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In this study, two types of biomass (Acorus calamus leaves and wheat straw) were added to a matrix of sediment and soil inside the anode of solid phase microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) in order to increase their output power. SMFC containing 3% leaves in their sediment had a maximum power density of 195 mW m−2 in contrast to 4.6 mW m−2 of that SMFC without leaves. Similarly, SMFC containing 1% wheat straw in their soil environment had a maximum power density of 167 mW m−2. It suggests that the addition of biomass in appropriate proportions increases contact opportunities between the matrix, the anode and the added biomass, increases organic matter content, and enhances cellulase activity, thus serving as an important method for enhancing output power in SMFCs. | For the development of long lasting portable microbial fuel cells (MFCs) new strategies are necessary to overcome critical issues such as hydraulic pump system and the biochemical substrate retrieval overtime to sustain bacteria metabolism. The present work proposes the use of a synthetic solid anolyte (SSA), constituted by agar, carbonaceous and nitrogen sources dissolved into diluted seawater. Results of a month-test showed the potential of the new SSA-MFC as a long lasting low energy consuming system. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,600 |
YBCO coated superconducting tapes can be optimized to minimize the ac loss in aggressive magnetic field and frequency environments typical of synchronous generator armature windings and air core transformers. Optimized conductors can be realized by creating a multifilamentary structure incorporating high barrier resistance that allows a practical twist pitch to minimize coupling losses. Barrier electrical resistance is being characterized and several methods for creating high barrier resistance in multifilamentary YBCO tapes by practical material processing methods are being explored. The tradeoff between barrier resistance and twist pitch to minimize ac loss is discussed for power applications. Design limitations due to the twist requirement in generator and transformer windings are discussed for the multifilament YBCO tape. | A scalable laser lithographic process has been used to striate second-generation high-temperature superconducting coated conductors manufactured with a rolling-assisted biaxially textured substrate and metal organic deposition process by American Superconductor Corporation to reduce ac losses for electric power applications. The process involves laser patterning a resist coating and etching, which can be scaled up for commercial production. The results show that the critical current, $\boldsymbol{I}_{\boldsymbol{c}}$ , is not degraded for striation widths greater than 150 μm and that the ac losses for the 150-μm wide striations are reduced from the unpatterned 1-cm wide conductor by a factor of 15 for a 60-mT perpendicular peak magnetic field at 50 Hz. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,601 |
All 20 independent third-order elastic constants (TOEC) of orthorhombic calcium formate, Ca(HCOO)2, Ca2+. C2H2O2-4, space group Pcab, have been determined with the aid of stress-induced shifts of ultrasonic resonance frequencies. Longitudinal and transverse effects possess negative values indicating the high stability of calcium formate over a wide pressure range. The anisotropy of TOEC, characterized by --c111 > --c333 > --c222, corresponds with the anisotropy of second-order elastic constants (c11 > c33 > c22). The value 5.22 for the pressure derivative of the inverse bulk compressibility coincides with the quasi- invariant value of ca 5 observed in most stable cubic crystals so far investigated. There exists a pronounced departure from third-order Cauchy relations: the 'transverse' constants exceed the corresponding 'shear' components considerably in absolute magnitude in accordance with the behaviour of the second-order Cauchy relations. These effects are explained as originating from the non-centrosymmetric formate ions. A comparison of TOEC of calcium formate and cubic calcium fluoride confirms the typical contribution of the formate ions to the third-order elastic behaviour. | Determination, a partir des deplacements induits par contrainte des frequences de resonance ultrasoniques, des tenseurs d'elasticite complets du troisieme ordre de divers cristaux contenant des ions Na et des anions non spheriques. Presque toutes les constantes du troisieme ordre sont negatives | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,602 |
Electrokinetic extraction in an emerging technology that can be used to remove contaminants from heterogeneous fine-grained soils in situ. Contaminants in the subsurface are removed by the application of a direct-current electric field across the contaminated soil. The primary contaminant transport and removal mechanisms are electroosmotic advection and ionic migration. However, there are many complex physicochemical reactions occurring simultaneously during the process that may enhance or retard the cleanup process. Nonetheless, the viability of the technology has been established by results obtained from many bench-scale and large-scale laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments performed on various soils. This paper will review the fundamental concepts of the technology and discuss some important practical aspects and design criteria of the technology for field implementations. An example on cost analysis of the technology is also presented to demonstrate the use of various equations presented in the paper and to illustrate the cost-effectiveness of the technology. | The effectiveness of electrokinetic remediation for soils depends on several factors such as the arrangement and shape of electrodes. This paper presents a numerical study on external electrostatic field generated by seven different electrode configurations in any unbounded two-dimensional domain. The boundary condition at infinity for the voltage is approximated by the iterative algorithm that expands the domain till the limit of the specified tolerance (threshold value). The numerical results indicate that there is no unique configuration with larger effective area for all spacings between the oppositely charged electrodes. In addition, the configuration with the smallest inactive electric field strength spots for all spacings between the electrodes is not unique. Moreover, the voltage profile for all electrode configurations is nonlinear, and the external electric field strength varies widely near the electrodes. Only in the intermediate region between the electrodes the external electric field strength approaches a constant value. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,603 |
A combination Bingo and Poker game is described. The game uses a game board (10) containing a matrix of Bingo places (16). The Bingo places each have a Bingo number (26) and playing card indicia (28). The game is played similarly to standard Bingo with the players marking the places on the game board as the numbers are selected by the host entity (12A). A player has a winning BINGO when the marked places form a winning Bingo configuration. The playing card indicia of the places of the winning Bingo configuration are then used to form a potentially winning Poker hand. | The Accellera organisation selected Sugar, IBM’s formal specification language, as the basis for a standard to ‘drive assertion-based verification’ in the electronics industry. Sugar combines regular expressions, Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and Computation Tree Logic (CTL) into a property language intended for both static verification (e.g. model checking) and dynamic verification (e.g. simulation). In 2003 Accellera decided to rename the evolving standard to ‘Accellera Property Specification Language’ (or ‘PSL’ for short). We motivate and describe a deep semantic embedding of PSL in the version of higher-order logic supported by the HOL 4 theorem-proving system. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that mechanised theorem proving can be a useful aid to the validation of the semantics of an industrial design language. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,604 |
Light-emitting diode (LED)-based visible light communication (VLC) has become a potential candidate for next-generation ultra-high-speed indoor wireless communication. In this paper, four special-shaped 8-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations are investigated in a single-carrier VLC system. It is numerically verified and experimentally demonstrated that circular (7,1) shows obvious superiority in the performance of the dynamic range of signal voltage peak-to-peak (vpp) value and bit error rate (BER). Next best is rectangular, followed by triangular; circular (4,4) has the worst performance. A data rate of 1.515 Gbit/s is successfully achieved by circular (7,1) employing a red chip LED over 0.5 m indoor free space transmission below a BER threshold of 3.8×10−3. Compared with circular (4,4), the traditional 8-QAM constellation, circular (7,1) provides a wider dynamic range of signal vpp, a higher data rate, and a longer transmission distance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation into the performance differences of special-shaped 8-QAM constellations in a high-speed, single-carrier VLC system, and the results comprehensively demonstrate that circular (7,1) is the optimal option. | We compared various kernel-aided deep neural network (K-DNN) equalizers, which can significantly reduce the iterative training times (ITTs) of the deep neural network (DNN) nonlinear equalizer. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,605 |
Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this paper is to study tilt angle effects as design parameters of noncircular bearings, on the linear dynamic analyses of micropolar lubricated circular, two, three and four lobe journal bearings. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Reynolds equation in dynamic state is modified considering the micropolarity characteristics of lubricant, and it is solved using generalized differential quadrature method. The perturbed components of the dynamic pressure are extracted based on the linear dynamic model. To explain the transient state of the governing equation, through the linear dynamic approach, the whirling motion of rotor around the steady state position is assumed to be harmonic. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: It is observed from the results that tilt angle has significant effects on the steady state and stability performance of lobed journal bearings. It may be selected suitably to improve the performance of rotor-bearing system, while all other lubricant properties and noncircular bearing design parameters are kept fixed. Results show that among the three types of bearings considered, the dynamic performance of two lobe bearings are more affected by the variation of tilt angle. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The present study is mainly concerned with the effects of tilt angle as a design parameter on the stability performance of a hydrodynamic noncircular journal bearing lubricated with micropolar fluid. | Journal bearings are one of the most widely used types of supporting devices for industrial machinery, especially for high-speed rotary systems. Considering the importance of mechanical systems abi... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,606 |
Dislocations in monoclinic hen egg-white lysozyme crystals were investigated by means of synchrotron monochromatic-beam X-ray topography. The loop and curved dislocations were observed to be predominant in the crystals. Almost all the dislocations lay in (1 0 1) crystallographic plane, which corresponds to that with smallest slicing energy estimated by macrobond approach. One of the Burgers vectors of the dislocations was determined to be [0 1 0], which corresponds to the smallest lattice translational vector on the (1 0 1) plane. It is suggested that the loop and curved dislocations are slip ones introduced by a stress concentration during or after the growth. | X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking-curves were measured for tetragonal hen egg white (HEW) lysozyme crystals grown with and without application of an external electric field, and the crystal quality was assessed according to the full width at half-maximums (FWHMs) of each rocking-curve profile. The average FWHMs for tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals grown with an external electric field at 1 MHz were smaller than those for crystals grown without, especially for the 12 12 0 reflection. The crystal homogeneity of the tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals was also improved under application of an external electric field at 1 MHz, compared to that without. Improvement of the crystal quality of tetragonal HEW lysozyme crystals grown under an applied field is discussed with a focus on subgrain formation. In addition, the origin of subgrain misorientation is also discussed with respect to the incorporation of impurities into protein crystals. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,607 |
Based on the fuzzy probability distribution and its properties, the paper defines the fuzzy reliability and its characteristics for the double-state probability model of object. Two fuzzy reliability models are described that are based on the Weibull fuzzy distribution. The results can be applied to determining the reliability of real objects in cases where pre-failure times are of a vague numerical type. | Gastrin is a potent stimulant of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in human. Injections of gastrin produce a marked increase in lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Both gastrin-17 and gastrin-34 doses significantly increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure. In this paper, we developed a mathematical model for the effects of gastrin-17 and gastrin-34 on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in humans. We calculated the reliability of lower esophageal sphincter pressure on 100pmol/kg doses of gastrin-17 and gastrin-34 using Weibull distribution in fuzzy parameter. Also we calculate the reliability using three parameter Weibull distributions and compared the result with two parameters. The result shows that the alpha cut for the reliability of the effect of gastrin- 34 on lower esophageal sphincter pressure is comparatively higher than the effect of gastrin-17 on LESP. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,608 |
The automatic detection of the modulation type of communication signals in the HF range between 2 and 30 MHz is extremely difficult due to the signal distortion caused by sky wave propagation. Under time varying and frequency selective fading it's difficult to determine between stationary digital and nonstationary speech modulated transmissions. In this paper an algorithm is introduced to separate speech modulated single sideband (SSB) and double sideband (AM) broadcasts from all other broadcasts in the HF range. The algorithm extracts a set of features from the analyzed signal and uses a polynomial classifier to classify the signal. | This article describes an automated monitoring system for the HF band. The system consists of several components like direction finder, emitter detection and tracking as well as classification and demodulation units. At first, we give a description of the architecture, before we explain the processing units and the user interface. With the support of the user interface, the operator specifies search orders. The detail of the results and the operating expense depends on the classification stage. So, the lowest classification stage delivers most of the search results with least information while the highest classification stage gives the modulation type, the modulation parameters and the protocol of the emissions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,609 |
This paper presents the results of atmospheric radioactivity monitoring over the Czech Republic, as obtained by the Radiation Monitoring Network, following the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Maximum values for (131)I were 5.6 mBq m(-3) in aerosol form and 13 mBq m(-3) in gaseous form. The maximum values for (134)Cs and (137)Cs were 0.64 and 0.72 mBq m(-3), respectively. The estimated effective half-time for removing the activity from the atmosphere was 6-7 d and 3.5 d for caesium and iodine, respectively. The gaseous-to-total activity ratios of (131)I ranged between 0.3 and 0.9, with an arithmetic mean value of 0.77. The mean value for the (134)Cs/(137)Cs ratios was close to 1.0. The effective inhalation dose due to the accident for an adult living in the Czech Republic was estimated at <4 × 10(-5) mSv, out of which the proportion of (131)I was 88%. | Distribution of the 137Cs activity concentrations, soil pH, content of organic matter and composition of mineral portion in humus were investigated in forest soils variably loaded by Chernobyl-derived fallout. Maximum in the 137Cs activity concentrations were found in the uppermost organic soil horizons. In forest humus the 137Cs activity concentrations was negatively related to pH and the content of organic matter. No significant content of clay minerals was detected in humus. Slow vertical migration (0.04–0.06 cm year−1) and effective half-life of 137Cs in humus about 20 years was found. The initial surface 137Cs activities in 1986 were estimated. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,610 |
Spaces of differential forms over configuration spaces with Poisson measures are constructed. The corresponding Laplacians (of Bochner and de Rham type) on forms and associated semigroups are considered. Their probabilistic interpretation is given. | A process for removing silicon from a silicate-bearing material. The silicate-bearing material is analyzed for its silicon content and mixed with a controlled quantity of carbon as indicated by the analysis. The carbon is limited to an amount less than the stoichiometric amount necessary to react with the silicon to form silicon carbide. The silicate-bearing material/carbon mixture is formed into a first phase and interposed with a second phase containing additional carbon to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is subjected to a carbothermal reduction reaction to reduce silica in the silicate-bearing material to silicon monoxide. At the temperatures involved in the reaction, the silicon monoxide is in the gaseous phase and readily diffuses from the first phase into the second phase where the diffused silicon monoxide reacts with the additional carbon in the second phase to form silicon carbide. The silicon carbide formation reaction occurs in the gaseous phase so that the silicon carbide is deposited in the second phase in the form of fine fibers. The silicon carbide fibers may be separated from the reaction mixture residue by conventional mechanical separation techniques. The first phase residue has a reduced silica content and may also be mechanically separated from the second phase. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,611 |
Recently, a number of authors have proposed decoding schemes for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on multiple trials of a simple RS decoding algorithm. In this paper, we present a rate-distortion (R-D) approach to analyze these multiple-decoding algorithms for RS codes. This approach is first used to understand the asymptotic performance-versus-complexity trade-off of multiple error-and-erasure decoding of RS codes. By defining an appropriate distortion measure between an error pattern and an erasure pattern, the condition for a single error-and-erasure decoding to succeed reduces to a form where the distortion is compared to a fixed threshold. Finding the best set of erasure patterns for multiple decoding trials then turns out to be a covering problem which can be solved asymptotically by rate-distortion theory. Next, this approach is extended to analyze multiple algebraic soft-decision (ASD) decoding of RS codes. Both analytical and numerical computations of the R-D functions for the corresponding distortion measures are discussed. Simulation results show that proposed algorithms using this approach perform better than other algorithms with the same complexity. | A systematic and iterative method of computing the capacity of arbitrary discrete memoryless channels is presented. The algorithm is very simple and involves only logarithms and exponentials in addition to elementary arithmetical operations. It has also the property of monotonic convergence to the capacity. In general, the approximation error is at least inversely proportional to the number of iterations; in certain circumstances, it is exponentially decreasing. Finally, a few inequalities that give upper and lower bounds on the capacity are derived. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,612 |
Because of the chemical reactivity of biogenic carbonates in shallow waters, there is increasing interest in those early diagenesis processes that imply an alteration or variation of the composition of original material. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study concerning the compositional variations that have taken place in the skeletons or skeletal remains of bryozoans and echinoids. This variation, which includes an aragonite-calcite transformation, has been checked by means of the Rietveld method, using the Fullprof program. This transformation is caused by an in situ dissolution-recrystallisation process, due to aragonite’s metastability. Moreover, the presence of specific authigenic minerals helps to delimit early diagenetic processes, which are, in turn, indicative of the path and the extension of the diagenetic reactions that take place in the sediment column. | A circuit arrangement for a remote control receiver, especially a ripple control receiver, which receives remote control signals from a power mains, comprising means for reducing the ambiguity of the response characteristic of the remote control receiver caused by at least one non-linear circuit element connected with the input of a selective receiver section of the remote control receiver. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,613 |
A device for converting a signal voltage into a multi-bit digital word that defines the voltage magnitude and polarity. The input voltage V to be digitized is used to control the frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator, whose output is defined to be f=fo+kV. The signal out of the voltage controlled oscillator is fed to differential delay line filters that permit all digits to be derived in parallel. The filters comprise pairs of delay lines of unequal length, each pair feeding a respective phase detector whose output is amplified, and diode-rectified and limited. To increase the accuracy of this device, an automatic frequency control loop can be incorporated to control fo. This loop zeros V occasionally and reads the output digital word to measure the frequency error and add a correcting voltage to the input voltage V when it is not zeroed for the measurement. | We describe a continuous speech recognition system that uses the multi-band paradigm. This principle is based on the recombination of several independent sub-recognizers, each one assigned to a specific frequency band. The major issue of such systems consists of deciding at which time the recombination must be done. Our algorithm lets each band be totally independent from the others, and uses the different solutions to resegment the initial sentence. Finally, the bands are synchronously merged together, according to this new segmentation. The whole system is too complex to be entirely described here, and, in this paper, we concentrate on the synchronous recombination part, which is achieved by a classifier. The system has been tested in clean and noisy environments, and proved to be especially robust to noise. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,614 |
In an effort to tailor functional materials with customized anisotropic properties—stiffness and yield strain, we propose porous materials consisting of flexible mesostructures designed from the deformation of a re-entrant auxetic honeycomb and compliant mechanisms. Using an analogy between compliant mechanisms and a cellular material’s deformation, we can tailor the in-plane properties of mesostructures; low stiffness and high strain in one direction and high stiffness and low strain in the other direction. An analytical model is developed to obtain the effective moduli and yield strains of the porous materials by combining the kinematics of a rigid link mechanism and deformation of flexure hinges. A numerical technique is implemented with the analytical model for the nonlinear constitutive relations of the mesostructures and their strain-dependent Poisson’s ratios. A finite element analysis (FEA) is used to validate the analytical and numerical models. The designed moduli and yield strain of porous materials with an aluminum alloy are 2 GPa and 0.28% in one direction and 0.2 MPa and 28% in the other direction. These porous materials with mesostructures have high negative Poisson’s ratios, xy down to 82 due to the large rotation of the link member in the transverse direction caused by the input displacement in the longitudinal direction. The porous materials also show higher moduli for compressive loading due to the contact of flexure hinges. This paper demonstrates that compliant mesostructures can be used for next-generation material design in terms of customized mechanical properties; modulus, strength, strain, and Poisson’s ratio. The proposed mesostructures can also be easily manufactured using a conventional cutting method. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) | Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are used to fabricate three-dimensional complex geometries. There are several technologies that use laser or electron beam over metal powder beds. However, the direct AM processes have inconveniences such as specific set of materials, high thermal stress traced, high local energy absorbed, poor surface finish, anisotropic properties, high cost of material powder, and manufacturing with high-power beams. In this paper, an alternative process was developed. An indirect additive manufacturing (I-AM) combining a 3D print of castable resin and metal casting in order to obtain a cellular structure similar in shape to commercial metal foams but completely definable as design features was developed. Design of the cellular structure was made by the graphical algorithm editor Grasshopper®. Designed structures were realized by a lost-wax casting process and compared with commercial foam specimens by a system designed for this work. The designed metal foams showed a performance superior to that of commercial metal foam; in particular, the heat thermal coefficient of designed metal foams in the better case was 870 W/m2·K, almost doubled in comparison with the commercial foam tested in this work. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,615 |
This paper considers a dynamic output-feedback dissipative control for continuous-time singular Markovian jump systems. First, the condition for stochastic admissibility with strict-dissipativity for unforced singular Markovian jump systems (SMJSs) is obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Since the stochastic admissibility criterion with strict-dissipativity for closed-loop SMJS with dynamic output-feedback control is obtained in terms of non-convex matrix inequalities, a specially designed block matrices are used for congruence transformation to reformulate it into strict LMIs. Two numerical examples illustrate the validity of the proposed method. | SUMMARY ::: ::: This paper focuses on the problem of dissipative control for continuous-time singular time-delayed systems with Markovian jump parameters. Different from usually mode-dependent or mode-independent controller design methods, a partially mode-dependent dissipative controller is firstly proposed via using a mode-dependent Lyapunov function. The stochastic property of the mode available to a controller operation is taken into consideration in the corresponding controller design. Moreover, the existence of the established controller is given in terms of strict linear matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the given theoretical results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,616 |
Due to the small scales encountered in MEMS and microfluidic devices, surface tension can play a significant role in the device physics. As such, many microscale devices have exploited surface tension forces to serve as passive valves and to move fluids. Surprisingly, few models for surface tension driven flow seem to have been developed. In this study a theoretical mathematical model for surface tension driven flow through a capillary of an arbitrary cross section is derived. The model is based on macroscopic mass and momentum balances, allowing for different physical insights to be drawn compared to approaches starting with the Navier-Stokes equations. Expressions for flow length and velocity are derived for both frictionless flow and for flow with wall friction. For frictionless flow the result of surface tension force is to increase the momentum of the fluid by constantly drawing mass into the capillary at a constant characteristic velocity. In the case of flow with wall friction, a characteristic time scale can be calculated. For times on the order of the characteristic time scale, the flow velocity exponentially decays from the characteristic velocity, whereas for larger times the velocity shows an inverse power law dependence. The model well predicts flow behaviour for previously published experiments in which the characteristic time is small. For systems in which the characteristic time is larger, the model may show improved performance over previous models. | Fluid-surface interactions can become dominant in microfluidics, which is a central technology in a number of miniaturized systems for chemical, biological and medical applications. In this paper, two kinds of hydrophobic valves in microfluidic applications were presented. One is based on special geometrical designs and chemical modification for silicon dioxide and glass microchannels. Silicon dioxide and Pyrex glass surfaces, which are hydrophilic originally, are modified with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to be hydrophobic, with the contact angles up to ∼102 and 103°, respectively, for water. The formation of OTS SAMs takes <5 min. The OTS SAMs based stop valve can function well to enable stopping the flow of a liquid inside a microchannel in both directions. Tested for deionized water, the hydrophobic valve blocked successfully the liquid for many consecutive times and yielded pressure barrier up to ∼490 Pa, which is near to the theoretical prediction. The OTS SAMs, therefore the hydrophobic valve function, can be retained in a suitable environment for a long time and can rebirth conveniently when destroyed. The other kind of hydrophobic valve is based on hydrophobic pattern, which is formed by plasma depositing CHF 3 patterns on the surfaces of silicon dioxide. The hydrophobic CHF 3 patterns (measured for contact angle for water to be 102°) can block the liquid to flow forward. The theoretical analysis and the process design were presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,617 |
The distributions of firm size, span of control, and managerial incomes are modeled as the joint outcome of market assignments of personnel to hierarchical positions. Assigning persons of superior talent to top positions increases productivity by more than the increments of their abilities because greater talent filters through the entire firm by a recursive chain of command technology. These multiplicative effects support enormous rewards for top level management in large organizations. Also, superior managers control more than proportionately larger firms. Consequently, the distributions of reward and firm size are skewed relative to the distribution of abilities. | The recent seminal work of Gabaix (2011) raises a puzzling question: If centralization-putting different projects under the same roof-reduces diversification for investors, how does this situation reconcile with the seemingly contradictory fact that it also boosts a firm’s borrowing capacity? To address this puzzle, we propose a theory where centralization increases the correlation across projects by exposing them to the shock of the same CEO. We show that, in contrast to the conventional wisdom, such increased correlation enhances rather than reduces the firm’s ability to relax financial constraints because more correlated shocks can better take advantage of cross pledging possibilities. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,618 |
A k-out-of-n system with independent exponential components is investigated. It is assumed that some working components are suspended as soon as the system is down, repair starts immediately when a component fails and repair times are independent and exponentially distributed. Formulas for various reliability indices of the system including mean time between failures, mean working time in a failure–repair cycle, and mean down time in a failure–repair cycle are derived. | While component-level tests have many advantages over system-level tests, the actual protection offered in making inferences about system reliability is not the same as what is expected. Thus, a significant proportion of research has concentrated on the design of system-based component test plans that also have minimum cost. This article extends those previous studies by considering two additional system performance measures: expected system lifetime and system availability. After explicitly expressing these performance measures as a function of failure rates for various system types, the component testing problem is formulated as a semi-infinite linear programming problem and solved with a column generation technique incorporating signomial geometric programming. Several numerical examples are presented that provide insight on the model parameters. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,619 |
This study simulated underground circular cylindrical shell structure to serve as water reservoir under known soil characteristics and conditions. Cognizance of prevailing acute scarcity of portable water supply, more often than not, during each year, this structural facility was also simulated for study under two distinct situations namely: when it is empty and when it is full of water. Structural analysis of the facility was carried out using the initial value model whereas the classical model served to establish validity. The study sought the stress effect arising from: empty condition and in full of water, on this facility. The investigation result revealed: Both classical and initial value models led to identical results. Effect of stress which resulted from the two different conditions did not diminish the structural integrity of this facility. | CONTENTS: BENDING OF LONG RECTANGULAR PLATES TO A CYLINDRICAL SURFACE PURE BENDING OF PLATES SYMMETRICAL BENDING OF CIRCULAR PLATES SMALL DEFLECTIONS OF LATERALLY LOADED PLATES SIMPLY SUPPORTED RECTANGULAR PLATES RECTANGULAR PLATES WITH VARIOUS EDGE CONDITIONS CONTINUOUS RECTANGULAR PLATES PLATES ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION PLATES OF VARIOUS SHAPES SPECIAL AND APPROXIMATE METHODS IN THEORY OF PLATES BENDING OF ANISTROPIC PLATES BENDING OF PLATES UNDER THE COMBINED ACTION OF LATERAL LOADS AND FORCES IN THE MIDDLE PLANE OF THE PLATE LARGE DEFLECTIONS OF PLATES DEFORMATION OF SHELLS WITHOUT BENDING GENERAL THEORY OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS SHELLS HAVING THE FORM OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION AND LOADED SYMMETRICALLY WITH RESPECT TO THEIR AXIS. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,620 |
An accurate impedance model of a skull plays an important role in the simulation research on source localization of EEG and brain EIT (electrical impedance tomography), etc. On the basis of the large number of impedance and resistivity data obtained from our previous measurement on the live human skull, in this study we established the equivalent circuit models of six types of skull samples in the 30 Hz-3 MHz frequency range and analyzed the fitting performance of the models. The six types of skull samples are standard tri-layer, quasi-tri-layer, standard compact, quasi-compact, dentate suture and squamous suture. The results showed that the difference of the real part between the CPE (constant phase model) model and the measured data was less than 1% for all skull tissue types when the optimized characteristic parameters (rho(0), rho(infinity), alpha and f(c)) were adopted in the model. It is the first time studying the impedance model of different types of skulls, and it may provide accurate modeling of the skull to improve the accuracy of the related research on bioelectricity of the head and the biological effects of the electromagnetic field. | In this research, a generic analytical model of voltage response of fractance in time domain which is often cited in various disciplines such as control engineering and electronic engineering etc., has been proposed. This model can be applied to fractance of any order under any type of current excitation. So, it has been found to be beneficial to various fractance involved disciplines stated above which are the crucial basis in the development of technology for internet of things due to its generality. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,621 |
Signal processing based on molecular switches whose conductance can be tuned by an external stimulus between two (on and off) states has been proposed recently (Cervera et al 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 104 084317). The basic building block is a metal nanoparticle linked to two electrodes by an organic ligand and a nanoswitch. The net charge delivered by this nanostructure exhibits a sharp resonance when the alternating potential applied between the electrodes has the same frequency as the periodic variation between the on and off conductance states induced on the nanoswitch. This resonance can be used to process an external signal by selectively extracting the weight of the different harmonics. However, because of the fabrication process at the nanoscale, the nanostructures will show a significant variability in the physical characteristics. By using a phenomenological model that includes this variability, the stochastic nature of electron transference, and the thermal noise, we demonstrate that reliable signal processing can still be achieved by adapting the number of nanoswitches per bit of information (circuit redundancy) to the nanostructure tolerance (device variability). Extensive kinetic Monte Carlo simulations show that a moderate level of redundancy can compensate for significant nanostructure variability. This result gives support to the concept of ensembles of redundant switches as reliable components for signal processing at the nanoscale. | We simulate the collective electrical response of heterogeneous ensembles of biological and artificial nanostructures whose individual threshold potentials show a significant variability. This problem is of current interest because nanotechnology is bound to produce nanostructures with a significant experimental variability in their individual physical properties. This diversity is also present in biological systems that are however able to process information efficiently. The nanostructures considered are the ion channels of biological membranes, nanowire field-effect transistors, and metallic nanoparticle-based single electron transistors. These systems are simulated with canonical models that incorporate the basic threshold characteristics observed in the respective experimental current-voltage curves. In each case, the different shape, size, and charge distributions of the nanostructures result in statistical distributions for the individual threshold potentials, characterized by experimental average and width distribution values, rather than in identical replicates of the same unit. Despite the significant variability, the simulations suggest that useful average responses can still be achieved with summing networks of heterogeneous nanostructures because the collective behavior may compensate for individual failures and variability. Since threshold potential systems are commonplace in biology, the results obtained are also significant for understanding the role of diversity in biologically inspired networks. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,622 |
According to the KKLT scenario, metastable dS vacua are formed as a result of uplifting of supersymmetric AdS vacua by $\overline {D3}$ branes. I describe an extended version of this scenario where metastable dS vacua appear after an uplift from a state where the potential of the volume modulus in the absence of $\overline {D3}$ branes would be unbounded below. This mechanism may considerably strengthen vacuum stabilization in the early universe. | The KKLT construction of de Sitter vacua includes an uplifting term coming from an anti-D3-brane. Here we show how this term can arise via spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry, based on the emergence of a nilpotent chiral supermultiplet on the world- volume of the anti-D3-brane. We establish and use the fact that both the DBI as well as the WZ term, with account of orientifolding, acquire a form of the Volkov-Akulov action. For an O3 orientifold involution of R 9,1 we demonstrate the cancellation between the fermionic parts of the DBI and WZ term for the D3-brane action. For the anti-D3-brane we show that the DBI action and the WZ action combine and lead to the emergence of the goldstino multiplet which is responsible for spontaneous breaking of supersymmetry. This provides a string theoretic explanation for the supersymmetric uplifting term in the KKLT effective supergravity model supplemented by a nilpotent chiral multiplet. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,623 |
IEEE Standard 729 [1] defines the reliability of software as one of the most important quality aspects. Various software reliability growth models have been simulated for analyzing the growth of software reliability and it has been observed that a particular model is suitable for particular industry. During this study, we implemented Weibull model, Exponential model, Rayleigh SRGM model and Musa model in MATLAB to analyse data in graphical representation so that comparison can be done efficiently. Initially industries recognize the model that is appropriate for them. Knowing the customer is also very important. Once they came to know their customer's expectations and best- suited model, it becomes very easy to estimate the earliest delivery time. The objective of this paper is to predict optimum release time of software ensuring high achievable reliability because delay in release may lead to business opportunity loss. To ensure that software must be released on time with desired level of reliability, team leaders need to allocate human resources, time and money accurately for that project. | This paper examines the most widely used reliability models. The models discussed fall into two categories, the data domain and the time domain. Besides tracing the historical development of the various models their advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. This includes models based on discrete as weil as continuous probability distributions. How well a given model performs its purpose in a specific economic environment will determine the usefulness of the model. Each of the models is examined with actual data as to the applicability of the error fmding process. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,624 |
We consider five-dimensional AdS-axion–dilaton gravity with a Gauss–Bonnet term and use a black brane solution displaying spatial anisotropy as the gravity dual of a strongly coupled anisotropic plasma. We compute several observables relevant to the study of the plasma, namely, the drag force, the jet quenching parameter, the quarkonium potential, and the thermal photon production. The effects of higher derivative corrections and of the anisotropy are discussed and compared with previous results. | Aspects of d = 4, At" = 4 superconformal U(N) gauge theory are studied at finite temperature. Utilizing dual description of large-N and strong coupling limit via Type liB string theory compactification on Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter space-time, we study correlations of Wilson-Polyakov loops and heavy quark potential thereof. We find that the heavy quark potential is Coulomb-like and has a finite range, as expected for gauge theory in high temperature, deconfinement phase. The potential exhibits finite temperature scaling consistent with underlying conformal invariance. We also study isolated heavy quark on a probe D3-brane world-volume and find supporting evidence that near extremal D3-branes are located at the Schwarzschild horizon. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,625 |
The most processes for vapour generation in the thermosyphon reboilers are made by flow boiling, which is achieved by moving of liquid on heat transfer surface due to external forces. For this it is necessary a distinct meaning between the internal circulation of liquid produced by movement vapour bubbles and the global movement in system (column and reboiler). In order to identify boiling regimes an experimental set-up was built and the correlations for boiling heat transfer coefficients, necessary for modelling process are obtained in a simple form for some of these regimes. | Introduction 1. The basic models 2. Empirical treatments of two-phase flow 3. Introduction to convective boiling 4. Subcooled boiling heat transfer 5. Void fraction and pressure drop in subcooled boiling 6. Saturated boiling heat transfer 7. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 1. Vertical uniformly heated tubes 8. Critical heat flux in forced convective flow - 2. More complex situations 9. Condensation 10. Conditions influencing the performance of boiling and condensing systems 11. Multi-component boiling and condensation Appendix Index | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,626 |
Pure vanadium, V-3Ti-1Si and V-15Cr-5Ti alloys were charged with 0.3 at% H, and tested in tension between 77 and 520 K. The fracture surfaces of specimens were examined by SEM. Both non-hydrogenated alloys were appreciably solution-strengthened, but had good ductility even at 77 K. The specimen hydrogenated with 0.3 at% H exhibited a precipitous ductility loss at 150 K for V-3Ti-1Si, at 200 K for pure V and at 300 K for V-15Cr-5Ti. The V-3Ti-1Si alloy has a greater resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than pure vanadium. On the other hand, the V-15Cr-5Ti alloy was most severely deteriorated by hydrogen and always fractured in a brittle mode at temperatures lower than 300 K. Hydrogen embrittlement in both alloys was discussed in terms of the inhomogeneity of deformation on yielding and the solute effect on the diffusion coefficient and solubility of hydrogen. | A neutron generating target using a Be(p,n) reaction was developed for a RIKEN compact accelerator-driven neutron source (RANS). The major problem of targets using a low energy proton beam is blistering, which is actually due to hydrogen embrittlement caused by injected hydrogen. To avoid this problem, the authors have proposed a new target design with a hydrogen diffusible backing and its design was modeled using finite-element analysis (FEM) and Monte-Carlo ion injection simulation. Also, the mechanical strength and heat removal capability of the target were considered by FEM. Based on those simulations, a new target was manufactured and applied to RANS and operated for 1 year without any problems. Also, the residual radioactivity of the target was investigated by experiment and simulation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,627 |
An extracellular β-glucosidase (β-glu x) from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was used as catalyst for the synthesis of gluco-oligosaccharides (GOSs) and alkyl-glucosides. The purified β-glu x was not regiospecific for β(1→4) linkages in either hydrolysis or transglycosylation catalysed-reactions. It efficiently synthesized GOSs from cellobiose, gentiobiose and methyl β-d-glucoside by transglycosylation. At optimal conditions, 119 mg/ml of GOSs (∼ ∼33%) were formed over 9 h from cellobiose as substrate. Alkyl-glucosides were also efficiently synthesized by transglycosylation of cellobiose in presence of different alcohols in biphasic media. However, their concentrations decreased as the size of the alcohol chain increased. | β�Glucosidases (β�Dglucoside glucohydrolases) play important role in nature, including the degradation of cellulosic biomass by fungi and bacteria, breakdown of glycolipids in mammalian lysosomes, and the cleavage of glycosylated flavonoids in plants. These enzymes have broad substrate specificity, and are used in a range of biotechnological processes. The most intensively studied area of their application is the saccharification of cellulosic biomass for fuel ethanol production. Their synthetic activity in the production of oligosaccharides and arylglycosides is also subject of intensive research. β�Glucosidases from Zygomycetes can be produced in large amounts on cheap substrates using solid state fermentation which makes them promising candidates for biotechnological applications in the future. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,628 |
In this paper, we present a real-time trading framework for distribution networks where a rational aggregator is identified as a broker by contracting with individual demands and dealing with the distribution company. Demand response capability is characterized by the coexistence of elastic and inelastic demand components. A one-leader multi-follower bi-level model is proposed to derive the procurement strategies, i.e., the upper-level problem intends to maximize the profit of the proactive distribution company, while the lower-level expresses the profit maximization per rational aggregator. The proposed model is then transformed into a solvable mathematical program with equilibrium constraints through a primal-dual approach. A modified 33-bus distribution network is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. | We study the equilibria reached by strategic producers in a pool-based network-constrained electricity market. The behavior of each producer is modeled by a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) whose objective is maximizing profit and whose complementarity constraints describe market clearing. The joint solution of all these MPECs constitutes an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC). The equilibria associated with the EPEC are analyzed by solving the strong stationarity conditions of all MPECs, which can be linearized without approximation by mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) techniques. The resulting mixed-integer linear conditions can be reformulated as an optimization problem that allows establishing diverse objectives to differentiate among alternative equilibria. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,629 |
Three-dimensional circuits built upon multiple layers of polyimide are required for constructing Si-SiGe monolithic microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuits on CMOS (low resistivity) Si wafers. However, the closely spaced transmission lines are susceptible to high levels of coupling, which degrades circuit performance. In this paper, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) analysis and measured characteristics of novel shielding structures that significantly reduce coupling between embedded microstrip lines are presented. | Coupling through holes etched in a common wall between the neighboring surface micromachined rectangular coaxial lines is studied in this paper. Analytical models for single- and multiple-hole structures are developed using Bethe's small aperture theory, and excellent agreement with finite-element and finite-integration simulations is obtained. These models are used in a circuit-level simulator for efficient optimization of the selected multihole structure. An isolation test structure composed of 200-m center-to-center separated 300-m-tall 50-W rectangular coaxial lines is designed, built, and measured. Coupling levels below 55 dB over 1-cm-long coupling lengths are achieved throughout the -band. It is found that the probe radiation is more than 10 dB higher than the coupling through the common wall holes. This radiation severely affects the accuracy of the measurements and has to be considered when the coupling through the common walls is analyzed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,630 |
A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was developed for the analysis of 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine. Hydrolyzed urine samples were cleaned up using Bond-Elut columns. 11-Nor-cannabinol-9-carboxylic acid was used as internal standard. The analysis was carried out using a C8 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile:50 mM phosphoric acid (65:35) as the solvent. Detection was done by ultraviolet detector at 214 nm. The minimum detectable level of 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid was 25 ng/mL. | This review (4 tables, 88 references) describes current developments in the design and application of liquid chromatography electrochemical detection (LC ED) based approaches for the determination of drugs of abuse. Specific emphasis is placed on operating details and performance characteristics for selected applications. LC ED has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific as well being a more economic option. A wide range of abused substances have been determined using this approach, including: cannabinoids, ethanol, opiates, morphine, mushroom toxins, benzodiazepines and several legal highs. Reverse-phase liquid chromatography with either amperometric or coulometric determination has been the most commonly reported applications. However, coulometric arrays have been also reported. Detection limits in the ng/mL region have been reported for most target analytes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,631 |
This paper presents a new method to obtain the sum of random harmonic vectors (voltage or current) whose phases have different probability distribution functions in a power system. Several vectors are decomposed with X-Y axis. The probability density functions (PDF) of the sum of X-Y axis components can be obtained by using Laguerre polynomials after getting the kth moments of their sum. Based on the PDFs of the sum of X-Y axis components, the PDF of the length of the sum of vectors is obtained. Finally the PDFs of the sum of vectors that are obtained by using true data are compared with those obtained by using Laguerre polynomials. | This paper introduced the cloud theory briefly firstly, then presents a method based on the cloud theory to access the collective harmonic influence of the residential loads, which can identify the harmonic sources so as to determine the harmonic suppression scheme. For the residential harmonic current probability distribution has multiple peak values, the cloud transformation method has more advantages than the normal distribution method. The analysis results of practical cases prove that the cloud transform is capable of fitting the harmonic current distribution curves in high precision, and presenting the multi-modal characteristics of the distribution curves well. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,632 |
The paper presents the results of fault injection experiments to analyse the error syndrome of a microcomputer system. The faults have been injected at chip level in VHDL models, using an injection tool designed with this purpose. We have carried out a set of injection experiments. Transient faults has been injected (stuck-at and open line) on both the signals and variables of both processor and memory. We have classified and analysed the pathology of the errors and measured their latency. The results have shown that the majority of errors produced in the signals are of type Control Flow (46%), with a propagation latency of around half clock cycle. On the other hand, the prevailing errors in the model variables are of type Data (65%), with a propagation latency of about 2.5 clock cycles. These results can be used to focus the design of fault detection and fault tolerance mechanisms to increase the system dependability. | The authors present FERRARI, a fault and error automatic real-time injector, which can evaluate complex systems by emulating most hardware faults in software. The current version of FERRARI runs on SPARC workstations, in an Xwindow environment. The motivation, methodology, design, implementation, and evaluation of FERRARI are presented. The techniques used to emulate permanent faults and transient errors in software are described in detail. Experimental results are presented for several error detection techniques. They demonstrate the effectiveness of FERRARI in its role as a fault and error injector. > | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,633 |
We introduce a new tuberculosis (TB) mathematical model, with $25$ state-space variables where $15$ are evolution disease states (EDSs), which generalises previous models and takes into account the (seasonal) flux of populations between a high incidence TB country (A) and a host country (B) with low TB incidence, where (B) is divided into a community (G) with high percentage of people from (A) plus the rest of the population (C). Contrary to some beliefs, related to the fact that agglomerations of individuals increase proportionally to the disease spread, analysis of the model shows that the existence of semi-closed communities are beneficial for the TB control from a global viewpoint. The model and techniques proposed are applied to a case-study with concrete parameters, which model the situation of Angola (A) and Portugal (B), in order to show its relevance and meaningfulness. Simulations show that variations of the transmission coefficient on the origin country has a big influence on the number of infected (and infectious) individuals on the community and the host country. Moreover, there is an optimal ratio for the distribution of individuals in (C) versus (G), which minimizes the reproduction number $R_0$. Such value does not give the minimal total number of infected individuals in all (B), since such is attained when the community (G) is completely isolated (theoretical scenario). Sensitivity analysis and curve fitting on $R_0$ and on EDSs are pursuit in order to understand the TB effects in the global statistics, by measuring the variability of the relevant parameters. We also show that the TB transmission rate $\beta$ does not act linearly on $R_0$, as is common in compartment models where system feedback or group interactions do not occur. Further, we find the most important parameters for the increase of each EDS. | Hybrid systems are models for complex physical systems and have become a widely used concept for understanding their behavior. Many applications are safety-critical, including car, railway, and air traffic control, robotics, physicalchemical process control, and biomedical devices. Hybrid systems analysis studies how we can build computerized controllers for physical systems which are guaranteed to meet their design goals. The author gives a unique, logic-based perspective on hybrid systems analysis. It is the first book that leverages the power of logic for hybrid systems. The author develops a coherent logical approach for systematic hybrid systems analysis, covering its theory, practice, and applications. It is further shown how the developed verification techniques can be used to study air traffic and railway control systems. This book is intended for researchers, postgraduates, and professionals who are interested in hybrid systems analysis, cyberphysical or embedded systems design, logic and theorem proving, or transportation and automation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,634 |
The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat per unit volume of twin pellets of Se75Te15–xCd10Inx (x = 0, 5, 10 and 15) glasses, were carried out at room temperature by transient plane source technique. Results indicated that both values of thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (χ) are varied with In (indium) content and highest for 5 at.% of In, whereas the specific heat per unit volume is almost constant with increase of indium concentration. This shows that Se75Te10Cd10In5 glass can be considered as a critical composition at which the alloy becomes chemically ordered and most thermally stable than other compositions. This compositional dependence behaviour of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity can explained in terms of iono-covalent type bond which In makes with Se and Te as it is incorporated in Se–Te–Cd glasses. | Differential scanning calorimetry measurements were used to study enthalpic structural relaxation in the GeySe(100 − y) glassy system. The examined compositional range was 0 ≤ y ≤ 15. Based on the results of both, fitting and non-fitting methods, the description of relaxation behavior was obtained in terms of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan (TNM) model. Evolution of TNM parameters with increasing germanium content was interpreted within the conception of movements of occasionally linked Se polymeric chains continuously transiting toward rather independent positional changes within heavily inter-linked segments or clusters. As such, the interpretation represents a novel approach associating a phenomenological description with factual changes in molecular structure of the material. In addition, new non-fitting method is introduced, based on the examination of the overall shape of relaxation peak and its comparison to the simulated data. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,635 |
: Pilots select routes based on factors such as threats, fuel, time on target, distance, and refueling points. This is a time consuming task. This thesis presents the software engineering synthesis of a software tool, based on a parallelized A* search algorithm, to select routes. For simplicity only threats and distance are used. A centralized open list is used with one processor managing the list while the other processors perform the node expansions. This decomposition result in a dynamically load balanced system. A number of parameters are changed to study their impact on the execution time. The use of a branch and bound technique and its impact on the execution time is studied. Other parameters examined are the size of the supercomputer and granularity of the algorithm. It is important to match the software granularity to the architecture to ensure maximum utilization of the supercomputer and minimize execution time. Tests were run on both an iPSC/2 and iPSC/860 to determine the effects of the architecture upon the execution time. In conjunction with execution time, the efficient usage of the parallel computer was also examined.... Parallel processing, Search algorithms, Heuristic search, Aircraft routing, Mission planning, Software engineering. | This paper outlines an agent based approach for UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicles) mission route planning problem. In this context, mission route planning can be defined as finding the “best” set of waypoints for the UAV that will enhance its probability of success in its mission. Mission route planning may be carried out either in premission or in mission time. It may be done either by an onboard control system or by a ground mission planning system. Regardless of these considerations, a problem solving agent for UAV mission route planning problem is proposed in this research. Mission Route Planning Agent in UAV mission route planning context needs to perceive the elements in its environment and comprehend the meaning of this situation to compute a route. In other words, it will use target, threat, terrain and air space restrictions to compute the “best” route for that UAV mission. In a dynamic replanning environment, it will compute its new route again and again each time the situation has changed. To compute the “best” route, an A* based graph search algorithm is used. For a node, while real cost is computed using fuel and threat costs with determined weightings, heuristic cost is selected as the geometric distance. Network is constructed in the search time. Consecutive nodes are determined by spanning range and azimuth with determined increments. The values of weightings for fuel and threat costs and the increments used to construct the network have a great effect on the resulting route and the computation time. While common practice is to use default or user defined values for those, this paper presents a situation aware UAV Mission Route Planning Agent that uses the tactical situation to determine these values. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,636 |
We present a model of the forward problem for diffuse photon density waves in turbid medium using a diffraction tomographic problem formulation. We consider a spatially-varying inhomogeneous structure whose absorption properties satisfy the Born approximation and whose scattering properties are identical to the homogeneous turbid media in which it is imbedded. The two-dimensional Fourier transform of the scattered field, measured in a plane, is shown to be related to the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the object evaluated on a surface which in many cases is approximately a plane. | The transmission of information by propagating or diffusive waves is common to many fields of engineering and physics. Such physical phenomena are governed by a Helmholtz (real wavenumber) or pseudo-Helmholtz (complex wavenumber) equation. Since these equations are linear, it would be useful to be able to use tools from signal theory in solving related problems. The aim of this paper is to derive multidimensional input/output transfer function relationships in the spatial domain for these equations in order to permit such a signal theoretic approach to problem solving. This paper presents such transfer function relationships for the spatial (not Fourier) domain within appropriate coordinate systems. It is shown that the relationships assume particularly simple and computationally useful forms once the appropriate curvilinear version of a multidimensional spatial Fourier transform is used. These results are shown for both real and complex wavenumbers. Fourier inversion of these formulas would have applications for tomographic problems in various modalities. In the case of real wavenumbers, these inversion formulas are presented in closed form, whereby an input can be calculated from a given or measured wavefield. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,637 |
Modification to jets in high-energy heavy–ion collisions is expected to depend on the flavor of the fragmenting parton. To disentangle this flavor dependence, jets from heavy quark fragmentation are identified for the first time in heavy–ion collisions. Jets are first tagged by their secondary vertices and the contribution from bottom quarks is extracted using template fits to their secondary mass distribution. The bottom quark jet to inclusive jet ratio is measured with the CMS detector in PbPb and pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon. The b-jet fraction is measured in the range of 80 jet p T 200 GeV / c in PbPb collisions and found to lie in the range of 2.9–3.5% ± 0.6–1.1% depending on jet p T . The measured values for PbPb and pp are comparable, within uncertainties, to those predicted by simulation. The measurement is a promising method to study b-quark energy loss. Improved statistics should allow to make a more precise comparison between light and b-quark quenching. | We present an overview of the current status of the recent jet measurements in PbPb and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV that are studied with the CMS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using the anti-kT sequential reconstruction algorithm on particle flow objects. To distinguish between different possible energy loss mechanisms and to provide an important experimental check on the validity of the assumed jet fragmentation, inclusive jets, flavor tagged jets and jet shapes are studied. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,638 |
The vessels are twisted in a longitudinal 3D space in the lower limbs of humans. Thus, it is difficult to perform an ultrasound scanning examination in this area. In this paper, a new medical parallel robot is introduced to effectively diagnose vessel disease in the lower limbs. The robot's position repeatability and accuracy are evaluated. Furthermore, the robot's accuracy is improved through a calibration process in which the kinematic parameters are identified through a simple identification approach. | We have developed a three dimensional movable robot for an ultrasound probe for tele-echography system to apply between hospital, clinic and home. The probe movable mechanism is carefully designed not to damage the human body since miniature force sensors detect not only total contact force to the body surface but also angle of the probe to the surface. Angle and position of probe are controlled not to exceed dangerous contact force. We tried to control it via LAN and 128K ISDN by using a two-axis joystick under the Object Request Broker technique. We found that real time control was possible with an image stream. Though the delay time of the image makes the examiner stressful, we confirmed that remote diagnosis of the human abdomen is useful. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,639 |
Li–Mg dual-salt batteries (DSBs) have attracted growing attention, because a novel way to construct high-energy density DSBs is to take advantage of respective carrier cations. However, previous studies on Li–Mg DSBs have been almost limited to Daniell-type batteries, not attaining rocking-chair-type batteries with high-energy densities. In this work, we show experimentally that concomitant intercalation of Li and Mg ions into the Chevrel compound Mo6S8 in almost equal proportions can occur when discharging in a LiTFSA–Mg(TFSA)2/triglyme(G3) electrolyte. By exploiting this feature, we confirmed with two-electrode coin cells that non-dendritic electrodeposition morphology is available after charge. This work indicates the feasibility of room-temperature rocking-chair-type dual-salt batteries, which provides a new strategy for future safe “metal-anode” rechargeable batteries with high energy densities. | Sheet-like MoSe 2 /C nanocomposites were synthesized and employed as the cathode of a rechargeable Mg 2+ /Li + hybrid battery for the first time, which exhibited an excellent electrochemical performance. The structure transformation of the MoSe 2 /C nanocomposite materials during the charge-discharge processes was identified by in situ XRD, and the electrochemical reactions taking place in the battery were evidenced. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,640 |
In order to circumvent the problem of state-space explosion of large-scale Markovian models, the stochastic process algebra PEPA has been given a fluid semantics based on ordinary differential equations, treating all entities as continuous. However, low numbers of instances and/or relatively slow dynamics may make such approximation too coarse for some parts of the system. To deal with such situations, we propose an hybrid semantics lying between these two extremes, treating parts of the system as discrete and stochastic and others as continuous and deterministic. The underlying mathematical object for the quantitative evaluation is a stochastic hybrid automaton. A case study of a client/server system with breakdowns and repairs is used to discuss the accuracy and the cost of this hybrid analysis. | We provide Stochastic Concurrent Constraint Programming (sCCP), a stochastic process algebra based on CCP, with a semantics in terms of hybrid automata. We associate with each sCCP program both a stochastic and a non-deterministic hybrid automaton. Then, we compare such automata with the standard stochastic semantics (given by a Continuous Time Markov Chain) and the one based on ordinary differential equations, obtained by a fluid-flow approximation technique. We discuss in detail two case studies: Repressilator and the Circadian Clock, with particular regard to the robustness exhibited by the different semantic models and to the effect of discreteness in dynamical evolution of such systems. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,641 |
Objectives. We assessed global inequality in eye health by using data on the global burden of disease measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).Methods. We estimated the burden of eye disease by calculating the sum of DALYs (from the Global Burden of Disease study, 2004 update) due to trachoma, vitamin A deficiency, glaucoma, cataract, refractive errors, and macular degeneration. We assessed the geographic distribution of eye disease in relation to economic status and etiology by calculating the Gini coefficient, the Theil index, and the Atkinson index.Results. The global burden of eye disease was estimated at 61.4 million DALYs worldwide (4.0% of total DALYs). Vitamin A deficiency and trachoma were distributed more unevenly than were noncommunicable eye diseases, regardless of economic status. For noncommunicable eye diseases, the major contributor was refractive errors, regardless of economic status. The most uneven distribution was observed for cataract (high-income countries) and refractive e... | Purpose ::: To assess the global burden of glaucoma by year, age, sex, regions, socioeconomic development, and mean years of schooling (MYS) by using disability-adjusted life year (DALY), then to explore the health inequality with socioeconomic status in glaucoma. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,642 |
This paper surveys the law and economics literature on WTO dispute settlement. As a background, we first briefly lay out main features of the legal framework, and discuss possible roles of a dispute settlement mechanism. We then discuss the two main themes in the empirical literature on dispute settlement: (i) the determinants of participation by members as complainants, respondents and third parties; and (ii) the role of the DS system for the settling of disputes. The paper finally points to a number of areas that are in need of further research. | The World Trade Organization (WFO) lacks the power to directly enforce agreements. It is, therefore, important to understand what role the WTO can play to facilitate international cooperation and whether a multilateral institution can offer distinct advantages over a web of bilateral agreements. This paper examines two potential benefits of a multilateral trade institution: first, verifying violations of the agreements and informing third parties, thus facilitating multilateral reputation mechanisms; second, promoting multilateral trade negotiations rather than a web of bilateral negotiations. The model suggests that a multilateral approach is particularly important when there are strong imbalances in bilateral trading relationships. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,643 |
This paper presents a frequency-domain formulation for predicting noise radiated from the rotating thickness and loading sources in uniform subsonic inflow with arbitrary direction. The proposed frequency-domain formulation is an extension of the recently published frequency-domain formulation for the stationary medium. It avoids the singular integral and numerical interpolation problems encountered in the time-domain numerical method. Three test cases, i.e., noise radiation from the rotating monopole and dipole point sources and the Isom thickness noise of a transonic rotor in the subsonic uniform flow, have been carried out to validate the proposed formulation. Both the acoustic pressure spectrum and directivity pattern computed with the present frequency-domain method are in good agreement with those obtained from the time-domain method, thus validating the correctness of the present formulation. Furthermore, the numerical results indicate that the frequency-domain formulation is suitable for tonal noise prediction, while it is inefficient for broadband noise prediction. | Acoustic vectors, such as acoustic velocity and acoustic intensity, have advantages over acoustic scalars in showing the detailed propagation path of acoustic energy. In this paper, acoustic vector... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,644 |
This study intends to determine market demand for total heat exchangers, and then develop research and development (R&D) strategies to satisfy customers' needs and improve corporate competitiveness. Kano 2-D quality model analysis and questionnaire survey were conducted to identify the importance of customers' expectations of quality constructs, and Kano quality factors of classified quality constructs. The opinion difference of customer attributes for quality construct was then compared. Finally, the results of Kano questionnaires and quality function deployment (QFD) were combined to construct a house of quality, with the voice of customers (VOC) incorporated into the design and planning of total heat exchangers. The results showed that consumers pay attention to convenience of use and the function of improving indoor air quality. The findings can serve as references for manufacturers to identify the qualities of total heat exchangers that attract customers, and design products that satisfy customers’ needs. The results can also serves as references for the development of future energy-saving air conditioning. | The physical form or design of a product is an unquestioned determinant of its marketplace success. A good design attracts consumers to a product, communicates to them, and adds value to the produc... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,645 |
In modern VLSI technology the speed and power would always be a trade off. In contrast to that the proposed design gives better technique in improving the speed of computation with high accuracy when compared with conventional adders. And also the implementation gives low power results with better performance. Using the available VLSI design techniques and emerging concepts the high speed low power high accurate (HS-LP-HA) Adder is proposed. The proposed HS-LP-HA adder is capable to give near accurate value along with much low power consumption when compared with conventional adder. Hence also improved power delay product. The proposed HS-LP-HA adder finds its applications in signal processing for communications, control of systems, biomedical signal processing and seismic data processing in all which the minute percentage of error is tolerable. | Methods of obtaining high speed in addition, multiplication, and division in parallel binary computers are described and then compared with each other as to efficiency of operation and cost. The transit time of a logical unit is used as a time base in comparing the operating speeds of different methods, and the number of individual logical units required is used in the comparison of costs. The methods described are logical and mathematical, and may be used with various types of circuits. The viewpoint is primarily that of the systems designer, and examples are included wherever doing so clarifies the application of any of these methods to a computer. Specific circuit types are assumed in the examples. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,646 |
The emphasis of this paper is to research the dynamic inductance model of giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). First, the relative permeability of giant magnetostrictive material (Terfenol-D) under different pressures and different magnetizations are tested. Then, the inductance parameter of GMA is computed based on the above relative permeability results and the trends of inductance considering relative permeability are concluded. At last, a prototype of GMA is design and manufactured. The static magneto-strain could be 1250ppm and the dynamic response time is about 0.8ms. | This paper reports on results taken to validate the extension to the theory of the magnetomechanical effect reported recently. This theory is based on a “law of approach” but the underlying equations have been generalized to include linear and nonlinear terms which are analogous to those in the well-known Rayleigh law of magnetization. It is shown that the generalized theory can be applied to materials with negative magnetostriction, such as nickel, and that the stress dependent model parameters can be determined from experimental measurements. It has been found that the results show improved agreement with experimental observation compared with the more restricted previous exposition of the model. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,647 |
In supersonic flight, Armor Piercing Fin Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS) projectiles are submitted to a high level of heating and structural loading. We have developed a numerical approach based on 3-D RANS and 2-D coupled aero-heating/conduction computations in order to understand and predict this severe aero-thermal environment. Experimental external aerodynamic and heating load tests have been conducted in a high speed wind tunnel. Computations were compared to experimental results, semi-empirical formulations and evaluations carried out in similar studies elsewhere. A very close agreement was obtained. | Aero-heating problem severely affects the performance of terminal-sensitive projectile (TSP) when projected out of the carrier capsule by the gunpowder gas at a high speed. In this paper, based on the typical ballistic data and airflow physical parameters at deceleration and despinning trajectory, the aerodynamic thermal characteristics of a TSP was simulated by Fluent, and the transient temperature distributions were obtained under the different flying conditions. Finally, we got stagnation temperatures by the numerical simulations which were similar to those by the engineering evaluation, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the simulation method. The results are valuable to the research of thermal protection and infrared signature of TSP. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,648 |
Based on the classical Nagel–Schreckenberg model, we in this paper propose an improved cellular automaton (CA) model to study the influences of a multi-point tollbooth on traffic flow. The numerical results show that the multi-point tollbooth can be looked at as a bottleneck and that it can improve the road capacity compared with other tolling stations, which shows that the proposed model is more effective than other traffic flow models. In addition, the results can help readers to better understand the effects of a multi-point tollbooth on traffic flow and help traffic engineers to reasonably design the tolling station. | As an integrated kind of railway signal-control pattern, the four-aspect fixed autoblock system has been used in many train control systems. This paper takes the four-aspect fixed autoblock system as the research object and proposes the cellular automata model of the fixed autoblock system based on the existing theoretical researches on different train systems and traffic systems by means of the analytical study of the classical cellular automata model. The CA (cellular automata) models combine complexity of passenger railway line with the theory of cellular automata and introduce some new CA models into the existing control systems. After analyzing the relevant simulation results, we study thoroughly and obtain efficiently the needed data for the variation of the section carrying capacity, the average train delay and the train speed which have been affected by redundant time on the operation of passenger trains with different speeds. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,649 |
The emission spectra of a column of a direct-current discharge in open air which is performed between two tap-water electrodes (two tap-water flows) are studied in the 240–450 nm spectral range. A comparison of the values of spectral emissivities is made between experimental spectra and the calculated spectra. The emission spectrum calculation is made for four molecules, N2 ,O 2, NO and OH that are present in air plasma. The first part of this paper focuses on building the spectra calculation; the required data are detailed. In the second part, rotational, vibrational and excitational temperatures are determined with the Boltzmann distribution assumed on the quantum states. For that purpose, a comparison of the modelled spectra and the experimental spectra is made in the different parts of the discharge column. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) | In this paper we present a method to automatically fit the temperature of a rotational spectrum. It is shown that this fitting method yields similar results as the traditional Boltzmann plot, but is applicable in situations where lines of the spectrum overlap. The method is demonstrated on rotational spectra of nitric oxide from an atmospheric pressure microwave plasma jet operated with a flow of helium and air, obtained with two different methods: laser induced fluorescence and optical emission spectroscopy. Axial profiles of the rotational temperatures are presented for the ground NO X state and the excited NO A state. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,650 |
A new plastic bag drying rack for drying plastic bags, especially re-sealable plastic bags, after they have been washed. The inventive device includes a base and a plurality of drying frames. The base has top and bottom faces. The base also has a plurality of spaced apart slots therethrough extending between the top and bottom faces of the base. The slots of the base are arranged in a number of rows on the base, with each row having a pair of slots. Each drying frame has top and bottom edges and a pair of side edges extending between the top and bottom edges of the drying frame. The bottom edge of each of the drying frames has a pair of spaced apart tabs extending therefrom. The tabs of each of the drying frames is inserted into the pair slots of an associated row such that each drying frame is upwardly extended from the top face of the base. | The recent development and extension of the method of moments technique for analyzing electromagnetic scattering by arbitrary shaped three-dimensional homogeneous lossy dielectric objects is presented based on the combined field integral equations. The surfaces of the homogeneous three-dimensional arbitrary geometrical shapes are modeled using surface triangular patches, similar to the case of arbitrary shaped conducting objects. Further, the development and extensions required to treat efficiently three-dimensional lossy dielectric objects are reported. Numerical results and their comparisons are also presented for two canonical dielectric scatterers-a sphere and a finite circular cylinder. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,651 |
A method to determine the flux and angular distribution of thermal neutrons with the use of LR-115 detectors was developed. The use of the LR-115 detector involves the exposure of a pressed boric acid sample (tablet) as a target, in tight contacto with the track detector, to a flux, of thermalized neutrons. The self-absorption effects in thin film or "foil" type thermal neutron detectors can be neglected by using the LR-115 detector and boric acid tablet setup to operate via backside irradiation. The energy window and the critical angle-residual energy curve were determined by comparisons between the experimental and simulated track parameters. A computer program was developed to calculate the detector registration efficiency, so that the thermal neutron flux can be calculated from the track densities induced in the LR 115 detector using the derived empirical formula. The proposed setup can serves as directional detector of thermal neutrons. | This book presents papers on position-sensitive detection of thermal neutrons. Topics covered include the following: the principles of thermal neutron detection; hardware aspects of neutron position-sensitive detectors; recent advances in position-sensitive, gaseous detectors in nuclear and particle physics; and PSD Utilization. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,652 |
This paper considers the control synthesis problem for continuous-time switched linear singular systems. By consistently estimating the state norms at different active intervals, and identifying the impulses at different switching points, stability and controller design conditions based on average dwell time switching laws are developed. Numerical examples are given to show the benefits and feasibility of our proposed results. | In this paper, we investigate the disturbance attenuation properties of time-controlled switched systems consisting of several linear time-invariant subsystems by using an average dwell time approach incorporated with a piecewise Lyapunov function. First, we show that when all subsystems are Hurwitz stable and achieve a disturbance attenuation level smaller than a positive scalar γ0, the switched system under an average dwell time scheme achieves a weighted disturbance attenuation level γ0, and the weighted disturbance attenuation approaches normal disturbance attenuation if the average dwell time is chosen sufficiently large. We extend this result to the case where not all subsystems are Hurwitz stable, by showing that in addition to the average dwell time scheme, if the total activation time of unstable subsystems is relatively small compared with that of the Hurwitz stable subsystems, then a reasonable weighted disturbance attenuation level is guaranteed. Finally, a discussion is made on the case for which nonlinear norm-bounded perturbations exist in the subsystems. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,653 |
Using Planck satellite data, we construct SZ gas pressure profiles for a large, volume-complete sample of optically selected clusters. We have defined a sample of over 8,000 redMaPPer clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), within the volume-complete redshift region 0.100<z<0.325, for which we construct Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect maps by stacking Planck data over the full range of richness. Dividing the sample into richness bins we simultaneously solve for the mean cluster mass in each bin together with the corresponding radial pressure profile parameters, employing an MCMC analysis. These profiles are well detected over a much wider range of cluster mass and radius than previous work, showing a clear trend towards larger break radius with increasing cluster mass. Our SZ-based masses fall ~24% below the mass-richness relations from weak lensing, in a similar fashion as the"hydrostatic bias"related with X-ray derived masses. We correct for this bias to derive an optimal mass-richness relation finding a slope 1.22 +/- 0.04 and a pivot mass log(M_500/M_0)= 14.432 +/- 0.041, evaluated at a richness lambda=60. Finally, we derive a tight Y_500-M_500 relation over a wide range of cluster mass, with a power law slope equal to 1.72 +/- 0.07, that agrees well with the independent slope obtained by the Planck team with an SZ-selected cluster sample, but extends to lower masses with higher precision. | Vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid-3-phenoxy- alpha -vinylbenzyl esters of the formula in which X1 is fluorine, chlorine or bromine, X2 is hydrogen or bromine, and Y is hydrogen or methyl, processes for producing them, and their use in combating pests. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,654 |
In this paper the design and the manufacture of the logistics vehicle monitoring system based on ARM11 is proposed. Camera module, sensor module, barcode scanning module, GPS positioning module, wireless communication module, and GPRS module are employed on the terminal, which use LINUX and ARM11 to realize software system and hardware system separately, to make the system more practical and convenient. In data acquisition part, data including vehicle interior images, vehicle inclination angle and goods weight, goods information obtained by the camera module acquisition, the sensor module and bar code scanner module separately is sent to the monitoring terminal via a wireless communication module for display after data processing. Monitor terminal display real-time vehicle location information collected by GPS module, and at the same time, send location information to the server via GPRS module, displaying on the electronic map. Thus we realize the real-time monitoring of vehicles and logistics management. | A material supervsing and saftyguard plan using in container transportation was put forward,it syncretized RFID,GPS,GPRS and communication and vehicle malfunction inspection technology.The system does not only position the material in transportation exactly,taking transportation information in control at all time,but also feed the malfunction or intimidation message back to inspectation center,making convenience to solve trouble.Meanwhile,senders and receivesr can always enter the superviser center database to check the information of the material in transportation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,655 |
Berth allocation and quay crane assignment are two important problems in seaside operations. They are commonly integrated to support the plan. The first generates the berthing time, position and required quay crane. It can be taken as a 2D bin-packing problem with one-dimension resource constraint by quay cranes and variable length of operation time determined by quay crane numbers. The second plans the assignment of quay cranes to vessels whose layout is generated in the former problem. The interface is not clear in the literature. This paper builds an integer linear programming model of the quay crane assignment problem with the inputs: vessel time-space layout and quay crane requirements. The optimal assignment solution with minimal shifts of quay cranes is obtained with promising performance by commercial operational software package. It can be a part of the integral planning for berth allocation with quay crane assignment problem. | The Berth Allocation Problem (BAP) becomes critically important to the operational efficiency of a container terminal due to rapid advances in container terminal management. For reducing the total berthing time and cost, intensive research concerning only the berthing stage has been conducted. Accordingly, a broader viewpoint, i.e., an integration of berth allocation and yard planning, has not been well addressed. As such, a novel BAP strategy, which combines dynamic berth allocation and yard planning, is investigated in this study. An example of a specific container terminal in Shanghai is used to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,656 |
A fluid mixing valve construction having a housing provided with a pair of inlets respectively interconnected by a pair of valve seats to an outlet and with a valve member operated by a condition responsive unit for controlling the valve seats in accordance with the condition of fluid passing to the outlet and sensed by the condition responsive unit. A second condition responsive unit is operatively interconnected to the valve member to close one of the valve seats with the valve member if the first mentioned condition responsive unit does not close the one valve seat with the valve member even though the same is sensing a condition that would require the first mentioned condition responsive unit to close the one valve seat whereby the fluid mixing valve construction is substantially fail-safe. | We give an effective method to compute the entropy for polynomials orthogonal on a segment of the real axis that uses as input data only the coefficients of the recurrence relation satisfied by these polynomials. This algorithm is based on a series expression for the mutual energy of two probability measures naturally connected with the polynomials. The particular case of Gegenbauer polynomials is analyzed in detail. These results are applied also to the computation of the entropy of spherical harmonics, important for the study of the entropic uncertainty relations as well as the spatial complexity of physical systems in central potentials. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,657 |
We present the results of calculations of focusing high order cylindrical vector beams in the limit of high numerical aperture. We derive a form of the vectorial diffraction integrals for arbitrary radial and azimuthal mode indices and evaluate these numerically for a number of different modes. We identify combinations of mode indices and lens filling factors that produce focal volume shapes that may be of interest for a number of applications such as optical trapping, two-photon lithography or optical super-resolution. Finally we evaluate the effect of spherical aberration on the focusing. | We report on the use of cylindrical vector beams for optical manipulation of micron and sub-micron sized particles using the methods of a single-beam gradient force trap (optical tweezers) and an evanescent-feld surface trap (optical binding). We have demonstrated a stable interferometric method for the synthesis of cylindrical vector beams (CVBs), and present measurements demonstrating polarization-controlled focal volume shaping using CVBs in an optical tweezers. Furthermore we show how appropriate combinations of CVBs corresponding to superpositions of optical fbre modes can be used for controlled trapping and traffcking of micro- and nanoparticles along a tapered optical fbre. © 2011 by the Author(s); licensee Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti, Messina, Italy. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,658 |
In May 2014, a new quantum key distribution protocol named “Round Robin Differential-Phase-Shift Quantum Key ::: Distribution (RR DPS QKD)” was proposed. It has a special feature that the key consumption via privacy amplification is ::: a small constant because RR DPS QKD guarantees its security by information causality, not by information-disturbance ::: trade-off. Therefore, the authors claimed that RR DPS QKD systems does not need to monitor the disturbance by an ::: attacker in the quantum channel. However, this study shows that a modified Faked-State Attack (or so-called bright ::: illumination attack) can hack a RR DPS QKD system almost perfectly if it is implemented with realistic detectors even ::: information-causality guarantees the security of RR DPS QKD protocol. Therefore, this study also proposes a possible ::: Measurement-Device-Independent RR DPS QKD system to avoid the modified Faked-State Attack. | A new type of attack on quantum cryptography systems is proposed. In this attack, Eve utilizes various optical imperfections in Bob's scheme and constructs light pulses so that Bob does not distinguish his detection results from normal, whereas they give Bob the basis and bit value chosen at Eve's discretion. Applying this attack to systems with passive basis choice on Bob's side is considered. Also, a general workflow of breaking into a running quantum cryptolink using this or Trojan horse attack is discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,659 |
This paper presents a new technique based on nonlinear least square (NLSQ) algorithm for estimating the mean curve and parameters of the standard lightning impulse (LI) waveform as required by IEC 60 and IEEE Std. 4. The proposed NLSQ technique is applied to analytical LI waveforms to estimate the mean curve of the impulse using a bi-exponential model after removing high frequency components from the simulated (measured) impulse. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is assessed by conducting several cases of LI impulse waveforms with front and tail oscillations and LI waveform with overshoot. The results of the NLSQ technique are compared with those obtained by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The simulation results show that the proposed NLSQ technique is robust and effective in estimating the peak value, front and tail times of the impulse waveform accurately. | This work describes a new method for estimating the mean curve of impulse voltage waveforms that are recorded during impulse tests. In practice, these waveforms are distorted by noise, oscillations and overshoot. The proposed method is based on Genetic algorithms (GAs) optimization technique. The problem is formulated as an estimation problem. The genetic algorithm technique is used to solve the formulated problem. The method is tested using a simulated data of practical waveforms. Effects of a number of samples and data window size are studied. Effects of GAs parameters and operators, such as population size, crossover, mutation probabilities, niching and fitness functions are also studied. Results are reported and discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,660 |
Survey of currently available theory for systems the evolution of which can be described by semigroups of operators of class CO. Connection between the concepts of stabilizability and detectability and the problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions to the operator Riccati equation. Examples and Open problems. | The classical theory of (state and output) controllability and observability in finite-dimensional spaces is extended to linear abstract systems defined on infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, under the basic assumption that the operator acting on the state be bounded. Tests for approximate controllability as well as observability, expressed only in terms of the coefficients of the system, are proved via a consequence of the Hahn–Banach theorem, and new phenomena arising in infinite dimensions are studied : for instance, by using Baire category arguments, it is shown that state exact controllability, under large conditions met in cases of physical interest, never arises in infinite-dimensional Banach spaces, even with free final instant. Several examples are presented throughout ; in particular, for dynamical systems modeled by integro-differential equations of Volterra type, the present theory leads in turn to explicit, easy-to-check criteria for approximate controllability and observability. An example s... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,661 |
The electrodeposition of lutetium on inert electrodes and the formation of lutetium–aluminium alloys were investigated in the eutectic LiCl–KCl in the temperature range 673–823 K. On a tungsten electrode, the electroreduction of Lu(III) proceeds in a single step and electrocrystalization plays an important role. Experimental current–time transients are in good agreement with theoretical models based on either instantaneous or progressive nucleation with three dimensional growth of the nuclei, depending on the working temperature. The diffusion coefficient of Lu(III) was determined by chronopotentiometry by applying the Sand equation. The activation energy for diffusion was found to be 31.5 ± 1.3 kJ mol � 1 .A l 3Lu and mixtures of Al3Lu and Al2Lu, characterized by XRD analysis and SEM, were obtained from the LiCl–KCl melt containing Lu(III) by potentiostatic electrolysis using an Al electrode. The activity of Lu and the standard Gibbs energies of formation for Al3Lu were estimated from open-circuit chronopotentiometric measurements. The E–pO 2� (potential–oxoacidity) diagram for Lu–O stable compounds in LiCl–KCl at 723 K has been constructed by combining theoretical and experimental data. In this way, the apparent standard potential for the Lu(III)/Lu system has been determined by potentiometry. Potentiometric titrations of Lu(III) solutions with oxide donors, using a yttria stabilized zirconia membrane electrode ‘‘YSZME” as a pO 2� indicator electrode, have shown the stability of LuOCl and Lu2O3 in the melt and their solubility products have been determined at 723 K. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. | Metal Sm has been widely used in making Al–Sm magnet alloy materials. Conventional distillation technology to produce Sm has the disadvantages of low productivity, high costs, and pollution generation. The objective of this study was to develop a molten salt electrolyte system to produce Al–Sm alloy directly, with focus on the electrical conductivity and optimal operating conditions to minimize the energy consumption. The continuously varying cell constant (CVCC) technique was used to measure the conductivity for the Na3AlF6–AlF3–LiF–MgF2–Al2O3–Sm2O3 electrolysis medium in the temperature range from 905 to 1055°C. The temperature (t) and the addition of Al2O3 (W(Al2O3)), Sm2O3 (W(Sm2O3)), and a combination of Al2O3 and Sm2O3 into the basic fluoride system were examined with respect to their effects on the conductivity (κ) and activation energy. The experimental results showed that the molten electrolyte conductivity increases with increasing temperature (t) and decreases with the addition of Al2O3 or Sm2O3 or both. We concluded that the optimal operation conditions for Al–Sm intermediate alloy production in the Na3AlF6–AlF3–LiF–MgF2–Al2O3–Sm2O3 system are W(Al2O3) + W(Sm2O3) = 3wt%, W(Al2O3):W(Sm2O3) = 7:3, and a temperature of 965 to 995°C, which results in satisfactory conductivity, low fluoride evaporation losses, and low energy consumption. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,662 |
An analytical solution for rapid (undrained) expansion of a long cylindrical cavity from initially zero radius is presented. A simple rate-type soil model possessing the salient features of the modified Cambridge critical state model is used. Application of the solution to determination of the stress field surrounding a pile immediately after driving is discussed. | SUMMARY ::: ::: An analytical solution of cavity expansion in two different concentric regions of soil is developed and investigated in this paper. The cavity is embedded within a soil with finite radial dimension and surrounded by a second soil, which extends to infinity. Large-strain quasi-static expansion of both spherical and cylindrical cavities in elastic-plastic soils is considered. A non-associated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is used for both soils. Closed-form solutions are derived, which provide the stress and strain fields during the expansion of the cavity from an initial to a final radius. The analytical solution is validated against finite element simulations, and the effect of varying geometric and material parameters is studied. The influence of the two different soils during cavity expansion is discussed by using pressure–expansion curves and by studying the development of plastic regions within the soils. The analytical method may be applied to various geotechnical problems, which involve aspects of soil layering, such as cone penetration test interpretation, ground-freezing around shafts, tunnelling, and mining. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,663 |
We present an approach to human-robot interaction through gesture-free spoken dialogue. Our approach is based on passive knowledge rarefication through goal disambiguation, a technique that allows a human operator to collaborate with a mobile robot on various tasks through spoken dialogue without making bodily gestures. A key assumption underlying our approach is that the operator and the robot share a common set of goals. Another key idea is that language, vision, and action share common memory structures.We discuss how our approach achieves four types of human-robot interaction: command, goal disambiguation, introspection, and instruction-based learning. We describe the system we developed to implement our approach and present experimental results. | We present a new knowledge representation called a conceptual network model to create robots that engage in intuitive interaction with humans through natural language. The conceptual network connects natural language concepts with visual perceptions including color perception, shape perception, size perception, and spatial perception. In the implementation of spatial perception, we present a computational model based on spatial template theory to interpret qualitative spatial expressions. Based on the conceptual network model, our mobile robot can recognize the object that the user referred to through natural language. Experimental results show our approach promising. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,664 |
Expressions giving a lower limit on the radiation Q of electrically small antennas, based on the size of a bounding sphere, are well known in the literature. Many antennas are constrained to fit within elongated regions, and cannot effectively use the volume of the bounding sphere. In this paper, we present lower limits for the Q of vertically polarized antennas required to fit within regions bounded by a prolate spheroid. These limits are computed by determining equivalent circuits for the transverse magnetic prolate spheroidal wave functions outside the bounding spheroid, and then determining the Q for these circuits. As expected the minimum Q computed for these cases is higher than that based on bounding sphere, since the antenna volume is more restricted for a given maximum linear dimension. | Four fundamental limitations in antennas have been identified in the areas of: electrically small antennas, superdirective antennas, superresolution antennas, and high-pin antennas. All exhibit roughly exponential increase in cost factors with performance increase beyond the robust range. This paper reviews these limitations. Electrically small antennas are analyzed via spherical mode theory, with the antenna enclosed in a virtual sphere. Minimum Q varies inversely as the cube of sphere radius in radian wavelengths when the radius is much less than the latter. This limits the achievable bandwidth. Superdirective apertures require a constraint; the optimization is generally intractable except for line sources. Superdirective arrays have spacing below half-wavelength, and for small spacings a constraint is desirable to limit Q, tolerances, efficiency, sidelobes, etc. This is accomplished by expressing constrained directivity as a ratio of two Hermilian quadratic forms, for which a solution exists. Array Q varies exponentially with directivity so only modest increases are practical. Superresolution arrays use maximum entropy processes to improve spatial frequency resolution for short samples (short arrays), analogous to spectral analysis processing. An amplitude-tapered autocorrelation function is extended by linear least square prediction and autoregression; the latter contributes filter poles. This extension is with minimum added information, hence maximum entropy. In contrast to superdirective arrays which are all zero functions, superresolution maximum entropy uses an all pole function. Results are dependent upon the sampling subarray size and upon signal/noise (S/N). Required S/N increases exponentially with inverse angular resolution. Achievable gain of high-gain reflector antennas is limited by cost of the structure. For random surface errors maximum gain is proportional to the mechanical tolerance ratio (antenna diameter/1σ tolerance) squared. Since cost increases rapidly with diameter and with tolerance ratio this comprises a gain limitation. Current best reflectors have maximum gain in the range of 90 to 100 dB. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,665 |
The DIS and the SADS-L diagnostic procedures occupy an important position in psychiatric research. We compared these procedures for assessing depressive disorders in patients with substance abuse problems. The two instruments agreed poorly, and the SADS-L produced a considerably higher proportion of cases than the DIS. A number of factors were examined to determine their influence on the agreement obtained for Major Depression. These factors included (1) recency of the disorder, (2) the primary/secondary distinction, (3) clinical experience of the DIS interviewers, (4) numerous subject characteristics and (5) the DIS procedure for differentiating organic from non-organic affective symptomatology, which relies on subjects' attributions of the cause of symptoms. The first four factors did not influence agreement. However, removal of the influence of the fifth factor did increase agreement between the instruments appreciably. Validation evidence favored the SADS-L, although not definitively. Implications of the findings are discussed. | OBJECTIVES: In this trial, we compared Child Protective Services (CPS) recidivism outcomes between the home-based SafeCare (SC) model for child neglect and comparable home-based services, but without SC modules, for parents in the CPS system across 2 quality control strategies: coached (C) and uncoached implementation. SC is a home-based behavioral skills training model designed for neglecting or maltreating parents. The study was conducted in a scaled-up, statewide implementation setting. ::: ::: METHODS: Two thousand one hundred seventy-five maltreating parents, treated by 219 home visitors, were enrolled and treated in a 2 × 2 (SC versus services as usual × C versus uncoached implementation strategy) randomized cluster experiment. Cases were followed for an average of 6 years for CPS recidivism events. Subpopulation analyses were conducted for parents meeting customary SC inclusion criteria. ::: ::: RESULTS: Consistently significant main effects in favor of SC were found across simple and more complex modeling approaches (hazard ratios = 0.74–0.83). Larger effects were found among the subpopulation meeting customary SC inclusion criteria. C implementation yielded smaller and occasionally significant effects in analyses that included more diverse cases falling outside customary SC inclusion criteria. ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the adoption and use of SC within CPS home-based services systems. C implementation may be especially valuable for cases where the client-model fit is less strong. ::: ::: * Abbreviations: ::: C — : coached ::: CEM — : Coarsened Exact Matching ::: CI — : confidence interval ::: CPS — : Child Protective Services ::: HR — : hazard ratio ::: HV — : home visitor ::: SAU — : services as usual ::: SC — : SafeCare ::: UC — : uncoached | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,666 |
This article examines the impact of social policy interventions on caste inequalities. The article accepts the proposition by Charles Tilly that durable inequalities are entrenched solutions while addressing organizational problems of society. The political economy approach to caste enables us to understand how the discriminatory practices around caste are durable. The article examines two types of social policies set up to deal with caste discrimination. The first type of policies are particularistic policies which directly address the concerns of the members of the depressed castes. The second type of policies are aimed at the general population, but from which a large number of depressed caste members benefit. The article concludes that both types of policies have only an ameliorative function rather than an emancipation role. It is argued here that ‘social policy’ in the context of durable inequality requires redefinition to include political interventions. The administrative view of social policy focuses heavily on the state, and in the context of durable inequality, the legitimacy of the state itself is in question. On the other hand, mobilization around politics addresses the organizational anomaly of the society, which is at the root of durable inequality. | This is a history of India upto 1300 AD, introducing the beginnings of India's cultural dynamics. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,667 |
This paper surveys the current work in superconductor electronics in Japan. The main purpose of the paper will be to review the application activities in analog and digital signal-processing circuits, magnetic sensors, voltage standards, samplers, and microwave and millimeter-wave receiver components, in both low Tc and high Tc superconductivity. | The present paper discusses in detail the oscillation modes and these dependency on system parameters in the tunnel type and weak-link type Josephson junctions driven by dc and rf current sources. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,668 |
The distribution of figural "goodness" in 2 mental shape spaces, the space of triangles and the space of quadrilaterals, was examined. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to rate the typicality of visually presented triangles and quadrilaterals (perceptual task). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to draw triangles and quadrilaterals by hand (production task). The rated typicality of a particular shape and the probability that that shape was generated by participants were each plotted as a function of shape parameters, yielding estimates of the subjective distribution of shape goodness in shape space. Compared with neutral distributions of random shapes in the same shape spaces, these distributions showed a marked bias toward regular forms (equilateral triangles and squares). Such psychologically modal shapes apparently represent ideal forms that maximize the perceptual preference for regularity and symmetry. Language: en | Many statistical problems, including some of the most important for physical applications, have long been regarded as underdetermined from the standpoint of a strict frequency definition of probability; yet they may appear wellposed or even overdetermined by the principles of maximum entropy and transformation groups. Furthermore, the distributions found by these methods turn out to have a definite frequency correspondence; the distribution obtained by invariance under a transformation group is by far the most likely to be observed experimentally, in the sense that it requires by far the least “skill.” These properties are illustrated by analyzing the famous Bertrand paradox. On the viewpoint advocated here, Bertrand's problem turns out to be well posed after all, and the unique solution has been verified experimentally. We conclude that probability theory has a wider range of useful applications than would be supposed from the standpoint of the usual frequency definitions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,669 |
This paper presents the design and evaluation of an 8-bit adiabatic multiplier. Both the multiplier core and its built-in self-test logic have been designed using a true single-phase adiabatic logic family. Energy is supplied to the adiabatic circuitry via a sinusoidal power-clock waveform that is generated on-chip. In HSPICE simulations with post-layout extracted parasitics, our design functions correctly at clock frequencies exceeding 200 MHz. The total dissipation of the multiplier core and self-test circuitry approaches 130 pJ per operation at 200 MHz. Our 11,854-transistor chip has been fabricated in a 0.5 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process with an active area of 0.470 mm/sup 2/. Correct chip operation has been validated for operating frequencies up to 130 MHz, the limit of our experimental setup. Measured dissipation correlates well with HSPICE simulations. | Locally-clocked (LC) dynamic logic is an asynchronous circuit technique that uses an event-driven controller to moderate a fine-grained pipeline consisting of latching dynamic logic gates. This paper extends the methodology to include feedback between successive pipeline stages. LC dynamic logic's ability to handle feedback is illustrated with the design of a 660 MHz serial/parallel multiplier implemented in a 1 /spl mu/m, 5 V CMOS process. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,670 |
This paper describes a research study that examines the potential of exciting instability modes in a trailing vortex wake to cause the premature breakup and decay of these hazardous wake structures. A four-vortex model has been selected for this study as it is representative of a landing aircraft wake; a flight stage that is most prone to wake encounters. Previous work done by the authors has resulted in the identification of a region of counter- rotating wake configurations that are conducive to large temporal instability growth rates. This region is also observed to include those configurations which are known to translate rigidly. The driving hypothesis of the current work is that the observed unstable motion is a long-wavelength instability that is driven by the mutual interaction of the tip/flap vortex pair on each side of the wake centerline. The helium-bubble visualization technique has been used as an effective tool for the identification of the long-wavelength instability. The data attained from visual images of the wake have been used to obtain quantitative estimates of the bending mode wavelength and amplitude for comparison with linear stability theory. | : A NACA 0015 semispan wing was placed in a low-speed wind tunnel, and measurements were made of the pressure on the upper and lower surface of the wing and of the velocity across the vortex trailing downstream from the tip of the wing. Pressure data were obtained for both 2D and 3D configurations. These data feature a detailed comparison between wing tips with square and round lateral edges. A two-component laser velocimeter was used to measure velocity profiles across the vortex at numerous stations behind the wing and for various combinations of conditions. These conditions include three aspect ratios, three chord lengths, a square- and a round-lateral tip, presence or absence of a boundary-layer trip, and three image plane positions located opposite the wing tip. Both pressure and velocity measurements were made for angles of attack of 4 deg less then or equal to alpha less then or equal to 12 deg and for Reynolds. numbers of 1 x 10 deg less then or equal to Re less then or equal to 3 x 10 deg. The addition of a round-lateral edge to the wing Up was found to eliminate the secondary vortex near the wing Up, but had little effect on the downs characteristics of the trailing vortex. The increase in wing lift near the Lip because of the presence of the trailing vortex was evident in the surface pressure, but was not captured by circulation-box measurements. The circumferential velocity within the vortex was found to reach free-stream values and produce core rotational speeds as high as 44,000 rpm. The streamwise velocity within the viscous wake that is shed from the wing was observed to form islands of peak velocity in the spiraling sheet that feeds into the trailing vortex. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,671 |
The ongoing migration of satellite communication services to higher bands, namely the Ka- and Q-bands offer numerous advantages; however, signal propagation at these bands can be severely impaired by the various atmospheric phenomena. To assist in the validation and development of new accurate propagation models in these bands, two propagation site diversity experimental campaign have been initiated between Greece and in the United Kingdom using ALPHASAT satellite beacons. In this paper, we present some technical details of the two site diversity experiments (receivers, ancillary equipment). Moreover, we discuss upcoming statistical results of the space-time correlation of the data and the employment of smart gateway diversity scheme for feeder links. | Considering the imminent migration of services to the Ka- and Q-bands, a payload dedicated to propagation measurements in these bands has become available from the Alphasat satellite under the coordination of the European Space Agency. This has strongly motivated the formation of many measurement campaigns across Europe in an effort to enhance the scientific databases with new, more reliable propagation data. In the framework of our campaign at the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) in Greece two identical beacon receivers targeting the Alphasat's Ka-band beacon were designed and deployed; these receivers make use of the relatively new Software Defined Radio (SDR) paradigm. Apart from the beacon measurements themselves, additional noise measurements are performed to supplement the campaign. The present paper constitutes an attempt to outline the characteristics and associated advantages of this methodology over the conventional techniques. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,672 |
The design of the ventilation and fire safety systems for the Johor Bahru Sentral, a semi-underground train station, part of the Integrated Custom, Immigration and Quarantine Complex (ICIQ) is based on normal Malaysian Standards (MS), British Standards and the local fire department’s requirements. However, the large and complex space in the underground station coupled with scheduled diesel-powered locomotives which frequent the station by stopping or passing require detailed simulations. Both ventilation and the fire safety systems employ Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) methods to provide realistic balance against the typical calculations based on spread sheets and certain design software. This study compares smoke simulations results performed by the mechanical and fire consultants with the simulations carried out through this project. An assumption of a locomotive catches fire near the main platform is made. The burning locomotive is the source of the smoke while the occupants on platforms and waiting areas are the subjects to escape safely. The process of the simulation includes modelling and meshing processes on the structure of the railway station imported from Inventor CAD Autodesk software drawing. The CFD simulations are performed using Star-CCM+. The smokes flow around the building with buoyancy forces and extracted via exhaust fans. Through these simulations, we found that when a locomotive catches fire, the passengers could evacuate the building safely before the fire department machinery arrives. Furthermore, we notice that the ventilation fans activation based on detection of hazardous gases may not be efficient way to remove the latter. A schedule clean-up sync with train arrivals effectively removes toxic gas. | The use of interurban and urban trains has become the preferred choice for millions of daily commuters around the world. Despite the huge public investment for train technology and mayor rail infrastructure (e.g., tunnels), train safety is still a subject of concern. The work described herein reviews the state of the art on research related to critical velocity and backlayering conditions in tunnel fires. The review on backlayering conditions includes the effect of blockages, inclination, and the location of the fire source. The review herein focuses on experimental and theoretical research, although it excludes research studies using numerical modeling. Many studies have used scaled tunnel structures for experimental testing; nevertheless, there are various scaling challenges associated with these studies. For example, very little work has been done on flame length, fire source location, and the effect of more than one blockage, and how results on scaled experiments represent the behaviour at real-scale. The review sheds light on the current hazards associated with fires in rail tunnels. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,673 |
Protect the identity of participants may be advantageous or essential and even critical for many internet applications. Mix rings architecture give better performance than mix-nets while maintaining anonymity that is stronger than onion routing. This paper presents an enhancement of mix rings, which is a hybrid P2P system and is designed to provide anonymity under a strong adversarial model in terms of identification, anonymity and resilience to collusion, along with low latency of data delivery and the link utilization. We use a double-layer overlay network, composed of nodes that are interested in anonymity and trusted index nodes and introduce several cluster escape and random extend mechanisms into mix rings. We present a description of the protocol, an analysis of common attack defense, and evaluate the degree of anonymity using MATLAB simulations. | We present Tor, a circuit-based low-latency anonymous communication service. This second-generation Onion Routing system addresses limitations in the original design by adding perfect forward secrecy, congestion control, directory servers, integrity checking, configurable exit policies, and a practical design for location-hidden services via rendezvous points. Tor works on the real-world Internet, requires no special privileges or kernel modifications, requires little synchronization or coordination between nodes, and provides a reasonable tradeoff between anonymity, usability, and efficiency. We briefly describe our experiences with an international network of more than 30 nodes. We close with a list of open problems in anonymous communication. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,674 |
Open Access and Open Archives are approaches for scientic information dissemination that can be supported by dierent software platforms. These platforms need to be integrated if a repositories federation is desired. However this integration deals with dierent metadata schemes that need to be normalized and integrated in order to allow information systems to share data. The Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations is an example of integration such systems and it is presented in this paper. Its underlying system’s architecture is described, as well as the type of documents stored, the amount of participant repositories along time and its geographical distribution. Finally, the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations is shown as an example of integration of Brazilian scholar production in federated repositories. | The further rise of electronic publishing has come to change the scale and diversity of grey literature facing librarians and other information practitioners. This compiled work brings together research and authorship over the past decade dealing with both the supply and demand sides of grey literature. While this book is written with students and instructors of Colleges and Schools of Library and Information Science in mind, it likewise serves as a reader for information professionals working in any and all like knowledge-based communities. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,675 |
The oral route is most popular route for the administration of therapeutic agents because of the low cost of therapy and ease of administration lead to high levels of patient compliance. The most popular oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules particularly pediatric and geriatric patients and do not take their medicines as prescribed. Difficulty in swallowing or dysphasia is seen to afflict nearly 35% of the general population. In some cases such as motion sickness, sudden episode of allergic attack or coughing, fear of choking and an unavailability of water, the swallowing of tablet or capsules may become difficult. To overcome these difficulties, several fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have been developed. Oral fast dissolving film is relatively a new dosage form in which thin film is prepared using hydrophilic polymers, which rapidly dissolves on tongue or buccal cavity. The film overcomes the danger/fear of choking. An ideal film should have the properties like pleasant taste, high stability, ease of handling and administration, no water necessary for application. | Oral route of administration is most convenient route but often is disadvantageous for administering to geriatric and paediatric patients. Orally disintegrating film is found to be effective in delivering rapid drug action by dissolving the drug in buccal cavity. Since a decade oral thin films has got commercial importance in generic and non generic market projecting it as a multinational business asset. Current research in this field is found to be associated with industrialization and commercialization. Current article make an overview of not only technological changes in research and manufacturing but also gives an insight about growing market worldwide. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,676 |
In this paper, a 1st-order G m -R-C complex filter cell for image rejection in low-IF receivers is proposed. The cell adopts low-power fully differential G m -cells with RC load to perform low-pass filtering for the input I/Q signals. Frequency translation is realized by two additional differential G m cells through directly cross-adding relevant currents. Based on the proposed 1st-order cell, a 4th-order Butterworth complex filter with center frequency at 300 KHz and bandwidth of 160 KHz is designed in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. Simulated results show that the filter achieves an image rejection ratio of 62 dB, an in-band SFDR of 58.9 dB, a pass-band gain of 18 dB, and an input referred noise of 19.4 µV rms , while consuming only 593 µA from a 2.7 V supply. | This paper presents an in-depth treatment of mixers and polyphase filters, and how they are used in rejecting the image in transmitters and receivers. A powerful phasor-based analysis is used to explain all common image-reject topologies and their limitations, and it is shown how this can replace complex trigonometric equations commonly found in the literature. Practical problems in design and layout that limit the performance of image-reject upconversion and downconversion mixers are identified, and solutions are presented or limits explained. This understanding is put to work in a low-IF CMOS wideband, low-IF downconversion circuit, which repeatedly rejects the image by 60 dB over the wide band of 3.5 to 20 MHz without trimming or calibration. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,677 |
This work is part of an investigation to determine whether a statistical relationship exists between varying radon concentration in well waters and the occurrence of nearby earthquakes. If such a dependence is verified, then certain patterns of changing radon activity may be useful for predicting earthquakes. Radon concentration in two water wells near Oroville, California, the Prosise and the Gilley wells, were compared with periodic aftershocks of the August 1, 1975, Oroville earthquake for a period of about 600 days. The data are consistent with data being generated from a distribution of either all noise; or long-term seismic fluctuations correlated with changes in the Prosise well, or short-term seismic fluctuations with changes in the Gilley well, or both. In both cases, the dependence must be expressed with different equations in different directions from the wells. Also, the data are inconsistent with data being generated from a distribution where the dependence between seismic activity and radon activity is very strong in all directions. 6 figures. (RWR) | This book will be most useful to applied mathematicians, communication engineers, signal processors, statisticians, and time series researchers, both applied and theoretical. Readers should have some background in complex function theory and matrix algebra and should have successfully completed the equivalent of an upper division course in statistics. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,678 |
Two studies were designed to examine the differences in galactopoietic potency of molecular variants of pituitary- and recombinant-derived bovine GH (bGH). The recombinant bGH molecules included amino-terminal and position-127 amino acid substitutions which are representative of two of the four natural pituitary variants or of partially degraded bGH molecules. Amino-terminal variants of bGH included methionine (Met 1 ), alanine (Ala 1 ), serine (Ser 1 ) or deletion of four amino acids (Δ 1-4 ) | Three populations of Hereford cattle differing in inbreeding levels and genetic potential for growth were genotyped for seven DNA polymorphisms. The populations were compared to determine differences in allele frequency and genetic variation. Significant differences in allele frequency among the populations were found at six of the seven polymorphisms genotyped, and average genetic variation differed as expected when inbreeding levels were considered. Effects of several polymorphisms on growth and maternal EPD were evaluated for one population (Miles City Line 1 Herefords) using regression analysis. Substitution of a B allele for an A allele of the kappa-casein polymorphism accounted for significant decreases in direct birth weight and maternal 180-d gain from birth to weaning EPD explaining 15% and 8%, respectively, of EPD variability. Several other significant effects accounting for small portions of EPD variability were also detected. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,679 |
The long-term vegetation pattern in landslide-prone regions is studied using simulation and modeling. A simulator is developed to study the impact of landslides on vegetation status. The first part of the model deals with simulation of the effects of rainfall, earthquakes, and deforestation in the creation of landslides and the concomitant damage to vegetation. The second part is a deterministic model of vegetation regeneration. The authors assume that the interarrival time of earthquakes, the intensity of these earthquakes, and rainfall intensity are stochastic in nature and that the earthquake frequency is independent of earthquake intensity. An estimate is made of the damage to vegetation due to the occurrence of landslides under the combined influence of earthquakes, rainfall, and deforestation. After the ecosystem parameters get modified due to the damage, the vegetation status is recalculated for the annual change according to the vegetation regeneration model. | 1. Introduction. 2. Computer Arithmetic and Computational Errors. 3. Linear systems of Equations. 4. Interpolation. 5. Numerical Quadrature. 6. Linear Least-Square Data Fitting. 7. Solution of Nonlinear Equations. 8. Ordinary Diernetial Equations. 9. Optimization and Nonlinear Least Squares. 10. Simulation and Random Numbers. 11. Trigonometirc Approximation and the Fast Fourier Transorm. Bibliography. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,680 |
This paper presents the results of work which uses knowledge-based control techniques to resolve the problems encountered in the dispensing of the highly viscous and thixo-tropic adhesives used to secure surface mounted components to mixed technology circuit boards prior to wave-soldering. Such adhesives exhibit a time-dependent variation in viscosity on the application of shear forces (thixotropy). Dispensing problems are caused by variations in the material and system properties with, for example, batch, temperature and time. A dispensing cell has been constructed using primarily vision feedback and a rule-based object-oriented control system to resolve these problems. | Five software design methodologies are compared with respect to suitability for the design and implementation of an object-oriented process control system for the pultrusion process. Methodologies compared include: structured systems analysis and design (SSAD) with real time extensions, structured analysis and design technique (SADT), Jackson system development (JSD), object oriented design (OOD), and object modeling technique (OMT). The author attempt to ascertain which methodology is most productive for the design and implementation of the control system defined in their case study. The concepts that a "methods viewpoint will influence modeling", and of "diagramming as a language essential for clear thinking and human communication" are analyzed within the context of the same case study. > | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,681 |
Zone 3 operation of distance relay serves as a remote backup in case of primary failure. Conditions, such as power swing, load encroachment, and voltage and transient instability, cause incorrect zone 3 operation. The detection of faults during such stressed conditions poses a further problem. This paper proposes a synchrophasor data-based technique for correct zone 3 operations by discriminating the fault from different stressed situations. This discrimination is accomplished using impedances calculated from voltage and current signals from synchrophasors placed at strategic locations. The proposed method is tested in the IEEE 39-bus New England system and found to be accurate. | Zone 3 of a distance relay is used to provide backup protection for adjacent transmission lines. Zone 3 is vulnerable to operate during stressed system condition which leads to cascade tripping of transmission lines. Zone 3 decision becomes more effective, if reliable fault pickup information of adjacent line relays is available. Today, substations are being operated remotely from a central location by integrating substation data for optimum utilization of assets. Such information is used in this work to avoid unnecessary tripping of zone 3. Relay and circuit breaker status signals of adjacent lines are processed with simple logical operators to supervise the zone 3 decision. WSCC nine-bus and 39-bus New England systems are tested for effectiveness of the proposed method and found correct. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,682 |
Uranyl ion, UO2(2+), in an aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution of pH 4-8 (source phase) was simultaneously and selectively transported into a dilute sulfuric acid solution (receiving phase) through a membrane (chloroform, bulk) containing a lipophilic ion-associate of methyltrioctylammonium ion and hydroxycalix[n]arene-p-sulfonate ion, 2n (n = 6, 8), MTA+-2n, as a metal carrier. The rate of transport increased in proportion to the concentrations of UO2(2+) in the source phase and carrier in the membrane and along with an increase in the temperature of the system. The rate was also increased along with an increase in the pH of the source phase. None of the other metal ions were transported, or obstructed the transport of UO2(2+), while the presence of large amounts of sodium hydrogencarbonate and sodium chloride in the source phase interfered with the transport by causing a delay in the start of transport. | Synergistic coupled transport of uranyl ion across a bulk liquid membrane of chloroform has been investigated using a dioxa-diazamacrocycle and oleic acid as carrier and synergistic agents, respectively. Quantitative transport of uranyl ion was achieved within 4 h when the pH of source solution was kept at 5.0–6.0 and mole ratio of carrier to synergistic agent was 1/15. It was found that overall rate and selectivity of the transport is governed by the stripping step. Finally, the influence of some foreign competitor ions including Al3+, Ca2+, CO32−, Cu2+, Mg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ and Th4+ and also the ionic strength on the transport efficiency has been evaluated. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,683 |
Presents a supervised clustering framework for recovering the architecture of a software system. The technique measures the association between the system components (such as files) in terms of data and control flow dependencies among the groups of highly related entities that are scattered throughout the components. The application of data mining techniques allows us to extract the maximum association among the groups of entities. This association is used as a measure of closeness among the system files in order to collect them into subsystems using an optimization clustering technique. A two-phase supervised clustering process is applied to incrementally generate the clusters and control the quality of the system decomposition. In order to address the complexity, issues, the whole clustering space is decomposed into subspaces based on the association property. At each iteration, the subspaces are analyzed to determine the most eligible subspace for the next cluster, which is then followed by an optimization search to generate a new cluster. | Reuse of software components depends from different aspects of high level software artifacts. In particular, software architecture and its stability should be taken into account before selecting software components for reuse. In this direction, this paper presents an empirical study aimed at assessing software architecture stability and its evolution along the software project history. The study entails the gathering and analysis of relevant information from several open source projects. The analysis of the software architectures stability of the core components of the analyzed projects and related trends are presented as results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,684 |
Sandstones of the Sanu Formation from Jaisalmer basin, western India were studied for major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry to deduce their paleo-weathering, tectonic setting, source rock characteristics and provenance. Geochemical results suggest that these sandstones can be classified into sub-arkose, which is supported by petrographic observations. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) values indicate intense chemical weathering. The major, trace and rare earth elements concentration pattern reveals that the sediments of the Sanu Formation were derived from silicic rock sources. The elemental discrimination diagrams specifically (Gd/Yb)N against Eu/Eu* suggest the Archean provenance as source possibly Aravallis for the studied samples. | Provenance interpretations can be used in conjunction with other evidence to test alternate paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions. Where crustal blocks have moved as parts of mobile lithospheric plates, detritus transported from one block to another may record the times during which the two blocks were adjacent. Where orogenic belts are deeply eroded, sediment shed into nearby basins may record the former existence of rock masses removed by erosion from orogenic highlands. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,685 |
The complexity of modern organisations drives the usage of enterprise architectures models and execution data as suitable tools to manage such complexity. To promote a successful enterprise management, this paper proposes the 2QUEN framework that uses enterprise architecture models to monitor the achievement of enterprise goals. In order to represent the relevant architectural domains, 2QUEN uses abstractions like goals, business processes and normative primitives. In order to gather data to monitor goal achievement, 2QUEN proposes the first steps of a methodology to access and query data of a legacy relational database with the purpose of querying norms states. The methodology starts from normative primitives (commitments, authorisations, prohibitions and powers) and uses the architecture provided by the 2-level version of OBDA [2] (2OBDA), a framework from the Semantic Web community, to semantically represent normative primitives and their states, and subsequently map those norms to the underlying legacy data. | We present the framework of ontology-based data access, a semantic paradigm for providing a convenient and user-friendly access to data repositories, which has been actively developed and studied in the past decade. Focusing on relational data sources, we discuss the main ingredients of ontology-based data access, key theoretical results, techniques, applications and future challenges. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,686 |
A necessary and sufficient condition for sampling in the general framework of shift invariant spaces is derived. Then this result is applied, respectively, to the regular sampling and the perturbation of regular sampling in shift invariant spaces. A simple necessary and sufficient condition for regular sampling in shift invariant spaces is attained. Furthermore, an improved estimate for the perturbation is derived for the perturbation of regular sampling in shift invariant spaces. The derived estimate is easy to calculate, and shown to be optimal in some shift invariant spaces. The algorithm to calculate the reconstruction frame is also presented. | Spectrum estimation is a popular method for identifying periodically expressed genes in microarray time series analysis. For unevenly sampled data, a common technique is applying the Lomb-Scargle algorithm. The performance of this method suffers from the effect of noise in the data. In this paper, we propose a new spectrum estimation algorithm for unevenly sampled data. The new method is based on signal reconstructing technic in aliased shift-invariant signal spaces and a direct spectrum estimation formula was derived based on B-spline basis. The new algorithm is very flexible and can reduce the effect of noise by adjusting the order of B-spline basis. The test on simulated noisy signal and typical periodically expressed gene data shows our algorithm is accurate compared with Lomb-Scargle algorithm. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,687 |
JavaScript malware-based attacks account for a large fraction of successful mass-scale exploitation happening today. From the standpoint of the attacker, the attraction is that these drive-by attacks can be mounted against an unsuspecting user visiting a seemingly innocent web page. While several techniques for addressing these types of exploits have been proposed, in-browser adoption has been slow, in part because of the performance overhead these methods tend to incur. In this paper, we propose ZOZZLE, a low-overhead solution for detecting and preventing JavaScript malware that can be deployed in the browser. Our experience also suggests that ZOZZLE may be used as a lightweight filter for a more costly detection technique or for standalone offline | Given the security threats of JavaScript malicious codes attacks in the Internet environment, this paper presents a method that uses the Naive Bayes classification to analyze JavaScript malicious codes. The method uses many malicious and normal sample data, and trains the classifier using extended API symbol features with a high degree of predictability of malicious codes, which contain variable names, function names, string constants and comments extracted from the JavaScript codes. Experiments show that the analysis method of JavaScript malicious codes is effective and achieves high accuracy. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,688 |
The purpose of this article is to describe the usability and human factors engineering standards used in development of a sepsis alert known as the sepsis prompt. Sensory processing, cognitive processing, signal detection, criterion response, and user satisfaction were evaluated with controlled user testing and critical incident response techniques. Nurses reported that the sepsis prompt was visible and distinct, making it easily detectable. The prompt provided a clear response mechanism and adequately balanced the number of false alerts with the likelihood of misses. Designers were able to use a mental model approach as they designed the prompt because the nurses were already using a manual sepsis detection process. This may have predisposed the nurses to response bias, and as such, they were willing to accommodate more false alarms than nurses who are not familiar with sepsis screening (surveillance). Nurses not currently screening for sepsis may not place the same value on this alert and find it an annoyance. The sepsis prompt met usability standards, and the nurses reported that it improved efficiency over the manual screening method. | Alarm fatigue is a national problem and the number one medical device technology hazard in 2012. The problem of alarm desensitization is multifaceted and related to a high false alarm rate, poor po... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,689 |
The purpose of this paper is to experimentally show that I/sub DDQ/ testing has a rather poor resolution when used to estimate additional current caused by active defects, and that a significant current testing resolution can be obtained with simple data processing. We propose a methodology based on the use of two different criteria the two kinds of current defects-passive and active. This paper represents the first step and deals with active defects. Here we compare different methods applied to estimate additional current caused by this sort of defects. Using Sematech Project S121 data, we show that a resolution gain of 10 over I/sub DDQ/ testing can be reached with simple data processing. | Quiescent supply current (IDDQ) is a very effective test method for CMOS circuits. However, IDDQ vector verification and debugging may take considerable time and effort; various problems have been encountered in this process, so different tools and methodologies have been devised to address them. For pre-silicon IDDQ vector verification, a modular approach is adopted. IDDQ is estimated for each vector based on leakage libraries of cells, and cell constraints can be verified automatically. For post-silicon IDDQ vector issues, methods and analysis tools have been developed to identify the root causes. Scan cell and net value analysis will identify critical scan cells and nets, which will determine whether an IDDQ pattern passes or fails, thus revealing the source of the extra leakage. These methodologies are proven to be very successful for IDDQ vector debug and IDDQ diagnosis. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,690 |
We study the structure of renormalization Hopf algebras of gauge theories. We identify certain Hopf subalgebras in them, whose character groups are semidirect products of invertible formal power series with formal diffeomorphisms. This can be understood physically as wave function renormalization and renormalization of the coupling constants, respectively. After taking into account the Slavnov-Taylor identities for the couplings as generators of a Hopf ideal, we find Hopf subalgebras in the corresponding quotient as well. In the second part of the paper, we explain the origin of these Hopf ideals by considering a coaction of the renormalization Hopf algebras on the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) algebras generated by the fields and couplings constants. The so-called classical master equation satisfied by the action in the BV-algebra implies the existence of the above Hopf ideals in the renormalization Hopf algebra. Finally, we exemplify our construction by applying it to Yang-Mills gauge theory. | In the past people believed that if a field action is invariant under some transformations, then these transformations form a Lie group (infinite-dimensional in the case of gauge transformations). But this does not follow from anywhere. In fact the infinitesimal transformations of supergravity form at least apparently an open algebra. Therefore the wish arises to analyse the general situation. This is the purpose of the present work. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,691 |
Continuous wave (CW) and quasi-continuous wave (QCW) operated diode laser bars and arrays have found a wide range of industrial, medical, scientific, military and space applications with a broad variety in wavelength, pulse energy, pulse duration and beam quality. Recent applications require even higher power, duty cycles and power density. The heat loss will be dissipated by conductive cooling or liquid cooling close to the bars. We present the latest performance and reliability data of two novel high-brightness CW and QCW arrays of customized and mass-production modules, in compact and robust industry design for operation with high power and high duty cycles. All designs are based on single diode packages consisting of 10mm laser bars, soft or hard soldered between expansion matched submounts. The modular components cover a wide span of designs which differ basically in water/conduction (active/passive) cooled, single, linear (horizontal and vertical) arranged designs, as well as housed and unhoused modules. The different assembling technologies of active and passive cooled base plates affect the heat dissipation and therefore the reachable power at different QCW operating conditions, as well as the lifetime. As an example, a package consisting of 8 laser diodes, connected to a 28.8*13.5*7.0mm3 DCB (direct copper bonded) submount, passively or actively cooled is considered. This design is of particular interest for mobile applications seamless module to module building system, with an infinite number of laser bars at 1.7mm pitch. Using 940nm bars we can reach an optical output power per bar of 450W at 25°C base plate temperature with 10Hz, 1.2p duty cycle and 1.2ms pulse duration. As an additional example, micro channel coolers can be vertically stacked up to 50 diodes with a 1,15mm pitch. This design is suitable for all applications, demanding also compactness and light weight and high power density. Using near infrared bars and others, we can reach an optical output power of 250W per bar at 25°C coolant temperature at CW operation. | Neutron activation and tracer scanning technique is employed to estimate the electromigration shift in indium thin films. The electromigration effective charge number Z* is determined as a function of current density at 399 K and it was noticed that 1.40×104 A/cm2 is the threshold current density at this temperature. The variation of Z* with temperature is studied in the temperature range 352–418 K. The value of Z* is negative in the entire temperature range studied. The magnitude of Z* decreases initially, goes to a minimum at 384 K and increases rapidly above this temperature. Autoradiographs of some of the samples are also given which show the electromigration shift very clearly. The initial decrease in the magnitude of Z* is due to the increase of lattice scattering of electrons and the increase close to the melting point is attributed to the grain boundary melting of the material. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,692 |
In order to investigate the walking gait of the legged robot with multiple redundant walking legs, the motion features of the biologic crab are studied. To study the motion property of multi-legged animals in depth, an event sequence analysis method is proposed, and employed to design the motion pattern of multi-legged robot. A low-consumption environmental self-adaptive bionic gait with its phase factor of 0.25 and duty factor of 0.454 is analyzed based on the analysis of pace order, gait parameters and single leg’s terminal trajectory on uneven terrain. According to the structures and motion patterns of biologic crab, a multi-legged crablike prototype with its experimental platform is developed. The contrast tests of environmental self-adaptive bionic gait and double tetrapod gait are experimented at the same velocity, and slope climbing tests are performed as well. The experimental results show that, although the double tetrapod gait enables four legs to support the robot’s body at any time, there exists halt or backward phenomena periodically. However, the robot using the new gait has lower gravity fluctuation in displacement and velocity without halt or backward problem, and the decreasing of motion speed leads to the increasing of the gravity fluctuation and the toe-force. | The goal of the study was to perform both kinematic and dynamic simulation of an octopod robot walking on a flat and hard surface. To drive robot legs, different non-linear mechanical oscillators w... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,693 |
Winds as an environmental factor can cause significant difficulties for the railway system operation. The railway overhead has been particularly vulnerable to cross-winds related problems, such as development of undamped oscillations due to galloping phenomenon. The installation of windbreaks to decrease the aerodynamic loads on the train can affect the loads on railway overheads triggering cable galloping. One essential parameter to indicate the influence of the parapet wake on the catenary contact wire is the turbulence intensity. In this paper the results of an experimental analysis of the turbulence intensity due to the presence of parapets carried out in a wind tunnel are reported. Embankments equipped with different parapets have been tested and turbulence intensity has been measured at both contact wire locations, windward and leeward. The relative influence of the parapets is measured through a reduced turbulence intensity, defined as the ratio between the turbulence intensity measured with parapet and the turbulence intensity in the case without any parapet on the embankment. In general the reduced turbulence intensity increases as the height of the parapet increases. | Full scale tests with sidewind were performed on a German High Speed track using an unpowered InterRegio end car. The vehicle was equipped with load measuring wheelsets which allowed to measure the rolling moment of the car in different wind scenarios. The wind data was collected with an on board wind measuring device and the results were cross checked using anemometers mounted near the track. The track lies on an 8 m high embankment and is partly equipped with solid noise barriers and wind fences. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,694 |
The heterojunction bipolar transistor laser, inherently a fast switching device, operates by transporting small minority base charge densities ~1016 cm-3 over nano-scale base thickness (<; 900A) in picoseconds. The insertion of quantum-wells and tilted charge in the short base of a transistor reduces recombination lifetime below 30 ps which is critical for extending the direct modulation bandwidth of the semiconductor laser towards 200 GHz. Three-port operation expands the use of the transistor laser (TL) to optical interconnect and photonic integrated circuits. | A tunnel junction is incorporated at the collector of a transistor laser to provide an effective method for voltage-controlled modulation via internal (intracavity) Franz–Keldysh photon-assisted tunneling. Electrical-optical signal mixing above threshold is made possible by the nonlinear coupling of the optical field to the base emitter-to-collector carrier transport and the base-to-collector electron tunneling. Microwave signal mixing with a common-emitter tunnel junction transistor laser is demonstrated with a pair of input sinusoidal signals: one (f1=2.0 GHz) at the base using current modulation and the other (f2=2.1 GHz) at the collector using voltage modulation, producing an optical output with harmonics of up to (4f1+7f2)=22.7 GHz, despite being limited by amplifier bandwidth. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,695 |
Scapular spine fractures are rare injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a late-diagnosed scapular spine pseudo-arthrotic patient. Because of the surrounding soft tissue mass and overlapping of the scapula with the thoracal bones on a roentgenogram, diagnosis may be missed or delayed for years. We present a case of scapular spine pseudo-arthrosis in a 50-year-old man, who sustained a traffic accident 2 years ago. He was treated as a soft tissue injury of the left shoulder and later as a rotator cuff tear. His scapular spine fracture was diagnosed as pseudo-arthrosis of the scapular spine with a diagnostic delay of 2 years. Isolated scapular spine fractures are rare, usually associated with other injuries and frequently treated non-operatively. Sagging of the acromion as a result of a scapular spine fracture may mimic supraspinatus outlet impingement. If a painful pseudo-arthrosis limits the function of a shoulder, fractured ends should be fixed until union occurs. Although scapular spine fractures are rarely seen, they must take place in the differential diagnosis of impingement syndromes of the shoulder. | Introduction ::: The aim of this study was to determine the long-term prognoses for conservatively treated fractures of the scapula. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,696 |
An increase in risk aversion, defined by a concavification of the utility function, does not always increase the willingness-to-pay for a mean preserving reduction in risk. This is why Ross (1981) proposed a stronger measure of increased risk aversion that maintains for mean preserving changes in risk the result obtained by Arrow (1965) and Pratt (1964) for risk elimination. Ross (1981)'s contribution was later on extended to higher orders using Ekern (1980)'s notion of a higher degree increase in risk. In this paper, we show that these measures remain valid under less restrictive assumptions than those implied by Ekern (1980)'s approach and we refer to the concept of mean preserving stochastic dominance. Finally, we also extend the analysis conducted for the willingness-to-pay to the willingness-to-accept. | Atrst glance, there would appear to be no relationship between Bell's (1988) concept of one-switch utility functions and that of a stronger measure of risk aversion due to Ross (1981). We show however that specic assumptions about the behavior of the stronger measure of risk aversion also give rise to the linex utility function which belongs to the class of one-switch utility functions. In particular, this utility class is the only one that satises a stronger version of Kimball's (1993) standard risk aversion over all levels of wealth. We apply our results to consider nth-degree deteriorations in background risk and their eect on the demand for insurance. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,697 |
A study of the motion of a fin-stabilized rocket was undertaken to determine the effect of perturbing forces on the trajectory. The mechanization of a complete problem for an analog computer to include small disturbing forces would result in trajectories which are essentially indistinguishable from the ``nominal'' or ``unperturbed'' case because of analog computer accuracy limitations. Instead, the equations of motion for the ``nominal'' case and the ``perturbed'' case, derived by first order ballistic perturbation theory, were solved simultaneously with the nominal solution providing inputs to the perturbed solution. The analog computer solution provided both the nominal trajectory and perturbations from this trajectory. To illustrate the method, the technique is applied to the two-dimensional motion of a rocket in the vertical plane and includes perturbations due to uncertainties in winds, atmospheric density, thrust malalignments, and stability margin. | An electronic analog computer is a tool for solving mathematical differential equations. The basis for the use of such a computer in the simulation of many scientific and engineering problems is the possibility of characterizing these situations as formal mathematical systems by using differential equations. In this paper, following a brief description of the computing elements, the applications of analog computers in the study of various linear, nonlinear, and time-varying systems are described with typical illustrative examples from diverse fields of interest. Computer applications in solving partial differential equations are also discussed. Potential capabilities and limitations of this type of computer as an aid in research and analysis are given. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,698 |
Measurements of (p, ρ, T) properties of standard seawater with practical salinity S≈35, temperature T=(273.14 to 468.06) K and pressures, p, up to 140 MPa are reported with the reproducibility of the density measurements observed to be in the average percent deviation range Δρ/ρ=±(0.01 to 0.03)%. The measurements are made with a newly constructed vibration-tube densimeter which is calibrated using double-distilled water, methanol and aqueous NaCl solutions. Based on these and previous measurements, an empirical expression for the density of standard seawater has been developed as a function of pressure and temperature. This equation is used to calculate other volumetric properties including isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansibility, differences in isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, the thermal pressure coefficient, internal pressure and the secant bulk modulus. The results can be used to extend the present equation of state of seawater to higher temperatures for pressure up to 140 MPa. | Implementation of the recommendations to adopt the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS 78) as a world standard will require examination of existing archived salinity data with a view to its conversion into the new scale. This study gives the basis for conversion to the PSS 78 from six of the most commonly used current salinity algorithms. It will enable oceanographers to assess whether or not changes are significant in terms of their interests. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,699 |
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