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This device consists of an enclosure subdivided internally by a partition perforated by a great number of holes having parallel axes and opening on one side into a single chamber and on the other side into two separate chambers by a longitudinal partition. A suitable shutter permits of covering in said single chamber holes corresponding to one of said separated chambers and at the same time uncovering the equivalent number of holes opening into the chamber 3 for the purpose of varying the proportion of the outputs of the two fluxes. | This paper presents experiments, in simulation, with a group of robots that improve their performance on a straightforward transportation task by using reinforcement learning to associate input states with a set of abstract behaviors. We show that the improvement in performance is a result of the group adapting its spatio-temporal organization to the given environment. Spatio-temporal adaptation is a general form of adaptation in that it can improve performance over a range of different tasks and environments. Hence it increases the general applicability and autonomy of robotic systems. Lastly, we present two communication strategies that improve this ability to adapt by generally improving learning rates for cooperative robots in highly dynamic domains. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,300 |
Multivariate cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts for simultaneously monitoring both means and variances under multivariate normal process are investigated. Performances of multivariate CUSUM schemes are evaluated for matched fixed sampling interval (FSI) and variable sampling interval (VSI) features in terms of average time to signal (ATS), average number of samples to signal (ANSS). Multivariate Shewhart charts are also considered to compare the properties of multivariate CUSUM charts. Numerical results show that presented CUSUM charts are more efficient than the corresponding Shewhart chart for small or moderate shifts and VSI feature with two sampling intervals is more efficient than FSI feature. When small changes in the production process have occurred, CUSUM chart with small reference values will be recommended in terms of the time to signal. | It is a common practice to use, simultaneously, several one-sided or two-sided CUSUM procedures of the type proposed by Page (1954). In this article, this method of control is considered to be a single multivariate CUSUM (MCUSUM) procedure. Methods are given for approximating parameters of the distribution of the minimum of the run lengths of the univariate CUSUM charts. Using a new method of comparing multivariate control charts, it is shown that an MCUSUM procedure is often preferable to Hotelling's TZ procedure for the case in which the quality characteristics are bivariate normal random variables. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,301 |
The phenomenon of match-fixing does constitute a constant element of sport contests. This paper presents a simple formal model in order to explain it. The intuition behind is that an asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake is the key factor leading to match-fixing. In sum, this paper considers a partial equilibrium model of contest where two asymmetric, rational and risk-neutral opponents evaluate differently a contested stake. Differently from common contest models, agents have the option of choosing a second instrument to affect the outcome of the contest. The second instrument is assumed to capture positive investments in ‘contest management’ – namely efforts paving the way for a match-fixing. In particular, it will be demonstrated that, under some conditions, an asymmetry in the evaluation of the stake can lead to a concession from one agent to the other and then to a match-fixing. Eventually the intuitions and results of the model will be applied to make a comparison between the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA Champions League tournaments. | In this paper, the autor extends his previous treatment of «The Bargaining Problem» to a wider class of situations in which threats can play a role/ A new approach is introduced involving the elaboration of the threat concept. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,302 |
The relationship between the oxygen impurity distribution in multicrystalline silicon and the use of top and/or side heaters in an unidirectional solidification process was investigated by numerical analysis. It was found that the oxygen concentration in the melt for the side heating system is lower than that for only the top heating system. This occurs because of the difference in flow direction of the melt near the crucible wall. The melt flows upward near the crucible wall when the side heating system is used. Oxygen is therefore dissolved from the silica crucible wall and is transported easily to the melt surface, where it evaporates. | This paper reports the relationship between oxygen concentration and dislocation multiplication in silicon crystals during directional solidification using numerical analysis. Based on the Alexander–Haasen–Sumino model, this analysis involved oxygen diffusion from the bulk to dislocation cores during crystal growth and annealing processes in a furnace. The results showed that the dislocation density mainly increased during cooling process, rather than crystal growth, when the effect of oxygen diffusion to dislocation cores was ignored. On the contrary, the dislocation density increased during both crystal growth and cooling processes when the effect of interstitial oxygen diffusion was considered. At a dislocation density larger than 1.0 × 105 cm−2, the interstitial oxygen concentration in bulk decreased due to the diffusion process, if interstitial oxygen atoms were between dislocations, whereas the concentration at dislocation cores increases. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,303 |
This paper analyses public support for government spending on science and technology (S&T) and its determinants. It constructs hypotheses based on previous findings from two streams of research: public preferences for government spending and public understanding of science. Using data from a large national survey in Spain, it develops multivariate models to test the relevance of various predictors of public support for government spending on S&T. Findings identify several variables that are clear and consistent predictors of public support for government spending on S&T: the respondent’s educational level, interest and participation in science, knowledge of science, and positive values and views of S&T. However, the effects of other variables also related to general attitudes towards science are less clearly associated with support for government spending on S&T. | This article discusses a new approach for the conduct of focus groups in health research. Identifying ways to educate and inform participants about the topic of interest prior to the focus group discussion can promote more quality data from informed opinions. Data on this deliberative discussion approach are provided from research within three federally funded studies. As healthcare continues to improve from scientific and technological advancements, educating the research participants prior to data collection about these complexities is essential to gather quality data. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,304 |
Web service technologies accelerate application development by allowing the selection and integration of third-party web services, achieving high modularity, flexibility and configurability. However, current approaches only allow this integration by hard wiring the references to concrete web services into the client applications. Moreover they do not provide any management support, which is fundamental for achieving robustness. We observe the need for the application to be independent of specific services and present the WSML, a management layer placed in between the application and the world of web services. In this paper we identify the requirements for this layer to realise the dynamic selection and integration of services, client-side management of services, and support for rules that govern the selection, integration and composition. We show how dynamic AOP is ideally suited to implement the core functionality of the WSML using the JAsCo dynamic aspect-oriented language to conduct the experiments. | Web services have been proposed as means to provide more convenient access to computation services. An issue that still must be dealt with is what to do if there is no web service with the desired functionality. Deploying a new web service requires expertise in the relevant technologies as well as access to a web services server. In this paper we present the Java Web Service, a web service that allows the provision of almost arbitrary functionality by means of uploading the functionality as a plug-in at run-time. Plug-ins can also be combined through a simple scripting mechanism. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,305 |
Tsunami vertical evacuation is an important strategy for enhancing disaster preparedness because it provides an alternative to evacuation inland or to high ground in areas at risk of local tsunami. A large number of tsunami vertical evacuation buildings provided safe refuge in the inundation zone during and immediately after the Great East Japan tsunami on March 11 th 2011. This paper discusses observations of such buildings in connection with themes that arose during semi-structured interviews with local disaster prevention and emergency services officials in Iwate and Miyagi Prefectures in October 2011. The implementation of key factorsin the development of tsunami vertical evacuationstrategies are assessed with reference to previously published guidelines, enabling lessons to be applied in the current and future development of such strategies internationally. The most important factors for designating tsunami vertical evacuation buildings are that they be reinforced concrete construction with sufficient height in relation to inundation depth. Also important to the success of such vertical evacuation strategies are community engagement, building owner agreement, consistent and clear signage, 24-hour access and evacuee welfare. | Tsunami vertical evacuation (TVE) buildings have the potential to save many lives. Yet whether TVE buildings actually save lives depends critically on whether people trust and evacuate to them, a question that has not previously been researched. We examine the case of the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia, where a M8.6 earthquake on 11-April-2012 caused a spontaneous mass evacuation but no tsunami. Our survey of residents living near TVE buildings (n = 202) shows that they clearly prefer horizontal evacuation: in the 2012 earthquake, only 26% evacuated to a TVE building, while 74% evacuated horizontally; if a similar earthquake happened in the future, only 32% intend to evacuate to a TVE building, while 68% intend to evacuate horizontally. To investigate the reasons for this, we extend protection motivation theory to examine people's choices among protective actions under social influence. Those who prefer to evacuate horizontally do not trust the safety of the TVE building and think they can reach a safe inland destination in time, while those who prefer to evacuate to a TVE building think they cannot reach a safe inland destination in time. Encouragement from friends and family influences people's evacuation destinations but official information and training do not. These findings suggest that more attention to the social context is crucial for the effectiveness of TVE buildings. Our extension of protection motivation theory to include choices among protective actions under social influence can be broadly useful in research on self-protective behavior in natural hazards, public health, and other contexts. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,306 |
Implications of network-centric considerations provide additional challenges for fusing track information from distributed and heterogeneous sources. In this paper a multisensor tracking system that consists of distributed active and passive sensors is used to describe a distributed Track-to-Track (T2T) fusion system. Network-centric operations manifest an extended design space for the distributed T2T fusion systems. This paper describes a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach to comprehend the extended design space of the distributed T2T fusion systems. Using statistical analysis techniques, ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests, we quantify the impact of key system design variables on the distributed T2T fusion system performance. The sensitivity analysis, based on statistical results, establishes the significance of interactions between system design variables and emphasizes the need for design and evaluation of the distributed T2T fusion systems in a system of systems context. | There has been an ever-increasing interest in multi-disciplinary research on multisensor data fusion technology, driven by its versatility and diverse areas of application. Therefore, there seems to be a real need for an analytical review of recent developments in the data fusion domain. This paper proposes a comprehensive review of the data fusion state of the art, exploring its conceptualizations, benefits, and challenging aspects, as well as existing methodologies. In addition, several future directions of research in the data fusion community are highlighted and described. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,307 |
It has been recognized that the steam accumulator plays an important role as one of thermal energy storage system and was used at hospitals, hotels and food factories in recent years. Experiments have been carried out to investigate direct contact condensation of saturated steam into a quiescent subcooled water environment. They were performed for subcooling from 20 - 70°C, for atmospheric pressure, and for various type of orifice ( single-orifice, multi-orifice and porous-disc-orifice ). The phenomena were observed by means of high speed shadowgraphy using a rotating prism camera. The phenomena were also visualized by techniques of liquid crystal using a still camera. The effect of bulk temperature in a water tank and the difference among a single-orifice, a multi-orifice and porous-disc-orifice were discussed and good predictive results for the visualization of thermal flow in a quiescent subcooled water environment were obtained.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | Frequency Analysis was carried out for the oscillation noise due to the condensation of steam injected from a submerged orifice into the subcooled liquid. The phenomena were also observed by means of high speed photographic shadowgraphy using a rotating prism camera with the speed of 3500 frames per second. Operations were conducted at atmospheric pressure, and water temperature varied in the range from 30°C to 80°C. The steam flow rate was varied from about 0.06 g/sec to about 3 g/sec. The present study has clarified that the condensation process arising from the steam-water transformation plays a most signifcant role for producing the oscillation noise of steam bubbles.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,308 |
In order to find the pressure dependence of water permeability for some flat-sheet ultrafiltration membranes, wet and dry membranes have been precompressed mechanically without allowing any water flux to pass through at pressures between 0 and 0.6 MPa. Thereafter, water at a fixed transmembrane pressure has been filtered and the flux as a function of compaction has been measured. For comparison, membranes have also been compressed hydrostatically, that is with water passing constantly through the membranes at different pressures. At corresponding pressures, the mechanical treatment lowered the flux much more than did the hydrostatic treatment. Cellulose acetate membranes displayed more elastic than viscous behaviour, polysulfone membranes the contrary. The flux was never restored after compaction, and the flux reduction increased with increasing precompression pressure. The glass transition temperature did not seem to have any influence on the compressibility in the present temperature range, but the porosity and the membrane structure were important. The membranes' thickness change could be correlated to the applied pressure as Δl ∼ ΔP 0.8 , a relation typical for porous materials. | High porosity and mass transport properties of microfiltration polymeric membranes benefit nutrients supply to cells when used as scaffolds in interstitial perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering. High nutrients transport is assumed when pore size and porosity of the membrane are in the micrometric range. The present work demonstrates that the study of membrane fouling by proteins present in the culture medium, though not done usually, should be included in the routine testing of new polymer membranes for this intended application. Two poly(e-caprolactone) microfiltration membranes presenting similar average pore size (approximately 0.7 µm) and porosity (>80%) but different external surface porosity and pore size have been selected as case studies. The present work demonstrates that a membrane with lower surface pore abundance and smaller external pore size (approximately 0.67 µm), combined with adequate hydrodynamics and tangential flow filtration mode is usually more convenient to guarantee high flux of nutrients. On the contrary, having large external pore size (approximately 1.70 µm) and surface porosity would incur important internal protein fouling that could not be prevented with the operation mode and hydrodynamics of the perfusion system. Additionally, the use of glycerol in the drying protocols of the membranes might cause plasticization and a consequent reduction of mass transport properties due to membrane compaction by the pressure exerted to force perfusion. Therefore, preferentially, drying protocols that omit the use of plasticizing agents are recommended. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,309 |
A delivery signal for a mailbox comprising a bracket extending from the back of the mailbox and a signal flag mounted on the bracket and biased to a signal position. A cord attached to the signal flag extends through the bracket and toward the front of the door of the mailbox. An end member is attached to the cord. A plate having a lip releasably secures the free end of the cord, holding the flag out of the signal position, and releasing the cord when the door is opened allowing the signal flag to move under the bias to the signal position. | This is a post-print of an article published in Studies in Health Technology and Informatics 2007 published by IOS Press. http://booksonline.iospress.nl/Content/View.aspx?piid=5551 | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,310 |
Transverse vibrations of the structural elements described in the title are studied for the case where the edges are elastically restrained against translation and rotation. Since finding an exact solution is a difficult task, it was considered convenient to approximate the response of the plate in the case of free, axisymmetric vibrations by means of a summation of simple polynomial coordinate functions that satisfy the governing boundary conditions. The Ritz method is used in order to generate the frequency equation. The natural frequency coefficients are optimized by minimizing each eigenvalue with respect to an undetermined exponential parameter included in each coordinate function. | Two dimensional boundary characteristic orthonormal polynomials are used in the Ritz method for the vibration analysis of clamped and simply-supported circular plates of varying thickness. The thickness variation in the radial direction is linear whereas in the circumferential direction the thickness varies according to cos kθ, where k is an integer. In order to verify the validity, convergence and accuracy of the results, comparison studies are made against existing results for the special case of linearly tapered thickness plates. Variations in frequencies for the first six normal modes of vibration and mode shapes for various taper parameters are presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,311 |
A photodetector with a commercial quartz tuning fork (QTF) based on photothermal effect was demonstrated. Unlike the commonly used thermosensitive elements, a QTF with the mechanical resonance ability and the piezoelectric effect was used to amplify the photothermal signal. Operating at the optimal operating distance and modulation signal duty ratio selected for the photodetector, the photodetector achieved a good linear response at the wavelength of 1550 nm and 980 nm. And the photoresponsivity of the photodetector reach up to 515 mV/mW at the wavelength of 1550 nm. More important, the detection sensitivity of 0.75 pW at 203 s integration time has been achieved by using the Allan deviation analysis. | Using a 820 nm-thick high-quality Ge0.97Sn0.03 alloy film grown on Si(001) by molecular beam epitaxy, GeSn p-i-n photodectectors have been fabricated. The detectors have relatively high responsivities, such as 0.52 A/W, 0.23 A/W, and 0.12 A/W at 1310 nm, 1540 nm, and 1640 nm, respectively, under a 1 V reverse bias. With a broad detection spectrum (800-1800 nm) covering the whole telecommunication windows and compatibility with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) technology, the GeSn devices are attractive for applications in both optical communications and optical interconnects. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,312 |
Thermal methods have been widely used for heavy oil recovery. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed for estimating the key water properties in offshore concentric dual-tubing wells (OCDTW) at supercritical state. Firstly, based on the pipe flow theory, a governing model, comprised of the energy and momentum balance equations, is established for supercritical water (SCW) flow in the vertical tubes. Then, the effect of heat loss to seawater as well as formation is taken into consideration of the mathematical model. The thermophysical properties of SCW are calculated through interpolation method from the pressure-temperature based tables. Besides, the heat exchange between the the integral joint tubing (IJT) and annuli is also considered. Results show that: (a) Seawater and the thermal exchange inside the offshore wellbores are two main factors contributing to the profile change of thermophysical properties in IJT and annuli. (b) Different from the heat and mass transfer characteristics of wet steam flow in wellbore, SCW possesses some unique features. For instance, the pressure is not sensitive to temperature while the temperature is sensitive to heat loss. | Laizhou Bay Sag in the south of Bohai Bay Basin is a petroliferous province and hot study area for oil explorers and geologists. Oil-source correlation is of great importance in the study of the petroleum system, for it contributes to the selection of favorable exploration sites. Previously, much attention has been paid to the study of the third member of the Shahejie Formation (E2s3 Fm.). The contribution of the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation (E2s4 Fm.) to the petroleum accumulation often failed to get adequate attention, which resulted in some difficulties in exploiting this area. In view of this, in our research, in the light of the theory of molecular organic geochemistry, the geochemical characteristics of 19 crude oil and 8 source rock samples (cuttings) from the study area are analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). On the basis of the analysis of oil composition and 16 biomarker parameters of saturated fractions, the following findings are generated: (a) the crude oil of Laizhou Bay Sag can be classified into three oil families: oil family A, oil family B, and oil family C. (b) the E2s4 source rocks were deposited in a low-alkalinity, hypersaline lacustrine environment under heavily reducing condition in which carbonates or evaporites were being precipitated and the organic matter is planktonic-organism-sourced (e.g., dinoflagellate-sourced); (c) oil family A, with medium maturity, is generated from the E2s3 FM. Oil family B, with low maturity, is generated from the E2s4 FM. Oil family C is the mixtures of oil family A and B oil. (d) A set of specific system has been established for the effective evaluation of the source and properties of the oil from the study area. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,313 |
Observational evidence suggests that our universe is currently evolving towards an asymptotically de Sitter future. Unfortunately and in spite of much recent attention, various quantum, holographic and cosmological aspects of de Sitter space remain quite enigmatic. With such intrigue in mind, this paper considers the 'construction' of a toy model that describes an asymptotically de Sitter universe. More specifically, we add fluid-like matter to an otherwise purely de Sitter spacetime, formulate the relevant solutions and then discuss the cosmological and holographic implications. If the objective is to construct an asymptotically de Sitter universe that is free of singularities and has a straightforward holographic interpretation, then the results of this analysis are decidedly negative. Nonetheless, this toy model nicely illustrates the pitfalls that might be encountered in a more realistic type of construction. | We show that the asymptotic dynamics of two-dimensional de Sitter or anti-de Sitter Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity is described by a generalized two-particle Calogero-Sutherland model. This correspondence is established by formulating the JT model of (A)dS gravity in two dimensions as a topological gauge theory, which reduces to a nonlinear 0+1-dimensional sigma model on the boundary of (A)dS space. The appearance of cyclic coordinates allows then a further reduction to the Calogero-Sutherland quantum mechanical model. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,314 |
The tight binding method is used to analyze the band structures and the optical matrix elements of GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wires which have triangular and square cross sections, focusing on a comparison of the polarization dependences. The results show that, in the triangular-shaped quantum wire, the decreased symmetry enhances the non-parabolicity in the E-k dispersion curve, which results in a decrease of the magnitude of important optical transitions as compared with those of the square-shaped quantum wire. This property of the triangular-shaped quantum wire leads to a significant difference in the polarization dependence of the optical transitions between the two types of quantum wires. These results demonstrate the importance of considering the influence of the cross sectional shape in the design of quantum wire devices, especially when comparing high and low symmetry cross sections. | Effect of componental composition of quantum-well heterostructures’ barrier waveguide layers in GaAs–AlxGa1−xAs system on the polarization degree of spontaneous and stimulated radiations is investigated. It is shown, that given x at frequencies near the basic optical transitions, a spontaneous radiation polarization degree sign change occurs. In the oscillating mode, depending on a waveguide layer componental composition, the generation of the entirely polarized radiation of TEor TM-type is possible. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,315 |
Monazite (LaPO4) has been proposed as an interphase to promote debonding between the reinforcement and the matrix during the fracture of oxide-based composites. The correlation between fracture behavior and micromechanical properties in model alumina/monazite (Al2O3/LaPO4) multilayer laminates has been investigated in this study. The delamination fracture energy (Gi) was dependent on crack length, which is consistent with previous results; the initial value of Gi was ;10 J/m 2 . The interfacial frictional sliding resistance increased as the normal stress on the interface increased. Using a Coulombic friction model, the coefficient of static friction between the Al 2O3 and LaPO4 layers was determined to be 0.63. The influence of Gi and flaw size in the Al2O3 layers on fracture path has been predicted, using an existing model, and confirmed experimentally. The results indicate that, in addition to satisfying energybased fracture criteria, several other factors affect whether LaPO4 is a suitable interphase for oxide composites. | A thermal stressing technique was applied to evaluate two distinct flaw populations (surface and corner) in BaTiO_3 multilayer capacitors. The mechanical reliability of the capacitors was deduced by relating the thermal stress response to the mechanical strength of the material. The surface flaw population alone yields relatively high survival probabilities, whereas incorporation of the corner flaw population severely reduces the probability of survival. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,316 |
Access to information remains circumstantial, even more as it is channeled through ICTs. While technology rich areas have developed well-functioning information dissemination mechanisms, informal settlements lack basic services including information access. Thus, we are investigating how we can ensure that livelihood information reaches the most marginalized people in the informal settlement that would utilize this information to make consequential life changes. We are engaging youth from an informal settlement of Windhoek into discussions, technology explorations and participatory design workshops, to jointly explore the improvement of citizen-based information dissemination. A contextual mapping of the current information flow shows its strengths and weaknesses. While a user, exploration of a digital noticeboard reveals the communities' eagerness to digitally share vital information with their fellow community members. | In this position paper, we propose a public display app that runs on a University's public display network, for gathering information on student wellbeing, as derived from measuring in-situ heart rate levels. Using a fun on-screen interface, passers-by are invited to measure and anonymously report their stress level. The stress level is measured in-situ through camera-based heart rate estimation and answering a set of self-reporting questions. We foresee the benefits of such a public display app to go beyond personal well-being and extend into community awareness, e.g., by documenting high-stress times such as exam periods. The position paper motivates our work, describes our approach, and outlines research questions and challenges in this domain. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,317 |
Separation of coincident speech sources using microphone arrays is a challenging problem. Radial filters can be designed in the spherical harmonic domain to separate coincident speech sources effectively. Limited studies have been conducted on polynomial based near-field radial filter design in the spherical harmonic domain earlier. In this paper, a radial filter design method using a frequency domain Kaiser window function is proposed. The magnitude response of the Kaiser window function exhibits sharp notches, making it a good candidate for the design of radial notch filters. The polynomial expansion of the Kaiser window can be utilized for modeling the spherical array beamformer output. Improved white noise gain and directivity index are noted in the radial filters designed using the Kaiser window function. The radial filter is also used to separate co-incident speech sources. Experimental results on coincident speech source separation indicate better LSD, PESQ, and SDR scores than existing approaches. | For senior/graduate-level courses in Discrete-Time Signal Processing. THE definitive, authoritative text on DSP -- ideal for those with an introductory-level knowledge of signals and systems. Written by prominent, DSP pioneers, it provides thorough treatment of the fundamental theorems and properties of discrete-time linear systems, filtering, sampling, and discrete-time Fourier Analysis. By focusing on the general and universal concepts in discrete-time signal processing, it remains vital and relevant to the new challenges arising in the field --without limiting itself to specific technologies with relatively short life spans. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,318 |
We made in this paper a brief analysis of the following statistics: Intermediate Statistics, Parastatistics, Fractionary Statistics and Gentileonic Statistics that predict the existence of particles which are different from bosons, fermions and maxwellons. We shown the fundamental hypothesis assumed in each one of the above mentioned statistics and their main predictions and compared them with experimental results. Taking into account the works done about these statistics we could say that there is a tendency to believe that real particles, that is, those that can be observed freely, can be only bosons, fermions and maxwellons and that all other particles, different from these would be quasiparticles. Up to date in 3-dim systems only bosons, fermions and maxwellons have been detected freely. Recently in 2-dim systems have been detected the quasiparticles named anyons that have fractionary charges and spins. | Combining intuitive probabilistic assumptions with the basic laws of classical thermodynamics, using the latter to express probabilistic parameters in terms of the thermodynamic quantities, we get a simple unified derivation of the fundamental ensembles of statistical physics avoiding any limiting procedures, quantum hypothesis and even statistical entropy maximization. This point of view leads also to some related classes of correlated particle statistics. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,319 |
In this work, different stimulation frequencies for Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) based brain-computer interface (BCI) were evaluated in a spelling task with the Bremen-BCI system. The classical two dimensional BCI control requires five classes: four classes are dedicated to the directions (up, down, left and right) and one class for action (select). The number of producible frequencies on the standard liquid crystal display (LCD) is limited due to the vertical refresh rate of 60Hz and the number of simultaneously used stimuli. In order to find optimal stimulation frequencies, the Bremen-BCI was evaluated in the case study with 37 naive subjects (without any SSVEP-BCI experience), including eight handicapped users, at the international rehabilitation fair RehaCare2008. During online spelling task, subjects spelled few words with the Bremen-BCI system and the timings for classifying different flickering frequencies have been investigated. The fastest SSVEP response was achieved for the stimulus frequency of 6.67Hz. | This is an extended abstract describing the doctoral research on mentioned topic which is only to discuss the research in Ph.D symposium at INMIC 2014 conference. Proposed research and material presented in this extended abstract was also presented in the doctoral consortium at IMTIC 2013 at MUET, Pakistan and WEC 2013 conference at NUST Islamabad, Pakistan. This article is not intended to be published as conference paper in the conference proceedings. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,320 |
We combine the long-term optical light curve of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 with the X-ray light curve measured by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer over 6 years, to determine the relationship between the optical and X-ray continua. The X-ray light curve is strongly correlated with the optical light curve on long (~1 yr) timescales. The amplitude of the long-term optical variability in NGC 5548 is larger than that of the X-ray variability (after accounting for the host galaxy contribution), implying that X-ray reprocessing is not the main source of the optical/X-ray correlation. The correlated X-ray and optical variations in NGC 5548 may be caused by instabilities in the inner part of the accretion flow, where both the X-ray and the optical emission regions may be located. | Multiwavelength variability data, combined with spectral-timing analysis techniques, provides information about the causal relationship between different physical components in accreting black holes. Using fast-timing data and long-term monitoring, we can probe the behaviour of the same components across the black hole mass scale. In this chapter we review the observational status of multiwavelength variability in accreting black holes, from black hole X-ray binaries to AGN, and consider the implications for models of accretion and ejection, primarily considering the evidence for accretion disc and jet variability in these systems. We end with a consideration of future prospects in this quickly-developing field. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,321 |
We offer an explanation for why raiders do not acquire the maximum possible toehold prior to announcing a takeover bid. By endogenously modeling the target firm's value following an unsuccessful takeover we demonstrate that a raider may optimally acquire a small toehold even if the acquisition does not drive up the pre-tender target price. This occurs because although a larger toehold increases profits if the takeover succeeds it also conveys a higher level of managerial entrenchment and hence a lower firm value if the takeover fails. We derive new predictions regarding the optimal toehold and target value following a failed takeover. We also examine the impact of a rival bidder and dilution. | We report that 34% of targets of unsuccessful control contents between 1983 and 1989 experience a change in top manager within two years following the contest. Management turnover is concentrated among poorly performing firms in which outside blockholders acquire an ownership stake. These blockholders appear to facilitate post-contest asset restructurings that increase the value of the target and improve operating performance. In the absence of an outsider blockholder, managers typically retain their positions despite poor pre-contest performance and the use of value-reducing defensive tactics during the control contest. We conclude that monitoring by active outside investors facilitates valuable internal control efforts. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,322 |
In this paper, we study the existence of multibump solutions for discrete nonlinear Schrodinger equations with periodic potentials. We first reduce the existence of multibump homoclinic solutions to the existence of an isolated homoclinic solution with a nontrivial critical group. Then, we study the existence of homoclinics with nontrivial critical groups for both superlinear and asymptotically linear discrete periodic nonlinear Schrodinger equations, and we provide simple sufficient conditions for the existence of homoclinics with nontrivial critical groups in the positive definite case. As an application, we get, without any symmetry assumptions, infinitely many geometrically distinct homoclinic solutions with exponential decay at infinity. | By using critical point theory, we obtain a new sufficient condition on the existence of homoclinic solutions of a class of nonperiodic discrete nonlinear systems in infinite lattices. The classical Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz superlinear condition is improved by a general superlinear one. Some results in the literature are improved. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,323 |
The authors address the problem of estimating a multipath channel response characterized by time delays and amplitudes. The data for the problem are a noisy received waveform which consists of scaled and delayed replicas of a known transmitted signal. The problem of estimating the unknown parameters is posed as a convolution problem. A simple approach which just solves a set of linear equations is proposed for this deconvolution. The approach makes use of the special structure of the impulse response of the channel. It yields a better estimation of the channel response than the iterative method of projection onto convex sets (POCS). The connection between the proposed and the POCS method is shown. The problem that occurs when the time delays are not integer multiples of the sampling interval, which is often the case in practice, is addressed. > | A transmitted and known signal is observed at the receiver through more than one path in additive noise. The problem is to estimate the number of paths and, for each of them, the associated attenuation and delay. We propose a deconvolution approach with an additive regularization term built around an l/sub 1/ norm. The underlying optimization problem is transformed into a quadratic program and is, thus, easily and quickly solved by standard programs. The procedure is able to handle more severe conditions than previous methods. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,324 |
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find the efficient iterative methods for solving the general matrix equation A1X+ XA2+A3XH+XHA4=B (including Lyapunov and Sylvester matrix equations as special cases) with the unknown complex (reflexive) matrix X.Design/methodology/approach – By applying the principle of hierarchical identification and the Hermitian/skew‐Hermitian splitting of the coefficient matrix quadruplet A1; A2; A3; A4 the authors propose a shift‐splitting hierarchical identification (SSHI) method to solve the general linear matrix equation A1X+XA2+A3XH+XHA4=B. Also, the proposed algorithm is extended for finding the reflexive solution to this matrix equation.Findings – The authors propose two iterative methods for finding the solution and reflexive solution of the general linear matrix equation, respectively. The proposed algorithms have a simple, neat and elegant structure. The convergence analysis of the methods is also discussed. Some numerical results are given which illustrate the powe... | This paper studies the properties of the Kronecker product related to the mixed matrix products, the vector operator, and the vec-permutation matrix and gives several theorems and their proofs. In addition, we establish the relations between the singular values of two matrices and their Kronecker product and the relations between the determinant, the trace, the rank, and the polynomial matrix of the Kronecker products. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,325 |
We present a time-resolved study of the magnetization dynamics in a microstructured Cr$|$Heusler$|$Pt waveguide driven by the Spin-Hall-Effect and the Spin-Transfer-Torque effect via short current pulses. In particular, we focus on the determination of the threshold current at which the spin-wave damping is compensated. We have developed a novel method based on the temporal evolution of the magnon density at the beginning of an applied current pulse at which the magnon density deviates from the thermal level. Since this method does not depend on the signal-to-noise ratio, it allows for a robust and reliable determination of the threshold current which is important for the characterization of any future application based on the Spin-Transfer-Torque effect. | We investigate the amplification of externally excited spin-waves via the spin-transfer-torque (STT) effect in combination with the spin-Hall effect (SHE) resulting from short current pulses. In the case of overcompensation of the spin-wave damping, a strong nonlinear shift of the spin-wave frequency spectrum occurs. In particular, this shift limits spin-wave amplification from the SHE-STT effect. However, it allows for the realization of a spin-wave switch. At the corresponding working point, efficient spin-wave excitation is possible only in the presence of the SHE-STT effect with a spin-wave intensity that is a factor of 20 larger than in the absence of the SHE-STT effect. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,326 |
This paper focuses on the problem of nonlinear systems with input and state delays. The considered nonlinear systems are represented by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model. A new state feedback control approach is introduced for T-S fuzzy systems with input delay and state delays. A new Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional is employed to derive less conservative stability conditions by incorporating a recently developed Wirtinger-based integral inequality. Based on the Lyapunov stability criterion, a series of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are obtained by using the slack variables and integral inequality, which guarantees the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. Several numerical examples are given to show the advantages of the proposed results. | In this technical note, a new fault detection design scheme is proposed for interval type-2 (IT2) Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with sensor fault based on a novel fuzzy observer. The parameter uncertainties can be captured by the membership functions of the IT2 fuzzy model. The premise variables of the plant are perfectly shared by the fuzzy observer. A stochastic process between the plant and the observer is considered in the system. A fault sensitive performance is established, and then sufficient conditions are obtained for determining the fuzzy observer gains. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented scheme. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,327 |
The preparation of bipolar membranes from a single sheet of polyolephine by sulphochlorination is described in detail. Rectification experiments between salt solutions and between HCl and NaOH solutions respectively are described. The transference of salt ions relative to each other and relative to the ions of water have been determined. Some analytical data on the concentration of mobile ions in the membranes during current transport are given. The mechanism of rectification is explained and used to clarify the experimental results. Problems concerning conduction in bipolar membranes are enumerated and some experiments are proposed which may assist in solving them. | Experimental results are given for the net rate of water dissociation in a bipolar membrane formed from a single polyolephine sheet for reverse biases of up to 60 volts and temperatures in the range 10–60°C. It is deduced that the membrane possesses a thin (600–10,000A) neutral layer between the charged regions. The water dissociation occurs in one or both of the interior surfaces of the charged regions, adjacent to the neutral region, in very narrow regions, with width of the order of 10 A, where there is uncompensated fixed charge. In the reaction layer the rate constant for dissociation of water is about 107 times its free solution value. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,328 |
A new method is introduced for the self-consistent transient solution of semiconductor device equations for both majority and minority carrier transport. An axisymmetric quadratic finite-element formulation is employed for the solution of the potential. The traditional conservation equations for the majority and minority carriers are replaced by equivalent equations for the drift motion and subsequent interactions of individual charged particles. Transport, recombination, and thermal generation processes are included. Drift forces on electrons and holes are computed from potential gradients. One-dimensional steady-state solutions obtained from transient evolution are compared to a fully iterative finite-element method for silicon diodes. Applications to axisymmetric device geometries are presented. | Computer experiments using particle models A one-dimensional plasma model The simulation program Time integration schemes The particle-mesh force calculation The solution of field equations Collisionless particle models Particle-particle/particle-mesh algorithms Plasma simulation Semiconductor device simulation Astrophysics Solids, liquids and phase changes Fourier transforms Fourier series and finite Fourier transforms Bibliography Index | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,329 |
A definition of detailed balance for quantum dynamical semigroups is given, and its close connection with the KMS condition is investigated. | An invariant state of a quantum Markov semigroup is an equilibrium state if it satisfies a quantum detailed balance condition. In this paper, we introduce a notion of entropy production for faithful normal invariant states of a quantum Markov semigroup on B(h) as a numerical index measuring"how much far"they are from equilibrium. The entropy production is defined as the derivative of the relative entropy of the one-step forward and backward evolution in analogy with the classical probabilistic concept. We prove an explicit trace formula expressing the entropy production in terms of the completely positive part of the generator of a norm continuous quantum Markov semigroup showing that it turns out to be zero if and only if a standard quantum detailed balance condition holds. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,330 |
A description of creep strain evolution is frequently needed in design or life assessment of components subjected to service at high temperatures. Unfortunately, long term creep strain data are not as easily available as rupture data or rupture models. One of the most demanding tasks in this context is to predict the creep behaviour reasonably accurately beyond the range of available data. Much effort has been invested into developing reliable methods to extrapolate creep rupture data, for example in the recommended procedures of the European Creep Collaborative Committee (ECCC) and PD6605 of BSI. However, for strain no such tools are currently available. Here a new and robust creep strain model is suggested to provide the whole creep curves based on the corresponding creep rupture model. This logistic creep strain prediction (LCSP) model defines the creep curve only with three additional parameters to those of the corresponding rupture model. In its basic form the LCSP model optimises a non-linea... | The scope of this work is to show the effects of multiple applications of a rejuvenation treatment studied for IN-738 on both the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the creep-damaged superalloy and to check the recovery obtained after one and two rejuvenation cycles through creep and tensile tests, whose results will be compared with the performance of the virgin material. This work will show that this rejuvenation treatment is able to recover the microstructure of creep-damaged specimens after one and two applications and that the mechanical properties of the rejuvenated alloy are very similar to the virgin material even after two rejuvenation cycles. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,331 |
Self-assembly theories for dilute micellar solutions generally assume that the chemical potential per surfactant is dominated by the “surface” terms αa + c/a where αa and c/a represent the interfacial and electrostatic energies associated with the head groups (having area a). That is, they suppress the energy and entropy of packing the hydrophobic chains (having volume v and length l). These “bulk” terms depend on the head group area and also on the elastic properties unique to the surfactant environments (e.g., thickness, curvature, etc.) in question: the chains are not “passive”—we cannot optimize the head group situation without taking into account the free energy “price” “paid” by the tails. In this paper we show that the differences in compressional and splay elasticities among the various environments (e.g., sphere, rod, disk, etc.) can be treated phenomenologically by defining a “relative stability” parameter y: a 0 l v 1 + y, O⩽y⩽2 a 0 = c γ . For y ≳ 0, only disks survive (as lamellae or finite micelles); for y ⋍ √2 − 1 , rods and disks coexist with relative numbers and sizes determined by overall concentration; and for y ≲ 1, the rods are dominant, with spheres taking over for still larger y. After relating y to physical properties of the surfactant and solvent conditions, we discuss our results in terms of recent theories of micellar shapes. | Long-range order in solutions of reversibly self-assembling molecules results from interactions among the asymmetric aggregates. Even for electrically neutral species, repulsions between the aggregates become significant at high concentrations. At the very least, the excluded volume of asymmetric aggregates creates formidable packing constraints which are relieved by orientational and positional alignment. Aggregate growth thus promotes long-range order, and long-range order facilitates growth. Nematic phases occur if aggregate growth is strong enough to induce orientational ordering at concentrations lower than those that induce positional ordering. The symmetry of the positionally ordered phases reflects aggregate morphology: the polydispersity of aggregates that grow in one (two) dimension(s) to form rod-like (plate-like) particles suppresses the smectic (columnar) phase in favour of the columnar (smectic) phase. Because plate-like aggregates pack more easily than rod-like aggregates, increasing concentration induces a rearrangement from rod-like to plate-like aggregates, and a transition from columnar to smectic ordering, in solutions of molecules, such as surfactants, capable of forming both types of aggregates. In mixtures of aggregating and non-aggregating species, the difficulty of packing spherically shaped particles among elongated particles results in dramatic demixing such that a very concentrated solution of very large, highly aligned aggregates coexists with a relatively dilute solution depleted of the aggregating species. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,332 |
The starting mode of a small low-temperature Joule–Thomson refrigerating machine is in focus of the experimental investigation reported here. The refrigerating machine operates by the Linde cycle. A mixture of hydrocarbons – isobutane/ethane/methane – is used as a refrigerant. The object of cooling is a small testing chamber to be cooled down and thermostabilized at the temperature level of (−70, …, −80) °C. The starting modes were studied under heavy-duty heat load on the system resulting from the initial thermal equilibrium between the whole system and ambience. The experimental data demonstrate a crucial effect of the low-boiling mixture components condensation in the refrigerant high-pressure flow on the machine starting performance. Excessive values of the discharge pressure, compression ratio and compressor input power have been observed during the start-up process which may last for tens of minutes affecting the refrigerating machine reliability. Some probable causes of the phenomena and countermeasures are pointed out. | A single compressed and four-stage segregating auto-cascade refrigeration system was developed in this paper, the temperature of the liquid coolant in the tank with 5L could reach 150K. Cooling process after throttling was analyzed, and the effect of the different proportion of the refrigerants was also pointed out. Experimental results show that it takes nearly 4 hours and 12 minutes to realize the temperature drop of secondary refrigerant in the tank from 290K(15°C) to 150K, and that the lowest temperature could reach −120°C and the refrigeration capacity was about 7 W. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,333 |
An investigation on the structural performance of inserts within honeycomb sandwich panels is presented. The investigation considers metallic inserts in all aluminum sandwich panels and emphasis is placed on the structural performance difference between hot bonded and cold bonded inserts. The former are introduced during panel manufacture while the latter are potted into existing panels. The investigation focuses on the static performance of the two insert systems subject to loads in the normal direction to the facing plane. The experimental part of the work presented involved carrying out pullout tests on hot bonded and cold bonded reference samples by loading them at a centrally located insert. The experimental results were compared with results from an analytical model and results from a finite element model. Contrary to what was expected it was found from the experiments that the cold bonded inserts outperformed the hot bonded inserts in terms of load carrying capability. From the finite element study... | 1. Introduction 2. The structure of cellular solids 3. Material properties 4. The mechanics of honeycombs 5. The mechanics of foams: basic results 6. The mechanics of foams refinements 7. Thermal, electrical and acoustic properties of foams 8. Energy absorption in cellular materials 9. The design of sandwich panels with foam cores 10. Wood 11. Cancellous bone 12. Cork 13. Sources, suppliers and property data Appendix: the linear-elasticity of anisotropic cellular solids. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,334 |
The distributed elevator group control system is based on the multi-agent system(MAS).The elevators and the group-controller are mapped respectively to different agents with specific functions;the hall calls are dispatched to elevators through negotiations among agents,thus the computation of scheduling algorithm is decentralized to different agents.Based on the market-like model,the distributed group-control algorithm includes mainly the quotation-generation algorithm of C-agents and the elevator dispatching algorithm of HC-agent.A distributed multi-objective group-control algorithm(DMO) is designed to optimize the average waiting time(AWT),the average riding time(ART),and the long waiting percentage(LPT).Simulation results show that the proposed MAS-based distributed elevator group control system is feasible,and the DMO algorithm has high performance in optimizing AWT,ART,and LPT. | An XNOR/OR circuit polarity optimization scheme is proposed with the objective of minimizing the weighted sum of area and power. A polarity evaluation function is established based on the weighted sum method. The multi-objective genetic algorithm is modified according to the characteristics of the problem, and further an area-power synthesis optimization scheme is constructed. The proposed scheme is tested by nine Benchmark circuits and distribution characteristics of best polarities are discussed finally based on the simulation data. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,335 |
In this study, we demonstrate a 12x36 mm motorized capsule for OCT imaging of the esophagus. The capsule produces unobstructed images by using a distal reflector design, thus avoiding shadow caused by the motor wires. The motor synchronous control enables three working modes: circumferential imaging, angular sector imaging and accurate beam positioning. Distortion artifacts shown in the sector imaging were found to be induced by velocity changes of the motor. We specifically characterized the motor speed and found a symmetric and repeatable behavior during sector scanning. Resampling of the sector images A-lines was carried out to achieve uniform angular spacing according to the measured speed profile. Also, distortion between consecutive sector frames was corrected using image registration to achieve stable imaging. | We present a new technique for the correction of nonuniform rotation distortion in catheter-based optical coherence tomography (OCT), based on the statistics of speckle between A-lines using intensity-based dynamic light scattering. This technique does not rely on tissue features and can be performed on single frames of data, thereby enabling real-time image correction. We demonstrate its suitability in a gastrointestinal (GI) balloon-catheter OCT system, determining the actual rotational speed with high temporal resolution, and present corrected cross-sectional and en face views showing significant enhancement of image quality. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,336 |
Observations have been made on the sound radiated by a self‐excited underwater jet‐edge system, in which a flat jet of water impinges on the sharp edge of a wedge or blade. Comparison made between the sound (edge tones) generated when a rigid wedge is used, and that when a fixed‐free vibrating blade is employed. A characteristic kind of “resonance” is found, similar to that reported by others for analogous systems in air. | This paper is the second half of a two-part publication. The first part containsa detailed overview of the edge tone literature and also describes the qualitativebehaviour of the edge tone when varying its mean parameters i.e. the mean exitvelocity of the jet and the nozzle-to-wedge distance in the case of both top hatand parabolic jet velocity profiles. This second part contains the quantitative resultof a detailed parametric study to explore the Reynolds number and dimension-less nozzle-to-wedge distance dependence of the Strouhal number for top hat andparabolic exit velocity profiles. Moreover, it is also shown that the phase of thejet disturbance between the nozzle and the wedge does not vary linearly with thedistance from the nozzle, thus the convection velocity of the jet disturbance is notconstant, as usually assumed in the theoretical models. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,337 |
To prevent radio interference due to the electromagnetic field generated by conducted disturbances at the telecommunication ports of information technology equipment, the disturbances are measured using test arrangements in accordance with standards published by the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR). We compared the conducted disturbance voltages at the telecommunication ports of two laptop PCs and one desktop PC measured using three test arrangements specified in CISPR 32. Whether the reference ground plane is vertical or horizontal is a major difference in the three test arrangements. As a result, the differences between the voltages of the laptop PCs measured using the three test arrangements were smaller than 2 dB. The differences between the voltages of the desktop PC measured using these test arrangements were about 3 dB at a few frequencies. The standard measurement instrumentation uncertainty for conducted disturbance measurement determined in the CISPR standard is 4.59 dB. Hence, the differences in voltages measured using the three test arrangements were not significant. | Basic access ISDN systems operating on conventional customer premises cables, and in accordance with the present CCITT specifications, are predicted to cause significant electromagnetic interference, particularly to AM broadcast receivers. This is shown by estimates of required separation distances ranging to greater than 100 m. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,338 |
Limited land in the centre of the city will encourage people to choose residing in the suburb area as alternative, which of course also effect transformation in those areas. Spatial transformation that occured in peri-urban area will change the pattern of space utilization existed in that region. The population growth rate of Malang city is approximately 0,86% larger than that in East Java (0,75%). The increasing number of population growth in Malang occured unevenly in all parts of the city. The purpose of this research is to review the spatial transformation occuring in peri-urban area of Malang city by firstly analyzing the location of peri-urban based on its land usage. The analysis is conducted with geographic information system ArcGis 9.3, which is benefited to analyze map overlay dan kernel density analyze. Based on the result of analysis, it is discovered that there is a difference of spatial transformation between the north and south region of peri-urban areas in Malang city. Kedung Kandang district, which is located in the south region, experienced a low transformation with a linier trend of developing land pattern. Meanwhile, Lowokwaru district is experiencing high transformation with a concentric trend of developing land pattern. This difference occured due to several factors, which are population factor like high growth population, center of activity, accessibility, the role of developer, and policy factor related with direction of spatial region patter.The trend of distribution pattern in population density and developed land aimed on the northern part of the city indicated the direction of the city development trend. | This current research aimed at analyzing income distribution between local and migrant households in Lowokwaru District, Malang City. This research occupied a quantitative method by means of a survey. Further, the sample taken for the research comprised 100 households, represented by 50 local and 50 migrant households. The data of income were analyzed by using the Gini ratio, Lorenz curve, and income earning method of World Bank. The results have shown that the income distribution based on log-normal and log-logistic has signified 0.75 – 1.00. Gini ratio index has proved that there is unequal income distribution with the scale from high to perfect level. Meanwhile, Lorenz curve has shown that the highest proportion of income occurs at the high-income interval of the migrant households, and its proportion is shown to decrease along the low income interval of the local households. In other words, the income distribution in Lowokwaru District is far below the diagonal or equity line. In addition, the income earning based on World Bank method has exhibited that as many as 40% of the group with the lowest income has been shown to earn merely 9%. This unequal income distribution, remarking economic discrepancy, has been existent due to different socio-economic characteristics between local and migrant households. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,339 |
In the current study the free vibrations of stepped anisotropic rectangular plates on elastic foundation are considered. The anisotropic stepped plate has a part-through crack at the re-entrant corner of the step. Natural frequencies of the plate are calculated for the given crack length. The influence of physical properties and geometric parameters on the natural frequencies is analyzed. | Effect of geometric nonlinearity onfree vibration behaviour of a non-uniform in-plane inhomogeneousplate on elastic foundation is carried out with an emphasis on mode switching phenomenon. The formulation is semianalytic displacement based and it is carried out in two distinct steps. First, the static problem is solved to find out the unknown displacement field by using minimum total potential energy principle. Secondly, subsequent dynamic problem is set up as an eigenvalue problem on the basis of the known displacement field. The governing set of equations in dynamic problem is obtained by using Hamilton’s principle. In static analysis, unknown co-efficient of the governing equations are solved using an iterative method, which is direct substitution with relaxation method. The dynamic problem is solved with the help of intrinsic Matlab solver. The results of the present method are validated with existing data. Backbone curve corresponding to different combinations of systemparameters are presented in non-dimensional plane.Mode switching is observed to occur in certain specific situation. The linear and nonlinear mode shapes are also furnished to support the presence of switching phenomenon. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,340 |
The dynamic behaviour of vortex cavitation on marine propellers may cause inboard noise and vibration, but is not well understood. The main goal of the present study is to experimentally analyse the dynamics of an isolated tip vortex cavity generated at the tip of a wing of elliptical planform. Detailed high-speed video shadowgraphy was used to determine the cavity deformations in combination with force and sound measurements. The cavity deformations can be divided in different modes, each of which show a distinct dispersion relation between frequency and wavenumber. The dispersion relations show good agreement with an analytical formulation. Finally, experimental support is given to the hypothesis that the resonance frequency of the cavity volume variation is related to a zero group velocity. | Marine propellers display several forms of cavitation. Of these, propeller-tip vortex cavitation is one of the important factors in propeller design. The dynamic behaviour of the tip vortex is responsible for hull vibration and noise. Thus, cavitation in the vortices trailing from tips of propeller blades has been studied extensively. Under certain circumstances cavitating vortices have been observed to have wave-like disturbances on the surfaces of vapour cores. Intense sound at discrete frequencies can result from a coupling between tip vortex disturbances and oscillating sheet cavitation on the surfaces of the propeller blades. This research article focuses on the dynamics of vortex cavitation and more in particular on the energy and frequency content of the radiated pressures. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,341 |
The traditional design of space communication systems is based on DSP+FPGA architecture. The data processing ability of DSP will be fall off with the increasing of communication channel access-number. In order to meet the needs of high-speed and large amount of data transmission, a kind of space communication system with SOPC architecture design which consists of five microprocessors and 32 HDLC communication channels is introduced in this paper, which also describes the implementation and the working principle of the system. Experiments show that by integrating multiple microprocessors and communication function modules into a single FPGA, this design can enhance data processing capability with small size, light weight, low power consumption, good stability and anti-radiation characteristics. | To successfully transmit data over any network, a protocol is required to manage the flow or pace at which the data is transmitted. This protocol is defined in Layer 2 of OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) is the most commonly used Layer 2 protocol and is suitable for bit oriented packet transmission mode. This paper discusses the VHDL modeling of single-channel HDLC Layer 2 protocol Transmitter and its implementation using Xilinx Virtex FPGA as the target technology. The HDLC Transmitter is used to transmit the HDLC frame structure. Implementing the single-channel HDLC protocol Transmitter in FPGA gives you the flexibility, upgradability and customization benefits of programmable logic. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,342 |
The bending equations of the Mindlin-Reissner theory of plates laminated of transversely isotropic layers are reformulated in terms of the boundary-layer and transverse displacement functions. Analytical expressions are obtained for the primary response quantities of rectangular laminates with various boundary conditions. It is found that various edge conditions have boundary-layer effects on the primary and secondary response quantities that can be characterized as nonexistent, weak, or strong. | In this article, the governing bending equations of thick laminated transversely isotropic rectangular plates are derived based on third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT). Using a new function, called the boundary layer function, the three coupled governing equations are converted to two decoupled equations. These equations are in terms of the deflection of the plate and the mentioned boundary layer function, which arewritten in invariant form. By solving the decoupled equations, a Levy-type analytical solution is presented for bending of a transversely isotropic plate. Finally, numerical results are presented for boundary layer phenomenon and its effects in TSDT. It is shown that all of the boundary layer effects in Mindlin-Reissner theory appear in this theory. However, it is shown that the intensity of the boundary layer effects in TSDT exceeds that of theMindlin-Reissner theory. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,343 |
The phase jitter of optical solitons in single-channel communication systems with constant dispersion and distributed amplification is studied in detail. The variational method is used to derive equations that model phase jitter caused by amplifier noise. These equations are solved analytically. Simple formulas are obtained for the phase variance of an ensemble of solitons, which together cover the entire range of practical transmission distances. These formulas are validated for parameters of current interest by numerical solutions of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation. | The differential phase Q value method is adopted to investigate carried-suppressed return-to-zero (CSRZ), return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK), and optical duobinary (ODB) codes in 32 × 40 Gb/s DWDM system. The relationship between the transmission distance and optical output power is compared in order to select the optimal code. Furthermore, mixed phase noise of the spontaneous emission noise (ASE), Gordon-Mollenauer (GM) noise, and intrachannel four wave mixing (IFWM) effect has been analyzed. The numerical results show that DPSK is the most suitable for the DWDM system and adjustable range of output optical power is up to 10.2 dBm at 1200 km. Besides, ASE noise is dominant in degradation of received signal quality. However, RZ-DPSK and CSRZ show better performance for suppression of ASE noise, which can serve as a guideline for upgrading in current state-of-art deployed system. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,344 |
A better understanding of seismic dispersion and attenuation of acoustic waves in rocks is important for quantitative interpretation of seismic data, as well as for relating seismic data, sonic-log data, and ultrasonic laboratory data. In the present work, a new laboratory setup is described, allowing for combined measurements of quasistatic deformations of rocks under triaxial stress, ultrasonic velocities, and dynamic elastic stiffness (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) at seismic frequencies. ::: The setup has been used mainly for the study of shales. For such rocks, it is crucial that the saturation of the samples is preserved, which requires fast sample mounting. The design of our setup, together with a technique that was developed for rapid mounting of strain gauges onto the sample and subsequent sealing of the sample, allows for sample preservation, which is of particular importance for shales. The performance of the new experimental setup and sample mounting procedure is demonstrated with test materials (aluminium and polyetheretherketone) and two different shale types (Mancos shale and Pierre shale). Furthermore, experimental results are presented that demonstrate the capability of measuring the impact of saturation, stress, and stress path on seismic dispersion. For the tests with Mancos shale and Pierre shale, large dispersion (up to 50% in Young’s modulus normal to bedding) was observed. Increased water saturation of Mancos shale results in strong softening of the rock ::: at seismic frequencies, whereas hardening is observed at ultrasonic frequencies due to an increase in dispersion, counteracting the rock softening. The Poisson’s ratio of Mancos shale strongly increases with the level of saturation but appears to be nearly frequency independent.We have found that the different types of shale exhibit different stress sensitivities during hydrostatic loading and that the stress sensitivity is different at seismic and ultrasonic frequencies. | ABSTRACTAlthough seismic wave dispersion and attenuation have been found to occur in sedimentary rocks, it remains challenging to experimentally observe these effects. A new experimental setup has been developed to measure the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of rocks over a wide range in pressure (Pc∈[0;30] MPa) and frequency (f∈[5.10−3;102] Hz). Calibration with standard samples determined the following: (1) no dependence of the apparatus to pressure and frequency and (2) a good fit between published data and the measured and inferred elastic properties. The measured Young’s modulus dispersion and attenuation of Plexiglas were also consistent with the published data. The Young’s modulus and the attenuation of Fontainebleau sandstone samples saturated by water and glycerin were then measured. Although small variations were observed for one sample, the second one exhibited strong pressure- and frequency-dependent variations of Young’s modulus and attenuation. A frequency-dependent fluid flow was simu... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,345 |
The wafers used by the photovoltaic industry are mostly produced by multi-wire slurry sawing. One of the key factors determining the wafer quality (presence of saw marks and chips, increased roughness, wafer thickness variations and wafer strength) is the abrasive slurry. For cost reduction, the slurry is regularly exchanged and the debris it contains is removed in a recycling operation. To optimise the slurry usage, it is of utmost importance to understand the effects of the silicon debris concentration in the slurry. This was studied by sawing several bricks one after the other with the same slurry. It was found that when the amount of debris is too high (more than 4% of the slurry volume), saw marks appear on the wafers and they become more fragile. Finally, a first qualitative model explaining the apparition of the saw marks and the reduction of wafer strength is proposed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | In the following paper the mechanisms of the slurry-based wire sawing process at micro level are studied by numerical simulations. For the simulation a new approach in simulating the wire sawing process is presented. A discrete element method (DEM) with polyhedral particles is used to simulate the movement of the abrasive particles as well as the wire during the process. The results are verified by direct observations of the sawing channel of an experimental setup. The presented numerical model is applied for a detailed study of the influence of different process parameters. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,346 |
We describe adsorption and identification of the binding sites of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ (RuHex) molecules in a closely packed monolayer of a 13-base ss-DNA on Au(111) electrodes by electrochemical in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), cyclic voltammetry and interfacial capacitance data. In situ STM at single-molecule resolution shows that RuHex adsorbs only at the domain borders and near defects. Together with the electrochemical data that show a negative redox potential shift for RuHex adsorbed to DNA strands, this strongly suggests that RuHex binds only to the exposed phosphate groups in the DNA backbone. | Adsorption often dominates the response of nanofluidic systems due to their high surface-to-volume ratios. Here we harness this sensitivity to investigate the reversible adsorption of outer-sphere redox species at electrodes, a phenomenon that is easily overlooked in bulk measurements. We find that even though adsorption does not necessarily play a role in the electron-transfer process, such adsorption is nevertheless ubiquitous for the widely used outer-sphere species. We investigate the physical factors driving adsorption and find that this counterintuitive behavior is mediated by the anionic species in the supporting electrolyte, closely following the well-known Hofmeister series. Our results provide foundations both for theoretical studies of the underlying mechanisms and for contriving strategies to control adsorption in micro/nanoscale electrochemical transducers where surface effects are dominant. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,347 |
In this paper, we study and present two techniques to improve the performance of a simulation-based fault injection platform that inserts bit flips in order to model soft errors on digital circuits. The platform is based on the ESA Data Systems Divisionpsilas SEE simulation tool. In contrast with methods based on emulation, the proposed approach reduces the complexity and costs, supplying a test environment with the same reliability as emulation systems. Only one disadvantage appears when comparing both methodologies: the lower performance of the simulation in cases where the fault injection campaigns are very large. Two proposals have been developed in order to address this drawback: the first one is based on software (through checkpoints) and the second one uses parallel computation. | This paper focuses on the integration of the fault injection methodology within the design process of fault-tolerant systems. Due to its wide spectrum of application and hierarchical features, VHDL has been selected as the simulation language to support such an integration. Suitable techniques for injecting faults into VHDL models are identified and depicted. Then, the main features of the MEFISTO environment aimed at supporting these techniques are described. Finally, some preliminary results obtained with MEFISTO are presented and analyzed.<<ETX>> | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,348 |
Profiles are regularly encountered in chemical process modeling, and often arise in situations in which products are characterized by a distribution, such as in molecular weight distributions or particle size distributions in polymer production. Approaches for modeling such problems include using a specified distribution characterized by a small number of parameters, or discretization and application of multivariate statistical methods such as Partial Least Squares (PLS). In this paper, an alternative approach using functional regression is presented in which the distribution is expressed using a suitable set of basis functions such as splines, and the parameter estimation problem includes both the coefficients in this basis, as well as the model parameters. The efficacy of the functional regression and PLS approaches is compared using a polystyrene reactor example. | Polyolefins made using most heterogeneous and some homogeneous Ziegler—Natta catalysts show a characteristic broad molecular-weight distribution, generally assumed to be caused by the presence of more than one active site type, each type producing polymer with an instantaneous chain-length distribution that is most probable and having polydispersity of 2. Herein is reported a comparison of two numerical methods for the deconvolution of instantaneous chain-length distribution of linear homo- and copolymers made using multiple-site-type catalysts giving an individual most probable chain-length distribution for each site type, and a methodology is proposed for the efficient deconvolution of measured chain-length distributions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,349 |
In matrix theory, there exist useful extremal characterizations of eigenvalues and their sums for Hermitian matrices (due to Ky Fan, Courant– Fischer–Weyl and Wielandt) and some consequences such as the majorisation assertion in Lidskii’s theorem. In this paper, we extend these results to the context of self-adjoint elements of finite von Neumann algebras, and their distribution and quantile functions. This work was motivated by a lemma in [1] that described such an extremal characterization of the distribution of a self-adjoint operator affiliated to a finite von Neumann algebra – suggesting a possible analogue of the Courant–Fischer–Weyl minimax theorem for Hermitian matrices, for a self-adjoint operator in a finite von Neumann algebra. | We present in this note a maximum-minimum characterization of sums like a3+a7+asj where a1> . * * a. are the eigenvalues of a hermitian nXn matrix. The result contains the classic characterization of am as well as the maximum property of a1+a2+ * * * +a. given recently by Fan [4]. Though the result is valid also for a completely continuous hermitian operator in Hilbert space, we shall for the sake of simplicity assume the dimension to be finite. As an application we obtain linear inequalities relating the eigenvalues of the sum of two hermitian matrices to the eigenvalues of the summands. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,350 |
In this paper we proposed a new technique for ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (UNDE) of adhesively bonded joints. We report an exact solution to the problem of reflection and tarnsmission of a plane, time-harmonic, longitudinal wave through anN-layered medium. The solution is valid for perfectly elastic as well as linear-viscoelastic materials, and for isotropic as well as anisotropic materials (for example, fiber-reinforced composite) so long as the wavepropagation vector coincids with one of the material coordinates. The transfer function,H*(ω) is defined as the trans-mitted (or reflected) field normalized with respect to the incident field. A closed-form solution forH*(ω) for the case of an adhesive joint (consisting of two adherends joined by an adhesive layer) immersed in an elastic fluid is derived. A detailed analysis of the sensitivity ofH*(ω) to the wave speed and thickness of the adherends and the adhesive is carried out. An experimental verification of the analysis is the subject of Part II of this paper. | Noncontact laser ultrasonic methods are provided for nondestructive characterization of surface residual stress and thermally growth oxide (TGO) in thermal barrier coating (TBC). Stress-acoustic coefficients of Rayleigh wave were used to characterize the surface residual stresses of TBC specimens which were prepared by electronic beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) method. The ultrasonic testing results of TBC specimens before and after oxidation with 1 time and 50 times agree well with the corresponding Raman spectral analyses. Meanwhile, a physical mode of thin multi-layered structure is established for the case of received ultrasonic longitudinal waveform consisting of reverberant overlapping echoes. Further, the transform function of the mode was derived to evaluate the TGO in this work. The experimental transform functions of TBC specimens above shows that the amplitude decreases at high order resonant frequencies with increase of TGO thickness. The proposed methods are able to nondestructively characterize the local surface stress and TGO in TBC, and are important to practical engineering application. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,351 |
The basis for performing a thermo-mechanical staggered coupled heat source analysis of a welding simulation is implemented into LS-DYNA. In this report, three methods for initiating the heat source ... | A further assessment of the IIW numerical and experimental test RSDP Round Robin Initiative, Phase 1 and Phase 2 is presented. Focus is on the weld process specification, and the importance ofuse o ... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,352 |
The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of microcrystalline pure aluminium coating, fabricated by a magnetron sputtering technique, has been investigated in both 0.5 mol/l NaCl and 0.5 mol/l Na2SO4 acidic (pH = 2) aqueous solutions. The corrosion resistance of the microcrystalline Al coating has deteriorated more compared with that of the cast pure Al in Na2SO4 acidic solution. However, its oxide film has a higher pitting resistance in the NaCl acidic solution. Chloride ions play a big role in the formation of the oxide film on the microcrystalline Al coating. The higher pitting resistance was attributed to the more acidic isoelectric point which the oxide film achieved. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | The anodic behaviour of sputtered microcrystalline Al (mc-Al) was investigated in neutral Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte under varied conditions. Our results revealed that Cl(-) addition led to a reduction in the anodic current density, which we considered unusual. Mott-Schottky analysis showed that Cl introduction altered the semiconducting property of the passive film from n-type to p-type, implying that the p-type film can possessed a relative higher stability. Immersion of mc-Al in other electrolytes yielded films with n-type, p-type and positive p-n junction structure. The results also indicate that the p-type film was most stable and the positive p-n junction film least stable. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,353 |
Examples with a structure similar to (1) are used by Kennedy (1997) to argue for a QR analysis of antecedent-contained deletion, and against Hornstein’s (1995) analysis of antecedent-contained deletion as being the result of A-movement at LF. I will explore a third possibility, namely copying combined with free deletion of structure at LF. Such an analysis is an extension of Hornstein’s, and it allows generation of the interpretation in (2); however, it does not exclude the interpretation in (3), and in this respect it contrasts with Kennedy’s analysis. I will first review Hornstein’s analysis and the objections to it that Kennedy raises; I will then show how the problem can be handled with copying and deletion. | Hornstein (1994) proposes an account of antecedent-contained deletion that differs from previous analyses (e.g., Sag 1976, May 1985) in that it resolves the antecedent containment paradox manifested by the surface structure of these sentences through the syntactic principles governing Case assignment to arguments, rather than those involved in the interpretation of quantifiers. If this analysis is correct, one of the principal empirical arguments for the existence of a syntactic operation of Quantifier Raising (QR) disappears. In this article I reassess the evidence and show that the argument for QR remains. I conclude by discussing the implications of this result for the syntactic representation of quantification, setting the discussion in the context of Chomsky 1995 | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,354 |
This paper is concerned with a new adaptive predistortion method for compensation of linear and nonlinear distortions of a high power amplifier (HPA), which is frequently used in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication scheme and mobile communication systems. The proposed nonlinear method is based on the support vector machine (SVM), which can construct an inverse system of the nonlinear amplifier through learning using a given number of training samples. An on-line adaptive algorithm for updating the parameters of SVM is also investigated to reduce its computational burden of the batch-processed optimization. By comparing with a case without predistortion and ordinary table-lookup scheme, it is shown that the proposed data-based approach can improve the suppression of the power spectrum of the amplifier output outside the input frequency band caused by the nonlinear distortions. | This paper is concerned with a new time-domain adaptive predistortion scheme for compensating nonlinearity of high power amplifiers (HPA). A Hammerstein model is adopted to approximate expression of the input-output nonlinear distortion of HPA by using complex polynomial series followed by linear dynamical distortion. According to the Hammerstein model structure, the compensation input to HPA is calculated in a real-time manner so that the linearization from the predistorter input to the HPA output can be attained even if the nonlinear input-output relation of HPA is uncertain and changeable. The effectiveness of the proposed adaptive scheme is validated in numerical simulations. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,355 |
The interconnection of a modified Wilson current mirror-operating in the emitter-drive mode-an operational amplifier and a matched field-effect transistor (FET) pair realizes an analog current divider that splits a d.c. input current, I, into two parts that are equal to within /spl plusmn/0.4 percent, for 2 /spl mu/A<I<2 mA. The incremental output resistance is in the G/spl Omega/ region. The scheme is primarily intended for discrete device circuit implementation. | With increasing temperature the base-emitter voltage of a transistor with a constant current decreases, while the difference in base-emitter voltages of two identical (integrated) transistors having a constant current ratio increases. From the sum of the two voltages a nearly temperature- independent output voltage is obtained if this sum equals the gap voltage of silicon. A reference voltage source of 10 V based on the principle is described. The reference part of the circuit is an integrated circuit, and thin-film resistors with a small relative temperature coefficient are used. An operational amplifier and a few resistors and capacitors complete the circuit. The source has a parabolic temperature characteristic and the temperature peak can be controlled by resistor adjustment. A change of /spl plusmn/10 K in respect of the peak temperature causes an output voltage change of -250 /spl mu/V, while a change of /spl plusmn/30 K causes a change of -2.2 mV. A long-term stability of 10 ppm/month was measured. The circuit can compete with the best available Zener diode sources, and has the added advantage that practically no selection is necessary. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,356 |
We present an active physical implementation of the recently introduced plasmon injection loss compensation scheme for Pendry's non-ideal negative index flat lens in the presence of realistic material losses and signal-dependent noise. In this active implementation, we propose to use a physically convolved external auxiliary source for signal amplification and suppression of the noise in the imaging system. In comparison with the previous passive implementations of the plasmon injection scheme for sub-diffraction limited imaging, where an inverse filter post-processing is used, the active implementation proposed here allows for deeper subwavelength imaging far beyond the passive post-processing scheme by extending the loss compensation to even higher spatial frequencies. | We present the design for an absorbing metamaterial (MM) with near unity absorbance A(omega). Our structure consists of two MM resonators that couple separately to electric and magnetic fields so as to absorb all incident radiation within a single unit cell layer. We fabricate, characterize, and analyze a MM absorber with a slightly lower predicted A(omega) of 96%. Unlike conventional absorbers, our MM consists solely of metallic elements. The substrate can therefore be optimized for other parameters of interest. We experimentally demonstrate a peak A(omega) greater than 88% at 11.5 GHz. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,357 |
This paper examines urban segregation in Kabul based on ideology, ethnicity and socio-economic class. This segregation can be hazardous both to the current and future stability and sustainability of the urban development in this city. There are lessons to be learned, so that a future appropriate cohesiveness is achieved through ethnic, religious and lifestyle diversity. | This paper explores a new neighborhood model with the primary school district. This scale is well known as Perry’s neighborhood unit theory all over the world. So, this paper deals with (1) the spread and familiarity of Perry’s theory in especially Islamic planning context; (2) spatial analysis of current urban neighborhoods in Kabul City through a survey in district nine; (3) measurement of densities on population, dwelling unit, household, and pupils in the case study area, and (4) visionary proposals on urban neighborhood models based on several scenarios in the near future and its implications. ::: The findings are: (1) Gozar is an institutionalized fundamental element of the city governance body in Kabul City; (2) there are wide ranges of the spatial sizes and the divisions of Gozars; (3) ‘Urban Gozar’ as an elemental neighborhood organization in the modern sense is forming through transformation; (4) the neighborhood unit of Perry can be an appropriate urban model for urban neighborhoods in Islamic cities and towns specially Kabul City. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,358 |
As the logistics business in the process of expansion,its internal logistics information subsystems are not building the same in all platform and technology development,leading to structural incompatibilities or technical incompatibilities.However,all departments of the logistics system are frequently exchange of logistics business,but the various subsystems of heterogeneous restricted between business enterprises.To solve this problem,we proposed utilizing the service-oriented architecture(SOA) in this paper,building the Enterprise Service Bus(ESB),and integrating of all the logistics subsystems within the enterprise.The research of SOA-based Logistics Information System Architecture,design and implementation of logistics information system based on SOA has important practical significance. | China logistics industry is in a very high degree of marketization, which enterprises are uneven in scale and level, presenting with the scattered, weak, disordered and other typical features. Additionally, for lack of information platform and prefect industry management, the whole industry service quality is low; the logistics collaboration between the supply and demand becomes more difficult. Based on the SOA mode, this paper studies the regional logistics integration structure, regional logistics resource optimization. Combined with case study, the logistics business process based on SOA integration will promote a new way for the development of regional logistics industry. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,359 |
The paper uses data from a questionnaire survey of UK firms to examine the ways in which benefits and costs are divided in buyer‐supplier relationships. These results are analysed in the light of Burnes and New′s framework for considering supply chain improvement. The results indicate that some caution is required in the applicability of the notion of “win‐win” in buyer‐supplier collaborations. Conclusions are drawn for theory and practice. | Dramatic changes in the business environment are demanding flexibility and innovativeness. These capabilities can often be achieved more effectively through external networks, rather than by internal arrangements, in the company which assembles the final product. In the automobile industry where a large number of parts are assembled and many suppliers are involved, the role of suppliers is important in developing competitive advantages. Consequently the development and operation of a world-class industry network needs to be incorporated into the strategic planning process. This article investigates supplier relationships in the European automobile components industry to determine what are the key factors in developing a supply network. The author also discusses how supplier networks are likely to develop in the future. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,360 |
an ontology-based framework of Requirements Evolvement Management (REM) is proposed for controlling requirements evolvement and tracing requirements which are the important aspects of REM. The ontology is introduced to describe the information about requirements evolvement. Consistent analysis and influence analysis for requirements evolvement is researched in the process of REM. The inconsistency of requirements is verified through the manipulations of ontology, and different inconsistency is dealt in different ways. A layered dependence tree of requirements is built according to the dependent relationship between requirements to support the layered managements of requirements and an equation of cost analysis is defined to count the priority of requirements which are in the same layer. | The specification activity is a critical enabler for collaborative product development through an extended enterprise. Often this activity involves numerous iterations before a shared understanding of the product requirements is achieved since various omissions, ambiguities and assumptions have to be resolved. This paper will present a framework for the electronic-enabling of the requirements founded on ontology-based constructs to provide a shared conceptualisation of the knowledge needed for the specification of a product. The application of ontology is a means to establish the consensual knowledge about the needs of a product and to then apply this shared understanding for its specification. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,361 |
This study assesses changes in vigilance/attention of air traffic controllers across 3 separate days as subjects performed an air traffic control (ATC) simulation task. Twenty subjects on 3 days monitored a simulated ATC task for 44 critical events over a 2-hour session. The complex monitoring task included the detection of: altitude malfunctions; aircraft conflict/ no conflicts where 2 aircraft were at the same altitude on an airway simultaneously; and triangular targets representing visual flight rules (VFR) aircraft that appeared either centrally or peripherally on the screen during the course of each session. Changes in performance on the complex monitoring task associated with either time on task or repeated sessions were dependent on nature of the task. Performance on the component involving detection and decision making (conflict/no conflict detection) evidenced a decrement associated with time on task on each of the 3 days. Improvement was evident from the first to the third day. Performance on the identification of the altitude malfunctions remained relatively immune to the effects of time on task or repeated sessions. Detection of the VFR aircraft intruders presented a mixed picture, with improvement noted in some aspects of performance but not in others, and some evidence of time on task effects. Outcomes were generally consistent with previous findings with this task and consistent with other literature with respect to the presence of performance decrements associated with time on task. The results were consistent with a view that the decrements are associated with lapses in attention, rather than a generalized fatigue effect or a general modification in overall scanning behavior. Furthermore, results suggest that there were aspects of monitoring performance that remain relatively immune to time on task effects. | : Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operator control can be migrated within temporal, physical, and functional domains. Although such control migrations occur in current UAS operations, there are no human factors studies specifically addressing this issue in UASs. This work sought to identify reasons for migrating UAS operator control and summarize the human factors literature with inferential bearing on this topic. Migration of UAS operator control is necessary to overcome limitations of the human operator, current technology, or both. There are potential advantages to control migration to include mitigating operator vigilance decrements and fatigue, facilitating operator task specialization, and optimizing workload during multi-aircraft and payload control tasks. However, there are also significant disadvantages to include transient degraded operator situational and systems awareness and more complex and potentially distributed teams of operators. Future work should focus on improving the empirical knowledge base on UAS human factors so evidence-based recommendations can be made when incorporating control migration in UAS design and operations. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,362 |
In standard map dynamics, the time series ${\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ are analyzed for chaotic orbits bounded by Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser barriers, for subcritical values of the stochasticity parameter. They can be described as a succession of rather regular oscillations of bounded amplitude in basins located near island chains, and of jumps between basins, at ``random'' times. This motion can be adequately modeled by a continuous time random walk, using values of the parameters taken from the numerical data. The resulting theory describes a subdiffusive motion, for which the mean square displacement tends towards a saturation value. | Based on a well-known discrete bifurcation problem (the ::: discretized Euler buckling problem) displaying a highly complex ::: bifurcation diagram, we show how to find fast, global access to ::: the distribution patterns of classical branch-invariants (symmetry ::: groups, nodal properties, stability characteristics), ::: without actually computing the complex diagram. At the ::: core of our method is a symbolic dynamics based labeling system, ::: which can be viewed itself as a (non-classical) global invariant ::: and from which all the classical invariants can be derived. Based ::: on results from the theory of Brownian bridges ::: an approximate sequence of ::: these integer-labels can be obtained very fast, in fair agreement ::: with the measured quantities. Similar labeling systems have been ::: used in other problems, ::: so we argue that our method will be useful for ::: a wider range of boundary value problems displaying spatial ::: complexity characterized by a mixture of regular and random ::: patterns. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,363 |
A directional coupling optical switch is constructed from a photonic crystal having a wide optical bandwidth. It has flat dispersion, which allows considerable shortening of its length. The switching operation of a directional coupler having flat dispersion and of an ordinary directional coupler are compared, to prove that the device length can be as short as 4.68 µm (50 times shorter than the conventional one), while maintaining the input energy and bandwidth. A 1.17 µm optical switch is fabricated, simultaneously shortening the device and extending the optical bandwidth. | We extend the control range of the Q factor of a ring cavity that consists of a photonic crystal. The control range, which determines the storage time (high Q) and efficiency of input and output (low Q) of light, is required to be wide for the random-access memory of an optical pulse train. The conventional photonic-crystal ring cavity with a directional coupler and a hexagonal-shape ring waveguide has a very narrow range. We replace these components by a directional coupler having flat dispersion and a circularly curved ring waveguide. We experimentally varied the Q factor by thermal modulation of the device and achieved a control range between 1.9×103and 1.7×104. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,364 |
A vertical tune shift depending on a beam current was observed in the UVSOR electron storage ring. The vertical tune increased as decrease in the beam current, and the slope of the tune shift depended on the condition of the vacuum in the ring. Such change in the vertical tune was explained by change in stability condition of trapped ions on the beam current. The experimental results in multibunch condition are discussed with computer simulation based on a theoretical model. | Wake Fields and Impedances. Instabilities in Linear Accelerators. Macroparticle Models. Landau Damping. Perturbation Formalism. Index. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,365 |
A series of drop-test experiments was performed to investigate the hydrodynamic loads experienced by a generic wave-piercer catamaran hullform during water impacts. The experiments, which focus on the characterisation of the unsteady slam loads on an arched wetdeck, were conducted using a Servo-hydraulic Slam Testing System (SSTS) that allows the model to enter the water at a range of constant speeds up to 10 m/s. The systematic and random uncertainties associated with the drop test results are quantified in detail. The relationships between water-entry velocity and both slam force and pressure distributions are presented and discussed with a strong relationship between the slam force peak magnitudes and impact velocity being observed. In addition the three dimensionality of the water flow in these slam impact events is characterised. | Understanding and predicting the hydrodynamic loading experienced by a solid body during water impact is critical for researchers and practitioners in naval engineering. While two-dimensional (2D) water entry problems have been extensively investigated, experimental data on 3D fluid–structure interactions during water impact are rather limited. Here, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is utilized to study the free fall vertical impact of a solid body, modeling a ship hull, on an otherwise quiescent fluid. Planar PIV is used to measure the velocity field on multiple cross-sections along the length and width of the model. These data are combined to infer the 3D velocity field in the entire fluid. The 3D velocity field is then utilized to reconstruct the pressure field by integrating the incompressible 3D Navier–Stokes equations in a time-varying domain, where both the free surface and the fluid–solid interface evolve in time. By evaluating the pressure field on the wetted surface of the model, we estimate the hydrodynamic loading during water entry. Experimental results demonstrate the central role of 3D effects on both the flow physics and the hydrodynamic loading. As the cross-sectional velocity decreases away from the mid-span, we observe a robust increase in the axial velocity component. This translates into a complex spatio-temporal dependence of the hydrodynamic loading, which is initially maximized in the vicinity of the pile-up and later increases toward the keel. Due to the deceleration of the model during the impact and the increase in the wetted surface, the hydrodynamic loading close to the mid-span in the early stage of the impact is considerably larger than the ends. The 3D flow physics is used to study the energy imparted to the fluid during the impact, which we find to be mostly transferred to the risen water, consisting of the pile-up region and the spray jet. Our methodology can be implemented for the analysis of other solid bodies with multiple geometric curvatures, and our experimental results can be utilized for the validation of 3D mathematical models of water entry. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,366 |
This research investigates the problem of minimizing setup costs in resequencing jobs having first-in, first-out (FIFO) constraints conveyorized production or assembly systems. Sequence changing at conveyor junctions (with or without off-line buffers) in these systems is limited due to FIFO restriction. We first define the general problem of resequencing jobs to workstations satisfying precedence relationships between jobs (generalized sequential ordering problem, GSOP). Then we limit our scope to FIFO precedence relationships which is the conveyor selection problem at a diverging junction (diverging sequential ordering problem, DSOP), modeling it as a 0–1 integer program. With load balancing constraints removed, we show that the problem can be modeled as an assignment problem. We also define buffered sequential ordering problem (BSOP) as resequencing problem at a junction point of an off-line buffer, modeling it as a mixed integer program and propose a simple rule-based heuristic. Finally, we discuss the case study which motivated this research, details of the discrete event simulation model we developed, and numerical results. | An uninflated unmounted tire is supported in a frame of the apparatus for engagement with a sealant applicator head that contacts the interior tire liner after a bead spreading device on the frame spreads apart the tire beads, and an elevator member on the frame raises the tire. The applicator head has a tire engaging profile corresponding to that of the tire and an elongated opening for which highly viscous, sticky sealant is discharged onto the tire liner under the tread in a layer of predetermined cross section as the tire is rotated on the frame past the applicator head. A complete coating of sealant is applied during one revolution of the tire, with the sealant having a butt joint, or an overlapping splice formed when the elevator member is lowered a predetermined amount by a drop-off mechanism as the tire completes one revolution of sealant application. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,367 |
The microsatellite ALMASat-EO is the next generation of ALMASat satellites series; the first one called ALMASat-1 was successfully launched on-board the VEGA Maiden Flight on February 13th, 2012. The Tracking, Telemetry and Command (TT&C) system is a vital subsystem of the spacecraft, performing the bidirectional link for telemetry transmission and commands reception. A low-cost and low-power communication system based on a System-on-a-Chip RF transceiver, was designed and tested at the Forli campus of the University of Bologna. The mission requirements, architectural design and operational software are thoroughly described, together with the result of a test campaign. | The major space agencies of the world recognize that there are benefits in using standard techniques for handling space data and that, by cooperatively developing these techniques, future data system interoperability will be enhanced. In order to assure that work towards standardization of space-related information technologies provides the maximum benefi t for ::: the interested agencies, both individually and collectively, an international Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) was established in 1982 as a forum for international cooperation in the development of data handling techniques supporting space research, including space science and ::: applications. In 1991, the committee was incorporated as a subcommittee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ::: The article describs the work of CCSDS till its beginning in the 80s till today (2009). | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,368 |
Direct conversion architectures are currently receiving a lot of interest in OFDM based wireless transmission systems. However such systems are very sensitive to front-end non-idealities such as in- phase/quadrature-phase (IQ) imbalances and carrier frequency offset. In this paper the joint effect of frequency selective IQ imbalance at the receiver under carrier frequency offset is studied. We also consider the case when the cyclic prefix is not sufficiently long to accommodate the channel impulse response combined with the receiver filter, which results in inter-block-interference (IBI) between the OFDM symbols. We propose a frequency domain per-tone equalizer (PTEQ) based receiver structure obtained by transferring a time domain equalizer (TEQ) to the frequency domain. In addition to the frequency domain PTEQ design procedure, a training-based RLS type initialization scheme for direct per-tone equalization is proposed. The algorithm involved provides a very efficient post-FFT adaptive equalization and front-end compensation performance which is shown to be close to the ideal case. | Digital audio broadcasting offers the potential to give every radio in Europe the sound quality of a compact disc. To accomplish this, it requires a rugged method of transmission. The coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (COFDM) modulation system was developed to meet this need. The paper describes the reasons why a new modulation process was needed, and explains how the COFDM system has been optimised to meet the requirements. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,369 |
In this paper we present the results of studies on the interaction of thin films of Cu-In-S, which is obtained by evaporation of individual components in the plane of condensation, consisting of fresh chips NaCl. Electron-diffraction analysis shows that the length of the regions forming binary compounds and ternary compounds of CuInS 2 with simultaneous and sequential deposition of components is the same. Thus we can speak with certainty that the existence of thin film of tetragonal phase of ternary compound is present in CuInS 2 . | The CIS by electrodeposition (CISEL) project between Electricite de France (EDF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP) and Saint-Gobain Recherche (SGR) aims at developing a low-cost electrodeposition process for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 (CIGS) solar cells. The process is characterized by two main steps: (i) deposition of the precursor film and (ii) thermal annealing. This process enables the preparation of a large range of sulfur containing absorbers, with S/(S+Se) atomic ratio from 0% to more than 90%. The films are single phase over the whole composition range. The influence of Sulfur content on the microstructure has been shown with grain sizes decreasing with increasing sulfur content. Efficient solar cells can be obtained from all the different precursor compositions, with efficiencies of over 10% on lab cells on sulfur-rich absorbers, and 6–7% on 30×30 cm 2 devices. The homogeneity of 15×15 cm 2 substrates is also discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,370 |
Finite element analysis software ANSYS analysis a combination sections beam which has contact surface and a integral model. Then find out the difference to identify the overall model and the parts beam dynamic differences. According to the result learn the contact surface how to influence the tools dynamic. It can offer theoretical and practical basis for design and structure optimization. | Virtual Instruments (VI, also called instruments-on-a-Disk) is the next stage in the evolution of ATE. VI fundamentally changes the paradigm of how ATE is designed, built, fielded, supported and procured. The core of the VI concept is the idea that most instruments can be implemented in software, supported by a bare minimum of low-cost, commercial off-the-shelf hardware. The effect of VI is that the hardware cost of ATE is reduced dramatically, along with its life cycle cost. Flexibility is enhanced, for adding new instruments is reduced to adding software. In some cases, the VI approach allows measurement accuracies that considerably improve the current state-of-the-art. New stimulus and measurement techniques can be implemented using VI to measure the previously unmeasurable, and generate what was previously extremely difficult to generate. This paper describes the VI concept and one embodiment of VI: a flightline electronic warfare tester. That embodiment implements more than 12 complex instruments in less than a single VXI chassis. > | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,371 |
Based on the similarity between the game theory and the multiobjective design, the bionic mapping and the space mapping are established between the multiobjective optimization model and game model. Then, the multiobjective optimization method based on self-adaptive space division of design variables is proposed. The design variables are divided into multiple strategy subspaces and are assigned to corresponding game players by calculating impact factors, -means clustering, and correlation analysis. Strategy subspaces of game players are dynamically adjusted in the iteration process. In their own strategy subspaces, each game player takes their payoff function (the mapping of objective function) as monoobjective optimization. It gives the best strategy upon other players. And the best strategies of all players are combined into the group strategy in this game round. Triobjective optimization is carried out for vehicle suspension in this method and it is compared with the traditional game method. The results show that this method has better calculating automaticity and can effectively promote generalization of multiobjective game method and improve the computational efficiency and precision. | A linear programming model is introduced to solve cooperative games. The solution is always Pareto optimal. It is based on the idea of the core but instead of requiring rationality for all groups, a multiobjective approach is proposed including the importance weights of the players. A case study illustrates the application of this method. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,372 |
We investigate properties of a version of tail comonotonicity that can be applied to absolutely continuous distributions, and give several methods for constructions of multivariate distributions with tail comonotonicity or strongest tail dependence. Archimedean copulas as mixtures of powers, and scale mixtures of a non-negative random vector with the mixing distribution having slowly varying tails, lead to a tail comonotonic dependence structure. For random variables that are in the maximum domain of attraction of either Frechet or Gumbel, we prove the asymptotic additivity property of Value at Risk and Conditional Tail Expectation. | We propose a new copula model that can be used with replicated spatial data. Unlike the multivariate normal copula, the proposed copula is based on the assumption that a common factor exists and affects the joint dependence of all measurements of the process. Moreover, the proposed copula can model tail dependence and tail asymmetry. The model is parameterized in terms of a covariance function that may be chosen from the many models proposed in the literature, such as the Matern model. For some choice of common factors, the joint copula density is given in closed form and therefore likelihood estimation is very fast. In the general case, one-dimensional numerical integration is needed to calculate the likelihood, but estimation is still reasonably fast even with large data sets. We use simulation studies to show the wide range of dependence structures that can be generated by the proposed model with different choices of common factors. We apply the proposed model to spatial temperature data and compare its performance with some popular geostatistics models. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,373 |
Electromagnetic induction measurements, which are generally used to determine lateral variations of apparent ::: electrical conductivity, can provide quantitative estimates of the subsurface conductivity at different depths. ::: Quantitative inference about the Earth's interior from experimental data is, however, an ill-posed problem. Using ::: the generalised McNeill's theory for the EM38 ground conductivity meter, we generated synthetic apparent ::: conductivity curves (input data vector) simulating measurements at different heights above the soil surface. The ::: electrical conductivity profile (the Earth model) was then estimated solving a least squares problem with Tikhonov ::: regularization optimised with a projected conjugate gradient algorithm. Although the Tikhonov approach improves ::: the conditioning of the resulting linear system, profile reconstruction can be surprisingly far from the desired true ::: one. On the contrary, the projected conjugate gradient provided the best solution without any explicit regularization ::: ( a= 0) of the objective function of the least squares problem. Also, if the initial guess belongs to the image of the ::: system matrix, Im(A), we found that it provides a unique solution in the same subspace Im(A). | We propose a regularization method to solve a nonlinear ill-posed problem connected to inversion of data gathered by a ground conductivity meter. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,374 |
From the Publisher: ::: "Python is optimized for quality, productivity, portability, and integration. Hundreds of thousands of Python developers around the world rely on Python for general-purpose tasks, Internet scripting, systems programming, user interfaces, and product customization. Python is available on all major computing platforms, including commercial versions of Unix, Linux, Windows, and Max OS." Designed to be a quick and easy-to-use resource for developers, Python Pocket Reference, Second Edition, is a companion volume to the two O'Reilly Animal Guides, Programming Python, Second Edition, and Learning Python. This new second edition has been completely revised and updated for Python 2.2 and includes new material on Python's GUI, Internet, and database programming tools. It is a concise reference with easy access to the most commonly used libraries and tools, Python statements and types, built-in functions, library modules, and other prominent Python language features. | Handling geographical data is a common necessity at many organisations today. At The Church of Sweden, the parishes needs to be divided into election districts prior to an election in 2017. In orde ... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,375 |
This article investigates phonons and elastic response in randomly diluted lattices constructed by combining (via the addition of next-nearest bonds) a twisted kagome lattice, with bulk modulus $B=0$ and shear modulus $G>0$, with either a generalized untwisted kagome lattice with $B>0$ and $G>0$ or with a honeycomb lattice with $B>0$ and $G=0$. These lattices exhibit jamming-like critical end-points at which $B$, $G$, or both $B$ and $G$ jump discontinuously from zero while the remaining moduli (if any) begin to grow continuously from zero. Pairs of these jamming points are joined by lines of continuous rigidity percolation transitions at which both $B$ and $G$ begin to grow continuously from zero. The Poisson ratio and $G/B$ can be continuously tuned throughout their physical range via random dilution in a manner analogous to ``tuning by pruning" in random jammed lattices. These lattices can be produced with modern techniques, such as 3D printing, for constructing metamaterials. | A toy vehicle and toy vehicle game are disclosed in which a plurality of toy vehicles are provided that collect current from conductor strips in a slotless track and switch lanes when the current polarity is reversed. A toy drone car is used in the game which collects current from the strips associated with the other cars and it includes an electrical circuit which insures that current of only a predetermined desired polarity is supplied to the motor in the vehicle to propel the vehicle in a forward direction around the track. As a result the vehicle is driven about the track in a forward direction regardless of the polarity of current applied to the collector strips. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,376 |
Based on a previous work by the authors an equation was developed for the settling velocity of a suspension of spheres. Asymptotic expressions of the equation, for high and low Reynolds Numbers, were fitted with different empirical functions of the solid volume fraction. The final equation was tested against experimental results of numerous investigators giving a mean square deviation of 0.0010 for the whole range of Reynolds Numbers. | The number of published studies related to the optimization of lithium extraction from low-grade ores has increased as the demand for lithium has grown. However, no study related to the kinetics of the concentration stage of lithium-containing minerals by froth flotation has yet been reported. To establish a factorial design of batch flotation experiments, we conducted a set of kinetic tests to determine the most selective alternative collector, define a range of pulp pH values, and estimate a near-optimum flotation time. Both collectors (Aeromine 3000C and Armeen 12D) provided the required flotation selectivity, although this selectivity was lost in the case of pulp pH values outside the range between 2 and 4. Cumulative mineral recovery curves were used to adjust a classical kinetic model that was modified with a non-negative parameter representing a delay time. The computation of the near-optimum flotation time as the maximizer of a separation efficiency (SE) function must be performed with caution. We instead propose to define the near-optimum flotation time as the time interval required to achieve 95%–99% of the maximum value of the SE function. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,377 |
This paper presents the fabrication and analysis of dual opto-sol sensor for continuous monitoring of pH and dissolved Oxygen(DO) using hybrid sol matrix. Compared to the conventional inorganic matrix, the hybrid matrix reduces the leaching of the sensor. Hybrid sol matrix is used to entrap the fluorescence indicators, 5(6) Carboxyfluorescein and Tris (bipyridine) ruthenium(II) chloride, for pH and DO respectively. Analysis of sol using spectrophotometer and opto-electronic instrumentation setup gives confirmation on the static characteristics of the sensor such as range, calibration curve, sensitivity, response time and stability. From the results obtained it is found that this sol senses pH and DO in the range of 3 to 8 and 2 to 7 mg/l with good sensitivity, stability and minimum response time. | Gel films with various pH indicators were prepared by the sol–gel method without catalysts. The obtained gel films showed good response for various pH solutions as optical pH sensors and no leaching of the indicators was observed. The feature of absorption spectra of the indicators in the gel films was almost the same as that in the aqueous solutions. pKa of the indicators in the gel films was shifted with the increase of the TMOS content in the starting solutions. These results suggest that the pH indicators in the gel films were trapped in similar environment as in the solutions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,378 |
This paper introduces a new method for clustering signals using their temporal logic properties. Specifically, we propose a hierarchical clustering algorithm for efficiently processing a set of input signals. The input data is unlabeled, that is, no further information about properties of the signals are available to the learning algorithm other than the signals themselves. The algorithm produces a hierarchical structure where the internal nodes test some temporal properties of the data, and each terminal node contains a cluster (i.e., a group of similar signals). Each cluster can be mapped to a Signal Temporal Logic (STL) formula that describes its signals. The obtained formulae can be used directly for monitoring purposes but also, more generally, to acquire knowledge about the system under analysis. We present two case studies to illustrate the characteristics of our proposed algorithm. The first case study is related to a maritime surveillance problem, and the second is a fault classification problem in an automatic transmission system. | We describe a new algorithm for the parametric identification problem for signal temporal logic (STL), stated as follows. Given a dense-time real-valued signal w and a parameterized temporal logic formula p, compute the subset of the parameter space that renders the formula satisfied by the signal. Unlike previous solutions, which were based on search in the parameter space or quantifier elimination, our procedure works recursively on p and computes the evolution over time of the set of valid parameter assignments. This procedure is similar to that of monitoring or computing the robustness of p relative to w. Our implementation and experiments demonstrate that this approach can work well in practice. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,379 |
This invention relates to apparatus for making use of water for health care. A guide strut is arranged for vertical attachment to a support means which may be a wall or a stand device and a slider cooperates with this guide strut; a spray tube is connected to the slider and a connector is provided on the spray tube to accept a flexible water-supply pipe. There is a drive element associated with the guide strut which is arranged to effect the up and down movement of the spray tube and is fitted with a drive means and a switch; the switch serves to reverse the direction of rotation of the drive means and is arranged to be actuated by two spaced engagement members. | The heterogeneity of water flow and solute transport was assessed during radioactive tracer infiltration experiment in a black clay loam soil using modified methods to estimate the effective cross section (ECS) and the degree of preferential flow (DPF). The results of field and numerical experiments showed that these parameters characterized the heterogeneity of water flow in the soils unequivocally. The ECS decreases non-linearly and the DPF increases linearly with an increase of the bypassing ratio (ratio of macropore flow rate to total flow rate). The ECS decreased and the DPF increased with depth, which suggests an increase in the heterogeneity of water flow with depth. The plot of the DPF against ECS values calculated from the tracer experiment data was consistent with the relationship obtained by the numerical simulation assuming preferential flow in the neighbourhood of three probes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,380 |
The structure of different reconstructions of Sn on Si(111) has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. For less than a monolayer (ML) of Sn, three reconstructions are seen with 7×7, 7/8 × 7/8 , and 2 7/8 ×2 7/8 periodicities. The 7×7 structure is similar to that of the clean surface. The 7/8 × 7/8 phase is a (1)/(3) ML array of adatoms similar to that of Al, Ga, or In on Si(111). The 2 7/8 ×2 7/8 structure is twofold symmetric with three possible orientations on the surface giving the threefold symmetry apparent in the low‐energy electron diffraction pattern. All three surface phases coexist above 0.3 ML. | We report the use of the techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy and impact-collision ion scattering spectrometry to study the in-plane geometry of both the (root)3X(root)3 and 2(root)3X2(root)3 reconstructions of Sn on Si(111). For the (root)3X(root)3 reconstruction, the Sn adatoms were found to prefer fourfold atop (T4) sites. For the 2(root)3X2(root)3 reconstruction, a two-layer epitaxial Sn model with a four-atom unit cell on the top layer is found to provide the best agreement with experimental data.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,381 |
This paper describes the application of a commercially available microprocessor (Intel 3000 or Signetics 3000) to a flexible data transmitter and data receiver for high-speed data modems. For the transmitter a quadrature modulation scheme is chosen; the receiver is based on phase-shift compensation techniques and coherent demodulation with an externally derived digital carrier. For the realization with the given microprocessor it has been necessary to adapt the way of executing the various operations (especially the multiplications for the digital filtering) to the available computational capabilities. The resulting microprocessor implementations are also suitable for application in the current medium-speed synchronous data transmission systems. | By use of an interpolated fast-Fourier-transform (FFT) algorithms are developed for multiparameter measurements upon periodic signals. Eight pertinent measurements, such as fundamental frequency, phase, and amplitude, are made with enhanced accuracy compared to existing algorithms, including tapered-window-FFT algorithms. For the more general case of nonharmonic multitone signals also the method is shown to yield exact amplitudes and phases if the tone frequencies are known beforehand. These measurements are useful in a variety of applications ranging from analog testing of printed-circuit boards to measurement of Doppler signals in radar detection. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,382 |
Lepton number violation processes can be induced by the Majorana neutrino exchange, which provide evidence for the Majorana nature of neutrinos. In addition to the natural explanation of the small neutrino masses, Type-I seesaw mechanism predicts the existence of Majorana neutrinos. The aim of this work is to study the B meson rare decays $B^{+} \to K^{(*)+}\mu^+\mu^-$ in the standard model and its extensions, and then to investigate the same-sign decay processes $B^{+}\to K^{(*)-}\mu^{+}\mu^+$. The corresponding dilepton invariant mass distributions are predicted. It is found that the dilepton angular distributions illustrate the properties of new interactions induced by the Majorana neutrinos. | Searches of lepton-number violation in different processes are very useful to constrain the parameter space of Majorana neutrinos. Here we use available upper bounds on the branching fractions of B^- ->D^0pi^+mu^-mu^- and D^0 ->(pi^-pi^-/K^-pi^-) mu^-mu^- decays to derive constraints on the mass and mixings of Majorana neutrinos by assuming they are produced resonantly in these four-body decays. While the excluded region obtained from B^- decays are competitive with existing limits from three-body D^- and B^- decays, it is shown that experimental improvements on D^0 decays offer a good potential to provide similar results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,383 |
In this paper the basic principles of Low Coherence Speckle Interferometry (LCSI) are described. Theoretical background and experimental results for the systematic investigation of LCSI are presented. To understand and quantify the measurement results of adhesive bonded joints a modelling of the interference signal is required. For this purpose, a one-dimensional transmission line model is developed, including changes in the refractive index in a stressed adhesive layer and delamination of the glued interface. A new method for the detection of zero path length difference is introduced. Investigations of the probing depth in semi-transparent adhesive and recent experimental results of the characterisation of adhesive-bonded aluminium joints are presented. | In order to investigate deterioration processes in the paint layers on the famous 2000-yr-old Chinese Terracotta warriors, a low coherence ESPI system was designed. In this modified set-up a short-coherent superluminescence diode instead of a laser is used. By changing the path length of one of the interfering beams it is possible to select a region limited in depth where deformations are measured even if it is below the surface. Results on an artificial test object and on original terracotta fragments demonstrate the limits and the capabilities of the new method. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,384 |
This study used a smartphone's digital compass to observe the rolling motion of a hollow cylinder on an inclined plane. The smartphone (an iPhone 4s) was attached to the end of one side of a hollow cylinder to record the experimental data using the SensorLog application. In the experiment, the change of angular position was measured by the smartphone's digital compass. The obtained results were then analyzed and calculated to determine various parameters of the motion, such as the angular velocity, angular acceleration, critical angle, and coefficient of static friction. The experimental results obtained from using the digital compass were compared with those obtained from using a gyroscope sensor. Moreover, the results obtained from both sensors were consistent with the calculations for the rolling motion. We expect that this experiment will be valuable for use in physics laboratories. | Smartphones may be seen as miniature toolboxes to perform Physics experiments. In this paper, we present three different “optics workbenches" mainly based on the light meter of a smartphone. One is aimed at the precise study of Malus law and other effects associated to linearly polarized light, the second allows quantifying the light intensity distribution of diffraction or interference patterns projected on a screen, and the third demonstrates the so-called inverse square law obeyed by the light from a point-like source. These experiments allow to quantitatively demonstrate three fundamental laws of optics using quite inexpensive equipment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,385 |
This paper presents simulations of isolated 3D filaments in a slab geometry obtained using a newly developed 3D reduced fluid code, written using the BOUT++ framework. First, systematic scans were performed to investigate how the dynamics of a filament are affected by its amplitude, perpendicular size, and parallel extent. The perpendicular size of the filament was found to have a strong influence on its motions, as it determined the relative importance of parallel currents to polarization and viscous currents, whilst drift-wave instabilities were observed if the initial amplitude of the blob was increased sufficiently. Next, the 3D simulations were compared to 2D simulations using different parallel closures; namely, the sheath dissipation closure, which neglects parallel gradients, and the vorticity advection closure, which neglects the influence of parallel currents. The vorticity advection closure was found to not replicate the 3D perpendicular dynamics and overestimated the initial radial acceleratio... | This paper presents the effect of self-consistent plasma backgrounds including plasma-neutral interactions, on the dynamics of filament propagation. The principle focus is on the influence of the neutrals on the filament through both direct interactions and through their influence on the plasma background. Both direct and indirect interactions influence the motion of filaments. A monotonic increase of filament peak velocity with upstream electron temperature is observed, while a decrease with increasing electron density is observed. If ordered by the target temperature, the density dependence disappears and the filament velocity is only a function of the target temperature. Smaller filaments keep a density dependence, as a result of the density dependence of the plasma viscosity. The critical size δ∗, where filaments are fastest, is shifted to larger sizes for higher densities, due to the plasma viscosity. If the density dependence of the plasma viscosity is removed, δ∗ has no density dependence, but rather a temperature dependence. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,386 |
Many theoretical approaches and implementations have been proposed for the coupling of the three-dimensional ocean circulation with waves. The theoretical models are reviewed and it is shown that the formulation in terms of the quasi-Eulerian velocity circumvents the essential difficulty of alternative formulations for the Lagrangian mean velocity. Namely, models based on this Lagrangian velocity require an estimation of wave-induced motions to first order in the horizontal gradients of the wave field in order to estimate the vertical flux of wave pseudo-momentum. So far, only three-dimensional wave models have been able to provide these estimates, and all published theories based on the simpler Airy theory are not consistent at the leading order, because they ignore or incorrectly estimate the vertical momentum flux. With an adiabatic example on a sloping bottom it is shown that this inconsistency produces very large spurious velocities. These errors are independent of the slope for the inviscid case, and are still significant when a realistic vertical mixing is applied. A quick diagnostic of the potential accuracy of a theoretical model is the vertical profile of the wave-induced forcing terms: if it is not uniform over depth in adiabatic conditions then it will produce spurious artificial flow patterns in conditions with shoaling waves. Although conceptually more challenging, the quasi-Eulerian velocity theories only introduce minor modifications of the solution procedure for the standard primitive equations: a modification of the surface boundary condition for the mass conservation, the addition of the Stokes drift in the tracer advection equations, and sources of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy with associated surface and bottom fluxes. All the necessary modifications of primitive equation models are given in detail. This implementation is illustrated with the MARS3D model, which passes the test of the adiabatic shoaling waves. | [1] We present a new modeling system for wave-current interaction based on unstructured grids and thus suitable for very large-scale high-resolution multiscale studies. The coupling between the 3D current model (SELFE) and the 3rd generation spectral wave model (WWM-II) is done at the source code level and the two models share same sub-domains in the parallel MPI implementation in order to ensure parallel efficiency and avoid interpolation. We demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, stability and robustness of the coupled SELFE-WWM-II model with a suite of progressively challenging benchmarks with analytical solution, laboratory data, and field data. The coupled model is shown to be able to capture important physics of the wave-current interaction under very different scales and environmental conditions with excellent convergence properties even in complicated test cases. The challenges in simulating the 3D wave-induced effects are highlighted as well, where more research is warranted. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,387 |
This paper presents a novel dual-mode time-sharing cascaded sinusoidal inverter. It is composed of a time-sharing buck-type current-fed converter and time-sharing sinusoidal pulse-modulated full-bridge inverter. Compared with the conventional time-sharing cascaded sinusoidal inverter, it has higher power density and better control character. | Considering the distinct characteristic-differences and uneven working conditions of solar PV cells, a new solution of cascaded PV modules with time-sharing dual-mode control strategy for PV power system is proposed for achieving high power conversion efficiency, generating high output voltages. Each cascaded module contains three solar cells in series, N strings in parallel, and a time-sharing dual-mode power unit. The modular power unit depends mainly on diminishing the electrolytic DC capacitor, reducing the influence of uneven working conditions and using a bypass diode-assisted boost chopper to increase the boosting ratio. Owing to the (2M+1) level output voltage and unique selective time-sharing dual-mode control strategy, harmonic components of the output voltage and switching losses can be diminished. The unique operating principle of this novel power conditioner and its dual-mode PWM time-sharing control strategy are evaluated and verified based on simulation results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,388 |
The capture of a moving atom by a non-dissipative trap, such as an optical dipole trap, requires the removal of the excessive kinetic energy of the atom. In this article we develop a mechanism to harvest ultra cold atoms from a guided atom beam into an optical dipole trap by removing their directed kinetic energy. We propose a continuous loading scheme where this is accomplished via deceleration by a magnetic potential barrier followed by optical pumping to the energetically lowest Zeeman sublevel. We theoretically investigate the application of this scheme to the transfer of ultra cold chromium atoms from a magnetically guided atom beam into a deep optical dipole trap. We discuss the realization of a suitable magnetic field configuration. Based on numerical simulations of the loading process we analyze the feasibility and efficiency of our loading scheme. | We report the observation of a very high flux of ultra-cold bosonic chromium atoms in a magnetic guide. The beam is created by operating a magneto-optical trap/moving optical molasses within the magnetic field of the guide. A relative detuning between two pairs of the cooling lasers cools the atoms into a frame moving along the axes of the guide. When the atoms are cooled into a moving frame with a velocity of 6 m s−1 we observe a maximum of the flux of 6 × 109 atoms s−1. For these parameters the transversal temperature of the atoms after a 25 fold increase of the confining magnetic potential is about 1.2 mK. The longitudinal temperature is 400 µK. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,389 |
Treatment performances of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), located in North-Eastern Algeria (Souk-Ahras and Sedrata) were tested using ASM1 model. The model, to be considered as a decision tool for the appropriate management of activated sludge systems, served for the prediction of both WWTP behaviours under different operating conditions. In Sedrata WWTP the first management scenarios is based on an increase of inflow rate, taking into account a new transfer volume from a nearby zone. In a second scenerio, the ultimate flow of 40 000 m3·d-1 is estimated. Regarding Souk-Ahras WWTP, three scenarios were tested. The first tested the impact of an increase of the extraction flow rate and yielded a reduction by 37% of sludge production. The second dealt with the management of the mass budget of substrata and biomass. Finally, the third application was devoted to the estimation of the plant ultimate capacity, estimated to be 60 000 m3·d-1. | This paper deals with dynamic simulation and optimization of wastewater treatment plants. Moreover, the benchmark plant (www.benchmarkWWTP.org) was considered and its corresponding model was used. Simulations were carried out using gProms software for dry, rain and storm weather data files. The optimization consisted in the determination of continuous aeration and internal recycle profiles which minimize the aeration energy under effluent constraints. The results obtained showed that we were able to save up to 30% of energy compared to the usual aeration policy and the effluent constraints are satisfied. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,390 |
PCT No. PCT/EP91/01324 Sec. 371 Date Feb. 19, 1993 Sec. 102(e) Date Feb. 19, 1993 PCT Filed Jul. 15, 1991 PCT Pub. No. WO92/03230 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 5, 1992.A rotating impact sprinkler comprising a device for connecting the pressurized water column to a rotating joint which supports a rotating assembly which is formed by a tubular body with a nozzle for generating a jet, an oscillating arm and deflection element mounted at the end of the arm so as to interact with the jet. The deflection element comprises at least one main deflector which oscillates elastically in a direction which is transverse to the arm between a central equilibrium position, in which the surface effected by the jet is minimal, and at least one lateral abutment position, in which the surface effected by the jet is maximal. The change from the minimally effected surface to the maximal one is sudden, so as to instantly increase withdrawal of energy from the jet and generate impulsive forces on the deflector. | where @ means “non-Abelian tensor product” of the two relative homotopy groups, each acting on the other via ;r,C. This new algebraic construction M @ N, which is defined for a pair of groups M, N each of which acts on the other, is studied in $2. As is well-known, a general determination of a triad homotopy group has consequences for certain absolute homotopy groups. Some of these are given in $3. For example, we prove that for any group G | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,391 |
This exploration of a Himalayan Sherpa ritual engages contemporary cultural anthropology debates concerning ethnographic essentialism, positivism, and so-called postmodernist approaches. The author notes a parallelism between Buddhist Sherpa ritual processes that call upon patrons to engage in mimesis with idealized images of themselves and ethnographic representations that call for Sherpas to become that which is desired by foreign others. A positivist reading of Sherpas thus leads us toward both a necessary reflexivity about the effects of our writing upon them and the adoption of a strategic essentialism aware of its karmic consequences. | This paper shows how we manufacture authenticity by blending a vari- ety of semiotic resources, some of which are sufficient ("enough") to produce a particular targeted authentic identity, and consequently enable others to identify us as "authentic" members of social groups within different "micro-hegemonies." In contexts of rapid sociocultural change (for instance in the case of migration in the present-day superdiverse conjuncture), we can expect enoughness to gain in- creasing importance as a critical tool for identity work. We propose the frame- work outlined here will enable us to engage with the complexities of contempo- rary identity practices and the complex field of authenticity. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,392 |
A new, 600V, RESURF LDMOS structure promising improvement on reliability, low on-resistance, and wide SOA region was proposed. The proposed LDMOS structure can reduce the electric field at silicon surface by about 40% using p-bottom layer for charge compensation without p-top layer. As carrier trapping into oxide at high electric field can be restrained, high reliability characteristics are expected. Most current flows around the silicon surface when the LDMOS turns on. However, in the proposed LDMOS, impact ionisation is repressed and current driving ability is increased by about 24%, voltage range is widened by 6% in SOA region because it has the low surface electric field. R/sub on,sp/ was improved by 15% when compared to the conventional LDMOS at the same breakdown voltage rating because there is no blocking layer in the drift region. This proposed LDMOS can also save one mask layer more than the conventional one. | A standard 0.35 micrometer CMOS technology has been extended for 100 V Power IC applications by accommodating reduced surface field (RESURF) LDMOSFET device with p-well block region or extended poly-overlap region for suppression of the drain wrapping potential. A 100 V integrated H-bridge circuit suitable for driving a brushless DC motor has been designed, manufactured and tested to prove the technology. To streamline the design and integration of this power device 2D and 3D simulations have been performed. Different electrical isolation schemes to provide technology compartmentalization have also been investigated experimentally and results are discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,393 |
Purpose ::: A quality review process was implemented to determine compliance with the requirement from the Commission on Cancer to use the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) template as the minimum data set for Treatment Summary and Survivorship Care Plans (TS/SCP) provided to cancer survivors. | OBJECTIVES ::: To provide an overview of issues and challenges associated with integrating development of survivorship care plan processes with electronic medical records (EMRs). ::: ::: ::: DATA SOURCES ::: Published peer-reviewed literature. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: Evidence seems to indicate that survivorship care plans have value to survivors, oncology specialist providers, and primary care providers. Yet, the existence of cost and time restraints are major barriers to creation and use of survivorship care plans, and the expectations that EMR can simplify and expedite survivorship care plan development have yet to be realized. ::: ::: ::: IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE ::: Nurses participating in the development of survivorship programs can contribute to successful implementation of EMR-facilitated survivorship care plans by involvement in strategic planning processes, and establishment of reasonable timelines to address the known and unknown barriers, and assuring the resulting EMR product includes essential data and information. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,394 |
To realize the high efficiency potential of perovskite/chalcopyrite tandem solar cells in modules, hydrogenated In2O3 (IO:H) as electrode is investigated. IO:H with an electron mobility of 100 cm2 V−1 s−1 is demonstrated. Compared to the conventional Sn doped In2O3 (ITO), IO:H exhibits a decreased electron concentration and leads to almost no sub-bandgap absorption up to the wavelength of 1200 nm. Without a trade-off between transparency and lateral resistance in the IO:H electrode, the tandem cell keeps increasing in efficiency as the IO:H thickness increases and efficiencies above 22% are calculated. In contrast, the cells with ITO as electrode perform much worse due to the severe parasitic absorption in ITO. This indicates that IO:H has the potential to lead to high efficiencies, which is otherwise constrained by the parasitic absorption in conventional transparent conductive oxide electrode for tandem solar cells in modules. | Introduction to TC materials and their applicatons, key properties and needs.- Opto-electronic models of TC materials - the physics description.- Characterization of TC Materials.- TC device applications current and emerging.- In based TCOs.- Sn based.- Zn based.- Ternary, Quaternary and higher materials.- Organic TCs.- Non-conventional materials.- Transparent Electronics.- Nano-structured TCs (ZnO, TiO2, etc.).- Environmental and Economic Aspects.- Appendix. TCO properties and summary data | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,395 |
We develop a tractable and flexible stochastic volatility multifactor model of the term structure of interest rates. It features unspanned stochastic volatility factors, correlation between innovations to forward rates and their volatilities, quasi-analytical prices of zero-coupon bond options, and dynamics of the forward rate curve, under both the actual and risk-neutral measures, in terms of a finite-dimensional affine state vector. The model has a very good fit to an extensive panel dataset of interest rates, swaptions, and caps. In particular, the model matches the implied cap skews and the dynamics of implied volatilities. The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: [email protected], Oxford University Press. | We derive the class of arbitrage-free affine dynamic term structure models that approximate the widely-used Nelson-Siegel yield-curve specification. Our theoretical analysis relates this new class of models to the canonical representation of the three-factor arbitrage-free affine model. Our empirical analysis shows that imposing the Nelson-Siegel structure on this canonical representation greatly improves its empirical tractability; furthermore, we find that improvements in predictive performance are achieved from the imposition of absence of arbitrage. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,396 |
Dependability benchmarking is performance benchmarking extended by dependability aspects. It is an essential feature of benchmarks of any kind, that they make possible the fair evaluation and comparison of a system’s attributes. To avoid biased benchmarking results, independent teams should be able to repeat the benchmark of a system and produce results similar to those of the original benchmark. A semantically unambiguous description of the benchmark setup is a major step towards the goal of reproducible benchmarking experiments. This paper introduces a VHDL-based method for semantically unambiguous benchmark setup description of both the static and dynamic aspects of benchmarks in general. The approach proposed uses VHDL only as unambiguous description and modeling language and does not place restrictions on the actual evaluation of the experiment in any way. A dependability benchmarking experiment using this method is presented. | Our paper presents a novel approach for identifying the key infrastructural factors determining the behavior of systems in the presence of faults by the application of intelligent data processing methods on data sets obtained from dependability benchmarking experiments. Our approach does not rely on a-priori assumptions or human intuition about the dominant aspects enabling this way the investigation of highly complex COTS-based systems. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a commercial data mining tool from IBM on the data obtained from experiments conducted using the DBench-OLTP dependability benchmark. Results obtained with the proposed technique identified important key factors impacting performance and dependability that could not have been revealed by the dependability benchmark measures. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,397 |
Molecular dynamics calculations were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of helium–vacancy clusters (HenVm) in Fe using the Ackland Finnis–Sinclair potential, the Wilson–Johnson potential and the Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark–Beck potential for describing the interactions of Fe–Fe, Fe–He and He–He, respectively. Both the calculated numbers of helium atoms, n, and vacancies, m, in clusters ranged from 0 to 20. The binding energies of an interstitial helium atom, an isolated vacancy and a self-interstitial iron atom to a helium–vacancy cluster were obtained from the calculated formation energies of clusters. All the binding energies do not depend much on cluster size, but they primarily depend on the helium-to-vacancy ratio (n/m) of clusters. The binding energy of a vacancy to a helium–vacancy cluster increases with the ratio, showing that helium increases cluster lifetime by dramatically reducing thermal vacancy emission. On the other hand, both the binding energies of a helium atom and an iron atom to a helium–vacancy cluster decrease with increasing the ratio, indicating that thermal emission of self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) (i.e. Frenkel-pair production), as well as thermal helium emission, may take place from the cluster of higher helium-to-vacancy ratios. The thermal stability of clusters is decided by the competitive processes among thermal emission of vacancies, SIAs and helium, depending on the helium-to-vacancy ratio of clusters. The calculated thermal stability of clusters is consistent with the experimental observations of thermal helium desorption from α-Fe during post-He-implantation annealing. | Tungsten is a promising plasma facing material for fusion reactors. Despite many favorable properties, helium ions incoming from the plasma are known to dramatically affect the microstructure of tungsten, leading to bubble growth, blistering, and/or to the formation of fuzz. In order to develop mitigation strategies, it is essential to understand the atomistic processes that lead to bubble formation and subsequent microstructural changes. In this work, we use large-scale Accelerated Molecular Dynamics simulations to investigate small (N = 1,2) VNHeM vacancy/helium complexes, which serve as the nuclei for larger helium bubble growth, over timescales reaching into the milliseconds under conditions typical of the operation of fusion reactors. These complexes can interconvert between different ILVN+LHeM variants via Frenkel pair nucleation (leading to the creation of a additional vacancy/interstitial pair) and annihilation events; sequences of these events can lead to net migration of these embryonic bubbles. The competition between nucleation and annihilation produces a very complex dependence of the diffusivity on the number of heliums. Finally, through cluster dynamics simulations, we show that diffusion of these complexes provides an efficient pathway for helium release at fluxes expected in fusion reactors, and hence that accounting for the mobility of these complexes is crucial. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,398 |
With the availability of osseointegrated implants in an assortment of diameters as well as lengths, the implant selection process has become more complex. To expand treatment options and optimize outcome, implant selection should be guided by a number of surgical considerations and prosthetic requirements specific to each implant site. Small diameter implants are appropriate in areas of narrow ridge dimension or where prosthetic space is limited. Wide diameter implants are well suited to posterior regions with poorer bone quality and restricted vertical height. They provide a higher degree of implant-to-bone contact, increased stability, reduced screw stress, and an improved emergence profile. The learning objective of this article is to discuss these considerations and to outline the implant selection criteria. | Forty-eight Endopore dental implants were placed in the posterior mandibles of 24 partially edentu- lous patients. Seventeen of these implants replaced premolar teeth, while 31 replaced molars. Only 7- mm and 9-mm implants were used, and the majority of prosthetic restorations (83%) were single crowns. After a mean functional time of 32.6 months (range, 8.2 to 50.3 months), the implant survival rate was 100% and assessment of available radiographic data showed minimal to no crestal bone loss. (INT J ORAL MAXILLOFAC IMPLANTS 2001;16:653-658) | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,399 |
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