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Injection cooled screw compressors do not have a thermodynamical satisfying liquid distribution in the machine. Desired isothermic change of state of the fluid, which would require the smallest power consumption, is not achieved. Today established machines inject the oil into the working spaces nearly exclusively through two injection holes. Here the authors examine different injection variants, in which the oil is injected by nozzles into the suction port of the compressor. The aim of this method is, a finer atomization of the oil jet and therefore an extension of surface of the oil drops to improve heat transfer during simultaneous increase of the contact time between oil and gas. | Oil injected twin-screw compressors are widely used for medium pressure applications in many industries. Low cost air compressors can be adopted for compression of helium and other gases, leading to significant cost saving. The efficiency, delivery rate and the heat of compression of the compressors (medium and small size) has been analyzed and presented in the study. To generate machine independent experimental data, two similar compressors with different capacities have been setup to test the performance of air compressors when applied to compress nitrogen, argon and helium gases apart from air. Also this paper addresses the gas delivery rate and heat of compression (temperature) on volumetric and power efficiency. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,700 |
A finite-element solution for rubber composite shells is presented. Sandwich laminates with a rubber core have also been studied. Incompressibility of a rubber matrix and complexity of composite shells bring forth the need for a sound numerical model to describe the behavior of such engineering materials. The developed model was applied to a degenerate shell element within the limits of the first- and third-order shear deformation theories. The model allows to predict with a sufficient accuracy the nonlinear behavior of sandwich shells with composite skins and rubber cores and composite shells with a rubber matrix. | Keywords: Methode des elements finis ; Mathematique ; Elements finis Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08 | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,701 |
Given an initial set of a nonlinear system with uncertain parameters and inputs, the set of states that can possibly be reached is computed. The approach is based on local linearizations of the nonlinear system, while linearization errors are considered by Lagrange remainders. These errors are added as uncertain inputs, such that the reachable set of the locally linearized system encloses the one of the original system. The linearization error is controlled by splitting of reachable sets. Reachable sets are represented by zonotopes, allowing an efficient computation in relatively high-dimensional space. | As an important approach to analyzing safety of a dynamic system, this paper considers the task of computing overapproximations of reachable sets, i.e. the set of states which is reachable from a given initial set of states. The class of systems under investigation are linear, time-invariant systems with parametric uncertainties and uncertain but bounded input. The possible set of system matrices due to uncertain parameters is represented by matrix zonotopes and interval matrices – computational techniques for both representations are presented. The reachable set is represented by zonotopes, which makes it possible to apply the approach to systems of 100 continuous state variables with computation times of a few minutes. This is demonstrated for randomized examples as well as a transmission line example. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,702 |
A benzylic amide macrocycle containing a pyridine moiety (macrocycle 2) and a related benzylic amide macrocycle-based molecular shuttle (naphthalimide rotaxane) with two pyridine moieties on the macrocyclic unit were grafted onto a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) on gold. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates that the molecules are linked to the SAM by hydrogen-bonding. Electrochemical investigations show that the self-assembled monolayer is densely packed and well ordered and allows the estimation of the average thickness of the SAM alone and of the SAM functionalized with either macrocycle 2 or with naphthalimide rotaxane. The estimated thickness values suggest that the 11-MUA chains in the SAM are tilted with respect to the surface normal, as expected for ordered and stable SAMs, whereas the rotaxane molecules are oriented with the thread parallel to the SAM surface and macrocycle plan preferentially perpendicular to the surface. The photophysical studies of the naphthalimide rotaxane grafted onto the SAM on gold demonstrated that fluorescence is partially quenched but still remains easily measurable because the presence of the SAM reduces the quenching effect of the metal substrate. Moreover, the photophysical analysis clearly indicates that the naphthalimide part of the rotaxane strongly interacts with the carboxylic groups of the SAM, in agreement with the orientation of the molecule obtained from the electrochemistry. | Fundamentals of Impedance Spectroscopy Theory Measuring Techniques and Data Analysis Applications of Impedance | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,703 |
Self-diagnostics and prognostics in multi-agent processing systems is explored in the context of self-soothing concepts in neuropsychology. This is one of the first steps to facilitate systems-level thinking in AI. Autonomous or semi-autonomous system must be able to understand, at a system-wide level, how every part of the system is influencing the other parts of the system. This drives the need for complete self-assessment within the AI system. The use of emotional memory and autonomic nervous state recall can be used to provide contextual cognition for system-level diagnostic and prognostics in large-scale systems. The use of an artificial cognitive neural framework with intelligent information software agents can be utilized to emulate emotional learning to facilitate self-soothing, which equates to self-healing in artificial neural systems. This chapter describes the architecture and specifications of software agents that are used to provide self-soothing and self-healing constructs for intelligent systems (Flexible object architectures for hybrid neural processing systems, Las Vegas, NV, 2010). | In order to understand the world we live in, humans synthesize models that enable us to reason about what we perceive. Intelligence information available for analysis is collected from diverse sources, rendering it fuzzy. These diverse sources often do not have consistent contextual bases and this introduces ambiguity into the correlation and inference processes applied to the combined information. This is why intelligence operatives very often have a challenging task finding related events and inferring likely outcomes from such data. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,704 |
Nanomagnets with biaxial magnetocrystalline aniso-tropy have four stable magnetization orientations that can encode four-state logic bits (00), (01), (11), and (10). Recently, a four-state nor gate derived from three such nanomagnets, interacting via dipole interaction, was proposed. Here, we devise a Bennett clocking scheme to propagate four-state logic bits unidirectionally between such gates. The nanomagnets are assumed to be made of two-phase strain-coupled magnetostrictive/piezoelectric multiferroic elements, such as nickel and lead zirconate titanate. A small voltage of 200 mV applied across the piezoelectric layer can generate enough mechanical stress in the magnetostrictive layer to rotate its magnetization away from one of the four stable orientations and implement Bennett clocking. We show that a particular sequence of positive and negative voltages will propagate four-state logic bits unidirectionally down a chain of such multiferroic nanomagnets for logic flow. | Multiferroic materials are of interest because they allow control of their magnetic properties through electric fields. However, room-temperature magnetoelectrics often show antiferromagnetic order, reducing the effects of such coupling. A novel approach demonstrates switchable electric field control over a local magnetic field through the indirect route of exchange bias. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,705 |
A thrust-on-washer adapter was used to stimulate flat-on-flat-type contacts under lubricated and dry sliding conditions. The upper specimens were made of a cast aluminum alloy, A356.0 Al, and the lower specimens were prepared by powder metallurgy. Fine graphite particles were mixed with 6061 aluminum alloy powders, by means of cold pressing and sintering to create a self-lubricating composite material by means of cold pressing and sintering. The tribological performance of the composite materials was evaluated under both dry and oil-lubricated conditions. The optimum graphite content was determined by frictional performance, Stribeck curves, the product of nominal pressure and sliding speed (PV), graphite content, and wear mechanisms. The results showed that, regardless of contact pressure, the seizure, which often occurs in aluminum, can be avoided by adding graphite. Seizure can be delayed in low-speed dry sliding contacts with high graphite content. However, either too much or no graphite in aluminum a... | Lubricated friction and wear behaviour of Al–25Zn–3Cu–3Si alloy was investigated on a block-on-disc test machine in comparison with 60/40 brass and SAE 65 bronze. T6 heat treatment increased the hardness, strength and wear resistance of the Al–25Zn–3Cu–3Si alloy. This alloy exhibited much higher wear resistance than the 60/40 brass and SAE 65 bronze in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The results obtained from the experimental alloys are discussed in terms of their microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behaviour. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,706 |
A general description of weak and strong tunneling fixed points is developed in the chiral-Luttinger-liquid model of quantum Hall edge states. Tunneling fixed points are a subset of ``termination'' fixed points, which describe boundary conditions on a multicomponent edge. The requirement of unitary time evolution for bounded edges gives a nontrivial consistency condition for possible low-energy boundary conditions. The effects of interactions and random hopping on fixed points are studied through a perturbative renormalization-group (RG) approach which generalizes the Giamarchi-Schulz RG for disordered Luttinger liquids to broken left-right symmetry and multiple modes. We apply our approach to a number of examples, such as tunneling between a quantum Hall edge and a superconductor and tunneling between two quantum Hall edges in the presence of interactions. Interactions are shown to induce a continuous renormalization of effective tunneling charge for the integrable case of tunneling between two Laughlin states. | The nature of edge state transport in quantum Hall systems has been studied intensely ever since Halperin [1] noted its importance for the quantization of the Hall conductance. Since then, there have been many developments in the study of edge states in the quantum Hall effect, including the prediction of multiple counter-propagating modes in the fractional quantum Hall regime, the prediction of edge mode renormalization due to disorder, and studies of how the sample confining potential affects the edge state structure (edge reconstruction), among others. In this paper, we study edge transport for the $\nu_{\text{bulk}}=2/3$ edge in the disordered, fully incoherent transport regime. To do so, we use a hydrodynamic approximation for the calculation of voltage and temperature profiles along the edge of the sample. Within this formalism, we study two different bare mode structures with tunneling: the original edge structure predicted by Wen [2] and MacDonald [3], and the more complicated edge structure proposed by Meir [4], whose renormalization and transport characteristics were discussed by Wang, Meir and Gefen (WMG) [5]. We find that in the fully incoherent regime, the topological characteristics of transport (quantized electrical and heat conductance) are intact, with finite size corrections which are determined by the extent of equilibration. In particular, our calculation of conductance for the WMG model in a double QPC geometry reproduce conductance results of a recent experiment by R. Sabo, et al. [17], which are inconsistent with the model of MacDonald. Our results can be explained in the charge/neutral mode picture, with incoherent analogues of the renormalization fixed points of Ref. [5]. Additionally, we find diffusive $(\sim1/L)$ conductivity corrections to the heat conductance in the fully incoherent regime for both models of the edge. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,707 |
The direct esterification reaction of dextran with α-naphthylacetic acid (a model bioactive carboxylic acid) is studied in homogeneous phase using pyridine-sulfonyl chloride as catalyst. The structure of the resulting adducts was determined by means of infra-red, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) and 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy. The influence of the pyridine concentration, the type of the sulfonyl chloride as well as the temperature was evaluated. Direct esterification reaction was also performed with other bioactive carboxylic acids, such as naproxen and nicotinic acid. 13C n.m.r. spectra at 75.4 MHz of partially modified dextran with α-naphthylacetate groups were studied in order to evaluate the selectivity of the reaction between dextran and α-naphthylacetic acid. Analysis of the spectra of ring carbons in the anhydroglucose units shows that the reactivity of the individual hydroxyl groups decreases in the order C2 > C4 > C3. On the basis of these results a probable mechanism for the reaction is suggested. | Monodisperse superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)/sub 5/ and by consecutive aeration in organic medium. The resultant hydrophobic SPION surface was modified to be hydrophilic via Fe-S covalent bond with bi-functional 3-mercaptopropionic acid and then, the terminal carboxylic acid group was esterified with dextran for biocompatibility. Analysis by water dispersity, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy are reported. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,708 |
In electrical power industry, the distribution network is an important part of the total electrical supply system as it provides the final link between the bulk transmission system and the customers. And a reliable communication network constitutes the core of the distribution automation system (DAS). Although a number of communication technologies have been applied to meet the utility's operational and planning purposes, there is no one-communication technology that is right for every situation. This paper proposes a novel communication method for distribution automation using Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON). Based on centralized control scheme, a three-layer communication structure for DA is designed, which provides a good communication alternative for the DAS. | Optical networks are poised to dominate the access network space in coming years. Ethernet passive optical networks, which leverage the ubiquity of Ethernet at subscriber locations, seem destined for success in the optical access network. In this article we first provide a brief introduction to Ethernet passive optical networks, followed by a discussion of the problem of dynamic bandwidth allocation. We then introduce a framework for classifying dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes and provide a comprehensive survey of the dynamic bandwidth allocation methods proposed to date. We conclude with a side by side comparison of the schemes based on their most prominent characteristics, and outline future developments of dynamic bandwidth allocation schemes. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,709 |
The rotating shallow water (RSW) equations are the usual testbed for the development of numerical methods for three-dimensional atmospheric and oceanic models. However, an arguably more useful set of equations are the thermal shallow water equations (TSW), which introduce an additional thermodynamic scalar but retain the single layer, two-dimensional structure of the RSW. As a stepping stone towards a three-dimensional atmospheric dynamical core, this work presents a quasi-Hamiltonian discretization of the thermal shallow water equations using compatible Galerkin methods, building on previous work done for the shallow water equations. Structure-preserving or quasi-Hamiltonian discretizations methods, that discretize the Hamiltonian structure of the equations of motion rather than the equations of motion themselves, have proven to be a powerful tool for the development of models with discrete conservation properties. By combining these ideas with an energy-conserving Poisson time integrator and a careful choice of Galerkin spaces, a large set of desirable properties can be achieved. In particular, for the first time total mass, buoyancy and energy are conserved to machine precision in the fully discrete model. | The equations of reversible (inviscid, adiabatic) fluid dynamics have a well-known variational formulation based on Hamilton's principle and the Lagrangian, to which is associated a Hamiltonian formulation that involves a Poisson bracket structure. These variational and bracket structures underlie many of the most basic principles that we know about geophysical fluid flows, such as conservation laws. However, real geophysical flows also include irreversible processes, such as viscous dissipation, heat conduction, diffusion and phase changes. Recent work has demonstrated that the variational formulation can be extended to include irreversible processes and non-equilibrium thermodynamics, through the new concept of thermodynamic displacement. By design, and in accordance with fundamental physical principles, the resulting equations automatically satisfy the first and second law of thermodynamics. Irreversible processes can also be incorporated into the bracket structure through the addition of a dissipation bracket. This gives what are known as the single and double generator bracket formulations, which are the natural generalizations of the Hamiltonian formulation to include irreversible dynamics. Here the variational formulation for irreversible processes is shown to underlie these bracket formulations for fully compressible, multicomponent, multiphase geophysical fluids with a single temperature and velocity. Many previous results in the literature are demonstrated to be special cases of this approach. Finally, some limitations of the current approach (especially with regards to precipitation and nonlocal processes such as convection) are discussed, and future directions of research to overcome them are outlined. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,710 |
In 3D inspection applications, a round-view datacloud rather than range data is needed to access the dimensions of an industrial part. This paper discusses how to acquire the round-view datacloud of a part with a structured light machine vision (SLMV) scanner. The SLMV system consists of a line- structured laser, scanning means, image grabber and computer. In this scanning system, the part to be inspected is held on a turntable to sequentially expose different sides of the part to the scanner. For each side off the part, range data is found by triangulation means. Combining range data captured from different sides into a single composite produces a more complete datacloud description of the part's surfaces. Many more dimensions of a typical part can be inspected by analyzing the composite datacloud. The scanning process is divided into two phases: part rotation and surface scanning. Once the turntable is rotated to a specified position, the laser scans the part surfaces available in that position. Data points captured from different positions are merged into one composite datacloud according to a previously found rotational center.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | Structured light vision systems offer a practical solution to many 3-D inspection problems. This paper examines the trade-offs involved in the design of 3-D inspection systems that use triangulation. General equations describing the behavior of such systems are derived. The implementation of a multistripe system is discussed. Problems common among structured light systems are explored, and alternative solutions are suggested. Experimental results from a prototype system are presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,711 |
In consequence of the generic irregularity of wave energy, it is difficult to envisage the performance of a grid connected wave energy converter without simulations. This paper details a study on directly driven, linear, permanent magnet generator based, wave energy extraction scheme provided with grid-connected three phase neutral point-clamped three level inverter. The linear permanent magnet generator is driven by a magnetic translator undergoing reciprocating motion with the floating buoy according to wave movement. It converts the mechanical power to three phase AC power. The converter-inverter system provides a fast, dynamic power balancing from generator to grid. The predictive current controller is used to control the three phase neutral point clamped inverter which calculates the inverter voltage required to force the load current to follow the reference. Simulation model of the system is implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The DC-link voltage is regulated by the converter. Neutral point voltage balancing is achieved through proper selection of inverter switching states. Three phase balanced current injection to the grid at unity power factor has been attained. The results obtained validate effectiveness of the predictive method of current control. | The progress in wave energy conversion in Europe during the past ten years is reviewed and current activities and initiatives in the wave energy sector at National and Union level are described. Other important activities worldwide are summarized. The technical and economical status in wave energy conversion is outlined and important wave energy developments are presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,712 |
Multi-bit Sigma Delta modulators suffer from the DAC non-linearity problem and often need complicated Dynamic Element Matching (DEM) circuits. Combining a multi-bit quantizer and a single-bit DAC eliminates the need of DEM circuits, simplifies the design, and reduces the power consumption. Using a digital circuit to compensate the truncation error caused by cutting the multi-bit feedback to single-bit, the structure can achieve the same noise transfer function as a conventional multi-bit modulator. One drawback is that the signal scaling in such a structure lowers the overall resolution. In this paper the influence of signal scaling is analyzed and a design example given. A second order 3-bit modulator is fabricated in 0.35 μm CMOS process, achieving 82 dB dynamic range at OSR e 128 and a peak SNDR of 73.1 dB. | A sigma-delta-type digital converter (SDC) suitable for a resistive-potentiometer-type displacement sensor with a floating slide is presented here. The delta modulator in a conventional SDC is suitably altered to incorporate, as its integral part, a resistive-potentiometer-type displacement sensor with a floating slide. The operation of the 1-b quantizer in the SDC is modified such that the digital output of the SDC directly indicates the displacement being sensed. The results obtained from simulation studies, emulation studies, and experimentation conducted on a prototype sensor establish the efficacy of the proffered scheme. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,713 |
Kupang as one of traditional food in East Java is an asset that has a positive impact on the nutritional status and health of those who consume them. Efforts to accelerate the realization of the preservation movement kupang through "I love Indonesian food" can be done in addition to providing information support for scientific study and rational accurate about the benefits and safety of those who consume should be developed kupang sale value processed products. Of nutritional aspects in addition to a high protein, apparently in mussels also contained the unsaturated fatty acid chain length is relatively high for good health. Kupang-based optimization of food processing is desirable. Balonggabus village of Candi Sidoarjo District is a regional producer of mussels and the potential to continue to develop products using a variety of mussels to the processed form of dryer machine (cabinet dryer) based on expert system so that the resulting product would be great texture, aroma and taste. Various processed mussels that can be developed such as: instant kupang paste, Kupang flour, Kupang crackers, noodles mussels, mussels etc so that products become more durable. This will make the area Balonggabus be more independent in producing and increasing revenue | From the Publisher: ::: Presents a step-by-step methodology for designing expert systems. Each chapter on design methodology starts with a problem and leads the reader through the design of a system which solves that problem. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,714 |
Dispersion curves for 128 Lithium Niobate, YZ Lithium Niobate, 42 Lithium Tantalate, STX Quartz, STX+25 Quartz, ATX Quartz, and LGS crystals are calculated with modified Hasimoto's program. Dependences of obtained COM parameters on the electrode width and thickness are approximated by polynomials and used for calculations of admittance of transducer and frequency response of surface acoustic wave device by P matrix technique. The modified soft allows to calculate any substrates, including ones with low electromechanical coupling coefficients, those are very difficult or even impossible for calculation by means of other known tools. | The paper deals with the derivation of simple polynomials characterising surface acoustic wave (SAW) reflection by metallic gratings with various widths and thicknesses. Such polynomial approximation makes it possible to estimate coupling of mode (COM) parameters in markedly reduced computational time. For very sophisticated SAW devices, this is of great use to develop high-speed simulation and design tools based on the COM method. In the present study, it is shown how simply and accurately the SAW reflection by aluminium gratings on 128°YX-LiNbO3 substrates or 36°YX-LiTaO3 substrates is characterised by polynomial approximation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,715 |
The dynamic shape relaxation of the two-layer-vesicle is calculated. In additional to the undulation relaxation where the two bilayers move in the same direction, the squeezing mode appears when the gap between the two bilayers is small. At large gap, the inner vesicle relaxes much faster, whereas the slow mode is mainly due to the outer layer relaxation. We have calculated the viscoelasticity of the dilute two-layer-vesicle suspension. It is found that for small gap, the applied shear drives the undulation mode strongly while the slow squeezing mode is not much excited. In this limit the complex viscosity is dominated by the fast mode contribution. On the other hand, the slow mode is strongly driven by shear for larger gap. We have determined the crossover gap which depends on the interaction between the two bilayers. For a series of samples where the gap is changed systematically, it is possible to observe the two amplitude switchings. | Introduction Static properties of polymers Brownian motion Dynamics of flexible polymers in dilute solution Many chain systems Dynamics of a polymer in a fixed network Molecular theory for the viscoelasticity of polymeric liquids Dilute solutions of rigid rodlike polymers Semidilute solutions of rigid rodlike polymers Concentrated solutions of rigid rodlike polymers Index. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,716 |
In this study, we address a design optimization problem of a differential bobbin coil probe with an emphasis on searching for the optimal coil gap. For this purpose, we fabricated a specially designed bobbin probe of which the coil gap can be adjusted, and carried out a series of experiments to acquire signals from two kinds of standard tubes with the variation in coil gap. Then, the experimental signals were compared to the theoretical predictions made by a commercial electromagnetic numerical analysis tool. From these experimental and simulated signals we investigated the signal characteristics such as the center line straightness, phase angle variation, phase angle separation and axial/circumferential flaw separation. Based on these characteristics we made a decision on the optimal range of the coil gap. In this study, the theoretically predicted signals by an electromagnetic numerical simulation agreed very well to the experimental signals. In fact, this excellent agreement demonstrates a high potenti... | This paper presents preliminary modeling work of split D differential probes, in both regular differential and reflection modes. This work is a prelude for a more in-depth model validation study using split D type probes. A modeling comparison is made for both air and ferrite cores. Lastly, numerical and experimental results are compared. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,717 |
Often a compartmental model must include delays to fit the experimental observations. The resulting dynamical equations are difference-differential equations and must satisfy certain conditions if they represent a physically realizable system. The physical realizability of two compartmental models with delays is discussed. | Stability, nonnegativity, and initial conditions are examined in two closed two-compartment models with time-delay proposed by Cobelli and Rescigno [1] and Bellman [2]. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,718 |
The Materials Science Beamline ID11 at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France is dedicated to research in materials science notably employing diffraction and scattering techniques. Either an in-vacuum undulator with a minimum gap of 5 mm or a 10 kW wiggler giving high-flux monochromatic X-rays generates the synchrotron radiation in the energy range 5–100 keV. The dominant research is in the area of time-resolved diffraction, powder diffraction, stress/strain studies of bulk material, 3D mapping of grains and grain interfaces with a measuring gauge down ∼5×5×50 μm, and microcrystal diffraction. A variety of CCD detectors are used to give time-resolution down to the millisecond time regime. | ABSTRACT Time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction may be used to elucidate the structure of polycrystalline matter, but a fast-response full-profile detector is often necessary. This article describes a Mythen detector incorporated in beamline 4B9A of the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Basic parameters of this detector are reported, and flat-field correction, angular calibration, eccentric error, and other data treatment for this detector are discussed. X-ray diffraction measurement of lanthanum boride demonstrates that this detector provides high-quality, time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction measurements. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,719 |
Liquid xenon dark matter detectors have been successfully employed to search for WIMPs, a proposed dark matter candidate. Increasing the scintillation wavelength from 175 nm to 300-400 nm can increase light collection and consequently improve sensitivity to dark matter. Such a shift increases the reflectivity of common reflector materials, decreases the amount of Rayleigh scattering and boosts the quantum efficiency of photomultiplier tubes. In this paper, we show that depositing p-terphenyl (p-TP) solid wavelength shifter on PTFE reflectors and the entrance window of a photomultiplier tube enhanced light-collection efficiency by 21%. We also observed an anti-correlation between the liquid xenon temperature and electron drift length, indicating that the p-TP dissolves into liquid xenon with a temperature dependent solubility. Possible ways to solve the drift length problem are discussed in the paper. | Recent studies on liquid mixtures involving xenon and the light n-alkanes have revealed that, in many ways, xenon behaves like a member of the n-alkane family. The observed behaviour can be interpreted at the molecular level in terms of size and intermolecular potential. In this work the extension of this analogy to other microscopic and macroscopic properties is discussed. Furthermore, this behaviour is confirmed by the anaesthetic power of xenon relatively to those of the n-alkanes. We believe that this result might contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of anaesthesia at the molecular level. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,720 |
An optimal control problem for heat conduction in a metal bar heated and cooled by two Peltier elements attached to its bottom surface is investigated. The bar has the shape of an elongated cuboid, the vertical sides of which are insulated, whereas the heat exchange with the environment takes place on the upper surface. The problem is to find the time history of the elements' heating powers transferring the system from its initial thermal state to a stationary terminal state and simultaneously minimizing a quadratic cost function. | In this contribution, a model-based tracking control design is proposed for the temperatures at two selected points of a spatially one-dimensional iron rod. The rod is equipped with four Peltier elements on the lower surface, of which the first and the third ones serve as distributed control inputs. For a semi-discretisation of the partial differential equation, the method of integro-differential relations is combined with a projection approach. Introducing four finite elements, a statespace representation of order nine is obtained and used for the subsequent design of a tracking control structure that involves a decoupling dynamic feedforward control as well as proportionalintegral state feedback control. Furthermore, an optimal observer is designed that provides estimates for the complete state vector as well as four additional disturbance variables. Simulations and experimental results at a test rig at the Chair of Mechatronics, University of Rostock, show that a decoupling of both outputs and an accurate tracking of desired trajectories is achievable. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,721 |
The principal achievements in the health monitoring system for the Sutong Yangtze River Bridge are introduced.The main problems that exist in the establishment and study of the health monitoring system for long-span bridges are systematically discussed.The health monitoring system for the Sutong Yangtze River Bridge mainly consists of four local systems,which are(1)sensing system,(2) data adopting and transferring system,(3) data managing and controlling system,(4) structural health estimation system.And the structural health evaluating system is the core of the health monitoring system for the Sutong Yangtze River Bridge,which is composed of five parts,namely(1) bridge evaluating grade system,(2) evaluating of applicability,(3) diagnosis and prediction of damage,(4) evaluating of durability,(5) evaluating of safety.The potential technical approaches to the health evaluating system are presented.The disadvantages and the development directions of the health monitoring system for long-span bridges are discussed in detail. | The main research results of operation monitoring hardware system design of Hanjiatuo Yangtze River Bridge are introduced. Firstly, the content and method of the system are illustrated, and then, overall composition and functions are introduced. The system consists of four subsystems, including sensor system, real time monitoring system, electric power system and grounding system, which are described in detail, and the importance of the last two systems are emphasized. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,722 |
The dominant mechanism of riverbank cantilever failure is soil erosion of the bank toe and near bank zone. This paper demonstrates that the shape of the riverbank cantilever failure depends on the properties of the soil and the fluctuation of the river water level (RWL). With a stable RWL, a riverbank with higher resistance force leads to failure with larger and deeper overhang erosion width. When RWL rises, a less cohesive soil bank will be eroded over a larger width and riverbank failure will occur earlier. With a low rate of rising RWL, riverbank failure may happen in a type of mass failure. With a high rate of rising RWL, a riverbank will fail in a type of overhang riverbank failure, with the soil erosion rate being the main affected factor. | On the basis of the generalized physical model of the riverbank, the experiments were conducted to study the mechanisms of riverbank failure under the coupling effect of seepage flow and river flow. The experimental setup was specially designed, as well as test point location, parameters and procedures, and the main influencing factors were analyzed affecting riverbank failure based on the failure types, the variations of pore water pressure and soil displacement. The results indicated that the coupling effect has different influences on the bank failure in three aspects: the failure type, the process and the extent. In addition, the river flow played a more important role than the seepage flow in the coupling effect on the bank failure. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,723 |
ABSTRACTThis article utilizes a thick description to explore the post-war lives of Kindertransport refugees. In particular, it examines the spatial dimension of discovery: how the Kinder learnt of their parents’ murders or were reunited with them following years of separation. The article argues that distance and proximity are key to how the Kinder frame these difficult memories. While the parents may be absent in the public memorials dedicated to a redemptive portrayal of the scheme, they are certainly present within the Kinder’s own narratives. And it is these narratives we need to be more attuned to. | Drawing on forty years of interviewing Holocaust survivors—in most cases, multiple interviews with the same survivors over months, years, even decades—this article elucidates the range and complexity of different kinds of si- lence in survivors' spoken accounts. Although most often invoked in connection with survivors' silence, psychic trauma does not play a central role in this analysis. Indeed, discourse about trauma has tended to distract from a great many other processes that impact what survivors do and do not retell, especially survivors' own reflections about recounting, their deliberate strategies and choices, and the impact of listeners—immediate, anticipated, and imagined. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,724 |
This paper treats the radially symmetric equilibrium states of aeolotropic nonlinearly elastic solid cylinders and balls under constant normal forces on their boundaries. It is shown that the aeolotropy gives rise to solutions describing both intact and cavitating states, which exhibit an array of remarkable new phenomena, not suggested by the solutions for isotropic bodies. E.g., it is shown that there are materials having a critical pressure such that for applied pressures on the boundary below the critical value, the normal pressures at the center of the body are zero and for applied pressures above the critical value, the normal pressures at the center are infinite. There are also materials for which there is no equilibrium state with center intact when the boundary is subjected to uniform tension. It is also shown that the equilibrium states treated here are the only radially symmetric equilibrium states. Thus the strange phenomena discovered here must be present in such stable equilibrium states. | A material is spherically uniform when its generalized Hooke´s law at each material point referred to a spherical coordinate system is the same everywhere. We study a sphere of spherically uniform linear anisotropic one-dimensional quasicrystalline material subjected to radial phonon and phason strains on its surface. For a certain range of material parameters the phonon as well as the phason stress diverges at the center. The applied phason strain does not affect the phonon field but the phason field is disturbed by the phonon strain. “White hole” at the center may occur when the sphere is subjected to uniform tension while uniform pressure may cause a “black hole”. This behavior depends only on a dimensionless material parameter and the kind of applied strain but not on its magnitude. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,725 |
An anatomical model for teaching, practicing and learning the repair of an episiotomy. The model comprises a fabric cover shaped as part of a female torso and limbs and stuffing material of cotton or the like, filling out the cover. There are provided a plurality of slit fabric layers of the vagina region of the model, as well as a slit in the cover to simulate the incisions of the vaginal mucosa, muscle, fascia and the subcuticular portion of the vagina. | The advanced educational technologies and environments must provide personalized learning services within broad spectrum of user needs. The Semantic Web is considered to be a promising way to meet this requirement. In this paper the main directions of eLearning systems evolution and stages of each direction are defined. The roles of ontologies and intelligent agents in such systems are recognized. We identify and describe five layers of ontologies needed in future eLearning systems. Different levels of educational queries and scenarios of its processing are considered. An approach to constructing a personalized learning program based on the Semantic Web technologies is proposed. To ensure the maximal flexibility the eLearning system is organized as a multi-agent system (MAS) composed by three kind of agents: student agent, search agent and course constructing agent. In conclusion some MAS software implementation issues are briefly considered. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,726 |
The biomechanical properties (Young's Modulus, stiffness, adhesion force) is important for the cell micro/nano manipulation. In this article, a piezoresistive cantilever sensor is suitable for measuring quantitatively Young's Modulus of a single yeast cell because of some advantage of high sensitivity, dynamic response, simple structure, low cost. For calibrating a piezoresistive cantilever's elastic coefficient, it is carried out through the setup designed. Between the force, the cantilever tip deflection and the output voltage follow a good linear relationship. Analyzing the recorded force curves by applying Hertz-Sneddon model allows the extraction of cell mechanical properties Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus is realized for measuring single yeast cell, yielding young's modulus values of 2.9 ± 2.2Mpa. The result indicates that Young's Modulus measured both by a piezoresistive cantilever and AFM precise can be in good consistency of order of magnitude. Investigations aiming a description of micro/nanoforce measuring of the piezoresistive cantilever sensor are conducted in micro/nano manipulation. | Many essential phenomena in biology involve changes in cell shape. Cell deformation occurs in response to physical forces either coming from the external environment or intracellularly generated. In most tests of cell rheology, an external constraint is usually superimposed on an already mechanically active cell, thus the measurements may reflect both active motion and passive viscoelastic deformation. To show that active and passive processes could be distinguished on a time scale basis, we designed a novel piezo-controlled micromanipulation system to impose dynamic mechanical deformations on individual cells. Chick fibroblasts were seized between two glass microplates; one of the plates, more flexible, served as a sensor of the applied force. Controlled amounts of unidirectional compression and traction in the range of 10(−8)-10(−7) N were applied, using either step functions or sinusoidal signals at chosen frequencies. These tests allowed identification of three time scale dependent regimes. (1) A dominant elastic response, characterized by a linear stress-strain relationship, was especially apparent at short times (seconds); (2) A viscous behavior, characterized by force relaxation and irreversible cell deformation, was noticeable at intermediate times (minutes). Data from traction and oscillatory excitation tests were well fitted by a three-element Kelvin viscoelastic model, allowing the calculation of two elastic moduli in the range of 600–1,000 N/m2 and an apparent viscosity of about 10(4) Pa.s. (3) A contractile regime, in which actin-dependent traction forces were developed in response to uniaxial load was apparent at longer times (several tens of minutes). These forces were in the order of 4 × 10(−8) N above viscous relaxation. Thus we could distinguish, on a time scale basis, the specific contributions of passive viscoelasticity and active traction, and evaluate their mechanical characteristics within one experiment on a single cell. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,727 |
Aimed on solving the potential difficulty of power grid operation and dispatching in wind power developed provinces of china, this paper presents a modeling methodology of day-ahead optimal dispatching to coordinate wind power. By considering the short-term and medium-and-long-term wind power prediction, the day-ahead optimal dispatching decision process combined with the concept of energy saving generation dispatching strategy has been studied. Also the unit commitment model and 96-points generation planning model suitable for practical grid application have been created in this paper. Finally, the recommended model were analyzed with actual grid operating data, the effectiveness and rationality of these model have been demonstrated. | In this paper,an optimized wind power dispatching method is proposed to improve the power grid’s acceptable wind power capacity based on the current network structure and power source construction. In the method proposed,the normal generator sets are arranged based on the wind power prediction,the load forecast and the interconnection tie plan,so the space for the wind power is reserved in advance. The secure area for the wind power plant’s active power is determined considering security constraints of the power grid. Then the safety area sequence of wind power plants is decided by the area stability sensibility v.s. the active power. Thus,the wind power can be accepted as more as possible.This method is verified by the operation data. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,728 |
A simulated lie detection procedure was used to investigate skin conductance responsivity among self-reported skin responders. Subjects were grouped according to reported trait anxiety as measured by Lykken's Activity Preference Questionnaire and then engaged in either a mock crime or a neutral activity. The “crime” gave subjects “guilty knowledge,” and the neutral task provided “innocent associations” to relevant stimuli imbedded in each scenario. Subjects were then interrogated using Lykken's Guilty Knowledge technique. Anxiety classification, guilty vs. innocent treatment, and type of stimulus were manipulated in a 2 × 2 × (2) factorial design. Results for differential responsivity scores showed significant main and interaction effects. Low-anxiety subjects showed almost no effects, but highly anxious subjects responded strongly in the “guilty” rather than the “innocent” treatment. Contrary to previous findings, results showed a substantial—but qualified—relationship between self-reported anxiety and electrodermal responsivity. Also, the Guilty Knowledge technique with rank scoring yielded 97.5% correct classification. | The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is the most researched and validated method available to polygraph examiners. This article is a step-by-step guide intended to educate novice and experienced polygraph examiners how this useful technique can help them resolve cases in the field. It outlines how to set up conditions to maximize its utility, design and conduct the testing, and analyze the results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,729 |
Translating a novel is more difficult than translating academic texts. Novel translators (Genetic factor) usually have problems in translating figurative languages (metaphors, similes, personifications, etc.) and idiomatic expressions because they should reproduce in the target language (TL) the closest natural equivalence of the source language (ST) message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style accepted socio-culturally. Other problems come from the translation document (e.g. an English novel translated into Bahasa Indonesia ) and readers of the translated novel. The translation document (Objective Factor) has mistakes in equivalence of words. Some expressions are not translated into the acceptable ones in the target language. The readers of translated novel (Affective Factor) are often confused on what they are reading because some sentences are not understandable. The solution of those problems is to provide the novel translators some practical guidance of translating a novel in order to produce the high quality of translation product. Key words: translation, novel, metaphors, similes, idiomatic expressions, ST (Source Language), TL (Target Language) | This second edition is throughly revised and corrected to take account of the many changes in the subject over the last 6 years, and has been enlarged by over 20per cent. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,730 |
The globalized economy has caused an unavoidable increase in the number of shipping containers. The gigantic number of shipping containers entering the USA on a regular basis poses a significant security risk and inspecting every container is impractical. We proposed a design of a comprehensive solution that would monitor containers' integrity from the originating port to the destination port and report any intrusion event if it has taken place; the intruded container can then be handled in an appropriate way. More important, the system itself is designed to be secure and intrusion resistant. In this paper we discuss an implementation of tamper resistance, which necessitates the design of smart containers and implementation of additional measures to ensure smart containers be tamper resistant. Moreover, this paper discusses an implementation of Jigsaw Distributed File System (JigDFS) to further protect the container communities. | We present novel grid coverage strategies for effective surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks. We represent the sensor field as a grid (two or three-dimensional) of points (coordinates) and use the term target location to refer to the problem of locating a target at a grid point at any instant in time. We first present an integer linear programming (ILP) solution for minimizing the cost of sensors for complete coverage of the sensor field. We solve the ILP model using a representative public-domain solver and present a divide-and-conquer approach for solving large problem instances. We then use the framework of identifying codes to determine sensor placement for unique target location, We provide coding-theoretic bounds on the number of sensors and present methods for determining their placement in the sensor field. We also show that grid-based sensor placement for single targets provides asymptotically complete (unambiguous) location of multiple targets in the grid. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,731 |
Performance of a binary asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter using two H-bridges is investigated in this paper. A modified hybrid modulation technique is implemented where one bridge operates at fundamental switching frequency and handles most of the power. The 2nd bridge operates at a higher switching frequency to generate a desired sinusoidal waveform at the output. Thus, the H-bridges of CHB inverter operate at different voltage levels and at different frequencies. This allows the performance to be optimized. Simulation and experimental results are produced to prove the usefulness of the proposed system configuration. A possible application in solar PV system is reported. | Multilevel converters are considered today as the state-of-the-art power-conversion systems for high-power and power-quality demanding applications. This paper presents a tutorialonthistechnology,coveringtheoperatingprincipleand the different power circuit topologies, modulation methods, technical issues and industry applications. Special attention is given to established technology already found in industry with more in-depth and self-contained information, while recent advances and state-of-the-art contributions are addressed with useful references. This paper serves as an introduction to the subject for the not-familiarized reader, as well as an update or reference for academics and practicing engineers working in the field of industrial and power electronics. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,732 |
For those semigroups, which may have power type singularities and whose generators are abstract multivalued linear operators, we characterize the behaviour with respect to a certain set of intermediate and interpolation spaces. The obtained results are then applied to provide maximal time regularity for the solutions to a wide class of degenerate integro- and non-integro-differential evolution equations in Banach spaces. | Linear relations - algebraic properties normed linear relations adjoints of linear relations operational quantities of linear relations semi-Fredholm linear relations spectral theory the essential spectrum the second adjoint of a linear relation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,733 |
A design chart is developed for predicting the distance from the spillway crest to the critical point where self-aeration commences. Synthetic data covering a wide range of possible spillway flow situations are fed into a previously developed and verified theoretical model. The results are presented in terms of generalized design variables using dimensional analysis. The resulting design chart is applicable only to the standard WES spillway shape with vertical upstream face. Generalization of the design charts to other spillway shapes must await detailed model studies of such spillways. | At hydraulic structures (e.g. weirs, spillways), air-water transfer of atmospheric gases (e.g. oxygen) occurs by self-aeration along the chute and by flow aeration in the hydraulic jump at the downstream end of the structure. In this paper, experimental data are re-analysed and compared with a numerical method to predict the free-surface aeration. Aeration at hydraulic jumps is also examined and compared with existing correlations. Calculations of free-surface aeration and empirical correlations for hydraulic jump aeration are combined to predict the DO content downstream of weirs and spillways. Good agreement between calculations and prototype data is obtained. The results indicate that self-aeration might contribute to a large part of the oxygenation taking place at hydraulic structures for small water discharges. For large discharges, the reduction or the disappearance of free-surface aeration affects substantially the aeration efficiency. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,734 |
We design and built a novel optical terminal specifically designed for free-space communication operating at light levels ::: at the quantum limit, such as in quantum communication. Our system is particularly well suited for this task, as it is ::: based on an all-spheric catadioptric design, which allows for large and un-obstructed apertures. This design offers an ::: easier and cheaper approach to building high-quality optical terminals with large apertures than schemes based on offaxis ::: parabolic mirrors. We utilized an off-axis version of the original Schwarzschild concentric design, and correct the ::: spherical aberration by substituting the original on-axis secondary spherical mirror with an off-axis catadioptric ::: secondary mirror. A prototype of the optical terminal was realized and tested and it meet the expected performance. | Laser light with a Laguerre-Gaussian amplitude distribution is found to have a well-defined orbital angular momentum. An astigmatic optical system may be used to transform a high-order Laguerre-Gaussian mode into a high-order Hermite-Gaussian mode reversibly. An experiment is proposed to measure the mechanical torque induced by the transfer of orbital angular momentum associated with such a transformation. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,735 |
Shifted Legendre polynomial functions are employed to solve the linear-quadratic optimal control problem for lumped parameter system. Using the characteristics of the shifted Legendre polynomials, the system equations and the adjoint equations of the optimal control problem are reduced to functional ordinary differential equations. The solution of the functional differential equations are obtained in a series of the shifted Legendre functions. The operational matrix for the integration of the shifted Legendre polynomial functions is also introduced in the simulation step in order to simplify the computational procedure. An illustrative example of an optimal control problem is given, and the computational results are compared with those of the exact solution. The proposed method is effective and accurate. | In this paper four different orthogonal functions have been used to approximate the optimal solution of linear time invariant (LTI) singular delayed systems. The idea is that the states and the input are expressed in terms of these orthogonal functions. The method simplifies the system of state equations into a set of algebraic equations which can be solved using a digital computer. The main advantage of the present work over other possible works is that, the present work shows using the Cosine series instead of Fourier series or by using Cosine wavelets instead of Sine-Cosine wavelets we get much more accurate results. The given examples support this claim. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,736 |
Island volcanoes can initiate large tsunamis when pyroclastic flows hit the surrounding sea. The detailed dynamics and thermodynamics are complicated but the crucial feature is that of a descending dense current passing through one fluid (the atmosphere) and meeting another fluid (the sea). In this paper, laboratory and numerical experiments will be described which elucidate the principal dynamical phenomena and show that, if the density of the descending current is greater than that of the lower layer, large waves are very efficiently initiated. These waves approximate solitary waves closely. | Interactions between solitary wave and different types of breakwaters are investigated in this paper. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been applied to simulate the time histories of fluid motion, free surface deformation, the velocity field in the vicinity of breakwaters, and overtopping volumes. The solitary wave is generated by a heavily weighted block sinking vertically into water at one end of a long flume; the breakwater has been constructed in the other end. A rectangular receptacle is constructed behind breakwater to calibrate overtopping volume. The accuracy of SPH is addressed via a comparison to previously recognized benchmarks, and then the characteristics of wave impacts on breakwaters and their effectiveness of hindering wave overtopping are discussed based on computational results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,737 |
The numerical simulation of reinforced concrete deep beams with opening is analyzed by Finite Element Software ANSYS to establish reasonable mechanical model. The stress characteristics and deformation's situation of the deep beams with opening are in analyzed under concentrated load and different openings in different parts. The purpose is to supply some favorable suggestions in engineering application of reinforced concrete deep beam with openings. | To provide bases for the tests,design and construction of deep beams,the improved robust design method and the new signal-to-noise ratio were employed. Parameters including the shear span ratio,the concrete strength,the yield strength of horizontal hoop,and the yield strength of vertical hoop were taken into account. The shear strength of deep beams and the factors affecting it were analyzed by the softened truss model and the improved robust design method,respectively. The results show that the strength of concrete has the largest influence on the shear strength of component,the next is the shear span ratio,the yield strength of horizontal reinforce and the yield strength of vertical reinforce have the least influence on it. The analysis result of improved robust design method agrees better with the test result compared with Taguchi method,and it is more accurate and more convenient than Taguchi method. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,738 |
With the aim of deep desulfurization of the gasoline, an amphiphilic catalyst, which is composed of lacunary anion [PW11O39]7- and quaternary ammonium cation [C18H37(CH3)3]N+, assembled in hydrophobic ionic liquid emulsions, can oxidize the sulfur compounds present in oil into their corresponding sulfones under ambient reaction conditions. In this process, catalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing molecules in model oil was investigated in detail under different reaction conditions (including different desulfurization systems, H2O2/DBT molar ratio, temperature, and various sulfur compounds). Moreover; this ionic liquid emulsion system could be recycled five times with an unnoticeable decrease in catalytic activity, and, from the kinetics study, it can be shown that the catalytic oxidative reaction is a pseudofirst-order reaction and the half-life is 30.4 min. Furthermore, the mechanism of catalytic oxidation desulfurization was elaborated, and the total sulfur level of real gasoline can be decreased from 1... | Sulfur-containing compounds in transportation fuels are converted by combustion to SOx, which is a major source of acid rain and air pollution [1]. For environmental protection pur‐ poses, many countries have mandated a reduction in fuels sulfur level down to 10 ppm by 2009 [2,3], and with more and more stringent regulatory constraints, it is a trend to achieve little-to-no sulfur fuels in the next several years. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,739 |
Correlations are a very important tool in the study of multipartite systems, both for classical and quantum ones. The discussion about the quantum nature of correlations permeates Physics since Einstein, Podolski and Rosen published their famous article criticizing quantum mechanics. Here we provide a short review about the quantum nature of correlations, discussing both its theoretical and experimental aspects. We focus on quantum discord and related measures. After discussing their fundamental aspects (theoretically and experimentally), we proceed by analysing the dynamical behaviour of correlations under decoherence as well as some applications in different scenarios, such as quantum computation and relativity, passing through critical and biological systems. | Entanglement is one of the pillars of quantum mechanics and quantum information processing, and as a result the quantumness of nonentangled states has typically been overlooked and unrecognized. We give a robust definition for the classicality versus quantumness of a single multipartite quantum state, a set of states, and a protocol using quantum states. We show a variety of nonentangled (separable) states that exhibit interesting quantum properties, and we explore the ``zoo'' of separable states; several interesting subclasses are defined based on their diagonalizing bases, and their non-classical behavior is investigated. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,740 |
Customising offerings effectively for customers’ needs and wants, yet maintaining the provider’s efficiency, is a challenging task. Modularisation is a key to achieve this, but insight on how to create modules for customising product/service systems (PSSs) is limited. This article proposes a new practical method that supports designers to create service modules by extending the DSM (Design Structure Matrix). The method has been applied to existing PSSs by an elevator manufacturer. It was found effective because it reduces complexity in customisation, and thus response time in service provision, as well as increases the chance of reusing previous designs. | ABSTRACTModularity indices based on Design Structure Matrices (DSMs) have been utilised to help measure modularity and cluster a product’s architecture into independent or coordinated modules, but many metrics have difficulty (a) measuring the modularity of different types of architectures in real-world products such as bus-type architectures and (b) optimising module boundaries in architectures. After reviewing existing modularity indices and clustering algorithms, we introduce new modularity indices that can capture the degrees of (1) connection strengths within each independent module and between different modules, (2) density of connections within each module and between modules, (3) proximity of interactions to the diagonal of the DSM, and (4) density of connections between buses and other components. Moreover, the proposed metrics can serve as objective functions to obtain optimal DSMs to maximise modularity. A comparative analysis of the proposed modularity index shows that the proposed metric can ... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,741 |
The ultraviolet absorption and emission spectra of Ce3+ doped phosphate glasses based on gadolinium and sodium phosphates are studied in the present work. Compared with the cerium-free phosphate glass matrixes, CePO4 doping shifts the ultraviolet absorption edge of glasses into the longer wavelength because of the 4f–5d absorption transition of Ce3+. The emission spectra correlate such red-shift with glass compositions. Explanations are based on variation in the optical basicity of glasses, which corresponds not only to the alkali content but also to the O/P ratio. The latter is proportional to the number of nonbridging oxygen in the oxyanion unit (PO4), and most likely plays an overwhelming role in the overall optical basicity of glasses. | The effect of cerium concentration and the addition of Sb2O3 on the light emission of cerium-contained glass were investigated. The glass matrix composition was 20Y2O3-25Al2O3-55SiO2, the CeO2 concentration ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 mol%, and Sb2O3 was added at concentrations of 0.02 to 0.1 mol%. The Ce3+ and Ce4+ absorption bands were observed at approximately 330 nm and 240 nm, respectively. A broad emission band at 400 nm, due to the 4f-5d transition of the Ce3+ ion, was observed under illumination by a UV light at 330 nm. The photoluminescence intensity of Ce3+ had a maximum value at a CeO2 concentration of 0.1 mol%. Adding Sb2O3 decreased the Ce4+ absorption intensity and enhanced the light emission intensity of Ce3+ by about 45%. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,742 |
Environmental data recorded by the Mars exploration rovers show that the martian dust is magnetic containing mostly the strong magnetic mineral magnetite ( ::: $${\text {Fe}}_3{\text {O}}_4$$ ::: ). On the other hand, it is known that dust settling onto the surface of solar arrays can affect the utility on solar power on any Mars mission, and particulary for long-term operation. Dust obscuration of solar arrays can be a special issue for the case of a future 6-month sample fetching rover (SFR) mission, where the current baseline architecture contemplates the use of solar array and where dust storms can jeopardize the entire mission, not only affecting the supply of energy for locomotion but for the communication with the Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). Today, available dust-removal techniques have been classified into four categories: natural, mechanical, electromechanical, and electrostatic. However, by aforementioned, an additional category may be included in this portfolio based in the magnetic properties of the martian dust. Here a first scoping study for a magnetic Mars dust technology is outlined. Finally, a specific ad hoc magnetic technology is proposed an analyzed. | This comprehensive reference collects fundamental theories and recent research from a wide range of fields including biology, biochemistry, physics, applied mathematics, and computer, materials, surface, and colloid science-providing key references, tools, and analytical techniques for practical applications in industrial, agricultural, and forensic processes, as well as in the production of natural and synthetic compounds such as foods, minerals, paints, proteins, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and soaps. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,743 |
Recent experimental observations have made it clear that cavity formation can occur in light-water reactor internal components fabricated from austenitic stainless during the course of their service life. In order to assess the potential for cavity swelling in these components at end-of-life doses, it is necessary to develop a validated computational model that incorporates the relevant physical mechanisms and accounts for recent experiment data. Such a modeling activity is underway; the model development and some preliminary results are described. For the relatively low temperatures involved, cavity formation is shown to be sensitive to both the temperature and the rate of helium production by nuclear transmutation reactions. This report includes a brief review of the relevant microstructural data, discussion of the current model s status and planned further development, and a description of the microstructural modeling that is planned to fully define the potential for cavity evolution under light water reactor operating conditions. | A rate-theory-based model has been developed which includes the simultaneous evolution of the dislocation and cavity components of the microstructure of irradiated austenitic stainless steels. Previous work has generally focused on developing models for void swelling while neglecting the time dependence of the dislocation structure. These models have broadened our understanding of the physical processes that give rise to swelling, for example, the role of helium and void formation from critically-sized bubbles. That work has also demonstrated some predictive capability by successful calibration to fit the results of fast reactor swelling data. However, considerable uncertainty about the values of key parameters in these models limits their usefulness as predictive tools. Hence, the use of such models to extrapolate fission reactor swelling data to fusion reactor conditions is compromised. The present work represents an effort to remove some of these uncertainties by self-consistently generating the time dependence of the dislocation structure, both faulted loops and network dislocations. The model's predictions reveal the closely coupled nature of the evolution of the various microstructural components and generally track the available fast reactor data in the temperature range of 350 to 700°C for doses up to 100 dpa. As the theoretical model has become more complex, parameter choices were constrained to a more limited range of values in order to obtain this agreement between theory and experiment. While the model remains approximate in many respects, it should ultimately provide a more useful tool for understanding microstructural evolution under irradiation and permit more confident predictions of void swelling in future fusion reactors. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,744 |
Shared control, also known as sensor- based control, is an important technique utilised in today's Rehabilitation Integrated Systems (RISs). The degree of sharing between the disabled user and the system is dependent upon the user's abilities and is determined with actual and virtual driving tests. A mechanism of how people extract control variables from sensory data is required. A computerised experiment, Windows™ programmed 2-D simulation of a powered wheelchair navigation task, has been conceived for collecting such useful information. The experiment is also used in an attempt to quantify some navigation measurements such as cognitive complexity and safety as a fundamental component of the authors' safety research of RISs. This paper presents an in-depth cognitive task analysis of the data obtained from the simulation experiment. It was derived from the authors' early rehabilitation engineering research and will provide a basis for further investigations aiming at the enhancement of the independence of disabled people. | The NavChair assistive navigation system was originally conceived as an application of mobile robot obstacle avoidance to a power wheelchair. In this system, the user shares wheelchair control with obstacle avoidance and other navigation components. The philosophy of shared control has important implications for the design of these components. This paper discusses the development of navigation methods for the NavChair guided by design criteria for shared control systems. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,745 |
The paper deals with failure of large cylindrical steel silos composed of horizontally corrugated sheets with vertical stiffeners. The failure reasons were discussed. A linear buckling and a non-linear analysis with geometric and material non-linearity were carried out with a perfect and an imperfect silo shell (with different initial geometric imperfections) by taking into account axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric loads imposed by a bulk solid following Eurocode 1. The 3D FE calculations were carried out with the commercial finite element code “Abaqus”. The calculated buckling forces were compared with the allowable one given by Eurocode 3. Repair methods of silos against buckling were proposed. A sensitivity analysis was performed for a silo to predict the location and profile type of strengthening elements. | The paper is devoted to stability analysis of different models of steel cold formed silo column. The steel cylindrical silos are often composed of corrugated walls and vertical open-sectional columns uniformly placed along the silo circumference. Both the whole 3D silo, a simplified model consisting of one column with a part of the silo walls, and a single column resting on elastic foundation provided by the silo walls were analyzed. Linear buckling analyses were carried out using commercial FE package ABAQUS. Axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric loads imposed by a bulk solid following Eurocode 1 were considered. The calculated buckling loads of 1D column model were compared with the permissible one given by Eurocode 3 and with results found for the whole silo and a single column on elastic foundation modeled by shell elements. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,746 |
This is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It identifies the current evidence base and role of health-related quality of life assessment for this group of patients. Recommendations • Health-related quality of life is integral to treatment planning, refining treatment protocols, and more personalised follow-up support. (G) • Health-related quality of life and patient concerns should be regularly assessed during patient care. (G) • Health-related quality of life assessment and patient concerns on an individual patient basis can be helpful to trigger multi-professional support and interventions. (G). | Cancer clinical trials focus upon the evaluation of such biomedical outcomes as duration of survival, retardation of the disease process and control of major physical symptoms (Buyse et al. 1984; Friedman et al. 1985). In recent years, however, these clinical end points have been criticized for a lack of comprehensiveness (Greer 1984; Greer and Silberfarb 1982). Following the lead of the WHO in defining health as complete physical, mental and social well-being, the scope of investigation has been extended to include assessment of a range of psychosocial variables that can be subsumed under the heading “quality of life.” | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,747 |
Based on five design principles extracted from a survey of location systems, we present the location stack, a layered software engineering model for location in ubiquitous computing. Our model is similar in spirit to the seven-layer Open System Interconnect (OSI) model for computer networks. We map two existing ubiquitous computing systems to the model to illustrate the leverage the location stack provides. By encouraging system designers to think of their applications in this way, we hope to drive location-based computing toward a common vocabulary and standard infrastructure, permitting members of the ubiquitous computing community to easily evaluate and build on each other's work. | The multi-hop ad hoc network is promising to extend the reach of the current mobile Internet, and support ubiquitous computing. However, it is hindered by the lack of a flexible network structure to bridge the gap between MANETs and heterogeneous IP networks. The paper introduces a novel mobile peer-to-peer overlay as an enabling structure for uniting connectivity, mobility and services. Our proposed service architecture allows mobile users to build networks on-the-fly, and capitalize relevant resources in their vicinity for universal communications. A practical implementation of the system prototype demonstrates that our proposed framework lays a solid foundation for developing an integrated mobile Internet and ubiquitous computing. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,748 |
This paper presents a new quadrature coupler, which exhibits harmonic suppression and bandwidth enhancement simultaneously. The proposed coupler is formed using a circular sector patch and an array of mushroom cells. One design has been implemented to investigate the capabilities of the structure. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement with each other. The coupler exhibits a bandwidth of 36.5% with high suppression level up to second harmonic frequency. | This paper presents, for the first time, a patch coupler configuration that can be designed with an arbitrary coupling coefficient and phase difference at the output ports. Four circular sector patches are combined to form the patch coupler resulting in ease of design and fabrication. To demonstrate and verify this, a patch quadrature coupler configuration is proposed to realize a wide range of coupling coefficients by adjusting the radii of each quadrant. To extend this concept of an arbitrary coupling coefficient for 180 $^{\circ}$ patch couplers, different patterns are etched underneath the circular patch to realize the required power division ratio while maintaining good impedance matching and desired phase characteristics at the input/output ports. Finally, a circular patch coupler is demonstrated to exhibit an arbitrary phase difference between output ports maintaining an equal power division. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,749 |
A three-parameter generalization of the Pareto distribution is presented with density function having a flexible upper tail in modeling loss payment data. This generalized Pareto distribution will be referred to as the Odd Pareto distribution since it is derived by considering the distributions of the odds of the Pareto and inverse Pareto distributions. Basic properties of the Odd Pareto distribution (OP) are studied. Model parameters are estimated using both modified and regular maximum likelihood methods. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the OP with the exponentiated Pareto, Burr, and Kumaraswamy distributions using two different test statistics based on the ml method. Furthermore, two examples from the Norwegian fire insurance claims data-set are provided to illustrate the upper tail flexibility of the distribution. Extensions of the Odd Pareto distribution are also considered to improve the fitting of data. | In this paper, the differential calculus was used ::: to obtain some classes of ordinary differential equations (ODE) ::: for the probability density function, quantile function, survival ::: function, inverse survival function, hazard function and ::: reversed hazard function of Burr XII and Pareto distributions. ::: This was made easier since later distribution is a special case of ::: the former. The stated necessary conditions required for the ::: existence of the ODEs are consistent with the various ::: parameters that defined the distributions. Solutions of these ::: ODEs by using numerous available methods are new ways of ::: understanding the nature of the probability functions that ::: characterize the distributions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,750 |
A novel design of double resonant plasmonic nanoantennas is proposed. Numerical simulations using finite-difference time-domain method show that the designed asymmetric H-shaped bowtie antenna can provide double resonances with a common electromagnetic hot spot in the antenna gap. These resonant modes are due to the plasmon hybridization in the asymmetric structure. In addition, a dual-narrow-band perfect absorber is achieved, consisting of the asymmetric structure positioned at a well-specified distance above a metal plane with a silica spacer layer. A broadband plasmonic absorber covering from 300nm to 22 µm with over 95% absorption is also reported. | In this letter, we investigate the optical properties of symmetric and asymmetric H-shaped plasmonic nanoresonators that exhibit the pronounced plasmon resonances with a high quality factor. The results show that, the large electromagnetic energy is confined in the nanogaps of Hshaped resonators due to the LC resonances. By introducing the asymmetrical structure, an additional plasmon peak appears due to plasmon hybridization. Moreover, the proposed Hshaped nanoresonators reveal the huge field enhancement and figure of merit in the optical regime, which offer an excellent potential for single or double-frequency surface enhanced Raman scattering and biosensing applications. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,751 |
Blood, a valuable by-product of livestock slaughter, has numerous food, industrial, and pharmaceutical uses. ::: Physical and rheological properties, including apparent viscosity, density, surface tension, thermal conductivity, and ::: specific heat, are needed for the design of transport processes and by-product applications such as spray drying, ::: blending, and extrusion. Information about these properties for slaughter by-products, however, is not currently available. ::: Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine these properties for anticoagulated swine blood, blood plasma, ::: and red blood cells between 5 and 35°C. The plasma in this study was enriched with hemoglobin from the red cells as a ::: result of the rupture of red cells during frozen storage of the blood. These fluids all exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior ::: which was affected by both shear rate and temperature; a nonlinear regression model which accounted for both factors ::: was then determined for each fluid. In addition, these fluids all had density values 1.0 to 6.3% higher, and surface tension ::: values 20.7 to 33.0% lower, than the respective values for water at temperatures between 5 and 35°C. Thermal ::: conductivity results were 42.0 to 57.0% lower, and specific heat results were 9.0 to 17.4% lower, than the respective ::: values for water at each temperature. Drying curves were also established for each fluid at drying temperatures of 80, ::: 100, and 120°C. | Applied Linear Statistical Models 5e is the long established leading authoritative text and reference on statistical modeling. The text includes brief introductory and review material, and then proceeds through regression and modeling for the first half, and through ANOVA and Experimental Design in the second half. All topics are presented in a precise and clear style supported with solved examples, numbered formulae, graphic illustrations, and "Notes" to provide depth and statistical accuracy and precision. The Fifth edition provides an increased use of computing and graphical analysis throughout, without sacrificing concepts or rigor. In general, the 5e uses larger data sets in examples and exercises, and where methods can be automated within software without loss of understanding, it is so done. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,752 |
We propose a new statistical estimation framework for a large family of global sensitivity analysis methods. Our approach is based on rank statistics and uses an empirical correlation coefficient recently introduced by Sourav Chatterjee. We show how to apply this approach to compute not only the Cram\'er-von-Mises indices, which are directly related to Chatterjee's notion of correlation, but also Sobol indices at any order, higher-order moment indices, and Shapley effects. We establish consistency of the resulting estimators and demonstrate their numerical efficiency, especially for small sample sizes. | Many mathematical models involve input parameters, which are not precisely known. Global sensitivity analysis aims to identify the parameters whose uncertainty has the largest impact on the variability of a quantity of interest (output of the model). One of the statistical tools used to quantify the influence of each input variable on the output is the Sobol sensitivity index. We consider the statistical estimation of this index from a finite sample of model outputs: we present two estimators and state a central limit theorem for each. We show that one of these estimators has an optimal asymptotic variance. We also generalize our results to the case where the true output is not observable, and is replaced by a noisy version. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,753 |
Coastal water is vulnerable to anthropogenic substances such as human activities by product in coastal land and upper land area. Semarang coastal area is one of areas which has progressive development in northern coastal of Java Island. The aim of this study was to evaluate ocean health status based on heavy metal contain and benthic foraminiferal characteristics as the bioindicator. Sampling and laboratory activities were carried out in August 2010. Sampling stations were located on the estuaries of Western Canal Flood, Tanjung Mas Port and Eastern Canal Flood. The result showed that Tanjung Mas pool port had the highest Pb, Zn,and Total Organic Compounds (TOC) concentrations. The average of abnormal test of benthic foraminiferal ( Ammonia beccarii ) were also higher in Tanjung Mas port than in eastern and western canal flood. Keywords: assessment, coastal water, Semarang. | In this study, copper oxide (CuO) thin films were deposited by chemical solution deposition (CSD) method with layer variation to observed and determined crystal structure and optical properties of CuO films. The crystal structure of films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties were studied with annealing temperatures 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C by spectrophotometer VIS-NIR. Absorbance spectra showed that CuO film has absorbance in the visible region. Band gap energy of CuO is found to decrease from 2.05 – 1.89 eV as a result of the increasing annealing temperature. The result of this study concludes that CuO thin film has the potential to be developed as solar cell on of LAPAN IPB satellite. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,754 |
Development of new cryopreservation strategies has major potential in medicine and agriculture and is critical to the conservation of endangered species that currently cannot be preserved. A critical property of any potential cryopreservative solution is its ability to prevent cell-damaging ice formation during cooling and subsequent heating. This study focuses on the freezing behaviour of promising model cryoprotective solutions. We perform neutron scattering analysis, combined with computer modelling, of the water structure after quench cooling these solutions. It is found that water in this solution forms nano-clusters encapsulated by the surrounding matrix of cryoprotectant solute molecules. We posit that these small volumes inhibit ice formation, because water does not have space for the structural relaxation required to crystallize on the timescale of the cooling process. | Recent developments have opened the possibilty that the problems of freezing and thawing organs might eventually be overcome by an alternative approach to organ cryopreservation, namely, vitrification. Here we will review some of the principles of vitrification, describe the current state of the art, consider how a practical vitrification scheme might work, and conclude by noting how the principles of vitrification relate to and illuminate the principles and practices of freezing. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,755 |
This article describes experimental work on the mixed convection regime with flow normal to electrically heated cylinders. The forcing velocities used were in the range 0·0085–3 ft./sec (i.e. 10 −2 Re f −3 Ra Correlations are proposed for the forced convection and natural convection conditions. A correlation is also developed for the combined forced and natural convection region by a vectorial addition of the flow parameters, which gives good agreement with the experiments except over a limited range in the contraflow regime. | The problem of laminar mixed convection for flow over fixed and rotated cylinder is studied numerically. The cylinder is rotated at uniform speed ratio (0-4) and at a uniform temperature. The governing equations in terms of the stream function, vorticity and temperature are expressed in a body-fitted coordinate system and solved numerically by explicit method. Results are presented for Reynolds number from (20 to 100), Richardson numbers from (0 to 5) and with different forced flow directions (0-180°). Comparison with previous theoretical and experimental results shows good agreement. It is found that the maximum heat transfer enhancement for fixed cylinder is (1.4) and occurs in case of assisting flow. On the other hand, in case of rotating cylinder, the maximum heat transfer enhancement is (1.2) and occurs at forced flow direction of (135°). | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,756 |
The simulation of a double-tunnel junction with the SENS simulator gives access to the frequency-dependent and static behavior of shot noise. The concept of basic paths in a multi-state process provides a clear interpretation of the noise regimes, and allows locating cut-offs in autocorrelation functions and spectral densities. | Theoretical and experimental work concerned with dynamic fluctuations has developed into a very active and fascinating subfield of mesoscopic physics. We present a review of this development focusing on shot noise in small electric conductors. Shot noise is a consequence of the quantization of charge. It can be used to obtain information on a system which is not available through conductance measurements. In particular, shot noise experiments can determine the charge and statistics of the quasiparticles relevant for transport, and reveal information on the potential profile and internal energy scales of mesoscopic systems. Shot noise is generally more sensitive to the effects of electron–electron interactions than the average conductance. We present a discussion based on the conceptually transparent scattering approach and on the classical Langevin and Boltzmann–Langevin methods; in addition a discussion of results which cannot be obtained by these methods is provided. We conclude the review by pointing out a number of unsolved problems and an outlook on the likely future development of the field. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,757 |
The hybrid search algorithm for constraint satisfaction problems described here first uses local search to detect crucial substructures and then applies that knowledge to solve the problem. This paper shows the difficulties encountered by traditional and state-of-the-art learning heuristics when these substructures are overlooked. It introduces a new algorithm, Foretell, to detect dense and tight substructures called clusters with local search. It also develops two ways to use clusters during global search: one supports variable-ordering heuristics and the other makes inferences adapted to them. Together they improve performance on both benchmark and real-world problems. | Let A be a Las Vegas algorithm, i.e., A is a randomized algorithm that always produces the correct answer when its stops but whose running time is a random variable. The authors consider the problem of minimizing the expected time required to obtain an answer from A using strategies which simulate A as follows: run A for a fixed amount of time t/sub 1/, then run A independent for a fixed amount of time t/sub 2/, etc. The simulation stops if A completes its execution during any of the runs. Let S=(t/sub 1/, t/sub 2/,. . .) be a strategy, and let l/sub A/=inf/sub S/T(A,S), where T(A,S) is the expected value of the running time of the simulation of A under strategy S. The authors describe a simple universal strategy S/sup univ/, with the property that, for any algorithm A, T(A,S/sup univ/)=O(l/sub A/log(l/sub A/)). Furthermore, they show that this is the best performance that can be achieved, up to a constant factor, by any universal strategy. > | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,758 |
Temperature sensors based on Wheatstone bridges, e.g. [1,2], have recently achieved higher resolution and greater energy efficiency than conventional BJT-based sensors [3]. However, this comes at the expense of area, making them less attractive in industrial applications. This paper presents a Wheatstone-bridge sensor that uses a zoom-ADC architecture to reduce area (by 3x over [2]) and achieve state-of-the-art energy-efficiency for an integrated temperature sensor. After a 1st-order fit and a systematic non-linearity correction [2,4], it also achieves state-of-the-art inaccuracy: 0.12°C (3σ) over the full military temperature range (−55°C to 125°C). | This article presents a leakage-based digital temperature sensor with reduced supply sensitivity for on-chip thermal management. The sensor, featured with a novel supply sensitivity suppression mechanism, performs the temperature-to-frequency conversion by a leakage-dominated ring oscillator (LDRO) with exponential temperature dependence. Thanks to the proposed robust and reconfigurable Schmitt-trigger-based delay cell, both NMOS and PMOS leakage-based sensors can be evaluated in a single design. Fabricated in a standard 55-nm CMOS digital process, the proposed digital temperature sensor occupies a silicon area of only 1770 μm² and can operate under a supply ranging from 0.8 to 1.3 V, with the supply sensitivities of 2.53-5.22 °C/V and 2.84-5.76 °C/V in two working modes at room temperature, respectively. Measurement results show that the sensor achieves an inaccuracy of ±0.70 °C (3σ) from -40 °C to 125 °C after two-point calibration. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,759 |
The goal of this paper is to share information on the study of static-dissipative tweezers for use in giant magneto-resistive recording heads. There are two tests, one to measure the amount of energy of transient currents discharged from tweezers and the other to determine the voltage of a head gimbal assembly (HGA) at which a pair of grounded tweezers can damage the GMR head when in contact. These experiments are important because the energy of transient current discharged from tweezers directly affects the magnetic performance of the GMR head. The results of the two tests correlate relatively well. Most dissipative ceramic tweezers performed very well. Black polymer tweezers with 1.3% carbon, and metal impregnated ceramic tweezers, also performed very well. One type of dissipative copolymer tweezers was found to behave like a conductor. Some carbon-loaded polymer tweezers and stainless steel tweezers have the worst ESD performances. | The goal of this paper is to share information on the study of the ESD sensitivity of giant magnetoresistive recording transducers built on flex-on-suspension (FOS) or trace-suspension assembly (TSA) head-gimbal assemblies (HGA). In order to measure the tribo-charging of these very small assemblies, a small 1 pF sensor plate was built. Using this sensor plate, the relative tribo-electric voltages of the FOS/TSA HGA were measured. A field induced charge-device-model (CDM) test, using the sensor plate, was performed on both the FOS and wire HGAs. Damage due to electromagnetic interference (EMI) was also evaluated on both the FOS and wire HGAs. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,760 |
We study two dimensional dilaton gravity and supergravity following hamiltonian methods. Firstly, we consider the structure of constraints of 2D dilaton gravity and then the 2D dilaton supergravity is obtained taking the squere root of the bosonic constraints. We integrate exactly the equations of motion in both cases and we show that the solutions of the equation of motion of 2D dilaton supergravity differs from the solutions of 2D dilaton gravity only by boundary conditions on the fermionic variables, i.e. the black holes of 2D dilaton supergravity theory are exactly the same black holes of 2D bosonic dilaton gravity modulo supersymmetry transformations. This result is the bidimensional analogue of the no-hair theorem for supergravity. | Using an argument due to Regge and Teitelboim, an expression for the ADM mass of 2d quantum dilaton gravity is obtained. By evaluating this expression we establish that the quantum theories which can be written as a Liouville-like theory, have a lower bound to energy, provided there is no critical boundary. This fact is then reconciled with the observation made earlier that the Hawking radiation does not appear to stop. The physical picture that emerges is that of a black hole in a bath of quantum radiation. We also evaluate the ADM mass for the models with RST boundary conditions and find that negative values are allowed. The Bondi mass of these models goes to zero for large retarded times, but becomes negative at intermediate times in a manner that is consistent with the thunderpop of RST. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,761 |
Equations are written down governing the propagation of plane sinusoidal waves of small amplitude through a homogeneously prestrained equilibrium state of a materially homogeneous thermoelastic body of arbitrary elastic and thermal symmetry. The symmetric isothermal and isentropic acoustic tensors are defined in the usual way and it is assumed that the former is positive definite, so that it has three real and positive eigenvalues. It is shown, under the usual assumption that the specific heat at constant deformation is positive, that the three real and positive eigenvalues of the isentropic acoustic tensor are interlaced with those of the isothermal acoustic tensor, the smallest eigenvalue belonging to the isothermal and the largest to the isentropic acoustic tensor. Under the additional assumption that the symmetrized thermal conductivity tensor is positive definite, it is further shown that this result on the interlacing of the eigenvalues is sufficient to guarantee, for all positive values of the frequency of the sinusoidal waves, that the material is linearly stable in the sense that sinusoidal waves may not increase without bound in the direction of propagation. In the final section, the wide diversity in behaviour of the complex squared wave speed as a function of frequency is illustrated graphically. The stability result is extended to negative frequencies as these would be required in any Fourier synthesis of the sinusoidal wave solutions. A connection with Whitham's wave hierarchy approach is mentioned. | Equations are derived governing the behaviour of small disturbances superimposed on an underlying equilibrium configuration of a thermoelastic body. The body may be materially inhomogeneous, non-homogeneously prestrained and be subjected to a non-uniform temperature resulting in non-constant-coefficient partial differential equations. These equations are generalized to the case where thermomechanical constraints are present, both deformation-temperature and deformation-entropy constraints. It is known that the first of these types of constraints leads to material instabilities and the second does not. By examining nearly constrained materials, and taking an appropriate limit, we find that the instabilities associated with deformation-temperature constraints arise because the heat capacity at constant deformation becomes negative whilst deformation-entropy constraints are stable because the same heat capacity remains positive, though tending to zero in the limit of the constraint holding exactly. The ten important moduli of thermoelasticity are examined in the limit of each constraint holding exactly. It is found, for example, that for each type of constraint the heat capacity at constant stress remains positive and bounded away from zero. Results on wave propagation are also presented. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,762 |
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a new type of inorganic flame retardant additive for polymer nanocomposites. Although their unique structural properties and tunable chemical compositions make them highly promising, it has been noticed that on their own, LDHs can hardly fulfill all the requirements for commercial applications. In recent years, the application of LDHs together with other synergistic additives has been proposed as a new route for obtaining highly efficient flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. It is believed that the synergistic additives can overcome the shortcomings of LDHs. As great progress has been made in this field so far, we believe that a timely review is warranted. Thus, in this contribution, the synergistic effect of LDHs with other flame retardant additives including (1) phosphorus-containing compounds, (2) graphene and carbon compounds, (3) intumescent flame retardants, (4) magnesium hydroxide, (5) borate-containing compounds, and (6) some other flame retardant compounds will be critically reviewed. For each type of additive, the synergistic mechanism with LDHs, and their performance on both flame retardancy and thermal stability will be discussed. We believe that this work will inspire and guide researchers from a wide range of backgrounds and help to pave the way for major breakthroughs in both fundamental studies and industrial applications in this field. | The synthesized phases with chemical composition M62+Al3OH18A+SO4212H2O\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\left[ {{\text{M}}^{2 + }_{6} {\text{Al}}_{3} \left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{18} } \right]\left[ {{\text{A}}^{ + } \left( {{\text{SO}}_{4} } \right)_{2} } \right]12{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}$$\end{document} (M2+ = Mn, Mg, Zn; A+ = Li, Na or K) were evaluated in relation to their thermal behavior by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the shigaite (M2+ = Mn), natroglaucocerinite (M2+ = Zn) and motukoreaite (M2+ = Mg) phases, the TGA measurements indicated that all samples were dehydrated up to 200 °C in two steps, followed by dehydroxylation above 300 °C. After the thermal treatment at 1000 °C, formation of oxides/spinels were observed for the shigaite and natroglaucocerinite phases, while for motukoreaite, oxides, spinels and MgSO4 were detected. XRD indicated a reduction in the basal distance from around 11 Å for the fully hydrated phases to around 7 Å for the dehydrated phases. The thermal treatments of some samples at 100 °C, 150 °C and 200 °C indicated that in all phases, intercalated sulfate and alkaline metal ions can be dehydrated and rehydrated. As indicated by FTIR, at 200 °C sulfate could be grafted to the layers and at 300 °C, for all the phases, a stable mixture of amorphous materials was obtained, which could not be rehydrated. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,763 |
A report is presented on the structural, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesised by the solution combustion technique. Structural characterisation by X-ray diffraction confirmed the phase purity of the samples. Surface morphology studied by scanning electron microscope revealed a cubic-type shape of grains. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the elemental composition. Less value of DC electrical conductivity and increased bandgap for doped ZnO from UV–Vis studies confirmed change in the defect chemistry of the ZnO matrix. However, varied synthesis process results in ferromagnetic behaviour for doped ZnO nanoparticles. | In the present work, we report the successful synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles by efficient, economic and fast solution combustion method. Solution combustion method has been modified for preparation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles and the influence of fuel to oxidizer ratio, and synthesis temperature has been analyzed for the phase purity. Optical properties of prepared samples have been determined using UV-Visible spectroscopy and optical band gap is obtained using Tauc’s Plot. Vibrating sample magnetometer and Mössbauer spectroscopy of the prepared samples were recorded and analyzed for magnetic properties. Magnetic results support and explain the modified properties based on choice of synthesis route. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,764 |
The absorption of laser radiation along atmospheric slant paths is calculated when Lambert’s law is valid. Illustrative results are given for absorbing gases which are distributed uniformly throughout the atmosphere and when the temperature variation of the line intensities and half-width can be neglected. These results are then generalized to include cases of nonuniformly distributed gases with a temperature variation along the path. The effect of the overlapping of spectral lines is studied through the use of the Elsasser model. Finally, it is shown that large differences in the absorptance may occur between corresponding frequencies in the red and violet wings when there is a shift in the position of the line center with pressure. This line shift could ideally be studied with laser sources. | A comprehensive examination is made of recent advanced research directions in the applications of electro-optical and holographic instrumentations and methods to atmospheric sciences problems. In addition, an over-view is given of the in-house research program for environmental and atmospheric measurements with emphasis on particulates systems. Special treatment is made of the instrument methods and applications work in the areas of laser scattering spectrometers and pulsed holography sizing systems. Selected engineering tests data on space simulation chamber programs are discussed.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,765 |
Optimal operation of hydrothermal systems is very complex because it corresponds to a multiperiod, stochastic, large scale and characterized by a nonseparable objective function optimization problem. As a result it is traditionally carried out without taking into account transmission constraints or considering them in a very simplified way. This approach is not adequate to address certain kind of problems such as cost-benefit studies of transmission interconnections in hydro systems or the study of spatial distributions of spot prices ("zones" identification) through the electric network, due to hydro and power flow constraints. In this paper we address the problem of stochastic optimization of large scale transmission constrained hydrothermal systems with applications to the Brazilian case. | Generation scheduling and other types of optimization problems for hydrothermal systems have been studied for more than 60 years. A large number of algorithms and solving strategies have already been proposed in the literature. Despite of this huge amount of publications, we still lack the existence of standardized test systems that can be used to benchmark the performance and solution quality of so many proposed techniques. In this sense, this paper proposes some test cases that can be used to unit commitment and hydrothermal scheduling problems both in regulated and deregulated markets. Electrical network data are taken from the 24, 57, 118 and 300-bus IEEE-based test systems, which were fictitiously linked to a set of up to 20 thermal units and more than 100 hydro units. Hydro data are based on the real Brazilian system and include cascaded reservoirs, water delay times, and hydro plants input-output curves. Thermal data are taken from the literature. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,766 |
This paper investigates application of a two-tier wireless network system with integrating wireless access and wireless backhaul as the evolution path of providing rural areas with Internet services. The first tier of the proposed network system is the wireless access network which provides interface to user accessing to Internet and enjoy services such as voice over IP, web browsing, and social network. The second tier is the backhaul network in which comprises of a number of wireless routers that carry traffic from various access networks to a gateway. | With such rapid growth in ICT innovation products, there were thoudsands research papers discussing about emerging ICT in many ICT products, analyzing or expose what and why do ICT emerge with peoples' activities. Some methods from litaratures related to emerging until accepting ICT (i.e. TAM, UTAUT) are also widely discussed. This paper analyze number of terms in emerging ICT to conduct the same perception about emerging ICT discussion or sharing amongs researchers. By reviewing some literatures, this paper will build conceptual understanding amongst research by describing and analyzing about the terms of emerging ICT, those are ICT Usage, ICT Utilization, ICT Implementation, ICT Integration, ICT Usability, ICT Penetration, ICT Acceptance and ICT Adoption. Description may have intersection amongs definition. Thus, we can found their own uniqueness on each. Analyzing will create a proposed conceptual understanding in this area. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,767 |
The Laplacian of terrain height over Central Asia correlates well with planetary boundary layer (PBL) pressure perturbations during summer. Low-pressure perturbations favor concave terrain forms, high pressure perturbations appear to go with convex terrain forms. Some of these PBL perturbations have been found to trigger severe weather over Tibet and over eastern China. This observation leads to the speculation that large-scale orographic features may cause the establishment of “severe weather alleys” downwind. | Surface and upper-air data, collected as part of the Cumulus Photogrammetric, In Situ, and Doppler Observations (CuPIDO) experiment during the 2006 monsoon season around the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeast Arizona, are used to study the diurnal variation of the mountain-scale surface convergence and its thermal forcing. The thermal forcing is examined in terms of a horizontal pressure gradient force, which is derived assuming hydrostatic balance. The mountain is ∼30 km in diameter, ∼2 km high, and relatively isolated. The environment is characterized by weak winds, a deep convective boundary layer in the afternoon, and sufficient low-level moisture for orographic cumulus convection on most days. The katabatic, divergent surface flow at night and anabatic, convergent flow during the day are in phase with the diurnal variation of the horizontal pressure gradient force, which points toward the mountain during the day and away from the mountain at night. The daytime pressure deficit over the mo... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,768 |
Several types of hydrogen targets are used at SLAC. Some are multiple assemblies that allow the user to select liquid hydrogen, liquid deuterium or any of several solid targets. The most elaborate assembly build to date has a cell with circulating liquid hydrogen, a cell with circulating liquid deuterium, and an array of nine solid targets or holes. The target in use is selected by the computer. Target position is determined by encoders and verified by micro-switches. The operation of the fan circulating the hydrogen is monitored by a magnetic pickup coil. Forced circulation of hydrogen is used in other targets where the heat load is too high to allow stable operation with natural convection, or the length-to-diameter ratio is great enough to inhibit bubble free operation. | This paper describes a 650 mm long liquid hydrogen target constructed for use in the high intensity electron beam at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, (SLAC). The main design problem was to construct a target that would permit the heat deposited by the electron beam to be removed rapidly without boiling the hydrogen so as to maintain constant target density for optimum data taking. Design requirements, construction details and operating experience are discussed. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,769 |
Web Content Management System (WCMS) is a significant aspect of E-commerce enterprises, organizations and government portal, which can improve the effectiveness of development, management, and maintenance in Web applications. However, organizations lack the expansibility, compatibility and reusability in developing WCMS for some application fields. In this paper, by analyzing the requirement and module design, basing on cooperative office, the article provides a J2EE-based three-tier architecture technology for the construction of Web Content Management System, which is aim to solve content management and publication, website resources construction, as well as a range of issues such as rights manag ement. Besides, the system can be used effectively and conveniently in maritime and shipping integrated platform website management of Yunnan province in china. In the article, we describe the architecture and the design details of the system. | With the popularity of online education and e-learning, it is necessary for universities to realize the online management of graduation thesis, which is one of the most important teaching processes. In this paper, the technology solution including JSP + Tomcat + SQL Server 2005 is used to implement a web-based system for graduation thesis management, which can standardize the whole management process from thesis guide to oral defense. Based on requirements and feasibility analysis, technical solutions, system structure and core functions of this online system are introduced. Then, focusing on the system implementation of some core functionality, the key technologies are analyzed in detail. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,770 |
In this paper we determine a number of meaningful com- positions of higher order of a set of functions, which is considered in (2), in implicit and explicit forms. The obtained results are applied to vector analysis in order to determine the number of meaningful dierential op- | This paper deals with the enumeration of the higher order non-trivial compositions of the differential operations and the directional derivative in the space $R^n$ ($n \geq 3$). We present the recurrences for a counting the higher order non-trivial compositions. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,771 |
Fiber-strain sensors have found numerous applications from structural health monitoring for vibrations, to pressure and temperature sensing. Many of these sensors exploit the strain-sensitivity of the reflection wavelength of fiber-bragg gratings, π-shifted gratings or other waveguide devices. The strain is typically inferred from a change of reflected or transmitted light intensity. Light intensity measurements are not very robust and have an inherently limited accuracy. We propose that a frequency-based strain measurements using fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) cavities provide not only superior sensitivity but also retain a very high measurement bandwidth. | An all-fiber-optical method is presented to monitor densities, viscosities, and temperatures of Newtonian liquids. The actuation is performed by photothermally heating the base of a steel cantilever with an intensity-modulated 808 nm diode laser. The cantilever vibrations are measured with an in-fiber Fabry–Perot cavity sensor attached along the length of the cantilever. When immersed in a viscous fluid, the cantilever response can be related to the fluid properties: a shift in the resonance frequency corresponds to a change in fluid density, and the width of the resonance peak gives information on the dynamic viscosity after calibration of the system. Aqueous glycerol and sucrose samples in the density range of 0.997–1.17 g cm−3 and in the viscosity range of 0.89–8.49 mPa s were used to investigate the limits of the sensor. Representative beverage samples were also analyzed as unknowns. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,772 |
Estimates of the parameters of a linear model are usually obtained by the method of ordinary least-squares (OLS), which is sensitive to large values of the additive error term. By dividing the sample into nonoverlapping subsamples and computing the trimmed means of OLS subsample regression coefficients, we obtain a simple, consistent and asymptotically normal initial estimate of the coefficients, which protects the analyst from large values of ∈ i which are often hard to detect using OLS on a model with many regressors. The technique is applied to the calculation of risk parameters in the capital asset pricing model for securities on the N. Y. Stock Exchange. | Nonparametric regression has been popularly used in curve fitting, signal denosing, and image processing. In such applications, the underlying functions (or signals) may vary irregularly, and it is very common that data are contaminated with outliers. Adaptive and robust techniques are needed to extract clean and accurate information. In this paper, we develop adaptive nonparametric M-regression with a Bayesian approach. This general approach fits M-regression using piecewise polynomial functions with an unknown number of knots at unknown locations, all treated as parameters to be inferred through Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) of Green (1995, [9]). The Bayesian solution presented in this paper with computational details can be considered as an approximation to the general optimal solution for M-regression with free knots as described in Stone (2005, [22]). Numerical results show that the Bayesian approach performs well in various cases, especially with discontinuous underlying functions. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 60K35, 60K35; secondary 60K35. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,773 |
The results of theoretical and experimental investigations of high-performance ultra-thin metasurface absorbers designed for narrow-band operation at subterahertz frequencies are presented. Implemented in a high-impedance surface configuration with a deep-subwavelength thin ground polypropylene substrate, the absorbers are intended for using as the photo-sensitive layers in wavelength-selective thermal detectors. A compact closed-form equivalent circuit formulation verified by full-wave simulations, as well as the route towards an optimal design of the spectrometric absorber are discussed. In addition, a spectrometric array of metasurface-absorber-integrated pyroelectric detectors with spectral peak sensitivities positioned in the range of 0.094-1 THz and providing the selectivity bandwidth of several per cent is described. | We propose an approach to improve the accuracy and speed of THz-TDS measurements in the low-frequency regime. It is based on applying anti-alias filters to narrow the frequency band of the THz signal that allows increasing the sampling interval in accordance with the Nyquist–Shannon theorem. The concept was verified by studying the transmittance spectra of the reference samples — band-pass THz filters centered at 156 and 376 GHz. We show a reduction of the spectrometer scanning time by an order of magnitude and an increase in measurement accuracy due to eliminating a long-term signal drift. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,774 |
In light of the observed performance of the geotechnical instrumentation deployed on the Spent Fuel Test-Climax (SFT-C), the following conclusions and recommendations are offered. Further research is required to fully understand the observed failures of linear potentiometers utilized in sealed or partially ventilated extensometer head assemblies. Based on our field observations, we recommend deploying Schaevitz LVDTs or proximeters as extensometer transducers where a sealed head assembly is required. The user must be cognizant of the potential drift and thermal instabilities of these units, however. The first-generation wire extensometers and fracture monitors developed for this test are an accurate, reliable means for measuring convergence and discrete joint motion, respectively. The improved hermetically sealed vibrating-wire stressmeters function reliably. Calibration of the gauge remains difficult and further work is warranted in this area. Utilization of a single lot of sheathed thermocouples in a zone box configuration is a cost-effective, accurate, and reliable means of measuring temperatures in the repository environment. Care must be taken to tailor the sheath composition to the test thermal and chemical environment. Monitoring and post-test studies will continue at the SFT-C through 1984. Included in these studies will be post-test calibrations of all accessible instrumentation. A final report on the performance of the field instrumentation will be prepared at that time. | In the Climax stock granite on the Nevada Test Site, eleven canisters of spent nuclear reactor fuel were emplaced, and six electrical simulators were energized. When test data indicated that the test objectives were met during the 3-year storage phase, the spent-fuel canisters were retrieved and the thermal sources were de-energized. The project demonstrated the feasibility of packaging, transporting, storing, and retrieving highly radioactive fuel assemblies in a safe and reliable manner. In addition to emplacement and retrieval operations, three exchanges of spent-fuel assemblies between the SFT-C and a surface storage facility, conducted during the storage phase, furthered this demonstration. The test led to development of a technical measurements program. To meet these objectives, nearly 1000 instruments and a computer-based data acquisition system were deployed. Geotechnical, seismological, and test status data were recorded on a continuing basis for the three-year storage phase and six-month monitored cool-down of the test. This report summarizes the engineering and scientific endeavors which led to successful design and execution of the test. The design, fabrication, and construction of all facilities and handling systems are discussed, in the context of test objectives and a safety assessment. The discussion progresses from site characterization and experiment design through data acquisition and analysis of test data in the context of design calculations. 117 refs., 52 figs., 81 tabs. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,775 |
Let X and Y be vector lattices and let T : X → Y be a disjointness preserving linear operator, i.e., | Tx 1 |∧| Tx 2 |=0 if | x 1 |∧| x 2 |=0; x 1 , x 2 ϵ X . Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained under which T can be written as a multiplication, i.e., Tx(·)=e(·)x(τ(·)), where τ is a continuous mapping from a topological space on which Y can be represented as a vector lattice of extended real valued continuous functions into a topological space on which X can be similarly represented. If X and Y are normed lattices and T is continuous, these conditions are satisfied and hence T can be represented as such a multiplication. With the author's permission, several remarks made by C.B. Huijsmans and B. de Pagter are incorporated in the text. | We study (almost) invertible operators on Banach lattices which take disjoint elements to disjoint elements. We show that these operators may be decomposed into a direct sum of their strictly periodic and aperiodic parts, and then use this result to derive various properties of the spectrum. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,776 |
A high and almost completely submerged rockfill and cofferdam was sealed by inducing artificial silting on its water face. First, the rockfill was placed by dumping, and carefully selected transition zone material was then placed on the slope of the rockfill. The water outside the cofferdam was rendered muddy by pumping clay and silt from the river bottom and discharging it near and along the water face of the cofferdam. At the same time, water was pumped from within the cofferdam, creating a differential head on the rockfill and the transition zone. Under the influence of this head, the suspended clay and silt penetrated the transition and made it watertight. The cofferdam was sealed and unwatered at an appreciable saving of time and money. | Offshore anchor piles are seafloor moorings that keep the position of floating structures during a harsh environment. These piles are usually subjected to a wide range of monotonic and cyclic later... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,777 |
The internet makes data become an increasingly transient good. Almost any song and even entire movies are available in a digital form — not always to the delight of the copyright owners. Another type of good, which can be considered as predestined to be distributed over the channel internet, is software. Vendors use the internet for direct sales purposes as well as for making software explicitly available free of charge, what offers interested people the possibility to test preliminary software versions (beta versions) and to report possible software errors (bugs) to the vendor. This concept of distributed quality assurance isn’t very innovative. The idea of Open Source even incorporates the integration of all involved people and all parts of a software product’s lifecycle via an open license model (DiBona et al. 1999, Feller et al. 2005). | From the Publisher: ::: Now in Open Sources, for the first time leaders of Open Source come together to discuss the new vision of the software industry they have created, through essays that explain how the movement works, why it succeeds, and where it is going. A powerful vision from the movement's spiritual leaders, this book reveals the mysteries of how open development builds better software, and how businesses can leverage freely available software for a competitive business advantage. Open Source is a trademark of the Open Source Initiative. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,778 |
Nascap-2k is the updated version of the NASCAP/GEO spacecraft charging analysis code. In addition to packaging the physical content of NASCAP/GEO in a modern way, Nascap-2k incorporates other plasma analysis codes (in particular, the DynaPAC code) in order to extend its applicability to a wide variety of plasma environments. Nascap-2k also includes an interactive Object Toolkit for defining spacecraft surface models for analysis. In this paper we focus on the tenuous plasma charging capabilities of the code, with application to DSCS-III (geosynchronous environment), STEREO (solar wind environment) and MESSENGER (solar wind environment near 0.4 AU). | We present a particle-in-cell (PIC) method using a nonhomogeneous immersed-finite-element (IFE) field solver for modeling dielectric surface charging of complex-shaped objects in plasmas. The IFE solver allows PIC codes using a Cartesian mesh applied to simulations involving arbitrarily shaped objects with a similar accuracy as that using a body-fitting mesh. The object surface is treated as an interface. Surface charging is calculated directly from charge deposition at the interface, and the electrostatic fields on both sides of the interface are resolved self-consistently. The capability of the nonhomogeneous IFE-PIC method is demonstrated by a simulation study of the charging of an irregular-shaped asteroid in the solar wind. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,779 |
This paper mainly studies the main circuit topology, the working principle, modulation technique and control strategy of the STATCOM based on H-bridge. The STATCOM direct power control algorithm based on the virtual flux is used to control the AC side reactive power compensation, and in accordance with the principle of conservation of power, the DC side voltage imbalance factors are analyzed, and a distributed DC voltage control algorithm is also introduced. The DC side control algorithm is divided into upper and lower control parts, of which the upper control section is aimed at the average of DC side capacitor voltage of the sub-module unit for the STATCOM device, the lower control part is mainly for each sub-module DC side capacitor voltage. Finally, the control strategy is verified in a three level chain STATCOM system with VME control box as its core controller, and the experimental results show that the algorithm is feasible. | Modeling techniques for cascaded-multilevel converter-based STATCOM in abc and dqo coordinates are proposed. The simplified models for a balanced three-phase three-wire system in dqo are used in feedback controller design for cascaded seven-level converter-based STATCOM system. The development and analysis of the models are presented. Feedback control schemes are proposed to achieve a fast dynamic response as well as DC capacitor voltage balance. Computer simulation is performed to verify the accuracy of the models and performance of the controller. The simulation results show the consistency of the proposed models. In addition, the fast step responses in the order of subline cycle can be achieved. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,780 |
Process patterns represent well-structured and successful recurring activities of Software Development Methodologies (SDMs). They are able to form a library of reusable building blocks that can be utilized in Situational Method Engineering (SME) for constructing a custom SDM or enhancing an existing one to fit specific project situation. Recently, some researchers have subjectively extracted process patterns from existing SDMs based on cumulative experience in various domains, however, how to objectively extract process patterns from SDMs by adopting a systematic procedure has remained as question. In this regard, this paper is concerned with a procedure aiming to take process patterns out of existing SDMs. An example illustrates applicability of the proposed procedure for extracting process patterns in a specific context. | Change and evolution of business and technology imply change and evolution of development processes. Besides that for a certain enterprise and/or project we will usually integrate elements from a variety of existing process models, comprising generic standards as well as specific development methods. In this paper we propose a Process Framework which is modularly structured on the basis of the concept of process patterns. This framework allows us to describe development processes in a way such that change, evolution, and integration of processes are facilitated. Founded on our framework we sketch the idea of a living development process. An example illustrates our approach. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,781 |
A fuzzy logic approach is applied to coordinate three control inputs: in-phase voltage control; quadrature voltage control; and shunt compensation, of a unified power flow controller to improve the transient stability of a power system. The fuzzy rules for the controller are created based on a bang-bang control strategy whose objectives are minimising the first swing, damping the oscillations at an optimum rate and maximising the transient stability margin. The proposed controller also incorporates a technique of reducing the chattering of generator output which naturally results from the application of bang-bang control. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic based controller provides satisfactory performance, meeting the design objectives. The results also show the robustness of the controller. | This paper focuses on the design of single input single output fuzzy controller for a Power oscillation controller based SSSC for damping rotor oscillation in power system network. The oscillation due to disturbance cannot damp out only by SSSC, but with single input Fuzzy tuned Damping controller based SSSC can easily damp out the oscillation. Here the proposed system has been implemented in the standard nine-bus system and simulation results are taken by deriving the transient stability algorithm using C compiler software. After the analysis it is found that the Fuzzy based POD controller is very much required for SSSC controller to damp out the power oscillations. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,782 |
A gear shaper or shaver cutter which has broken or damaged teeth is salvaged by removing good teeth from an identical cutter which is otherwise unsalvagable. The removal of damaged teeth from the salvagable cutter, and removal of good teeth from the unsalvagable cutter, is done by electrical discharge machining (EDM) wire. The good teeth are removed as an integral group which is snugly fitted into and plugs the slot where the damaged teeth were removed from the salvageable cutter. The group is locked in place by a lock pin in an aperture made by EDM electrode procedure, the lock pin being welded in place by electron beam welding, and or any other suitable state of the art. | Report presenting a state-of-the-art survey of automatic indexing systems and experiments. It was conducted by the Research Information Center and Advisory Service on Information Processing, Information Technology Division, Institute for Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards. Consideration is first given to indexes compiled by or with the aid of machines, including citation indexes. Advantages, disadvantages, and possibilities for modification and improvement are discussed. Experiments in automatic assignment indexing are summarized. Related research efforts in such areas as automatic classification and categorization, computer use of thesauri, statistical association techniques, and linguistic data processing are described. A major question is that of evaluation, particularly in view of evidence of human inter-indexer inconsistency. It is concluded that indexes based on words extracted from text are practical for many purposes today. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,783 |
This paper presents a practical implementation of stochastic assessment of the annual financial losses due to voltage sags taking into account the uncertainties involved with the sensitivity and interconnection of equipments participating in an individual process, customer types and location of the process in the system network. The methodology is applied to the distribution system of Haridwar district of Uttarakhand state, India. | The second part of this paper presents a practical implementation and application of the methodology for the stochastic assessment of the annual financial losses due to interruptions and voltage sags discussed in the first part of this paper. The costs of interruptions and voltage sags are determined separately and then combined in order to estimate the total financial losses in the network. The methodology is illustrated on a generic realistic distribution network with all relevant network components modeled appropriately. Finally, different network topologies are compared taking into account total financial losses in the network. It is shown that the inclusion of the financial losses due to voltage sags that may account for up to about 20% of the interruption costs may alter the network topology ranking. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,784 |
Low-head labyrinth weir control structures installed on mild sloping channels or where the channel downstream of the weir is constricting and/or heavily vegetated can experience submergence. Weir submergence occurs when the tailwater surpasses the weir crest elevation, causing an increase in the upstream driving head for a given discharge, relative to a free-discharge condition. The most familiar relationship for predicting submerged weir head-discharge relationships is likely that of James R. Villemonte, which he published in 1947 for sharp-crested linear weirs. For lack of a better alternative, Villemonte’s relation has also been applied to predicting submerged labyrinth weir performance. A new dimensionless submerged head relationship developed in this study is presented for submerged labyrinth weirs. A similar relationship is also presented for linear sharp-crested weirs. The accuracy of the submerged linear weir relationship was equivalent to Villemonte’s and is simpler to solve when working in terms... | This paper proposes a model based on gene expression programming for predicting the discharge coefficient of triangular labyrinth weirs. The parameters influencing discharge coefficient prediction were first examined and presented as crest height ratio to the head over the crest of the weir, a crest length of water to channel width, a crest length of water to the head over the crest of the weir, Froude number and vertex angle dimensionless parameters. Different models were then presented using sensitivity analysis in order to examine each of the dimensionless parameters presented in this study. In addition, an equation was presented through the use of nonlinear regression (NLR) for the purpose of comparison with GEP. The results of the studies conducted by using different statistical indexes indicated that GEP is more capable than NLR. This is to the extent that GEP predicts the discharge coefficient with an average relative error of approximately 2.5% in such a manner that the predicted values have less than 5% relative error in the worst model. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,785 |
The optimization of acquisition parameters for precise measurement of diffusion in anisotropic systems is described. First, an algorithm is presented that minimizes the bias inherent in making measurements with a fixed set of gradient vector directions by spreading out measurements in 3-dimensional gradient vector space. Next, it is shown how the set of b-matrices and echo time can be optimized for estimating the diffusion tensor and its scalar invariants. The standard deviation in the estimate of the tensor trace in a water phantom was reduced by more than 40% and the artefactual anisotropy was reduced by more than 60% when using the optimized scheme compared with a more conventional scheme for the same scan time, and marked improvements are demonstrated in the human brain with the optimized sequences. Use of these optimal schemes results in reduced scan times, increased precision, or improved resolution in diffusion tensor images. Magn Reson Med 42:515-525, 1999. | We have been constructing a statistical atlas of white matter fiber tracts, in which probability density maps of tract structures are stored with diffusion tensor parameters on spatially normalized brain data. The atlas is based on our fiber tract modeling method by using vector/tensor field reconstruction avoiding fiber-crossings. In this abstract, we describe the model-based DTT method by using our statistical atlas, and the preliminary results. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,786 |
This study examined how consumers' general attitude toward direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) influenced their drug inquiry intent, and whether the relationship between attitude toward DTCA and drug inquiry intent was moderated by their perceived knowledge of health and medicine. Results showed that those with favorable views of DTCA were more likely to inquire and request an advertised drug they saw. The effect was greater in magnitude for consumers with high perceived knowledge in health and medicine, however, than for those with low perceived knowledge. | Purpose – To determine whether direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug advertising influences consumers' behavioral intentions.Design/methodology/approach – Gathered data from 288 respondents using a pencil and paper mail survey. Respondents were asked about their knowledge and behavior regarding prescription drugs.Findings – Indicated that while consumers generally have favorable perceptions of prescription drug advertising, their behavioral intentions are nevertheless influenced by a heightened awareness of specific branded drugs. Consumers feel empowered by the information provided in direct‐to‐consumer advertising and they are concerned about governmental attempts to regulate prescription drug advertising.Research limitations/implications – Data was collected from a relatively homogenous sample with respect to ethnicity. Future research efforts could include respondents from diverse ethnic backgrounds and could incorporate questions regarding respondents' actual behaviors with respect to branded prescrip... | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,787 |
Turnover is a major concern of human resource (HR) managers working with information systems (IS) personnel. Aspects of career incentives, as perceived by the IS employees, are important in their decisions to leave or stay with the organization. We utilize a framework of various job anchors to examine how a sample of IS personnel regard incentives provided by employers and the importance of these in assessing the employee's intent to leave. Job security and a service incentive are most important in reducing this intent. Organizations must address their ability to provide such incentives in order to retain their IS employees. | This research paper aims to examine business graduates’ pre-employment decisions relevant to pursue a satisfied and successful career after going through internship training. Subjects were the students who have undergone through an internship program and data was analyzed by using SPSS software. A five point Likert Scale has been used to examine the relation of dependent variable person career (PC) fit and independent variables (job attributes, PO-fit and PJ-fit).The internees degree of perceived pay, benefits, promotion as related to future growth opportunities , job location, peers’ relationship, firm’s image and job duties as major factors and key criterion to pursue a satisfied and successful career .The results also indicate that person job (PJ) fit contributes more than person organization (PO) fit towards person career (PC) fit.Offering internship programs and trainings allows employers the opportunity of exploring full time fresh graduates pool and best talent to recruit. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,788 |
Research suggests that arguing can be stressful. We report two studies that explore the relationships between distributive, integrative, and avoidant communication reported to have occuned during an argument and individuals ‘post-episodic stress symptoms and health problems. Self-reported distributive and avoidance actions were positively related to post-episodic hyperarousal and hyperarousal mediated the positive relationship between both actions and health problems. Unexpectedly, self-reported integrative actions were positively related to post-episodic intrusive thoughts and hyperarousal, although only hyperarousal mediated the relationship between integrative actions and health problems. | This investigation examines whether individuals’ reasons for keeping secrets predict whether they eventually reveal those secrets and whether individuals can accurately anticipate the outcomes of revealing. Respondents (n= 342) first reported on a secret they were keeping and then returned 2 months later to report whether they had revealed it and, if so, what happened when they did. Findings indicated that participants’ reasons for keeping a secret predicted whether they revealed it. The results also indicated both accuracy and inaccuracy in secret tellers’ expectations of the outcomes of revealing a secret. Finally, despite some demonstrable inaccuracies in the forecasted outcomes, participants’ retrospective accounts after revealing suggested that participants typically believed that they had accurately predicted the consequences of revealing. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,789 |
In an institution undergoing basic structural reorganization, the development of a new website became a critical focus for discourse about the functions and values of the organization. Discourse analysis reveals a complex system of heteroglossic relations among the various viewpoints within the organization. Combined with semiotic analysis of the website development, it can help us to understand the role of a new medium of wide-scale communication in processes of organizational change. | Organizational communication covers an eclectic mix of approaches, theories, and methodologies, developed within organizational settings or applied from other areas. The authors start their assessment of recent literature with 6 challenges for the field that have been delineated in previous reviews: (a) to innovate in theory and methodology, (b) to acknowledge the role of ethics, (c) to move from micro- to macrolevel issues, (d) to examine new organizational structures and technologies, (e) to understand the communication of organizational change, and (f) to explore diversity and intergroup aspects of communication. All 6 challenges implicate the importance of considering the intergroup level of analysis as well as the interpersonal and organizational levels, to undertake multilevel research in context, and to consider the role and place of voice in organizations. Finally, researchers must make their research ethical and consequential. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,790 |
workers have witnessed striking changes in their jobs and wages during the past three decades. We know the most about what has happened to workers7 earnings. There is now an established body of research documenting an unprecedented rise in wage inequality, declining wages for low-skill workers, and a marked deterioration in economic welfare for parts of the AfricanAmerican and Hispanic populations. Many of these trends continue to the present, despite a strong economy and a tight labor market. Forces deeper than the business cycle are at work, in particular the globaliza- | This review article examines the growing literature on the changing employment practices of small and medium-sized manufacturers. Specifically, the authors examine the literature in three areas: (a) hiring practices, (b) employment security and retention, and (c) career ladders. Observers disagree about the extent to which restructuring has taken place in smaller firms, the nature of workplace change, and the impact of this change on employees and firms. The policy arena is just as contentious; a host of different strategies have been proposed to provide employment opportunities in manufacturing, particularly for low-income populations. By synthesizing the research to date and evaluating the key debates in this area, this literature review will assist economic development researchers and practitioners in making the leap to workforce issues. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,791 |
The aim of this study was to develop a self-report instrument to identify schemas in sexual offenders. A schema was defined as a structure, with cognitive contents such as attitudes, beliefs, rules and assumptions centred on a coherent theme, which directs some aspects of cognitive processing. A questionnaire containing items drawn from offenders' explanations for their offending was administered to 657 imprisoned sexual offenders. Exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors, labelled Dominance and Disadvantaged. Both factors showed good internal reliability, test–retest reliability and construct validity. The factors are best conceptualised as modes, containing cognitive-conceptual, motivational, behavioural and physiological components. It is likely that both modes play a role in sexual offending, but the nature of their influence needs further investigation. | The aim of this review is to examine the literature related to the assessment and treatment of sex offenders’ distorted schemas. Where appropriate, the review draws upon current insights from the field of social cognition to aid in the critical evaluation of the findings. First, the review considers the various different methodologies for assessing distorted schemas, discussing their strengths and limitations. Second, the review examines the work related to the treatment of sex offenders’ schemas. Suggestions for future research, and the implications for clinical practice, are highlighted in the article. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,792 |
The informal sector women entrepreneur is a major contributor to the income of a household, and also contributes to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. To establish and sustain profitable businesses this group needs access to business information. Given the low educational levels that characterise the informal sector women entrepreneurs, information provided to them needs to be repackaged to levels appropriate to their understanding. The primary objectives of the study was to determine whether an institution like the public library plays any meaningful role in information provision to informal sector women entrepreneurs, and also to establish the demographic profile of this largely marginalised group. The major findings revealed that access to information is a real problem, and that information sources and channels currently used - such as friends or relatives - are not providing the needed information. They are also completely unaware of the library as an information provider. The libraries themselves seem to be unprepared to service this group of potential clients, preferring them to come to the library to seek information, rather than reaching out to them in their workplaces. | Informal sector entrepreneurs, particularly women, are providers of livelihoods in many poor and marginalised communities, especially in developing countries, including South Africa. These entrepreneurs are linked largely with the tourism industry by exchanging their goods, services, skills and knowledge with the industry. They are, however, prohibited from trading in some designated areas. This prohibition is closely related to the nature of the sector and types of business activities performed. This article aims to establish whether women entrepreneurs from the informal sector contribute significantly to the tourism industry and thus to the economy of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Focus-group discussions, interviews, observations and content analysis were used to collect data from these entrepreneurs and leaders in the eThekwini Municipality. The findings suggest that the tourism industry is a crucial sector in the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in terms of its contribution to the economy and is closely supported by informal sector entrepreneurs. However, even though these women entrepreneurs are regarded as contributing significantly to the tourism industry in this Municipality, their contribution is limited by a variety of reasons ranging from a lack of business skills and knowledge and the nature of their businesses to the by-laws of the municipality. A proper understanding of the importance of the informal sector entrepreneurs to the tourism industry and the revision of by-laws to accommodate issues involving these entrepreneurs will give this sector an opportunity to strengthen the tourism industry and thus the economic base of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,793 |
The importance of fire and emergency services professional development standards has never been more apparent than during the last few years. With the events of September 11, 2001, the need for improved leadership in the emergency services has become evident. The International Association of Fire Chiefs has introduced a professional development standards model, based on a definition of professional development, which is “the planned, progressive life-long process of education, training, self-development, and experience” (IAFC, 2003). Their standard recognizes that emergency response training activities are more prevalent in the early stages of a career and that organizational skills grow with a shift to an education emphasis. This article will introduce a new leadership model along with the International Association of Fire Chiefs’ standard and discuss their relevance and importance in the fire and emergency services arena. By adopting this new model as an accepted industry standard and raising the level of expectation for those working in the field, a safer community, state and nation may be assured, improving the standard of living for all citizens. | Servant and leader — can these two roles be fused in one real person, in all levels of status or calling? If so, can that person live and be productive in the real world of the present? My sense of the present leads me to say yes to both questions. This chapter is an attempt to explain why and to suggest how. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,794 |
OBJECTIVE ::: The objective of this study was to investigate the nature of concurrent task interference during a vigilance task and to determine whether a concurrent task improves performance with decreased vigilance. ::: ::: ::: BACKGROUND ::: Research has repeatedly shown that engaging in a cell phone conversation while driving increases the risk of getting into crashes. At the same time, it has also been found that task monotony could lead to an increase in crash risk. There is evidence that suggests that engaging in a concurrent task reduces the effects of monotony, leading to an improvement in vigilance task performance. ::: ::: ::: METHOD ::: A monotonous drive in a driving simulator was used to investigate the effects of a concurrent verbal task. Three task conditions were used: no verbal task, continuous verbal task, and late verbal task. ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: When engaged in a secondary verbal task, drivers showed improved lane-keeping performance and steering control when vigilance was lowest. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSION ::: A strategically placed concurrent task can improve performance when vigilance is at its lowest. ::: ::: ::: APPLICATION ::: There is potential for the design of a countermeasure system that can be strategically activated by an automated system monitoring driver performance. | The effects of telephoning while driving were studied in three different traffic conditions, i.e. in light traffic on a quiet motorway, in heavy traffic on a four-lane ring-road, and in city traffic. Twelve subjects, unfamiliar with mobile telephones, drove an instrumented vehicle for one hour each day during three weeks and while in each of the three traffic conditions, had to operate the mobile telephone for a short while. To ensure a fixed "heavy traffic load" in the second condition, the subjects were instructed to follow another instrumented vehicle (at a safe distance). The results showed a significant effect of telephoning while driving as opposed to normal driving (i.e., not involving telephone conversation), on the effort subjectively measured by an effort scale and objectively measured by heartrate indices and on some of the measured parameters of driving performance. One half of the subjects had to operate the telephone manually, the other half performed the telephone task with a handsfree mobile telephone set. The subjects who operated the handsfree telephone showed better control over the test vehicle than the subjects who operated the handheld telephone, as measured by the steering wheel movements. Also, a clear improvement over time in the course of the 15 test days was found for some of the measurements. As a consequence of the results, some advice concerning mobile telephoning can be given to authorities, manufacturers, and users. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,795 |
Supply chain management (SCM) in the apparel industry was empirically examined through a quantitative research design. The objectives of the study were to identify the level of SCM activities and to examine the relationship of selected company characteristics for a set of US apparel manufacturers. Through the literature review, six dimensions of SCM (i.e. partnership, information technology, operational flexibility, performance measurement, management commitment, demand characterization) were identified. US apparel manufacturer groups, based on their SCM activity levels, showed statistically significant differences in company characteristics including product fashion level, fabric supplier delivery performance, relationship with fabric suppliers and retail customers and relative size of retail customers. For example, a high level of SCM activity implementation is closely related with the characteristics of more basic goods production, higher delivery performance of fabric supplier, and relatively big retailers. These manufacturers also had more partnership‐like relationship with their supply chain members. | The objectives of this paper are to extensively review, discuss, compare and categorize quality management (QM) and supply chain management (SCM) frameworks. Literature of QM and SCM was reviewed comprehensively. Then, QM and SCM frameworks were discussed, compared and classified. Several commonly accepted frameworks were raised for illustration. It was found that QM and SCM frameworks can be determined by generality (specific or generic) and scope (narrow or wide) into four categories namely Qualifier, Improver, Extender and Winner. QM and SCM frameworks or concepts have similar evolutional trend. This paper is one of the first to discuss, compare and categorize QM and SCM frameworks. Understanding their practical frameworks can improve implementation success and return. SCM evolution and promotion may be learned from those of QM as its counterpart. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,796 |
Chapter 1. Explaining International Norm Change Part I: Sovereignty Rules Chapter 2. Banning Piracy: The State Monopoly on Military Force Chapter 3. The End of Conquest: Consolidating Sovereign Rights Chapter 4. Protecting Cultural Treasures in Wartime Chapter 5. Terrorism: Reinforcing States' Monopoly on Force Chapter 6. Extraterritoriality: Expanding Exclusive Internal Jurisdiction Part II: Liberal Rules Chapter 7. Slavery: Liberal Norms and Human Rights Chapter 8. Genocide Chapter 9. Refugees and Asylum Chapter 10. Humanitarian Intervention: Liberal Norms vs. Sovereignty Norms Chapter 11. The Right to Democracy Chapter 12. Conclusion | Purpose ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which the dominant metrics currently used to measure the success of the UN based global drug prohibition regime are in many ways inadequate and consequently contribute to systemic inertia. Within this context, it seeks to explore the potential of explicitly linking drug policy to the recently launched sustainable development agenda (SDA) and the associated sustainable development goals (SDGs) to initiate a change in approach. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Design/methodology/approach ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Framing the topic in terms of international relations (IR) and regime analysis, prominent examples of where current metrics are imprecise (the relationship between production and seizures), misconceived (drug use) and missing (a range of drug and drug policy related harms) are explored. Attention is then given to an examination of international development as a model for measuring drug control outcomes, including a discussion of the SDGs in general and the intersection between drug policy interventions and several goals in particular. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Findings ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: While aware of the complexity of the issue area, the paper finds that there are considerable shortcomings in the way international drug policy outcomes are currently assessed. Although methodological problems are likely to persist, linking drug policy with the SDGs and their associated metrics offers the potential to help to shift the focus of international policy in a manner that would benefit not only UN system-wide coherence on the issue, but also assist in the achievement of the regime’s own overarching goal; to safeguard the “health and welfare” of humankind. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Practical implications ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: With the next high-level review of international drug policy due to take place in 2019, the paper offers policy makers with a way to begin to refocus drug policy metrics, and subsequently review outcomes, in line with the UN system-wide SDA. ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: Originality/value ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: As an emerging domain of inquiry, the paper not only explores a hitherto largely unexplored – yet increasingly important – facet of UN level policy evaluation, formulation and implementation, but also helps to fill a gap in the IR literature on regime dynamics. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,797 |
In Restructuring the Soviet Economic Bureaucracy, Paul R. Gregory takes an inside look at how the system worked and why it has traditionally been so resistant to change. Gregory's findings shed light on a bureaucracy that was widely considered the greatest threat to Gorbachev's efforts at perestroika, or restructuring. Restructuring the Soviet Economic Bureaucracy is based on Soviet and Western published accounts as well as interviews with former members of the Soviet economic bureaucracy, mainly from the middle elite. These informants, with their expert knowledge of the system, tell how bureaucrats big and small made the routine and extraordinary decisions that determined Soviet resource allocation. The often-criticized irrationalities of the Soviet bureaucracy are revealed to contain their own internal logic and consistency. | Attempting to satisfy their political masters in a target-driven culture, Soviet managers had to optimize on many margins simultaneously. One of these was the margin of truthfulness. False accounting for the value of production was apparently widespread in some branches of the economy and at some periods of time. A feature of accounting fraud was that cases commonly involved the aggravating element of conspiracy. The paper provides new evidence on the nature and extent of accounting fraud; the scale and optimal size of conspiratorial networks; the authorities’ willingness to penalize it and the political and social factors that secured leniency; and inefficiency in the socialist market where managers competed for political credit. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,798 |
The impact of stress was investigated among Israeli soldiers during the Gulf War. The study included 40 healthy young adults in active service. Their scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were evaluated during the first week of the war. Our subjects were divided into two equal sub-groups (N=20); combatants and auxiliary personnel. Higher levels of anxiety were found among the combatants. Factor analysis revealed three differing factors: arousal symptoms, numbing and distraction. We discuss the possible explanations for these differences. | This study examines the association between adult attachment style and the way people reacted to the Iraqi missile attack on Israel during the Gulf War. One hundred forty Israeli students were interviewed 2 weeks after the war and classified according to their attachment style (secure, avoidant, or ambivalent) and residence area (dangerous vs. less dangerous). Ambivalent people reported more distress than secure people. Avoidant persons reported higher levels of somatization, hostility, and trauma-related avoidance than secure persons. These results characterized Ss living in dangerous areas. In addition, secure people used relatively more support-seeking strategies in coping with the trauma, ambivalent people used more emotion-focused strategies, and avoidant people used more distancing strategies. Findings are discussed in terms of attachment working models. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 24,799 |
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