cross-Strait relations Chinese Civil War One - China policy Taiwan independence movement Anti-Secession Law Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Chinese unification Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs Leader : Xi Jinping Deputy Leader : Wang Yang Taiwan Affairs Office Director : Zhang Zhijun Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Foreign relations ( show ) Central Foreign Affairs Commission Director : Xi Jinping Deputy Director : Li Keqiang Secretary - General : Yang Jiechi Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Wang Yi ( State Councilor ) Spokespersons Diplomatic missions Diplomatic missions in China Foreign aid to China Chinese foreign aid International Development Cooperation Agency ( zh ) Ministry of Commerce Ministry of National Defense International Military Cooperation Office NPC Foreign Affairs Committee CPC International Liaison Department State Council Information Office State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Overseas Chinese Affairs Office Chinese nationality law Chinese passports ( Hong Kong ; Macau ) Visa requirements for Chinese citizens ( Hong Kong , Macau ) Visa policy of China ( Hong Kong ; Macau ) State Immigration Administration ( zh ) Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Panda diplomacy Beijing Consensus Shanghai Cooperation Organisation One Belt One Road Initiative Silk Road Fund Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank BRICS New Development Bank China and the United Nations China and the World Trade Organization China -- United States relations China -- Russia relations China -- European Union relations China -- Africa relations Related topics ( show ) Administrative divisions Hukou system Family planning Ethnic minorities Other countries Atlas This article is part of a series about Xi Jinping 习近平 Leadership of Xi Jinping 2012 election as General Secretary 2017 re-election as General Secretary Paramount leader of China Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives `` Comprehensive Deepening Reforms '' Anti-corruption campaign Power consolidation Foreign policies Eight - point Regulation 2015 Xi -- Chu meeting 2015 United States visit 2015 United Kingdom visit 2015 Ma -- Xi meeting Important speech series Governance of China Xi Jinping Thought The Chinese Dream ( simplified Chinese : 中国梦 ; traditional Chinese : 中國夢 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Mèng ) is a term popularized after 2013 within Chinese society that describes a set of personal and national ethos and ideals in China and the Government of China . It is used by journalists , government officials , and activists to describe the role of the individual in Chinese society as well as the goals of the Chinese nation . The phrase is closely associated with Xi Jinping , who is the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ( Paramount leader ) . Xi began promoting the phrase as a slogan in a high - profile visit to the National Museum of China in November 2012 after taking the office of general secretary . Since then , use of the phrase has become widespread in official announcements and the embodiment of the political ideology of the leadership under Xi Jinping . Xi said that young people should `` dare to dream , work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation '' . According to the party 's theoretical journal Qiushi , the Chinese Dream is about Chinese prosperity , collective effort , socialism , and national glory . The relationship between the phrase and the American Dream has been debated . Contents 1 History 1.1 Chinese literature 1.2 US literature 1.3 The New York Times 1.4 Xi Jinping 1.5 Huang Yongjun , the general manager of New Classic Press ( UK ) 2 Interpretation 2.1 Compared to the American Dream 2.2 Sustainable development 2.3 National renewal 2.4 Individual dreams 2.5 Economic and political reform 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Chinese literature ( edit ) The phrase `` China Dream '' ( 中国梦 ) , and the associated idea of a collective hope for restoring China 's lost national greatness , have ancient origins in Chinese literary and intellectual history . In the Classic of Poetry ( Shi Jing ) , the poem `` Flowing Spring '' ( 下泉 ) describes a poet waking up in despair after dreaming of the former Western Zhou dynasty . During the troubled Southern Song dynasty , the poet Zheng Sixiao wrote a poem in which he coined the phrase `` Heart full of ( the ) China Dream ( 中国梦 ) , the ancient poem ' Flowing Spring . ' '' Moreover , popular patriotic literary and theatrical works in early 20th century China also made reference to a `` China Dream , '' before the concept of the `` American Dream '' was invented in 1931 . US literature ( edit ) In 2008 , architect Neville Mars , author Adrian Hornsby , and the Dynamic City Foundation published `` The Chinese Dream -- a society under construction '' . The book investigates China 's initial wave of rapid urbanization as it transitions to a socialist - market economy . Maps of the emerging spatial forms and analysis of the economic development processes that have originated within the extreme conditions of the 1980s and 1990s are combined with progressive planning concepts and personal portraits of a rapidly changing society . As such it synthesizes a body of research to tackle the main paradoxes at the heart of China 's struggle for change and a more equitable and sustainable future . According to Mars , `` The present is so all - consuming that fast realities threaten to eclipse the slow dream of tomorrow . '' The overarching premise of the book is that China reveals a direct correlation between its shifting urban forms and its waning societal objectives . In that sense the book has arguably been prophetic . Written eight years ahead of the 12th FYP that holds the same thematic title `` The Chinese Dream '' ( Chinese : 中国梦 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Mèng ) it introduces the notion that China 's highly fragmented , sclerotic urban patterns determine a path of increasing inefficiency and energy - dependence . Mars introduces the term `` MUD '' , or Market - driven Unintentional Development to describe this new hybrid urban condition , and suggests that planning itself needs to be radically redefined in order to be effective and not contribute to the extreme ex-urbanization . The conclusion of the book is `` No New Cities '' ( 杜绝新城 ) , and a call for models of upgrading of existing urban centers and suburbs . In 2010 , author Helen H. Wang published her first book The Chinese Dream . The book is based on over 100 interviews of the new members of the middle class in China . In the book , Wang did not define the Chinese Dream ; rather , she conveyed the hopes and dreams of the Chinese people through intimate portraits of this growing demographic . The Chinese Dream has won Eric Hoffer Book Awards . In 2011 , the book was translated into Chinese 《中国梦》 and published in China . In 2012 , the second edition of The Chinese Dream with a foreword by Lord Wei was published . In the foreword , Wei wrote : The Chinese Dream today as portrayed in Helen 's book speaks of a changing China that is discovering consumerism , that is increasingly globalised , and also at a cross roads . Will her path in years to come continue to be one that resembles that of Western countries with all the benefits of further urbanization , wealth , and industrialization , but at the same time challenges in managing scarce resources , population migration , and the social problems that affluence can bring , elsewhere called ' Affluenza ' ? Or will the Chinese people themselves inside and outside China create a new sustainable Chinese Dream , based on their ancient values of respect for culture , family , and nature , harnessing technology and creativity ? In September 2012 , Helen H. Wang gave a copy of her book The Chinese Dream to Tom Friedman at a dinner in Shanghai hosted by Peggy Liu , chairwoman of Joint US - China Collaboration on Clean Energy ( JUCCCE ) . The New York Times ( edit ) Thomas Friedman 's New York Times article has been credited with popularizing the phrase `` Chinese Dream '' in China . The British publication The Economist credits a column written by the American journalist Thomas Friedman for popularizing the term in China . A translation of Friedman 's article , `` China Needs Its Own Dream '' , published in The New York Times ( October 2012 ) was widely popular in China . Friedman attributes the phrase to Peggy Liu , the founder of the environmentalist NGO JUCCCE . According to Friedman in the magazine Foreign Policy , `` I only deserve part credit ... the concept of ' China Dream ' was created by my friend Peggy Liu , as the motto for her NGO about how to introduce Chinese to the concept of sustainability . '' James Fallows of The Atlantic has pointed out that the phrase has frequently been used in the past by journalists . He mentions Deborah Fallow 's book Dreaming in Chinese , his own article `` What Is the Chinese Dream ? '' , and Gerald Lemos ' book The End of the Chinese Dream as examples . In response to Fallows , The Economist cites an article in the Xinhua Daily Telegraph that directly credits Friedman . `` Will the next Chinese leader have a dream that is different from the American dream ? '' ( a paraphrase of a line in Mr Friedman 's column ) . In a year of political transition , the world 's gaze is focused on the east . On the eve of the 18th ( Communist Party ) congress ( at which Mr Xi had been appointed as party chief two weeks earlier ) the American columnist Thomas Friedman wrote an article devoted to analysis of the `` Chinese dream '' titled `` China Needs Its Own Dream '' . It expressed the hope that ( the dream would be one that ) `` marries people 's expectations of prosperity with a more sustainable China '' . Suddenly the `` Chinese dream '' became a hot topic among commentators at home and abroad . -- Xinhua Daily Telegraph The Economist writes that references to Friedman 's article have also appeared in other Chinese media outlets , including a translation in The References News , in an article written for China 's State Council Information Office , on the cover of the magazine Oriental Outlook as the main caption , in a magazine article published by Frontline , and in an article for a local newspaper written by China 's ambassador to Romania , Huo Yuzhen . In the preface of the Oriental Outlook `` Chinese Dream '' issue , the editor states that `` the 18th national congress of the Chinese Communist Party convened November 8th . `` Does the next generation of Chinese leaders have a ' Chinese Dream ' that is different from the `` American Dream '' ? ... This was a question raised by one of America 's most influential media figures , Thomas Friedman . '' Xi Jinping ( edit ) Main article : Xi Jinping Xi Jinping , Chinese leader , adopted `` Chinese Dream '' as a slogan in 2013 . Just after becoming General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in late 2012 , Xi announced what would become the hallmark of his administration . `` The Chinese Dream , '' he said , is `` the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation . '' Xi 's Chinese Dream is described as achieving the Two Centenaries : the material goal of China becoming a `` moderately well - off society '' by 2021 , the 100th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party , and the modernization goal of China becoming a fully developed nation by about 2049 , the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People 's Republic . In May 2013 , Xi Jinping called upon young people `` to dare to dream , work assiduously to fulfill the dreams and contribute to the revitalization of the nation '' . He called upon all levels of the Party and the government to facilitate favorable conditions for their career development . Xi told young people to `` cherish the glorious youth , strive with pioneer spirit and contribute their wisdom and energy to the realization of the Chinese dream '' . According to Robert Lawrence Kuhn , who is an international investment banker and the author of `` How China 's Leaders Think : The Inside Story of China 's Reform and What This Means for the Future '' , the Chinese Dream has four parts : Strong China ( economically , politically , diplomatically , scientifically , militarily ) ; Civilized China ( equity and fairness , rich culture , high morals ) ; Harmonious China ( amity among social classes ) ; Beautiful China ( healthy environment , low pollution ) . Khun states that `` a moderately well - off society '' is where all citizens , rural and urban , enjoy high standards of living . This includes doubling the 2010 G.D.P. per capita ( approaching $10,000 per person ) by about 2020 and completing urbanization ( roughly one billion people , 70 percent of China 's population ) by about 2030 . `` Modernization '' means China regaining its position as a world leader in science and technology as well as in economics and business ; the resurgence of Chinese civilization , culture and military might ; and China participating actively in all areas of human endeavor . Reporters have noted that , `` Mr Xi had seen the American dream up close , having spent a couple of weeks in 1985 with a rural family in Iowa . ( He revisited them during a trip to America last year as leader - in - waiting . ) '' A propaganda - like ad running since 2015 promoting the Chinese dream aboard an aeroplane . The concept of Chinese Dream is very similar to the idea of the `` American Dream '' . It stresses the importance of entrepreneurial spirit . It also glorifies a generation of self - made men and women in post-reform China such as those rural immigrants who moved to the urban centers and achieved magnificent improvement in terms of their living standards and social life . Chinese Dream can be interpreted as the collective consciousness of Chinese people during the era of social transformation and economic progress . As an aspect of political thought in contemporary China , the emergence of Chinese Dream indicates a diversion of political ideology from egalitarianism to a relatively more libertarian individualist approach . It is worth noting that the concept is still based on collectivism rather than individualism for it sees the subject of Chinese Dream as the people of China as a whole instead of specific individuals . The idea was put forward by the new CPC general secretary Xi Jinping on 29 November 2012 and repeated by him on numerous important occasions . The Communist Party 's propaganda chief , Liu Yunshan , has directed that the concept of the Chinese dream be incorporated into school textbooks . In an article for the Huffington Post , French sinologist David Gosset ( 高大伟 ) presented the idea that the Liyuan Style is an illustration of the China Dream . China 's new First Lady Peng Liyuan is at the intersection of what Gosset calls `` Modern China '' , `` Civilizational China '' and `` Global China '' . Huang Yongjun , the general manager of New Classic Press ( UK ) ( edit ) Huang Yongjun , the founder and general manager of New Classic Press ( UK ) is a major advocator of the `` China Dream '' in the United Kingdom . The New Classic Press is an effort to `` explain China to the world '' by Huang . Interpretation ( edit ) The Chinese Dream is vaguely defined , and has led to multiple interpretations describing the phrase 's meaning . Compared to the American Dream ( edit ) Author Helen H. Wang was one of the first to connect the Chinese Dream with the American Dream . In her book The Chinese Dream , Wang wrote : `` The Chinese Dream , taking its title from the American Dream , alluding to an easily identifiable concept ... '' Wang attempts to demonstrate that the Chinese people have similar dreams as those of the American people . `` This new ( Chinese ) middle class , '' Wang wrote , `` which barely existed a decade ago , will reach the size of more than two Americas in a decade or two . They number in the hundreds of millions , with the same hopes and dreams that you and I have : to have a better life , to give our children an even better life ... '' . Wang has also claimed that `` Chinese people must define their own dream '' . Sustainable development ( edit ) The China Dream has been defined as sustainable development . Peggy Liu and the NGO JUCCCE coined the phrase `` China Dream '' as a movement based on sustainability , which was later popularized in China through a New York Times article and adopted by Xi Jinping . Pollution and food safety are popular concerns in China . Cities are frequently covered by smog and the country 's rivers are polluted with industrial waste . China 's rising middle class is expected to increase by 500 million people by 2025 and will continue to put a strain on the country 's dwindling resources . According to Liu , the Chinese Dream of sustainability can be achieved through the promotion of green technologies and the reduction of widespread conspicuous consumption . China 's high growth has caused widespread environmental damage , and without environmental reforms , the deterioration could threaten the legitimacy of the Communist Party . The Chinese Dream is a dream of a prosperous lifestyle reconciled with a sustainable lifestyle . National renewal ( edit ) The Chinese Dream has been viewed as a call for China 's rising international influence . Xi Jinping refers to the dream as a form of national rejuvenation . Young Chinese are envious of America 's cultural influence and hope that China could one day rival the US as a cultural exporter . Members of Chinese military support China 's military development , opining that the `` strong - nation dream of a great revival of the Chinese people '' can only result from a `` strong - army dream ''. Former United States Secretary of State John Kerry has promoted the idea of a `` Pacific Dream '' to accommodate China 's rise through regional collaboration over shared interests like the environment and economic growth . Individual dreams ( edit ) Many Chinese have interpreted the Chinese dream as the pursuit of individual dreams . Evan Osnos of The New Yorker concludes that `` Xi Jinping has sought to inspire his people by raising the flag of the China Dream , but they have interpreted it as China Dreams -- plural . '' The Chinese Dream is defined according to an individual 's personal aspirations and desires , which may lead to `` the proliferation of 1.3 billion China Dreams . '' Sujian Guo and Baogang Guo argue , `` To a great extent , the American dream has been exported to China and has become the Chinese dream . '' But according to official party journal Qiushi , the Chinese Dream is not about individual glory , but about collective effort . Measuring public sentiment on Sina Weibo , Christopher Marquis and Zoe Yang of CivilChina.org found that the Chinese Dream refers more to the common goods bestowed by civil society than it does to individual achievements . Economic and political reform ( edit ) Some government officials and activists view the Chinese Dream as a need for economic and political reform . Sustaining China 's economic growth requires economic reform encompassing urbanization , the reduction of government bureaucracy , and weakening the power of special interests . Chinese liberals have defined the Chinese Dream as a dream of constitutionalism . Southern Weekly , a liberal newspaper based in Guangzhou , attempted to publish an editorial titled `` The Chinese dream : a dream of constitutionalism '' which advocated the separation of powers , but was censored by the authorities . Both Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang support economic reform , but have shied away from discussing political reform . Premier Li has said that `` But however deep the water may be , we will wade into the water . This is because we have no alternative . Reform concerns the destiny of our country and the future of our nation . '' According to official party sources , the Chinese Dream is the `` essence of Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' . In October 2013 , Britain 's Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , described the Chinese Dream as a political reform that includes `` rebalancing from investment to consumption '' . See also ( edit ) American Dream Ideology of the Communist Party of China References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Central Party School / Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . `` The Chinese Dream infuses Socialism with Chinese characteristics with New Energy '' . Qiushi . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing the Chinese dream '' , The Economist , 4 May 2013 , pp. 24 -- 26 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream , '' The Economist May 4 , 2013 , p 11 ( editorial ) ^ Jump up to : Yang Yi , `` Youth urged to contribute to realization of ' Chinese dream ' '' , Xinhuanet English.news.cn 4 May 2013 ^ Jump up to : Shi , Yuzhi ( 20 May 2013 ) . 中国梦区别于美国梦的七大特征 ( Seven reasons why the Chinese Dream is different from the American Dream ) . Qiushi ( in Chinese ) . Central Party School / Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Mitchell , `` Clearing Up Some Misconceptions About Xi Jinping 's ' China Dream '' , HuffPost , 20 August 2015 Jump up ^ Qiangan , Wang . `` The Origin of the Words '' China Dream . '' Contemporary China History Studies 6 ( 2013 ) : 020 . ^ Jump up to : Neville Mars ; Adrian Hornsby ( 2008 ) . The Chinese Dream -- a society under construction . Jump up ^ Helen H. Wang ( 2012 ) ( 2010 ) . The Chinese Dream : The Rise of the World 's Largest Middle Class . ASIN 1452898049 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Fish , Isaac Stone ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Thomas Friedman : I only deserve partial credit for coining the ' Chinese dream ' '' . Foreign Policy . Jump up ^ Fallows , James ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Today 's China Notes : Dreams , Obstacles '' . The Atlantic . ^ Jump up to : `` The role of Thomas Friedman '' . The Economist. 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Robert Lawrence ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Xi Jinping 's Chinese Dream '' -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Understanding the Chinese dream '' . Chinadaily.com.cn . Jump up ^ `` Chasing the Chinese dream , '' The Economist 4 May 2013 , p 25 ) Jump up ^ `` Chasing the Chinese dream , '' The Economist 4 May 2013 , pp 24 -- 26 ) Jump up ^ Gosset , David ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` The China Dream and the Liyuan Style '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Huang Yongjun : the man who brought the `` China dream '' to the UK `` . Zentopia Culture . 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chasing the Chinese dream '' . The Economist. 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Helen H. Wang ( Feb. 2013 ) , `` Chinese People Must Define Their Own Dream '' , Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Thomas ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` China Needs Its Own Dream '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Liu , Peggy ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` China dream : a lifestyle movement with sustainability at its heart '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Rachman , Gideon ( 6 May 2013 ) . `` The Chinese dream is smothered by toxic smog '' . Financial Times . ^ Jump up to : Osnos , Evan ( 26 March 2013 ) . `` Can China deliver the China dream ( s ) ? '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Tatlow , Didi Kirsten ( 12 January 2011 ) . `` Nationalistic and Chasing the ' Chinese Dream ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Sujian Guo ; Baogang Guo ( 2010 ) . Greater China in an Era of Globalization . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 20 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jane , Cai ( 18 March 2013 ) . `` Xi Jinping outlines his vision of ' dream and renaissance ' '' . South China Morning Post . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bill ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` As China 's Economy Stumbles , Government Eyes Reform '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Chancellor 's speech to students at Peking University '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . China too is striving under its new leadership to achieve more balanced and sustainable growth -- and for you that means the opposite . Rebalancing from investment to consumption . This is part of Xi 's vision to achieve the ' China Dream ' . Further reading ( edit ) Neville Mars , Adrian Hornsby and DCF , The Chinese Dream : A Society Under Construction ( 2008 ) . Helen H. Wang , with a foreword by Lord Wei , The Chinese Dream : The Rise of the World 's Largest Middle Class and What It Means to You ( 2010 , 2012 ) . Ping Liu , My Chinese Dream -- From Red Guard to CEO ( 2012 ) . The Economist , `` Chinese society : The new class war '' , special report , Saturday 9 July 2016 , 16 pages . External links ( edit ) Chasing the Chinese dream 4 May 2013 , The Economist China articles History China timeline Ancient China ( outline ) ( 2070 -- 221 BCE ) Imperial China ( 221 BCE -- 1911 CE ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) People 's Republic of China − PRC PRC 1949 -- 76 PRC 1976 -- 89 PRC 1989 -- 2002 PRC since 2002 Years in the PRC Geography Natural environment Overviews Borders Extreme points Geology Natural disasters Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Western Northwest Southwest Terrain Bays Canyons Caves Deserts Grasslands Hills Islands Mountains ranges passes Peninsulas Northeast / North / Central Plains Valleys Volcanoes Water Canals Lakes Rivers Waterfalls Wetlands Water resources Seas Bohai Yellow East China South China Reserves Protected areas National parks Nature reserves UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Wildlife Fauna Flora Government Politics Economy Government and politics Civil service Constitution Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Military ( People 's Liberation Army ) National People 's Congress Standing Committee National security Political parties and movements Communist Party General Secretary Politburo Democratic Parties Anti-democratisation Pro-democratisation President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premier Administrative divisions Baseline islands Border crossings Cities Province - level subdivisions Law Judicial system Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Nationality law Penal system Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Petroleum industry Renewable energy Finance system Foreign aid received Foreign aid program Historical GDP International rankings Poverty Reform Renminbi ( currency ) Science and technology history Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) Standard of living Telecommunications Tourism AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China Transport airports ports and harbors People Society Culture People Demographics Emigration Ethnic groups Internal migration Statistics Urbanization Society Anthem Chinese Dream Corruption Crime Emblem Education universities Flag `` Generation Y '' Harmonious Socialist Society HIV / AIDS Intellectualism Languages Poverty Public health food safety incidents Public holidays Rural life Sexuality Socialism with Chinese characteristics Social issues Social relations Social structure Social welfare Suicide Terrorism Time zones Urban life Water supply and sanitation Women Xiaokang ( middle - class ) Primary stage of socialism Culture Archaeology Archives Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Gardens Libraries Literature Martial arts Media newspapers radio television Music Parks Philosophy Religion Smoking Sports Tea culture Tourism Variety arts World Heritage Sites Index Portal Xi Jinping Family Xi Zhongxun ( father ) Qi Xin ( mother ) Peng Liyuan ( wife ) Qi Qiaoqiao ( sister ) Xi Yuanping ( brother ) Xi Mingze ( daughter ) New Zhijiang Army Cai Qi Chen Min'er Huang Kunming Lou Yangsheng Bayanqolu Ying Yong Li Qiang Ding Xuexiang Zhong Shaojun Policies and theories Xi Jinping Core Administration ( zh ) leadership core Xi -- Li Administration ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Li Keqiang Government Anti-corruption campaign Wang Qishan Xi Jinping Thought Chinese Dream Eight Musts Four Comprehensives Confidence doctrine Eight - point Regulation One Belt , One Road Three Stricts and Three Honests Two Centenaries Five - in - one general strategy General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series The Governance of China Events 2012 election as Party general secretary 3rd Plenum of 18th Central Committee 4th Plenum of 18th Central Committee New Gutian Conference World Internet Conference 2015 China Victory Day Parade Xi -- Chu Summit Xi -- Ma Meeting 2017 Belt and Road Forum 2017 re-election as Party general secretary Diplomatic activities 2015 Pakistan visit 2015 United States visit 2015 United Kingdom visit 2015 Vietnam and Singapore visit 2015 Turkey visit 2016 Saudi Arabia and Iran visit 2018 meetings with Kim Jong - un Others Panama papers ( Deng Jiagui ) Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign Rhyzodiastes xii Communism portal China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Dream&oldid=852220148 '' Categories : Politics of China Chinese culture Environment of China The New York Times Ideology of the Communist Party of China Xi Jinping 2010s in China Hidden categories : CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Use dmy dates from January 2018 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bân - lâm - gú Български فارسی Français 日本語 Norsk Suomi ไทย Türkçe Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Dream	107,738
charlie wilson cd in it to win it			In It to Win It ( Charlie Wilson album )	in it to win it ( charlie wilson album )	In It to Win It is the eighth studio album by American R&B singer - songwriter Charlie Wilson . It was released on February 17 , 2017 , by RCA Records . The album includes collaborations with Snoop Dogg , Lalah Hathaway , Wiz Khalifa , T.I. , Robin Thicke and Pitbull .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Release history 5 References Commercial performance ( edit ) In It to Win It debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 48,000 album - equivalent units , of which 47,000 were pure album sales . Track listing ( edit ) In It to Win It No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm Blessed '' ( featuring T.I. ) Charlie Wilson Emile Ghantous Keith Hetrick Steve Daly Mahin Wilson Michael Paran Clifford Harris C. Wilson Ghantous Hetrick Daly 4 : 04 2 . `` Chills '' C. Wilson Gregg Pagani Lance Tolbert Edwin Parrano M. Wilson Michael Paran C. Wilson Pagani Tolbert 3 : 45 3 . `` Good Time '' ( featuring Pitbull ) C. Wilson Ghantous Keith Hetrick Daly Damon Sharpe M. Wilson Paran Armando C. Perez C. Wilson Ghantous Hetrick Daly Sharpe 3 : 36 4 . `` Us Trust '' ( featuring Wiz Khalifa ) C. Wilson Rob Knox Eric Hudson Bryan Jackson M. Wilson Paran Cameron Thomaz Knox Hudson Bryan J 4 : 17 5 . `` Precious Love '' C. Wilson Ghantous Keith Hetrick Tyler Conti M. Wilson Paran C. Wilson Ghantous Hetrick 3 : 23 6 . `` Smile for Me '' ( featuring Robin Thicke ) C. Wilson Pagani Carlos Battey M. Wilson Paran C. Wilson Pagani 3 : 18 7 . `` In It to Win It '' C. Wilson Pagani Battey M. Wilson Paran C. Wilson Pagani 4 : 05 8 . `` Dance Tonight '' C. Wilson Knox Hudson Jackson M. Wilson Paran Knox Hudson Bryan J 3 : 14 9 . `` Made for Love '' ( featuring Lalah Hathaway ) C. Wilson Wirlie Morris Clarice Bell - Strayhorn M. Wilson Paran C. Wilson Morris 4 : 15 10 . `` Better '' C. Wilson Knox Hudson Jackson M. Wilson Paran Knox Hudson Bryan J 4 : 01 11 . `` Gold Rush '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) C. Wilson Knox Hudson Jackson M. Wilson Paran Daryl Camper Calvin Broadus Knox Hudson Bryan J 3 : 44 12 . `` New Addiction '' C. Wilson Jonathan Reuven Rotem John Newman Andrew Jackson J.R. Rotem 2 : 55 13 . `` Amazing God '' C. Wilson Morris Bell - Strayhorn M. Wilson Paran C. Wilson Morris 5 : 18 Total length : 49 : 51 Notes ^ a signifies co-producer ^ b signifies a vocal producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 7 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) 6 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format ( s ) Label Ref United States February 17 , 2017 CD digital download RCA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.qobuz.com/fr-fr/album/good-time-the-remixes-charlie-wilson/0886446481487 Jump up ^ `` Forever Charlie - In It to Win It Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` Future Earns Fourth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - In It to Win It by Charlie Wilson '' . iTunes Store . Apple ( US ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Wilson Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Wilson Chart History ( Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Wilson - In It to Win It '' . Amazon . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ( hide ) Charlie Wilson Studio albums You Turn My Life Around ( 1992 ) Bridging the Gap ( 2000 ) Charlie , Last Name Wilson ( 2005 ) Uncle Charlie ( 2009 ) Just Charlie ( 2010 ) Love , Charlie ( 2013 ) Forever Charlie ( 2015 ) In It to Win It ( 2017 ) Songs `` Without You '' `` There Goes My Baby '' `` Goodnight Kisses '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_It_to_Win_It_(Charlie_Wilson_album)&oldid=790701349 '' Categories : Charlie Wilson ( singer ) albums 2017 albums RCA Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20It%20to%20Win%20It%20%28Charlie%20Wilson%20album%29	107,739
who plays the voice of sally in cars	Sally Carrera is a fictional character In the Pixar computer animated film Cars . She is Radiator Springs 's town attorney and protagonist Lightning McQueen 's love interest . She is voiced by Bonnie Hunt .	Bonnie Hunt	Sally Carrera	sally carrera	Sally Carrera is a fictional character In the Pixar computer animated film Cars . She is Radiator Springs 's town attorney and protagonist Lightning McQueen 's love interest . She is voiced by Bonnie Hunt .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 Cars ( 2006 ) 3.2 Cars 2 ( 2011 ) 3.3 Cars 3 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Mater and the Ghostlight 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) In the film , Sally owns the Cozy Cone Motel , a newly refurbished tourist court similar in design to the Wigwam Motels but with each individual motel room constructed as an oversized traffic cone . She has cones all around her shop , inside and out ; even the lamps , planters and alarm clocks follow the theme . Neon lighting at the Cozy Cone , one of the first historic restoration efforts in Radiator Springs , displays the `` 100 % Refrigerated Air '' slogan of Tucumcari 's historic US 66 Blue Swallow Motel . She once was a successful California lawyer but , unhappy , chose to leave the state to settle in the small U.S. Route 66 town . `` It 's really pretty simple . I was an attorney in LA . livin ' life in the fast lane and well , that was my life . And you know what ? It never felt happy . So I left California . Just drove and drove and finally broke down right here . Doc fixed me up , Flo took me in . Well , they all did . And I never left . '' -- Sally Carrera , Cars Sally is a 2002 Porsche 911 Carrera on a slightly - shortened wheelbase and has a pinstripe tattoo on her back . Pixar had initially wanted a classic Porsche for the role , but were convinced by Bob Carlson at Porsche to make her the latest model . Pixar 's animators , modelers and sound crews obtained access to real Porsche 911 - series vehicles to meticulously create an animated Sally who looks , moves and responds in a similar manner to the original automobile . `` It 's the nicest body I 've ever had on film . I 'm telling you , it 's a luxury . I really thought they were going to cast me as a Buick . '' -- Bonnie Hunt on being Sally , a Porsche According to director John Lasseter . `` Sally is the one modern car in the town of Radiator Springs . She 's beautiful . It 's interesting that people mostly think of a Porsche as powerful and a guy 's car , but the lines on a Porsche are so beautiful that it fits perfectly for the character of Sally . '' Her character is modeled on Dawn Welch of the historic Rock Café on U.S. Route 66 in Oklahoma , an advocate of the promotion and restoration of Stroud , Oklahoma after the town had been both bypassed by the Turner Turnpike and heavily damaged by a 1999 F3 tornado . Welch had long traveled cross-country promoting Route 66 and rallying support for keeping it alive . Like Sally , Dawn Welch is a relative newcomer to U.S. Route 66 , having left the travel industry to purchase the Rock Café in 1993 and list it on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 . Originally , Sally was going to be a Ford Mustang . However , they made her a Porsche since the grill looked more `` lady like . '' She also , at one point , originally resembled a Porsche 993 . `` We met people out on Route 66 and we 're thinking , at first , ' What are you doing here ? You 've travelled the world . You 're educated . You speak three languages . But you run a restaurant out in the middle of nowhere . ' But then , after an hour of having dinner with this person , you think , ' Wow , this is perfect . I 'm so glad you 're here because you 're keeping it alive . ' '' -- Jonas Rivera , Pixar production chief for Cars Character ( edit ) Sally is instrumental in convincing the local judge to direct McQueen to repair the town 's Main Street , a section of the now - bypassed U.S. Route 66 , as a community service obligation upon his conviction in traffic court . Sally often calls Lightning McQueen `` Stickers '' , at first because of his fake headlights and later as a friendly nickname . Her desire that McQueen stay to assist in rebuilding the town places her at odds with Doc 's intransigence that `` I want him out of my courtroom . I want him out of our town ! '' , motivated by his desire to break all ties with a racing community which once abandoned him . Wigwam Motel in Arizona Sally leads McQueen on a leisurely drive on picturesque but serpentine mountain roads through Tailfin Pass to the vacant Wheel Well Motel , an abandoned motor court and filling station near a scenic lookout point with a wide panoramic view of Ornament Valley , Radiator Springs and the entire surrounding region ( including US 66 and I - 40 ) . Surrounding scenery strongly resembles Arizona landmarks such as Havasu Falls near Grand Canyon National Park or Monument Valley . She also appears to be able to speak Italian at least when she sometimes talks to Guido . She explains the history of the town with a nostalgic flashback , describing the two - lane Route 66 's busy heyday and the construction of the parallel but unconnected six - lane I - 40 ; the fact that it would not connect with Radiator Springs was unknown to the excited locals , who were expecting a new influx of visitors . The disappearance of cars from Main Street on the new highway 's completion is every bit as abrupt as that ( described to the film 's makers by Arizona business people Angel and Juan Delgadillo ) when I - 40 opened in Seligman on September 22 , 1978 . When Interstate 40 is completed , US 66 , Radiator Springs and Ornament Valley are all seen to simultaneously vanish from road maps as all highway traffic on 66 disappears and local businesses close , their business names fading into the underlying brickwork . Forty years ago , that Interstate down there did n't exist . Back then , cars came across the country a whole different way . Well , the road did n't cut through the land like that Interstate . It moved with the land , it rose , it fell , it curved . Cars did n't drive on it to make great time . They drove on it to have a great time . -- Sally Carrera Sally as Eddie Paul custom vehicle for Cars promotional tour Lamenting that `` the town got bypassed just to save ten minutes of driving '' , she often wishes to have seen the community in its heyday . Her efforts are devoted to historic restoration and tireless promotion of `` Radiator Springs , the glorious jewel strung on the necklace of Route 66 , the mother road '' . The town has been without clients for years , even though there are no services on the new road . As the task of rebuilding is huge ( the Rock Café , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 , represented a $ 60,000 restoration effort ) she needs to convince a long - demoralised local populace not only that the town can be fixed but also that `` we 're a town worth fixing '' and that `` someday , we 'll find a way to get this place back on the map '' . Her ultimate objective is to get the once busy and neon - lit 1950s main street rebuilt to its former historic glory and obtain much - needed publicity for the town to restore `` Radiator Springs '' to highway signage and `` Historic Route 66 '' to standard printed road maps . Sally serves as a vehicle to deliver a message which individual small towns , historic preservationists , route 66 associations , chambers of commerce , route 66 businesspeople and various long - time fans of the mother road have tried to convey for many years since US 66 became a decommissioned highway in 1985 , largely removing the route from maps . After the big race is complete , McQueen and Sally rebuild and reopen the Wheel Well as a bed and breakfast , restoring the historic 1930s fuel pumps to its forecourt . ( A third motel in the area , the long - abandoned `` Glenn Rio Motel '' , is shown briefly but does not return as a motel . ) She is set to appear in Cars 3 and will be attending the race at where McQueen crashes . Appearances ( edit ) Cars ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Cars ( film ) TBA Cars 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Cars 2 TBA Cars 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Cars 3 TBA Mater and the Ghostlight ( edit ) Main article : Mater and the Ghostlight TBA See also ( edit ) Sally ( short story ) Mustang Sally ( song ) Susie the Little Blue Coupe Portia ( Merchant of Venice ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Hanlon ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Disney 's cute Porsche - Sally Carrera '' . Jump up ^ `` A-List Auto Shop '' . Popular Mechanics . October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ann M. Job ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` New movie rekindles love affair with cars '' . Newhouse News Service . Jump up ^ Daniel Schorn ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` Bonnie Hunt Is Revved Up In ' Cars ' '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Lori Bedingfield ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` Sold on Cars '' . Jacksonville , Florida Times - Union . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Businesswoman and Route 66 Promoter Dawn Welch Honored by State Senate '' . Oklahoma State Senate . February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ David Hanigar ( August 2006 ) . `` Dawn Welch , the Little Blue Porsche '' . Edmond Outlook . Jump up ^ Larry Edsall ; Valerie Höhne ( August 2006 ) . `` Goodbye , Mustang Sally -- Hello , Sally Carrera ! '' . Christophorus Magazine . Porsche AG . pp. 72 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` Sally ( Cars character description ) '' . Disney . misidentifies the Wheel Well Motel as the `` Wheel Wagon Motel '' , presumably a reference to the Wagon Wheel Motel on US 66 . Jump up ^ Ron Warnick ( June 9 , 2006 ) . `` A Route 66 guide to the `` Cars '' movie `` . Route 66 News ( blog ) . Jump up ^ Pauline Arrillaga ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` At 84 , one man is still the ' guardian angel ' of Route 66 : Angel Delgadillo '' . Associated Press . External links ( edit ) Sally Character Page ( hide ) Cars Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Films Cars Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Planes Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Shorts Mater and the Ghostlight Cars Toons Rescue Squad Mater Mater the Greater El Materdor Tokyo Mater Characters Lightning McQueen Tow Mater Sally Carrera Doc Hudson Music Cars `` Real Gone '' `` Our Town '' Video games Cars Cars : Radiator Springs Adventures Cars Mater - National Championship Cars Race - O-Rama The World of Cars Online Cars 2 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Attractions Cars Land Cars Quatre Roues Rallye Radiator Springs Racers Luigi 's Rollickin ' Roadsters Luigi 's Flying Tires Miscellaneous Radiator Springs Herbie The Autobots Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sally_Carrera&oldid=802078925 '' Categories : Fictional automobiles Fictional gynoids Fictional lawyers Cars ( franchise ) characters U.S. Route 66 Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 21 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Carrera	24,793
when is bring your daughter to work day 2018	The last Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day occurred on Thursday , April 26 , 2018 , with more than 37 million Americans at over 3.5 million workplaces participating .	Thursday , April 26	Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day	take our daughters and sons to work day	Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day is a national day that gives children in the United States a glimpse into the working world . Developed by the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Foundation , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit educational organisation , the day revolves around parents taking their children to work to expose students to future job possibilities and the value of education . It is the successor to Take Our Daughters To Work Day , which was expanded to include boys in 2003 . In the U.S. , it occurs on the fourth Thursday in April and onward every year .	The last Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Day occurred on Thursday , April 26 , 2018 , with more than 37 million Americans at over 3.5 million workplaces participating . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Take Our Daughters To Work Day was created in New York City in the summer of 1992 by the Ms. Foundation for Women and its president , Marie C. Wilson , the Women 's foundation treasurer , Ms. Daren Ball , and with support from foundation founder Gloria Steinem . The first celebration took place on April 22 , 1993 , and has since been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of April in order for the 37 million children , parents , schools in over 3.5 million workplaces across the country , in addition to participants in over 200 countries around the world , to plan ahead for the annual event . The day has generally been scheduled on a day that is a school day for most children in the United States , and schools are provided with literature and encouraged to promote the program . Educators are provided with materials for incorporating career exploration into school curricula on the day before or after the event . In 2000 , when asked by the Minneapolis Star Tribune which activities he would propose for a national day for boys equivalent to Take Our Daughters to Work day , author Robert Bly suggested that fathers take their sons to the library and show them the books they love . Noting that women have often been excluded from the work world , Bly said , `` I think it 's just as likely now that men will be shut out of the inward world , the literature world . '' The program was officially expanded in 2003 to include boys ; however , most companies that participated in the program had , since the beginning , allowed both boys and girls to participate , usually renaming it `` Take Our Children to Work Day '' or an equivalent . The program 's official website states that the program was changed in order to provide both boys and girls with opportunities to explore careers at an age when they are more flexible in terms of gender roles . The Ms. Foundation also states that men who have hosted children have benefited from being seen as parental figures in addition to their roles as professionals , which can contribute to combating gender stereotypes as well . Prior to the inclusion of boys , the Ms. Foundation contended that the program was designed to specifically address self - esteem issues unique to girls and initially resisted pressure to include boys . Much of this pressure came from educators who did not wish to include the event in their curriculum given that their male students were not encouraged to participate . In 2007 , upon becoming its own separate foundation , the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work program was turned over to Carolyn McKecuen , a MacArthur Genius Award recipient , who took effective control as its Executive Director before relocated to Elizabeth City , North Carolina where it has remained since . Gloria Steinem continues to maintain a role with the Take Our Daughters And Sons To Work Foundation as a member of its board of directors . Employees across the United States and around the world typically invite their own children or relatives to join them at work , but the program particularly encourages employees to invite children from residential programs or shelters who may not be exposed to many adults in skilled professions today . See also ( edit ) Job shadow Take Our Kids to Work Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day : Little - known facts '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . daughtersandsonstowork.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 . For over 21 years , the Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work ® event has been scheduled for the 18th of November ... Jump up ^ `` The Dos And Don'ts Of Take Your Kids To Work Day '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Find out more about the Ms. Foundation for Women ! '' . Ms. Foundation for Women . Jump up ^ `` Support - National Women 's History Museum - NWHM '' . www.nwhm.org . Jump up ^ `` One Day of ' Take a Child to Work ' Is Short on Substance : Boys are now being invited to join the formerly all - girl event . But it 's doubtful kids find our jobs worth imitating . It may be better to just share the pride of accomplishment '' . Los Angeles Times . 1995 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official homepage Collection of articles regarding inclusion of boys as well as alternative events held prior to the Ms. Foundation event being expanded to include boys Form 17 , a short film about a bomb squad dad who brings his daughter to work Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_Our_Daughters_and_Sons_to_Work_Day&oldid=850546882 '' Categories : Civil awareness days Recurring events established in 1993 American culture April observances Hidden categories : Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20Our%20Daughters%20and%20Sons%20to%20Work%20Day	20,884
who played james west on wild wild west	Robert Conrad Falk ( born Conrad Robert Falk ; March 1 , 1935 ) is a retired American film and television actor , singer , and stuntman . He was best known for his role in the 1965 -- 69 television series The Wild Wild West , playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West . He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep ( later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron ) . In addition to acting , he was a singer , and recorded several pop / rock songs in the late 1950s and early 1960s as Bob Conrad . He has hosted a weekly two - hour national radio show ( The PM Show with Robert Conrad ) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008 .	Robert Conrad	Robert Conrad	robert conrad	Robert Conrad Falk ( born Conrad Robert Falk ; March 1 , 1935 ) is a retired American film and television actor , singer , and stuntman . He was best known for his role in the 1965 -- 69 television series The Wild Wild West , playing the sophisticated Secret Service agent James T. West . He portrayed World War II ace Pappy Boyington in the television series Baa Baa Black Sheep ( later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron ) . In addition to acting , he was a singer , and recorded several pop / rock songs in the late 1950s and early 1960s as Bob Conrad . He has hosted a weekly two - hour national radio show ( The PM Show with Robert Conrad ) on CRN Digital Talk Radio since 2008 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early Performances 2.2 Warner Bros 2.3 Hawaiian Eye 2.4 The Wild Wild West 2.5 Paul Ryan and Jake Webster 2.6 Baa Baa Black Sheep 2.7 The Duke and A Man Called Sloane 2.8 1980s : Producer 2.9 1990s 2.10 2000s - 2010s 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages 3.2 Involvement 3.3 Car accident 4 Selected filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Conrad was born Conrad Robert Falk in Chicago , Illinois . His father , born Leonard Henry Falk ( born November 3 , 1918 ) , was then 16 years old ; Leonard was of German descent . His mother , Alice Jacqueline Hartman ( born May 15 , 1919 , daughter of Conrad and Hazel Hartman ) , was 15 years old when she gave birth , and named her son after her own father . She would go on to become first publicity director of Mercury Records , known as Jackie Smith . She would marry twice , including once to Chicago radio personality Eddie Hubbard in 1948 . Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith reportedly had a child together ( born circa 1949 ) before splitting up in 1958 . Conrad attended the schools of Chicago , and went on to become a student at several area high schools , including Harvard School for Boys , South Shore High School , Hyde Park High School , the YMCA Central School , and New Trier High School . He dropped out at age 15 to live on his own and begin working full time , including jobs loading trucks for Consolidated Freightways and Eastern Freightways , and driving a milk delivery truck for Chicago 's Bowman Dairy . After working in Chicago for several years and studying theater arts at Northwestern University , Conrad decided to pursue an acting career . One of his first paying roles was a week - long job posing outside a Chicago theater when the 1956 film Giant was showing ; Conrad bore a resemblance to James Dean , one of the film 's stars , so his mother used her entertainment industry contacts to help him get the part , which was intended as a publicity stunt to boost attendance at the theater . Conrad also studied singing ; his vocal coach was Dick Marx , the father of singer Richard Marx . Career ( edit ) Early performances ( edit ) In 1957 , Conrad met actor and Dean friend Nick Adams while visiting James Dean 's gravesite in Fairmount , Indiana . The two struck up a friendship , and Adams suggested that Conrad move to California to pursue acting . Adams got Conrad a bit part in the 1958 film Juvenile Jungle ; Adams was supposed to appear in it , but later withdrew so he could take a part in a different movie . Conrad 's brief non-speaking role in Juvenile Jungle enabled him to join the Screen Actors Guild . He had a small role in the film Thundering Jets ( 1958 ) and made his TV debut in the Bat Masterson episode `` One Bullet from Broken Bow '' . Warner Bros. ( edit ) Conrad was soon signed to an acting contract by Warner Bros. He also sang , and released several recordings with Warner Bros. Records on a variety of LPs , EPs , and SPs 33 - 1 / 3 and 45 rpm records during the late 1950s and early 1960s . He had a minor Billboard hit song in `` Bye Bye Baby '' which reached # 113 . At Warners , he appeared in the 1958 second season of the James Garner series Maverick ( episode : `` Yellow River '' ) . He guest starred in a number of other shows , either for Warners or Ziv Television , including Highway Patrol , Lawman , Colt . 45 ( playing Billy the Kid ) , Sea Hunt , The Man and the Challenge , and Lock Up . Hawaiian eye ( edit ) Robert Conrad with co-star Connie Stevens on Hawaiian Eye , 1961 Warners had a big success with their detective show 77 Sunset Strip and decided to make a follow up series , Hawaiian Eye . Conrad was to star as detective Tom Lopaka . He was introduced on Strip then spun off into his own series which ran from 1959 - 63 , both in the U.S. and overseas . During the series ' run , Conrad appeared on an episode of the Warners series The Gallant Men . When it was over Conrad starred in a feature film , Palm Springs Weekend ( 1963 ) , Warners ' attempt to repeat the success of Where the Boys Are ( 1960 ) with their young contract players . In Mexico , Conrad signed a recording contract with the Orfeon label , where he released two albums , with a few singles sung in Spanish . In 1964 , he guest starred on an episode of Temple Houston then went to Spain and filmed La Nueva Cenicienta aka Cabriola . Conrad was in an episode of Kraft Suspense Theatre and played Pretty Boy Floyd in Young Dillinger ( 1965 ) alongside his old friend Nick Adams , as a favor to Adams . The Wild Wild West ( edit ) In 1965 , he garnered fame with his starring role in The Wild Wild West ( airing on CBS for four seasons until its cancellation in 1969 ) . He made $5,000 a week . During the series ' run Conrad went to Mexico to appear in a musical , Ven a cantar conmigo ( 1967 ) . He formed his own company , Robert Conrad Productions , and used it to star , direct and write a Western , The Bandits ( 1967 ) . Paul Ryan and Jake Webster ( edit ) Conrad appeared in episodes of Mannix and Mission : Impossible . In 1969 he signed a three picture deal with Bob Hope 's Doan Productions . The first two were meant to be Keene then No Beer in Heaven but only the first was made . In 1969 he debuted as prosecutor Paul Ryan in the TV movie D.A. : Murder One ( 1969 ) . He reprised the movie in D.A. : Conspiracy to Kill ( 1971 ) and the short - lived 1971 NBC series , The D.A. . He was also in the TV movies Weekend of Terror ( 1970 ) , Five Desperate Women ( 1971 ) and Adventures of Nick Carter ( 1972 ) . Conrad tried another TV series , as American spy Jake Webster in Assignment Vienna ( 1972 ) , but it only lasted eight episodes . He was a murderous fitness franchise promoter in an episode of Columbo ( `` An Exercise in Fatality '' ) . Conrad starred in the TV movies The Last Day ( 1975 ) and Smash - Up on Interstate 5 ( 1976 ) , and the features Murph the Surf ( 1975 ) and Sudden Death ( 1977 ) . He reprised his role as Paul Ryan in the TV movie Confessions of the D.A. Man . Baa Baa Black Sheep ( edit ) Conrad found ratings success again from 1976 - 78 as legendary tough - guy World War II fighter ace Pappy Boyington in Baa Baa Black Sheep , retitled for its second season and in later syndication as Black Sheep Squadron . Conrad also directed some episodes . The show 's success led Conrad to win a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Male Actor and a Golden Globe nomination for his performance . He followed it with a lead part in the mini series Centennial ( 1978 ) . The Duke and a Man Called Sloane ( edit ) In 1978 , Conrad starred in the short - lived TV series The Duke , as Duke Ramsey , a boxer turned private eye . Conrad directed some episodes . In the late 1970s , he served as the captain of the NBC team for six editions of Battle of the Network Stars . Around this time reprised the role of West in a pair of made - for - TV films which reunited him with his West co-star , Ross Martin , The Wild Wild West Revisited ( 1979 ) and More Wild Wild West ( 1980 ) . Conrad was widely identified in the late 1970s for his television commercials for Eveready batteries , particularly his placing of the battery on his shoulder and prompting the viewer to challenge its long - lasting power : `` Come on , I dare ya '' . The commercial was frequently parodied on American television comedies such as Johnny Carson 's The Tonight Show and The Carol Burnett Show . Conrad made the occasional feature such as The Lady in Red ( 1979 ) for Roger Corman 's New World Pictures , where he played John Dillinger from a script by John Sayles . He played a modern - day variation of James West in the short - lived series A Man Called Sloane in 1979 . Conrad directed some episodes . 1980s : producer ( edit ) Conrad spent most of the 1980s starring in TV movies . He played a paraplegic coach in Coach of the Year ( 1980 ) , and the title role in Will : The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy ( 1982 ) . Both were for his own company , A Shane Productions . He had a support part in the feature The Man with the Deadly Lens ( 1983 ) with Sean Connery then returned to TV : Confessions of a Married Man ( 1984 ) , Hard Knox ( 1985 ) ( for which he also provided the story ) , and Two Fathers ' Justice ( 1985 ) . The last two were made for his company . In 1984 he was awarded a star on the Walk of Western Stars in Newhall , California . Conrad was a villain in the comedy Moving Violations ( 1985 ) for theatres but the following was for TV : The Fifth Missile ( 1986 ) , Assassin ( 1986 ) , Charley Hannah 's War ( 1986 ) , and One Police Plaza ( 1986 ) . In 1986 , he was a special guest referee for the main event at Wrestlemania 2 featuring Hulk Hogan vs King Kong Bundy inside a steel cage . Conrad starred in a series High Mountain Rangers ( 1987 ) , directing the pilot and writing several episodes . The series co starred Conrad 's two sons and was executive produced by his daughter . He was in the TV movies Police Story : Gladiator School ( 1988 ) , and Glory Days ( 1988 ) , directing the latter . He then tried another short lived series , Jesse Hawkes ( 1989 ) , a spin off of High Mountain Rangers , directing the pilot . 1990s ( edit ) Conrad returned to TV movies : Anything to Survive ( 1990 ) , Mario and the Mob ( 1991 ) , The Kennedy Assassinations ( 1992 ) , Sworn to Vengeance ( 1993 ) , and Two Fathers : Justice for the Innocent ( 1994 ) . Conrad did a movie , Samurai Cowboy ( 1994 ) . He created a TV movie Search and Rescue ( 1995 ) which he starred in and led to a short lived TV series , created by Conrad . He had a support role in Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) with Arnold Schwarzenegger . Conrad 's later credited included an episode of Nash Bridges and the film Dead Above Ground ( 2002 ) . 2000s - 2010s ( edit ) In 2005 , he ran for head of the Screen Actors Guild . In 2006 , Conrad recorded audio introductions for every episode of the first season of The Wild Wild West for its North American DVD release on June 6 . The DVD set also included one of Conrad 's Eveready battery commercials ; in his introduction , Conrad stated he was flattered to be parodied by Carson . He was inducted into the Stuntman 's Hall of Fame for his work on The Wild , Wild West series , and notably is the only actor to claim this honor . Since 2008 , he 's hosting a weekly two - hour national radio show ( The PM Show with Robert Conrad ) on CRN Digital Talk Radio . He also appeared in the documentary film , Pappy Boyington Field ( released in July 2010 on DVD ) where he recounted his personal insights about the legendary Marine Corps aviator whom he portrayed in the television series . Personal life ( edit ) Marriages ( edit ) Conrad and his first wife , Joan , were married for 25 years until an amicable divorce . The couple had five children . His second marriage , to LaVelda Ione Fann , produced three children . Conrad and Fann divorced in 2010 . Conrad was joined on some television shows by his sons , Shane and Christian , and his daughter , Nancy . Another daughter , Joan , became a television producer . In a 2008 interview , Conrad described the late Chicago Outfit `` made man '' and burglar , Michael Spilotro , as his `` best friend '' . Spilotro 's slaying was featured in the movie Casino . Involvement ( edit ) Conrad was involved with a volunteer organization in Bear Valley known as Bear Valley Search and Rescue , which later formed the basis for High Mountain Rangers . Car accident ( edit ) On March 31 , 2003 , while on Highway 4 in the California Sierra foothills near his Alpine County home , Conrad drove his Jaguar over the center median and slammed head - on into a Subaru driven by 26 - year - old Kevin Burnett . Both men suffered serious injuries . Tried on felony charges , Conrad pleaded no contest , and he was convicted of drunk driving . He was sentenced to six months of house confinement , alcohol counseling , and five years probation . A civil suit filed by Kevin Burnett against Conrad was settled the following year for an undisclosed amount . In 2005 , Burnett died at age 28 from perforated ulcers , which his family attributed to his difficult recovery from the crash . Conrad himself suffered severe nerve injuries from the crash , which left his right side partially paralyzed . Selected filmography ( edit ) Palm Springs Weekend ( 1963 ) Cabriola ( 1965 ) Young Dillinger ( 1965 ) The Bandits ( 1967 ) ( co-wrote and co-directed ) Weekend of Terror ( 1970 ) Live a Little , Steal a Lot ( 1975 ) Smash - Up on Interstate 5 ( 1976 ) Sudden Death ( 1977 ) The Lady in Red ( 1979 ) Coach of the Year ( 1980 ) Wrong Is Right ( 1982 ) The Fifth Missile ( 1986 ) Anything to Survive ( 1990 ) Samurai Cowboy ( 1993 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The PM Show with Robert Conrad , crntalk.com ; accessed January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook Country Genealogy Certificate # 6016090 ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Marriage between Eddie Hubbard and Jackie Smith . 1948 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Google Books . 1949 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eddie Hubbard and wife Jackie split up . Google Books . October 20 , 1958 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ * 1940 CENSUS PROFILE : * Conrad Robert Falk * Age : 5 * Estimated Birth Year : abt 1935 * Gender : Male * Race : White * Birthplace : Illinois * Marital Status : Single * Relation to Head of House : Stepson * Home in 1940 : Chicago , Cook , Illinois * Street : Ada Street * House Number : 8957 * Inferred Residence in 1935 : Chicago , Cook , Illinois * Residence in 1935 : Same Place * Sheet Number : 1B * Household members : * Name : George Smith ( 26 ) * Name : Jacqueline Smith ( 20 ) * Name : Conrad Falk ( 5 ) * Birth Date : 1 Mar ( ch ) 1935 * Birth Location : Cook County , IL * File Number : 6008106 * Archive Collection Name : Cook County Genealogy Records ( Births ) * Archive repository location : Chicago , IL * Archive repository name : Cook County Clerk * Source Citation : Year : 1940 ; Census Place : Chicago , Cook , Illinois ; Roll : T627_959 ; Page : 1B ; Enumeration District : 103 - 1267 . Jump up ^ Source Information : Ancestry.com. 1940 United States Federal Census ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2012 . Original data : United States of America , Bureau of the Census . Sixteenth Census of the United States , 1940 . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration , 1940 . T627 , 4,643 rolls . Jump up ^ Libman , Norma ( December 8 , 1991 ) . `` An Actor ` s Memories Of His ` Real ` Working Days In Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , IL . ^ Jump up to : `` An Actor ` s Memories Of His ` Real ` Working Days In Chicago '' . Jump up ^ Thomson , Gus ( August 28 , 2005 ) . `` A wild , wild night with Conrad : Actor 's Auburn visit recalls fond memories '' . Auburn Journal . Auburn , CA . Jump up ^ Medley , Tony . `` One on One with Robert Conrad '' . tonymedley.com/ . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steele , Shadoe ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Shadoe Steele 's Interview with Robert Conrad '' . Entercom Radio Network . Lower Merion Township , PA : Entercom Communications . ^ Jump up to : `` One on One with Robert Conrad '' . Jump up ^ Zylstra , F. ( 1964 , Mar 13 ) . TV actor , former Chicagoan , likes to lend hand in kitchen . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/179389260?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ `` Shadoe Steele 's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad '' . nctc.net . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Singles , 12th ed . Jump up ^ `` Colt . 45 '' . ctva.biz . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Major , Jack Robert Conrad Interview Akron Beacon Journal August 22 , 1965 Jump up ^ Hopper , H. ( 1966 , Jan 25 ) . Bob conrad doubles income five times . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/178913463?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Martin , B. ( 1966 , Apr 29 ) . Tony curtis joins ' waves ' . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/155464351?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Martin , B. ( 1969 , Mar 22 ) . MOVIE CALL SHEET . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/156198397?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Walker , J. ( 1971 , Sep 25 ) . Robert conrad : Law and order with a briefcase . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/169969575?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Robert conrad takes ' assignment : Vienna '. ( 1972 , Jun 18 ) . The Washington Post , Times Herald ( 1959 - 1973 ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/148350271?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ `` An Exercise in Fatality '' , imdb.com ; accessed April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , M. ( 1978 , Jan 08 ) . Robert conrad is flying high as ' pappy ' boyington . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/169674502?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ `` Robert Conrad biography '' . Tcm.com. 1935 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Downtown Newhall Walk of Western Stars '' . Scvhistory.com. 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Blake , J.P. ( 1986 , Apr 04 ) . ROBERT CONRAD / ' LITTLE NICKY ' SCARFO . Philadelphia Daily News Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/1829457641?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ By Patricia Brennan Washington Post , Staff Writer. ( 1986 , Mar 30 ) . Robert conrad as ' charley hannah ' . The Washington Post ( 1974 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/138817830?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ `` Wrestlemania 2 : Caged Heat '' . Slam ! Sports . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert conrad eager to quit california and move to spain. ( 2014 , Nov 06 ) . Express ( Online ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/1620905904?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Jay Bobbin Tribune , M.S. ( 1993 , Mar 23 ) . Actor robert conrad sees a bright future for his production company . Las Vegas Review - Journal Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/259921867?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Robert conrad 's high sierra search and rescue filming a series in the back yard . ( 1995 , Jun 18 ) . The Washington Post ( 1974 - Current File ) Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/904883983?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ Alex , B.B. ( 2005 ) . ROBERT CONRAD TAKES HIS SLINGSHOT TO SAG . TelevisionWeek , 24 ( 31 ) , 6 . Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.au/docview/203804980?accountid=13902 Jump up ^ `` Stuntmen 's Hall of Fame ( listed as Bob Conrad ) '' . Stuntmen.org . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shadoe Steele 's Interview with Actor Robert Conrad '' . Nctc.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hutchings , David ( March 28 , 1988 ) . `` Tough Guy Robert Conrad , with His Offspring in Tow , Heads for the Hills and High Mountain Rangers '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One on One with Robert Conrad '' . TonyMedley.com . August 17 , 1957 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Winslow , Harriet ( June 18 , 1995 ) . `` Robert Conrad involved with Bear Valley Search and Rescue '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Robert Conrad to be tried on felony DUI charges '' . November 20 , 2003 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Conrad sentenced for DUI accident '' . MSNBC.com . Associated Press . November 24 , 2004 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Newsbank info re 2003 car crash '' . Nl.newsbank.com . August 19 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Man injured in Conrad accident dies from perforated ulcers at 28 `` '' . News.google.com. 2005 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Conrad Takes Wrong Turn '' . CBSnews.com. April 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Conrad . Robert Conrad on IMDb Robert Conrad interview video at the Archive of American Television VIAF : 85987090 LCCN : n95038218 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 7224 GND : 137805950 BNF : cb13892690r ( data ) IATH : w67b8bhb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Conrad&oldid=815561850 '' Categories : 1935 births Age controversies California Republicans Male actors from Chicago American male film actors American stunt performers American male television actors American people of Polish - Jewish descent Living people People from Alpine County , California Male Western ( genre ) film actors 20th - century American male actors Warner Bros. contract players American people of Polish descent 21st - century American male actors Western ( genre ) television actors Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles with hCards Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Română Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Conrad	51,457
who does the voice of lois in family guy	Alexandrea Borstein ( born February 15 , 1971 ) is an American actress , writer , producer , and comedian . She is best known for voicing the role of Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series Family Guy ( 1999 -- present ) , for which she has been nominated for multiple Primetime Emmy Awards .	Alexandrea Borstein	Alex Borstein	alex borstein	Alexandrea Borstein ( born February 15 , 1971 ) is an American actress , writer , producer , and comedian . She is best known for voicing the role of Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series Family Guy ( 1999 -- present ) , for which she has been nominated for multiple Primetime Emmy Awards .	She also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series MADtv ( 1997 -- 2009 ) , Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series Getting On ( 2013 -- 15 ) , and Susie Myerson in the historical comedy - drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) , the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination . Borstein has held supporting roles in numerous films , including The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) , Catwoman ( 2004 ) , Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) , Ted ( 2012 ) , ParaNorman ( 2012 ) , and A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) . A native of Deerfield , Illinois , Borstein is a graduate of San Francisco State University , where she studied rhetoric . She was trained in improvisational comedy at the ACME Comedy Theatre , near Hollywood , California , and was selected to join MADtv after being scouted by talent agents who noticed her work at the theatre . She was a writer and voice actor for several television shows , including Casper , Pinky and the Brain , and Power Rangers : Zeo , before joining the cast of MADtv in 1997 as a featured player , becoming a repertory player mid-season . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1993 -- 1998 : Career beginnings and MADtv 2.2 1999 -- 2009 : Further success and Family Guy 2.3 2010 -- present : Getting On and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Borstein was born in Highland Park , Illinois , a suburb north of the city of Chicago , in 1973 ( according to her own official website ) , though some sources still say 1971 . She was raised in Deerfield , Illinois . Borstein has two elder brothers . Her parents , Irv and Judy Borstein , are both mental health professionals . Borstein is Jewish . Her father is from Atlanta , Georgia . Her mother , a Holocaust survivor , was born and raised in Budapest , Hungary , and moved to the United States after the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 . Borstein attended San Francisco State University . Career ( edit ) 1993 -- 1998 : career beginnings and MADtv ( edit ) Borstein trained in improv at the ACME Comedy Theater , where she met her writing partner and future husband Jackson Douglas . Shortly after they began working together on the animated series Casper and Pinky and the Brain , Borstein left her position at an ad agency -- where she had written print ads for Barbie -- to become a full - time writer . In 1996 , while still writing for Casper , Borstein worked on the show Power Rangers Zeo as the voice of Queen Machina , the queen of the Machine Empire . In 1997 , Borstein became a cast member on the third season of the sketch comedy show MADtv . She originally joined the cast as a featured player , but was upgraded to the repertory mid-season . Borstein was best known on MADtv for her character Ms. Swan ; her other recurring characters included Eracist Anne , `` Stick Chick '' Echo , singer Jasmine Wayne - Wayne , child prodigy Karen Goddard , lounge singer Shaunda , News at Six outside - the - studio reporter Sue Napersville , and Cordo the GAP troll . When Seth Green made recurring appearances on the show as mean boss Mr. Brightling , Borstein would play his mother , Mama Brightling . 1999 -- 2009 : further success and Family Guy ( edit ) Borstein at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con While working on MADtv , Borstein met Seth MacFarlane , who was then preparing to launch the animated sitcom Family Guy on FOX . MacFarlane was originally supposed to create animated shorts for MADtv , but declined in favor of creating an independent series . MacFarlane cast Borstein as the voice of character Lois Griffin . After the show 's debut in January 1999 , Family Guy was cancelled by the network in 2002 , but returned in 2005 . As well as her role as the voice performer for Lois and several other characters ( including a brief appearance as Ms. Swan in a 2005 episode ) , she is also a producer and staff writer . She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance for the episode `` Lois Comes Out of Her Shell '' in 2013 . In 2000 , Borstein was cast as Sookie St. James in the WB drama Gilmore Girls . She portrayed Sookie in the pilot , but her MADtv contract prevented her from continuing in the role , which was recast with Melissa McCarthy . Borstein made recurring appearances on Gilmore Girls throughout the show 's run , first as the harpist Drella and later as the stylist Miss Celine . As a film actress , she played the school principal in The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) , the best friend of Halle Berry 's character in Catwoman ( 2004 ) , and an employee at CBS News in Good Night , and Good Luck ( 2005 ) . She also had a small role in the movie Bad Santa ( 2003 ) and an uncredited cameo as an obnoxious coffee shop patron in the Will Ferrell movie Kicking & Screaming ( 2005 ) . On some commercials , she sometimes voices Olive Oyl from Popeye and Betty Boop . Borstein was a co-host of GSN 's Celebrity Blackjack in 2004 . She made at least three guest appearances , once as Lois Griffin , on the Comedy Central animated program Drawn Together . Borstein was cast as a press secretary in the 2007 sitcom pilot The Thick of It , but the series was not picked up for broadcast . She was seen in the 2009 comedy For Christ 's Sake , which was directed by her real - life husband Jackson Douglas . Borstein 's production company is called Crackerpants , Inc . In 2007 , they released the DVD Drop Dead Gorgeous ( in a Down - to - Earth Bombshell Sort of Way ) , a recording of a live performance at the Alex Theatre , with opening act Teddy Towne . The title comes from one of many actual female character breakdowns Borstein reads from to illustrate sexism in the industry . 2010 -- present : Getting on and the Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( edit ) Borstein at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con Borstein has made several supporting appearances in such comedic films as Killers ( 2010 ) , Dinner for Schmucks ( 2010 ) , Ted ( 2012 ) , ParaNorman ( 2012 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) . In 2010 , Borstein joined the first season staff of the Showtime comedy - drama series Shameless , as a writer and supervising producer . In its second season , she held the position of writer and consulting producer . She also guest starred as Lou Deckner in numerous episodes of the series , beginning in the first season episode `` But at Last Came a Knock '' . She also appeared as a comedian contestant on IFC 's short - lived comedy - driven game show Bunk in 2012 . Borstein later starred as Dawn Forchette on the HBO comedy series Getting On , which is a remake of a UK series of the same name . The series has gained positive reviews and earned multiple Primetime Emmy Award nominations . It aired from 2013 to 2015 . Beginning in 2017 , Borstein starred as Susie Myerson in the historical comedy - drama series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , for which she received significant critical acclaim and a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Personal life ( edit ) Borstein is divorced from actor and writer Jackson Douglas , whom she met while studying improv at the ACME Comedy Theatre . Douglas proposed to her during the taping of a MADtv skit ; the couple married in 1999 . Douglas filed for divorce in October 2014 . In the DVD commentary for the Family Guy episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' -- at the time she was pregnant -- she joked about the possibility of naming her baby Stewie . They have a son named Barnaby Borstein Douglas ( born September 8 , 2008 ) and a daughter named Henrietta Borstein Douglas ( born October 1 , 2012 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2000 Coyote Ugly Bidding Auction Woman Uncredited 2003 The Lizzie McGuire Movie Miss Ungermeyer Bad Santa Milwaukee Mom Seeing Other People Tracy Catwoman Sally Billy 's Dad Is a Fudge - Packer ! Betty Henderson Short film 2005 Kicking & Screaming Obnoxious Hummer Lady Uncredited Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Lois Griffin / Various voices Also writer Good Night , and Good Luck Natalie 2006 Little Man Janet 2007 The Lookout Mrs. Lange 2009 For Christ 's Sake Mrs. Marcus Killers Lily Bailey Dinner for Schmucks Martha 2012 Ted Helen Bennett ParaNorman Mrs. Henscher ( voice ) 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Millie 2016 The Angry Birds Movie Sophie Bird / Peggy Bird ( voice ) Television Year Title Role Notes 1993 -- 1994 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Various voices 4 episodes Power Rangers Zeo Queen Machina / Robocupid ( voice ) 42 episodes Big Bad Beetleborgs Cataclaws ( voice ) Episode : `` Yo Ho Borgs '' 1997 -- 2009 MADtv Herself / Various characters Main cast ; 124 episodes Also writer 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 -- present Family Guy Lois Griffin / Barbara Pewterschmidt / Various voices Main cast ; 309 episodes Also writer , producer 2000 -- 2005 Gilmore Girls Drella / Miss Celine 8 episodes 2002 Titus Nicky Episode : `` Bachelor Party '' 2002 -- 2003 3 South Becky ( voice ) 3 episodes 2003 Friends Bitter Woman on Stage Episode : `` The One with the Soap Opera Party '' Frasier Evelyn Episode : `` Farewell , Nervosa '' 2005 -- 2012 Robot Chicken Various voices 8 episodes 2006 American Dad ! Doctor Gupta / Museum Curator ( voice ) Episodes : `` Roger ' n ' Me '' and `` Garfield and Friends '' Drawn Together Lois Griffin / Various voices Episodes : `` A Tale of Two Cows '' and `` The Lemon AIDS Walk '' 2007 -- 2009 Slacker Cats Latoyah ( voice ) 3 episodes 2008 -- 2009 Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy Various voices 3 episodes 2009 -- 2013 The Cleveland Show Lois Griffin / Various voices 16 episodes 2009 Glenn Martin , DDS Clerk ( voice ) Episode : `` Deck the Malls '' 2011 -- 2015 Shameless Lou Deckner 5 episodes ; also writer , consulting producer 2012 Hot in Cleveland Preshi Episode : `` Rubber Ball '' 2012 -- 2016 Workaholics Colleen Walker 3 episodes 2012 Robot Chicken DC Comics Special Wonder Woman / Various voices TV special 2012 -- 2013 Bunheads Sweetie Cramer / Hooker Episodes : `` Pilot '' and `` Channing Tatum Is a Fine Actor '' 2013 -- 2015 Getting On Dawn Forchette Main cast ; 18 episodes 2015 Life in Pieces Lynette Episode : `` Ponzi Sex Paris Bounce '' 2016 Bordertown Janice Buckwald / Becky ( voice ) 12 episodes MADtv Ms. Swan Episode : `` Episode 7 '' Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life Drella / Miss Celine Episodes : `` Winter '' and `` Fall '' Son of Zorn Elizabeth Episode : `` Return of the Drinking Buddy '' 2017 -- present The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Susie Myerson Main cast ; 8 episodes 2017 animals . Lois Griffin ( voice ) Episode : `` Pigeons . '' Video games Year Title Role Notes 2006 Family Guy Video Game ! Lois Griffin / Various voices 2012 Family Guy : Back to the Multiverse 2014 Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff Radio Year Title Role Notes 2015 Special Relativity Nox / Lucinda Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Work ( s ) Result Ref . 2006 DVD Exclusive Awards Best Screenplay ( for a DVD Premiere Movie ) Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Won Spike Video Game Awards Best Cast Family Guy Video Game ! Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Good Night , and Good Luck Nominated 2008 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program Family Guy Nominated 2013 Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Pending Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Family Guy Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQ ( first question ) '' . Alexborstein.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Borstein on ' Family Guy ' and ' Getting On ' '' . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( 2006 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Random Rules : Alex Borstein '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a MAD World '' . Sonic.net. 2002 - 10 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Random Rules : Alex Borstein '' . 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hemophilia Humor '' . Jump up ^ http://jewishjournal.com/culture/just-asking/228674/alex-borstein-and-her-maisel-character-were-both-like-little-bulldogs/ Jump up ^ Courtney Crowder ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Alex Borstein , a woman of many voices with just the right tone '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For Christ 's Sake ( 2010 ) . IMDb.com Jump up ^ Drop Dead Gorgeous ( In a Down to Earth Bombshell Sort of Way ) , Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment , 2007 Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/family-guy-star-alex-borstein-finalizes-divorce-jackson-douglas/ Jump up ^ `` ' Family Guy ' Star Alex Borstein -- Husband Files For Divorce ... I Want Pewterschmidt Money '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/09/09/alex-borstein-a/ Jump up ^ `` Alex Borstein Welcomes Baby No. 2 : Henrietta '' . Celebrity Baby Scoop . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Borstein - Power Rangers Central '' . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Special Relativity - A Radio Comedy starring Alex Borstein '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Borstein - Awards - IMDb '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alex Borstein . Official website Alex Borstein on IMDb Alex Borstein at AllMovie SuicideGirls interview with Alex Borstein ISNI : 0000 0000 4096 9255 LCCN : n2006096844 VIAF : 38812135 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Borstein&oldid=854810050 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Actresses from Chicago American film actresses American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses Writers from Chicago San Francisco State University alumni American women comedians Women television writers People from Highland Park , Illinois American female singers American sketch comedians American people of Hungarian - Jewish descent Jewish American actresses Comedians from Illinois Jewish American comedians Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Bikol Central Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 23 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Borstein	42,374
what we do in the shadows fx cast	Kayvan Novak as Nandor Matt Berry as Lazslo Natasia Demetriou as Nadja Harvey Guillen as Nandor 's assistant	Kayvan Novak\|Matt Berry\|Natasia Demetriou\|Harvey Guillen	What We Do in the Shadows ( TV series )	what we do in the shadows ( tv series )	What We Do in the Shadows is an upcoming American comedy television series based on the 2014 film of the same name that is set to premiere in 2019 on FX .	Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 References Premise ( edit ) What We Do in the Shadows is set in New York City and follows `` three vampires who have been roommates for hundreds and hundreds of years . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Kayvan Novak as Nandor Matt Berry as Lazslo Natasia Demetriou as Nadja Harvey Guillen as Nandor 's assistant Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On January 22 , 2018 , it was announced that FX had given the production a pilot order . The series is set to be written by Jemaine Clement and directed by Taika Waititi both of whom are also expected to executive produce alongside Scott Rudin , Paul Simms , Garrett Basch , and Eli Bush . On May 3 , 2018 , it was announced that FX had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes , which is expected to premiere in the spring of 2019 . Casting ( edit ) Alongside the pilot order announcement , it was confirmed that Kayvan Novak , Matt Berry , Natasia Demetriou , and Harvey Guillen would star in the series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ; Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' What We Do In The Shadows ' Reboot From Jemaine Clement & Taika Waititi Gets FX Series Order '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' What We Do In The Shadows ' TV Series Reboot From Jemaine Clement & Taika Waititi Gets FX Pilot Order , Sets Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . FX original programming Current American Crime Story ( since 2016 ) American Horror Story ( since 2011 ) Atlanta ( since 2016 ) Baskets ( since 2016 ) Better Things ( since 2016 ) Fargo ( since 2014 ) Feud ( since 2017 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Pose ( since 2018 ) Snowfall ( since 2017 ) Trust ( since 2018 ) You 're the Worst ( since 2014 ) Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . ( 2006 ) Damages ( 2007 -- 12 ) Dirt ( 2007 -- 08 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2005 -- 12 ) The League ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lucky ( 2003 ) NASCAR Drivers : Non-Stop ( 2004 -- 06 ) NASCAR on Fox ( 2001 -- 06 ) The New Movie Show with Chris Gore ( 2000 ) Nip / Tuck ( 2003 -- 10 ) Over There ( 2005 ) Rescue Me ( 2004 -- 11 ) The Riches ( 2007 -- 08 ) The Shield ( 2002 -- 08 ) Son of the Beach ( 2000 -- 02 ) Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) Starved ( 2005 ) Testees ( 2008 ) Thief ( 2006 ) 2010s debuts The Americans ( 2013 -- 18 ) Anger Management ( 2012 -- 14 ) The Bastard Executioner ( 2015 ) Brand X with Russell Brand ( 2012 -- 13 ) The Bridge ( 2013 -- 14 ) Chozen ( 2014 ) The Comedians ( 2015 ) Justified ( 2010 -- 15 ) Legit ( 2013 ) Lights Out ( 2011 ) Louie ( 2010 -- 15 ) Married ( 2014 -- 15 ) Partners ( 2014 ) Saint George ( 2014 ) Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) Terriers ( 2010 ) Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell ( 2012 -- 13 ) Tyrant ( 2014 -- 16 ) UFC on FX ( 2012 -- 13 ) Unsupervised ( 2012 ) Wilfred ( 2011 -- 13 ) Upcoming Mayans MC ( 2018 ) Devs ( 2019 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2019 ) Shōgun ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows_(TV_series)&oldid=845014487 '' Categories : FX network shows Upcoming comedy television series Television programs based on films English - language television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 18 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20We%20Do%20in%20the%20Shadows%20%28TV%20series%29	107,740
what is the second most spoken language in japan			Languages of Japan	languages of japan	The most widely spoken language in Japan is Japanese , which is separated into a large number of dialects with Tokyo dialect considered standard Japanese .	In addition to the Japanese language , Ryukyuan languages are spoken in Okinawa and parts of Kagoshima in the Ryukyu Islands . Along with Japanese , these languages are part of the Japonic language family , but they are separate languages , and are not mutually intelligible with Japanese , or with each other . All of the spoken Ryukyuan languages are classified by UNESCO as endangered . In Hokkaido , there are Ainu languages , which are spoken by the Ainu people , who are the indigenous people of Japan . The Ainu languages are isolated and do not fall under any language family . Ever since the Meiji period , Japanese has become widely used among the Ainu people and consequently Ainu languages have been classified critically endangered by UNESCO . In addition , languages such as Orok , Evenki , and Nivkh spoken in formerly Japanese controlled southern Sakhalin are becoming more and more endangered . After the Soviet Union took control of the region , speakers of these languages and their descendants migrated to mainland Japan and still exist but in small numbers . Speakers of Korean , Chinese , and Zainichi Korean , which stems from Korean , also reside in Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ryukyu languages 1.2 Ainu languages 1.3 Orok languages 1.4 Nivkh languages 1.5 European languages 2 Language classifications 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Evidence shows that people inhabited Japan and its islands from the beginning of the Palaeolithic Age . It is believed that these people spoke a language ; however it is unknown what kind of language they might have spoken . Characters resembling written language have been found at Stone Age excavation sites ; however there are differing opinions as to what language it may be . Not until shortly after the turn of the second century did indications of language spoken appear in Chinese history books . Chinese characters were adopted and records of spoken language were made in Japan . Hiragana and katakana characters were incorporated as a relatively accurate way to represent the sounds of Chinese characters . Ryukyu languages ( edit ) Chinese characters were first introduced to Ryukyu languages shortly into the 13th century . Details concerning the language before then are not well known . Fourteenth - century records indicate that gifts from Ryukyu Islands to China used hiragana , which indicates that these languages were tied to mainland Japanese at the time . It is the oldest language spoken . Ainu languages ( edit ) There exist places in and around Tohoku whose names were derived from Ainu languages . It is well known that people in Hokkaido , Karafuto , and the Kuril Islands used Ainu languages , but it is also thought that people in the eastern part of mainland Japan once spoke these languages . According to 16th - century records , Ainu languages did n't have an alphabet . Only from the 19th century did Ainu languages begin to use katakana . Orok languages ( edit ) Orok languages emerged before the common era . Records show that they were used during the latter part of the Edo period in Hokkaido , Karafuto , and the Kuril Islands ; however , there are only a few speakers still in existence . Furthermore , Orok languages do not have an alphabet . Nivkh languages ( edit ) Much like Orok languages , Nivkh languages do not have an alphabet and were spoken in Hokkaido , Karafuto , and the Kuril Islands , but also in the Amur River . It is unknown whether speakers of Nivkh languages still remain in Japan . European languages ( edit ) Since the Middle Ages , owing to visits from Europeans , Japanese has adopted a number of foreign words . Language classifications ( edit ) The oral languages spoken by the native peoples of the insular country of Japan at present and during recorded history belong to either of two primary phyla of human language : Japonic languages Japanese language ( See also Japanese dialects ) Hachijo Japanese Eastern Japanese Western Japanese Kyushu Japanese Ryukyuan languages Northern Ryukyuan languages Amami Kunigami Okinawa Southern Ryukyuan languages Mikayo Yaeyama Yonaguni Ainu languages Hokkaido Ainu language Sakhalin Ainu language ( extinct ) Kuril Ainu language ( extinct ) In addition to these two indigenous language families , there is Japanese Sign Language , as well as significant minorities of ethnic Koreans and Chinese , who make up respectively about 0.5 % and 0.4 % of the country 's population and many of whom continue to speak their ethnic language in private ( see Zainichi Korean ) . There is also a notable history of use of Kanbun ( Classical Chinese ) as a language of literature and diplomacy in Japan , similar to the status of the Latin language in medieval Europe , which has left an indelible mark on the vocabulary of the Japanese language . Kanbun is a mandatory subject in the curricula of most Japanese secondary schools . See also ( edit ) Demographics of Japan Japanese people Yamato people Ryukyuan people Ainu people Koreans in Japan Chinese in Japan Brazilians in Japan Classical Chinese as a literary language of Japan East Asian languages References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shimoji , Michinori ( 2010 ) . `` Ryukyuan Languages : An Introduction '' . In Shimoji , Michinori ; Pellard , Thomas . An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages ( PDF ) . Tokyo : Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa . p. 2 . ISBN 9784863370722 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Languages of Japan National language Japanese Variants Indigenous languages Ainu Hachijō Ryukyuan Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Miyako Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yaeyama Yonaguni Yoron Non-Indigenous languages Portuguese Chinese Cantonese Hokkien Hoochew Mandarin English Russian Turkish Vietnamese Zainichi Korean Creole languages Bonin English Sign languages Japanese Sign Language Amami Oshima Sign Languages of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Japan&oldid=804842072 '' Categories : Languages of Japan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Japan	107,741
how much is the tilt of the earth's axis	Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.4 ° . This value remains about the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of axial precession . But the ecliptic ( i.e. , Earth 's orbit ) moves due to planetary perturbations , and the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity . At present , it is decreasing at a rate of about 47 '' per century ( see details in Short term below ) .	about 23.4 °	Axial tilt	axial tilt	In astronomy , axial tilt , also known as obliquity , is the angle between an object 's rotational axis and its orbital axis , or , equivalently , the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane . It differs from orbital inclination .	At an obliquity of zero , the two axes point in the same direction ; i.e. , the rotational axis is perpendicular to the orbital plane . Earth 's obliquity oscillates between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees on a 41,000 - year cycle ; the earth 's mean obliquity is currently 23 ° 26 ′ 12.9 '' ( or 23.43692 ° ) and decreasing . Over the course of an orbit , the obliquity usually does not change considerably , and the orientation of the axis remains the same relative to the background stars . This causes one pole to be directed more toward the Sun on one side of the orbit , and the other pole on the other side -- the cause of the seasons on the Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Standards 2 Earth 2.1 History 2.2 Seasons 2.3 Oscillation 2.3. 1 Short term 2.3. 2 Long term 3 Solar System bodies 4 Extrasolar planets 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Standards ( edit ) The positive pole of a planet is defined by the right - hand rule : if the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of the rotation then the thumb points to the positive pole . The axial tilt is defined as the angle between the direction of the positive pole and the normal to the orbital plane . The angles for Earth , Uranus and Venus are approximately 23 ° , 97 ° , and 177 ° respectively . There are two standard methods of specifying tilt . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) defines the north pole of a planet as that which lies on Earth 's north side of the invariable plane of the Solar System ; under this system , Venus is tilted 3 ° and spins retrograde , opposite that of most of the other planets . The IAU also uses the right - hand rule to define a positive pole for the purpose of determining orientation . Using this convention , Venus is tilted 177 ° ( `` upside down '' ) . Earth ( edit ) Earth 's axial tilt ( obliquity ) is currently about 23.4 ° . Earth 's orbital plane is known as the ecliptic plane , and Earth 's tilt is known to astronomers as the obliquity of the ecliptic , being the angle between the ecliptic and the celestial equator on the celestial sphere . It is denoted by the Greek letter ε . Earth currently has an axial tilt of about 23.4 ° . This value remains about the same relative to a stationary orbital plane throughout the cycles of axial precession . But the ecliptic ( i.e. , Earth 's orbit ) moves due to planetary perturbations , and the obliquity of the ecliptic is not a fixed quantity . At present , it is decreasing at a rate of about 47 '' per century ( see details in Short term below ) . History ( edit ) Earth 's obliquity may have been reasonably accurately measured as early as 1100 BC in India and China . The ancient Greeks had good measurements of the obliquity since about 350 BC , when Pytheas of Marseilles measured the shadow of a gnomon at the summer solstice . About 830 AD , the Caliph Al - Mamun of Baghdad directed his astronomers to measure the obliquity , and the result was used in the Arab world for many years . In 1437 , Ulugh Beg determined the Earth 's axial tilt as 23 ° 30 ′ 17 '' ( 23.5047 ° ) . It was widely believed , during the Middle Ages , that both precession and Earth 's obliquity oscillated around a mean value , with a period of 672 years , an idea known as trepidation of the equinoxes . Perhaps the first to realize this was incorrect ( during historic time ) was Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth century and the first to realize that the obliquity is decreasing at a relatively constant rate was Fracastoro in 1538 . The first accurate , modern , western observations of the obliquity were probably those of Tycho Brahe from Denmark , about 1584 , although observations by several others , including al - Ma'mun , al - Tusi , Purbach , Regiomontanus , and Walther , could have provided similar information . Seasons ( edit ) Main article : Season Earth 's axis remains tilted in the same direction with reference to the background stars throughout a year ( regardless of where it is in its orbit ) . This means that one pole ( and the associated hemisphere of Earth ) will be directed away from the Sun at one side of the orbit , and half an orbit later ( half a year later ) this pole will be directed towards the Sun . This is the cause of Earth 's seasons . Summer occurs in the Northern hemisphere when the north pole is directed toward the Sun . Variations in Earth 's axial tilt can influence the seasons and is likely a factor in long - term climate change ( also see Milankovitch cycles ) . Relationship between Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Oscillation ( edit ) Short term ( edit ) Obliquity of the ecliptic for 20,000 years , from Laskar ( 1986 ) . The red point represents the year 2000 . The exact angular value of the obliquity is found by observation of the motions of Earth and planets over many years . Astronomers produce new fundamental ephemerides as the accuracy of observation improves and as the understanding of the dynamics increases , and from these ephemerides various astronomical values , including the obliquity , are derived . Annual almanacs are published listing the derived values and methods of use . Until 1983 , the Astronomical Almanac 's angular value of the mean obliquity for any date was calculated based on the work of Newcomb , who analyzed positions of the planets until about 1895 : ε = 23 ° 27 ′ 8.26 '' − 46.845 '' T − 0.0059 '' T + 6997181000000000000 ♠ 0.001 81 '' T where ε is the obliquity and T is tropical centuries from B1900. 0 to the date in question . From 1984 , the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 's DE series of computer - generated ephemerides took over as the fundamental ephemeris of the Astronomical Almanac . Obliquity based on DE200 , which analyzed observations from 1911 to 1979 , was calculated : ε = 23 ° 26 ′ 21.45 '' − 46.815 '' T − 0.0006 '' T + 6997181000000000000 ♠ 0.001 81 '' T where hereafter T is Julian centuries from J2000. 0 . JPL 's fundamental ephemerides have been continually updated . For instance , the Astronomical Almanac for 2010 specifies : ε = 23 ° 26 ′ 21.406 '' − 7001468367689999999 ♠ 46.836 769 '' T − 6996183100000000000 ♠ 0.000 1831 '' T + 6997200339999999999 ♠ 0.002 003 40 '' T − 5.76 '' × 10 T − 4.34 '' × 10 T These expressions for the obliquity are intended for high precision over a relatively short time span , perhaps ± several centuries . J. Laskar computed an expression to order T good to 0.02 '' over 1000 years and several arcseconds over 10,000 years . ε = 23 ° 26 ′ 21.448 '' − 4680.93 '' t − 1.55 '' t + 1999.25 '' t − 51.38 '' t − 249.67 '' t − 39.05 '' t + 7.12 '' t + 27.87 '' t + 5.79 '' t + 2.45 '' t where here t is multiples of 10,000 Julian years from J2000. 0 . These expressions are for the so - called mean obliquity , that is , the obliquity free from short - term variations . Periodic motions of the Moon and of Earth in its orbit cause much smaller ( 9.2 arcseconds ) short - period ( about 18.6 years ) oscillations of the rotation axis of Earth , known as nutation , which add a periodic component to Earth 's obliquity . The true or instantaneous obliquity includes this nutation . Long term ( edit ) Main article : Formation and evolution of the Solar System Using numerical methods to simulate Solar System behavior , long - term changes in Earth 's orbit , and hence its obliquity , have been investigated over a period of several million years . For the past 5 million years , Earth 's obliquity has varied between 22 ° 2 ′ 33 '' and 24 ° 30 ′ 16 '' , with a mean period of 41,040 years . This cycle is a combination of precession and the largest term in the motion of the ecliptic . For the next 1 million years , the cycle will carry the obliquity between 22 ° 13 ′ 44 '' and 24 ° 20 ′ 50 '' . The Moon has a stabilizing effect on Earth 's obliquity . Frequency map analysis conducted in 1993 suggested that , in the absence of the Moon , the obliquity can change rapidly due to orbital resonances and chaotic behavior of the Solar System , reaching as high as 90 ° in as little as a few million years ( also see Orbit of the Moon ) . However , more recent numerical simulations made in 2011 indicated that even in the absence of the Moon , Earth 's obliquity might not be quite so unstable ; varying only by about 20 -- 25 ° . To resolve this contradiction , diffusion rate of obliquity has been calculated , and it was found that it takes more than billions of years for Earth 's obliquity to reach near 90 ° . The Moon 's stabilizing effect will continue for less than 2 billion years . As the Moon continues to recede from Earth due to tidal acceleration , resonances may occur which will cause large oscillations of the obliquity . Long - term obliquity of the ecliptic . Left : for the past 5 million years ; note that the obliquity varies only from about 22.0 ° to 24.5 ° . Right : for the next 1 million years ; note the approx . 41,000 - year period of variation . In both graphs , the red point represents the year 1850 . ( Source : Berger , 1976 ) . Solar System bodies ( edit ) All four of the innermost , rocky planets of the Solar System may have had large variations of their obliquity in the past . Since obliquity is the angle between the axis of rotation and the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane , it changes as the orbital plane changes due to the influence of other planets . But the axis of rotation can also move ( axial precession ) , due to torque exerted by the sun on a planet 's equatorial bulge . Like Earth , all of the rocky planets show axial precession . If the precession rate were very fast the obliquity would actually remain fairly constant even as the orbital plane changes . The rate varies due to tidal dissipation and core - mantle interaction , among other things . When a planet 's precession rate approaches certain values , orbital resonances may cause large changes in obliquity . The amplitude of the contribution having one of the resonant rates is divided by the difference between the resonant rate and the precession rate , so it becomes large when the two are similar . Mercury and Venus have most likely been stabilized by the tidal dissipation of the Sun . Earth was stabilized by the Moon , as mentioned above , but before its capture , Earth , too , could have passed through times of instability . Mars 's obliquity is quite variable over millions of years and may be in a chaotic state ; it varies as much as 0 ° to 60 ° over some millions of years , depending on perturbations of the planets . Some authors dispute that Mars 's obliquity is chaotic , and show that tidal dissipation and viscous core - mantle coupling are adequate for it to have reached a fully damped state , similar to Mercury and Venus . The occasional shifts in the axial tilt of Mars have been suggested as an explanation for the appearance and disappearance of rivers and lakes over the course of the existence of Mars . A shift could cause a burst of methane into the atmosphere , causing warming , but then the methane would be destroyed and the climate would become arid again . The obliquities of the outer planets are considered relatively stable . Axis and rotation of selected Solar System bodies Body NASA , J2000. 0 IAU , 0 January 2010 , 0h TT Axial tilt ( degrees ) North Pole Rotation ( hours ) Axial tilt ( degrees ) North Pole Rotation ( deg / day ) R.A. ( degrees ) Dec. ( degrees ) R.A. ( degrees ) Dec. ( degrees ) Sun 7.25 286.13 63.87 609.12 7.25 286.15 63.89 14.18 Mercury 0.03 281.01 61.42 1407.6 0.01 281.01 61.45 6.14 Venus 2.64 272.76 67.16 -- 5832.6 2.64 272.76 67.16 − 1.48 Earth 23.44 0.00 90.00 23.93 23.44 undef . 90.00 360.99 Moon 6.68 -- -- 655.73 1.54 270.00 66.54 13.18 Mars 25.19 317.68 52.89 24.62 25.19 317.67 52.88 350.89 Jupiter 3.13 268.05 64.49 9.93 3.12 268.06 64.50 870.54 Saturn 26.73 40.60 83.54 10.66 26.73 40.59 83.54 810.79 Uranus 82.23 257.43 -- 15.10 -- 17.24 82.23 257.31 − 15.18 − 501.16 Neptune 28.32 299.36 43.46 16.11 28.33 299.40 42.95 536.31 Pluto 57.47 ( 312.99 ) ( 6.16 ) -- 153.29 60.41 312.99 6.16 − 56.36 with respect to the ecliptic of 1850 at 16 ° latitude ; the Sun 's rotation varies with latitude with respect to the ecliptic ; the Moon 's orbit is inclined 5.16 ° to the ecliptic from the origin of the radio emissions ; the visible clouds generally rotate at different rate NASA lists the coordinates of Pluto 's positive pole ; values in ( parentheses ) have been reinterpreted to correspond to the north / negative pole . Extrasolar planets ( edit ) Further information : Exoplanet § Rotation and axial tilt The stellar obliquity ψ , i.e. the axial tilt of a star with respect to the orbital plane of one of its planets , has been determined for only a few systems . But for 49 stars as of today , the sky - projected spin - orbit misalignment λ has been observed , which serves as a lower limit to ψ . Most of these measurements rely on the Rossiter -- McLaughlin effect . So far , it has not been possible to constrain the obliquity of an extrasolar planet . But the rotational flattening of the planet and the entourage of moons and / or rings , which are traceable with high - precision photometry , e.g. by the space - based Kepler spacecraft , could provide access to ψ in the near future . Astrophysicists have applied tidal theories to predict the obliquity of extrasolar planets . It has been shown that the obliquities of exoplanets in the habitable zone around low - mass stars tend to be eroded in less than 10 years , which means that they would not have seasons as Earth has . See also ( edit ) Solar System portal Climate change Milankovitch cycles Polar motion Rotation around a fixed axis True polar wander References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office ( 1992 ) . P. Kenneth Seidelmann , ed . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . p. 733 . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Earth Is tilted '' . www.timeanddate.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement 1992 , p. 384 ^ Jump up to : Correia , Alexandre C.M. ; Laskar , Jacques ; de Surgy , Olivier Néron ( May 2003 ) . `` Long - term evolution of the spin of Venus I. theory '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 163 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 163 ... 1C . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00042 - 3 . Jump up ^ Correia , A.C.M. ; Laskar , J. ( 2003 ) . `` Long - term evolution of the spin of Venus : II . numerical simulations '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 163 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 163 ... 24C . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00043 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the IAU / IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements : 2006 '' . springer.com . Retrieved 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office ; U.K. Hydrographic Office ; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office ( 2008 ) . The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2010 . US Government Printing Office . p . M11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7077 - 4082 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Astronomical Almanac 2010 , p . B52 Jump up ^ Chauvenet , William ( 1906 ) . A Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy . 1 . J.B. Lippincott . pp. 604 -- 605 . Jump up ^ Wittmann , A. ( 1979 ) . `` The Obliquity of the Ecliptic '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 73 : 129 -- 131 . Bibcode : 1979A&A ... 73 ... 129W . Jump up ^ Gore , J.E. ( 1907 ) . Astronomical Essays Historical and Descriptive . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marmery , J.V. ( 1895 ) . Progress of Science . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Sédillot , L.P.E.A. ( 1853 ) . Prolégomènes des tables astronomiques d'OlougBeg : Traduction et commentaire . Paris : Firmin Didot Frères . pp. 87 & 253 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1994 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1890 ) . Tycho Brahe . p. 355 . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1890 ) , p. 123 Jump up ^ Sayili , Aydin ( 1981 ) . The Observatory in Islam . p. 78 . Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory Nautical Almanac Office ; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office ( 1961 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris and the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac . H.M. Stationery Office . Section 2B . Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Observatory ; H.M. Nautical Almanac Office ( 1989 ) . The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1990 . US Government Printing Office . p . B18 . ISBN 0 - 11 - 886934 - 5 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Simon ( 1906 ) . A Compendium of Spherical Astronomy . MacMillan . pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ See table 8 and eq. 35 in Laskar , J. ( 1986 ) . `` Secular Terms of Classical Planetary Theories Using the Results of General Relativity '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 157 : 59 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1986A&A ... 157 ... 59L. and erratum to article Laskar , J. ( 1986 ) . `` Errratum : Secular terms of classical planetary theories using the results of general theory '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 164 : 437 . Bibcode : 1986A&A ... 164 ... 437L . Units in article are arcseconds , which may be more convenient . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement ( 1961 ) , sec . 2C Jump up ^ `` Basics of Space Flight , Chapter 2 '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory / NASA . 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Meeus , Jean ( 1991 ) . `` Chapter 21 '' . Astronomical Algorithms . Willmann - Bell . ISBN 0 - 943396 - 35 - 2 . Jump up ^ Berger , A.L. ( 1976 ) . `` Obliquity and Precession for the Last 5000000 Years '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 51 : 127 -- 135 . Bibcode : 1976A&A ... 51 ... 127B . ^ Jump up to : Laskar , J. ; Robutel , P. ( 1993 ) . `` The Chaotic Obliquity of the Planets '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 361 ( 6413 ) : 608 -- 612 . Bibcode : 1993Natur. 361 ... 608L . doi : 10.1038 / 361608a0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Laskar , J. ; Joutel , F. ; Robutel , P. ( 1993 ) . `` Stabilization of the Earth 's Obliquity by the Moon '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 361 ( 6413 ) : 615 -- 617 . Bibcode : 1993Natur. 361 ... 615L . doi : 10.1038 / 361615a0 . Jump up ^ Lissauer , J.J. ; Barnes , J.W. ; Chambers , J.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Obliquity variations of a moonless Earth '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 217 : 77 -- 87 . Bibcode : 2012Icar ... 217 ... 77L . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2011.10. 013 . Jump up ^ Li , Gongjie ; Batygin , Konstantin ( 20 July 2014 ) . `` On the Spin - axis Dynamics of a Moonless Earth '' . Astrophysical Journal . 790 : 69 -- 76 . arXiv : 1404.7505 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 790 ... 69L . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 790 / 1 / 69 . Jump up ^ Ward , W.R. ( 1982 ) . `` Comments on the Long - Term Stability of the Earth 's Obliquity '' . Icarus . 50 : 444 -- 448 . Bibcode : 1982Icar ... 50 ... 444W . doi : 10.1016 / 0019 - 1035 ( 82 ) 90134 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : William Ward ( 20 July 1973 ) . `` Large - Scale Variations in the Obliquity of Mars '' . Science . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 181 ... 260W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 181.4096. 260 . Jump up ^ Touma , J. ; Wisdom , J. ( 1993 ) . `` The Chaotic Obliquity of Mars '' ( PDF ) . Science . 259 ( 5099 ) : 1294 -- 1297 . Bibcode : 1993Sci ... 259.1294 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 259.5099. 1294 . PMID 17732249 . Jump up ^ Correia , Alexandre C.M ; Laskar , Jacques ( 2009 ) . `` Mercury 's capture into the 3 / 2 spin - orbit resonance including the effect of core - mantle friction '' . Icarus . 201 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 . arXiv : 0901.1843 . Bibcode : 2009Icar ... 201 ... 1C . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2008.12. 034 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Boyle ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Methane burps on young Mars helped it keep its liquid water '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Edwin Kite ; et al. ( 2 October 2017 ) . `` Methane bursts as a trigger for intermittent lake - forming climates on post-Noachian Mars '' . Nature Geoscience . Bibcode : 2017NatGe ... 10 ... 737K . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo3033 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Planetary Fact Sheets , at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov Jump up ^ Astronomical Almanac 2010 , pp. B52 , C3 , D2 , E3 , E55 Jump up ^ Heller , R. `` Holt - Rossiter - McLaughlin Encyclopaedia '' . René Heller . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Heller , R. ; Leconte , J. ; Barnes , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 528 : A27 . arXiv : 1101.2156 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 528A ... 27H . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201015809 . Jump up ^ Heller , R. ; Leconte , J. ; Barnes , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Habitability of Extrasolar Planets and Tidal Spin Evolution '' . Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 41 : 37 . Bibcode : 2011OLEB ... tmp ... 37H . doi : 10.1007 / s11084 - 011 - 9252 - 3 . External links ( edit ) National Space Science Data Center Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ; Archinal , Brent A. ; A'Hearn , Michael F. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Report of the IAU / IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements : 2006 '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 98 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 180 . Bibcode : 2007CeMDA ... 98 ... 155S . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 007 - 9072 - y . Obliquity of the Ecliptic Calculator Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axial_tilt&oldid=826622273 '' Categories : Precession Planetary science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use dmy dates from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20tilt	6,452
who played in the last 10 nba finals	Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Ref 1947 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gottlieb , Eddie Eddie Gottlieb 4 -- 1 Chicago Stags ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jeannette , Buddy Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Kundla , John John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Auerbach , Red Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Cervi , Al Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Harrison , Les Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lapchick , Joe Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1955 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 4 -- 3 Fort Wayne Pistons ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eckman , Charles Charles Eckman 1956 Philadelphia Warriors ( E ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Senesky , George George Senesky 4 -- 1 Fort Wayne Pistons ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1957 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hannum , Alex Alex Hannum 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 0 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 1960 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Macauley , Ed Ed Macauley 1961 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Seymour , Paul Paul Seymour 1962 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus 1963 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 1964 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 San Francisco Warriors ( W ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1965 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1966 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 1967 Philadelphia 76ers ( E ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 San Francisco Warriors ( W ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman 1968 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Russell , Bill Bill Russell 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) van Breda Kolff , Butch Butch van Breda Kolff 1969 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 1970 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Holzman , Red Red Holzman 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Mullaney , Joe Joe Mullaney 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Costello , Larry Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Shue , Gene Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Bucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Attles , Al Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones 1976 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 4 -- 2 Phoenix Suns ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) MacLeod , John John MacLeod 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Ramsay , Jack Jack Ramsay 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Motta , Dick Dick Motta 4 -- 3 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Wilkens , Lenny Lenny Wilkens 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Westhead , Paul Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Cunningham , Billy Billy Cunningham 1981 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Fitch , Bill Bill Fitch 4 -- 2 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harris , Del Del Harris 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Riley , Pat Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 1984 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 4 -- 2 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Daly , Chuck Chuck Daly 1989 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 1990 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 4 -- 1 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Adelman , Rick Rick Adelman 1991 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Dunleavy , Mike Mike Dunleavy 1992 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 1993 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Phoenix Suns ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Westphal , Paul Paul Westphal 1994 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tomjanovich , Rudy Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hill , Brian Brian Hill Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Karl , George George Karl 1997 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Utah Jazz ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan 1998 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Utah Jazz ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Van Gundy , Jeff Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bird , Larry Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Brown , Larry Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scott , Byron Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Dallas Mavericks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Johnson , Avery Avery Johnson 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brown , Mike Mike Brown 2008 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Van Gundy , Stan Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Carlisle , Rick Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra 2012 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 4 -- 1 Oklahoma City Thunder ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Brooks , Scott Scott Brooks 2013 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 4 -- 3 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Blatt , David David Blatt 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lue , Tyronn Tyronn Lue 4 -- 3 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 2017 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue		List of NBA champions	list of nba champions	The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy .	The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 70 championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions Numbers in parentheses in the table are NBA Finals appearances as of the date of that NBA Finals , and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the conference ( or division , prior to 1971 ) , number of appearances in an NBA Finals , and each respective teams ' NBA Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Ref 1947 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gottlieb , Eddie Eddie Gottlieb 4 -- 1 Chicago Stags ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jeannette , Buddy Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Kundla , John John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Auerbach , Red Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Cervi , Al Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Harrison , Les Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lapchick , Joe Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1955 Syracuse Nationals ( E ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 4 -- 3 Fort Wayne Pistons ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eckman , Charles Charles Eckman 1956 Philadelphia Warriors ( E ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Senesky , George George Senesky 4 -- 1 Fort Wayne Pistons ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1957 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hannum , Alex Alex Hannum 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 0 Minneapolis Lakers ( W ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 1960 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Macauley , Ed Ed Macauley 1961 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 St. Louis Hawks ( W ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Seymour , Paul Paul Seymour 1962 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus 1963 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 1964 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 San Francisco Warriors ( W ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1965 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1966 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 1967 Philadelphia 76ers ( E ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 San Francisco Warriors ( W ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Sharman , Bill Bill Sharman 1968 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Russell , Bill Bill Russell 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) van Breda Kolff , Butch Butch van Breda Kolff 1969 Boston Celtics ( E ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 1970 New York Knicks ( E ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Holzman , Red Red Holzman 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( W ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Mullaney , Joe Joe Mullaney 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Costello , Larry Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Shue , Gene Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Heinsohn , Tom Tom Heinsohn 4 -- 3 Milwaukee Bucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Attles , Al Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jones , K.C. K.C. Jones 1976 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 4 -- 2 Phoenix Suns ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) MacLeod , John John MacLeod 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Ramsay , Jack Jack Ramsay 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Motta , Dick Dick Motta 4 -- 3 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Wilkens , Lenny Lenny Wilkens 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Westhead , Paul Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Cunningham , Billy Billy Cunningham 1981 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Fitch , Bill Bill Fitch 4 -- 2 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harris , Del Del Harris 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Riley , Pat Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 1984 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 4 -- 3 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 4 -- 2 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Daly , Chuck Chuck Daly 1989 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 4 -- 0 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 1990 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 4 -- 1 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Adelman , Rick Rick Adelman 1991 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jackson , Phil Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Dunleavy , Mike Mike Dunleavy 1992 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Portland Trail Blazers ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 1993 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Phoenix Suns ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Westphal , Paul Paul Westphal 1994 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tomjanovich , Rudy Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( WC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hill , Brian Brian Hill Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Seattle SuperSonics ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Karl , George George Karl 1997 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Utah Jazz ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Sloan , Jerry Jerry Sloan 1998 Chicago Bulls ( EC ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Utah Jazz ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Popovich , Gregg Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Van Gundy , Jeff Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bird , Larry Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( EC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Brown , Larry Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scott , Byron Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( EC ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Dallas Mavericks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Johnson , Avery Avery Johnson 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brown , Mike Mike Brown 2008 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Rivers , Doc Doc Rivers 4 -- 2 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Van Gundy , Stan Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( WC ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( EC ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Carlisle , Rick Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Spoelstra , Erik Erik Spoelstra 2012 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 4 -- 1 Oklahoma City Thunder ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Brooks , Scott Scott Brooks 2013 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 4 -- 3 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( WC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Kerr , Steve Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Blatt , David David Blatt 2016 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lue , Tyronn Tyronn Lue 4 -- 3 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 2017 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( WC ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( EC ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 BAA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 BAA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 BAA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1951 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1959 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1980 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . External links hide Find more aboutNBAat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity NBA.com : List of champions NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NBA champions 1947 : Philadelphia Warriors 1948 : Baltimore Bullets 1949 : Minneapolis Lakers 1950 : Minneapolis Lakers 1951 : Rochester Royals 1952 : Minneapolis Lakers 1953 : Minneapolis Lakers 1954 : Minneapolis Lakers 1955 : Syracuse Nationals 1956 : Philadelphia Warriors 1957 : Boston Celtics 1958 : St. Louis Hawks 1959 : Boston Celtics 1960 : Boston Celtics 1961 : Boston Celtics 1962 : Boston Celtics 1963 : Boston Celtics 1964 : Boston Celtics 1965 : Boston Celtics 1966 : Boston Celtics 1967 : Philadelphia 76ers 1968 : Boston Celtics 1969 : Boston Celtics 1970 : New York Knicks 1971 : Milwaukee Bucks 1972 : Los Angeles Lakers 1973 : New York Knicks 1974 : Boston Celtics 1975 : Golden State Warriors 1976 : Boston Celtics 1977 : Portland Trail Blazers 1978 : Washington Bullets 1979 : Seattle SuperSonics 1980 : Los Angeles Lakers 1981 : Boston Celtics 1982 : Los Angeles Lakers 1983 : Philadelphia 76ers 1984 : Boston Celtics 1985 : Los Angeles Lakers 1986 : Boston Celtics 1987 : Los Angeles Lakers 1988 : Los Angeles Lakers 1989 : Detroit Pistons 1990 : Detroit Pistons 1991 : Chicago Bulls 1992 : Chicago Bulls 1993 : Chicago Bulls 1994 : Houston Rockets 1995 : Houston Rockets 1996 : Chicago Bulls 1997 : Chicago Bulls 1998 : Chicago Bulls 1999 : San Antonio Spurs 2000 : Los Angeles Lakers 2001 : Los Angeles Lakers 2002 : Los Angeles Lakers 2003 : San Antonio Spurs 2004 : Detroit Pistons 2005 : San Antonio Spurs 2006 : Miami Heat 2007 : San Antonio Spurs 2008 : Boston Celtics 2009 : Los Angeles Lakers 2010 : Los Angeles Lakers 2011 : Dallas Mavericks 2012 : Miami Heat 2013 : Miami Heat 2014 : San Antonio Spurs 2015 : Golden State Warriors 2016 : Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 : Golden State Warriors 2018 : Golden State Warriors National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_champions&oldid=845883568 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals National Basketball Association lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Español Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Latviešu Magyar Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20NBA%20champions	150
who came out with the first smartwatch samsung or apple	The Timex Datalink wristwatch , was introduced in 1994 . The early Timex Datalink Smartwatches realized a wireless data transfer mode to communicate with a PC . Appointments and contacts created with Microsoft Schedule+ , the predecessor of MS Outlook , could be easily transmitted to the watch via a screen blinking light protocol .		Smartwatch	smartwatch	A smartwatch is a touchscreen wearable computer in the form of a wristwatch . While early models could perform basic tasks , such as calculations , digital time telling , translations , and game - playing , 2010s smartwatches have more general functionality closer to smartphones , including mobile apps , a mobile operating system and Bluetooth connectivity . Some smartwatches function as portable media players , with FM radio and playback of digital audio and video files via a Bluetooth or USB headset . Some models , called ' watch phones ' ( or vice versa ) , have complete functionality of a typical smartphone using LTE technology .	While internal hardware varies , most have an electronic visual display , either backlit LCD or OLED or Hologram . Some use transflective or electronic paper , to consume less power . Most have a rechargeable battery . Peripheral devices may include digital cameras , thermometers , accelerometers , pedometers , heart rate monitors , altimeters , barometers , compasses , GPS receivers , tiny speakers , and SD cards , which are recognized as storage devices by many other kinds of computers . Software may include digital maps , schedulers and personal organizers , calculators , and various kinds of watch faces . The watch may communicate with external devices such as sensors , wireless headsets , or a heads - up display . Like other computers , a smartwatch may collect information from internal or external sensors and it may control , or retrieve data from , other instruments or computers . It may support wireless technologies like Bluetooth , Wi - Fi , and GPS . For many purposes , a `` watch computer '' serves as a front end for a remote system such as a smartphone , communicating with the smartphone using various wireless technologies . Smartwatches are advancing , especially their design , battery capacity , and health - related applications . Contents 1 Features and applications 1.1 LTE 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 Seiko RC series 2.3 1994 2.4 1998 2.5 1999 2.6 2000 2.7 2003 2.8 2004 2.9 2006 2.10 2009 2.11 2010 2.12 2011 2.13 2012 2.14 2013 2.15 2014 2.16 2015 2.17 2016 2.18 2017 2.19 2018 3 Children 's smartwatches in China 4 Operating systems 4.1 Wear OS 4.2 Android OS 4.3 AsteroidOS 4.4 Sailfish OS 4.5 watchOS 4.6 Tizen 4.7 Ubuntu Touch 5 List of models in production 6 Comparison 6.1 Hardware 6.2 Software 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Features and applications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many smartwatch models manufactured in the 2010s are completely functional as standalone products . Some serve as being used in sports , the GPS tracking unit being used to record historical data . For example , after a workout , data can be uploaded onto a computer or online to create a log of activities for analysis or sharing . Some watches can serve as full GPS watches , displaying maps and current coordinates , and recording tracks . Users can `` mark '' their current location and then edit the entry 's name and coordinates , which enables navigation to those new coordinates . As companies add competitive products into the market , media space is becoming a desired commodity on smartwatches . With Apple , Sony , Samsung , and Motorola introducing their smartwatch models , 15 % of tech consumers use wearable technologies . This is a dense market of tech consumers who possess buying power , which has attracted many advertisers . It is expected for mobile advertising on wearable devices to increase heavily by 2017 as advanced hypertargeting modules are introduced to the devices . In order for an advertisement to be effective on a smartwatch , companies have stated that the ad must be able to create experiences native to the smartwatch itself . `` Sport watch '' functionality often includes activity tracker features ( also known as `` fitness tracker '' ) as seen in GPS watches made for training , diving , and outdoor sports . Functions may include training programs ( such as intervals ) , lap times , speed display , GPS tracking unit , Route tracking , dive computer , heart rate monitor compatibility , Cadence sensor compatibility , and compatibility with sport transitions ( as in triathlons ) . Other watches can cooperate with an app in a smartphone to carry out their functions . They are paired usually by Bluetooth with a smartphone . Some of these only work with a phone that runs the same mobile operating system ; others use a unique watch OS , or otherwise are able to work with most smartphones . Paired , the watch may function as a remote to the phone . This allows the watch to display data such as calls , SMS messages , emails , calendar invites , and any data that may be made available by relevant phone apps . Some fitness tracker watches give users reports on the number of kilometers they walked , hours they slept , and so on . LTE ( edit ) Main article : LTE ( telecommunication ) Starting around 2014 , several manufacturers started to release smartwatches with LTE ( watch smartphones ) , allowing for direct 3G / 4G connection to the general telephone networks just like any other smartphone . History ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( May 2016 ) Early years ( edit ) The first digital watch , which debuted in 1972 , was the Pulsar manufactured by Hamilton Watch Company . `` Pulsar '' became a brand name which would later be acquired by Seiko in 1978 . In 1982 , a Pulsar watch ( NL C01 ) was released which could store 24 digits , making it most likely the first watch with user - programmable memory , or `` memorybank '' watch . With the introduction of personal computers in the 1980s , Seiko began to develop computers in the form of watches . The Data 2000 watch ( 1983 ) came with an external keyboard for data - entry . Data was synced from the keyboard to the watch via electro - magnetic coupling ( wireless docking ) . The name comes from its ability to store 2000 characters . The D409 was the first Seiko model with on - board data entry ( via a miniature keyboard ) and featured a dot matrix display . Its memory was tiny , at only 112 digits . It was released in 1984 , in gold , silver and black . These models were followed by many others by Seiko during the 1980s , most notably the `` RC Series '' : During the 1980s , Casio began to market a successful line of `` computer watches '' , in addition to its calculator watches . Most notable was the Casio data bank series . Novelty `` game watches '' , such as the Nelsonic game watches , were also produced by Casio and other companies . Seiko RC series ( edit ) The RC - 1000 Wrist Terminal was the first Seiko model to interface with a computer , and was released in 1984 . It was developed by Seiko Epson and was powered by a computer on a chip . It was compatible with most of the popular PCs of that time , including Apple II , II+ and IIe , the Commodore 64 , IBM PC , NEC 8201 , Tandy Color Computer , Model 1000 , 1200 , 2000 and TRS - 80 Model I , III , 4 and 4p . The RC - 20 Wrist Computer was released in 1985 , under the joint brand name `` Seiko Epson '' . It had a SMC84C00 8 - bit Z - 80 microprocessor ; 8 KB of ROM and 2 KB of RAM . It had applications for scheduling , memos , and world time and a four - function calculator app . The dot - matrix LCD displayed 42 × 32 pixels , and more importantly , was touch - sensitive . Like the RC - 1000 , it could be connected to a personal computer , in this case through a proprietary cable . It was also notable in that it could be programmed , although its small display and limited storage severely limited application development . The RC - 4000 PC Data graph also released in 1985 , was dubbed the `` world 's smallest computer terminal '' . It had 2 KB of storage . The RC - 4500 ( 1985 ) , also known as the Wrist Mac , had the same features as the RC - 4000 , but came in a variety of bright , flashy colors . Timex Datalink Model 150 as worn by commander William Shepherd during Expedition 1 and cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin , Expedition 14 , on the ISS in 2006 1994 ( edit ) The Timex Datalink wristwatch , was introduced in 1994 . The early Timex Datalink Smartwatches realized a wireless data transfer mode to communicate with a PC . Appointments and contacts created with Microsoft Schedule+ , the predecessor of MS Outlook , could be easily transmitted to the watch via a screen blinking light protocol . 1998 ( edit ) In 1998 , Steve Mann invented , designed , and built the world 's first Linux wristwatch , which he presented at IEEE ISSCC2000 on 7 February 2000 , where he was named `` the father of wearable computing '' . See also Linux Journal , where Mann 's Linux wristwatch appeared on the cover and was the feature article of LJ Issue 75 . Seiko launched the Ruputer in Japan - a wristwatch computer with a 3.6 MHz processor . It was not very successful , since instead of a touchscreen it used a joystick - like device to input characters ( much like high scores in arcade games ) , and the small screen with a resolution at 102x64 in 4 greyscales made it hard to read large amounts of text . Outside of Japan , this watch was distributed as the Matsucom onHand PC . Despite the rather low demand , the Matsucom onHand PC was distributed until 2006 , making it a smartwatch with a rather long life cycle . Ruputer and onHand PC applications are 100 % compatible . This watch is sometimes considered the first smartwatch since it was the first watch to offer graphics display ( albeit monochrome ) and many 3rd party applications ( mostly homebrew ) . 1999 ( edit ) In 1999 , Samsung launched the world 's first watch phone , the SPH - WP10 . It had a protruding antenna , a monochrome LCD screen , and a 90 - minutes of talk time with an integrated speaker and microphone . 2000 ( edit ) The first Linux Smartwatch was presented at IEEE ISSCC2000 on 7 February 2000 , where presenter Steve Mann was named `` the father of wearable computing '' . This watch also appeared on the cover and was the feature article of LJ Issue 75 . In June 2000 , IBM displayed a prototype for a wristwatch that ran Linux . The original version had only 6 hours of battery life , which was later extended to 12 . It featured 8 MB of memory and ran Linux 2.2 . The device was later upgraded with an accelerometer , vibrating mechanism , and fingerprint sensor . IBM began to collaborate with Citizen Watch Co. to create the `` WatchPad '' . The WatchPad 1.5 features a 320 × 240 QVGA monochrome touch sensitive display and runs Linux 2.4 . It also features calendar software , Bluetooth , 8 MB of RAM and 16 MB of flash memory . Citizen was hoping to market the watch to students and businessmen , with a retail price of around $399 . Epson Seiko introduced their Chrono - bit wristwatch in September 2000 . The Chrono - bit watches feature a rotating bezel for data input , synchronize PIM data via a serial cable , and can load custom watch faces . 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , Fossil released the Wrist PDA , a watch which ran the Palm OS and contained 8 MB of RAM and 4 MB of flash memory . It contained a built in stylus to help use the tiny monochrome display , which had a resolution of 160 × 160 pixels . Although many reviewers declared the watch revolutionary , it was criticized for its weight ( 108 grams ) and was ultimately discontinued in 2005 . Microsoft releases the SPOT smartwatch . SPOT stands for Smart Personal Objects Technology , an initiative by Microsoft to personalize household electronics and other everyday gadgets . The watch was supposed to offer information at a glance where other devices would have required more immersion and interaction . The SPOT Watch had a monochrome 90 × 126 pixel screen . 2006 ( edit ) Sony Ericsson teamed up with Fossils , and released the first watch , MBW - 100 , that connected to Bluetooth . This watch notified the user when receiving calls and text messages . Though the watch was not popular as it would only connect and work with Sony Ericsson cell phones . 2009 ( edit ) In 2009 , Hermen van den Burg , CEO of Smartwatch and Burg Wearables , launches Burg the first standalone smartphone watch which has its own sim card and does not require to be tethered to a smartphone . Burg receives the award for the Most Innovative Product at the Canton Fair in April 2009 Also , Samsung launched the S9110 Watch Phone which featured a 1.76 - inch ( 45 mm ) color LCD display and was 11.98 millimetres ( 0.472 in ) thin . Sony Ericsson launches the Sony Ericsson LiveView , a wearable watch device which is basically an external Bluetooth display for an Android Smartphone . Vyzin Electronics private Limited unveiled their first medical alert smart watch for health with cellular , GPS and medicine reminder and SOS for help during emergency . 2011 ( edit ) Vyzin Electronics Private Limited launched a ZigBee enabled smart watch with cellular connectivity for remote health monitoring called VESAG . Motorola released MOTOACTV on November 6 , 2011 . 2012 ( edit ) Pebble ( watch ) was an innovative smartwatch that raised the most money at the time on Kickstarter reaching $10.3 Million between April 12 and May 18 , 2012 . The watch has a 32 - millimetre ( 1.26 in ) 144 × 168 pixel black and white memory LCD using an ultra low - power `` transflective LCD '' manufactured by Sharp with a backlight , a vibrating motor , a magnetometer , ambient light sensors , and a three - axis accelerometer . It can communicate with an Android or iOS device using both Bluetooth 2.1 and Bluetooth 4.0 ( Bluetooth Low Energy ) using Stonestreet One 's Bluetopia + MFi software stack . Bluetooth 4.0 with low energy ( LE ) support was not initially enabled , but a firmware update in November 2013 enabled it . The watch is charged using a modified USB - cable that attaches magnetically to the watch to maintain water resistance capability . The battery was reported in April 2012 to last seven days . Based on feedback from Kickstarter backers , the developers added water - resistance to the list of features . The Pebble has a waterproof rating of 5 atm , which means it can be submerged down to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) and has been tested in both fresh and salt water , allowing one to shower , dive or swim while wearing the watch . 2013 ( edit ) In 2013 , the claim to first ever smartwatch to capture the full capability of a smartphone was laid by startup Omate with the TrueSmart . The TrueSmart originated from a Kickstarter campaign which raised over 1 million dollars , making it the 5th most successful Kickstarter to date . The TrueSmart made its public debut in early 2014 . Consumer device analyst Avi Greengart , from research firm Current Analysis , suggested that 2013 may be the `` year of the smartwatch '' , as `` the components have gotten small enough and cheap enough '' and many consumers own smartphones that are compatible with a wearable device . Wearable technology , such as Google Glass , may evolve into a business worth US $6 billion annually and a July 2013 media report , revealed that the majority of major consumer electronics manufacturers were undertaking work on a smartwatch device at the time of publication . The retail price of a smartwatch could be over US $300 , plus data charges , while the minimum cost of smartphone - linked devices may be US $100 . As of July 2013 , the list of companies that were engaged in smartwatch development activities consists of Acer , Apple , BlackBerry , Foxconn / Hon Hai , Google , LG , Microsoft , Qualcomm , Samsung , Sony , VESAG and Toshiba . Some notable omissions from this list include HP , HTC , Lenovo , and Nokia . Science and technology journalist Christopher Mims identified the following points in relation to the future of smartwatches : The physical size of smartwatches is likely to be large . Insufficient battery life is an ongoing problem for smartwatch developers , as the battery life of devices at the time of publication was three to four days and this is likely to be reduced if further functions are added . New display technologies will be invented as a result of smartwatch research . The success level of smartwatches is unpredictable , as they may follow a similar trajectory to netbooks , or they may fulfill aims akin to those of Google Glass , another wearable electronic product . Acer 's S.T. Liew stated in an interview with British gadget website Pocket - Lint , `` ... I think every consumer company should be looking at wearable . Wearable is n't new ... it just has n't exploded in the way that it should . But the opportunity 's for billions of dollars ' worth of industry . '' HOT Watch by PHTL features a speaker and microphone on the strap allowing for calls to be answered on the watch . HOT Watch speaker and microphone embedded on the strap . Magnetic charging pins at left . As of 4 September 2013 , three new smartwatches have been launched : the Samsung Galaxy Gear , Sony SmartWatch 2 , and the Qualcomm Toq . PHTL , a company based in Dallas , Texas , completed is crowd - funding process on Kickstarter for its HOT Watch smartwatch in September 2013 . This device enables users to leave their handsets in their pockets , since it has a speaker for phone calls in both quiet and noisy environments . In a September 2013 interview , Pebble founder Eric Migicovsky stated that his company was not interested in any acquisition offers , but revealed in a November 2013 interview , that his company has sold 190,000 smartwatches , the majority of which were sold after its Kickstarter campaign closed . Motorola Mobility CEO Dennis Woodside confirmed that his company is working on a smartwatch during a December 2013 interview . Woodside showed an awareness of the difficulties that other companies have experienced with wrist - wearable technologies and explained : 2014 ( edit ) At the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show , a large number of new smartwatches were released from various companies such as Razer Inc , Archos , and several other companies , as well as a few startups . Some had begun to call the 2014 CES , a `` wrist revolution '' because of the number of smartwatches released and the huge amount of publicity they began to receive at the start of 2014 . At Google I / O on 25 June 2014 , the Android Wear platform was introduced and the LG G Watch and Samsung Gear Live were released . The Wear - based Moto 360 was announced by Motorola in 2014 . At the end of July , Swatch 's CEO Nick Hayek announced that they will launch a Swatch Touch with smartwatch technologies in 2015 . In the UK , the Wearable Technology Show had its début in London and was host to several smartwatch companies exhibiting their newest models . The launch of Samsung 's Gear S smartwatch was covered by the media in late August 2014 . The model features a curved Super AMOLED display and a built - in 3G modem , with technology writer Darrell Etherington stating on the TechCrunch website , `` we 're finally starting to see displays that wrap around the contours of the wrist , rather than sticking out as a traditional flat surface . '' The corporation commenced selling the Gear S smartwatch in October 2014 , alongside the Gear Circle headset accessory . At IFA 2014 Sony Mobile announced the third generation of its smartwatch series , the Sony Smartwatch 3 powered by Android Wear . Also , the Fashion Entertainments ' e-paper watch was announced . Apple Watch On 9 September 2014 , Apple Inc. announced its first smartwatch called Apple Watch to be released in early 2015 . On 24 April 2015 , Apple Watch began shipping across the world . Apple 's first try into wearable technology was met with considerable criticism during the pre-launch period , with many early technology reviews citing issues with battery life and hardware malfunctions . However , others praised Apple for creating a potentially fashionable device that can compete with `` traditional watches , '' not just the smartwatch industry in general . The watch only turns on when activated ( either by lifting one 's wrist , touching the screen , or pressing a button ) . On 29 October 2014 , Microsoft announced the Microsoft Band , a smart fitness tracker and the company 's first venture into wrist - worn devices since SPOT ( Smart Personal Objects Technology ) a decade earlier . The Microsoft Band was released at $199 the following day , on 30 October 2014 . 2015 ( edit ) In October 2015 , Samsung unveiled the Samsung Gear S2 . It features a rotating bezel for ease of use , and an IP68 rating for water resistance up to 1.5 meters deep in 30 minutes . The watch is compatible with industry - standard 20 mm straps . 2016 ( edit ) At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Show , Razer released the Nabu Watch , a dual - screen smartwatch : integrates an always - on illuminated backlit display , that takes care of some pretty standard features as date and time , and a second OLED screen , which is activated by raising your wrist , allows access to extra smart features . Luxury watchmaker TAG Heuer released TAG Heuer Connected , a smartwatch powered by Android Wear . On 31 August 2016 , Samsung unveiled the Samsung Gear S3 smartwatch , with a higher specifications , there are at least two models , the Samsung Gear S3 Classic and the LTE version Samsung Gear S3 Frontier . 2017 ( edit ) The top smartwatches that debuted at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show included the Casio WSD - F20 , Misfit Wearables Vapor and the Garmin Fenix 5 series . Apple released on September 22 , 2017 their Apple Watch Series 3 model which offers built in LTE cellular connectivity allowing phone calls , messaging and data without relying on a nearby smartphone connection . 2018 ( edit ) Samsung introduces the LTE Galaxy Watch . Children 's smartwatches in China ( edit ) In China , since around 2015 , smartwatches have become widely used by schoolchildren . They are advertised on television throughout the country as a safety device whereby the child can call in case of emergency . The devices are commonly colorful and made of plastic . They normally have no display unless a button is pushed . These smartwatches have limited capability compared to other smartwatches ; their main functions consist of being able to conduct calls , displaying of time , and sometimes have air temperature sensitivity . They cost around $100 to $200 USD . Operating systems ( edit ) Main article : Mobile operating system Wear OS ( edit ) Main article : Wear OS Wear OS is a smartwatch operating system developed by Google Inc . Android OS ( edit ) Main article : Android OS Android OS is a operating system developed by Google Inc . The OS allows a watch to operate as a standalone smartphone . These are not compatible with `` Wear '' , and should not be confused . Asteroidos ( edit ) Main article : AsteroidOS AsteroidOS is an open source firmware replacement for some Android Wear devices focused on user freedom , privacy , and community development . Sailfish OS ( edit ) Main article : Sailfish OS Sailfish OS is a Linux - based operating system for various platforms , including Sailfish smartwatches . Watchos ( edit ) Main article : watchOS watchOS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. to run on the Apple Watch . Tizen ( edit ) Tizen in a Samsung Gear2 Main article : Tizen Tizen is a Linux - based operating system for devices , including smartphones / tablets , in - vehicle infotainment ( IVI ) devices , smart TVs , laptops / desktops and other platforms . Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is governed by a Technical Steering Group ( TSG ) composed of Samsung and Intel among others . Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2 , Gear 2 Neo , Samsung Gear S , Samsung Gear S2 and Samsung Gear S3 running Tizen . Ubuntu touch ( edit ) Main article : Ubuntu Touch Ubuntu Touch is a mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community . It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartwatches and smartphones / tablets . List of models in production ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Smart watches Company Alcatel OneTouch Alcatel Asus ZenWatch Asus Asus ZenWatch 2 Asus ZenWatch 3 Apple Watch Series 1 Apple Apple Watch Series 2 Apple Watch Series 3 Casio WSD - F10 Casio Mobvoi Ticwatch S&E CoWatch iMCO F80 Watch Abardeen Fashion S9110 Unknown Fitbit Blaze Fitbit Fitbit Surge Fossil Q Crewmaster Fossil Fossil Q Explorist Fossil Q Founder , Founder 2.0 Fossil Q Gazer Fossil Q Marshal Fossil Q Nate Fossil Q Tailor Fossil Q Wander Garmin fenix 3 HR Garmin Hyundai MB 910 Hyundai iRist Intex Technologies LG G Watch , G Watch R LG LG Watch Urbane , Watch Urbane Luxe , Watch Urbane 2nd Edition LG Watch Sport , LG Watch Style Neptune Pine Neptune Computer Inc . Neptune Hub Model One Olio Moto 360 Motorola MetaWatch Strata Meta Watch , Ltd MetaWatch Frame MetaWatch M1 Nike+ SportWatch Nike , Inc . Nixion The Mission Nixon Omate TrueSmart Omate Polar M600 Polar Qualcomm Toq Qualcomm Razer Nabu Watch Razer Ruputer Seiko Samsung Galaxy Gear Samsung Samsung Gear 2 , Gear 2 Neo and Gear Fit Samsung Gear Live Samsung Gear S2 Samsung Gear S3 Samsung Gear Fit 2 Pro Smart Touch Tissot Sony SmartWatch Sony SmartWatch 2 Sony SmartWatch 3 TAG Heuer Connected TAG Heuer Ticwatch 2 Mobvoi Timex Ironman ONE GPS+ Timex Group USA Timex Datalink Vector Luna Vector Smart Watch Vector Meridian Vivoactive Garmin Vivoactive HR Wearing Digital Weda ( Slap Band ) Wearing Digital WIMM One Wimm Labs , acquired by Google Z1 Android Watch - Phone Unknown Honor Z1 Huawei Honor Q - 18 Unknown New Balance RunIQ New Balance While more are in production with current development , some companies are using popular outlets such as Kickstarter or Indiegogo to fund their projects . Comparison ( edit ) It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Smartwatch comparison . ( Discuss ) ( May 2016 ) Hardware ( edit ) See also : List of devices using Mediatek SoCs and IPS panel Product Announced SIM card Processor RAM / Flash Resolution Display type Always - on display Battery ( mAh ) BT Microphone Razer Nabu Watch January 2016 128 x 16 single color OLED Y ( 1 year ) CR2032 and USB 4.0 LE Samsung Galaxy Gear 4 September 2013 Single - Core 800 MHz ( Dual - Core 1.6 GHz ) 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED ( Super AMOLED ) ? ? 315 4.0 LE Samsung Gear 2 22 February 2014 Dual - Core 1 GHz Exynos3250 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED ( Super AMOLED ) ? ? 300 4.0 LE Samsung Gear 2 Neo 22 February 2014 Dual - Core 1 GHz Exynos3250 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 ? ? 300 4.0 LE Samsung Gear Live 25 June 2014 Single - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED ( SuperAMOLED ) ? ? 300 4.0 LE Samsung Gear Fit 11 April 2014 STM32F439 160 MHz 16 MB 128x432 OLED ( curved AMOLED ) ? ? 210 4.0 Samsung Gear S 28 August 2014 Y nano - SIM Dual - Core 1 GHz 512 MB / 4 GB 360x480 OLED ( curved SuperAMOLED ) Y 300 4.1 LG G Watch 25 June 2014 Quad - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 512 MB / 4 GB 280x280 LCD Y 400 4.0 LE LG G Watch R 4 September 2014 Quad - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED Y 410 4.0 LE LG Watch Urbane 7 January 2015 Quad - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED ( P - OLED ) Y 410 4.1 LE LG Watch Urbane LTE 21 April 2015 Y Quad - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 1 GB / 4 GB 320x320 ? ? 700 4.1 LE Asus ZenWatch 3 September 2014 Quad - Core 1.2 GHz MSM8226 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 OLED ( SuperAMOLED ) Y 410 4.0 LE Sony SmartWatch 2 25 June 2013 Single - Core 180 MHz CM4 220x176 OLED ? ? 225 3.0 Sony SmartWatch 3 3 September 2014 Quad - Core 1.2 GHz BCM23550 512 MB / 4 GB 320x320 ? ? 420 4.0 LE Motorola Moto 360 18 March 2014 Single - Core 1 GHz TI OMAP 3 512 MB / 4 GB 320x290 LCD Y 320 4.0 LE Apple Watch 9 September 2014 Apple S1 512 MB / 8 GB 38 mm : 272 × 340 42 mm : 312 × 390 OLED ( AMOLED ) 205 4.0 LE yes Pebble Watch 11 April 2012 Single - Core STM32F205RE 80 MHz CM3 128 KB / 4 MB 144x168 LCD ( e-paper ) Y 140 4.0 LE no Pebble Time May 2015 Single - Core STM32F439ZG 100 MHz CM4 256 KB / 16 MB 144x168 LCD ( e-paper ) Y 150 4.0 LE yes Pebble 2 24 May 2016 LCD ( e-paper ) Y yes Qualcomm Toq 4 September 2013 200 MHz CM3 288x192 IMOD - Mirasol ? ? 240 3.0 Exetech XS3 1 November 2013 Y MTK 6577 512 MB / 32 GB 240x240 ? ? 420 4.0 U Watch U8 MTK2502C 128 MB 128 × 128 TFT LCD 230 3.0 + EDR U Watch U11 Y MTK6260 360 MHz 320x320 HD 360 4.0 + EDR Software ( edit ) Smart watch Company OS Android version iOS version CPU Type Bluetooth NFC Developer Options GPS Notify Link Loss Alert Notify Missed Call Notify Timer Notify View Content Call Conversation Find My Phone Voice Control Respond to Notifications Notify Sound Notify Backlit Screen Notify Vibration Ambient Light Sensor Gyroscope Magnetometer Multi-touch Accelerometer Dust and Water Resistance Clock Display Type Screen Size , Inches Screen Resolution , pixels Pixel density , ppi Display Technology Average Battery Life , days Battery Capacity , mAh Battery Technology Case Diameter , mm Case Thickness , mm Wrist Band Width , mm Weight ( main unit + watchband ) , g Wristband Options Replaceable Wristbands LED Flashlight HOT Smart Watch PHTL Proprietary 2.3 - 4.2 5 - 7 ARM Cortex M3 Processor 4.0 No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Splash Proof Digital 1.26 Unknown Black and White ePaper Unknown Lithium - ion 54 8 24.4 Unknown Unknown No Yes Pebble Pebble Pebble OS 2.3 - 5.0 5 - 7 ARM Cortex - M3 4.0 No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes 50m ( 5 atm ) Digital 1.26 144x168 Black and White ePaper 7 140 Lithium - ion 58.4 11 22 38 White , Black Yes No Pebble Steel Pebble Pebble OS 2.3 - 5.0 5 - 7 ARM Cortex - M3 4.0 No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes IP67 / 50m ( 5 atm ) Digital 1.26 144x168 Black and White ePaper Unknown 130 Lithium - ion Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes No Pebble Time Pebble Pebble OS ARM Cortex M4 4.0 + No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 30m ( 3 atm ) Digital / Analog 1.25 144x168 Color ePaper 7 150 Lithium - ion 38 9.5 22 45.5 Possible to change to smart - straps Yes No Pebble Time Steel Pebble Pebble OS ARM Cortex M4 4.0 + No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 50m ( 5 atm ) Digital / Analog 1.25 144x168 Color ePaper 10 Lithium - ion 47 10.5 22 62.3 Possible to change to smart - straps Yes No Pebble Time Round Pebble Pebble OS ARM Cortex M4 4.0 + No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 1m ( Splash Proof ) IPX7 Digital / Analog 180x180 Color ePaper 56 Lithium - ion 38.5 7.5 14 28 / 32 Yes No Pebble 2 Pebble Pebble OS ARM Cortex M4 4.1 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 30m Digital / Analog 1.26 144x128 153 Black and White ePaper 7 39.5 9.8 22 31.7 Possible to change to smart - straps Yes No Pebble Time 2 Pebble Pebble OS ARM Cortex M7 4.1 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 30m Digital / Analog 1.5 200x228 202 Color ePaper 10 40.5 10.8 22 64.6 Possible to change to smart - straps Yes No SmartWatch 2 Sony Micrium uC / OS - II 4.0 + No ARM Cortex - M4 ( STM32F439 ) 3.0 Yes Yes No Unknown Unknown No Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Yes Yes No Unknown No Yes Yes IP57 Digital 1.6 220x176 LCD 225 Lithium - ion 58.6 9 24 123 Unknown Yes No SmartWatch 3 Sony Android Wear 4.3 + No ARM Cortex - A7 ( BCM23550 ) 4.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IP68 Digital 1.6 320x320 LCD ( Transflective ) 420 Lithium - ion 51 10 36 Unknown Silicon ( Black / White / Lime ) , Stainless Steel Yes No Watch Urbane LG Android Wear 4.3 + No 1.2 GHz Snapdragon 400 4.0 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IP67 Digital 1.3 320x320 P - OLED 410 Lithium - ion 52.2 10.9 45.5 115 Unknown Yes No Watch Urbane LTE LG WebOS No ARM Cortex - A7 ( Qualcomm 400 ) 4.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IP67 Digital 1.3 320x320 P - OLED 410 Lithium - ion 52.2 10.9 45.5 115 Unknown Yes No XS - 3 Exetech Android 4.0 + No MTK 6577 4.0 No No Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown No Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown IP65 Digital 1.54 220x220 LCD Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Apple Watch ( 1st generation and Series 1 ) Apple watchOS No 8.2 + ( 1st generation ) 10.0 + ( Series 1 ) Apple S1 ( 1st generation ) Apple S1P 4.0 LE ) From paired iPhone No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes IPX7 Digital 1.7 / 1.5 319x390 / 272x340 AMOLED 1.5 250 / 205 Lithium - ion 42 mm / 38 mm 12.46 / 12.3 36.2 / 32.9 Varies Yes Yes No Apple Watch Series 3 Apple watchOS No 11.0 + Apple S3 with W2 4.2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes ISO standard 22810 : 2010 Digital 1.7 / 1.5 312x390 / 272x340 326 AMOLED . 75 352 / 279 Lithium - ion 42 mm / 38 mm 11.4 36.2 / 32.9 Varies Yes Yes ( ( ( 1 ) ) ) ZenWatch Asus Android Wear 4.3 + No 1.2 GHz Snapdragon 400 4.0 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IP55 Digital 1.63 320x320 278 AMOLED 369 Lithium - ion 51 7.9 22 75 Unknown Yes No See also ( edit ) Apple Watch Android Wear Android OS Artificial neural membrane ( smartskin ) Automatic parking and connected car Button cell Calculator watch Clock face E-ink GPS locator GPS watch G - Shock IP Code Key finder Open - source computing hardware Personal organizer Remote shutter Rollable display Smart band Quantified Self Logging Lifelogging Sedentary reminder Smartglasses Smart keychain ( NFC keychain ) Smartphone Wearable computer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Molen , Brad ( 14 January 2012 ) . `` i phone Gear 2 smartwatches coming in April with Tizen OS '' . Engadget.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Trew , James . `` Sony SmartWatch 2 review '' . Engadget.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Daniel . `` Garmin 's new app turns Sony 's Smartwatch 2 into a tiny sat - nav '' . Engadget.com . Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Watch Display Technology Shoot - Out '' . www.displaymate.com . Archived from the original on 13 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawassizadeh ; et al. ( January 2015 ) . `` Wearables : Has the Age of Smartwatches Finally Arrived ? '' . Medium . ACM . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ By Sirapa , Education Zone . `` Smart Watch on The GO . '' November 16 , 2016 . July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Todd . `` The Fourth Screen : How Smartwatches Could Be Used for Ads '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Native Can Make Smart Watch Ads Work '' . PubNative . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doensen , Pieter . `` Q. 5 Watches with Memory and Database '' . WATCH . History of the modern wrist watch . Pieter Doensen . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seiko Computer Watch Fun '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SEIKO D - 409 '' . Digital Watch Library . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Japanese PCs ( 1984 ) Archived 7 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ( 14 : 05 ) , Computer Chronicles Jump up ^ Simon Dingle ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` A history of the smart watch and why nobody wants one '' . Medium . Medium . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Smart Watches '' . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canadian Patent 2275784 , filed 1999 June 29 , Issued 2000 Oct 24 , Wristwatch - based videoconferencing system , by Steve Mann ^ Jump up to : Clarke , Peter ( 8 February 2000 ) . `` ' Dick Tracy ' watch watchers disagree '' . EE Times . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WristWatchComputer '' . Linux Journal . 1 July 2000 . pp. 86 -- 91 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . + Cover ^ Jump up to : Neil Hughes ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` The War For Your Wrist '' . happleinsider.com . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A GNU / Linux Wristwatch Videophone - Linux Journal '' . www.linuxjournal.com . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Shankland , Stephen ( 23 March 2001 ) . `` IBM clocks in with new Linux watch '' . Cnet.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linux on a Wrist Watch '' . IBM . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WatchPad 1.5 '' . IBM . Archived from the original on 5 December 2001 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ grc15r ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` WatchPad 1.5 '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kanellos , Michael ( 11 October 2001 ) . `` Linux watch : Only time will tell '' . Cnet.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Miyake , Kuriko ( 11 October 2001 ) . `` Is That a PC on Your Wrist ? '' . PC World . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` セイコーエプソン、リスト型 PDA 「リストモバイル Chrono - Bit ( クロノビット ) 」新発売 '' . 11 September 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Josh . `` Wrist - Top Revolution '' . Wired.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Sasha . `` Fossil Abacus Wrist PDA '' . PC World Reviews . Archived from the original on 23 September 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fossil Wrist PDA FX2008 '' . TheTechLounge. 13 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Jon Mentor ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` 2004 Microsoft SPOT Watch '' . Smart Watch News . Archived from the original on 16 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Rocher ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` Sony Ericsson Bluetooth Watch MBW 100 '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mijnheer , Dennis ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Smartwatch - fabrikant Hermen van den Burg , CEO van een toekomstig 500 - million - company ? '' . Follow the Money . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vink , Marcel ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` Holland heeft al een smartphone - horloge '' . De Telegraaf . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talk with Hermen van den Burg '' . Global Entrepreneurs Network . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Leave Koreans for Dust with their Smartwatch Design '' . PR Newswire. 23 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burg Wearables : Android 4.4 based Smart 3G & WiFi WatchPhones of 55g weight ( and up ) , 10mm depth ( and up ) '' . wordpress. 15 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Hermen Van Den Burg Founder President Burg Android Smart Watch ( 2014 ) '' . World Liberty TV . 20 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joliffe , Chris ( 14 January 2015 ) . `` Burg Wearables Shows Off The Burg 27 Smartwatch -- CES 2015 Update '' . Technology X . Archived from the original on 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Telegraph '' . www.telegraphindia.com . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Health Watch '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV9 News about Vesag Zigbee Remote Health Monitoring Watch '' . 20 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Teardown '' . iFixit . Archived from the original on 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Brian ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Pebble watch is the smartest timepiece ever ( hands - on ) '' . CNET . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Migicovsky , Eric ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` Pebble : E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android by Pebble Technology '' CES Announcement recap `` . Archived from the original on 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Pebble Smartwatch iPhone & Android Smartwatch Archived 14 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Getpebble.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble : E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android by Pebble Technology '' Manufacturing and Software Updates `` . Pebble Technology . Kickstarter. 6 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Migicovsky , Eric ( CEO , Pebble ) ( 30 July 2012 ) . `` Why only one connection ? '' . Pebble Technology Corp . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Klug , Brian ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Pebble Releases Update _ Better iOS 7 Integration , New APIs , Enables Bluetooth LE '' . AnandTech . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Allerta intros Pebble smartwatch , inPulse 's attractive younger sibling '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 20 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble : E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android by Pebble Technology '' We 're waterproofing Pebble ! `` . Kickstarter . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Kim , Eugene ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Pebble Smartwatch Review '' . PC Mag . Archived from the original on 20 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` Top 5 Smartwatches Debuted At CES 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Time is ripe for smart watches , say analysts '' . NDTV Gadgets . NDTV Convergence Limited . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Mims ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Almost every major consumer electronics manufacturer is now working on a smart watch '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Mims ( 11 July 2013 ) . `` What I learned from researching almost every single smart watch that has been rumored or announced '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on 15 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` Chris '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Chris Hall ( 14 June 2013 ) . `` Acer : We are looking at wearable , coming in 2014 '' . Pocket - lint . Pocket - lint ltd . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bhushan Akolkar ( 23 September 2013 ) . `` Sony Smart Watch 2 Review - Uber Smart Watch - Uber Smart Watch -- Samsung Galaxy Gear -- Android Smart Watches -- Sony Smart Watches '' . Uber Smart Watch . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Charles Arthur ( 4 September 2013 ) . `` Samsung unveils Galaxy Gear as smartwatch race kicks off '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` HOT Watch is the smart watch Samsung should have built '' . Quartz . Archived from the original on 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Jordan Crook ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Pebble 's Eric Migicovsky Is Uninterested In A Potential Acquisition '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Marques Brownlee ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` MKBHD Hangout with Motorola CEO Dennis Woodside ! '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google Inc . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Drake Johncock . `` Razer Nabu Smartwatch '' . SmartwatchForiPhone . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Drake Johncock . `` Archos Smartwatch with 3 Options '' . SmartwatchForiPhone . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The best smartwatches from CES 2014 '' . SmartWatchFans.com. 13 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Moto 360 '' . Motorola . Archived from the original on 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swatch plans fitness - based touch wristwatch '' . Reuters. 27 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Darrell Etherington ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` Samsung 's New Gear S Smartwatch Features A Curved Screen And 3G Connectivity '' . TechCrunch . AOL , Inc . Archived from the original on 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony expands SmartWear Experience range '' . 3 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Sony was hiding its e-paper watch in plain sight all along Archived 8 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , Engadget International Editions . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch announced : available for $349 early next year '' . 9 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cook Says Apple Watch Should Ship in April '' . 27 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Elmer - DeWitt , Philip . `` The Apple Watch event : What the analysts are saying '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Band '' . 29 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Razer Nabu Watch is a dual screen smartwatch with year - long battery life '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Orf , Darren . `` Tag Heuer Connected Review : A Great $300 Smartwatch , For Six Times The Price '' . Gizmodo Australia . Archived from the original on 7 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Gear S3 Classic and Frontier Unveiled - SmartWatch Specifications '' . 1 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ By Paul Lamkin , Forbes . `` The Top Smartwatches Of CES 2017 Archived 8 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... '' January 6 , 2017 . July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The new Apple Watch works without a phone '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stay Connected No Matter Where You Are with the New Samsung Galaxy Watch '' . Samsung Newsroom. 9 August 2018 . Retrieved 12 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Techradar ( 23 February 2014 ) . `` Samsung 's wrist reboot : Gear 2 and Gear 2 Neo unveiled '' . Techradar . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Canonical . `` Ubuntu on phones - Ubuntu '' . ubuntu.com . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Maggio , Edoardo ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` CoWatch is the Indiegogo - fueled smartwatch powered by Amazon 's Alexa '' . 9to5Google . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Stables , James ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Alexa powered CoWatch impresses ahead of Indiegogo campaign '' . Wareable . Archived from the original on 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Joshua ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` CoWatch keeps Amazon Alexa Voice Service at arm 's length '' . Cnet . Archived from the original on 24 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iRist : Intex launches its first Android smartwatch in India at Rs 11,999 '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter Skipworth ; Amie Parker - Williams ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy Gear vs Sony SmartWatch 2 video '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on 8 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Volpe , Joseph . `` Meet Samsung 's new smartwatch family : the Gear 2 , Neo and Fit '' . Engadget . AOL Tech . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` Ticwatch 2 is a slick smartwatch that raised $500 K on Kickstarter in just 3 days '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on 30 July 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timex Corporation History '' . Funding Universe . Disqus. 1999 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Schmidt ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` WEARING DIGITAL INTRODUCES AN OPEN PLATFORM SMARTWATCH FOR DEVELOPERS AND STUDENTS '' . Tech Cocktail . Tech Cocktail , LLC . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Terrence . `` Google quietly acquired smartwatch maker WIMM Labs '' . engadget . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Investors are putting millions into crowdfunding '' . Fortune.com. 17 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Smartwatch Comparison Guide '' . www.gizmag.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Razer Nabu Watch is a dual screen smartwatch with year - long battery life '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 22 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gear Fit - Owner Information & Support - Samsung US '' . Samsung Electronics America . Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Gear Fit Review - Processor , Battery and Conclusion '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smartwatch bonanza : hottest smartwatches at IFA compared '' . blog.gsmarena.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LG W150 : Watch Urbane '' . www.lg.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LG Watch Urbane LTE '' . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LG Watch Urbane LTE '' . www.gsmarena.com . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Moto 360 Teardown '' . 8 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` tech_specs - pebble '' . www.reddit.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bluetooth Smart WristWatch U8 U Watch for Android Phone '' . www.geekbuying.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U11 U Watch Removable Bluetooth4. 0 Smart Watch MTK2502C Smart Watch '' . www.geekbuying.com . Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Look up smartwatch in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smartwatches . Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Smartwatch Wearable computer Calculator watch Wrist computer Android i 'm Watch Motorola Motoactv Samsung Galaxy Gear WIMM One ZGPAX s5 Omate TrueSmart Neptune Pine watchOS Apple Watch Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Wear OS Asus ZenWatch Asus ZenWatch 2 Asus ZenWatch 3 Casio WSD - F10 Casio WSD - F20 Huawei Watch LG G Watch LG G Watch R LG Watch Urbane LG Watch Urbane 2nd Edition LG Watch Sport LG Watch Style Michael Kors Access Moto 360 1st generation 2nd generation Moto 360 Sport Fossil Q Founder Fossil Q Marshal Fossil Q Wander Nixon Mission Polar M600 Samsung Gear Live Sony SmartWatch 3 Tag Heuer Connected Tizen Samsung Galaxy Gear Samsung Gear 2 Samsung Gear Fit Samsung Gear S Samsung Gear S2 Samsung Gear S3 Fitbit OS Fitbit Ionic Fitbit Versa Others Fossil Wrist PDA Ruputer ZYPAD MetaWatch Microsoft Band Pebble Pebble Time Qualcomm Toq Sony SmartWatch Wrist communicators Fashion S9110 Hyundai MB 910 LG GD910 Martian Watches SWaP Classic Z1 Android Watch - Phone Wrist data unit Casio Databank Timex Datalink Others Casio G - Shock GB - 6900 Nelsonic Game Watch Software AsteroidOS Tizen WatchOS Wear OS Samsung Gear series / Samsung Galaxy Watch Smartwatches Galaxy Gear Gear 2 Neo Gear Fit Gear Live Gear Fit 2 Gear S Gear S2 Gear Fit 2 Pro Gear S3 Gear Sport Galaxy Watch Other Devices Gear 360 Gear Circle Gear VR GND : 105398068X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smartwatch&oldid=854684538 '' Categories : Mobile computers Smartwatches Personal digital assistants Human -- computer interaction Ubiquitous computing Personal computers Embedded Linux GPS navigation devices Japanese inventions Wearable computers Wearable devices Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with duplicate reference names Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 Articles to be split from May 2016 All articles to be split All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Incomplete lists from September 2016 Articles prone to spam from February 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands नेपाली Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch	53,248
list of companies in the city of london			Category : Companies based in the City of London	category : companies based in the city of london	This category has the following 4 subcategories , out of 4 total .	► BT Group ‎ ( 3 C , 91 P , 9 F ) ► Financial services companies based in the City of London ‎ ( 2 C , 55 P ) ► Multinational companies based in the City of London ‎ ( 2 C , 14 P ) ► Sainsbury 's ‎ ( 1 C , 31 P , 1 F ) Pages in category `` Companies based in the City of London '' The following 81 pages are in this category , out of 81 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . AlphaSights Ashtead Group Aspen Healthcare Beta 2 Limited Bio-bean Brit plc BT Group BTG plc Bupa Capita Property and Infrastructure Cheek by Jowl City of London Electric Lighting Company Limited Cloud Eight Films Cognia Cushman & Wakefield DAC Beachcroft Dalgety plc Dealogic Depop Eggplant ( software ) Euro London Appointments Euroffice Eventim UK Evraz Gfinity GlobalData Hogan Lovells Huntsworth InterExec InterQuest Group plc IP Group IQ Analytics Iris Publishing Company Johnson Matthey Just Eat Keevil and Keevil Landmark ( company ) Lee Cooper Legal & General Lightsource Renewable Energy Lombard Street Research Luther Pendragon Mace ( construction company ) Mather & Co . Medexpress Mintel Mount Anvil Multilaw NEX Group Oak Futures Onfido Ovum Ltd . Pressparty Pure ( fast food chain ) Q Qube Software Quercus ( publisher ) R.A. Rooney & Sons Royal Mail Sharps Pixley Simmons & Simmons Southern Housing Group Spire Healthcare SThree Storehouse plc Taylor St Baristas TechnipFMC Then and Now ( retailer ) Thomas Cook & Son Tolley ( company ) Transmission Recordings Travers Smith Trowers & Hamlins U Unilever University Partnerships Programme V Vattenfall United Kingdom Vedanta Resources World Television X Xchanging XLN Telecom Ltd Y YossarianLives Z Z / Yen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Companies_based_in_the_City_of_London&oldid=588218886 '' Categories : Companies based in London Organisations based in the City of London Talk Help About Wikipedia فارسی Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2013 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3ACompanies%20based%20in%20the%20City%20of%20London	107,742
what is a slowly changing dimension data warehouse			Slowly changing dimension	slowly changing dimension	Dimensions in data management and data warehousing contain relatively static data about such entities as geographical locations , customers , or products . Data captured by Slowly Changing Dimensions ( SCDs ) change slowly but unpredictably , rather than according to a regular schedule .	Some scenarios can cause Referential integrity problems . For example , a database may contain a fact table that stores sales records . This fact table would be linked to dimensions by means of foreign keys . One of these dimensions may contain data about the company 's salespeople : e.g. , the regional offices in which they work . However , the salespeople are sometimes transferred from one regional office to another . For historical sales reporting purposes it may be necessary to keep a record of the fact that a particular sales person had been assigned to a particular regional office at an earlier date , whereas that sales person is now assigned to a different regional office . Dealing with these issues involves SCD management methodologies referred to as Type 0 through 6 . Type 6 SCDs are also sometimes called Hybrid SCDs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Type 0 : retain original 2 Type 1 : overwrite 3 Type 2 : add new row 4 Type 3 : add new attribute 5 Type 4 : add history table 6 Type 6 7 Type 2 / type 6 fact implementation 7.1 Type 2 surrogate key with type 3 attribute 7.2 Pure type 6 implementation 7.3 Both surrogate and natural key 8 Combining types 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References Type 0 : retain original ( edit ) The Type 0 dimension attributes never change and are assigned to attributes that have durable values or are described as ' Original ' . Examples : Date of Birth , Original Credit Score . Type 0 applies to most Date Dimension attributes Type 1 : overwrite ( edit ) This methodology overwrites old with new data , and therefore does not track historical data . Example of a supplier table : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA In the above example , Supplier_Code is the natural key and Supplier_Key is a surrogate key . Technically , the surrogate key is not necessary , since the row will be unique by the natural key ( Supplier_Code ) . However , to optimize performance on joins use integer rather than character keys ( unless the number of bytes in the character key is less than the number of bytes in the integer key ) . If the supplier relocates the headquarters to Illinois the record would be overwritten : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State 123 ABC Acme Supply Co IL The disadvantage of the Type 1 method is that there is no history in the data warehouse . It has the advantage however that it 's easy to maintain . If one has calculated an aggregate table summarizing facts by state , it will need to be recalculated when the Supplier_State is changed . Type 2 : add new row ( edit ) This method tracks historical data by creating multiple records for a given natural key in the dimensional tables with separate surrogate keys and / or different version numbers . Unlimited history is preserved for each insert . For example , if the supplier relocates to Illinois the version numbers will be incremented sequentially : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Version . 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 0 124 ABC Acme Supply Co IL Another method is to add ' effective date ' columns . Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Start_Date End_Date 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 124 ABC Acme Supply Co IL 22 - Dec - 2004 NULL The null End_Date in row two indicates the current tuple version . In some cases , a standardized surrogate high date ( e.g. 9999 - 12 - 31 ) may be used as an end date , so that the field can be included in an index , and so that null - value substitution is not required when querying . And a third method uses an effective date and a current flag . Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Effective_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 01 - Jan - 2000 124 ABC Acme Supply Co IL 22 - Dec - 2004 Y The Current_Flag value of ' Y ' indicates the current tuple version . Transactions that reference a particular surrogate key ( Supplier_Key ) are then permanently bound to the time slices defined by that row of the slowly changing dimension table . An aggregate table summarizing facts by state continues to reflect the historical state , i.e. the state the supplier was in at the time of the transaction ; no update is needed . To reference the entity via the natural key , it is necessary to remove the unique constraint making Referential integrity by DBMS impossible . If there are retroactive changes made to the contents of the dimension , or if new attributes are added to the dimension ( for example a Sales_Rep column ) which have different effective dates from those already defined , then this can result in the existing transactions needing to be updated to reflect the new situation . This can be an expensive database operation , so Type 2 SCDs are not a good choice if the dimensional model is subject to change . Type 3 : add new attribute ( edit ) This method tracks changes using separate columns and preserves limited history . The Type 3 preserves limited history as it is limited to the number of columns designated for storing historical data . The original table structure in Type 1 and Type 2 is the same but Type 3 adds additional columns . In the following example , an additional column has been added to the table to record the supplier 's original state - only the previous history is stored . Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Original_Supplier_State Effective_Date Current_Supplier_State 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 22 - Dec - 2004 IL This record contains a column for the original state and current state -- can not track the changes if the supplier relocates a second time . One variation of this is to create the field Previous_Supplier_State instead of Original_Supplier_State which would track only the most recent historical change . Type 4 : add history table ( edit ) The Type 4 method is usually referred to as using `` history tables '' , where one table keeps the current data , and an additional table is used to keep a record of some or all changes . Both the surrogate keys are referenced in the Fact table to enhance query performance . For the above example the original table name is Supplier and the history table is Supplier_History . Supplier Supplier_key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State 124 ABC Acme & Johnson Supply Co IL Supplier_History Supplier_key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Create_Date 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 14 - June - 2003 124 ABC Acme & Johnson Supply Co IL 22 - Dec - 2004 This method resembles how database audit tables and change data capture techniques function . Type 6 ( edit ) The Type 6 method combines the approaches of types 1 , 2 and 3 ( 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 ) . One possible explanation of the origin of the term was that it was coined by Ralph Kimball during a conversation with Stephen Pace from Kalido . Ralph Kimball calls this method `` Unpredictable Changes with Single - Version Overlay '' in The Data Warehouse Toolkit . The Supplier table starts out with one record for our example supplier : Supplier_Key Row_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Current_State Historical_State Start_Date End_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA CA 01 - Jan - 2000 31 - Dec - 2009 Y The Current_State and the Historical_State are the same . The optional Current_Flag attribute indicates that this is the current or most recent record for this supplier . When Acme Supply Company moves to Illinois , we add a new record , as in Type 2 processing , however a row key is included to ensure we have a unique key for each row : Supplier_Key Row_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Current_State Historical_State Start_Date End_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 123 ABC Acme Supply Co IL CA 22 - Dec - 2004 31 - Dec - 2009 Y We overwrite the Current_Flag information in the first record ( Row_Key = 1 ) with the new information , as in Type 1 processing . We create a new record to track the changes , as in Type 2 processing . And we store the history in a second State column ( Historical_State ) , which incorporates Type 3 processing . For example , if the supplier were to relocate again , we would add another record to the Supplier dimension , and we would overwrite the contents of the Current_State column : Supplier_Key Row_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Current_State Historical_State Start_Date End_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 123 ABC Acme Supply Co IL CA 22 - Dec - 2004 03 - Feb - 2008 123 ABC Acme Supply Co NY IL 04 - Feb - 2008 31 - Dec - 2009 Y Type 2 / Type 6 fact implementation ( edit ) Type 2 surrogate key with Type 3 attribute ( edit ) In many Type 2 and Type 6 SCD implementations , the surrogate key from the dimension is put into the fact table in place of the natural key when the fact data is loaded into the data repository . The surrogate key is selected for a given fact record based on its effective date and the Start_Date and End_Date from the dimension table . This allows the fact data to be easily joined to the correct dimension data for the corresponding effective date . Here is the Supplier table as we created it above using Type 6 Hybrid methodology : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Current_State Historical_State Start_Date End_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 124 ABC Acme Supply Co IL CA 22 - Dec - 2004 03 - Feb - 2008 125 ABC Acme Supply Co NY IL 04 - Feb - 2008 31 - Dec - 9999 Y Once the Delivery table contains the correct Supplier_Key , it can easily be joined to the Supplier table using that key . The following SQL retrieves , for each fact record , the current supplier state and the state the supplier was located in at the time of the delivery : SELECT delivery. delivery_cost , supplier. supplier_name , supplier. historical_state , supplier. current_state FROM delivery INNER JOIN supplier ON delivery. supplier_key = supplier. supplier_key Pure Type 6 implementation ( edit ) Having a Type 2 surrogate key for each time slice can cause problems if the dimension is subject to change . A pure Type 6 implementation does not use this , but uses a Surrogate Key for each master data item ( e.g. each unique supplier has a single surrogate key ) . This avoids any changes in the master data having an impact on the existing transaction data . It also allows more options when querying the transactions . Here is the Supplier table using the pure Type 6 methodology : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Start_Date End_Date 456 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 456 ABC Acme Supply Co IL 22 - Dec - 2004 03 - Feb - 2008 456 ABC Acme Supply Co NY 04 - Feb - 2008 31 - Dec - 9999 The following example shows how the query must be extended to ensure a single supplier record is retrieved for each transaction . SELECT supplier. supplier_code , supplier. supplier_state FROM supplier INNER JOIN delivery ON supplier. supplier_key = delivery. supplier_key AND delivery. delivery_date BETWEEN supplier. start_date AND supplier. end_date A fact record with an effective date ( Delivery_Date ) of August 9 , 2001 will be linked to Supplier_Code of ABC , with a Supplier_State of ' CA ' . A fact record with an effective date of October 11 , 2007 will also be linked to the same Supplier_Code ABC , but with a Supplier_State of ' IL ' . While more complex , there are a number of advantages of this approach , including : Referential integrity by DBMS is now possible , but one can not use Supplier_Code as foreign key on Product table and using Supplier_Key as foreign key each product is tied on specific time slice . If there is more than one date on the fact ( e.g. Order Date , Delivery Date , Invoice Payment Date ) one can choose which date to use for a query . You can do `` as at now '' , `` as at transaction time '' or `` as at a point in time '' queries by changing the date filter logic . You do n't need to reprocess the Fact table if there is a change in the dimension table ( e.g. adding additional fields retrospectively which change the time slices , or if one makes a mistake in the dates on the dimension table one can correct them easily ) . You can introduce bi-temporal dates in the dimension table . You can join the fact to the multiple versions of the dimension table to allow reporting of the same information with different effective dates , in the same query . The following example shows how a specific date such as ' 2012 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 ' ( which could be the current datetime ) can be used . SELECT supplier. supplier_code , supplier. supplier_state FROM supplier INNER JOIN delivery ON supplier. supplier_key = delivery. supplier_key AND ' 2012 - 01 - 01 00 : 00 : 00 ' BETWEEN supplier. start_date AND supplier. end_date Both surrogate and natural key ( edit ) An alternative implementation is to place both the surrogate key and the natural key into the fact table . This allows the user to select the appropriate dimension records based on : the primary effective date on the fact record ( above ) , the most recent or current information , any other date associated with the fact record . This method allows more flexible links to the dimension , even if one has used the Type 2 approach instead of Type 6 . Here is the Supplier table as we might have created it using Type 2 methodology : Supplier_Key Supplier_Code Supplier_Name Supplier_State Start_Date End_Date Current_Flag 123 ABC Acme Supply Co CA 01 - Jan - 2000 21 - Dec - 2004 124 ABC Acme Supply Co IL 22 - Dec - 2004 03 - Feb - 2008 125 ABC Acme Supply Co NY 04 - Feb - 2008 31 - Dec - 9999 Y The following SQL retrieves the most current Supplier_Name and Supplier_State for each fact record : SELECT delivery. delivery_cost , supplier. supplier_name , supplier. supplier_state FROM delivery INNER JOIN supplier ON delivery. supplier_code = supplier. supplier_code WHERE supplier. current_flag = ' Y ' If there are multiple dates on the fact record , the fact can be joined to the dimension using another date instead of the primary effective date . For instance , the Delivery table might have a primary effective date of Delivery_Date , but might also have an Order_Date associated with each record . The following SQL retrieves the correct Supplier_Name and Supplier_State for each fact record based on the Order_Date : SELECT delivery. delivery_cost , supplier. supplier_name , supplier. supplier_state FROM delivery INNER JOIN supplier ON delivery. supplier_code = supplier. supplier_code AND delivery. order_date BETWEEN supplier. start_date AND supplier. end_date Some cautions : Referential integrity by DBMS is not possible since there is not a unique key to create the relationship . If relationship is made with surrogate to solve problem above then one ends with entity tied to a specific time slice . If the join query is not written correctly , it may return duplicate rows and / or give incorrect answers . The date comparison might not perform well . Some Business Intelligence tools do not handle generating complex joins well . The ETL processes needed to create the dimension table needs to be carefully designed to ensure that there are no overlaps in the time periods for each distinct item of reference data . Many of problems above can be solved using the mixed diagram of an scd model below . Combining types ( edit ) Different SCD Types can be applied to different columns of a table . For example , we can apply Type 1 to the Supplier_Name column and Type 2 to the Supplier_State column of the same table . Scd model See also ( edit ) Change data capture Temporal database Log trigger Entity -- attribute -- value model - Vertical Multitenancy Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kimball , Ralph ; Ross , Margy . The Data Warehouse Toolkit : The Complete Guide to Dimensional Modeling . Jump up ^ http://www.kimballgroup.com/2013/02/design-tip-152-slowly-changing-dimension-types-0-4-5-6-7/ Jump up ^ Ross , Margy ; Kimball , Ralph ( March 1 , 2005 ) . `` Slowly Changing Dimensions Are Not Always as Easy as 1 , 2 , 3 '' . Intelligent Enterprise . References ( edit ) Bruce Ottmann , Chris Angus : Data processing system , US Patent Office , Patent Number 7,003,504 . February 21 , 2006 Ralph Kimball : Kimball University : Handling Arbitrary Restatements of History ( 1 ) . December 9 , 2007 Data warehouse Creating the data warehouse Concepts Database Dimension Dimensional modeling Fact OLAP Star schema Aggregate Variants Anchor Modeling Column - oriented DBMS Data vault modeling HOLAP MOLAP ROLAP Operational data store Elements Data dictionary / Metadata Data mart Sixth normal form Surrogate key Fact Fact table Early - arriving fact Measure Dimension Dimension table Degenerate Slowly changing Filling Extract - Transform - Load ( ETL ) Extract Transform Load Using the data warehouse Concepts Business intelligence Dashboard Data mining Decision support system ( DSS ) OLAP cube Data warehouse automation Languages Data Mining Extensions ( DMX ) MultiDimensional eXpressions ( MDX ) XML for Analysis ( XMLA ) Tools Business intelligence software Reporting software Spreadsheet Related People Bill Inmon Ralph Kimball Products Comparison of OLAP Servers Data warehousing products and their producers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slowly_changing_dimension&oldid=825600869 '' Categories : Data modeling Data warehousing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Tools Languages Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 09 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowly%20changing%20dimension	107,743
when does a dog named christmas come on			A Dog Named Christmas	a dog named christmas	A Dog Named Christmas is a 2009 American / Canadian television film that debuted on CBS as a Hallmark Hall of Fame movie on November 29 , 2009 . The film was produced by Brent Shields , directed by Peter Werner and written by Jenny Wingfield , who based the script from a novel of the same name by Greg Kincaid .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Location 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A tale of a young man with a learning disability , named Todd McCray ( Noel Fisher ) living with his parents in the rural midwest . The story takes place over a two - week period over the Christmas holidays when the local animal shelter launches an `` Adopt a dog for Christmas '' program . Todd 's unconditional love for animals enables him to embark on an endeavour to ensure that as many dogs as possible get adopted by the local community . One dog in particular has grabbed Todd 's heart and through intermittent flashbacks , viewers slowly discover the reasons for his father 's reluctance to fully support Todd 's efforts . Cast ( edit ) Linda Emond as Mary Ann McCray Noel Fisher as Todd McCray Bruce Greenwood as George McCray Carrie Genzel as Brianna Lewis Trenna Keating as Faye McCray Production ( edit ) A Dog Named Christmas is the 237th presentation by Hallmark Hall of Fame , the long - running anthology program of American television films . It was based on a novel of the same name by Greg Kincaid , which was published in 2008 . He wrote the story almost ten years prior for his wife , Michale Ann , and his five children , who ranged in age from 9 to 13 . Kincaid said his family hated the original story , particularly because of the unhappy ending . Kincaid rewrote the story over the next year , with a new ending that his family liked better . He named a character in the story after each of his children . The novel was fast - tracked into a film production in January 2009 . During the film 's original broadcast on CBS on November 29 , 2009 , the network sponsored a nationwide `` Foster a Lonely Pet '' program with Petfinder.com , an online database of adoptable pets , which included more than 2,000 shelters and animal - rescue groups across North America . After the end credits , a public service announcement was aired featuring Greg Kincaid describing the promotion . Reception ( edit ) In its original American broadcast on November 29 , 2009 , A Dog Named Christmas was seen by 18.7 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings . It was outperformed in the ratings by NBC 's Sunday Night Football broadcast of the NFL game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens , which drew 17.3 million households . It was also seen by fewer households than CBS 's 60 Minutes at 14.3 million and ABC 's Desperate Housewives at 12.6 million , but outperformed Fox 's The Simpsons ( 9 million ) and Family Guy ( 8.5 million ) . Location ( edit ) The movie was shot in the Southey and Earl Grey area , located in Saskatchewan , Canada . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Dog Named Christmas Archived November 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . CBS , Official website . ^ Jump up to : Barnhart , Aaron ( 2009 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Hallmark and 2,000 shelters want people to adopt `` A Dog Named Christmas '' `` . The Kansas City Star . Kansas City , Missouri . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Toff , Benjamin ( 2009 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Christmas `` Dog '' Trampled by Football `` . The New York Times . New York City , New York . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . External links ( edit ) A Dog Named Christmas on IMDb A Dog Named Christmas at TV.com A Dog Named Christmas at CBS.com CBS Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation of A Dog Named Christmas A Dog Named Christmas at TV Guide A Dog Named Christmas Official book website ( hide ) Films directed by Peter Werner Prisoners ( 1981 ) Do n't Cry , It 's Only Thunder ( 1982 ) I Married a Centerfold ( 1984 ) LBJ : The Early Years ( 1987 ) No Man 's Land ( 1987 ) The Image ( 1990 ) Hiroshima : Out of the Ashes ( 1990 ) Ned Blessing : The True Story of My Life ( 1992 ) The Substitute Wife ( 1994 ) The Four Diamonds ( 1995 ) Two Mothers for Zachary ( 1996 ) Blue Rodeo ( 1996 ) On the Edge of Innocence ( 1997 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Tempting Fate ( 1998 ) Mama Flora 's Family ( 1998 ) Hefner : Unauthorized ( 1999 ) No Ordinary Baby ( 2001 ) Call Me Claus ( 2001 ) We Were the Mulvaneys ( 2002 ) Gracie 's Choice ( 2004 ) Mom at Sixteen ( 2005 ) Why I Wore Lipstick to My Mastectomy ( 2006 ) Girl , Positive ( 2007 ) The Circuit ( 2008 ) Front of the Class ( 2008 ) A Dog Named Christmas ( 2009 ) Prosecuting Casey Anthony ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Dog_Named_Christmas&oldid=810058998 '' Categories : 2009 television films American television films American films American Christmas films Canadian films Canadian Christmas films Christmas television films Films based on American novels Films shot in Saskatchewan Hallmark Hall of Fame episodes Films about dogs Films directed by Peter Werner Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 03 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Dog%20Named%20Christmas	107,744
when is world cup going to be played			2018 FIFA World Cup	2018 fifa world cup		2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it was the most expensive World Cup . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , between France and Croatia . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.3. 1 Dream Team 10.3. 2 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Critical reception 14 Broadcasting rights 15 Sponsorship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010 . President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100 - ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup . Teams Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 . Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup . Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments . Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament . AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots . For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 ) Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Officiating Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament . Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland , at Volgograd . Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament . VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance . VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition . Venues Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games . Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities were built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup . Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 . Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Samara Arena Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015 . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway . Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget . Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's ( flag depicted ) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals . Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them . Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest - ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July . Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico . For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored . All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage was determined as follows : Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction could be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots . Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game , Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group , Iran 's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 62,548 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,866 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,718 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 41,685 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,502 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,789 Referee : Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 40,904 Referee : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,109 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,167 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 42,300 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,835 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 33,061 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,257 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 37,168 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter - finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Discipline Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record In total , only four players were sent off in the entire tournament , the fewest since 1978 . International Football Association Board technical director David Elleray stated a belief that this was due to the introduction of VAR , since players would know that they would not be able to get away with anything under the new system . A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the tournament : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Michael Lang in Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Suspension served outside tournament Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July ) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award from Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron France lifting the World Cup trophy The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot ( top scorer ) , Golden Ball ( best overall player ) and Golden Glove ( best goalkeeper ) awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Additionally , FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 23 July . The award was sponsored by Hyundai . Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 -- 2 Round of 16 Dream team As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Fan Dream Team . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA also published an alternate team of the tournament based on player performances evaluated through statistical data . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha '' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , Portuguese design agency Brandia Central created materials in 2014 , with a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) designed by Brandia Central and edited by Adotbelow of DSType Foundry in Portugal . Mascot Main article : Zabivaka Tournament mascot , wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is a portmanteau of the Russian words забияка ( `` hothead '' ) and забивать ( `` to score '' ) , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 . The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators were nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID was required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport were required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also granted World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID was administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who could revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' . Match ball Main article : Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18 '' Match ball for the knockout stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' . The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 . After the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' was used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design . Merchandise See also : FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Official song Main article : Live It Up ( Nicky Jam song ) The official song of the tournament was `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May 2018 . Its music video was released on 8 June 2018 . Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered . Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed . Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia . Critical reception Russia received widespread praise as World Cup hosts . Facilities -- such as the refurbished Luzhniki Stadium ( pictured ) -- were one aspect of Russia 's success . At the close of the World Cup Russia was widely praised for its success in hosting the tournament , with Steve Rosenberg of the BBC deeming it `` a resounding public relations success '' for Putin , adding , `` The stunning new stadiums , free train travel to venues and the absence of crowd violence has impressed visiting supporters . Russia has come across as friendly and hospitable : a stark contrast with the country 's authoritarian image . All the foreign fans I have spoken to are pleasantly surprised . '' FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated , `` Everyone discovered a beautiful country , a welcoming country , that is keen to show the world that everything that has been said before might not be true . A lot of preconceived ideas have been changed because people have seen the true nature of Russia . '' Infantino has proclaimed Russia 2018 to be `` the best World Cup ever '' , as 98 % of the stadiums were sold out , there were three billion viewers on TV all around the world and 7 million fans visited the fan fests . Broadcasting rights Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Broadcast rights to the tournament in the Middle East were hampered by an ongoing diplomatic crisis in Qatar over alleged support of extremist groups . Qatar is the home country of the region 's rightsholder , beIN Sports . Bahrain , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates cut diplomatic ties with Qatar over the matter . On 2 June 2018 , beIN pulled its channels from Du and Etisalat , but with service to the latter restored later that day . Etisalat subsequently announced that it would air the World Cup in the UAE , and continue to offer beIN normally and without interruptions . In Saudi Arabia , beIN 's channels have been widely and illegally repackaged by a broadcaster identifying itself as beoutQ ; while FIFA attempted to indirectly negotiate the sale of a package consisting of Saudi matches , as well as the opening and final games , they were unable to do so . On 12 July 2018 , FIFA stated that it `` has engaged counsel to take legal action in Saudi Arabia and is working alongside other sports rights owners that have also been affected to protect its interests . '' Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ France will qualify for this tournament as World Cup winners if it takes place . However FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition . References ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics : Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018 / 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding process '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 19 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrin , Siobhan ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` Your Ultimate Guide to Watching the 2018 World Cup '' . Time . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Непредвиденные расходы : как менялась смета ЧМ - 2018 '' . rbc.ru ( in Russian ) . 8 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is VAR , what are the rules , and how is it being used by FIFA for World Cup 2018 in Russia ? '' . The Telegraph . 11 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Paul ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` Will VAR improve the World Cup ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia united for 2018 FIFA World Cup Host Cities announcement '' . FIFA. 29 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Goff , Steve ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Future World Cups '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico withdraws FIFA World Cup bid '' . FIFA. 29 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia 's bid to host the 2022 World Cup bid ends '' . BBC . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Combined bidding confirmed '' . FIFA. 20 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` England miss out to Russia in 2018 World Cup Vote '' . BBC News . 2 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Paul ; Busfield , Steve ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 and 2022 decision day -- live ! '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Aaron ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` What We Know About Corruption in the 2018 And 2022 World Cup Bids '' . vice.com . Archived from the original on 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia : FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row '' . BBC . 17 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Former FA chairman David Bernstein calls for 2018 World Cup boycott '' . The Guardian . 17 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar World Cup organizers ready to fight for 2022 '' . Reuters. 3 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA. 15 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe expelled from the preliminary competition of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA. 12 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia excluded from 2018 World Cup qualifiers '' . Reuters. 3 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kosovo & Gibraltar become eligible for 2018 World Cup Qualifying '' . Russia : RT . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA. 20 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long road to Russia begins in Dili '' . FIFA. 11 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw : 1 week to go '' . FIFA. 18 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for the FIFA World Cup extends its responsibilities to cover 2018 and 2022 '' . FIFA. 19 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Konstantinovsky Palace to stage Preliminary Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 10 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ T.A.W. ( 12 November 2017 ) . `` How Iceland ( population : 330,000 ) qualified for the World Cup '' . The Economist . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In first , 4 Arab countries qualify for FIFA World Cup Finals '' . The Times of Israel . 12 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2018 : Notable teams that failed to qualify '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA. 7 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place in State Kremlin Palace '' . FIFA. 24 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Draw to take place at 18 : 00 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 24 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OC for FIFA Competitions approves procedures for the Final Draw of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 14 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Organising Committee for FIFA Competitions : Updates on the FIFA World Cup and women 's tournaments '' . FIFA. 8 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rest periods for the players on the provisional list for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup -- Statistical Kit -- Referees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 List of video match officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Referee Fahad Al Mirdasi ' banned over match - fixing attempt in Saudi Arabia ' '' . BBC . 16 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA statement on the situation of the Saudi Arabian referee Fahad AL MIRDASI '' . FIFA. 30 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : List of FIFA match officials for the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betraying the Game : African officials filmed taking cash '' . BBC . 7 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council decides on key steps for the future of international competitions '' . FIFA. 16 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR : Video assistant referees set to be used at 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . BBC Sport. 3 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MacInnes , Paul ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` How will VAR work at the World Cup and how much is riding on it ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Belam , Martin ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` VAR at the World Cup : the big decisions , game by game '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Why Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal made World Cup history '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : History made with first penalty awarded by VAR during France vs Australia '' . The Independent . 16 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo penalty sets new World Cup record '' . ESPN . 26 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McLean , Max ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` 12 very different opinions on VAR at the World Cup to help you make your mind up '' . The Irish Independent . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA ' satisfied ' with World Cup refereeing , VAR '' . ESPN . 20 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report : Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2002 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Atlas . National Geographic Society . 2011 . p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` The border between Europe and Asia '' . welcome2018.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Marikar , Hafiz . `` Russia to host next FIFA World Cup '' . Dailynews.lk . The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd . Archived from the original on 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Почему у России осталось только 14 стадионов к ЧМ - 2018 -- Известия ( Why are there only 14 stadiums for the Russia 2018 World Cup ) '' . Izvestia ( in Russian ) . 7 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup to be played in 11 Host Cities '' . FIFA. 29 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Saakov , Rafael ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Russia 2018 : Major challenges for next World Cup hosts '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rogovitskiy , Dmitriy ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Russia on track for World Cup 2018 , say FIFA inspectors '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium names for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia confirmed '' . FIFA. 8 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 stadiums : A guide to the venues of this summer 's tournament '' . The Telegraph . 30 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на 45000 зрительских мест к Чемпионату мира по футболу в Нижнем Новгороде '' ( Stadium for 45,000 spectators for the World Cup in Nizhny Novgorod ) . stroytransgaz.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион на Крестовском ввели в эксплуатацию '' . fontanka.ru ( in Russian ) . 29 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Стадион ЧМ - 2018 по футболу в Волгограде введен в эксплуатацию '' ( The 2018 World Cup in Volgograd was put into operation ) ( in Russian ) . RIA Novosti. 3 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Team Base Camps for 2018 FIFA World Cup confirmed '' . FIFA.com ( Fédération Internationale de Football Association ) . 9 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia defender Pivaric says he has ' excellent ' 1st impression of training base '' . fourfourtwo.com.au. 12 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : Life inside the England bubble -- what they can expect in Repino '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Soccer : No tropical paradise ? No problem for Germany , says midfielder Kroos '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's 2018 World Cup costs grow by $600 million '' . USA Today . 24 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev says 2018 FIFA World Cup to cost 20 billion dollars '' . NDTV. 13 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 World Cup : Russia to spend $5 billion on transport , despite cuts '' . Russia Beyond . 7 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Бюджет чемпионата мира 2018 года -- около € 1 млрд '' ( The budget for the 2018 World Cup is about € 1 billion ) . Чемпионат ( in Russian ) . 18 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` На подготовку транспортной инфраструктуры ЧМ - 2018 в России потрачено 228 млрд '' ( 228 billion spent on preparation of the transport infrastructure of the World Cup 2018 ) . sport24.ru ( in Russian ) . 3 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Алмазная радиосвязь '' . Газета. Ru ( in Russian ) . 30 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Мордовии к ЧМ - 2018 прошли классификацию два хостела и мотель '' . info-rm.com. 16 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Трамвайная линия до стадиона для ЧМ в Самаре готова на 89 % '' . samru.ru. 22 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad airport 's new terminal put in operation '' . Russian Aviation Insider. 26 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` В Екатеринбурге увеличились расходы на подготовку к проведению ЧМ - 2018 '' . regnum.ru ( in Russian ) . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Новый рекорд волонтерской программы ЧМ - 2018 '' ( New record of the Volunteer program of the World Cup 2018 ) . welcome2018.com ( in Russian ) . 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Набор волонтеров на ЧМ - 2018 установил новый рекорд Чемпионатов мира '' ( A set of volunteers at the World Cup 2018 set a new World Cup record ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA. 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 в России -- Волонтерская программа : F.A.Q. '' ( FIFA 2018 World Cup in Russia -- Volunteer program : F.A.Q. ) ( in Russian ) . FIFA . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Nick ( 27 March 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : what is a Fan ID and do I need one to watch games in Russia ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 31 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wildie , Tom ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Aussie soccer fan 's World Cup dream crushed by new Russian visa rejection '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` What World Cup fans going to Russia should know '' . BBC . 6 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match schedules for FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 and 2018 FIFA World Cup unveiled '' . FIFA. 24 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 -- Match Schedule '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 December 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking -- October 2017 '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 fixtures : full schedule , results and match dates '' . The Telegraph . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony : What time will it start and when will Robbie Williams feature ? '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams show at World Cup opening ceremony is too short to ever be dull '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : Ronaldo and Robbie Williams star in opening ceremony '' . BBC . 14 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Adam ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` What does Didier Deschamps want from his France team ? If only he knew '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tie - breakers for Russia 2018 groups '' . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Russia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Uruguay v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group A -- Saudi Arabia v Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Morocco v IR Iran '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Portugal v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Spain '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- IR Iran v Portugal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group B -- Spain v Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Peru v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v Australia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- France v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Denmark v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group C -- Australia v Peru '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Croatia v Nigeria '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Argentina v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Iceland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Nigeria v Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group D -- Iceland v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Costa Rica v Serbia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Brazil v Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Serbia v Brazil '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group E -- Switzerland v Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Sweden v Korea Republic '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Germany v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Korea Republic v Germany '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group F -- Mexico v Sweden '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Panama '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Tunisia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Belgium v Tunisia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Panama '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- England v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group G -- Panama v Tunisia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Colombia v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Senegal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Poland v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Japan v Poland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Group H -- Senegal v Colombia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- France v Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Uruguay v Portugal '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Spain v Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Croatia v Denmark '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Brazil v Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Belgium v Japan '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Sweden v Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Round of 16 -- Colombia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Uruguay v France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Brazil v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Sweden v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Quarter - final -- Russia v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- France v Belgium '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Semi-final -- Croatia v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Play - off for third place -- Belgium v England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup by the numbers - 169 goals , 29 penalties , 10 late winners , 4 red cards '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VAR effect results in cleanest World Cup since 1986 after no red cards are issued in opening 11 games '' . The Telegraph . 17 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vote for Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pavard 's stunner voted Hyundai Goal of the Tournament '' . FIFA. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Fan Dream Team '' . FIFA. 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . FIFA. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kane crowned King , Mina the PPG VIP '' . FIFA. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Prize Money '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 27 October 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia 's heart & soul ' : World Cup 2018 logo unveiled in Moscow ( PHOTOS , VIDEO ) '' . RT . 28 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Font scandal at FIFA World Cup '' . Archived from the original on 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2018 : World Cup mascot Zabivaka the wolf unveiled in Moscow '' . The Guardian . 21 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales for 2018 FIFA World Cup to start on 14 September 2017 '' . FIFA. 12 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia to ease visa regime for World Cup fans in 2018 '' . Voice of Russia . 11 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup official match ball unveiled : an exciting re-imagining '' . FIFA. 9 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Football Reveals Official Match Ball for the Knockout Stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` FIFA 18 gets free World Cup mode in May '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Official Song ' Live It Up ' to be performed by all - star line - up '' . FIFA. 23 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa contacts McLaren over doping claims in football '' . BBC . 21 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Doctor sacked by Fifa was investigating alleged Russian football doping '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 22 December 2017 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the investigations following the McLaren reports '' . FIFA. 22 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russians to take no part in World Cup drug testing : FIFA '' . Reuters. 24 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Syal , Rajeev ( 3 December 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2018 win raises Russian racism fears '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yaya Toure : Black players may boycott 2018 Russia World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro , Kelsey ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Racism in Russia and FIFA 's 3 - step plan to tackle it '' . Sbs.com.au . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Joseph Patrick ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` Campaigns demand FIFA bans Russia from hosting 2018 World Cup due to anti-gay law '' . Pink News . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lavin , James ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Why FIFA Needs to Move the World Cup '' . advocate.com . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa urged to rethink staging 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . BBC . 21 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Stuart ( 23 March 2014 ) . `` US calls for Fifa to drop Russia from hosting World Cup in 2018 '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : Russia will host 2018 World Cup despite Crimea '' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` World Cup : Former FA chief David Bernstein calls for boycott '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Graham . `` FIFA under fire after report on Qatar , Russia '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Roan , Dan ( 17 November 2014 ) . `` Greg Dyke : FA demands full report findings into World Cup corruption '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard . `` FIFA corruption report : Who is to blame and what happens now ? '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Garcia : FIFA investigator resigns in World Cup report row '' . BBC . 17 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rumsby , Ben ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Fifa in crisis : FBI extends investigation to Russia 2018 and Qatar 2022 World Cup bids '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riach , James ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` FBI investigating Fifa 's awarding of 2018 and 2022 World Cups -- report '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Russia & Qatar may lose World Cups ' -- Fifa official '' . BBC News . 7 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Russia and Qatar may lose World Cups if evidence of bribery is found '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 26 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Rumsby , Ben ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Prince William and David Cameron caught up in Fifa corruption scandal '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Video : David Cameron and Prince William implicated in FIFA corruption probe '' . The Belfast Telegraph . 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Theresa May 's statement in full as she expels 23 Russian spies from Britain '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland to diplomatically boycott 2018 World Cup in Russia '' . Russia : RT . Archived from the original on 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moscow official says West is trying to deny Russia World Cup '' . BBC News . 1 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Sergei Skripal : Chemical weapons inspectors arrive in Salisbury to investigate nerve agent attack '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Calder , Simon ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : England football fans warned of potential ' anti-British harassment ' when travelling to Russia '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : New report highlights MPs ' concern for England fans in Russia '' . BBC News . 8 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Luhn , Alec ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` England fans welcomed with open arms in Volgograd ahead of opening 2018 World Cup match against Tunisia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Oliver ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup 2018 : England fans praise welcome by Russian hosts as they celebrate first win '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Is Russia the real winner of World Cup 2018 ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar 2022 will be held in November and December '' . News , com.au . Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gianni Infantino : World Cup 2018 the best ever '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Draper , Kevin ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Fox and Others Will Feel Pain of U.S. Absence at World Cup '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` With USMNT eliminated from World Cup , Fox must refocus coverage plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ; Novy - Williams , Eben ; Broudway , Ira ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Fox projects up to $20 million in lost World Cup ad sales '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian public broadcaster decides not to show World Cup matches '' . Kyiv Post . 12 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam . `` Ukraine 's public broadcaster refuses to show Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Inter Media Group secures World Cup rights in Ukraine '' . TV Sports Markets . 31 May 2018 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bershidsky , Leonid ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` You Can Hate Putin But Love the World Cup '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokulan , Dhanusha . `` UAE football fans fear missing out on Fifa World Cup action '' . khaleejtimes.com . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` beIN Sports pulls TV channels from du customers in the UAE '' . ArabianBusiness.com . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Etisalat announces FIFA World Cup 2018 package '' . ArabianBusiness.com . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup : Diplomatic Crisis in Middle East Stokes Fears of Piracy '' . Variety . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA to take legal action against beoutQ over World Cup broadcasts '' . ArabianBusiness.com . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and adidas extend partnership until 2030 '' . FIFA. 21 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Sam ( 22 November 2005 ) . `` Coca - Cola renews Fifa football sponsorship until 2022 '' . Campaign . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Millerchip , Oliver ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Gazprom agrees Fifa sponsorship deal '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai - Kia drives on as FIFA Partner until 2022 '' . FIFA. 24 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Airways announced as Official Partner and Official Airline of FIFA until 2022 '' . FIFA. 7 May 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mickle , Tripp ( 1 April 2013 ) . `` Visa extending World Cup deal for eight years '' . Sports Business Daily . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Group becomes new FIFA Partner '' . FIFA. 18 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA and Anheuser - Busch InBev announce FIFA World Cup sponsorship for 2018 / 2022 '' . FIFA. 25 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hisense becomes Official Sponsor of 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 6 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's looking ahead to 2018 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 20 December 2017 ) . `` Mengniu Group added to Fifa World Cup sponsor line - up '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Fifa agrees massive World Cup deal with Vivo '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt government selected as regional sponsor for 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . Egypt Independent . 13 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Long , Danielle ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` More Chinese sponsors sign up for Fifa World Cup '' . The Drum . Archived from the original on 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` Fifa adds latest Chinese sponsor for World Cup '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa - Bank unveiled as first - ever Regional Supporter for the FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 18 July 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alrosa completes line - up of European Regional Supporters of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 23 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 21 March 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup adds Rostelecom as regional partner '' . SportsPro . Archived from the original on 1 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russian Railways announced as an Official European Supporter of the 2018 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 5 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 's Confederations Cup has uncertain future after Russia '' . Fox Sports . 9 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World Cup 2018 . FIFA.com 2018 website Welcome2018.com 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) 2018 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions France Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Quarter - finals Brazil Russia Sweden Uruguay Round of 16 Argentina Colombia Denmark Japan Mexico Portugal Spain Switzerland Group stage Australia Costa Rica Egypt Germany Iceland Iran Morocco Nigeria Panama Peru Poland Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia South Korea Tunisia 2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums Kaliningrad Stadium ( Kaliningrad ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) Luzhniki Stadium ( Moscow ) Otkritie Arena ( Moscow ) Kazan Arena ( Kazan ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium ( Nizhny Novgorod ) Samara Arena ( Samara ) Volgograd Arena ( Volgograd ) Mordovia Arena ( Saransk ) Rostov Arena ( Rostov - on - Don ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Sochi ) Central Stadium ( Yekaterinburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . World championships in 2018 `` 2017 2019 '' Summer sports & indoor sports Archery field indoor Association football ( men ) Athletics ( indoor ) Badminton individual team Basketball women Basketball ( 3x3 ) Beach handball men women Bowls Boxing ( women ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track mountain bike cyclo - cross BMX Fencing Field hockey men women Finswimming Floorball ( men ) Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampoline acrobatic aerobic Judo Karate Lacrosse ( men ) Modern pentathlon Orienteering Quidditch Racquetball Rowing Rugby sevens men women Sailing Shooting Softball ( women ) Squash men women 's team Swimming ( 25 m ) Table tennis men women team Volleyball men women Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Bandy men women Curling men women mixed mixed doubles Figure skating Ice hockey men women Ski flying Speed skating allround sprint short track Cue & mind sports Chess men women 's match women 's tournament Darts BDO PDC Pool Nine - ball Ten - ball Snooker six - red Motor sports Air race Endurance racing Endurance racing ( motorcycles ) F1 Powerboat Formula One Motocross MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Rally WRC - 2 WRC - 3 Rallycross Speedway individual team Sidecarcross Superbike Supersport Supersport 300 Touring car Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856696105 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup 2018 in association football 2017 -- 18 in Russian football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Russia June 2018 events in Russia June 2018 sports events in Europe July 2018 events in Russia July 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages EngvarB from July 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语粵語中文 डोटेली 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20FIFA%20World%20Cup	1,678
describe the locus of points that are equidistant from a single point			Locus ( Mathematics )	locus ( mathematics )	In geometry , a locus ( plural : loci ) ( Latin word for `` place '' , `` location '' ) is a set of all points ( commonly , a line , a line segment , a curve or a surface ) , whose location satisfies or is determined by one or more specified conditions .	In other words , the set of the points that satisfy some property is often called the locus of a point satisfying this property . The use of singular in this formulation is a witness that , until the end of 19th century , mathematicians did not consider infinite sets . Instead of viewing lines and curves as sets of points , they viewed them as places where a point may be located or may move . Contents 1 History and philosophy 2 Examples in plane geometry 3 Proof of a locus 4 Examples 4.1 First example 4.2 Second example 4.3 Third example 4.4 Fourth example 5 See also 6 References History and philosophy ( edit ) Until the beginning of the 20th century , a geometrical shape ( for example a curve ) was not considered as an infinite set of points ; rather , it was considered as an entity on which a point may be located or on which it moves . Thus a circle in the Euclidean plane was defined as the locus of a point that is at a given distance of a fixed point , the center of the circle . In modern mathematics , similar concepts are more frequently reformulated by describing shapes as sets ; for instance , one says that the circle is the set of points that are at a given distance from the center . In contrast to the set - theoretic view , the old formulation avoids considering infinite collections , as avoiding the actual infinite was an important philosophical position of earlier mathematicians . Once set theory became the universal basis over which the whole mathematics is built , the term of locus became rather old - fashioned . Nevertheless , the word is still widely used , mainly for a concise formulation , for example : Critical locus , the set of the critical points of a differentiable function . Singular locus , the set of the singular points of an algebraic variety . Connectedness locus , the subset of the parameter set of a family of rational functions for which the Julia set of the function is connected . More recently , techniques such as the theory of schemes , and the use of category theory instead of set theory to give a foundation to mathematics , have returned to notions more like the original definition of a locus as an object in itself rather than as a set of points . Examples in plane geometry ( edit ) Examples from plane geometry include : The set of points equidistant from two points is a perpendicular bisector to the line segment connecting the two points . The set of points equidistant from two lines that cross is the angle bisector . All conic sections are loci : Parabola : the set of points equidistant from a fixed point ( the focus ) and a line ( the directrix ) . Circle : the set of points for which the distance from a single point is constant ( the radius ) . The set of points for each of which the ratio of the distances to two given foci is a positive constant ( that is , not 1 ) is referred to as a circle of Apollonius . Hyperbola : the set of points for each of which the absolute value of the difference between the distances to two given foci is a constant . Ellipse : the set of points for each of which the sum of the distances to two given foci is a constant . The circle is the special case , in which the two foci coincide with each other . Other examples of loci appear in various areas of mathematics . For example , in complex dynamics , the Mandelbrot set is a subset of the complex plane that may be characterized as the connectedness locus of a family of polynomial maps . Proof of a locus ( edit ) To prove a geometric shape is the correct locus for a given set of conditions , one generally divides the proof into two stages : Proof that all the points that satisfy the conditions are on the given shape . Proof that all the points on the given shape satisfy the conditions . Examples ( edit ) ( distance PA ) = 3. ( distance PB ) First example ( edit ) We find the locus of the points P that have a given ratio of distances k = d / d to two given points . In this example we choose k = 3 , A ( − 1 , 0 ) and B ( 0 , 2 ) as the fixed points . P ( x , y ) is a point of the locus ⇔ P A = 3 P B ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow PA = 3 PB ) ⇔ P A 2 = 9 P B 2 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow PA ^ ( 2 ) = 9 PB ^ ( 2 ) ) ⇔ ( x + 1 ) 2 + ( y − 0 ) 2 = 9 ( x − 0 ) 2 + 9 ( y − 2 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow ( x + 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y - 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 9 ( x-0 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 9 ( y - 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ⇔ 8 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 2 x − 36 y + 35 = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow 8 ( x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) ) - 2x - 36y + 35 = 0 ) ⇔ ( x − 1 8 ) 2 + ( y − 9 4 ) 2 = 45 64 . ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow \ left ( x - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ left ( y - ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 45 ) ( 64 ) ) . ) This equation represents a circle with center ( 1 / 8 , 9 / 4 ) and radius 3 8 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 8 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) . It is the circle of Apollonius defined by these values of k , A , and B . Second example ( edit ) Locus of point C A triangle ABC has a fixed side ( AB ) with length c . We determine the locus of the third vertex C such that the medians from A and C are orthogonal . We choose an orthonormal coordinate system such that A ( − c / 2 , 0 ) , B ( c / 2 , 0 ) . C ( x , y ) is the variable third vertex . The center of ( BC ) is M ( ( 2x + c ) / 4 , y / 2 ) . The median from C has a slope y / x . The median AM has slope 2y / ( 2x + 3c ) . The locus is a circle C ( x , y ) is a point of the locus ⇔ ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow ) the medians from A and C are orthogonal ⇔ y x ⋅ 2 y 2 x + 3 c = − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow ( \ frac ( y ) ( x ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2y ) ( 2x + 3c ) ) = - 1 ) ⇔ 2 y 2 + 2 x 2 + 3 c x = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow 2y ^ ( 2 ) + 2x ^ ( 2 ) + 3cx = 0 ) ⇔ x 2 + y 2 + ( 3 c / 2 ) x = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) + ( 3c / 2 ) x = 0 ) ⇔ ( x + 3 c / 4 ) 2 + y 2 = 9 c 2 / 16 . ( \ displaystyle \ Leftrightarrow ( x + 3c / 4 ) ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) = 9c ^ ( 2 ) / 16 . ) The locus of the vertex C is a circle with center ( − 3c / 4 , 0 ) and radius 3c / 4 . Third example ( edit ) The intersection point of the associated lines k and l describes the circle A locus can also be defined by two associated curves depending on one common parameter . If the parameter varies , the intersection points of the associated curves describe the locus . In the figure , the points K and L are fixed points on a given line m . The line k is a variable line through K . The line l through L is perpendicular to k . The angle α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) between k and m is the parameter . k and l are associated lines depending on the common parameter . The variable intersection point S of k and l describes a circle . This circle is the locus of the intersection point of the two associated lines . Fourth example ( edit ) A locus of points need not be one - dimensional ( as a circle , line , etc . ) . For example , the locus of the inequality 2x + 3y -- 6 < 0 is the portion of the plane that is below the line of equation 2x + 3y -- 6 = 0 . See also ( edit ) Algebraic variety Line ( geometry ) Curve References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James , Robert Clarke ; James , Glenn ( 1992 ) , Mathematics Dictionary , Springer , p. 255 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 412 - 99041 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Alfred North ( 1911 ) , An Introduction to Mathematics , H. Holt , p. 121 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 103 - 19784 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Roger L. ( 2012 ) , `` 38.3 Topology '' , The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course ( 3rd ed . ) , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 9781118460290 , The word locus is one that we still use today to denote the path followed by a point moving subject to stated constraints , although , since the introduction of set theory , a locus is more often thought of statically as the set of points satisfying a given collection . Jump up ^ Bourbaki , N. ( 2013 ) , Elements of the History of Mathematics , translated by J. Meldrum , Springer , p. 26 , ISBN 9783642616938 , the classical mathematicians carefully avoided introducing into their reasoning the ' actual infinity ' . ^ Jump up to : Borovik , Alexandre ( 2010 ) , `` 6.2. 4 Can one live without actual infinity ? '' , Mathematics Under the Microscope : Notes on Cognitive Aspects of Mathematical Practice , American Mathematical Society , p. 124 , ISBN 9780821847619 . Jump up ^ Mayberry , John P. ( 2000 ) , The Foundations of Mathematics in the Theory of Sets , Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications , 82 , Cambridge University Press , p. 7 , ISBN 9780521770347 , set theory provides the foundations for all mathematics . Jump up ^ Ledermann , Walter ; Vajda , S. ( 1985 ) , Combinatorics and Geometry , Part 1 , Handbook of Applicable Mathematics , 5 , Wiley , p. 32 , ISBN 9780471900238 , We begin by explaining a slightly old - fashioned term . Jump up ^ George E. Martin , The Foundations of Geometry and the Non-Euclidean Plane , Springer - Verlag , 1975 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Henry Parr ( 1834 ) , An Analytical System of Conic Sections : Designed for the Use of Students , Springer . Jump up ^ G.P. West , The new geometry : form 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Locus_(mathematics)&oldid=850653700 '' Categories : Elementary geometry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 06 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20%28mathematics%29	107,745
who does buffy end up with in the show			Chosen ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer )	chosen ( buffy the vampire slayer )	`` Chosen '' is the series finale of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , the 22nd episode of season 7 and the 144th episode of the series . It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon and originally aired on UPN on May 20 , 2003 . The Buffy story would not be continued beyond this point until `` The Long Way Home '' , a comic book , in 2007 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Acting 2.1 Starring 2.2 Special guest star 2.3 Guest starring 2.4 Co-starring 3 Production details 3.1 Writing 3.2 Cultural references 4 Reception and reviews 5 Continuity 5.1 Arc significance 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A bloody Caleb rises and Buffy finally kills him with the scythe by slicing him in two from the crotch up . Angel has brought an amulet intended to be worn by someone ensouled , yet more than human . He tells her he will fight alongside her , but she turns him down , asking him to instead organize a second front in case she loses to The First . They discuss Spike , his soul , and Buffy 's feelings for him , with Angel clearly unsettled and jealous . When Angel asks whether he has a place in her future , Buffy explains that she still needs to grow up ; there might be a future for them , but it will be a long time coming , if ever . Angel walks into the shadows ( as in his very first appearance ) , saying with a smile , `` I ai n't getting any older . '' Back at the house , Dawn angrily kicks Buffy in the shin for having Xander try to take her away from Sunnydale in the previous episode . Spike is in the basement , working out his anger on a punching bag with a crude drawing of Angel 's face on it . He asks for the amulet , whose exchange he had witnessed from the shadows , and she explains that it is very powerful and meant only for a champion . She then hands it to him . Buffy tells Spike coyly that Faith is still sleeping in her room . Spike says he does n't want Buffy downstairs with him , because he still has his pride and she has `` Angel Breath '' . When Buffy starts to walk upstairs , he says that the whole pride thing was just a smoke - screen and he has none when it comes to her so she can stay . Late at night , as Buffy and Spike are sleeping in each other 's arms , the First appears to taunt Buffy in the form of Caleb . His words give Buffy a plan ; when Spike wakes up , Buffy tells him that she now knows that they will win . The next morning , Buffy unveils her plan to the potentials off - camera . Afterward , Willow expresses to Kennedy her concerns about using magic again . She says this is the most powerful magic she will have attempted and asks Kennedy to kill her if it turns bad . Faith and Principal Wood also have a discussion while preparing the school for the battle . Wood demonstrates that he understands her defensiveness over getting emotionally involved with men and asks her to give him a chance after the battle . During the night , Buffy goes to the basement , where she apparently spends her last night with Spike . The next morning , everyone arrives at Sunnydale High in a yellow school bus . The Slayers and the Potentials head to the seal in the basement while Kennedy helps Willow set up her spell in Principal Wood 's office . After trying to give a farewell speech , Andrew is dragged off by Anya . Dawn leaves to set up her post with Xander , determined to see her sister again . Principal Wood leaves to wait at his post for Giles . The core four share a moment talking about going to the mall after saving the world which causes Giles to say `` the earth is definitely doomed , '' echoing the end of the second episode of the first season of Buffy . Xander and Willow walk down the hallway with Buffy before each one peels off , leaving Buffy walking alone to the seal . The Potentials , Faith and Spike are waiting , and the potentials / slayers cut their hands to open the seal with their blood . They climb down the hole in the ground and come face to face with the army of Turok - Han . The Ubervamps spot Buffy , Faith and the Potentials , and attack . `` Come on , Will , '' Buffy pleads . Willow sits in the school principal 's office directly above the Seal , the scythe before her . While chanting a spell , she places her hands on the scythe , and both she and the weapon light up in an ethereal glow and her hair turns white , the opposite of Dark Willow . A flashback to Buffy 's final speech to the Potentials reveals that Willow is channeling the essence of the scythe in order to activate Potentials all over the world . Defying the tradition of only one slayer per generation , Willow 's spell will raise an army strong enough to do battle with The First . As Willow performs the actual magic , Kennedy tells Willow that she is a goddess . `` And you 're a Slayer , '' Willow replies . Kennedy takes the scythe to Buffy , who is deep in the fight with Faith and Spike against the army of the Turok - Han , numbering in the thousands . As she pauses to give orders , Buffy is stabbed through her abdomen from behind by a Turok - Han and falls to the ground . She passes the scythe to Faith and asks her to hold the line . As she lies on the ground , she sees several Slayers fall , including Amanda . In the halls of the school , a few Turok - Han make it to the surface and attack the group guarding the entrances . A small group of Bringers also appear and attack . During the battle , Anya is bisected by a Bringer . Andrew fights until he is overwhelmed . Principal Wood is stabbed by a Bringer who is then killed by Giles . Xander and Dawn take on some Turok - Han who are disintegrated by sunlight when Dawn throws open a skylight window , but more follow . In the Hellmouth , the First then appears to Buffy as a mortally wounded Buffy herself , saying `` What more do you want ? '' . Ordering The First to `` get out of my face ! '' Buffy arises with renewed determination and knocks several Turok - Han off the ledge . Other Slayers are reinvigorated as well . Just then , Spike 's amulet consumes him in blue light and blasts a hole upward into the sky . The sunlight is channeled through his soul to the amulet and in powerful rays that begin dusting the ubervamps . The ground begins to shake and rocks tumble . The few surviving Slayers start to flee . Buffy tells Spike to do so as well , but he insists on finishing it . They share a quiet moment as the world crumbles around them . With tears in her eyes , Buffy tells Spike she loves him ( fulfilling a prediction by Cassie in `` Help '' ) ; Spike replies , `` No you do n't . But thanks for saying it . '' He orders her to leave as he has to stay and finish the job . As Buffy flees , Spike laughs , `` I wan na see how it ends . '' Spike burns to dust as the Hellmouth collapses . On the way out of the school , the Slayers find Andrew crouched in a corner . Xander yells for Anya , whose body lies nearby , unseen . Dawn pulls him out . The survivors board a school bus and flee . Buffy runs across rooftops to catch up , and leaps onto the top of the bus . The entire town of Sunnydale collapses into the Hellmouth cavern , leaving a large crater . The ground stops shaking . Andrew comforts Xander by telling him that Anya died saving him ; Xander smiles , `` That 's my girl : always doing the stupid thing . '' While a few of the new Slayers tend to the wounded , the other survivors look back at the crater 's rim . Dawn ponders , `` What are we going to do now ? '' Buffy slowly begins to smile , knowing that she is no longer alone in the world and that the burden of being the one chosen Slayer is no longer on her shoulders . Acting ( edit ) Sarah Michelle Gellar , Nicholas Brendon , Alyson Hannigan , Anthony Stewart Head and David Boreanaz are the only actors to have appeared in the first and final episodes of the series , with all of them except Boreanaz appearing in the 100th episode as well . According to Joss Whedon 's commentary , David Boreanaz was only available for 7 hours to film his scenes . The lead actors from all four of Joss Whedon 's original television shows appear in this episode . Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy , David Boreanaz as Angel , Nathan Fillion as Caleb / Malcolm Reynolds on Firefly and Eliza Dushku as Faith / Echo on Dollhouse . No main actors from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. appear , however . Starring ( edit ) Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy Summers / The First Nicholas Brendon as Xander Harris Emma Caulfield as Anya Jenkins Michelle Trachtenberg as Dawn Summers James Marsters as Spike Alyson Hannigan as Willow Rosenberg Special guest star ( edit ) Anthony Stewart Head as Rupert Giles Eliza Dushku as Faith Lehane Nathan Fillion as Caleb / The First David Boreanaz as Angel Guest starring ( edit ) Tom Lenk as Andrew Wells Iyari Limon as Kennedy Sarah Hagan as Amanda Indigo as Rona D.B. Woodside as Principal Robin Wood Felicia Day as Vi Co-starring ( edit ) Mary Wilcher as Shannon Demetra Raven as Girl at Bat Katie Gray as Indian Girl Lisa Ann Cabasa as Injured Girl Ally Matsumura as Japanese Girl Kelly Wheeler as School Girl Jenna Edwards as Trailer Girl Julia Ling as Potential with Power # 2 Production details ( edit ) Originally the series finale was planned as a two - hour event . Unfortunately UPN only ordered 22 episodes instead of the required 23 . This was why stories were so rushed at the end according to Gellar . It was also necessary for UPN to not have aired a two - hour event , because it may interrupt local programming ( likely Newscast ) . Writing ( edit ) Season Seven explores the fundamental separation between the Slayer and other people , which the series finale turns upside down . As J. Lichtenberg points out in her essay on heroism in the Buffyverse , Buffy is a hero because she makes her own rules . `` Finally an adult , Buffy rejects the fate laid out for her by the Council of Watchers and a couple of old men millennia ago , '' Lichtenberg writes . `` She finally achieves her goal of normality - not by changing her own nature , but by making others like her . '' In a BBC interview before this episode aired , writer / director Joss Whedon said , `` If nobody cries ... then I 've definitely failed . It 's really emotional - you 're supposed to laugh , cry and gasp with excitement - as well as take away a beautiful feminist message . '' He acknowledges that the magic unleashed from the scythe in this episode is `` somewhat convenient , '' but as a writer , it was more important for him to get to the show 's message of empowerment by showing what Willow 's magic and Buffy 's status as the Slayer means to each of them . He also admits that the Turok - Han vampires are far easier to kill in this episode than in previous episodes ( in which Anya noted their tough chest bones make staking them extremely difficult ) because `` Again , I was more interested in the showing the empowerment than I was in the continuity . '' Whedon knew he `` wanted to kill somebody , and ( ... ) wanted to do it brutally and suddenly and never really pay it off . ( He ) wanted a death that was a real middle - of - the - battle death -- the opposite of the Spike death , ( which was ) perfect , noble . '' Emma Caulfield stated at the beginning of Season 7 that this would be her last season on Buffy , even if the show was renewed for another season , and so Caulfield was fine with having Anya be the character who was killed . In the DVD commentary , Joss Whedon says that he wanted Angel to exit the show exactly like he entered , backing out into the darkness behind him . Cultural references ( edit ) Dungeons & Dragons : Giles , Andrew , Amanda , and Xander play the popular role - playing game the night before the final battle . Trogdor the Burninator : During the D&D game , Andrew refers to the character Trogdor from Homestar Runner . Dawson 's Creek : When Angel returns to help Buffy and shows jealousy towards Spike , Buffy gets annoyed and says , `` Are you just going to come here and go all Dawson on me every time I have a boyfriend ? '' implying that Angel 's emotions echo that of Dawson Leery , the love - lorn and sensitive title character of the show , which also aired on the WB . Alice Cooper : Before Spike dies , he says `` I think it 's fair to say , school 's out for bloody summer , '' loosely quoting the Alice Cooper song `` School 's Out '' . Reception and reviews ( edit ) `` Chosen '' attracted 4.9 million viewers on its original run . SFX , a British sci - fi magazine , listed `` Chosen '' the 8th best episode of Buffy ( number one was `` Hush '' ) . The episode was nominated for both a 2003 Emmy Award in the Category of Special Visual Effects for a Series , and for the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form . In the UK , `` Chosen '' had become the highest rated Buffy episode ever to air on Sky One , reaching 1.32 million viewers . The Futon Critic named it the 50th best episode of 2003 , saying `` the final Buffy from Joss Whedon 's pen was a reason to celebrate in 2003 : back was the snappy dialogue we 've come to expect from the show over the years . In essence the show came to life just as its run drew to a close . Not a bad way to go out . '' In May 2013 , Entertainment Weekly named `` Chosen '' as number nine on their list of 20 Best TV Series Finales Ever . L.A. Times also named the episode number 13 as their most memorable TV series finales . Continuity ( edit ) When Spike says Angel wears lifts , it 's a reference to his own character who wore lifts in season two when filming with Angel to minimize the height difference . After Sunnydale collapses , Giles mentions that the Hellmouth has another opening located in Cleveland . In the alternative reality in which Buffy never came to Sunnydale created by Anya as a vengeance demon in the episode `` The Wish '' , Buffy is mentioned to have wound up in Cleveland instead and performed her Slayer duties there . Giles , Buffy , Willow , and Xander have a short private moment together before they separate and go into battle . After watching the three others make some casual jokes even as they face possible death and the destruction of the world , Giles mutters to himself , `` The earth is definitely doomed . '' This is a direct reference to the second episode of the series , `` The Harvest . '' That episode also ends with Giles , frustrated by Buffy 's lax attitude towards her responsibilities , muttering , `` The earth is doomed . '' When Spike is about to die , Buffy tells him she loves him , to which he replies `` No , you do n't '' . This is a reference to a previous discussion they had in Dead Things , when he told her he loved her and she said he really did n't . Arc significance ( edit ) Crossover with Angel : Angel comes to Sunnydale to give Buffy some information obtained in `` Home '' from Lilah Morgan 's ghost . Sunnydale is destroyed , and the Hellmouth there closed . The `` Welcome to Sunnydale '' sign is knocked down for a third time in the series , and again because of Spike 's actions ( he crashed a car into it when he arrived in `` School Hard '' and again in `` Lovers Walk '' ) . The First is foiled in its plans , although it remains an omnipresent threat . Anya is killed in battle by a Bringer . Whedon joked about having her killed in the fifth season finale , which was originally intended for series finale . She later returns as a ghost in the canonical comic book series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten . All potential Slayers in the world are now actual Slayers , with the attendant physical strength , instincts , and visions . This is explored further in the Angel episode `` Damage '' and Season Eight . Amanda is the only named Potential to die in the final battle . Kennedy , Rona , and Vi go on to have roles in Season Eight . Chao - Ahn and Shannon are both alive at the end of the episode as well , although neither one has made any appearances since then . Although Spike dies , he returns nineteen days later in the Angel episode `` Conviction '' incorporeal until Lindsey McDonald restores his corporeal form . Irritated by the jealousy between Angel and Spike , Buffy says `` I should let you two just wrestle it out . '' This comes to pass in `` Destiny '' . Cordelia Chase ( played by Charisma Carpenter ) was the only regular character of the first season not to appear in the series finale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul ( October 11 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Sarah Michelle Gellar for `` The Grudge '' `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved November 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , Laura ( May 20 , 2003 ) , The man behind the Slayer , archived from the original on January 7 , 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 Jump up ^ Lichtenberg , Jacqueline ( 2004 ) , `` Victim Triumphant '' , in Glenn Yeffeth , Five Seasons of Angel , BenBella , p. 135 , ISBN 1 - 932100 - 33 - 4 Jump up ^ Interview with Joss Whedon : The crying game , BBC , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 ^ Jump up to : Whedon , Joss , `` Chosen '' ( Commentary by Joss Whedon ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete Seventh Season on DVD , Twentieth Century Fox , 2004 . Jump up ^ Buffy Postmortem : Is Spike Dead ? , TV Guide , May 23 , 2003 , retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 Jump up ^ Anya 's final vengeance , BBC , 22 July 2002 , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 Jump up ^ Stacy , Greg , FROM THE VAULTS : Emma Caulfield on BUFFY 's final days , retrieved 2007 - 09 - 28 Jump up ^ `` ' Buffy ' Finale Stakes Strong Ratings for UPN '' . Zap2it . May 20 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hugo and Retro Hugo Nominations , archived from the original on 2004 - 05 - 14 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ Brian Ford Sullivan ( January 12 , 2004 ) . `` The 50 Best Episodes of 2003 - # 50 - 41 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` 20 Best TV Series Finales Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . EW.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memorable TV series finales '' . L.A. Times . LATimes.com . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( March 2014 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten . Dark Horse Comics . p. 12 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chosen `` Chosen '' on IMDb `` Chosen '' at TV.com ( hide ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Season 1 `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' `` The Harvest '' `` Witch '' `` Teacher 's Pet '' `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' `` The Pack '' `` Angel '' `` I , Robot ... You , Jane '' `` The Puppet Show '' `` Nightmares '' `` Out of Mind , Out of Sight '' `` Prophecy Girl '' Season 2 `` When She Was Bad '' `` Some Assembly Required '' `` School Hard '' `` Inca Mummy Girl '' `` Reptile Boy '' `` Halloween '' `` Lie to Me '' `` The Dark Age '' `` What 's My Line , Parts One and Two '' `` Ted '' `` Bad Eggs '' `` Surprise '' `` Innocence '' `` Phases '' `` Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered '' `` Passion '' `` Killed by Death '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Go Fish '' `` Becoming , Parts One and Two '' Season 3 `` Anne '' `` Dead Man 's Party '' `` Faith , Hope & Trick '' `` Beauty and the Beasts '' `` Homecoming '' `` Band Candy '' `` Revelations '' `` Lovers Walk '' `` The Wish '' `` Amends '' `` Gingerbread '' `` Helpless '' `` The Zeppo '' `` Bad Girls '' `` Consequences '' `` Doppelgangland '' `` Enemies '' `` Earshot '' `` Choices '' `` The Prom '' `` Graduation Day , Parts One and Two '' Season 4 `` The Freshman '' `` Living Conditions '' `` The Harsh Light of Day '' `` Fear , Itself '' `` Beer Bad '' `` Wild at Heart '' `` The Initiative '' `` Pangs '' `` Something Blue '' `` Hush '' `` Doomed '' `` A New Man '' `` The I in Team '' `` Goodbye Iowa '' `` This Year 's Girl '' `` Who Are You '' `` Superstar '' `` Where the Wild Things Are '' `` New Moon Rising '' `` The Yoko Factor '' `` Primeval '' `` Restless '' Season 5 `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' `` Real Me '' `` The Replacement '' `` Out of My Mind '' `` No Place Like Home '' `` Family '' `` Fool for Love '' `` Shadow '' `` Listening to Fear '' `` Into the Woods '' `` Triangle '' `` Checkpoint '' `` Blood Ties '' `` Crush '' `` I Was Made to Love You '' `` The Body '' `` Forever '' `` Intervention '' `` Tough Love '' `` Spiral '' `` The Weight of the World '' `` The Gift '' Season 6 `` Bargaining , Parts One and Two '' `` After Life '' `` Flooded '' `` Life Serial '' `` All the Way '' `` Once More , with Feeling '' `` Tabula Rasa '' `` Smashed '' `` Wrecked '' `` Gone '' `` Doublemeat Palace '' `` Dead Things '' `` Older and Far Away '' `` As You Were '' `` Hell 's Bells '' `` Normal Again '' `` Entropy '' `` Seeing Red '' `` Villains '' `` Two to Go '' `` Grave '' Season 7 `` Lessons '' `` Beneath You '' `` Same Time , Same Place '' `` Help '' `` Selfless '' `` Him '' `` Conversations with Dead People '' `` Sleeper '' `` Never Leave Me '' `` Bring On the Night '' `` Showtime '' `` Potential '' `` The Killer in Me '' `` First Date '' `` Get It Done '' `` Storyteller '' `` Lies My Parents Told Me '' `` Dirty Girls '' `` Empty Places '' `` Touched '' `` End of Days '' `` Chosen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chosen_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)&oldid=831663003 '' Categories : Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( season 7 ) episodes American television series finales 2003 American television episodes Buffyverse crossover episodes Television episodes written by Joss Whedon Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents Help About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen%20%28Buffy%20the%20Vampire%20Slayer%29	31,621
plant based source of antioxidants in indian foods			List of antioxidants in food	list of antioxidants in food		Contents ( hide ) 1 Food sources 1.1 Regulatory guidance 1.2 Polyphenols in foods 1.3 Physiological context 2 Vitamins 3 Vitamin cofactors and minerals 4 Hormones 5 Carotenoid terpenoids 6 Natural phenols 6.1 Flavonoids 6.2 Phenolic acids and their esters 6.3 Other nonflavonoid phenolics 7 Other potential organic antioxidants 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Food sources ( edit ) Main article : oxygen radical absorbance capacity Regulatory guidance ( edit ) In the following discussion , the term `` antioxidant '' refers mainly to non-nutrient compounds in foods , such as polyphenols , which have antioxidant capacity in vitro and so provide an artificial index of antioxidant strength -- the ORAC measurement . Other than for dietary antioxidant vitamins -- vitamin A , vitamin C and vitamin E -- no food compounds have been proved with antioxidant efficacy in vivo . Accordingly , regulatory agencies like the Food and Drug Administration of the United States and the European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) have published guidance disallowing food product labels to claim an inferred antioxidant benefit when no such physiological evidence exists . Polyphenols in foods ( edit ) Many common foods contain rich sources of polyphenols which have antioxidant properties only in test tube studies . As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute , dietary polyphenols have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion . Not like controlled test tube conditions , the fate of flavones or polyphenols in vivo shows they are poorly absorbed and poorly conserved ( less than 5 % ) , so that most of what is absorbed exists as metabolites modified during digestion , destined for rapid excretion . Spices , herbs , and essential oils are rich in polyphenols in the plant itself and shown with antioxidant potential in vitro . Typical spices high in polyphenols ( confirmed in vitro ) are clove , cinnamon , oregano , turmeric , cumin , parsley , basil , curry powder , mustard seed , ginger , pepper , chili powder , paprika , garlic , coriander , onion and cardamom . Typical herbs are sage , thyme , marjoram , tarragon , peppermint , oregano , savory , basil and dill weed . Dried fruits are a good source of polyphenols by weight / serving size as the water has been removed making the ratio of polyphenols higher . Typical dried fruits are pears , apples , plums , peaches , raisins , figs and dates . Dried raisins are high in polyphenol count . Red wine is high in total polyphenol count which supplies antioxidant quality which is unlikely to be conserved following digestion ( see section below ) . Deeply pigmented fruits like cranberries , blueberries , plums , blackberries , raspberries , strawberries , blackcurrants , figs , cherries , guava , oranges , mango , grape juice and pomegranate juice also have significant polyphenol content . Typical cooked vegetables rich in antioxidants are artichokes , cabbage , broccoli , asparagus , avocados , beetroot and spinach . Nuts are a moderate source of polyphenol antioxidants . Typical nuts are pecans , walnuts , hazelnuts , pistachio , almonds , cashew nuts , macadamia nuts and peanut butter . Sorghum bran , cocoa powder , and cinnamon are rich sources of procyanidins , which are large molecular weight compounds found in many fruits and some vegetables . Partly due to the large molecular weight ( size ) of these compounds , their amount actually absorbed in the body is low , an effect also resulting from the action of stomach acids , enzymes and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract where smaller derivatives are metabolized and prepared for rapid excretion . Physiological context ( edit ) Despite the above discussion implying that ORAC - rich foods with polyphenols may provide antioxidant benefits when in the diet , there remains no physiological evidence that any polyphenols have such actions or that ORAC has any relevance in the human body . On the contrary , research indicates that although polyphenols are good antioxidants in vitro , antioxidant effects in vivo are probably negligible or absent . By non-antioxidant mechanisms still undefined , polyphenols may affect mechanisms of cardiovascular disease or cancer . The increase in antioxidant capacity of blood seen after the consumption of polyphenol - rich ( ORAC - rich ) foods is not caused directly by the polyphenols , but most likely results from increased uric acid levels derived from metabolism of flavonoids . According to Frei , `` we can now follow the activity of flavonoids in the body , and one thing that is clear is that the body sees them as foreign compounds and is trying to get rid of them . '' Another mechanism may be the increase in activities of paraoxonases by dietary antioxidants which can reduce oxidative stress . Vitamins ( edit ) Vitamin A ( retinol ) , also synthesized by the body from beta - carotene , protects dark green , yellow and orange vegetables and fruits from solar radiation damage , and is thought to play a similar role in the human body . Carrots , squash , broccoli , sweet potatoes , tomatoes ( which gain their color from the compound lycopene ) , kale , mangoes , oranges , seabuckthorn berries , wolfberries ( goji ) , collards , cantaloupe , peaches and apricots are particularly rich sources of beta - carotene , the major provitamin A carotenoid . Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) is a water - soluble compound that fulfills several roles in living systems . Important sources include citrus fruits ( such as oranges , sweet lime , etc . ) , green peppers , broccoli , green leafy vegetables , black currants , strawberries , blueberries , seabuckthorn , raw cabbage and tomatoes . Vitamin E , including tocotrienol and tocopherol , is fat soluble and protects lipids . Sources include wheat germ , seabuckthorn , nuts , seeds , whole grains , green leafy vegetables , kiwifruit , vegetable oil , and fish - liver oil . Alpha - tocopherol is the main form in which vitamin E is consumed . Recent studies showed that some tocotrienol isomers have significant anti-oxidant properties . Vitamin cofactors and minerals ( edit ) Coenzyme Q 10 Manganese , particularly when in its + 2 valence state as part of the enzyme called superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) . Iodide Hormones ( edit ) Melatonin Carotenoid terpenoids ( edit ) Main article : carotenoid Alpha - carotene - found in carrots , winter squash , tomatoes , green beans , cilantro , Swiss chard Astaxanthin - found naturally in red algae and animals higher in the marine food chain . It is a red pigment familiarly recognized in crustacean shells and salmon flesh / roe . Beta - carotene - found in high concentrations in butternut squash , carrots , orange bell peppers , pumpkins , kale , peaches , apricots , mango , turnip greens , broccoli , spinach , and sweet potatoes . Canthaxanthin Lutein - found in high concentration in spinach , kale , Swiss chard , collard greens , beet and mustard greens , endive , red pepper and okra Lycopene - found in high concentration in cooked red tomato products like canned tomatoes , tomato sauce , tomato juice and garden cocktails , guava and watermelons . Zeaxanthin - best sources are kale , collard greens , spinach , turnip greens , Swiss chard , mustard and beet greens , corn , and broccoli Natural phenols ( edit ) Natural phenols are a class of molecules found in abundance in plants . Flavonoids ( edit ) Flavonoids , a subset of polyphenol antioxidants , are present in many berries , as well as in coffee and tea . Flavones : Apigenin Luteolin Tangeritin Flavonols : Isorhamnetin Kaempferol Myricetin - walnuts are a rich source Proanthocyanidins , or condensed tannins Quercetin and related , such as rutin Flavanones : Eriodictyol Hesperetin ( metabolizes to hesperidin ) Naringenin ( metabolized from naringin ) Flavanols and their polymers : Catechin , gallocatechin and their corresponding gallate esters Epicatechin , epigallocatechin and their corresponding gallate esters Theaflavin its gallate esters Thearubigins Isoflavone phytoestrogens - found primarily in soy , peanuts , and other members of the Fabaceae family Daidzein Genistein Glycitein Stilbenoids : Resveratrol - found in the skins of dark - colored grapes , and concentrated in red wine . Pterostilbene - methoxylated analogue of resveratrol , abundant in Vaccinium berries Anthocyanins Cyanidin Delphinidin Malvidin Pelargonidin Peonidin Petunidin Phenolic acids and their esters ( edit ) Main article : polyphenol antioxidant Chicoric acid - another caffeic acid derivative , is found in chicory and Echinacea . Chlorogenic acid - found in high concentration in coffee ( more concentrated in robusta than arabica beans ) , blueberries and tomatoes . Produced from esterification of caffeic acid . Cinnamic acid and its derivatives , such as ferulic acid - found in seeds of plants such as in brown rice , whole wheat and oats , as well as in coffee , apple , artichoke , peanut , orange and pineapple . Ellagic acid - found in high concentration in raspberry and strawberry , and in ester form in red wine tannins . Ellagitannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when ellagic acid , a polyphenol monomer , esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose . Gallic acid - found in gallnuts , sumac , witch hazel , tea leaves , oak bark , and many other plants . Gallotannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when gallic acid , a polyphenol monomer , esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose . Rosmarinic acid - found in high concentration in rosemary , oregano , lemon balm , sage , and marjoram . Salicylic acid - found in most vegetables , fruits , and herbs ; but most abundantly in the bark of willow trees , from where it was extracted for use in the early manufacture of aspirin . Other nonflavonoid phenolics ( edit ) Curcumin - Curcumin has low bioavailability , because , much of it is excreted through glucuronidation . However , bioavailability is substantially enhanced by solubilization in a lipid ( oil or lecithin ) , heat , addition of piperine , or through nanoparticularization . Flavonolignans - e.g. silymarin - a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from milk thistle . Xanthones - mangosteen is purported to contain a large variety of xanthones , but some of the xanthones like mangostin might be present only in the inedible shell . Eugenol Other potential organic antioxidants ( edit ) Capsaicin , the active component of chili peppers Bilirubin , a breakdown product of blood , has been identified as a possible antioxidant . Citric acid , oxalic acid , and phytic acid N - Acetylcysteine , water - soluble R - α - Lipoic acid , fat - and water - soluble Uric acid , in humans , accounts for roughly half the antioxidant capacity of plasma . Fructose , which is found abundantly in fruits , significantly elevates uric acid levels in humans , and thus indirectly increases antioxidant capacity . High levels of uric acid may be a protective factor against Parkinson 's disease and possibly other diseases related to oxidative stress . See also ( edit ) Antioxidant Colour retention agent Nutrition Polyphenol antioxidant Free radical References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guidance for Industry , Food Labeling ; Nutrient Content Claims ; Definition for `` High Potency '' and Definition for `` Antioxidant '' for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Food and Drug Administration , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , June 2008 Jump up ^ EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies ( 2010 ) . `` Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food ( s ) / food constituent ( s ) and protection of cells from premature aging , antioxidant activity , antioxidant content and antioxidant properties , and protection of DNA , proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13 ( 1 ) of Regulation ( EC ) No 1924 / 2006 '' . EFSA Journal . 8 ( 2 ) : 1489 . doi : 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2010.1489 . ^ Jump up to : Lotito , S ; Frei , B ( 2006 ) . `` Consumption of flavonoid - rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans : Cause , consequence , or epiphenomenon ? '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 41 ( 12 ) : 1727 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / j. freeradbiomed. 2006.04. 033 . PMID 17157175 . ^ Jump up to : David Stauth ( 5 March 2007 ) . `` Studies force new view on biology of flavonoids '' . EurekAlert ! ; Adapted from a news release issued by Oregon State University . Jump up ^ Williams , Robert J ; Spencer , Jeremy P.E ; Rice - Evans , Catherine ( 2004 ) . `` Flavonoids : antioxidants or signalling molecules ? ☆ '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 36 ( 7 ) : 838 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. freeradbiomed. 2004.01. 001 . PMID 15019969 . Jump up ^ Gross , P ( 2009 ) . `` New Roles for Polyphenols . A 3 - Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science '' . Nutraceuticals World . Rodman Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonny Bowden , PhD , C.N.S. ( 16 Dec 2012 ) . `` ORAC no more ! '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 Dec 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Arts , IC ; Hollman , PC ( 2005 ) . `` Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81 ( 1 Suppl ) : 317S -- 325S . PMID 15640497 . Jump up ^ Aviram , M ; Rosenblat , M ( 2005 ) . `` Paraoxonases and cardiovascular diseases : pharmacological and nutritional influences '' . Current Opinion in Lipidology. 16 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 9 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mol. 0000174398.84185. 0f . PMID 15990587 . ^ Jump up to : Anand , Preetha ; Kunnumakkara , Ajaikumar B. ; Newman , Robert A. ; Aggarwal , Bharat B. ( 2007 ) . `` Bioavailability of Curcumin : Problems and Promises '' . Molecular Pharmaceutics. 4 ( 6 ) : 807 -- 18 . doi : 10.1021 / mp700113r . PMID 17999464 . Jump up ^ Kurien , Biji T. ; Singh , Anil ; Matsumoto , Hiroyuki ; Scofield , R. Hal ( 2007 ) . `` Improving the Solubility and Pharmacological Efficacy of Curcumin by Heat Treatment '' . ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies . 5 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 76 . doi : 10.1089 / adt. 2007.064 . PMID 17767425 . Jump up ^ Nair , Hareesh B. ; Sung , Bokyung ; Yadav , Vivek R. ; Kannappan , Ramaswamy ; Chaturvedi , Madan M. ; Aggarwal , Bharat B. ( 2010 ) . `` Delivery of antiinflammatory nutraceuticals by nanoparticles for the prevention and treatment of cancer '' . Biochemical Pharmacology . 80 ( 12 ) : 1833 -- 1843 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcp. 2010.07. 021 . PMC 2974020 . PMID 20654584 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stocker , R ; Yamamoto , Y ; McDonagh , A. ; Glazer , A. ; Ames , B. ( 1987 ) . `` Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance '' . Science . 235 ( 4792 ) : 1043 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1987Sci ... 235.1043 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 3029864 . PMID 3029864 . Jump up ^ Zawiasa , A. ; Szklarek - Kubicka , M. ; Fijałkowska - Morawska , J. ; Nowak , D. ; Rysz , J. ; Mamełka , B. ; Nowicki , M. ( 2009 ) . `` Effect of Oral Fructose Load on Serum Uric Acid and Lipids in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated with Cyclosporine or Tacrolimus '' . Transplantation Proceedings . 41 ( 1 ) : 188 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. transproceed. 2008.10. 038 . PMID 19249511 . Jump up ^ De Vera , Mary ; Rahman , M. Mushfiqur ; Rankin , James ; Kopec , Jacek ; Gao , Xiang ; Choi , Hyon ( 2008 ) . `` Gout and the risk of parkinson 's disease : A cohort study '' . Arthritis & Rheumatism. 59 ( 11 ) : 1549 -- 54 . doi : 10.1002 / art. 24193 . PMID 18975349 . External links ( edit ) The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods , beverages , spices , herbs and supplements used worldwide Nutr J. 2010 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_antioxidants_in_food&oldid=808678753 '' Categories : Food antioxidants Chemistry - related lists Dietary antioxidants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20antioxidants%20in%20food	107,746
what's the difference between wine and sherry	Sherry ( English : / ˈʃɛri / , Spanish : Jerez ( xeˈɾeθ ) or ( xeˈɾes ) ) is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia , Spain . Sherry is produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape , ranging from light versions similar to white table wines , such as Manzanilla and Fino , to darker and heavier versions that have been allowed to oxidise as they age in barrel , such as Amontillado and Oloroso . Sweet dessert wines are also made from Pedro Ximenez or Moscatel grapes , and are sometimes blended with Palomino - based Sherries .	is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia , Spain .	Sherry	sherry	Sherry ( English : / ˈʃɛri / , Spanish : Jerez ( xeˈɾeθ ) or ( xeˈɾes ) ) is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia , Spain . Sherry is produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape , ranging from light versions similar to white table wines , such as Manzanilla and Fino , to darker and heavier versions that have been allowed to oxidise as they age in barrel , such as Amontillado and Oloroso . Sweet dessert wines are also made from Pedro Ximenez or Moscatel grapes , and are sometimes blended with Palomino - based Sherries .	The word `` Sherry '' is an anglicisation of Xeres ( Jerez ) . Sherry was previously known as sack , from the Spanish saca , meaning `` extraction '' from the solera . In Europe , `` Sherry '' has protected designation of origin status , and under Spanish law , all wine labelled as `` Sherry '' must legally come from the Sherry Triangle , an area in the province of Cádiz between Jerez de la Frontera , Sanlúcar de Barrameda , and El Puerto de Santa María . In 1933 the Jerez Denominación de Origen was the first Spanish denominación to be officially recognised in this way , officially named D.O. Jerez - Xeres - Sherry and sharing the same governing council as D.O. Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda . After fermentation is complete , the base wines are fortified with grape spirit in order to increase their final alcohol content . Wines classified as suitable for aging as Fino and Manzanilla are fortified until they reach a total alcohol content of 15.5 per cent by volume . As they age in barrel , they develop a layer of flor -- a yeast - like growth that helps protect the wine from excessive oxidation . Those wines that are classified to undergo aging as Oloroso are fortified to reach an alcohol content of at least 17 per cent . They do not develop flor and so oxidise slightly as they age , giving them a darker colour . Because the fortification takes place after fermentation , most sherries are initially dry , with any sweetness being added later . In contrast , port wine is fortified halfway through its fermentation , which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol . Wines from different years are aged and blended using a solera system before bottling , so that bottles of sherry will not usually carry a specific vintage year and can contain a small proportion of very old wine . Sherry is regarded by many wine writers as `` underappreciated '' and a `` neglected wine treasure '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Types 3 Protection of Sherry 4 Production 4.1 Climate 4.2 Soil 4.3 Grapes 4.4 Fermentation 4.5 Fortification 4.6 Aging 5 Storing and drinking 6 In popular culture 7 Related products 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Sherry DO Sherry A degustation of sherries Sherry de la Frontera of 1775 -- the oldest wine in Massandra winery collection , Crimea Jerez Wine Regulatory Council Sherry barrel with transparent front so visitors can see the natural development of flor Three levels of Sherry solera Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since wine - making was introduced to Spain by the Phoenicians in 1100 BC . The practice was carried on by the Romans when they took control of Iberia around 200 BC . The Moors conquered the region in AD 711 and introduced distillation , which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine . During the Moorish period , the town was called Sherish ( a transliteration of the Arabic شريش ) , from which both Sherry and Jerez are derived . Wines similar in style to Sherry have traditionally been made in the city of Shiraz in mid-southern Iran , but it is thought unlikely that the name derives from there . Wine production continued through five centuries of Arab Empire 's rule . In 966 , Al - Hakam II , the second Caliph of Córdoba , ordered the destruction of the vineyards , but the inhabitants of Jerez appealed on the grounds that the vineyards also produced raisins to feed the empire 's soldiers , and the Caliph spared two - thirds of the vineyards . In 1264 Alfonso X of Castile took the city . From this point on , the production of sherry and its export throughout Europe increased significantly . By the end of the 16th century , sherry had a reputation in Europe as the world 's finest wine . Christopher Columbus brought sherry on his voyage to the New World and when Ferdinand Magellan prepared to sail around the world in 1519 , he spent more on sherry than on weapons . Sherry became very popular in Great Britain , especially after Francis Drake sacked Cadiz in 1587 . At that time Cadiz was one of the most important Spanish seaports , and Spain was preparing an armada there to invade England . Among the spoils Drake brought back after destroying the fleet were 2,900 barrels of sherry that had been waiting to be loaded aboard Spanish ships . This helped to popularize Sherry in the British Isles . Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom , many English companies and styles developed . Many of the Jerez cellars were founded by British families . In 1894 the Jerez region was devastated by the insect phylloxera . Whereas larger vineyards were replanted with resistant vines , most smaller producers were unable to fight the infestation and abandoned their vineyards entirely . Types ( edit ) Fino ( ' fine ' in Spanish ) is the driest and palest of the traditional varieties of Sherry . The wine is aged in barrels under a cap of flor yeast to prevent contact with the air . Manzanilla is an especially light variety of Fino Sherry made around the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda . Manzanilla Pasada is a Manzanilla that has undergone extended aging or has been partially oxidised , giving a richer , nuttier flavour . Amontillado is a variety of Sherry that is first aged under flor but which is then exposed to oxygen , producing a sherry that is darker than a Fino but lighter than an Oloroso . Naturally dry , they are sometimes sold lightly to medium sweetened but these can no longer be labelled as Amontillado . Oloroso ( ' scented ' in Spanish ) is a variety of sherry aged oxidatively for a longer time than a Fino or Amontillado , producing a darker and richer wine . With alcohol levels between 18 and 20 % , Olorosos are the most alcoholic sherries . Like Amontillado , naturally dry , they are often also sold in sweetened versions called Cream sherry . As with Amontillado `` Sweet Oloroso '' , `` Rich Oloroso '' and `` Oloroso Dulce '' are prohibited terms . Palo Cortado is a variety of Sherry that is initially aged like an Amontillado , typically for three or four years , but which subsequently develops a character closer to an Oloroso . This either happens by accident when the flor dies , or commonly the flor is killed by fortification or filtration . Jerez Dulce ( Sweet Sherries ) are made either by fermenting dried Pedro Ximénez ( PX ) or Moscatel grapes , which produces an intensely sweet dark brown or black wine , or by blending sweeter wines or grape must with a drier variety . Cream is a type of sweet sherry first made in the 1860s by blending different sherries , usually including Oloroso and Pedro Ximénez . On 12 April 2012 , the rules applicable to the sweet and fortified Denominations of Origen Montilla - Moriles and Jerez - Xérès - Sherry were changed to prohibit sweet Oloroso and sweet Amontillado banning terms such as `` Rich Oloroso '' , `` Sweet Oloroso '' and `` Oloroso Dulce '' . Such wines are to be labelled as `` Cream Sherry : Blend of Oloroso / Amontillado '' or suchlike . The classification by sweetness is : Fortified Wine Type Alcohol % ABV Sugar content ( grams per litre ) Fino 15 -- 17 0 -- 5 Manzanilla 15 -- 17 0 -- 5 Amontillado 16 -- 17 0 -- 5 Palo Cortado 17 -- 22 0 -- 5 Oloroso 17 -- 22 0 -- 5 Dry 15 -- 22 5 -- 45 Pale Cream 15.5 -- 22 45 -- 115 Medium 15 -- 22 5 -- 115 Cream 15.5 -- 22 115 -- 140 Dulce / Sweet 15 -- 22 160 + Moscatel 15 -- 22 160 + Pedro Ximénez 15 -- 22 212 + Protection of sherry ( edit ) Spanish producers have registered the names Jerez / Xérès / Sherry and will prosecute producers of similar fortified wines from other places using the same name . In 1933 , Article 34 of the Spanish Estatuto del Vino ( Wine Law ) established the boundaries of sherry production as the first Spanish wine denominación . Today , sherry 's official status is further recognized by wider EU legislation . Sherry must come from the triangular area of the province of Cádiz between Jerez de la Frontera , Sanlúcar de Barrameda , and El Puerto de Santa María . However the name `` sherry '' is used as a semi-generic in the United States where it must be labeled with a region of origin such as American sherry or California sherry . However such wines can not be exported to the EU . Australian wine makers now use the term Apera instead of Sherry , whilst Australian consumers still use the term sherry . As of December 31 , 2013 the term Apera is now also used by Canadian winemakers . Production ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) The Jerez district has a predictable climate , with approximately 70 days of rainfall and almost 300 days of sun per year . The rain mostly falls between the months of October and May , averaging 600 l / m2 . The summer is dry and hot , with temperatures as high as 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , but winds from the ocean bring moisture to the vineyards in the early morning and the clays in the soil retain water below the surface . The average temperature across the year is approximately 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) . Soil ( edit ) There are three types of soil in the Jerez district for growing the grapes for Sherry : Albariza : the lightest soil , almost white , and best for growing Palomino grapes . It is approximately 40 percent chalk , the rest being a blend of clay and sand . Albariza preserves moisture well during the hot summer months . Barros : a dark brown soil , 10 percent chalk with a high clay content . Arenas : a yellowish soil , also 10 percent chalk but with a high sand content . The albariza soil is the best for growing the Palomino grape , and by law 40 percent of the grapes making up a sherry must come from albariza soil . The barros and arenas soil are mostly used for Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel grapes . The benefits of the albariza soil is that it can reflect sunlight back up to the vine , aiding it in photosynthesis . The nature of the soil is very absorbent and compact so that it can retain and maximize the use of the little rainfall that the Jerez region receives . Grapes ( edit ) Before the phylloxera infestation in 1894 , there were estimated to be over one hundred varieties of grape used in Spain for the production of sherry , but now there are only three white grapes grown for sherry - making : Palomino : the dominant grape used for the dry sherries . Approximately 90 per cent of the grapes grown for sherry are Palomino . As varietal table wine , the Palomino grape produces a wine of very bland and neutral characteristics . This neutrality is actually what makes Palomino an ideal grape because it is easily enhanced by the sherry winemaking style . Pedro Ximénez : used to produce sweet wines . When harvested these grapes are typically dried in the sun for two days to concentrate their sugars . Moscatel : used similarly to Pedro Ximénez , but it is less common . Sherry - style wines made in other countries often use other grape varieties . Fermentation ( edit ) The Palomino grapes are harvested in early September , and pressed lightly to extract the must . The must from the first pressing , the primera yema , is used to produce Fino and Manzanilla and the must from the second pressing , the segunda yema will be used for Oloroso ; the product of additional pressings is used for lesser wines , distillation and vinegar . The must is then fermented in stainless steel vats until the end of November , producing a dry white wine with 11 -- 12 per cent alcohol content . Previously , the fermentation and initial aging was done in wood ; now it is almost exclusively done in stainless steel , with the exception of one or two high - end wines . Fortification ( edit ) Immediately after fermentation , the wine is sampled and the first classification is performed . The casks are marked with the following symbols according to the potential of the wine : / a single stroke indicates a wine with the finest flavour and aroma , suitable for Fino or Amontillado . These wines are fortified to about 15 per cent alcohol to allow the growth of flor . / . a single stroke with a dot indicates a heavier , more full - bodied wine . These wines are fortified to about 17.5 per cent alcohol to prevent the growth of flor , and the wines are aged oxidatively to produce Oloroso . / / a double stroke indicates a wine which will be allowed to develop further before determining whether to use the wine for Amontillado or Oloroso . These wines are fortified to about 15 per cent alcohol . / / / a triple stroke indicates a wine that has developed poorly , and will be distilled . The sherry is fortified using destilado , made by distilling wine , usually from La Mancha . The distilled spirit is first mixed with mature sherry to make a 50 / 50 blend known as mitad y mitad ( half and half ) , and then the mitad y mitad is mixed with the younger sherry to the proper proportions . This two - stage procedure is performed so the strong alcohol will not shock the young sherry and spoil it . Aging ( edit ) 30 - year - old Sherry The fortified wine is stored in 500 - litre casks that are made of North American oak , which is more porous than French or Spanish oak . The casks , or butts , are filled five - sixths full , leaving `` the space of two fists '' empty at the top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine . Sherry is then aged in the solera system where new wine is put into wine barrels at the beginning of a series of three to nine barrels . Periodically , a portion of the wine in a barrel is moved into the next barrel down , using tools called the canoa ( canoe ) and rociador ( sprinkler ) to move the wine gently and avoid damaging the layer of flor in each barrel . At the end of the series only a portion of the final barrel is bottled and sold . Depending on the type of wine , the portion moved may be between five and thirty percent of each barrel . This process is called `` running the scales '' because each barrel in the series is called a scale . Thus , the age of the youngest wine going in the bottle is determined by the number of barrels in the series , and every bottle also contains some much older wine than is stated . Sherry is aged in the solera for a minimum of three years . A large solera system may consist of scales that require more than one barrel to hold . The word ' solera ' means ' on the ground ' ; this refers to the stacking system that was , and sometimes still is , used , with the youngest barrels at the top and the oldest scale , also somewhat ambiguously called ' the solera ' , at the bottom . Of late , Sherry producers and marketers have been bottling their wines en rama , with only a light filtration , and often a selection of a favored barrel from a larger solera . Such sherries can be considerably more complex in flavor than the standard bottlings , and , according to many , are worth seeking out . In order to allow the sale of reliable average age - dated sherries , the regulating council has set up a system that accurately tracks the average age of the wines as they move through their solera . Two average age - dated categories are recognized : VOS ( ' Vinum Optimum Signatum ' - 20 years old average age minimum ) and VORS ( ' Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum ' - 30 years old average age minimum ) . Sherry - seasoned casks are sold to the Scotch whisky industry for use in aging whisky Other spirits and beverages may also be aged in used sherry casks . Contrary to what most people think , these sherry - seasoned casks are specifically prepared for the whisky industry , they are not the same as the old ( and largely inactive ) butts used for the maturation of sherry . Storing and drinking ( edit ) Once bottled , sherry does not generally benefit from further aging and may be consumed immediately , though the sherries that have been aged oxidatively may be stored for years without noticeable loss in flavour . Bottles should be stored upright to minimize the wine 's exposed surface area . As with other wines , Sherry should be stored in a cool , dark place . The best fino sherries which have been aged for longer than normal prior to bottling , such as Manzanilla Pasada , will continue to develop in the bottle for some years . Fino and Manzanilla are the most fragile types of Sherry and should usually be drunk soon after opening in the same way as unfortified wines . In Spain , Finos are often sold in half bottles , with any remaining wine being thrown out if it is not drunk the same day it is opened . Amontillados and Olorosos will keep for longer , while sweeter versions such as PX , and blended cream Sherries , are able to last several weeks or even months after opening , since the sugar content acts as a preservative . A venenciadora pours Sherry drawn from a cask ( or `` butt '' ) into a catavino Play media The art of venenciar Sherry is traditionally drunk from a copita ( also referred to as a catavino , a special tulip - shaped sherry glass . Sampling wine directly from a sherry butt may be performed with characteristic flourish by a venenciador , named after the special cup ( the venencia ) traditionally made of silver and fastened to a long whale whisker handle . The cup , narrow enough to pass though the bung hole , withdraws a measure of sherry which is then ceremoniously poured from head height into a copita held in the other hand . Various types are often mixed with lemonade ( and usually ice ) . This long drink is now called Rebujito . Its typically ice - free equivalent in the Victorian age was the sherry - cobbler . In popular culture ( edit ) Many literary figures have written about sherry , including William Shakespeare , Benito Pérez Galdós , and Edgar Allan Poe ( in his story `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ) . Indian cricketer and politician Navjot Singh Sidhu 's nickname is Sherry , given to him by his father . Early in the film Diamonds Are Forever , James Bond samples a glass of sherry and , despite M 's protest that sherry has no vintage year , he correctly guesses the vintage of the base wine : `` 1851 . Unmistakable . '' Frasier and Niles , the brothers Crane , frequently consume sherry on the TV sitcom Frasier . Sherry , and Amontillado specifically , is heavily featured in season 3 , episode 10 of Monty Python 's Flying Circus . Sherry is frequently mentioned in the novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy , and plays an important role in the narrative : The spy Jim Prideaux is alerted to the presence of a double agent within his division when Russian KGB agents are able to correctly identify the brand of sherry that was consumed during a secret meeting of MI6 personnel . In Arrietty , bottles of wine can be seen in Aunt Jessica 's pantry . When Hara cries out that she 's found the `` little people , '' Aunt Jessica asks her , `` Are you sure you did n't find the sherry again ? '' . In the Disney film adaptation of Mary Poppins , when he returns home from work , Mr. Banks states in the song `` The Life I Lead '' , that his slippers , sherry , and pipe are due at 6 : 02 . In the Disney film The Aristocats , Abigail and Amelia 's drunken Uncle Waldo insists that if he is ever to be cooked , it must be with sherry and not with white wine . In One Piece Film : Z , Zephyr 's favorite drink is sherry , of which he drinks a bottle prior to his last fight with Luffy . In the BBC series House of Cards , Prime Minister Francis Urquhart mentions that the sherry is one of the highlights of the visits he makes to Buckingham Palace . He is alarmed by rumors that the palace has switched to serving tea . In the Tales of the City series of books , one of the main characters , Anna Madrigal , often offers sherry to her house guests . Related products ( edit ) Brandy de Jerez Sherry vinegar See also ( edit ) Drink portal Cooking sherry Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz Harvey 's Bristol Cream Osborne bull The Cask of Amontillado References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Quality Control - Vintage Direct '' . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wines From Spain Jump up ^ `` CONSEJO REGULADOR DE LAS DD. O. JEREZ , MANZANILLA Y VINAGRE DE JEREZ '' . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Eric Asimov , `` For Overlooked Sherries , Some Respect '' , The New York Times , 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Karen MacNeil ( 2001 ) , The Wine Bible ( Workman Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56305 - 434 - 1 ) , 537 : `` the world 's most misunderstood and underappreciated wine '' . Jump up ^ Jancis Robinson , Sherry ( 5 September 2008 ) : `` The world 's most neglected wine treasure '' . Jump up ^ Maclean , Fitzroy . Eastern Approaches. ( 1949 ) . Reprint : The Reprint Society Ltd. , London , 1951 , p. 215 Jump up ^ William Bayne Fisher ( October 1 , 1968 ) . The Cambridge History of Iran . Cambridge University Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 06935 - 9 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hugh ( 2005 ) . The story of wine ( New illustrated ed . ) . London : Octopus Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84000 - 972 - 9 . Jump up ^ Juan P. Simó ( November 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Me habré bebido El Majuelo ' '' . diariodejerez.es ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 ... Jump up ^ Unwin , Tim ( 1991 ) . Wine and the vine : an historical geography of viticulture and the wine trade ( 1st ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 03120 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía ( BOJA ) '' ( PDF ) . 12 April 2012 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia pg 325 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 2 Jump up ^ Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía ( BOJA ) Página núm. 52 BOJA núm. 71 Sevilla , 12 de abril 2012 -- The Andalusia Government Official Bulletin Number 71 , Page 5 Jump up ^ PLIEGO DE CONDICIONES DE LA DENOMINACIÓN DE ORIGEN `` JEREZ - XÉRÈS - SHERRY '' Jump up ^ Fairfax Regional Media ( 19 January 2009 ) . `` Apera it is as sun sets on sherry '' . The Border Mail . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 438 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ T. Stevenson , ed . The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia ( 3rd Edition ) Jump up ^ Liem , Peter and Barquín , Jesús , Sherry , Manzanilla , and Morilla , a guide to the traditional wines of Andalusia , New York : Mantius , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.sherrynotes.com/2015/background/vos-vors-sherry-age/ , accession 4 / 7 / 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.sherrynotes.com/2016/background/sherry-and-oak/ Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 447 Workman Publishing 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56305 - 434 - 1 Jump up ^ Sales and Service for the Wine Professional Jump up ^ `` Time for a Drink : Sherry Cobbler '' . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Literatura del Jerez at jerezdecine.com ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` What kind of sherry did Frasier drink ? '' . Henry 's World of Booze . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret World of Arrietty Movie Review ( 2012 ) '' . Plugged In . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Julian Jeffs ( September 1 , 2004 ) . Sherry ( 5th rev . ed . ) . London : Mitchell Beazley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84000 - 923 - 1 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherry . Denominations of Origin Jerez and Manzanilla site Information about the town of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalucia , southern Spain Types of sherry Diagram of the sherry production process Sherry and Sherry analogues Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Spanish wine regions DOP : Denominaciones de Origen Protegida ( PDO : Protected Denominations of Origin ) Major regions Cava Navarra Ribera del Duero Rioja Rueda Sherry Vino de Pago Aragon Pago Aylés Castilla - La Mancha Campo de La Guardia Casa del Blanco Dehesa del Carrizal Dominio de Valdepusa Finca Élez Guijoso Pago Calzadilla Pago Florentino Navarre Arínzano La Finca Bolandín Otazu Prado de Irache Valencia El Terrerazo Pago de Los Balagueses Pago de Chozas Carrascal Vera de Estenas Denominación de Origen Calificada ( DOCa ) Basque Country Rioja Catalonia Priorat La Rioja Rioja Navarre Rioja Denominación de Origen ( DO ) Andalusia Condado de Huelva Jerez - Xeres - Sherry Málaga Manzanilla - Sanlúcar de Barrameda Montilla - Moriles Sierras de Málaga Aragon Calatayud Campo de Borja Cariñena Somontano Cava Balearic Islands Binissalem - Mallorca Plà i Llevant Basque Country Txakoli de Álava Txakoli de Bizkaia Txakoli de Getaria Cava Canary Islands Abona El Hierro Gran Canaria La Gomera La Palma Lanzarote Tacoronte - Acentejo Valle de Güímar Valle de la Orotava Ycoden - Daute - Isora Castile and León Arlanza Arribes Bierzo Cigales Ribera del Duero Rueda Tierra de León Tierra del Vino de Zamora Toro Cava Castilla - La Mancha Almansa Jumilla La Mancha Manchuela Méntrida Mondéjar Ribera del Júcar Uclés Valdepeñas Catalonia Alella Catalunya Conca de Barberà Costers del Segre Empordà Montsant Penedès Pla de Bages Tarragona Terra Alta Cava Extremadura Ribera del Guadiana Cava Galicia Monterrei Rías Baixas Ribeira Sacra Ribeiro Valdeorras La Rioja Cava Madrid Vinos de Madrid Murcia Bullas Jumilla Yecla Navarre Navarra Cava Valencia Alicante Utiel - Requena Valencia Cava IGP : Indicaciones Geográficas Protegidas ( PGI : Protected Geographical Indications ) Vino de Calidad Andalusia Lebrija Granada Asturias Cangas Castile and León Sierra de Salamanca Valles de Benavente Valtiendas Vino de la Tierra All Spain Viñedos de España Andalusia Bailén Cádiz Contraviesa - Alpujarra Córdoba Desierto de Almería Granada Sur - Oeste Laujar - Alpujarra Los Palacios Norte de Almería Norte de Granada Ribera del Andarax Sierras de las Estancias y los Filabres Sierra Norte de Sevilla Sierra Sur de Jaén Torreperogil Villaviciosa de Córdoba Aragon Bajo Aragón Ribera del Gállego - Cinco Villas Ribera del Jiloca Ribera del Queiles Valdejalón Valle del Cinca Balearic Islands Formentera Ibiza Illes Balears Isla de Menorca Mallorca Serra de Tramuntana - Costa Nord Cantabria Costa de Cantabria Liébana Castile and León Castile and León Castilla - La Mancha Castilla Gálvez Pozohondo Sierra de Alcaraz Extremadura Extremadura Galicia Barbanza e Iria Betanzos Val do Miño - Ourense La Rioja Valles de Sadacia Murcia Abanilla Campo de Cartagena Valencia Castelló See also Spanish wine Catalan wine Galician wine Málaga wine Txacoli Culture of Andalusia History Prehistoric Iberia Los Millares Tartessos Dolmens Rock - Art Iberians Lady of Baza Roman Hispania Baetica Italica Visigothic Kingdom Byzantine Empire Spania Al - Andalus Crown of Castile Reconquista Spanish Empire Casa de Contratación Spanish transition Autonomous community Language Andalusian Spanish Sports Jábega malagueña Peace Cup Royal Andalusian School of Equestrian Art Valderrama Golf Club Vuelta a Andalucía Marbella Suns Cuisine Ajoblanco Andalusian Breakfast Andrajos Calentitos Gazpacho Jamones Gachas Andaluzas Migas Pescado frito Polvorón Puchero Pringá Salmorejo Sangria Ortiguillas Sherry Tapas Various dishes Seafood - based Wines Musical instruments Spanish guitar Castanet Gaita gastoreña Traditional music Flamenco Sevillanas Bulerías Pasodoble Verdiales New Flamenco Flamenco Chill Cante chico Cante jondo Cantiñas Palo Traditions and feasts Carnival of Cádiz Cavalcade of Magi Holy Week in Málaga Feria de Jerez Feria de Málaga Holy Week Powder Day Seville Fair Romería de El Rocío Music festivals Creamfields Andalusia Festival Bienal Flamenco Rocket Festival Spain Symbols Flag Anthem Rub el Hizb Indalo Andalusian horse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherry&oldid=803960618 '' Categories : Sherry Jerez de la Frontera Spanish inventions Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry	107,747
main tera hero movie actress name and photos			Main Tera Hero	main tera hero	Main Tera Hero ( translation : I 'm Your Hero ) is a 2014 Indian romantic action comedy film , directed by David Dhawan and produced by Shobha Kapoor and Ekta Kapoor for Balaji Motion Pictures. This film was tribute to Govinda . The film stars Nargis Fakhri , Varun Dhawan and Ileana D'Cruz in the lead roles . Principal photography for the movie began on 30 May 2013 , filming started on 5 July 2013 and was completed by 15 October . The film released on 4 April 2014 to mixed reviews from critics , though managed to earn the verdict of Hit at the box office . It is a remake of the 2011 Telugu film Kandireega .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Reception of soundtrack 5 Promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Box office 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Across a college in Ooty , Sreenath Prasad aka ' Seenu ' ( Varun Dhawan ) fails his final exam by two marks . Eager to get a degree , he kidnaps the professor 's daughter during her wedding and demands his professor to give him two more marks in exchange for his daughter . Seenu accidentally lets go of her however while letting his parents in to his house , and his plan fails . Although Seenu 's father offers him a job at his auto stand , Seenu plans to get a degree at Tift College in Bengaluru . He leaves Ooty on a train headed for Bengaluru . On the train , he beats up a gang harming a group of teenage girls . When Seenu arrives in Bengaluru , a friend of his who lives there reluctantly allows him to stay in his house . Once Seenu arrives in Tift College , he prays to Krishna ( Salman Khan ) to concentrate on nothing but studies . However once he finishes , he sees a girl named Sunaina ( Ileana D'Cruz ) and gets attracted to her . He tries to get her attention , but she ignores him constantly . She tells him that she has been forced into marrying a corrupt policeman named Angad Negi ( Arunoday Singh ) since he tricked her father into shooting Angad 's sidekick and friend Peter 's arm . Angad 's mens chase Seenu until he beats up two of them and scares away the rest . Seenu goes to Angad to make a truce with him and leave Sunaina , but Angad ( believing he can not do it ) gives Seenu a chance to try to woo Sunaina for up to three days . Seenu publicly tells Sunaina he loves her and tells her not to be afraid of Angad and his goons . She gains courage , scares off Angad 's mens , and falls in love with Seenu . Angad finds Seenu , finds out what happened , and attempts to shoot Seenu , but instead accidentally shoots Peter . The media quickly finds out and Angad gets suspended as a police officer . All seems well until Sunaina is kidnapped and taken away in a helicopter . Seenu learns from Angad that Sunaina will be taken to the mansion of Vikrant Singhal ( Anupham Kher ) , one of Asia 's most notorious gangsters . Vikrant 's daughter , Ayesha ( Nargis Fakhri ) , was on the Ooty to Bangalore train Seenu was in and was attracted by his impressive fighting skills . She told her father about the experience as well as her interest in marrying him . Angad and Peter told Vikrant 's men that in order to get Seenu , they would have to take Sunaina to lure him to their place , forcing Seenu to marry Ayesha . In the second half of the film , Seenu goes to Vikrant 's residence in Bangkok , Thailand . He tricks Vikrant and his friend and associate Balli into thinking that he wants to marry Ayesha . However , he requests that he is given ten days to get to know Ayesha before the wedding day , which Vikrant initially refuses until Ayesha tells her father to `` do as Seenu says '' . Ayesha lets Sunaina wear any of her clothes because she has an `` extra piece '' for all of her clothing . Ayesha and Seenu spend the day together ; later , Seenu tells Ayesha that she does not love him . When Angad and Peter come later , she then falls in love with Angad through a sheer coincidence . Seenu and Sunaina use Ayesha 's love for Angad as a way of solving their problem . Sunaina wears identical clothes to Ayesha ; in result , Angad confuses Sunaina for Ayesha , making Ayesha believe that Angad loves her . The plan later fails , though , when Angad realizes this and tricks Ayesha once again into marrying Seenu . However , when Angad is tricked by Seenu and Sunaina into kissing Ayesha , Vikrant realizes his daughter loves Angad and reluctantly tells Seenu that Ayesha will marry Angad . Ayesha marries Angad , and Seenu and Sunaina are back together again . Cast ( edit ) Lead actor of Movie : Varun Dhawan Varun Dhawan as Shreenath Prasad aka ' Seenu ' Nargis Fakhri as Ayesha Singhal Ileana D'Cruz as Sunaina Arunoday Singh as Angad Negi Anupam Kher as Vikrant Singhal and Professor Tripathi Rajpal Yadav as Peter Saurabh Shukla as Balli ( Johnny ) aka Karan Manoj Pahwa as father of Seenu Supriya Shukla as mother of Seenu Evelyn Sharma as Veronica Raju Kher as Professor Tripathi Aaron Brumfield as Burly Bodyguard Neel Motwani as Goon Shakti Kapoor as Johny Jeetendra as Himself Abhimanyu Singh Ashwin Mushran as Anger Management Therapist Shireesh Sharma as Father of Sunaina Manann Dania as Hari Saahibjeet Singh as Vicky Latesh Sharma as Shankar Salman Khan as Various Gods ( voice role ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Ekta Kapoor producer confirmed her big budget movie in January 2013 as she bought the rights for her next venture from Telugu movie Kandireega for ₹ 20 million ( US $310,000 ) . Production team wants the movie to capture it as a modern - day Himmatwala with a treatment like The Wedding Crashers . Nargis Fakhri dubbed in her own voice over for the first time in a Hindi language movie which was stopping her due to language barrier . Casting ( edit ) Balaji Motion Pictures approached Varun Dhawan , Ileana D'Cruz and Nargis Fakhri as the main leads for the movie and it was confirmed . Filming ( edit ) Initial filming began on 5 July 2013 , the filming locations include Bangalore , Bangkok and London . Next schedule commenced in Bangkok October 2013 with the main cast . Number of songs for the movie has been choreographed by Bosco - Caesar in Bangkok . Veteran actor Anupam Kher will be seen alongside main cast in a supporting role . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main Tera Hero Soundtrack album by Sajid - Wajid Released 3 March 2014 Genre Film soundtrack Length 25 : 54 Label T - Series Producer Ekta Kapoor Sajid - Wajid chronology Jai Ho ( 2014 ) Jai Ho 2014 Main Tera Hero ( 2014 ) Heropanti ( 2014 ) Heropanti 2014 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmfare Bollywood Hungama Rediff.com The soundtrack is composed by Sajid - Wajid , while the lyrics are penned by Kumaar , except where noted . The first song , Besharmi Ki Height , sung by Benny Dayal and Shalmali Kholgade , released on 20 February 2014 . The soundtrack of the film , consisting of 6 songs , released on 3 March 2014 . The producers of the film capitulating on the popularity of the song `` Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai '' from the soundtrack attached a remix version of it along with the theatrical prints of Ragini MMS 2 which released on 21 March 2014 -- instead of the theatrical trailer -- marking the first such instance . Some critics compared the track , Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai to the 1981 song , Jahan Teri Yeh Nazar Hai from the soundtrack of the film , Kaalia . Track listing Main Tera Hero No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Besharmi Ki Height '' Benny Dayal , Shalmali Kholgade 4 : 50 2 . `` Palat -- Tera Hero Idhar Hai '' ( Lyrics By : Kausar Munir and Danish Sabri ) Arijit Singh 4 : 31 3 . `` Shanivaar Raati '' Arijit Singh , Shalmali Kholgade 4 : 21 4 . `` Galat Baat Hai '' ( Lyrics By : Kausar Munir and Danish Sabri ) Neeti Mohan , Javed Ali 4 : 20 5 . `` Besharmi Ki Height ( Remix By DJ Notorious ) '' Benny Dayal , Shalmali Kholgade 4 : 11 6 . `` Shanivaar Raati ( Remix By DJ Maza ) '' Arijit Singh , Shalmali Kholgade 3 : 41 Total length : 25 : 54 Reception of soundtrack ( edit ) Filmfare music review given by Devesh Sharma gave 4 stars out of 5 and said `` This breezy soundtrack offers a good antidote for dull evenings . One can say that Sajid - Wajid are certainly back in business . They might not have experimented much but have given us the classic Hindi film sound that has gone missing in today 's times . '' The Bollywood gave the soundtrack 3 out of 5 stars stating `` The David Dhawan - Sajid - Wajid combo rocks on ... ! Only next time , Dhawan should let S-W be completely free to indulge in their own style -- that way , we will get the far higher musical level of Partner ! That said , we must compliment the team for their mainstream masala musical magic ! '' Another 3 stars out of 5 was given by Joginder Tuteja from Rediff mentioning `` The Main Tera Hero soundtrack has no dull moments . Songs like Palat and Besharmi keep the fun element intact right through . '' Promotion ( edit ) The film 's official trailer was released online on 23 January 2014 with presence of the main cast . Positive responses came along for the young stars ' vibe and one of the tabloid reviews compared the movie to Archie Comics characters . Arise India and PVR Cinemas collaborated to bring the star - cast of Main Tera Hero to the initial screening at MGF Metropolitan Mall in Saket , Delhi . Promotional events for the film took place at various cities . As a part of the tour , the cast visited many colleges , malls and news channels to promote their film . The cast made appearances at colleges and malls in Indore and then touring New Delhi , turned up at Delhi University 's campus which saw thousands of youngsters turn up to see actors Varun Dhawan , Ileana D'Cruz and anchor Bharat Jain . They were reportedly disheartened at Nargis Fakhri 's absence as she was shooting in Budapest . Dhawan and D'Cruz entertained the audience as they danced on the film 's songs , Palat and Besharmi Ki Height . The film was also promoted on the popular reality television show Comedy Nights with Kapil . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 3.5 / 5 stars and wrote , `` On the whole , MAIN TERA HERO is a wild , wacky , madcap entertainer that has the unmistakable stamp of the master of entertainers -- David Dhawan . An over the top plot , humor quotient and performances are three aces the film stands on . The film should work well with admirers of typical Bollywood masalathons , also because Varun Dhawan pulls off the act with flamboyance and bowls you over with an uproarious act in this zany entertainer . Go , have fun and laugh out loud ! '' Srijana Mitra Das of Times of India gave the movie 3.5 / 5 stars saying , Main Tera Hero is a pav bhaji picture , quick , spicy , hot . It has the depth of a comic strip but it also has its neon - shaded fun . For those who want a light laugh , here 's your boy . Paloma Sharma of Rediff gave the movie 3.5 / 5 stars , and wrote , Main Tera Hero rests almost solely on the bases of strong performances extracted by a tough taskmaster , director David Dhawan -- who makes a surprisingly clean film for the most part but does n't seem to have been able to resist the temptation to indulge in a few less - than - tasteful jokes post-interval . The second half is primarily where the problem lies . The script dwindles slightly . Too many characters with too many subplots emerge , messing things up for a bit . Film Critic Subhash K. Jha gave the film 3 stars , saying `` '' Main Tera Hero '' is a cleverly designed blues - chaser ... While Varun Dhawan goes about the task of filling up the screen with his confident zest , David Dhawan ensures there is enough fuel to furnish the funnies with a furious tempo `` . Mohar Basu of koimoi praised the film , stating that , `` Main Tero Hero transports you into a world of fun that we have been kept devoid of from weeks . Quick witted , jocular and pricelessly silly , this film is a sure shot must watch . '' She gave the film 3 out of 5 stars . Raedita Tandan of Filmfare rated the movie with 3 stars stating , `` Main Tera Hero ( MTH ) is a textbook David Dhawan movie . This is the kind of low - brow humour you enjoy without pretensions . It 's not great cinema but it is a paisa vasool comedy . '' Sarita Tanwar of DNA gave the movie 3 / 5 stars and said , `` Main Tera Hero is a light - hearted entertainer , under two hours long which moves along at a brisk pace . Tushar Hiranandani has penned a mad script that will reel you in as soon as the credits end . If the industry was looking for a replacement for Govinda , then there is n't a better option than Varun . '' Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the movie 2.5 / 5 stars and said that , `` Main Tera Hero is an action - packed romantic comedy that is peppered with vivacious performances , peppy musical set pieces , and a breezy and an unusual love triangle that eventually acquires an additional angle . The story , which is clearly only a pretext to hang the film 's many gags on , delivers frantic twists and turns that strain credulity . '' Zee News Aparna Mudi , rated the movie 2.5 / 5 stars , stating , `` The cast of the movie have definitely been given leverage to play their characters with ease , and performances are good all around . They also seem to have had a lot of fun with the movie , especially Varun , as he looks adorable pulling faces and romancing the two lead heroines . Highly entertaining in the first half , ' Main Tera Hero ' slumps in the second . The jokes are slightly in - your - face and fail to make you laugh at times . '' Abhishek Gupta of India TV gave it 2.5 stars and wrote , `` Twists and turns in the climax look forcibly inducted to give a feel of suspense , though , it does n't work at all . The cop and the Don turning into comic characters were expected from it but despite all these hiccups , Main Tera Hero reaches its destination . '' The Hindustan Times ' Anupama Chopra gave the film 2 stars , saying , `` There are a few moments in the film that took me back to the good old day . But mostly , Main Tera Hero is loud and tiring . The frenzied plot did n't deliver enough funny lines . The burden of making this enterprise work rests mostly with Varun , who is as hyper as a helium - filled energiser bunny . Meanwhile , the two svelte heroines -- Ileana D'Cruz and Nargis Fakhri -- simper about looking sexy . I just wish it had been more interesting '' . India Today gave the film 2 stars : `` If this film was made to establish Varun Dhawan as a comedy actor who can do something different then they have achieved what they wanted . Because he does put a great show together but there is absolutely nothing else that deserves any compliments . '' Box Office ( edit ) Main Tera Hero opened to an occupancy of around 40 % in India . The film which released alongside Captain America : The Winter Soldier led in the morning shows in places like Rajasthan , Gujarat and CI while lost out to it in multiplexes of Kolkata , Delhi , Bangalore , Chennai and Mumbai . The film saw a major setback during evening shows in the first day of its release owing to the semi-final match between India and South - Africa collecting ₹ 200 million ( US $3.1 million ) . The film collected another ₹ 279 million ( US $4.4 million ) on the second day of its theatrical release -- taking its two - day total to ₹ 500 million ( US $7.8 million ) -- showing a considerable growth of 80 % , which was expected considering the loss on its first day to the cricket match . On the third day it collected ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) -- ₹ 77.5 million ( US $1.2 million ) to take its weekend total to ₹ 400 million ( US $6.2 million ) -- ₹ 403 million ( US $6.3 million ) which though `` high '' by normal standards were understandable because of the cricket matches affecting its growth . On its first Monday it had a collection of around ₹ 375 million ( US $5.8 million ) -- ₹ 436 million ( US $6.8 million ) . On the fifth day of its theatrical release there was a growth of 15 % courtesy a holiday , another ₹ 27.5 million ( US $430,000 ) on the next day pushed the film 's six - day total to ₹ 308 million ( US $4.8 million ) . Overall the film had a decent first week collecting ₹ 335 million ( US $5.2 million ) domestically . The film with the fourth highest first week total of the year -- after Jai Ho , Gunday and Ragini MMS 2 -- performed best in circuits like CP Berar , Nizam and Andhra Pradesh , where it collected an estimated ₹ 221 million ( US $3.4 million ) plus and above all in Gujarat with ₹ 400 million ( US $6.2 million ) . Suffering a heavy drop of 75 % the film collected ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) on its eighth day . The film in all collected ₹ 128 million ( US $2.0 million ) in its second week managing a two - week total of ₹ 463 million ( US $7.2 million ) with best collections from Mumbai , Rajasthan and CP Berar circuits . From the Mumbai circuit -- comprising the Gujarat - Saurashtra belts -- alone it collected ₹ 180 million ( US $2.8 million ) . It was declared a `` Semi Hit '' by Box Office India . Awards ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2014 Life OK Now Awards , May 2014 Life OK Now -- Film Ekta Kapoor Won Life OK Now -- Actor ( Male ) Varun Dhawan Life OK Now -- Actor ( Female ) Ileana D'Cruz Nominated Life OK Now -- Director David Dhawan Won Life OK WOW Performance of the month ( Female ) Ileana D'Cruz Life OK Now -- Music of the Month Sajid - Wajid Life OK Now -- Singer ( Male ) Arijit Singh ( for the Song Palat ) Life OK Now -- Singer ( Female ) Shalmali Kholgade ( for the Song Besharmi Ki Height ) Life OK Now -- Supporting Actor ( Female ) Nargis Fakhri Life OK Now -- Moment of the Month References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAIN TERA HERO ( 2014 ) '' . BBFC. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Main Tera Hero . boxofficeindia.com Jump up ^ Varun Dhawan makes a comeback with dad David 's Main Tera Hero : Bollywood , News -- India Today . Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ ' Main Tera Hero ' first look : Varun Dhawan to play a college student again ? - Movies News News -- IBNLive Mobile . M.ibnlive.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Varun Dhawan 's Main Tera Hero locked for 2014 release NDTV Movies.com . Movies.ndtv.com ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Varun Dhawan 's ' Main Tera Hero ' trailer crosses two million hits on Youtube . The Indian Express ( 2014 - 01 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ekta Kapoor brings David and Varun Dhawan together -- Times of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dabas , Nitin ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Main Tera Hero 1st Day Box Office Collection Total Opening day Income '' . NewsZoner . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ singh , prashant . `` Varun Dhawan is Ekta Kapoor 's Rs. 2 crore hero '' . hindustantimes . Jump up ^ IANS . `` Nargis ' Hindi improves , not blocking offers '' . zee news . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nargis Fakhri to work with Varun Dhawan in ' Main Tera Hero ' -- Indian Express '' . Archive.indianexpress.com. 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ileana D'Cruz and nargis Fakhri snapped during Main Tera Hero film shooting Main Tera Hero Picture 366802 -- Oneindia Gallery -- Oneindia Gallery '' . Gallery.oneindia.in . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero : Do it Salman 's way , says David Dhawan to Varun '' . iblnlive . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 14 October 2013 ) . `` Varun , Nargis enjoy Bangkok leg of ' Main Tera Hero ' -- Times of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ileana D'cruz - Varun Dhawan shoot for MAIN TERA HERO 's last song -- bollywood news '' . glamsham.com. 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To IANS Live -- ENTERTAINMENT -- Anupam enjoyed ' Main Tera Hero ' journey '' . Ianslive.in. 4 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anupam enjoyed ' Main Tera Hero ' journey -- India TV News Breaking News Latest News '' . M.indiatvnews.com. 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Main Tera Hero Full Songs Jukebox . Koimoi.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ ' val. created_at ' ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Varun Dhawan hits Besharmi Ki Height just right Video '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Varun and Nargis release the music of Main Tera Hero at a suburban mall in Mumbai -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Varun 's Palat song as a promo with Ragini MMS 2 '' . TNN . The Times of India . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Varun 's ' Palat ' song to be shown as promo with Ragini MMS 2 '' . India Today . Press Trust of India . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ragini MMS 2 to feature Palat remix '' . Hindustan Times . Indo - Asian News Service . 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Song Inspired by Jahan Teri Yeh Nazar Hai ? '' . PinkVilla. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RD Burman 's ' Kaalia ' number influenced Sajid - Wajid 's ' Palat ' '' . Business Standard . 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Devesh Sharma ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` ReviewLeave your comment below 1 Reviews Music Review : Main Tera Hero '' . Filmfare . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero ( 2014 ) Critic Review By Rajiv Vijayakar '' . Bollywood Hungama. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Joginder Tuteja ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Review : Main Tera Hero has dhamaal music '' . Rediff . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Varun Dhawan entertains guests at ' Main Tera Hero ' trailer launch in Mumbai -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 25 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mohar Basu ( 25 January 2014 ) . `` Main Tera Hero Trailer Analysis Varun & Daddy Dhawan Take Us Back To Govinda 's Era '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Niyati . `` Trailer Review : Main Tera Hero Reminds You Of Archie , Betty And Veronica '' . Businessofcinema.com . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arise India and PVR Cinemas collaborate to bring the star - cast of ' Mai Tera HeroR9 Digital ' nearer to their fans '' . APN News . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Iresh ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Star cast of Main Tera Hero visits KMC '' . DU beat . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Aggarwal , Umang ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Ileana D'Cruz steal the show at Kirori Mal College 's annual cultural fest , Renaissance , in Delhi '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Adarsh , Taran . `` Main Tera Hero '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Das , Srijana . `` Main Tera Hero '' . times of india . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ sharma , paloma . `` Review : Main Tera Hero is total paisa vasool ! '' . rediff . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Main Tera Hero is fun filled Son stroke by David Dhawan '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Main Tera Hero Movie Review Varun Dhawan , Ileana DCruz , Nargis Fakhri . Koimoi.com ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ tandan , Raedita . `` Movie Review : Main Tera Hero '' . filmfare . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanwar , Sarita . `` Film Review : In the mood for a madcap film ? ' Main Tera Hero ' is the answer '' . DNA . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Saibal . `` Main Tera Hero movie review '' . ndtv . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ mudi , aparna . `` ' Main Tera Hero ' review -- Definitely not David Dhawan 's best '' . zee news . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Abhishek . `` Main Tera Hero movie review : Despite flaws Varun makes it work '' . india tv . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Anupama . `` Movie review by Anupama Chopra : Main Tera Hero is fools ' paradise '' . The Hindustan Times . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Rohit , khilnani . `` Movie review : Main Tera Hero can be a decent DVD watch '' . india today . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Has Average Opening '' . Boxofficeindia . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero First Day Business '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero First Day Territorial Breakdown '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 5 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Saturday Business '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Has Average Weekend '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Holds Well on Monday '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Crosses 30 Crore in Six Days '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Main Tera Hero Has Decent First Week '' . Box Office India . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Has Low Eighth Day '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Second Week Collection Details '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 21 April 2014 . Retrieved 21 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero Set To Be Fourth Highest Grosser of 2014 '' . Box Office India Trade Network . Box Office India . 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2 States Has Excellent Initial at Multiplexes Bhoothnath Returns Drops Midweek '' . Box Office India . 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Main Tera Hero '' . Box Office India . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Life OK NOW Awards 31st May 2014 -- Winners and Event 's Snapshot . TellyReviews . Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Main Tera Hero on IMDb Main Tera Hero at Bollywoodhungama.com Films directed by David Dhawan Taaqatwar ( 1989 ) Jurrat ( 1989 ) Aandhiyan ( 1989 ) Gola Barood ( 1989 ) Aag Ka Gola ( 1990 ) Swarg ( 1990 ) Ek Aur Faulad ( 1991 ) Shola Aur Shabnam ( 1992 ) Bol Radha Bol ( 1992 ) Aankhen ( 1993 ) Eena Meena Deeka ( 1994 ) Andaz ( 1994 ) Raja Babu ( 1994 ) Coolie No. 1 ( 1995 ) Yaraana ( 1995 ) Saajan Chale Sasural ( 1996 ) Loafer ( 1996 ) Judwaa ( 1997 ) Banarasi Babu ( 1997 ) Hero No. 1 ( 1997 ) Deewana Mastana ( 1997 ) Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi ( 1997 ) Gharwali Baharwali ( 1998 ) Bade Miyan Chote Miyan ( 1998 ) Biwi No. 1 ( 1999 ) Haseena Maan Jaayegi ( 1999 ) Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge ( 2000 ) Chal Mere Bhai ( 2000 ) Kunwara ( 2000 ) Jodi No. 1 ( 2001 ) Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta ( 2001 ) Hum Kisise Kum Nahin ( 2002 ) Yeh Hai Jalwa ( 2002 ) Chor Machaaye Shor ( 2002 ) Ek Aur Ek Gyarah ( 2003 ) Mujhse Shaadi Karogi ( 2004 ) Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ( 2005 ) Shaadi No. 1 ( 2005 ) Partner ( 2007 ) Do Knot Disturb ( 2009 ) Rascals ( 2011 ) Chashme Baddoor ( 2013 ) Main Tera Hero ( 2014 ) Judwaa 2 ( 2017 ) Balaji Telefilms Key individuals Jeetendra Shobha Kapoor Ekta Kapoor Tusshar Kapoor Companies Balaji Telefilms Balaji Motion Pictures ALT Digital Media Entertainment BOLT Media Limited Film productions Kyo Kii ... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta 2003 Kucch To Hai Krishna Cottage 2005 Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Koi Aap Sa 2007 Shootout at Lokhandwala 2008 Mission Istanbul C Kkompany EMI -- Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega Love Sex aur Dhokha Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai 2011 Taryanche Bait Shor in the City Ragini MMS The Dirty Picture 2012 Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum 2013 Ek Thi Daayan Shootout at Wadala Lootera Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara ! 2014 Shaadi Ke Side Effects Ragini MMS 2 Main Tera Hero Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi Ek Villain 2016 Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 Azhar Udta Punjab Great Grand Masti Flying Jat 2017 Half Girlfriend Super Singh Lipstick Under My Burkha Vishwaroopam II ( Upcoming ) XXX ( Upcoming ) Veere Di Wedding ( Upcoming ) Present TV shows Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya ( 2014 - ) Kundali Bhagya ( 2017 - ) Star Plus Ye Hai Mohabbatein ( 2013 - ) Chandra Nandni ( 2016 - ) Dhhai Kilo Prem ( 2017 - ) Colors Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki ( 2016 - ) Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha ( 2017 - ) Naagin ( season 3 ) ( Upcoming ) DD National Yuva ( Upcoming ) Past TV shows Star Plus K. Street Pali Hill Kaahin Kissii Roz Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii Kahiin to Hoga Kalash Karam Apnaa Apnaa Karma Kasautii Zindagii Kay Kasturi Kayamath Kesar Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil Kkavyanjali Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi Nach Baliye 7 Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil Tere Liye Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna Zee TV Brahmarakshas Hum Paanch Jodha Akbar Kammal Kasamh Se Keshav Pandit Kohi Apna Sa Koshish Mano Ya Na Mano Pavitra Rishta Sony TV Bade Achhe Lagte Hain Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai Box Cricket League 1 Ghar Ek Mandir Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai Khwaish Kuchh Is Tara Kuchh Jhuki Palkain Kutumb Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat Kya Huaa Tera Vaada Pyaar Ka Bandhan Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do Colors Bairi Piya Box Cricket League 2 Kavach ... Kaali Shaktiyon Se Koi Aane Ko Hai Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi Naagin ( season 1 ) Naagin ( season 2 ) Parichay - Naye Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka Life OK Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh Ek Thhi Naayika Kalash - Ek Vishwaas Mazaak Mazaak Mein Savdhaan India Imagine TV Bandini Kitani Mohabbat Hai Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2 Sarvggun Sampanna Channel V Confessions of an Indian Teenager Gumrah : End of Innocence Gumrah ( Season 2 ) Gumrah ( Season 3 ) Gumrah ( Season 4 ) Gumrah ( Season 5 ) V The Serial MTV India Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi DD National Kayaamat Pavitra Bandhan Star One Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani Sahara One Kahi To Milenge 9X Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki Kahe Naa Kahe Kya Dill Mein Hai Zoom Kyaa Kahein Metro Gold Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii Kundali Sony Pal Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai &TV Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Tera_Hero&oldid=799096265 '' Categories : 2014 films Hindi - language films 2010s Hindi - language films Indian films Indian film remakes Films directed by David Dhawan Films shot in Bangkok Films shot in Ooty Films shot in Bangalore Films set in Tamil Nadu Films set in Karnataka Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2015 EngvarB from April 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20Tera%20Hero	49,256
what controls hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland	Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus . Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence , at the base of the brain . At this site , these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland ( the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal vessels ) .	hormones secreted by the hypothalamus	Anterior pituitary	anterior pituitary	A major organ of the endocrine system , the anterior pituitary ( also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior ) , is the glandular , anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe ( posterior pituitary , or the neurohypophysis ) makes up the pituitary gland ( hypophysis ) . The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress , growth , reproduction and lactation . Proper functioning of the anterior pituitary and of the organs it regulates can often be ascertained via blood tests that measure hormone levels .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Development 2 Function 2.1 Role in the endocrine system 2.2 Effects of the anterior pituitary 2.3 Behavioral effects 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Increased activity 3.2 Decreased activity 4 History 4.1 Etymology 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Structure ( edit ) The anterior pituitary complex The pituitary gland is a pea - sized gland that sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica ( Turkish chair / saddle ) . It is composed of three lobes : the anterior , intermediate , and posterior lobes . In many animals , these lobes are distinct . However , in humans , the intermediate lobe is but a few cell layers thick and indistinct ; as a result , it is often considered as part of the anterior pituitary . In all animals , the fleshy , glandular anterior pituitary is distinct from the neural composition of the posterior pituitary . The anterior pituitary is composed of three regions : Pars distalis Microanatomy of the pars distalis showing chromophobes , basophils and acidophils The pars distalis , ( distal part ) , comprises the majority of the anterior pituitary and is where the bulk of pituitary hormone production occurs . The pars distalis contains two types of cells including chromophobe cells and chromophil cells . The chromophils can be further divided into acidophils ( alpha cells ) and basophils ( beta cells ) . These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary , and release them into the blood stream . Nota bene : The term `` Basophil '' and `` Acidophil '' is used by some books , whereas others prefer to not use these terms . This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells , where one may also find Basophils and Acidophils . Pars tuberalis The pars tuberalis , ( tubular part ) , forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis which joins with the pituitary stalk ( also known as the infundibular stalk or infundibulum ) , arising from the posterior lobe . ( The pituitary stalk connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary ) . The function of the pars tuberalis is poorly understood . However it has been seen to be important in receiving the endocrine signal in the form of TSHB ( a β subunit of TSH ) informing the pars tuberalis of the photoperiod ( length of day ) . The expression of this subunit is regulated by the secretion of melatonin in response to light information transmitted to the pineal gland . Earlier studies have shown a localisation of melatonin receptors in this region . Pars intermedia The pars intermedia , ( intermediate part ) , sits between the pars distalis and the posterior pituitary , forming the boundary between the anterior and posterior pituitaries . It is very small and indistinct in humans . Development ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is derived from the ectoderm , more specifically from that of Rathke 's pouch , part of the developing hard palate in the embryo . The pouch eventually loses its connection with the pharynx , giving rise to the anterior pituitary . The anterior wall of Rathke 's pouch proliferates , filling most of the pouch to form the pars distalis and the pars tuberalis . The posterior wall of the anterior pituitary forms the pars intermedia . Its formation from the soft tissues of the upper palate contrasts with the posterior pituitary , which originates from neuroectoderm . Function ( edit ) The anterior pituitary contains five types of endocrine cell , and they are defined by the hormones they secrete : somatotropes ( GH ) ; Lactotropes ( PRL ) ; gonadotropes ( LH and FSH ) ; corticotropes ( ACTH ) and thyrotropes ( TSH ) . It also contains non-endocrine folliculostellate cells which are thought to stimulate and support the endocrine cell populations . Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary are trophic hormones ( Greek : trophe , `` nourishment '' ) and tropic hormones . Trophic hormones directly affect growth either as hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating . Tropic hormones are named for their ability to act directly on target tissues or other endocrine glands to release hormones , causing numerous cascading physiological responses . Hormone Other names Symbol ( s ) Structure Secretory cells Staining Target Effect Adrenocorticotropic hormone Corticotropin ACTH Polypeptide Corticotrophs Basophil Adrenal gland Secretion of glucocorticoid , mineralocorticoid and androgens Thyroid - stimulating hormone Thyrotropin TSH Glycoprotein Thyrotrophs Basophil Thyroid gland Secretion of thyroid hormones Follicle - stimulating hormone - FSH Glycoprotein Gonadotrophs Basophil Gonads Growth of reproductive system Luteinizing hormone Lutropin LH , ICSH Glycoprotein Gonadotrophs Basophil Gonads Sex hormone production Growth hormone Somatotropin GH , STH Polypeptide Somatotrophs Acidophil Liver , adipose tissue Promotes growth ; lipid and carbohydrate metabolism Prolactin Lactotropin PRL Polypeptide Lactotrophs Acidophil Ovaries , mammary glands , testes , prostate Secretion of estrogens / progesterone ; milk production ; spermatogenesis ; prostate hyperplasia TSH and ACTH secretion Role in the endocrine system ( edit ) Main article : Hypothalamus Hypothalamic control Hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary gland is regulated by hormones secreted by the hypothalamus . Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus project axons to the median eminence , at the base of the brain . At this site , these cells can release substances into small blood vessels that travel directly to the anterior pituitary gland ( the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal vessels ) . Other Control Mechanisms Aside from hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary , other systems in the body have been shown to regulate the anterior pituitary 's function . GABA can either stimulate or inhibit the secretion of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and growth hormone ( GH ) and can stimulate the secretion of thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) . Prostaglandins are now known to inhibit adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) and also to stimulate TSH , GH and LH release . GABA , through action with the hypothalamus , has been shown experimentally to influence the level of GH secretion . Clinical evidence supports the experimental findings of the excitatory and inhibitory effects GABA has on GH secretion , dependent on GABA 's site of action within the hypothalamic - pituitary unit . Effects of the anterior pituitary ( edit ) Thermal homeostasis The homeostatic maintenance of the anterior pituitary is crucial to our physiological well being . Increased plasma levels of TSH induce hyperthermia through a mechanism involving increased metabolism and cutaneous vasodilation . Increased levels of LH also result in hypothermia but through a decreased metabolism action . ACTH increase metabolism and induce cutaneous vasoconstriction , increased plasma levels also result in hyperthermia and prolactin decreases with decreasing temperature values . follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) also may cause hypothermia if increased beyond homeostatic levels through an increased metabolic mechanism only . Gonadal function Gonadotropes , primarily luteinising hormone ( LH ) secreted from the anterior pituitary stimulates the ovulation cycle in female mammals , whilst in the males , LH stimulates the synthesis of androgen which drives the ongoing will to mate together with a constant production of sperm . HPA axis Main article Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis The anterior pituitary plays a role in stress response . Corticotropin releasing hormone ( CRH ) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH release in a cascading effect that ends with the production of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex . Behavioral effects ( edit ) Development The release of GH , LH , and FSH are required for correct human development , including gonadal development . Breast - feeding Release of the hormone prolactin is essential for lactation . Stress Operating through the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( HPA ) , the anterior pituitary gland has a large role in the neuroendocrine system 's stress response . Stress induces a release of corticotropin - releasing hormone ( CRH ) and vasopressin from the hypothalamus , which activates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) from the anterior pituitary gland . Then , this acts on the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol . These glucocorticoids act back on the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus with negative feedback to slow the production of CRH and ACTH . Increased cortisol under stress conditions can cause the following : metabolic effects ( mobilization of glucose , fatty acids , and amino acids ) , bone re-absorption ( calcium mobilization ) , activation of the sympathetic nervous system response ( fight or flight ) , anti-inflammatory effects , and inhibition of reproduction / growth . When the anterior pituitary gland is removed ( hypophysectomy ) in rats , their avoidance learning mechanisms were slowed down , but injections of ACTH restored their performance . In addition , stress may delay the release of reproductive hormones such as luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) . This shows that the anterior pituitary gland is involved in behavioral functions as well as being part of a larger pathway for stress responses . It is also known that ( HPA ) hormones are related to certain skin diseases and skin homeostasis . There is evidence linking hyperactivity of HPA hormones to stress - related skin diseases and skin tumors . Aging Operating through the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis , the anterior pituitary gland also affects the reproductive system . The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) , which stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) and follicle - stimulating hormone . Then the gonads produce estrogen and testosterone . The decrease in release of gonadotropins ( LH and FSH ) caused by normal aging may be responsible for impotence and frailty in elderly men because of the eventual decrease in production of testosterone . This lower level of testosterone can have other effects , such as reduced libido , well - being and mood , muscle and bone strength , and metabolism . Tactile responding It has been shown that infant mice who were stroked with a paintbrush ( simulating motherly care ) had more release and binding of growth hormone ( GH ) from the anterior pituitary gland . Circadian rhythms Light information received by the eyes is transmitted to the pineal gland via the circadian pacemaker ( the suprachiasmatic nucleus ) . Diminishing light stimulates the release of melatonin from the pineal gland which can also affect the secretion levels in the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis . Melatonin can lower levels of LH and FSH , which will decrease levels of estrogen and testosterone . In addition , melatonin may affect production of prolactin . Clinical significance ( edit ) Increased Activity ( edit ) Main article : Hyperpituitarism Hyperpituitarism is the condition where the pituitary secretes excessive amounts of hormones . This hypersecretion often results in the formation of a pituitary adenoma ( tumour ) , which are benign apart from a tiny fraction . There are mainly three types of anterior pituitary tumors and their associated disorders . For example , acromegaly results from excessive secretion of growth hormone ( GH ) often being released by a pituitary adenoma . This disorder can cause disfigurement and possibly death and can lead to gigantism , a hormone disorder shown in `` giants '' such as André the Giant , where it occurs before the epiphyseal plates in bones close in puberty . The most common type of pituitary tumour is a prolactinoma which hypersecretes prolactin . A third type of pituitary adenoma secretes excess ACTH , which in turn , causes an excess of cortisol to be secreted and is the cause of Cushing 's disease . Decreased Activity ( edit ) Main article : Hypopituitarism Hypopituitarism is characterized by a decreased secretion of hormones released by the anterior pituitary . For example , hypo - secretion of GH prior to puberty can be a cause of dwarfism . In addition , secondary adrenal insufficiency can be caused by hypo - secretion of ACTH which , in turn , does not signal the adrenal cortex to produce a sufficient amount of cortisol . This is a life - threatening condition . Hypopituitarism could be caused by the destruction or removal of the anterior pituitary tissue through traumatic brain injury , tumor , tuberculosis , or syphilis , among other causes . This disorder used to be referred to as Simmonds ' disease but now according to the Diseases Database it is called Sheehan syndrome . If the hypopituitarism is caused by the blood loss associated with childbirth , the disorder is referred to as Sheehan syndrome . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is also known as the adenohypophysis , meaning `` glandular undergrowth '' , from the Greek adeno - ( `` gland '' ) , hypo ( `` under '' ) , and physis ( `` growth '' ) . Additional images ( edit ) The anterior pituitary is the anterior , glandular lobe of the pituitary gland . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Tropic hormones Pituitary adenoma Triple bolus test Posterior pituitary Hypopituitarism Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- somatic axis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eroschenko , Victor P. ; Fiore , Mariano S.H. di ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . DiFiore 's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 9781451113419 . Jump up ^ Ikegami K , Iigo M and Yoshimura T. Circadian clock gene Per2 is not necessary for the photoperiodic response in mice . PLoS One 2013 ; 8 ( 3 ). PMID 23505514 Jump up ^ Dardente H. Melatonin - dependent timing of seasonal reproduction by the pars tuberalis : pivotal roles for long daylengths and thyroid hormones. J. Neuroendocrinol. 2012. Feb ; 24 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Morgan PJ and Williams LM. The pars tuberalis of the pituitary : a gateway for neuroendocrine output . RevReprod 1996 Sep ; 1 ( 3 ) PMID 9414453 ^ Jump up to : Nelson , R.J. ( 2011 ) An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology , 4th Edition . Sunderland , MA : Sinauer Associates , Inc. ISBN 978 - 0878936205 Jump up ^ Le Tissier , P.R ; Hodson , D.J ; Lafont C ; Fontanaud P ; Schaeffer , M ; Mollard , P. ( 2012 ) Anterior pituitary cell networks . Front Neuroendocrinol . Aug ; 33 ( 3 ) : 252 - 66 Jump up ^ Malendowicz , L.K ; Rucinski , M ; Belloni , A.S ; Ziolkowska , A ; and Nussdorfer , G.C. ( 2007 ) Leptin and the regulation of the hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis . Int Rev Cytol. 263 : 63 - 102 . Jump up ^ Sone , M. and Osamura , R.Y. ( 2001 ) Leptin and the pituitary . Pituitary . Jan - Apr ; 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hedge , G.A. ( 1977 ) Roles for the prostaglandins in the regulation of anterior pituitary secretion . Life Sci. Jan 1 ; 20 ( 1 ) : 17 - 33 . Jump up ^ Racagni , G ; Apud , J.A ; Cocchi , D ; Locatelli , V ; Muller , E.E. ( 1982 ) GABAergic control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion . Life Sci. Aug 30 ; 31 ( 9 ) : 823 - 38 . Jump up ^ Lin , M.T ; Ho , L.T ; and Uang , W.N. ( 1983 ) Effects of anterior pituitary hormones and their releasing hormones physiological and behavioral functions in rats . J. steroid Biochem. Vol. 19 ( 1 ) 433 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Randy J. ( 2011 ) . An introduction to behavioral endocrinology ( 4th ed . ) . Sunderland , Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0878936205 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Greti ( 1998 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Corticotropin Releasing Hormone , Receptor Regulation and the Stress Response '' . Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. 9 ( 8 ) : 329 -- 336 . doi : 10.1016 / S1043 - 2760 ( 98 ) 00079 - 4 . ISSN 1043 - 2760 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Aguilera , Greti ( December 1994 ) . `` Regulation of Pituitary ACTH Secretion during Chronic Stress '' . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 15 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 350 . doi : 10.1006 / frne. 1994.1013 . ISSN 0091 - 3022 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Dobson , H ; RF Smith ( 2000 - 07 - 02 ) . `` What is stress , and how does it affect reproduction ? '' . Animal Reproduction Science . 60 - 61 : 743 -- 752 . doi : 10.1016 / s0378 - 4320 ( 00 ) 00080 - 4 . ISSN 0378 - 4320 . Jump up ^ Jung Eun Kim ; Baik Kee Cho ; Dae Ho Cho ; Hyun Jeong Park ( 2013 ) . `` Expression of Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Adrenal Axis in Common Skin Diseases : Evidence of its Association with Stress - related Disease Activity '' . National Research Foundation of Korea . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Tajar , Abdelouahid ; O'Connell , Matthew DL ; Mitnitski , Arnold B ; O'Neill , Terence W ; Searle , Samuel D ; Huhtaniemi , Ilpo T ; Finn , Joseph D ; Bartfai , György ; Boonen , Steven ; Casanueva , Felipe F ; Forti , Gianni ; Giwercman , Aleksander ; Han , Thang S ; Kula , Krzysztof ; Labrie , Fernand ; Lean , Michael EJ ; Pendleton , Neil ; Punab , Margus ; Silman , Alan J ; Vanderschueren , Dirk ; Rockwood , Kenneth ; Wu , Frederick CW ; European Male Aging Study Group ( May 2011 ) . `` Frailty in relation to variations in hormone levels of the hypothalamic - pituitary - testicular axis in older men : results from the European male aging study '' . Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 59 ( 5 ) : 814 -- 821 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1532 - 5415.2011. 03398. x . ISSN 1532 - 5415 . Jump up ^ Juszczak , Marlena ; Monika Michalska ( 2006 ) . `` ( The effect of melatonin on prolactin , luteinizing hormone ( LH ) , and follicle - stimulating hormone ( FSH ) synthesis and secretion ) '' . Postępy higieny i medycyny doświadczalnej. 60 : 431 -- 438 . ISSN 1732 - 2693 . Jump up ^ Scacchi , Massimo ; Francesco Cavagnini ( 2006 ) . `` Acromegaly '' . Pituitary. 9 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 303 . doi : 10.1007 / s11102 - 006 - 0409 - 4 . ISSN 1573 - 7403 . Jump up ^ Ciccarelli , E ; F Camanni ( June 1996 ) . `` Diagnosis and drug therapy of prolactinoma '' . Drugs . 51 ( 6 ) : 954 -- 965 . doi : 10.2165 / 00003495 - 199651060 - 00004 . ISSN 0012 - 6667 . Jump up ^ Summers , V.K. ( September 1947 ) . `` Diagnosis and Treatment of Simmonds ' Disease '' . Postgraduate Medical Journal . 23 ( 263 ) : 441 -- 443 . doi : 10.1136 / pgmj. 23.263. 441 . ISSN 0032 - 5473 . PMC 2529616 . PMID 20258051 . Further reading ( edit ) Marieb , E. 2004 . Human Anatomy and Physiology . Benjamin Cummings : New York . Wheater , P. , Burkitt , H. , Daniels , V. 1987 . Functional Histology . Churchill Livingstone : New York . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 14002loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Embryology at unc.edu The Pituitary Network Association -- www.pituitary.org Secretion of hormones from the Anterior Pituitary Gland hide Anatomy of the endocrine system Pituitary gland Anterior Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis Pars distalis Acidophil cell Somatotropic cell Prolactin cell Somatomammotrophic cell Basophil cell Corticotropic cell Gonadotropic cell Thyrotropic cell Chromophobe cell Posterior Pars nervosa Median eminence Stalk Pituicyte Herring bodies Thyroid Follicular cell Parafollicular cell Parathyroid gland Chief cell Oxyphil cell Adrenal gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Medulla Chromaffin cell Gonads Testicle Leydig cell Sertoli cell Ovary Theca interna Granulosa cell Corpus luteum Islets of pancreas Alpha cell Beta cell PP cell Delta cell Epsilon cell Pineal gland Pinealocyte Corpora arenacea Other Enteroendocrine cell Paraganglia Organ of Zuckerkandl Placenta Development List of human endocrine organs and actions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anterior_pituitary&oldid=850079981 '' Categories : Endocrine system Human head and neck Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 13 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20pituitary	52,587
who sings he's a tramp in lady and the tramp	Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent .	Peggy Lee	Lady and the Tramp	lady and the tramp	Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Other media 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her , fighting off the vicious strays , and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . Lady is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs in the room and thinks they are trying to harm the baby . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady , an American Cocker Spaniel . Larry Roberts as Tramp , a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog - catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose . He calls Lady `` Pidge '' , short for Pigeon . Bill Thompson as Jock , a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady 's neighbors . Thompson also voiced Joe , Tony 's assistant chef ; Bull , a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney - Australian accent ; Dachsie , a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent ; and a policeman . Bill Baucom as Trusty , a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy , Old Reliable , until he lost his sense of smell . Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah , Darling 's sister who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days . Aunt Sarah is strict ; she does not understand dogs and thinks they are trouble . She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby 's crib being knocked over , not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat . However , she sends a box of dog biscuits in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs . George Givot as Tony , owner and chef of Tony 's Italian restaurant . He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp . Lee Millar as Jim Dear , the fatherly human figure and Darling 's husband . Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher . Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent . Stan Freberg as the beaver , a clever , hard - working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp . He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs . This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . Alan Reed as Boris , a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound . He speaks with a Russian accent . Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , a stray male mutt from the dog pound . He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent , like Peg . McKennon also voiced Pedro , a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent ; a professor , and a laughing hyena . The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home Media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the United Kingdom in 1990 . At the end of its initial home video release , it was reported to have sold more than three million copies becoming the best - selling videocassette at the time . It went into moratorium on March 31 , 1988 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 for a limited sixty - day time period . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Michael Eisner refused , thus she filed suit in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . On its first day , one million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD re-issue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reaction During its initial release , the film was initially panned by critics . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times claimed the film was `` not the best ( Disney ) has done in this line . The sentimentality is mighty , and the CinemaScope size does not make for any less aware of the thickness of the goo . It also magnifies the animation , so that the flaws and poor foreshortening are more plain . Unfortunately , and surprisingly , the artists ' work is below par in this film . '' Time wrote `` Walt Disney has for so long parlayed gooey sentiment and stark horror into profitable cartoons that most moviegoers are apt to be more surprised than disappointed to discover that the combination somehow does not work this time . '' However , Variety deemed the film `` a delight for the juveniles and a joy for adults '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . Dave Kehr , writing for The Chicago Tribune gave the film four stars . Animation historian Charles Solomon praised the film . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 90 % approval rating , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , based on 40 reviews . The website 's consensus states , `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . Box office In its initial release , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $6.5 million in domestic box office rentals . Lady and the Tramp has had a domestic lifetime gross of $93.6 million , and a lifetime international gross of $187 million . Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Other Media Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . Live - action adaptation A live - action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active development for Disney 's planned streaming service . Charlie Bean will direct the film from a screenplay by Andrew Bujalski . The film is set to begin shooting in Atlanta , Georgia and Savannah , Georgia in September 2018 . See also 1955 in film List of American films of 1955 List of Walt Disney Pictures films List of Disney theatrical animated features List of animated feature films of the 1950s List of highest - grossing animated films References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yarrow , Andrew ( February 22 , 1988 ) . `` Video Cassettes Pushing Books Off Shelves '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Mary ( March 18 , 1988 ) . `` ' Lady and the Tramp ' Going Back To Vault '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney to Debut Nine Classic Animated Titles on DVD for a Limited Time to Celebrate the Millennium '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : TheFreeLibrary . Business Wire . August 17 , 1999 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From the Disney Vault ! The 50th Anniversary 2 - Disc DVD Walt Disney 's Lady and the Tramp 50th Anniversary Edition '' ( Press release ) . Burbank , California : Ultimate Disney . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . October 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ault , Susanne ; Netherby , Jennifer ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Walk the Line Stomps Competition ; Lady and the Tramp , Pride & Prejudice also bow well '' . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Closes the Vault '' . IGN . September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . The Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( June 24 , 1955 ) . `` Screen : Dogs and Lovers ; Disney 's ' Lady and the Tramp ' at Roxy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The New Pictures '' . Time . July 11 , 1955 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff . `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Variety . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( December 19 , 1986 ) . `` ' Lady and the Tramp ' Love Story Still Works -- 31 Years Later '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles ( December 19 , 1986 ) . `` Movie Review : A Fresh Look At ' Lady And The Tramp ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 100 Most Iconic Film Images , Moments , or Scenes '' . filmsite . AMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 's Top Film Grossers '' . Variety . January 25 , 1956 . p. 1 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russell , Candice ( November 22 , 1991 ) . `` A Box - office Draw A French Fairy Tale That Has Been Languishing At Disney Studios For Years , Beauty And The Beast Now Seems Destined To Join The Ranks Of The Very Best Animated Classics '' . Orlando Sentinel . p. 2 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Unveils Inaugural Streaming Service Launch Slate To Town ; No R - Rated Fare '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action Lady and the Tramp Remake Gets a Director '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ' Lego Ninjago Movie ' Director Tackling Live - Action ' Lady and the Tramp ' ( Exclusive ) Jump up ^ Live - Action ' Lady And The Tramp ' Movie Shoots This Fall In Georgia External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=845676361 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about dogs Animated musical films Animated romance films Children 's comedy - drama films CinemaScope films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Films about prejudice Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20and%20the%20Tramp	12,844
biggie smalls biggie biggie biggie can't you see			Hypnotize ( the Notorious B.I.G. Song )	hypnotize ( the notorious b. i. g. song )	`` Hypnotize '' is a single by American rapper The Notorious B.I.G. , released as the first single from his album Life After Death on March 1 , 1997 and the last song released in his lifetime , as he was killed in a drive - by shooting a week later . It was the fifth song by a credited artist to hit number one posthumously . It was ranked at number 30 on Rolling Stone 's 50 greatest rap songs of all time in hip hop history .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Legacy 3 Reception 4 Music video 5 Track listing 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) P. Diddy ( known then as Puff Daddy ) produced `` Hypnotize '' and sampled the beat from Herb Alpert 's 1979 hit `` Rise '' which was written by Andy Armer and Herb 's nephew , Randy `` Badazz '' Alpert . Randy recalled , `` I asked Puffy , in 1996 when he first called me concerning using ' Rise ' for ' Hypnotize , ' why he chose the ' Rise ' groove . He told me that in the summer of 1979 when he was I think 10 years old the song was a huge hit everywhere in New York and ' Rise ' along with Chic 's ' Good Times ' were ' the songs ' that all the kids were dancing and roller skating to that summer . He had always remembered that summer and that song . When he first played the loop for Biggie , ( he said that ) Biggie smiled and hugged him . '' Randy continued , `` Over the years I was approached by Ice Cube , Eazy - E , Vanilla Ice , and maybe another 4 -- 5 artists to use the song and I never said ' yes ' until I heard a rough version of Biggie 's recording produced by Sean ' Puffy ' Combs , D - Dot , and Ron Lawrence . I was sent a cassette from Puffy and when I cranked it up I not only immediately loved it but my gut thought that this could be a number one record once again . The original ' Rise ' record climbed the chart all summer and became number one around the end of October ; Biggie 's version was released and charted its first week at number two and went to number one the second week . '' As for the chorus , or `` hook '' , the melody and phrasing is interpolated from a lyrical section of Slick Rick 's song `` La Di Da Di '' , and it is also from these lyrics that the title `` Hypnotize '' is derived . Pamela Long from the group Total sang this part . Legacy ( edit ) The song features many pop culture references to television and film including Star Wars , Roots , Starsky & Hutch , King of New York , comics and cartoon character Richie Rich , children 's clothing Underoos , and the ' 60s pop hit `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' by The Crystals . Other references include popular fashion lines Versace , DKNY , Moschino and Coogi . More recently , the song served as the theme song to the 2009 motion picture Notorious , based on Biggie 's life . Conor Mcgregor uses a remixed version of Hypnotize and Sinead O'Connor's Version of the Foggy Dew during his walkouts at UFC events . The song was sang briefly by Sofia Black - D'Elia 's character on the Fox show , The Mick . The song was used in a 2017 commercial for Oreo Thins . Earlier in 2017 , the song was used for promotion of the Baywatch 2017 movie . Reception ( edit ) The song was a hit on U.S. radio before being issued as a single . On its release , `` Hypnotize '' entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number two , right behind labelmate and co-writer and co-producer Sean `` Puff Daddy '' Combs ( `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' ) . When `` Hypnotize '' reached number one two weeks later , it made The Notorious B.I.G. the fifth artist in Hot 100 history to have a posthumous chart - topper ( see List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones ) . It also gave back - to - back number - one hits to Combs ' Bad Boy Records label . Nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 1998 Grammy Awards , it lost to `` Men in Black '' by Will Smith . The single reached number 10 in the UK , B.I.G. 's first top 10 hit in that country . Kris Ex of Pitchfork wrote `` Big was a master of flow , sounding unforced and unlabored over a bevy of pristine , hi - fidelity maximalist beats that seemed to always bow to his intent . '' 50 Cent told NME that the song was the one he would want played at his funeral : `` I 'd just want everyone to have as much of a party as possible . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed in Los Angeles , California in February 1997 , a month before The Notorious B.I.G. 's death . Directed by Paul Hunter , the video starts off with the caption : Florida Keys 5 : 47 pm , with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy hanging out on an 60 - foot Tempest yacht with some ladies when a bunch of helicopters disrupt their party and attempt to capture them . It then cuts to B.I.G. and Puff Daddy in an underground parking lot , where they spot a black Hummer and a group of men dressed in black riding motorcycles , and attempt to get away from them by driving their vehicle in reverse while in the streets . It cuts to a pool party that 's set underwater , where swimsuit models can be seen shaking their bodies through the windows , and it ends with B.I.G. and Puff Daddy escaping the helicopters . Intercut throughout the video are scenes of B.I.G. and Puff Daddy behind a sepia background with some female dancers dressed in leather bikinis and B.I.G. dancing behind a black background while pieces of the chorus are captioned below . Track listing ( edit ) `` Hypnotize '' ( radio mix ) -- 4 : 06 `` Hypnotize '' ( instrumental ) -- 3 : 59 `` Hypnotize '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 32 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 63 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,200,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1997 List of number - one R&B singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Liner Notes , Liner notes from both Life After Death as well as Hypnotize reference this sample . ^ Jump up to : Quoting Randy Alpert from personal interview , . Jump up ^ Ex , Kris ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Pitchfork Life After Death review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Gavin ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Soundtrack of my life '' . NME : 48 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for The Notorious B.I.G. . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious BIG : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Notorious B.I.G. . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for The Notorious B.I.G. . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Notorious B.I.G. -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rap Songs for The Notorious B.I.G. . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1997 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Hypnotize in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Notorious B.I.G. -- Hypnotize '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1997 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications Inc. 110 ( 5 ) : 76 . January 31 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Preceded by `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' by Puff Daddy featuring Mase Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 3 , 1997 -- May 17 , 1997 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` MMMBop '' by Hanson ( hide ) The Notorious B.I.G. Songs Discography Awards and nominations Death Studio albums Ready to Die Life After Death Posthumous albums Born Again Duets : The Final Chapter The King & I Compilations Greatest Hits Notorious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Singles `` Party and Bullshit '' `` Juicy '' `` Big Poppa '' / `` Who Shot Ya ? '' `` One More Chance '' `` Hypnotize '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Sky 's the Limit '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Dead Wrong '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Spit Your Game '' Featured singles `` Flava in Ya Ear ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` The Points '' `` Runnin ' from tha Police '' `` This Time Around '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Victory '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' Other songs `` Going Back to Cali '' `` Old Thing Back ( Matoma Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Entertainment Sean Combs Faith Evans Junior M.A.F.I.A. Conspiracy `` Player 's Anthem '' `` I Need You Tonight '' `` Get Money '' Lil ' Cease Lil ' Kim East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry `` I 'll Be Missing You '' Biggie & Tupac Notorious Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypnotize_(The_Notorious_B.I.G._song)&oldid=805851121 '' Categories : 1996 songs 1997 singles The Notorious B.I.G. songs Bad Boy Records singles Songs written by Sean Combs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 01 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnotize%20%28The%20Notorious%20B.I.G.%20song%29	107,748
is the eye wall of a hurricane dangerous			Eye ( cyclone )	eye ( cyclone )	The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones . The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area , typically 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 miles ) in diameter . It is surrounded by the eyewall , a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur . The cyclone 's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm .	In strong tropical cyclones , the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies , surrounded on all sides by a towering , symmetric eyewall . In weaker tropical cyclones , the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast , an area of high , thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery . Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain . In all storms , however , the eye is the location of the storm 's minimum barometric pressure -- where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Formation and detection 3 Associated phenomena 3.1 Eyewall replacement cycles 3.2 Moats 3.3 Eyewall mesovortices 3.4 Stadium effect 3.5 Eye - like features 4 Hazards 5 Other cyclones 5.1 Polar lows 5.2 Extratropical cyclones 5.3 Subtropical cyclones 5.4 Tornadoes 6 Extraterrestrial vortices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) A cross section diagram of a mature tropical cyclone , with arrows indicating air flow in and around the eye A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 mi ) across , usually situated at the geometric center of the storm . The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds ( a clear eye ) , it may be filled with low - and mid-level clouds ( a filled eye ) , or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast . There is , however , very little wind and rain , especially near the center . This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall , which contains the storm 's strongest winds . Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone , the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings . While normally quite symmetric , eyes can be oblong and irregular , especially in weakening storms . A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented , and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone . An open eye is an eye which can be circular , but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye , also indicating a weakening , moisture - deprived cyclone . Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis . Eyewalls are typically circular ; however , distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur . While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few dozen miles across , rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small , clear , and circular eye , sometimes referred to as a pinhole eye . Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to large fluctuations in intensity , and provide difficulties and frustrations for forecasters . Small / minuscule eyes -- those less than 10 nmi ( 19 km , 12 mi ) across -- often trigger eyewall replacement cycles , where a new eyewall begins to form outside the original eyewall . This can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers ( ten to a few hundred miles ) outside the inner eye . The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls , or an `` eye within an eye '' . In most cases , the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation , which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye . While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs , the new eyewall can contract fairly quickly after the old eyewall dissipates , allowing the storm to re-strengthen . This may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement . Eyes can range in size from 370 km ( 230 mi ) ( Typhoon Carmen ) to a mere 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) ( Hurricane Wilma ) across . While it is uncommon for storms with large eyes to become very intense , it does occur , especially in annular hurricanes . Hurricane Isabel was the eleventh most powerful North Atlantic hurricane in recorded history , and sustained a large , 65 -- 80 km ( 40 -- 50 mi ) - wide eye for a period of several days . Formation and detection ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters . Typically , eyes are easy to spot using weather radar . This radar image of Hurricane Andrew clearly shows the eye over southern Florida . Tropical cyclones typically form from large , disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions . As more thunderstorms form and gather , the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center . As the storm gains strength , a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm . Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts , the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop , and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone . This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone , or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast . Consequently , most of this built up air flows outward anticyclonically above the tropical cyclone . Outside the forming eye , the anticyclone at the upper levels of the atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone , pushing air towards the eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop . However , a small portion of the built - up air , instead of flowing outward , flows inward towards the center of the storm . This causes air pressure to build even further , to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm . Air begins to descend in the center of the storm , creating a mostly rain - free area -- a newly formed eye . There are many aspects of this process which remain a mystery . Scientists do not know why a ring of convection forms around the center of circulation instead of on top of it , or why the upper - level anticyclone only ejects a portion of the excess air above the storm . Many theories exist as to the exact process by which the eye forms : all that is known for sure is that the eye is necessary for tropical cyclones to achieve high wind speeds . The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength . Because of this , forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation . For storms with a clear eye , detection of the eye is as simple as looking at pictures from a weather satellite . However , for storms with a filled eye , or an eye completely covered by the central dense overcast , other detection methods must be used . Observations from ships and Hurricane Hunters can pinpoint an eye visually , by looking for a drop in wind speed or lack of rainfall in the storm 's center . In the United States , South Korea , and a few other countries , a network of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar stations can detect eyes near the coast . Weather satellites also carry equipment for measuring atmospheric water vapor and cloud temperatures , which can be used to spot a forming eye . In addition , scientists have recently discovered that the amount of ozone in the eye is much higher than the amount in the eyewall , due to air sinking from the ozone - rich stratosphere . Instruments sensitive to ozone perform measurements , which are used to observe rising and sinking columns of air , and provide indication of the formation of an eye , even before satellite imagery can determine its formation . Associated phenomena ( edit ) A satellite photo of Typhoon Amber of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season exhibiting an outer and inner eyewall , while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles , also called concentric eyewall cycles , naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones , generally with winds greater than 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale ) . When tropical cyclones reach this intensity , and the eyewall contracts or is already sufficiently small ( see above ) , some of the outer rainbands may strengthen and organize into a ring of thunderstorms -- an outer eyewall -- that slowly moves inward and robs the inner eyewall of its needed moisture and angular momentum . Since the strongest winds are located in a cyclone 's eyewall , the tropical cyclone usually weakens during this phase , as the inner wall is `` choked '' by the outer wall . Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely , and the storm can re-intensify . The discovery of this process was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. government 's hurricane modification experiment Project Stormfury . This project set out to seed clouds outside the eyewall , causing a new eyewall to form and weakening the storm . When it was discovered that this was a natural process due to hurricane dynamics , the project was quickly abandoned . Almost every intense hurricane undergoes at least one of these cycles during its existence . Hurricane Allen in 1980 went through repeated eyewall replacement cycles , fluctuating between Category 5 and Category 3 status on the Saffir - Simpson scale several times . Hurricane Juliette was a rare documented case of triple eyewalls . Moats ( edit ) A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall , or between concentric eyewalls , characterized by subsidence -- slowly sinking air -- and little or no precipitation . The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing . The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm 's center ; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones . Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength , but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices ( edit ) Eyewall mesovortices are small scale rotational features found in the eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones . They are similar , in principle , to small `` suction vortices '' often observed in multiple - vortex tornadoes . In these vortices , wind speeds may be greater than anywhere else in the eyewall . Eyewall mesovortices are most common during periods of intensification in tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices often exhibit unusual behavior in tropical cyclones . They usually rotate around the low pressure center , but sometimes they remain stationary . Eyewall mesovortices have even been documented to cross the eye of a storm . These phenomena have been documented observationally , experimentally , and theoretically . Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall . Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual thunderstorms ( a mesocyclone ) , which leads to tornadic activity . At landfall , friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land . This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface , causing tornadoes . Stadium effect ( edit ) View of Typhoon Maysak 's eye from the International Space Station on March 31 , 2015 , displaying a pronounced stadium effect . The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones . It is a fairly common event , where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height . This gives the eye an appearance resembling an open dome from the air , akin to a sports stadium . An eye is always larger at the top of the storm , and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum , which also slope outward with height . In tropical cyclones with very small eyes , the sloping phenomenon is much more pronounced . Eye - like features ( edit ) An eye - like structure is often found in intensifying tropical cyclones . Similar to the eye seen in hurricanes or typhoons , it is a circular area at the circulation center of the storm in which convection is absent . These eye - like features are most normally found in intensifying tropical storms and hurricanes of Category 1 strength on the Saffir - Simpson scale . For example , an eye - like feature was found in Hurricane Beta when the storm had maximum wind speeds of only 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , well below hurricane force . The features are typically not visible on visible wavelengths or infrared wavelengths from space , although they are easily seen on microwave satellite imagery . Their development at the middle levels of the atmosphere is similar to the formation of a complete eye , but the features might be horizontally displaced due to vertical wind shear . Hazards ( edit ) Play media An aircraft flying through a storm 's eyewall and into the calm eye Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm , with no wind at the center and typically clear skies , over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area . In the eyewall , wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction . In the center of the eye , however , the waves converge from all directions , creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves . The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown , but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough . A common mistake , especially in areas where hurricanes are uncommon , is for residents to exit their homes to inspect the damage while the calm eye passes over , only to be caught off guard by the violent winds in the opposite eyewall . Other cyclones ( edit ) The North American blizzard of 2006 , an extratropical storm , showed an eye - like structure at its peak intensity ( here seen just to the east of the Delmarva Peninsula ) . Main article : Cyclone Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed `` eyes '' , there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye - like features . Polar lows ( edit ) Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems , typically smaller than 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) across , found near the poles . Like tropical cyclones , they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater . Unlike storms of tropical nature , however , they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes . They are also smaller and last for shorter durations , with few lasting longer than a day or so . Despite these differences , they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones , featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. . Extratropical cyclones ( edit ) Extratropical cyclones are areas of low pressure which exist at the boundary of different air masses . Almost all storms found at mid-latitudes are extratropical in nature , including classic North American nor'easters and European windstorms . The most severe of these can have a clear `` eye '' at the site of lowest barometric pressure , though it is usually surrounded by lower , non-convective clouds and is found near the back end of the storm . Subtropical cyclones ( edit ) Subtropical cyclones are low - pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics . As such , they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature . Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous , generating high winds and seas , and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones . For this reason , the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002 . Tornadoes ( edit ) Tornadoes are destructive , small - scale storms , which produce the fastest winds on earth . There are two main types -- single - vortex tornadoes , which consist of a single spinning column of air , and multiple - vortex tornadoes , which consist of small `` suction vortices , '' resembling mini-tornadoes themselves , all rotating around a common center . Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes . These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts . Extraterrestrial vortices ( edit ) A hurricane - like storm on the south pole of Saturn displaying an eyewall tens of kilometers high See also : Extraterrestrial vortex NASA reported in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed a `` hurricane - like '' storm locked to the south pole of Saturn with a clearly defined eyewall . The observation was particularly notable as eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth ( including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft ) . In 2007 , very large vortices on both poles of Venus were observed by the Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency to have a dipole eye structure . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclones Radius of maximum wind RAINEX Storm surge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A11 : What is the ' eye ' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A9 : What is a `` CDO '' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Structure '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A7 : What is an extra-tropical cyclone ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Velden , Christopher S. ; Olander , Timothy L. ; Zehr , Raymond M. ( 1998 ) . `` Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 13 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 173 . Bibcode : 1998WtFor ... 13 ... 172V . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0434 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Wayne H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Polygonal Eyewalls , Asymmetric Eye Contraction , and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 59 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1223 . Bibcode : 1999JAtS ... 56.1197 S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1999 ) 056 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ) . Hurricane Wilma Discussion Number 14 ( Report ) . Hurricane Wilma Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` D : Tropical cyclone winds and energy '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. D8 : What are `` concentric eyewall cycles '' ... ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bill . It 's Raining Fish and Spiders . Hurricane Extremes : Google Ebooks . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Weather . Weather Records : Storm Dunlop . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ; Cobb , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Hurricane Isabel : 6 -- 19 September 2003 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vigh , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Formation of the Hurricane Eye ( PDF ) . 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Monterey , California : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gutro , Rob ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Ozone Levels Drop When Hurricanes Are Strengthening '' ( Press release ) . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian D. ( 2004 ) . `` Triple Eyewall in Hurricane Juliette '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 11 ) : 1663 -- 1666 . Bibcode : 2004BAMS ... 85.1663 M . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1663 . ISSN 1520 - 0477 . Jump up ^ Rozoff , Christopher M. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Kossin , James P. ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 63 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 340 . Bibcode : 2006JAtS ... 63 ... 325R . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3595. 1 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Michael T. ; Vladimirov , Vladimir A. ; Denissenko , Peter V. ( 2002 ) . `` An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Fluid Mechanics . Cambridge University Press . 471 : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 2002JFM ... 471 ... 1M . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112002001647 . ISSN 0022 - 1120 . Jump up ^ Aberson , Sim D. ; Black , Michael L. ; Montgomery , Michael T. ; Bell , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Record Wind Measurement in Hurricane Isabel : Direct Evidence of an Eyewall Mesocyclone ? ( PDF ) . 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James P. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2002 ) . `` Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 130 ( 12 ) : 3144 -- 3149 . Bibcode : 2002MWRv ... 130.3144 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2002 ) 130 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James . P. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2001 ) . `` Mesovortices , polygonal flow patterns , and rapid pressure falls in hurricane - like vortices '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 58 ( 15 ) : 2196 -- 2209 . Bibcode : 2001JAtS ... 58.2196 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2001 ) 058 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Wright , John E. ; Bennett , Shawn P. ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Meso - Vorticies Observed By WSR - 88D In The Eye '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Rubsam , Daryl T. ( 1968 ) . `` Hurricane Hilda , 1964 : II . Structure and budgets of the hurricane on October 1 , 1964 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 96 ( 9 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1968MWRv ... 96 ... 617H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Gray , W.M. ; Shea , D.J. ( 1973 ) . `` The hurricane 's inner core region : II . Thermal stability and dynamic characteristics '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 30 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 1576 . Bibcode : 1973JAtS ... 30.1565 G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1973 ) 030 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Imbembo , Stephen M. ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of a Small , Intense Hurricane -- Inez 1966 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 104 ( 4 ) : 418 -- 442 . Bibcode : 1976MWRv ... 104 ... 418H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1976 ) 104 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Beven , John L. ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ) . Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 ( Report ) . Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marks , Frank D. ; Stewart , Stacy R. ( 2001 ) . TRMM Satellite Data - Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting ( PDF ) ( Presentation ) . TRMM Workshops . Boulder , Colorado : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . pp. 7 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` STORM project '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Roberts , Dave . `` Interpretation of passive microwave imagery '' ( Press release ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wang , David W. ; Mitchell , Douglas A. ; Teague , William J. ; Jarosz , Ewa ; Hulbert , Mark S. ( 2005 ) . `` Extreme Waves Under Hurricane Ivan '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 309 ( 5736 ) : 896 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112509 . PMID 16081728 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Safety '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... American Meteorological Society . Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center . `` Polar Lows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maue , Ryan N. ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Warm seclusion cyclone climatology '' . American Meteorological Society Conference . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cappella , Chris ( April 22 , 2003 ) . `` Weather Basics : Subtropical storms '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Monastersky , R. ( May 15 , 1999 ) . `` Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record '' . Science News . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Justice , Alonzo A. ( May 1930 ) . `` Seeing the Inside of a Tornado '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . pp. 205 -- 206 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn '' . NASA . 2006 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Piccioni , G. ; et al. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` South - polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 637 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 637P . doi : 10.1038 / nature06209 . PMID 18046395 . External links ( edit ) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Canadian Hurricane Centre : Glossary of Hurricane Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&oldid=812051677 '' Categories : Tropical cyclone meteorology Vortices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye%20%28cyclone%29	19,033
where did the watt brothers play college football			J.J. Watt	j. j. watt	Justin James Watt ( born March 22 , 1989 ) is an American football defensive end for the Houston Texans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Texans with the 11th pick in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft , and played college football at Wisconsin .	Watt received the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award three times in his first five seasons . Although primarily a defensive end , he occasionally shifts to defensive tackle in some situations . He has also taken snaps on offense , catching three touchdown passes during the 2014 season . In 2014 , Watt became the first player in NFL history to record two 20 + sack seasons in a career . He holds the Texans ' franchise records for both sacks and forced fumbles . In 2017 , Sports Illustrated named Watt Sportsperson of the Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and high school career 1.1 Recruiting 2 College career 2.1 Central Michigan 2.2 Wisconsin 2.3 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 2011 season 3.2 2012 season 3.3 2013 season 3.4 2014 season 3.5 2015 season 3.6 2016 season 3.7 2017 season 4 NFL career statistics 5 Awards and highlights 5.1 NFL 5.1. 1 Houston Texans franchise records 5.2 College 6 Personal life 7 Charitable work 8 References 9 External links Early life and high school career ( edit ) Watt was born on March 22 , 1989 , in Waukesha , Wisconsin , to parents Connie , a building operations vice-president , and John Watt , a firefighter . The Watt family has Scottish ancestry . Both of J.J. 's younger brothers are in the NFL as well -- Derek Watt is a fullback for the Los Angeles Chargers , and T.J. Watt plays linebacker for the Pittsburgh Steelers . Watt played hockey from age four to age 13 and played for travel teams that traveled to Canada and Germany . He gave up hockey when weekly games started to conflict with his schedule and for financial reasons . Watt also played football throughout his childhood and became passionate about the sport while he was in fifth grade . Watt attended Pewaukee High School , where he was a four - year letter - winner in football and also lettered in basketball , baseball , and track and field . During his senior year , he was selected for first - team All - State . He earned the Woodland Conference Player of the Year Award his senior year , and first - team All - State , All - County , All - Area , and All - Conference selections as tight end and defensive end . He was also named the team 's MVP . During his senior year , Watt accumulated a total of 399 receiving yards , 26 catches , and 5 touchdowns . Watt followed in his father 's footsteps and competed in the shot put during his senior season , earning first - team All - state selection . He captured the state title in the shot put at the 2007 WIAA Division II Championship , setting a new school record with a throw of 59 ft , 11.5 in ( 18.28 meters ) . Recruiting ( edit ) Regarded as a two - star recruit by both Rivals.com and Scout.com , Watt was ranked neither among the top tight end nor among the top defensive end prospects in his class . After official visits to Central Michigan , Colorado , and Minnesota , Watt chose to play for Central Michigan under coach Butch Jones . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight 40 Commit date J.J. Watt Defensive End Pewaukee , WI Pewaukee HS 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 4.70 Jan 30 , 2007 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A ESPN grade : 63 Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : NR Rivals : NR ESPN : 172 ( DE ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` Central Michigan Football Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . `` 2007 Central Michigan Football Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . `` ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . `` 2007 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . College career ( edit ) Watt after the Badgers vs. Northwestern game in 2010 Central Michigan ( edit ) Watt received a scholarship offer from Central Michigan University and matriculated there . Watt has stated that he was led to believe by Butch Jones , that as a tight end , he would have the opportunity to score touchdowns . At Central Michigan , he played 14 games , compiling 77 receiving yards and 8 receptions . Watt 's coaches , led by Butch Jones , suggested that he move to offensive tackle , but Watt decided to forgo his starting spot and scholarship to walk on at the University of Wisconsin , where he played as a defensive end . Wisconsin ( edit ) At the University of Wisconsin - Madison , Watt was redshirted for the 2008 season and was named Wisconsin 's Scout Team Player of the Year . In 2009 , he played in 13 games as defensive end . In a game against Hawaii on December 5 , 2009 , Watt had a career - high of two sacks for nine yards , three tackles for loss , six tackles , and one quarterback hurry . Watt finished the season with 32 solo tackles , 12 assisted tackles , four and a half sacks , 15.5 tackles for loss , and five passes defended . He also earned his first letter . On November 20 , 2010 , against Michigan , he recorded his first collegiate interception . Overall , in the 2010 season , Watt played in 13 games and led the team in tackles for loss , quarterback hurries , blocked kicks , and forced fumbles . He finished the season with 42 solo tackles , 20 assisted tackles , 21 tackles for loss , seven sacks , one interception for 15 yards , nine passes defended , and three fumbles forced . He earned the Ronnie Lott Trophy in 2010 , voted AP and Sports Illustrated second - team All - American , All - Big Ten first - team , academic All - Big Ten , and was voted the team 's MVP . College statistics ( edit ) Year Team Tackles TFL ( yards ) Sacks ( yards ) FR 2009 Wisconsin 45 15.5 ( 53 ) 4.5 ( 19 ) Wisconsin 59 21.0 ( 91 ) 7.0 ( 56 ) College totals 104 36.5 ( 144 ) 11.5 ( 75 ) Professional career ( edit ) Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt Arm length Hand size 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad BP Wonderlic 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 34 in ( 0.86 m ) 11 ⁄ in ( 0.28 m ) 4.84 s 1.64 s 2.71 s 4.21 s 6.88 s 37 in ( 0.94 m ) 10 ft 0 in ( 3.05 m ) 34 reps 31 All values from NFL Combine , Wonderlic score from ProFootballWeekly Watt skipped his senior season , entering the 2011 NFL Draft . At the 2011 NFL Combine , Watt was a top performer in all combine categories except the 40 - yard dash . On April 28 , 2011 , he was selected in the first round by the Houston Texans with the 11th overall pick . He was the second defensive end to be selected , only behind Aldon Smith , who went seventh overall . The Texans signed Watt to a four - year , $11.24 million contract on July 31 , 2011 . 2011 season ( edit ) In the 2011 season , Watt started all 16 games . In the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts , he had five tackles and a fumble recovery in his NFL debut . On November 27 , against the Jacksonville Jaguars , he had his first multi-sack game with 2.0 in the 20 -- 13 victory . He finished the season with 48 solo tackles , eight assisted tackles , and five and a half sacks . The Texans qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history . In the playoffs , Watt recorded 11 solo tackles , three assisted tackles , one interception returned for a touchdown , one pass defended , and four sacks in two games against the Cincinnati Bengals and Baltimore Ravens . Watt was named Texans Team Rookie of the Year , USA Today All - Joe Team , and Pro-Football Weekly / PWFA All - Rookie Team . 2012 season ( edit ) In 2012 , Watt had one of the best seasons for a defensive player in NFL history . Watt finished the season with 69 solo tackles , 12 assisted tackles , 20.5 sacks , 16 passes defended , four forced fumbles , and two fumble recoveries . Watt was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Month in September and December . On November 22 , 2012 , in a game against the Detroit Lions , Watt recorded three sacks , to give him a total of 14.5 , breaking the Texans ' record for sacks in a season , which was previously held by Mario Williams . On December 16 , against the Indianapolis Colts , he recorded three sacks and ten total tackles in a 29 -- 17 victory . The Texans made the playoffs again in 2012 , and Watt recorded six solo tackles , three assisted tackles , two passes defended , two sacks in two games . Watt finished the season 2.5 sacks shy of Michael Strahan 's single - season record for sacks , set in 2001 . Watt was named to the 2013 NFL Pro-Bowl Team on December 26 , 2012 . Watt also was named Texans Team Most Valuable Player , USA Football Fundamentals Team , PFW First - Team All - Pro , Pro Football Weekly / PFWA Most Valuable Player , NFL 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year , AP First - Team All - Pro , and the AP Defensive Player of the Year . Watt received 49 out of 50 votes for the Defensive Player of the Year award . He is the first Texans player to receive an NFL Player of the Year award . Watt was the 17th defensive lineman and only the eighth defensive end to receive the award since 1971 . Watt also made the highest debut on NFL Network 's Top 100 Players list for 2012 , coming in at number five . 2013 season ( edit ) Watt during the 2014 Pro Bowl Watt had a strong season , but the Texans struggled as a whole , in the 2013 season . In Week 2 , against the Tennessee Titans , he had his first two sacks of the season in 30 -- 24 win . From Weeks 7 -- 12 , he recorded at least one sack in each game . Overall , in the 2013 season , Watt recorded 65 solo tackles , 15 assisted tackles , seven passes defended , 10.5 sacks , four forced fumbles , and two fumble recoveries . The Texans , however , had a losing season and finished with a 2 -- 14 record . Watt was named to the 2014 NFL Pro Bowl and was a Pro Bowl Captain . 2014 season ( edit ) Watt during 2014 Pro Bowl coin toss Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Texans and Watt agreed to a six - year contract extension , worth $100 million . Watt received $30.9 million at signing and he will receive $21 million at the start of the 2016 season if he is on the roster . This contract made him the NFL 's highest paid non-quarterback , based on average yearly salary . In a game against the Oakland Raiders , on September 14 , 2014 , Watt became the first defensive player in Texans history to score a touchdown from scrimmage . Watt scored the touchdown on a one - yard catch after coming into the game as a tight end . Watt scored his second touchdown of the season on September 28 , 2014 , against the Buffalo Bills . Watt picked off a pass from Buffalo 's E.J. Manuel that was intended for Fred Jackson , and returned 80 yards for the touchdown . With this touchdown , Watt became tied at sixth for the longest interception return by a defensive lineman . Watt 's touchdown was also the fourth longest interception return in Houston Texans history . During the game , Watt hit Manuel nine times , but was flagged twice for roughing the passer . Watt was fined $16,537 for only one of the incidents . Watt was named the AFC Defensive Player of the Month for September . In a game against the Indianapolis Colts , on October 9 , 2014 , Watt forced Colts quarterback Andrew Luck to fumble the ball . Watt recovered the ball and returned 45 yards for the touchdown . For his fourth touchdown of the season , Watt caught a two - yard touchdown pass from Texans quarterback , Ryan Mallett , for Mallett 's first career touchdown pass . Watt recorded 4 solo tackles , one assisted tackle , one sack , one forced fumble , and fumble recovery in the same game , which was on November 16 , 2014 , against the Cleveland Browns . Watt scored his fifth touchdown on November 30 , 2014 , catching a one - yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick , the Texans quarterback . With this reception , Watt became the first defensive lineman to have scored at least five touchdowns in a season since 1944 . On December 21 , Watt recorded his 54th sack as a Texan in a 25 -- 13 win against the Baltimore Ravens . With that sack , he surpassed Mario Williams as the franchise leader in sacks . On December 28 , 2014 , Watt had a sack for his first career safety against the Jacksonville Jaguars which gave him three sacks on the day and 20.5 on the season , becoming the first player in NFL history to have 20 or more sacks in separate seasons . Watt also finished the season with a career - high 5 fumble recoveries and 5 touchdowns . For his outstanding season , Watt was unanimously named to the 2014 All - Pro First Team as a defensive end and named to the All - Pro second team as a defensive tackle . Watt was also named to the 2015 Pro Bowl where Cris Carter , team captain of Team Carter , selected Watt to be his captain on defense . During the game , Watt recorded a fumble recovery and an interception and after the game was named Defensive MVP . He also won the Defensive Player of the Year award , one of the few to win the award multiple times , and became the first defensive player since 2008 to get votes for the MVP award , receiving 13 . After the season , Watt was named to the top spot in the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 . 2015 season ( edit ) Despite battling a groin injury and a fractured left hand , Watt started all 16 games in 2015 making 76 tackles , an NFL - leading 17.5 sacks , 8 passes defended , 3 forced fumbles , and a fumble recovery . In the regular season finale , against the Jacksonville Jaguars , he had a season - high three sacks to go along with eight total tackles . He was named to the 2015 Pro Bowl , which was his fourth consecutive appearance , and also received his third Defensive Player of the Year award , the only player aside from Lawrence Taylor to do so . With the Texans finishing the season 9 -- 7 , the team clinched an AFC South division title but were shut out 30 - 0 by the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card round . On January 12 , 2016 , Watt underwent groin surgery for a sports hernia . This forced Watt to withdraw from the 2016 Pro Bowl . This was his fourth straight Pro Bowl honors to go along with his fourth straight first - team All - Pro . He was ranked as the top defensive lineman and the third best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 . 2016 season ( edit ) On July 21 , 2016 , Watt underwent back surgery for a herniated disc . He began training camp on the PUP list , but returned in Week 1 to start the season in a victory over the Chicago Bears . In Week 2 , he had 1.5 sacks and five total tackles against the Kansas City Chiefs . On September 22 , in the game against the New England Patriots , he recorded two assisted tackles in last action of the season . On September 28 , 2016 , he was placed on injured reserve . The following day , he underwent back surgery again , and was officially ruled out for the rest of the 2016 season after playing three games and recording 1.5 sacks . Even though Watt played in only three games , he was ranked 35th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2017 season ( edit ) Watt returned from his injury to play in the season opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars . During Week 5 against the Kansas City Chiefs on Sunday Night Football , Watt left the game after an apparent leg injury . It was later revealed that he suffered a tibial plateau fracture in his left leg . He underwent surgery the next day and was ruled out the remainder of the season . In only 5 games , Watt finished with 11 tackles and 2 passes defended . The 2017 season would be marked by Watt raising upwards of $37 million for relief and recovery efforts for the Houston area . The entire sum was raised through an online drive after donating $100,000 of his own money as the starting base . Watt commented that this season `` was always about more than football . '' Watt was co-named Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year for 2017 for his humanitarian efforts . Watt was named Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year . NFL career statistics ( edit ) Legend Led the league NFL Defensive Player of the Year Bold Career high Year Team Games Tackles Fumbles Interceptions Other Receiving GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sack FF FR Yds TD Int Yds Avg Lng TD PD SFT Yds Sfty KB Rec Tgts Yds Avg Lng TD 2011 HOU 16 16 56 48 8 5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2012 HOU 16 16 81 69 12 20.5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 23 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2013 HOU 16 16 80 65 15 10.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 15 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2014 HOU 16 16 78 59 19 20.5 5 59 80 80 80 10 15 34 1.3 2015 HOU 16 16 76 57 19 17.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 17 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2016 HOU 8 7 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2017 HOU 5 5 15 11 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Career 83 83 379 299 80 76.0 15 12 68 80 80 45 79 180 1.3 Awards and highlights ( edit ) NFL ( edit ) 4 × Pro Bowl selection ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × First - team All - Pro selection ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) 3 × Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 3 × Pro Football Writers Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 3 × Sporting News Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 3 × Pro Football Focus Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) 3 × Pro Football Focus Best Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) 3 × Kansas City Committee of 101 AFC Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 2 × NFL sacks leader ( 2012 , 2015 ) AP NFL MVP runner - up ( 2014 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2014 ) Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year ( 2017 ) Pro Bowl Defensive MVP ( 2014 ) Ranked No. 5 in the Top 100 Players of 2013 Ranked No. 12 in the Top 100 Players of 2014 Ranked No. 1 in the Top 100 Players of 2015 Ranked No. 3 in the Top 100 Players of 2016 Ranked No. 35 in the Top 100 Players of 2017 First player with multiple 20 - sack seasons ( 2012 , 2014 ) 4 × PFWA All - NFL Team ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) 5 × AFC Defensive Player of the Month ( Sep. 2012 , Dec. 2012 , Sep. 2014 , Dec. 2014 , Nov. 2015 ) Houston Texans franchise records ( edit ) Most career sacks ( 76.0 ) Most career forced ( 15 ) and recovered fumbles ( 12 ) College ( edit ) Lott Trophy ( 2010 ) Big Ten Champion ( 2010 ) First - team All - American , PFW ( 2010 ) First - team All - Big Ten ( 2010 ) 3 × Big Ten Defensive Player of the Week ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Wisconsin Team Co-MVP ( 2010 ) Personal life ( edit ) Watt played ice hockey from age three until he was thirteen years old , traveling as far as Canada and Germany for tournaments . Watt said that he played `` primarily as a center and was a goal scorer . '' Because of the financial cost of the sport and making a choice between hockey and football , Watt stopped playing hockey to focus on football . Watt has joked that he `` may or may not '' use skating as part of his offseason training . Watt ( right ) with Davin Joseph ( second from left ) and two U.S. soldiers at Regional Command South in March 2013 While an undergraduate at the University of Wisconsin - Madison , Watt delivered pizzas for a Pewaukee Pizza Hut . On July 22 , 2015 , Watt was named the Vice-President of Power Relations for Reliant . Reliant is a retail electric provider in Texas , also a subsidiary of NRG Energy Inc . On February 15 , 2018 , Baylor College of Medicine announced that Watt would receive an honorary degree from their medical school . He is the older brother of Los Angeles Chargers fullback Derek Watt and Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker T.J. Watt . Charitable Work ( edit ) Watt is the president and founder of the Justin J. Watt Foundation , a charity organization that provides after - school opportunities for children in various communities , in order for them to get involved in athletics in a safe environment . This foundation 's motto , `` Dream Big , Work Hard '' is sold on wrist bands and T - shirts . Since this foundation was launched in 2010 , Watt has raised over $1 million . While most of the schools that benefit from the fundraising are in Texas and Wisconsin , schools in Alabama , Illinois , and California have also received donations . Watt 's mother , Connie , is the vice president of the organization . Watt and the J.J. Watt Foundation host a Charity Classic , Run / Walk , Golf Outing , and Tailgate annually . The Charity Classic is a softball game held at Constellation Field , in Sugar Land , Texas , in which Texans players participate in a game , and Home Run Derby to raise money for the foundation . The inaugural Charity Classic game was in 2013 , and the 2014 Charity Classic raised over $436,433 towards his foundation . On August 26 , 2014 , Watt received the Texans Spirit of the Bull Community Award . On November 14 , 2014 , Watt was nominated for the NFL 's Salute to Service Award that honors either a coach , player , or owner for their efforts in supporting the country 's service men and women . Due to the extremely good turnout in 2014 , the annual Charity Classic has been moved to Minute Maid Park , home of the Houston Astros . The 2015 event raised over $640,000 . For the 2017 game , Watt invited Arnold Schwarzenegger and swimmer Simone Manuel , a two - time Olympic gold medalist and native of Houston . Watt is also known for his interactions with children . On July 2 , 2011 , the Berry family was traveling home from a vacation in Colorado Springs . The parents , Joshua and Robin Berry were killed in a head - on collision while also leaving their two sons , Peter and Aaron handicapped . Their daughter , Willa , suffered minor injuries . Watt met the children at a fundraiser and grew close with them . He played wheelchair basketball with them and pantomimed rolling a wheelchair after sacking a quarterback in a 2012 game . The pantomime was an agreed upon signal between the Berry children and Watt as a post-sack celebration . In 2012 , following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , Watt found out some of the families that were affected were in the Houston area . He invited them out on the field to hang out and throw the football . He then proceeded to give them signed merchandise that he had worn in previous games . In October 2015 , he dressed up as Batman to surprise kids at the Texas Children 's Hospital for a Halloween party . He also has raised over $37 million to help Houston recover from Hurricane Harvey , surpassing his initial goal of $200,000 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` J.J. Watt wins Defensive Player of the Year award '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric . `` J.J. Watt becomes only two - time 20 - sack player , does so on safety '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt Stats , News , Video '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley , Schumacher . `` My Three Sons : Badger Mom Proud of Watt Brothers On , Off Field '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pinchevsky , Tal . `` NFL star J.J. Watt maintains love for hockey '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texans ' J.J. Watt has high school jersey retired at Pewaukee ( Photos ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` J.J. Watt Bio '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.j. Watt '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` JJ Watt on how he can improve on one of the greatest defensive seasons ever - The MMQB with Peter King '' . The MMQB . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The life and times of J.J. Watt '' . Ultimate Texans . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIAA State Championships Div II - Track & Field Meet '' . Athletic.net . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JJ Watt '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt Stats '' . Sports Reference College Football . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2007 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Warber , Kyle . `` Fire Up Chips Exclusive : JJ Watt sets the record straight '' . MLive . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2009 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin at Michigan Box Score , November 20 , 2010 '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2010 Game Log '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Events : Combine Player Profiles - J.J. Watt '' . National Football League . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Combine workout leaders : Wonderlic test '' . Pro Football Weekly . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Events : Player Profile J.J. Watt '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Prospect J.J. Watt '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Draft Listing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles . `` Texans star J.J. Watt seeks ' same appreciation ' that draft mates received with new contracts '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at Houston Texans - September 11th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Jacksonville Jaguars - November 27th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Houston Texans Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Cincinnati Bengals at Houston Texans - January 7th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Houston Texans at Baltimore Ravens - January 15th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans : J.J. Watt '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Texans J.J. Watt '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans Team History '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at Houston Texans - December 16th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Houston Texans Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Cincinnati Bengals at Houston Texans - January 5th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Houston Texans at New England Patriots - January 13th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt Career Stats '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` Watt sacked in quest for record '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry . `` J.J. Watt Named 2012 AP NFL Defensive Player Of The Year '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt named AP Defensive Player of Year '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` J.J. Watt fifth , Arian Foster eighth on NFL Network 's top 100 '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Houston Texans Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Houston Texans - September 15th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Kansas City Chiefs - October 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at Houston Texans - November 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Arizona Cardinals - November 10th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders at Houston Texans - November 17th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars at Houston Texans - November 24th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2013 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt Game - By - Game Stats '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg . `` J.J. Watt signs six - year , $100 M extension with Texans '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Corry , Joel . `` J.J. Watt 's New Contract Makes Him The League 's Highest Paid Non-Quarterback '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Oakland Raiders - September 14th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sidhu , Deepi . `` J.J. Watt scores offensive TD at Oakland '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at Houston Texans - September 28th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sidhu , Deepi . `` J.J. Watt scores on pick - six '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David . `` J.J. Watt fined for roughing EJ Manuel '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` DeMarco Murray , J.J. Watt lead Players of the Month '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy . `` J.J. Watt forces and recovers fumble , scores third TD of season '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts at Houston Texans - October 9th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Cleveland Browns - November 16th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Texans defensive star J.J. Watt scores fourth touchdown of the season '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at Houston Texans - November 30th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` J.J. Watt scores 5th TD of season '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens at Houston Texans - December 21st , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at Jacksonville Jaguars - December 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston wins division with defensive weapons '' . Sports Illustrated ( Video ) . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 25 -- via Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` Video : J.J. Watt 's Touchdowns in 2014 '' . EndZoneScore . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2014 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` MVP voters took note of J.J. Watt 's historic season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2015 ' : No. 1 J.J. Watt '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars at Houston Texans - January 3rd , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Houston Texans Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Kansas City Chiefs at Houston Texans - January 9th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt 2015 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` Texans DE Watt undergoes groin surgery '' . espn.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at Houston Texans - September 11th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` J.J. Watt undergoes surgery to repair herniated disc '' . NFL . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs at Houston Texans - September 18th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at New England Patriots - September 22nd , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Texans place J.J. Watt on Reserve / Injured '' . HoustonTexans.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt done for 2016 season after undergoing back surgery '' . NFL . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 35 J.J. Watt '' . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars at Houston Texans - September 10th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Aaron . `` Texans ' J.J. Watt suffers tibial plateau fracture '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Watt has season - ending surgery to repair fracture '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` J.J. Watt out for the season with tibial plateau fracture '' . NFL . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) . `` ' I ca n't sugarcoat it , I am devastated ' : J.J. Watt apologizes to Houston after breaking leg '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of tonight 's ' NFL Honors ' award winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin . `` J.J. Watt is the AFC defensive player of the month '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Emily Sadley ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` NFL star J.J. Watt 's first love was hockey '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tal Pinchevsky ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` NFL star J.J. Watt maintains love for hockey '' . NHL . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt goes from pizza delivery man to NFL star '' . USA TODAY . October 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Texans DE J.J. Watt has a new job : VP of Power Relations '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greco , Daniel ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` J.J. Watt to Receive an Honorary Degree From Baylor College of Medicine '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Galehouse , Maggie . `` J.J. Watt Foundation helps kids Dream Big , Work Hard '' . Houston Chronicle . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : J.J. Watt Charity Classic '' . Houston Texans . Houston Texans . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JJWatt Foundation '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Endress , Alex . `` J.J. Watt Charity Classic raises $436,433 towards afterschool athletics ; features tomfoolery '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt wins team award '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClain , John . `` J.J. Watt nominated for NFL 's Salute to Service Award '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast : Star power at Watt 's Charity Classic '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Gary . `` Why J.J. Watt Should Be Your Favorite NFL Player '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Litman , Laken. `` 5 Coolest J.J. Watt moments '' . For The Win . For The Win . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans ' J.J. Watt dresses up like Batman for hospital visit - Houston Texans Blog - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Flood Relief Fund - YouCaring.com - Web '' . YouCaring.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to J.J. Watt . Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Pro-Football - Reference Sports - Reference ( college ) ( archive ) Wisconsin Badgers bio Houston Texans profile Houston Texans current roster Active roster 4 Deshaun Watson 7 Ka'imi Fairbairn 8 Taylor Heinicke 10 DeAndre Hopkins 11 DeAndrew White 13 Braxton Miller 14 Chris Thompson 15 Will Fuller 16 Deanté Gray 17 Cobi Hamilton 23 Kurtis Drummond 25 Kareem Jackson 26 Lamar Miller 27 D'Onta Foreman 29 Andre Hal 30 Kevin Johnson 31 Treston Decoud 34 Tyler Ervin 39 Ibraheim Campbell 41 Zach Cunningham 45 Jay Prosch 46 Jon Weeks 51 Dylan Cole 53 Gimel President 54 LaTroy Lewis 55 Benardrick McKinney 57 Brennan Scarlett 59 Whitney Mercilus 61 Kyle Fuller 62 Chad Slade 63 Kendall Lamm 66 Nick Martin 69 Matt Godin 70 Julién Davenport 72 Derek Newton 77 David Quessenberry 79 Jeff Allen 84 Ryan Griffin 85 MyCole Pruitt 87 C.J. Fiedorowicz 88 Ryan Malleck 89 Stephen Anderson 90 Jadeveon Clowney 91 Carlos Watkins 92 Brandon Dunn 93 Joel Heath 95 Christian Covington 96 Chunky Clements 98 D.J. Reader 99 J.J. Watt -- Montay Crockett Reserve lists 32 Dee Virgin ( Future ) 33 Troymaine Pope ( Future ) 36 Josh Thornton ( Future ) 37 Bryce Jones ( Future ) 47 Kennan Gilchrist ( Future ) 67 Marcus Hardison ( Future ) 73 Jake Rodgers ( Future ) 81 Jevoni Robinson ( Future ) 86 Zach Conque ( Future ) -- Darius Kilgo ( Future ) Free agents 2 T.J. Yates ( UFA ) 3 Tom Savage ( UFA ) 5 Josh Johnson ( UFA ) 9 Shane Lechler ( UFA ) 12 Bruce Ellington ( UFA ) 21 Marcus Gilchrist ( UFA ) 22 Jordan Todman ( UFA ) 24 Johnathan Joseph ( UFA ) 28 Alfred Blue ( UFA ) 35 Eddie Pleasant ( UFA ) 38 Andre Ellington ( UFA ) 40 Marcus Williams ( UFA ) 43 Corey Moore ( ERFA ) 44 Jelani Jenkins ( UFA ) 50 Ben Heeney ( RFA ) 52 Brian Peters ( RFA ) 65 Greg Mancz ( RFA ) 68 Breno Giacomini ( UFA ) 71 Xavier Su'a - Filo ( UFA ) 74 Chris Clark ( UFA ) 94 Ufomba Kamalu ( ERFA ) 97 Angelo Blackson ( RFA ) AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA J.J. Watt -- awards and honors Lott IMPACT Trophy winners 2004 : Pollack 2005 : Ryans 2006 : D. Hughes 2007 : Dorsey 2008 : Laurinaitis 2009 : J. Hughes 2010 : Watt 2011 : Kuechly 2012 : Te'o 2013 : Barr 2014 : Kendricks 2015 : Nassib 2016 : Peppers 2017 : Jewell 2011 NFL draft first - round selections Cam Newton Von Miller Marcell Dareus A.J. Green Patrick Peterson Julio Jones Aldon Smith Jake Locker Tyron Smith Blaine Gabbert J.J. Watt Christian Ponder Nick Fairley Robert Quinn Mike Pouncey Ryan Kerrigan Nate Solder Corey Liuget Prince Amukamara Adrian Clayborn Phil Taylor Anthony Castonzo Danny Watkins Cameron Jordan James Carpenter Jon Baldwin Jimmy Smith Mark Ingram Jr . Gabe Carimi Muhammad Wilkerson Cameron Heyward Derek Sherrod Houston Texans first - round draft picks Carr A. Johnson Robinson Babin T. Johnson Williams Okoye Brown Cushing Jackson Watt Mercilus Hopkins Clowney K. Johnson Fuller Watson Houston Texans 2011 NFL draft selections J.J. Watt Brooks Reed Brandon Harris Roc Carmichael Shiloh Keo T.J. Yates Derek Newton Cheta Ozougwu Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award winners 1971 : Page 1972 : Greene 1973 : Anderson 1974 : Greene 1975 : Blount 1976 : Lambert 1977 : Martin 1978 : Gradishar 1979 : Selmon 1980 : Hayes 1981 : Taylor 1982 : Taylor 1983 : Betters 1984 : Easley 1985 : Singletary 1986 : Taylor 1987 : White 1988 : Singletary 1989 : Millard 1990 : Smith 1991 : Swilling 1992 : Kennedy 1993 : R. Woodson 1994 : D. Sanders 1995 : Paup 1996 : Smith 1997 : Stubblefield 1998 : White 1999 : Sapp 2000 : Lewis 2001 : Strahan 2002 : Brooks 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Reed 2005 : Urlacher 2006 : Taylor 2007 : B. Sanders 2008 : Harrison 2009 : C. Woodson 2010 : Polamalu 2011 : Suggs 2012 : Watt 2013 : Kuechly 2014 : Watt 2015 : Watt 2016 : Mack 2017 : Donald Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award 1970 : Unitas 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Lanier 1973 : Dawson 1974 : Blanda 1975 : Anderson 1976 : Harris 1977 : Payton 1978 : Staubach 1979 : Greene 1980 : Carmichael 1981 : Swann 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Benirschke 1984 : Lyons 1985 : Stephenson 1986 : Williams 1987 : Duerson 1988 : Largent 1989 : Moon 1990 : Singletary 1991 : Muñoz 1992 : Elway 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Seau 1995 : Esiason 1996 : Green 1997 : Aikman 1998 : Marino 1999 : Carter 2000 : Flanigan & Brooks 2001 : Bettis 2002 : Vincent 2003 : Shields 2004 : Dunn 2005 : P. Manning 2006 : Brees & Tomlinson 2007 : Taylor 2008 : Warner 2009 : Waters 2010 : Williams 2011 : Birk 2012 : Witten 2013 : Tillman 2014 : Davis 2015 : Boldin 2016 : Fitzgerald & E. Manning 2017 : Watt NFL annual sacks leaders ( Deacon Jones Award ) 1982 : Martin 1983 : Gastineau 1984 : Gastineau 1985 : Dent 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : White 1988 : White 1989 : Doleman 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Swilling 1992 : Simmons 1993 : Smith 1994 : Greene 1995 : Paup 1996 : Greene 1997 : Randle 1998 : Sinclair 1999 : Carter 2000 : Glover 2001 : Strahan 2002 : J. Taylor 2003 : Strahan 2004 : Freeney 2005 : Burgess 2006 : Merriman 2007 : Allen 2008 : Ware 2009 : Dumervil 2010 : Ware 2011 : Allen 2012 : Watt 2013 : Mathis 2014 : Houston 2015 : Watt 2016 : Beasley 2017 : Jones Starting in 2013 , the sack leader is officially given the Deacon Jones Award NFL Top 100 No. 1 players Brady ( 2011 ) Rodgers ( 2012 ) Peterson ( 2013 ) Manning ( 2014 ) Watt ( 2015 ) Newton ( 2016 ) Brady ( 2017 ) Top 100 lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related NFL Network Lindsay Rhodes Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Watt&oldid=828339779 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people American Conference Pro Bowl players American football defensive ends American people of Scottish descent Central Michigan Chippewas football players Houston Texans players Players of American football from Wisconsin Sportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area Sportspeople from Waukesha , Wisconsin Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Wisconsin Badgers football players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Houston Texans currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20J.%20Watt	91,010
when does star wars last jefi come out on dvd	Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars : The Last Jedi digitally in HD and 4K via digital download and Movies Anywhere on March 13 , 2018 , with an Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD physical release on March 27 . It was the first Star Wars film to be released on the Ultra HD Blu - ray format .	March 27	Star Wars : the Last Jedi	star wars : the last jedi		Star Wars : The Last Jedi Theatrical release poster Directed by Rian Johnson Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Ram Bergman Written by Rian Johnson Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Andy Serkis Lupita Nyong'o Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Gwendoline Christie Kelly Marie Tran Laura Dern Frank Oz Benicio del Toro Music by John Williams Cinematography Steve Yedlin Edited by Bob Ducsay Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) ( Shrine Auditorium ) December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 152 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $1.333 billion Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( also known as Star Wars : Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi ) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson . It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise , following Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Andy Serkis , Lupita Nyong'o , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles , with Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast . The film features the final film performance by Fisher , who died in December 2016 , and it is dedicated to her memory . The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker , in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order . The Last Jedi is part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012 . It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman , with Force Awakens director J.J. Abrams as an executive producer . John Williams , composer for the previous films , returned to compose the score . Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015 , with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom in February 2016 and ending in July 2016 . Post-production wrapped in September 2017 . The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on December 15 , 2017 . It grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the 7th - highest - ever grossing film in North America and the 9th - highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the second - highest - grossing film of the Star Wars franchise , and turned a net profit of over $417 million . It received positive reviews from critics , who praised its ensemble cast , visual effects , musical score , action sequences and emotional weight ; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back . The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , including Best Original Score and Best Visual Effects , as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . A sequel , provisionally titled Star Wars : Episode IX , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.1. 1 Video games 4.1. 2 Home media 4.2 Tie - in literature and merchandise 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Audience response 5.4 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot Resistance forces , led by General Leia Organa , flee D'Qar when a First Order fleet arrives . Poe Dameron leads a costly counterattack that destroys a First Order dreadnought , but after the Resistance escapes to hyperspace , the First Order tracks them and attacks the Resistance convoy . Kylo Ren , Leia 's son , hesitates to fire on the lead Resistance ship after sensing his mother 's presence , but his TIE fighter wingmen destroy the bridge , incapacitating Leia and killing most of their leadership , including Admiral Ackbar . Disapproving of new leader Vice Admiral Holdo 's passive strategy , Poe helps Finn , BB - 8 , and mechanic Rose Tico embark on a secret mission to disable the tracking device on the lead ship . Meanwhile , Rey arrives on Ahch - To with Chewbacca and R2 - D2 aboard the Millennium Falcon to recruit Luke Skywalker to the Resistance . Disillusioned by his failure to train Kylo as a Jedi , and under self - imposed exile from the Force , Luke refuses to help -- even after he learns of Han Solo 's death at Kylo 's hands -- and believes that the Jedi should become extinct . Unbeknownst to Luke , Rey and Kylo can communicate through the Force , puzzling the two enemies . As the rival Force users learn about each other , each has future visions of themselves as partners . R2 - D2 persuades Luke to train Rey . After Kylo tells Rey what happened between him and Luke that caused him to choose the dark side of the Force , Luke confesses that he momentarily contemplated killing Kylo upon sensing that Supreme Leader Snoke was corrupting him , causing Kylo to destroy Luke 's new Jedi Order in retaliation . Convinced that Kylo can be redeemed , Rey leaves Ahch - To to confront Kylo without Luke . Luke prepares to burn the Ahch - To Jedi temple and library , but hesitates . Yoda 's ghost appears and destroys the temple by summoning a thunderstorm , claiming Rey has all she needs to learn , and encourages Luke to learn from his failure . Holdo reveals her plan to discreetly evacuate the remaining Resistance members using small transports . Believing her actions cowardly and risky , Poe leads a mutiny . Finn , Rose , and BB - 8 travel to the Canto Bight casino and acquire the help of the hacker DJ , who says he can help them disable the tracking device . They infiltrate Snoke 's ship , but all but BB - 8 are captured by Captain Phasma . Meanwhile , Rey lands on the ship , and Kylo brings her to Snoke , who claims that he facilitated the mental connection between her and Kylo as part of a plan to destroy Luke . Ordered to kill Rey , Kylo instead kills Snoke and , with Rey , defeats Snoke 's guards . Rey believes that Kylo has returned to the light side of the Force , but he instead invites her to rule the galaxy with him , which she refuses . They use the Force to fight for possession of Anakin Skywalker 's lightsaber , which splits in two . Leia recovers and stuns Poe , allowing the evacuation to begin . Holdo remains on the ship to mislead Snoke 's fleet as the others flee to an abandoned Rebel Alliance base on Crait . DJ reveals the Resistance 's plan to the First Order , and the evacuation transports are slowly destroyed . Holdo sacrifices herself by ramming Snoke 's fleet at lightspeed ; Rey escapes in the chaos , while Kylo declares himself Supreme Leader . BB - 8 frees Finn and Rose , who escape after defeating Phasma , and they join survivors on Crait . When the First Order arrives , Poe , Finn , and Rose attack with old speeders . Rey and Chewbacca draw the TIE fighters away with the Falcon , while Rose stops Finn from completing a suicide run against the enemy siege cannon , which penetrates the Resistance fortress . Luke appears and confronts the First Order to enable surviving Resistance members to escape . Kylo orders the First Order 's forces to fire on Luke to no effect . He then engages Luke in a lightsaber duel ; upon striking Luke , Kylo realizes he has been fighting a Force projection of him . Rey uses the Force to help the Resistance escape on the Falcon . Luke , exhausted , dies peacefully on Ahch - To . His death is sensed by Rey and Leia , but Leia tells surviving rebels that the Resistance has all it needs to rise again . At Canto Bight , one of the children who helped Finn and Rose escape grabs a broom with the Force and gazes into space . Cast Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( from top ) features Mark Hamill , and introduces Kelly Marie Tran , Laura Dern , and Benicio del Toro . See also : List of Star Wars cast members Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker , a powerful Jedi Master who has been in self - imposed exile on the planet Ahch - To . Hamill voices Dobbu Scay , named after the film 's editor , Bob Ducsay . During the Canto Bight scene , the character mistakes BB - 8 as a slot machine . Carrie Fisher as General Leia Organa , twin sister to Luke , former princess of Alderaan , and a leading general in the Resistance . This was Fisher 's final film role before her death on December 27 , 2016 . Adam Driver as Kylo Ren , Supreme Leader Snoke 's disciple , who is strong with the dark side of the Force and leader to the Knights of Ren . He is the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa , nephew of Luke Skywalker , and the grandson of Anakin Skywalker . Daisy Ridley as Rey , a highly Force - sensitive scavenger from the desert planet Jakku , who joined the Resistance and goes to find Luke Skywalker . John Boyega as Finn , a former stormtrooper of the First Order who defected to the Resistance . Oscar Isaac as Poe Dameron , a high - ranking X-wing fighter pilot in the Resistance . Andy Serkis as Supreme Leader Snoke , the leader of the First Order and Kylo Ren 's master . Lupita Nyong'o as Maz Kanata , a pirate and ally of the Resistance . Domhnall Gleeson as General Hux , the former head of the First Order 's Starkiller Base . Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO , a humanoid protocol droid in the service of Leia Organa . Gwendoline Christie as Captain Phasma , the commander of the First Order 's stormtroopers . Kelly Marie Tran as Rose Tico , a member of the Resistance who works in maintenance . Laura Dern as Vice Admiral Amilyn Holdo , an officer in the Resistance . Frank Oz as Yoda , the deceased former Grand Master of the Jedi , and Luke 's wise former mentor , who appears as a Force - ghost . Benicio del Toro as DJ , an underworld codebreaker . Joonas Suotamo appears as Chewbacca , taking over the role from Peter Mayhew after previously serving as his body double for The Force Awakens . Mayhew , who was 73 years old and suffering from chronic knee and back pain , is credited as `` Chewbacca consultant . '' Billie Lourd , Mike Quinn , and Timothy D. Rose reprise their roles as Lieutenant Connix , Nien Nunb , and Admiral Ackbar respectively from previous films . Due to the death of Erik Bauersfeld , Admiral Ackbar is now voiced by Tom Kane . Amanda Lawrence appears as Commander D'Acy , and Mark Lewis Jones and Adrian Edmondson play Captains Canady and Peavey respectively . BB - 8 is controlled by puppeteers Dave Chapman and Brian Herring , with initial voice work by Ben Schwartz and final sound effects voiced by Bill Hader modulated through a synthesizer . Jimmy Vee portrays R2 - D2 , taking over the role from Kenny Baker who died on August 13 , 2016 . Veronica Ngo portrays Rose 's sister Paige Tico , a Resistance gunner who sacrifices her life to destroy a First Order dreadnought . Justin Theroux plays the master codebreaker , while Lily Cole plays his companion . Joseph Gordon - Levitt has a voice cameo as Slowen Lo . Warwick Davis plays Wodibin . Gareth Edwards , director of the Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One , has a cameo appearance as a Resistance Soldier , as does Gary Barlow . Directors Edgar Wright and Joe Cornish also cameo in the film . Hermione Corfield appears as Tallissan `` Tallie '' Lintra , a Resistance A-Wing pilot and squadron leader . Noah Segan and Jamie Christopher appear as Resistance pilots Starck and Tubbs . Hamill 's children , Griffin , Nathan , and Chelsea , cameo as Resistance soldiers . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry filmed cameo appearances as stormtroopers . Tom Hardy also filmed an appearance as a stormtrooper , but his cameo was ultimately dropped from the final cut . Hugh Skinner cameos as a Resistance Officer . Production Writer and director Rian Johnson Development See also : Star Wars sequel trilogy In October 2012 , Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm , and with it the Star Wars franchise , to The Walt Disney Company . Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films . J.J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy , The Force Awakens , in January 2013 . In June 2014 , director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel , dubbed Episode VIII , and to write a treatment for the third film , Episode IX , with Ram Bergman producing both films . Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII . In September , filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker , to which Johnson responded : I 'm just starting into it , but so far , honestly , it 's the most fun I 've ever had writing . It 's just joyous . But also for me personally , I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys , so as a little kid , the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world . A big part of it is that direct connection , almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way . But I do n't know , ask me again in a few years and we 'll be able to talk about that . The story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens . He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High , The Bridge on the River Kwai , Gunga Din , Three Outlaw Samurai , Sahara , and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas . He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished . In December 2015 , Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that `` we have n't mapped out every single detail ( of the sequel trilogy ) yet '' . She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with ( then ) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition . Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski . Lucasfilm announced the film 's title , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , on January 23 , 2017 . Casting In September 2015 , Disney shortlisted the female cast members to Gina Rodriguez , Tatiana Maslany , and Olivia Cooke . Later that month , Benicio del Toro confirmed that he would play a villain in the film , and Mark Hamill was also confirmed . In October 2015 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw was rumored to have been cast in the film . In November , Jimmy Vee was cast as R2 - D2 . In November , Kennedy announced at the London premiere for The Force Awakens that the entire cast would return for Episode VIII , along with `` a handful '' of new cast members . In February 2016 , at the start of filming , it was confirmed that Laura Dern and Kelly Marie Tran had been cast in unspecified roles . In April 2017 , at Star Wars Celebration Orlando , Lucasfilm announced that Tran plays Resistance maintenance worker Rose Tico , which Johnson described as the film 's largest new role . To keep Frank Oz 's return as Yoda a secret , producers excluded Oz 's name in the billing for the film 's pre-release marketing and ensured that Oz stayed on set during filming . Filming Skellig Michael ( top ) , Salar de Uyuni ( middle ) , and Dubrovnik ( bottom ) served as filming locations . Second unit photography began during pre-production at Skellig Michael in Ireland on September 14 , 2015 , due to the difficulties of filming at that location during other seasons . It would have lasted four days , but filming was canceled for the first day due to poor weather and rough conditions . In November 2014 , Ivan Dunleavy , chief executive of Pinewood Studios , confirmed that the film would be shot at Pinewood , with additional filming in Mexico . In September 2015 , del Toro revealed that principal photography would begin in March 2016 ; Kennedy later stated that filming would begin in January 2016 . The production began work on the 007 Stage at Pinewood Studios on November 15 , 2015 . Rick Heinrichs served as production designer . In January 2016 , production of Episode VIII was delayed until February 2016 , due to script rewrites . Additionally , filming was potentially in danger of being delayed further due to an upcoming strike between the Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television and the Broadcasting , Entertainment , Cinematograph and Theatre Union . On February 10 , 2016 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed that principal photography had begun , under the working title Space Bear . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik , Croatia from March 9 to 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May . Malin Head in County Donegal and a mountain headland , Ceann Sibeal in County Kerry , served as additional filming locations . To increase the scenes ' intimacy Driver and Ridley were both present when filming Kylo and Rey 's Force visions . Location filming for the battle scenes on the planet Crait took place in July 2016 at the Salar de Uyuni salt flats in Bolivia . Principal photography wrapped on July 22 , 2016 , though as of early September 2016 , Nyong'o had not filmed her scenes . In February 2017 , it was announced that sequences from the film were shot in IMAX . Production designer Rick Heinrichs said the original screenplay called for 160 sets , double what might be expected , but that Johnson did some `` trimming and cutting '' . Ultimately 125 sets were created on 14 sound stages at Pinewood Studios . According to creature designer Neal Scanlan , The Last Jedi uses more practical effects than any Star Wars film , with 180 to 200 creatures created with practical effects , some cut from the final edit . For Yoda 's appearance in the film as a Force ghost , the character was created using puppetry , as was done in the original Star Wars trilogy ( as opposed to computer - generated imagery , which was used to create Yoda in most of the prequel trilogy ) . The film 's Canto Bight sequence contains a reference to the 1985 Terry Gilliam film Brazil , in which Finn and Rose are arrested for committing parking violation 27B / 6 . Music Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( soundtrack ) In July 2013 , Kennedy announced at Star Wars Celebration Europe that John Williams would return to score the Star Wars sequel trilogy . Williams confirmed his assignment for The Last Jedi at a Tanglewood concert in August 2016 , stating he would begin recording the score `` off and on '' in December 2016 until March or April 2017 . On February 21 , 2017 , it was confirmed that recording was underway , with both Williams and William Ross conducting the sessions . In lieu of a traditional spotting session with Johnson , Williams was provided a temp track of music from his previous film scores as a reference for scoring The Last Jedi . The score briefly quotes `` Aquarela do Brasil '' by Ary Barroso in its `` Canto Bight '' track as another reference to the film Brazil . It also contains a brief quote of Williams performing his own theme for The Long Goodbye ( co-composed by Johnny Mercer ) during Finn and Rose 's escape , although this quote is not heard in the official soundtrack release . The official soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15 , 2017 in digipak CD , digital formats , and streaming services . Release In January 2015 , Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017 , and in March , Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26 , 2017 . In January 2016 , The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15 , 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D . On January 23 , 2017 , the film 's title was announced as Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens , `` Episode VIII '' was included in the film 's opening crawl , although not in its official title . The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9 , 2017 . The European premiere was held at London 's Royal Albert Hall on December 12 , 2017 , with a red carpet event . It was reported that Disney had placed notable conditions on U.S. cinemas screening The Last Jedi , which some operators described as being `` onerous '' . Disney required that the film be screened in a cinema 's largest auditorium for a four - week period ( other Disney releases have had similar clauses , but only for two weeks ) , and was given a 65 % cut of ticket sales ( a percentage higher than the 55 -- 60 % average of other major films , and cited as the highest split ever demanded by a Hollywood film behind the 64 % split of The Force Awakens ) . The agreement , which was required to be kept confidential , also contained regulations on promotions and restrictions on removing any scheduled screening . Violations were to be penalized with an additional 5 % cut of ticket sales . Some cinemas declined to screen the film due to these conditions , particularly smaller or one - screen cinemas that would otherwise be barred from screening any other film during the commitment period . Industry representatives considered this policy to be reasonable , citing the performance of Disney releases and the Star Wars franchise , and that the guaranteed business attracted by the film , and concession sales , would make up for the larger cut of ticket sales . Marketing This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) A set of eight promotional postage stamps were released on October 12 , 2017 in the UK by the Royal Mail with artwork by Malcolm Tween . On September 19 , 2017 , Australia Post released a set of stamp packs . Tie - in promotional campaigns were done with Nissan Motors and Bell Media , among others . Two main trailers were released , followed by numerous television spots . Figurines of many of the characters were released in October , and advance tickets for Last Jedi went on sale in October . Several tie - in books were released on the same day of the North American release of the movie , including The Last Jedi : Visual Dictionary , and various children 's reading and activity books . Related novelizations included the prequel book Cobalt Squadron , and the Canto Bight , a collection of novellas about the Canto Bight Casino . Video games As with The Force Awakens , there is no official tie - in game for The Last Jedi , in favor of integrating content from the film into other Star Wars video games , including Star Wars Battlefront II , which introduced various content from the film , during the second week of the game 's first `` season '' . An update to the MOBA mobile game Star Wars : Force Arena added new content from the sequel era , including some characters as they appeared in The Last Jedi . Characters from the film also appeared in the mobile RPG Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes . Home Media Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars : The Last Jedi digitally in HD and 4K via digital download and Movies Anywhere on March 13 , 2018 , with an Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD physical release on March 27 . It was the first Star Wars film to be released on the Ultra HD Blu - ray format . Tie - in literature and merchandise The official novelization is by Jason Fry , with an audiobook version narrated by Marc Thompson . There is a `` junior novel '' by Michael Kogge ( 2018 Lucasfilm Press ) , and an audiobook version narrated by Jessica Almasy . Reception Box Office Star Wars : The Last Jedi grossed $620.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $712.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $1.333 billion . It had a worldwide opening of $450.8 million , the fifth - biggest of all time , including $40.6 million that was attributed to IMAX screenings , the second biggest for IMAX . It was estimated that the film would need to gross $800 million worldwide to break even ; Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $417.5 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the most profitable release of 2017 . On December 31 , 2017 , its 17th day of release , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the fourth film of 2017 , the fifteenth Disney film , the fourth Star Wars film and the thirty - second film overall to pass the mark . The film was the highest - grossing film of 2017 , the second highest - grossing film in the franchise ( behind The Force Awakens ) , the fourth highest - grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios , the sixth highest - grossing film in North America and the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . United States and Canada Pre-sale tickets went on sale in the United States on October 9 , 2017 , and as with The Force Awakens and Rogue One , ticket service sites such as Fandango had their servers crash due to heavy traffic and demand . In the United States and Canada , industry tracking had The Last Jedi grossing around $200 million from 4,232 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $45 million from Thursday night previews , the second - highest amount ever ( behind The Force Awakens ' $57 million ) . It went on to make $104.8 million on its first day ( including previews ) and $220 million over the weekend , both the second - highest amounts of all time . The opening weekend figure included an IMAX opening - weekend of $25 million , the biggest IMAX opening of the year and the second biggest ever behind The Force Awakens . After dropping by 76 % on its second Friday , the worst Friday - to - Friday drop in the series , the film fell by a total of 67.5 % in its second weekend , grossing $71.6 million . It was the largest second - weekend drop of the franchise , although it remained atop the box office . The three day total was the 14th biggest second weekend of all time . It grossed an additional $27.5 million on Christmas Day , the second biggest Christmas Day gross of all time behind The Force Awakens ( $49.3 million ) , for a four - day weekend total of $99 million . It made $52.4 million in its third weekend , again topping the box office . It also brought its domestic total to $517.1 million , overtaking fellow Disney vehicle Beauty and the Beast as the highest of 2017 . It was the 6th biggest third weekend of all time . It had the 7th biggest New Year 's Day gross of all time with $14.3 million , bringing the four day total to $66.8 million . It grossed $23.7 million and was surpassed the following weekend by Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( which was in its third week ) and Insidious : The Last Key . Outside North America In its first two days of release the film made $60.8 million from 48 markets . The top countries were the United Kingdom ( $10.2 million ) , Germany ( $6.1 million ) , France ( $6 million ) , Australia ( $5.6 million ) and Brazil ( $2.5 million ) . By the end of the weekend , the film made $230.8 million outside North America , the ninth - highest of all time . This included $36.7 million in the UK ( third - highest ) , $23.6 million in Germany ( second - highest ) , $18.1 million in France , $15.9 million in Australia ( second - highest ) , $14.4 million in Japan , $8.5 million in Russia , $8.3 million in Spain , $7.2 million in Brazil , $7 million in Italy and Mexico , $6.0 million in Sweden and $5.1 million in South Korea . On its second weekend , it grossed $76.1 million overseas and became the fourth - highest - grossing film of the year in Europe . As of January 21 , the largest markets outside of the United States and Canada are the United Kingdom ( $109.3 million ) , Germany ( $79.8 million ) , France ( $63.5 million ) , Japan ( $60.8 million ) and Australia ( $43.5 million ) . The film had a $28.7 million opening weekend in China , the lowest for a Star Wars film in that country since 2005 . Star Wars : The Force Awakens opened to $52 million two years prior and Rogue One , which featured Chinese stars Donnie Yen and Jiang Wen , opened to $30 million in 2016 . The Last Jedi added only $7 million during the week , to reach a total of $34.2 million in its first seven days . A week after its debut , China 's movie exhibitors dropped the film 's showtimes by 92 percent , from its 34.5 % percent share of the territory 's total screenings . The film grossed $910,000 in its third weekend , dropping to ninth place at the Chinese box office , overshadowed by new releases including Bollywood film Secret Superstar , Hollywood films Ferdinand and Wonder , and Chinese film A Better Tomorrow 2018 . The Last Jedi grossed $41 million in China , as of January 21 , 2018 . Critical response On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Star Wars : The Last Jedi has an approval rating of 91 % based on 374 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi honors the saga 's rich legacy while adding some surprising twists -- and delivering all the emotion - rich action fans could hope for . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 85 out of 100 , based on 56 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars , praising the surprises and risks that it took , writing that `` The movie works equally well as an earnest adventure full of passionate heroes and villains and a meditation on sequels and franchise properties ... ( The film ) is preoccupied with questions of legacy , legitimacy and succession , and includes multiple debates over whether one should replicate or reject the stories and symbols of the past . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast and the direction : `` You 're in hyper - skilled hands with Johnson who makes sure you leave the multiplex feeling euphoric . The middle part of the current trilogy , The Last Jedi ranks with the very best Star Wars epics ( even the pinnacle that is The Empire Strikes Back ) by pointing the way ahead to a next generation of skywalkers -- and , thrillingly , to a new hope . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars , saying , `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ... does n't pack quite the same emotional punch ( as The Force Awakens ) and it lags a bit in the second half , ( but ) this is still a worthy chapter in the Star Wars franchise , popping with exciting action sequences , sprinkled with good humor and containing more than a few nifty ' callbacks ' to previous characters and iconic moments . '' For The Hollywood Reporter , Todd McCarthy said , `` Loaded with action and satisfying in the ways its loyal audience wants it to be , writer - director Rian Johnson 's plunge into George Lucas ' universe is generally pleasing even as it sometimes strains to find useful and / or interesting things for some of its characters to do . '' Will Gompertz , arts editor of BBC News , gave the film 4 / 5 stars , writing `` Rian Johnson ... has not ruined your Christmas with a turkey . His gift to you is a cracker , a blockbuster movie packed with invention , wit , and action galore . '' Mark Kermode , British film critic , gave the film 4 / 5 stars saying Johnson `` proves himself the master of the balancing act , keeping the warring forces of this intergalactic franchise in near - perfect harmony . '' The unpredictability of the plot was appreciated by reviewers such as Alex Leadbeater of Screen Rant , who commented specifically that the death of Snoke was `` the best movie twist in years '' . Conversely , Richard Brody of The New Yorker wrote , `` Despite a few stunning decorative touches ( most of which involve the color red ) and that brief central sequence of multiple Reys , the movie comes off as a work that 's ironed out , flattened down , appallingly purified . Above all , it delivers a terrifyingly calculated consensus storytelling , an artificial universality that is achieved , in part , through express religious references . '' Kate Taylor of The Globe and Mail gave the film 2 / 4 stars , saying the film suffered from too many new additions and writing , `` Nifty new animals , a maturing villain , a flagging heroine , muffled humour -- as it seeks to uphold a giant cultural legacy , this unfolding trilogy struggles to maintain a balance that often seems just out of reach . '' Audience response Audience reception measured by scientific polling methods was highly positive . Audiences randomly polled by CinemaScore on opening day gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Surveys from SurveyMonkey and comScore 's PostTrak found that 89 % of audience members graded the film positively , including a rare five - star rating . The user - generated review sections of Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic contained scores that were significantly more negative , achieving ratings of 47 % and 4.6 / 10 , respectively . Several reviewers speculated that the low user scores are the result of manipulation , either by coordinated vote brigading from internet groups or from bots . Quartz noted that some new accounts gave negative ratings to both The Last Jedi and Thor : Ragnarok , while Bleeding Cool stated that reviews for Thor had tapered off up to that point but skyrocketed afterwards . In response to tampering claims , Rotten Tomatoes released a statement that they did not detect any unusual activity aside from a noticeable `` uptick in the number of written user reviews '' on The Last Jedi . Reviewers characterized The Last Jedi as divisive among audiences . Todd VanDerWerff of Vox found that disgruntled fans saw the film as too progressive , disliked its humor , plot , or character arcs , or felt betrayed that it ignored fan theories . Other reviewers made similar observations . Particularly divisive was the reveal that Rey 's parents are insignificant ; many fans had expected her to be Luke 's daughter or to share a lineage with another character from the original trilogy . There was also sentiment that Snoke 's character was underdeveloped and that Luke 's actions contrasted his previous heroic portrayal . Reviewers stated that fan theories were held so strongly among some viewers that it was difficult for them to accept different stories , but that other viewers appreciated the film 's action , tone and deviation from Star Wars tradition . Accolades Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Sound Editing Matthew Wood and Ren Klyce Nominated Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Michael Semanick , Ren Klyce and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Neal Scanlan and Chris Corbould Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Rick Heinrichs Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Sound Ren Klyce , David Parker , Michael Semanick , Stuart Wilson , Matthew Wood Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Stephen Alpin , Chris Courbould , Ben Morris , Neal Scanlan Nominated Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Michael Kaplan Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Won Best Director Rian Johnson Won Best Actor John Boyega Nominated Best Actress Daisy Ridley Won Best Female Newcomer Kelly Marie Tran Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Costume Design Michael Kaplan Won Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Science Fiction Film Star Wars : The Last Jedi Pending Best Actor Mark Hamill Pending Best Actress Daisy Ridley Pending Best Supporting Acress Carrie Fisher Pending Best Supporting Actress Kelly Marie Tran Pending Best Director Rian Johnson Pending Best Screenplay Pending Best Production Design Rick Heinrichs Pending Best Editing Bob Ducsay Pending Best Music John Williams Pending Best Costume Design Michael Kaplan Pending Best Makeup Peter Swords King , Neal Scanlan Pending Best Film Special / Visual Effects Ben Morris , Mike Mulholland , Chris Corbould , Neal Scanlan Pending Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Ben Morris , Tim Keene , Eddie Pasquarello , Daniel Seddon , Chris Corbould Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Cameron Nielsen , Albert Cheng , John Levin , Johanes Kurnia for `` Crait Surface Battle '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Peter Kyme , Miguel Perez Senet , Ahmed Gharraph , Billy Copley for `` Bombing Run '' Nominated Mihai Cioroba , Ryoji Fujita , Jiyong Shin , Dan Finnegan for `` Mega Destroyer Destruction '' Nominated Sequel Episode IX , the final installment of the sequel trilogy , is scheduled for release on December 20 , 2019 . Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018 . Colin Trevorrow was expected to direct the film ; however , on September 5 , 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that he had stepped down . A week later , Lucasfilm announced that J.J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio . Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies , with elements from the previous two trilogies . References ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams To Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Empire . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Now Filming '' . StarWars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OK , We Need to Talk About This Controversy with Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Wired . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi 's Performance A Good Sign For Disney '' . Seeking Alpha . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Is A Billion - Dollar Blockbuster For Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Reviews : Critics Say Episode VIII Is Hugely Satisfying '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Review '' . / Film . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Movie Review ( 2017 ) Roger Ebert '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam . `` The Last Jedi Brings Fresh Ideas Not Just to Star Wars but to the Whole Universe of Movies '' . Slate . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Majella ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bad weather halts Star Wars filming on Skellig Michael '' . The Irish Examiner . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruby , Jennifer ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars producer Kathleen Kennedy confirms that entire cast will return for eighth film '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi spoiler talk : Mark Hamill plays a secret second role -- and other Easter eggs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` 32 Delightful Star Wars : The Last Jedi Cameos You Might Have Missed '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo . `` I 'll just say this -- he 's listed in the credits as the second role someone very prominent in the cast plays . : ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Two More Actors Confirmed to Return for Star Wars Episode VIII '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Isaac Talks ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' and Going After X-Men's Apocalypse ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Moviefone . March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ; Cabin , Chris ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` This ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Character Will Be Back For ' Episode VIII ' '' . Collider . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yee , Lawrence ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Rose , the ' Biggest New Part ' in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` See the Cast of Star Wars : The Last Jedi on Four Exclusive Vanity Fair Covers '' . Vanity Fair . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Star Wars : The Last Jedi , the Definitive Preview '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi spoiler talk : How an old - school Star Wars character made a surprising return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` New Chewbacca actor delivers touching letter as Peter Mayhew retires '' . Syfy . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valverde , Michael ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Nien Nunb Will Return For Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . Dork Side of the Force . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Billie Lourd Will Return with a Larger Role In ' Star Wars Episode 8 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Star Wars : The Last Jedi made Carrie Fisher immortal '' . IGN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Dan ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Droid Dreams : How Neal Scanlan and the Star Wars : the Force Awakens Team Brought BB - 8 to Life '' . Starwars.com . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Ben Schwartz Provide the Voice of BB - 8 in New ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Featurette '' . Collider.com . ^ Jump up to : McEwan , Cameron ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Doctor Who actor Jimmy Vee is the new R2 - D2 in Star Wars Episode 8 '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : R2 - D2 Role to Be Filled by Jimmy Vee in ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jansen ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' Trailer Rumor : Another Mystery Character to Appear and More '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Joseph Gordon - Levitt Has a Cameo in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . / Film . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chung , Frank ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Warwick Davis on Star Wars : Episode VIII ' cliffhanger ' , possible Willow sequel '' . News.com.au . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Gary Barlow confirms secret Star Wars cameo '' . Radio Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nobile , Phil ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Who Is Noah Segan Playing in STAR WARS ? '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Boyega confirms royal cameos in ' Star Wars ' '' . ScreenDaily.com . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hardy 's deleted Last Jedi cameo will be included on the Blu - Ray release '' . The Telegraph . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite '' . StarWars.com . January 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Films '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson to Write and Direct ' Star Wars ' 8 -- But Not 9 '' . TheWrap . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rian Johnson Talks about Taking on Star Wars Episode VIII '' . ComingSoon.net . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII will be classic war film like The Bridge on the River Kwai , director reveals '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Actor John Boyega on Finn 's Past : ' I 've Got Some Conspiracy Theories ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode VIII to Open December 15 , 2017 '' . StarWars.com . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Shortlist Includes Gina Rodriguez , Tatiana Maslany , Olivia Cooke ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White , James ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Benicio Del Toro Confirms Casting in Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . Empire . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Casts Gugu Mbatha - Raw '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Updated : Star Wars : Episode VIII will shoot in Ireland this month '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Graham ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael : Is 6th - century rock star selling out to a galaxy far , far away ? '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Notice No. 44 of 2015 -- Filming Activity at Sceilig Mhichíl , Co . Kerry '' ( PDF ) . ddas.ie . Department of Transport , Tourism and Sport . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucey , Anne ; Pollak , Sorcha ; Ruxton , Dean ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Skellig Michael ' Star Wars ' filming cancelled amid high winds '' . Irish Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alirjaafar ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Returning To Pinewood For ' Episode VIII ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Assassin 's Creed ' : 35 Things to Know about the Ambitious Video Game Adaptation '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Line Bookings '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' Rewrites to Include More ' Force Awakens ' Characters ? '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII among films facing delays as lighting technicians threaten revolt '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII has started filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Malin Head locals feel the force of legendary film '' . BBC News . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi : How Adam Driver Went the Distance for Daisy Ridley During Filming '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Breathtaking Bolivian Salt Flats Play an Important Role in ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Remezcla . December 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Lupita Nyong'o Has n't Shot Her ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' Role Despite Rian Johnson Wrapping Production '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Mark ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Scene Shot in IMAX , Plus MORE Disney IMAX Releases '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Original ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Script Called for a ' Ridiculous Amount of Sets ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Has More Practical Creatures Than Any ' Star Wars ' Film '' . / Film . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCluskey , Megan ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` An All - Time Favorite Star Wars Character Makes an Epic Cameo in The Last Jedi '' . Time . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham . `` Did You Catch the Brazil Reference in The Last Jedi ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Karissa ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' news : John Williams to score upcoming installment '' . Vine Report . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` John Williams confirms he 's working on the score for Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' and ' The BFG ' Tap into Magical Musical Worlds '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Keenan ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams Already Hard at Work Composing ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Geek.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , William ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` I found a # Jedi ! Incredible opportunity to meet the 1andonly @ HamillHimself . Such a talented and kind person ! # StarWars # lukeskywalkerpic.twitter.com/CI38UogTXG '' . @ williamross_mx . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 69 : Rian Johnson on the Music of Star Wars & Other Movies '' . audioBoom . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walden , Jennifer ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ren Klyce : Mixing the score for ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . postPerspective . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , retrieved December 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Records , Walt Disney . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Original Motion Picture Soundtrack From Oscar ® - Winning Composer John Williams Available Today , December 15 '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Disney CEO Confirms Release Years for ' Star Wars Episode VIII ' and ' IX ' , Teases More Trilogies '' . / Film . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII coming in May 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Also , writer / director Rian Johnson 's Star Wars : Episode VIII -- to follow J.J. Abrams ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens , out December 18 -- is now scheduled to arrive on the big screen May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` First Star Wars Stand - Alone , Rogue One , Will Have Female Lead in Felicity Jones '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Star Wars : Episode VIII will indeed be directed by Rian Johnson ( Looper ) and will be released on May 26 , 2017 , or around the 40th anniversary of the original Star Wars . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Gets New Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Director Shares Look from Editing Bay '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` How ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Is Preventing An ' Age Of Ultron ' - Style Box Office Backlash '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Albert Hall to roll out the red carpet for the European premiere of Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . royalalberthall.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erich ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Lays Down the Law for Theaters on ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney makes a bigger ask of theaters than ever before with The Last Jedi '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Some Movie Theaters Refuse to Play Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . Slashfilm . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Lofty Exhibition Terms For ' The Last Jedi ' : It 's Worth It , For The Popcorn Alone '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moran , Lee ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Postage Stamps Are ' Bleep Bloop ' Beautiful '' . HuffPost . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sensational licensed stamp packs for September '' . Australia Post . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cacho , Gleson . `` Here are the new video game updates for ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront II : The Last Jedi Season Schedule '' . Star Wars Battlefront II official website . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Comes Home '' . StarWars.com . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Skyrockets To $231 M Overseas , $451 M Global Bow ; ' Coco ' Tops $450 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits $230 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Star Wars The Last Jedi ' Is A Gloomier , Flawed , But Ultimately Successful Sequel '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` No. 1 ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Tops $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi Passes the $1 Billion Mark , Jumanji in a Close Second '' . ComingSoon.net . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Ticket Sales Crash Fandango '' . ComicBook.com . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits Tracking & A $200 M Opening Would Come As No Surprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Thursday Night Previews Hit $45 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opening To $219 M : How Disney Continues To Win With The ' Star Wars ' Franchise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money in the World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on Christmas Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 3rd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Single Day Records : High Grossing Movies on New Year 's Day '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 29 -- January 1 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Awakens To Early $61 M Overseas ; $106 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Delivers Second Largest Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Rises To $750 M Global ; ' Jumanji ' Swings in With $50 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' At $768 M WW Intensity & 4th # 1 in a Row Overseas ; ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Debuts -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Stumbles in China , Hits $1.2 Billion Worldwide '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Rebecca ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Underperforms In China '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Gaochao ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' falls short in China '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rob ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` 7 Days into Its Release , Chinese Theaters Abandon ' The Last Jedi , ' Dumping 92 % Of Its Screenings '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` China Box Office : Aamir Khan 's ' Superstar ' Wins Crowded Weekend '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Movie Review ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Review : This Is the Epic You 've Been Looking For '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' stays true to joys of the franchise '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Gompertz reviews Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi review -- may the eighth be with you '' . The Observer . ISSN 0029 - 7712 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Alex ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi 's Snoke Reveal Is The Best Movie Twist in Years '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' Reviewed '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Last Jedi is weighed down by too many new additions '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Hits Tracking & A $200 M Opening Would Come As No Surprise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' gets thumbs up from 89 % of viewers , says new poll '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Did Audiences Enjoy ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' ? Deciphering Online User Reviews From Exit Polls '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Read User Reviews and Submit your own for Star Wars : Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' backlash ' against Star Wars : The Last Jedi , explained '' . Vox . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Alt - Right Claims Credit for ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Backlash '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ; Jacobs , Matthew . `` Surprise , Surprise : The ' Alt - Right ' Claims Credit For ' Last Jedi ' Backlash '' . Huffingtonpost.ca . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Ashley ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` A rabid Star Wars fan may have rigged the Rotten Tomatoes score for ' The Last Jedi ' '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` Facebook User Claims to Have Manipulated the Rotten Tomatoes Audience Score for Star Wars : The Last Jedi '' . BleedingCool.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rotten Tomatoes Says Last Jedi User Score is Accurate '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Many reviewers have called `` The Last Jedi '' divisive or polarizing . See , for example : VanDerWerff , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The ' backlash ' against Star Wars : The Last Jedi , explained '' . Vox . Youngs , Ian ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi -- the most divisive film ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Cavna , Michael ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Last Jedi ' became the most divisive Star Wars movie yet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Matyszczyk , Chris . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' positive vibes slipping online '' . CNET . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . `` Star Wars fan behind anti-Last Jedi petition denies he was ' bought off ' by Disney to back down '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Schmidt , Joseph . `` Rian Johnson addresses The Last Jedi backlash , says necessary for Star Wars to ' grow ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Youngs , Ian ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi -- the most divisive film ever ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Last Jedi ' became the most divisive Star Wars movie yet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goodmand , Stephanie ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' and You : What Fans Think of the Newest Chapter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi 's Biggest Disappointments '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Does The Last Jedi Reveal About Rey 's Parents ? '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yee , Yip Wai Yee ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Last Jedi divides '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Some Star Wars Fans Hate The Last Jedi ? '' . IGN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 90th Academy Awards '' . www.oscars.org . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the EE British Academy Film Awards in 2018 ( Plain Text ) '' . www.bafta.org . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' I , Tonya ' , ' The Shape of Water ' Top Costume Designers Guild Awards -- Complete Winners List '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars : The Last Jedi Wins Big at Rakuten TV Empire Awards 2018 '' . Empire . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award Nominations '' . www.saturnawards.org . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Statement Regarding Star Wars : Episode IX '' . Starwars.com . September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode IX May Tie Into The Prequel Trilogy '' . Cinemablend . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as Director of ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Official website Star Wars : The Last Jedi on IMDb Star Wars : The Last Jedi at AllMovie Star Wars : The Last Jedi at Box Office Mojo Star Wars : The Last Jedi at Metacritic Star Wars : The Last Jedi at Rotten Tomatoes Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Films directed by Rian Johnson Brick ( 2005 ) The Brothers Bloom ( 2008 ) Looper ( 2012 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2018 ) Star Wars portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi&oldid=838079488 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s science fiction films 2017 3D films American robot films American sequel films American films American space adventure films Films directed by Rian Johnson Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films produced by Ram Bergman Films scored by John Williams Films shot at Longcross Studios Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in County Kerry Films shot in Croatia Films shot in the Republic of Ireland Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Lucasfilm films Performance capture in film American science fantasy films Science fiction adventure films Sequel films Star Wars films Telekinesis in film Films featuring puppetry Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Articles to be expanded from December 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%3A%20The%20Last%20Jedi	1,644

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.