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phv licence cost | The total cost of the license depends of which type you apply for with the âStandardâ costing twice as much as the âSmallâ license. Small Operators License (valid 5 years). 1 License Application Fee = £703. 2 Grant of License Fee = £550.ypes of license â Small & Standard. There are two types of operatorâs license and you need to decide which best fits you: â 1 smallâ operatorâs license â These may only have a maximum of two private hire vehicles available for use at any one time. | The cost of the license is $270 for a Distributor only; $295 for an Importing Distributor's License; $295 for a Foreign Importer's License; and $320 for a Foreign Importer/Importing Distributor's Lisense.he cost of the license is $270 for a manufacturer of 500,000 gallons or more per year combined plant total, or agent thereof AND/OR Primary U.S. Importer exporting 500,000 gallons or more into Illinois yearly, or agent thereof. | eng_Latn | 25,900 |
does registration fee have gst | The fee of a simple company registration is $489 (AU Dollars & GST included). This includes the compulsory government fee of $457 and our basic service fee of $32 (GST inclusive). | Applying for GST Registration. The GST registration process differs slightly depending on the type of registration and constitution of your business. You may find details on the GST registration process and matters pertaining to the GST registration of overseas entities and joint ventures below. | eng_Latn | 25,901 |
servpro franchise cost | The investment required to open a Servpro Franchise is between $134,800-$183,450. There is an initial franchise fee of $43,000 which grants you the license to run a business under the Servpro name.ERVPRO(R), a disaster recovery and restoration franchise company, jumped up four notches on the Entrepreneur Franchise 500 ranking this year, moving to the No. 4 spot in 2012 from the No. 8 spot in 2011. This year's results make SERVPRO(R) No. 1 in the cleanup and restoration industry for the ninth... | Theyâre Faster to Any Size Disaster. SERVPRO Franchise Professionals are dedicated to responding immediately to water emergencies. A fast response lessens the damage, limits further damage, and reduces cost. Learn More. SERVPRO Franchise Professionals specialize in water damage restoration, the cornerstone of our business. | eng_Latn | 25,902 |
how much does a US citizenf | The $680 caters for the application fee of $595 while the balance ($85) is the fingerprinting fee. These are the official costs and once done away with, you will not be expected to incur any other statutory costs.Experience however has taught people that there are costs involved even after the payment of the $680. | Just in the last 15 years, the cost of becoming a U.S. citizen has risen dramatically. The application fee has risen from $95 in 1997 to almost $600 today. For many immigrants, this r epresents a big financial sacrifice. | eng_Latn | 25,903 |
what is the cost to get cdl a license | On average, a CDL license can cost anywhere from $8 to as much as $150 for the license alone. There three types of licenses: Class A, Class B, and Class C. The fees listed on the chart below are for the license only, and this will not include any additional fees such as the schooling and skills test. | The fee for the CDL general knowledge written test is $30.00. The fee for each CDL endorsement test you take at the same time as the general knowledge test is $10.00. If you take a CDL endorsement test after the CDL permit or license has been issued, the fee will be $30.00. | eng_Latn | 25,904 |
what are the average fees for having ignitiion interlock | 1 Installation fee. 2 As per flhsmv.gov, the cost for installing an interlock device in Florida is $75. 3 Although other states may have different fees, they are all in the same basic range. 4 IgnitionInterlockDevice.org stated on its site that the installation costs around $50 to $200. | 1 On the stateâs official site, the court stated the price of the interlock device is only $12. 2 The installation, monthly monitoring and a refundable deposit or monthly insurance charges have their corresponding prices as well. 3 These costs are much higher than the device itself. On the stateâs official site, the court stated the price of the interlock device is only $12. 2 The installation, monthly monitoring and a refundable deposit or monthly insurance charges have their corresponding prices as well. 3 These costs are much higher than the device itself. | eng_Latn | 25,905 |
average cost of recruiting a new employee | Costs Vary. Industries that tend to have low recruitment costs include services, waste management and arts and recreation, with an average cost of $1,062 to $1,394, while publishing was on the high end at $4,438, according to a SHRM survey conducted in 2011.n the last two cases, the organization will incur recruitment costs. Although these vary from one organization to another and can differ depending on the type of organization or the position for which it is recruiting, there are some expenses that are common, such as recruiter costs and advertising. | Sundberg now runs Link Humans, a content marketing company. He notes that the total cost of recruiting the wrong employee includes hiring, total compensation, eventual severance pay, and other factors like legal fees and totals more like $840,000 when you factor in all of these costs. In other words, how you hire couldn't be more important. And it's not just your task. | eng_Latn | 25,906 |
cost of a cashier's check | US Bank charges their account holders $7.00 for a cashierâs check. Wells Fargo Bank charges $10.00 for a cashierâs check ordered at a local Wells Fargo branch or online. Citibank has a $10.00 fee to obtain a cashierâs check. The cost at Fifth Third Bank for a cashierâs check is $7.00. The bank fee is waived for the bankâs Preferred and Private Bank account holders. | Typical costs: Electronic cash registers (ECRs) cost $110-$800 or more, but for $200-$300 you can get a basic model with a thermal printer, a built-in pole to display prices to the customer and a locking cash drawer. | eng_Latn | 25,907 |
how much does it cost to patent an idea | The filing fee is $130 for a small entity and drawings typically cost $100 to $125 per page, so a high quality provisional patent application for a mechanical or electrical device can typically be prepared and filed for $2,500 to $3,000.y way of example, you could probably find an attorney to write a patent for a business method or computer software for quite cheap, but a cheap computer related patent would not be nearly as strong as a patent application costing $20,000 or more. | 1 Rates for patent attorneys to prepare a patent application and defend it during the approval process range from $3,500 to $25,000 or more, depending on the complexity. 2 Attorneys fees may be based on hourly rates of $150-$400, depending on the services provided. | eng_Latn | 25,908 |
cost in getting a work visa in the us | The application fees are listed below and apply to one visa application. The application fee for the most common nonimmigrant visa types is $160. This includes tourist, business, student, and exchange visas. Most petition-based visas, such as work and religious visas, are US$190. K visas cost US$265 and the fee amount for E visas is US$205 The tables below are a more comprehensive list of visa types and fee amounts. Visa Types and Application Fee Amounts - Sorted by Fee Class. | An L-1 visa costs $825. Applications for H-1B visas are available on the first business day in April each year. The sponsoring company must submit an I-129 form (a petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker) to the USCIS.n L-1 visa costs $825. Applications for H-1B visas are available on the first business day in April each year. The sponsoring company must submit an I-129 form (a petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker) to the USCIS. | eng_Latn | 25,909 |
cost of mot test | The Government (Department for Transport) sets the maximum fee that can be charged for an MOT. 1 Currently £54.85 for a car. 2 Maximum fees are set to take account of the time a test should take and the costs associated with being an MOT tester. | Book Your MOT Online. With over 500 MOT test centres throughout the UK and many open 7-days-a-week, it's no wonder we're the UK's number 1 MOT tester. Book a Service at the same time as your MOT and receive an additional saving over the standard individual product price. Please note: Our prices include VAT where applicable. | eng_Latn | 25,910 |
wells fargo international wire transfer fee | Wells Fargo charges $16/incoming international wire transfer. Wells Fargo Consumer and Business Fees. | If you use an ATM that is not Wells Fargoâs, a fee may apply. Fees vary by type of account. Typical fees for transactions at non-Wells Fargo ATMs are: 1 Non-Wells Fargo ATM Withdrawal Transaction fee*: 2 U.S.: $2.50. 3 International: $5.00. 4 Balance Inquiry fee: $2.00. 5 Transfer fee: $2.00. | eng_Latn | 25,911 |
is global entry and tsa precheck different | Global Entry vs TSA PreCheck. Enrolling in TSA PreCheck might be wise if you're not much of an international traveler, but for anyone leaving the country more than once a year, Customs and Border Protection's Global Entry program is likely a better investment. | There are several ways to get TSA Pre-Check, including through Global Entry. The application fee for TSA Precheck is $85 but for $15 more you can get Global Entry which also includes TSA Pre-Check. TSAâs website has more information about the TSA Pre-Check program. | eng_Latn | 25,912 |
is there a fee to get a certified birth certificate | The bad news is that you can't get a free birth certificate online. Since there are processing fees and shipping fees charged by every state, there is always a cost, ranging from about $25-$100 or more (when you include expediting and shipping charges). Expect to pay around $25 (plus shipping) on average. | The search fee includes one copy of the certificate, if found. Additional copies of the same certificate, requested at the same time as the first, are $3.00 each. All costs must be paid by credit card and there is an additional $6.00 fee for credit card processing.xpedited in-person requests for certified copies of birth certificates generally will be completed within 15 to 30 minutes. Expedited in-person requests for uncertified copies of birth certificates will be completed within two hours. | eng_Latn | 25,913 |
how much does a modeling portfolio cost | 1 Acting classes typically cost $150-$2,000. 2 Freelance models who do not sign with an agency need a professional portfolio, which typically costs $200-$1,500. 3 If attending an IMTA conference is the goal, be sure to join a modeling school that is an IMTA member. Modeling classes cost from $15 for a one-hour class to $1,250 for a weeklong intensive workshop, which can include a wider spectrum of modeling topics. | Based on 1 analyst offering 12 month price targets for NNA in the last 3 months, the average price target is $2.00 with a high estimate of $2.00 and a low estimate of $2.00 Go Pro Smart Portfolio | eng_Latn | 25,914 |
how much does it cost to get a korean visa | South Korea Visa Fees (Price) What is the cost of a South Korea visa? Single-entry (up to 90 days): US$30. Single-entry (more than 90 days): US$50. Multiple-entry: US$80. For citizens of the United States of America, multiple entry visa fee is US$45 on the basis of reciprocity since the mutual agreement in 1994. | ALCOHOL:*. Carry on: Korean Customs Regulations allow each adult to bring in one 1L bottle of spirits (wine, liquor, etc) duty free. The price (value) must be below USD400.00 if purchased in Duty Free. | eng_Latn | 25,915 |
cost of revocable trust | Typically, a standard revocable trust starts at around $700 â $900. But that price can go up to $3,000+ depending on the complexity of the trust and the property involved. There are ways to minimize the expense. For example, if you just want one piece of property in a simple revocable trust then some estate planning attorneys in Salt Lake City will drop the price below $700. However, there are more costs than attorneyâs fees. Funding a trust can be a very expensive endeavor. | 1 According to Lodmell.com, the cost of setting up an irrevocable trust can run anywhere from $2,500 to $7,500. 2 Dummies.com states that an irrevocable living trust typically costs $1,000 to $3,000 for each individual. According to Lodmell.com, the cost of setting up an irrevocable trust can run anywhere from $2,500 to $7,500. 2 Dummies.com states that an irrevocable living trust typically costs $1,000 to $3,000 for each individual. | eng_Latn | 25,916 |
etrade cost of trades | E*Trade charges $9.99 for stock trades, with an additional $45 charge for broker-assisted trades. Active traders (150 or more trades per quarter) are charged a lower rate ($7.99). Options trades follow the same basic stock commission structure, with an additional $0.75 tacked on for each contract. | Wells Fargo/Wellstrade charges a flat stock trade fee of $8.95. This is $2.00 higher than the average online brokerage. In addition to self-executed trades, the company offers broker-assisted trades at a rate of $25 per trade for those who may desire more guidance with their trade executions. | eng_Latn | 25,917 |
tax preparation business cost | Some accountants charge an annual fee for this service, and some roll it into the cost of year-round financial services. Hereâs how Absolutely Advanced Accounting handles pricing for different types of tax preparation situations: Simple tax prep (1040): $75â$100. Self-employed (Schedule C) tax prep: $150â$250. | I just ran across a bit of interesting information on the cost of tax preparation from the National Society of Accountants. According to their biennial survey, the average tax prep fee for an itemized Form 1040 with Schedule A plus a state tax return is $229. | eng_Latn | 25,918 |
what is the cost for precheck at airport | How Much Does TSA PreCheck Cost? For a non-refundable $85 fee (payable by money order, credit card, or a certified check) you can enroll in TSA PreCheck for five years. TSA PreCheck is the expedited screening program that allows low-risk passengers to use a fast-tracked security line. In order to apply, you must be a U.S. citizen, a U.S. national, or a lawful permanent resident. The application process includes an in-person interview and background check. | Airport Pick-up or Delivery after or before business hours $250.-$350. Discounts are available for stays of two weeks or longer *($1.00 off per day) and four weeks or longer *($2.00 off per day). All discounts or specials must be prepaid the day of check-in. Prices are based on a per day basis. | eng_Latn | 25,919 |
cost of filing a provisional patent | Software â. A fairly typical quote for a provisional patent application (through filing) for a software innovation is $5,000 for attorneys fees plus the cost of the provisional filing fee (typically $130) and the cost of any professional illustrations desired (typically $300 to $500).f we did the provisional the client has already paid $2,500 in attorneys fees, so the attorneys fees for the nonprovisional preparation and filing would be $6,000. Thus the total attorney fee does not change at all whether you start with a provisional or a nonprovisional patent application. | 1 Filing fee to the USPTO for provisional patent application = $130 (small entity). 2 Nonprovisional patent application based off provisional filing = $10,000 to $12,000. 3 Filing fee to the USPTO for nonprovisional patent application = $800 to $1,250 (small entity). | eng_Latn | 25,920 |
wells fargo brokerage fees | E*TRADE vs Wells Fargo/Wellstrade. Both E*TRADE and Wells Fargo/Wellstrade have a flat fee structure, meaning regardless of how many shares you trade, you will always be charged the same base fee. The fee at E*TRADE is $6.95 USD / trade, which is cheaper than Wells Fargo/Wellstrade. The latter broker charges $8.95 USD / trade. While fees are significant when selecting a broker, it is also extremely important to consider additional criteria such as account requirements, broker expectations, and trading habits. | The Way2Save account needs to be linked to a checking account to effect all those automatic transfers from checking to savings. Wells Fargo checking accounts come with monthly service fees ranging from $5 to $30 (youâll need a minimum daily balance of at least $1,000 and a qualifying direct deposit to avoid these fees). | eng_Latn | 25,921 |
how much do it cost to get your license | 4. How much does it cost to get a license? First time applicants and expired renewals (over 3 years since license expiration) are $100 for a 5-year license and $200 for a 10-year license. Renewals are $85 for a 5-year license and $170 for a 10-year license.ow much does it cost to get a license? First time applicants and expired renewals (over 3 years since license expiration) are $100 for a 5-year license and $200 for a 10-year license. Renewals are $85 for a 5-year license and $170 for a 10-year license. | I would estimate that it would cost $5 for the license, $15 for a box of rounds, another $5 for the range, and the price of the gun varies hugely. If you have never shot before, you should DEFINITELY consider lessons. would estimate that it would cost $5 for the license, $15 for a box of rounds, another $5 for the range, and the price of the gun varies hugely. If you have never shot before, you should DEFINITELY consider lessons. | eng_Latn | 25,922 |
tsa clearance cost | TSA Preâ® saves you time and stress. With a 5 year, $85 membership, you can speed through security and donât need to remove your: shoes, laptops, liquids, belts and light jackets. APPLY NOW. Available to US citizens, nationals and LPRs. | Thereâs a widely held misconception that federal security clearance investigations cost several thousands of dollars or more and that federal contractors must pay for these investigations. âThe average cost to process a TOP SECRET clearance is between $3,000 and about $15,000, depending upon individual factors. . . . Itâs true that the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which conducts over 90% of all federal security clearance investigations, conducts these investigations on a fee-for-service basis. | eng_Latn | 25,923 |
how much does it cost to prepare a simple will | Most Wills cost no more than $300 and a truly simply Will would cost no more than $150 for a single individual. Lastly, if the lawyer offers a free consultation, providing the lawyer with your information and allowing him or her to give you a quote for the cost of services costs you no more than an hour of your time.or example, if a lawyer were to tell her client that she would bill them at the rate of $180 per hour for her services, most clients would cringe. The client s first reaction might be to calculate how much they make an hour. | Will-making software costs only a bit more than pre-made forms, and you can use the software repeatedly to add amendments or start over from scratch. New software can cost you around $100 to $250, or you can purchase an older version for around $20 to $50.Be careful when purchasing out-of-date software, however, as it may not adhere to the most recent applicable laws and your will could be ruled invalid after your death.or a simple estate, a basic will could cost as little as $100 to $150 for an attorney to complete â about the cost of a pre-made form â including your consultation and final review. | eng_Latn | 25,924 |
how much does it cost to get a design patent? | Generally, the overall cost for to obtain a design patent can range between $2000 and $3000. Maintenance fees are not required for design patents. We are not the most expensive and we are the not least expensive. However, we do not believe that choosing a patent law firm on the basis of cost alone is the best course. | $8,000 - $15,000. Cost to patent an electronics invention. âIf you've got a mechanical invention, [a patent will] cost between $5,000 to $10,000 including attorney's fees and filing fees.If you're talking about electronics, the cost goes up to more like $8,000 to $15,000.10,000 - $15,000. Attorney fees charged for preparing a patent application. â[M]ost companies spend between $10,000 and $15,000 in attorney fees to prepare the application.â Patent attorney fees. | eng_Latn | 25,925 |
how much does turbo tax charge for k1 | 1 Software, such as Intuit's TurboTax, typically costs between $20-$90, depending on the complexity of your returns and whether you need to complete a state return. 2 During the past two years, retail discounts during February and March have been common. 3 An online version, Web TurboTax, is also available.ranted, I work in a small rural community. However, we charge around $55-70 for a very basic return. If you don't have to file extra forms, you should be able to pay some to prepare and file your taxes for well under $100. A 1040 and IL starts at $85 and go up from there based on how many forms are needed. | TurboTax charges $34.99, and for users in California who choose to pay the prep fees out of a federal refund, that service is bundled with a Premium Services package that runs an additional $39.99. TaxAct offers a less expensive option if you want to pay for your software out of your refund, but itâs still $20. | eng_Latn | 25,926 |
how much for a solicitor to do probate | Lawyers can charge from £100 per hour to £250 per hour or more for probate work, depending on the seniority of the person on your case. If a simple estate took 10 hours it would be much cheaper than a more complex will taking 20 hoursâ work â and a solicitor would have to quote depending on your circumstances.Whatâs more, solicitorsâ probate fees in London can be prohibitively high.ut even for smaller estates, the probate fees donât often to go below £2,000 â £3,000. Specialist firms such as Will-Drafters Ltd make their livelihoods by consistently under-cutting solicitors quotes. While these figures provide a guide, it is important to ask around and get prices. | The statutory attorney fees to probate an estate in California are as follows: 1 4% of the first $100,000 of the estate; 2 3% percent of the next $100,000; 3 2% of the next $800,000; 1% of the next $ 1 9,000,000; ½% of the next $15,000,000. | eng_Latn | 25,927 |
average custom/broker fee | If your ISF is not filed on time, you risk a penalty from $5,000 to $10,000. These costs vary by customs broker. 1 Continuous entry bond ($299) with customs clearance fee of $99 per shipment. Single entry bond with customs clearance ($300). | Options. OptionsHouse structures its options trading with a base fee that is charged in conjunction with a fee per options contract. The base trade fee is $4.95, which is low compared to other online brokers, and the fee charged per contract is $0.50.ptions. OptionsHouse structures its options trading with a base fee that is charged in conjunction with a fee per options contract. The base trade fee is $4.95, which is low compared to other online brokers, and the fee charged per contract is $0.50. | eng_Latn | 25,928 |
probate cost in canada? | Each province and territory is different and a chart of the court probate fees by province is shown at the end of this post. There is no fee or a very low fee for smaller estates. The areas of Canada that have a maximum fee are Alberta ($400) and Quebec ($65). | Significant changes to British Columbia's probate fee laws made in 2004 have expanded the scope of the property owned by B.C. residents that is subject to this tax. In light of these changes, B.C. residents should consider the probate-minimizing strategies that are no longer available, and what approaches still work. | eng_Latn | 25,929 |
pa vehicle registration renewal cost increase | In Pennsylvania, a transportation funding bill passed into law which raises fees on motor vehicle transactions. The registration fee for passenger cars increases from $36 to $37 in 2015 and $38 in 2017. Class 1 truck registrations increase from $58.50 to $60 in 2015 and $62 in 2017. | 1 The state of Pennsylvania also offers CDL with hazmat endorsement. 2 The state renewal fee is $80. 3 With additional federal fees, the cost of both Hazmat endorsement and CDL is around $140. The state of Pennsylvania also offers CDL with hazmat endorsement. 2 The state renewal fee is $80. 3 With additional federal fees, the cost of both Hazmat endorsement and CDL is around $140. | eng_Latn | 25,930 |
what is patent application fee | Patent Application Fees. For utility patents, the small entity fees include a $165 filing fee ($82 if filing electronically), as well as a search fee of $270 and an examination fee of $110.For large entities, the filing fees are a $330 filing fee, a search fee of $540, and an examination fee of $220.aying USPTO Fees. The third major cost when preparing and filing a patent application are the fees that are paid to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). These fees are broken down for specific purposes and activities. You can pay these fees by personal check, money order, or credit card. | 1 Filing fee to the USPTO for provisional patent application = $130 (small entity). 2 Nonprovisional patent application based off provisional filing = $10,000 to $12,000. 3 Filing fee to the USPTO for nonprovisional patent application = $800 to $1,250 (small entity). Filing fee to the USPTO for provisional patent application = $130 (small entity). 2 Nonprovisional patent application based off provisional filing = $10,000 to $12,000. 3 Filing fee to the USPTO for nonprovisional patent application = $800 to $1,250 (small entity). | eng_Latn | 25,931 |
cost of dialysis treatment | It requires patients to set aside three to five hours for treatment plus travel to and from the center three times a week. One year of hemodialysis can cost up to $72,000, while a year of peritoneal dialysis costs about $53,000, according to information from the U.S. Renal Data System. Despite cost and logistical challenges, the use of home dialysis, particularly peritoneal dialysis, is growing. | Copyright 2009 Health Administration Press. service department. The current allocation of general overhead is $270,000 for the Dialysis Center and $1,600,000 for the Outpatient Clinic, which results in total overhead allocations of $570,000 for the Dialysis Center and $2,800,000 for the Outpatient Clinic.lthough not shown on Table 1, the Center uses (sells) $800,000 of drugs annually in its dialysis treatments, which cost the hospital (pharmacy) $400,000. The $400,000 profit on these drugs accrues to the pharmacy, which records $800,000 of revenues and $400,000 of costs on its P&L statement. | eng_Latn | 25,932 |
cost - pre-check | June 23, 2016. For only $85, you can apply for the TSA PreCheck program and enjoy expedited security lines at airports across the country for five blissful years. Read on for details. For a non-refundable $85 fee (payable by money order, credit card, or a certified check) you can enroll in TSA PreCheck for five years. | Seems if TSA is wanting to move more people to Pre Check then they have all plenty of people to work with all without robbing the public of another $85 per head. TSA Pre Check is a scam to ease the work load of TSA employees. TSA is already over funded, no need to add new fees. | eng_Latn | 25,933 |
cost for ged test | Testing Sites: The GED® test consists of four sections that cost $30 each, totaling $120. The sections include: Reasoning Through Language Arts, Science, Mathematical Reasoning, and Social Studies. The sections may be taken all at once or scheduled over several days. | 1 Test-taker must complete a GED Request Form(GED Form 3) . 2 Completion instructions and address are found on the form. 3 Include a money order or certified check for $10(U.S.) for each duplicate transcript, diploma or verification request made payable to GED Testing Program. 4 Please allow 2 weeks for delivery. | eng_Latn | 25,934 |
how much does it cost for a new birth certificate | Where an incorrect GRO reference is supplied a full refund will be credited to the card details provided. GRO Reference Not Supplied. Full Certificate of birth, marriage or death (standard service): £9.25 each. Full Certificate of birth, marriage or death (priority service): £23.40 each. | State law also specifies that the initial $15.00 fee for a certified birth certificate copy is a five-year record search fee â one certified copy is issued if the record is found and if not found, the fee is retained. | eng_Latn | 25,935 |
how much to charge per page for a legal translation difficult | Sample Costs For Legal Transcription Service. 1 Fox Translate - offers translation services in 30+ languages; 24 hour turnaround; Flat rate certified translation at $29 per page. Certified Translate - Flat translation rates start at $49, depending on the document type. | Freelance interpreters charge anywhere from $15/ hr to $100/hr depending on their knowledge, experience, location and type of interpretation. Some charge per half day or full day. Most charge a two hour minimum and mileage. | eng_Latn | 25,936 |
average cost of a fake id | IDChief sells two copies of an ID for $150; order in bulk with friends, as William and Samantha did, and the price drops to $100. The danger, security experts say, is that nothing is stopping such sites from using your personal information for nefarious means.These kids come in and theyâre terrified, because they think itâs going to affect their future, or their parents are going to find out,â Mr. Johnson said. But for an underage person, itâs easy to believe the price of not having a fake ID is far steeper than the price of having one. | False Alarms are Expensive. In 2002, false alarms cost $1,800,000,000 nationwide 1. In Seattle, wasted resources on false alarms increased the adjusted cost per arrested burglar to $31,444. These costs can decrease if you can spot the common reasons for false alarms and learn how to prevent false alarms from happening.n average, these false alarms can cost homeowners $50 - $250 per incident 3. Minimizing false alarms will help reduce costs for everyone and keep police available for real emergencies. | eng_Latn | 25,937 |
how much are ielts | The IELTS Exam Usually Costs About $225. Unfortunately, each test center sets its own fee, so there is no one single answer to how much the IELTS costs. However, most IELTS testing centers now charge around $225 to sit for the exam. It was about $210 until early in 2015. While a $225 fee is the normal amount that gets charged, though, some testing centers may be lower or higher. | The International English Language Testing System, or IELTS / Ë aɪ. É l t s /, is an international standardised test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge English Language Assessment, and was established in 1989. | eng_Latn | 25,938 |
how much does an attorney cost | 1 Court fees or fines vary widely depending on the charges and jurisdiction, and are not included in the attorney's fees. 2 Depending on the case, fees for investigators or expert witnesses can be anywhere from $2,000-$7,500 or more, and are in addition to the lawyer's fee.weet. Comments (2). The cost of hiring a criminal attorney depends a great deal on the nature and severity of the charges, the complexity of the case, the lawyer's years of experience and the size of the law firm, among other factors. | 1 The average amount that lawyers make is from $100-300 dollars an hour. 2 It depends on how much you charge the clients. 3 It depends upon the type of practice that one chooses. 4 The majority of attorneys do not make the enormous sums that the general public believes. | eng_Latn | 25,939 |
cost of cpl renewal | For a concealed pistol license, the filing fee is $100.00 for a new application and $115 for a renewal application. Payment is accepted in cash, money order, personal check, business check or credit/debit. | 1 The state renewal fee is $80. 2 With additional federal fees, the cost of both Hazmat endorsement and CDL is around $140. 3 In a state such as Kentucky, the fees average around $97 when getting a CDL and Hazmat endorsement. 4 This includes the CDL application and instruction permit together with the hazmat endorsement. The state of Pennsylvania also offers CDL with hazmat endorsement. 2 The state renewal fee is $80. 3 With additional federal fees, the cost of both Hazmat endorsement and CDL is around $140. | eng_Latn | 25,940 |
how much does private detective cost | Depending on your location, complexity of the work and expertise of the private investigator, fees can range from $40 to over $100 per hour with the average somewhere around $50 an hour in the United States. Be aware that depending on the work being done, there may be cost to hiring a private investigator beyond the hourly rate. | The national average salary of private detectives and investigators was $42,310 in May 2012, according to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). | eng_Latn | 25,941 |
how much does a patent attorney charge to patent an idea | Also, like utility patent application, the government charges an issue fee that must be paid in order for the design patent to be granted. Generally, the overall cost for to obtain a design patent can range between $2000 and $3000. Maintenance fees are not required for design patents. | Searches done by a professional patent searchers and an attorney written opinion typically range from $1,000 to $3,000, depending upon: (1) the amount of written analysis you want to receive; (2) the complexity of the invention; and (3) the amount of prior art discovered that needs to be considered. | eng_Latn | 25,942 |
how much is us visa fee in naira | The visa fee in Naira is as per current exchange rate. It is subject to change without notice. There is a service charge of 32060 (Naira inclusive of VAT) levied per application over and above the visa fees. Visa Fee and service charge to be paid at GT Bank branch located at Tombia Road, GRA. | There are two different application fees for F-1 visas. There is a one-time SEVIS fee of $200 (as of 2008); as well a standard world-wide Machine Readable Visa fee (MRV fee) is $160.00 (as of 2012). More information on MRV fees can be found online at: Travel.State.Gov, and for the SEVIS fee: Click HERE. | eng_Latn | 25,943 |
how much is ielts test | IELTS test fees. The registration fee for IELTS is INR 11,800. Examination dates and locations. The British Council offers IELTS tests in 42 locations in India. We recommend that candidates book their test place before the registration deadline. | Answer Wiki. You can take the British Council IELTS for 11,300 INR.The test cities and dates are mentioned on the websites. You can choose either Academic or General module for the test as per your requirements. | eng_Latn | 25,944 |
how much does it cost to register a trademark | For example, if you want to register your trademark for jewelry (Class 14) and clothing (class 25), then the government fee would normally be $ 650. You pay that fee directly to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office at the time that you apply for the trademark. Attorney fees are an additional cost.Most attorneys will prepare and file a trademark application for a flat fee that is normally between $ 500 and $1000.Applications with multiple classes may be more.he cost to register a federal trademark in the United States normally involves. 1 Fees paid to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (sometimes called âcostsâ or âofficial feesâ); and. | 1 Basic Patents.com charges $1,000 to prepare, docket and file a trademark application. 2 The New York State Science and Technolgy Law Center estimates attorney fees relative to trademark application to run $1,000-$1,500. Each state issues its own trademark registration, but often it's not worth the effort because federal registration has higher legal standing, according to The New York State Science & Technology Center. 2 Nolo Press sells a basic do-it-yourself book on trademarks for $30-$35 (online or paper). | eng_Latn | 25,945 |
cost of birth certificate | You can order birth certificates, death certificates and marriage records on-line, by mail, phone or in person by visiting our Vital Records office. Birth certificates cost $15, with a $5 fee for additional copies of the same record. | Full Certificate of birth, marriage or death (standard service): £9.25 each. Full Certificate of birth, marriage or death (priority service): £23.40 each. | eng_Latn | 25,946 |
cost of mueller's investigation | Robert Mueller's Russia investigation has cost taxpayers at least $3.2 million so far The investigation into Russia's interference into the presidential election began in May. It has resulted in four prosecutions of Trump associates. | Related: How much has Muellerâs Trump-Russia investigation cost? While it is unclear how long the Mueller probe will last, the expenditures of past investigations by special or independent counsels involving presidential administrations have run into the tens of millions of dollars. | eng_Latn | 25,947 |
what is the cost of mueller's investigation | Robert S. Mueller III, the special counsel investigating the Trump campaignâs ties to Russia, spent almost $7 million in its first four and a half months, he said. | The special counsel investigation run by Robert Mueller has cost taxpayers more in four months than what the investigation into the Benghazi terrorist attack cost in over two years. Mueller and his team spent $6.7 million between May and September, according to a new report released by the Department of Justice. The figure includes $3.2 million in direct costs and $3.5 million in DOJ components that supported the special counsel's office. | eng_Latn | 25,948 |
how much does adobe pro cost | The Adobe Acrobat Professional can start at $449.00 full version with an upgrade costing $159.99 at their shop online. You can find it online in other locations for $359.99. | Prices for the add-on range from free (very restricted) to $20 per month. A few installation hiccups aside, Nitro Pro 9 is an excellent all-around PDF editor if you need advanced options and donât mind paying a bit more than the rest of the field. | eng_Latn | 25,949 |
cost to post a job posting on linkedin | LinkedIn Job Posting Cost â LinkedIn sells a 30-day job posting for $495.00, a 5-job pack at a 20% discount, and 10-job pack at a 40% savings, but your job location cannot be edited once your job is posted. | 1 For example, a 30-day job posting costs $95 in Rhode Island, $195 in Atlanta and $295 in San Francisco. Regional online recruitment firm NJJobShop.com maintains a resume database of job candidates from New Jersey that is free for employers to browse and contact through the site. | eng_Latn | 25,950 |
Few studies focused on concomitant electromyographic recordings of pelvic floor muscles and muscles involved in cough initiation. The objective of this study was to investigate the temporal course of external anal sphincter activation during coughing. Informed consent was obtained from ten healthy volunteers and ten women presenting with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Simultaneously, recordings of electromyographic activity of external intercostal muscles (EIC EMGi) and external anal sphincter (EAS EMGi) during coughing have been performed. It was chosen to study intercostals muscles because they are synchronous to diaphragmatic muscle during cough initiation. Median (interquartile range) latency between the onset of the EAS EMGi and the onset of the EIC EMGi was -210 ms (-398; -135) and 0 ms (-30; +111.7) in volunteers' group and in SUI group, respectively (p = 0.0009). Abnormal temporal course of external anal sphincter activation is observed during coughing in women presenting with SUI compared to healthy volunteers. | The present study was conducted to determine the pattern of activation of the anterolateral abdominal muscles during the cough reflex. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and parasternal muscles were recorded along with gastric pressure in anesthetized cats. Cough was produced by mechanical stimulation of the lumen of the intrathoracic trachea or larynx. The pattern of EMG activation of these muscles during cough was compared with that during graded expiratory threshold loading (ETL; 1-30 cmH(2)O). ETL elicited differential recruitment of abdominal muscle EMG activity (transversus abdominis > internal oblique > rectus abdominis congruent with external oblique). In contrast, both laryngeal and tracheobronchial cough resulted in simultaneous activation of all four anterolateral abdominal muscles with peak EMG amplitudes 3- to 10-fold greater than those observed during the largest ETL. Gastric pressures during laryngeal and tracheobronchial cough were at least eightfold greater than those produced by the largest ETL. These results suggest that, unlike their behavior during expiratory loading, the anterolateral abdominal muscles act as a unit during cough. | In this article, we propose an improved multiple feedback successive interference cancellation (IMF-SIC) algorithm for symbol vector detection in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) spatial multiplexing systems. The multiple feedback (MF) strategy in successive interference cancellation (SIC) is based on the concept of shadow area constraint (SAC) where, if the decision falls in the shadow region multiple neighboring constellation points will be used in the decision feedback loop followed by the conventional SIC. The best candidate symbol from multiple neighboring symbols is selected using the maximum likelihood (ML) criteria. However, while deciding the best symbol from multiple neighboring symbols, the SAC condition may occur in subsequent layers which results in inaccurate decision. In order to overcome this limitation, in the proposed algorithm, SAC criteria is checked recursively for each layer. This results in successful mitigation of error propagation thus significantly improving the bit error rate (BER) performance. Further, we also propose an ordered IMF-SIC (OIMF-SIC) where we use log likelihood ratio (LLR) based dynamic ordering of the detection sequence. In OIMF-SIC, we use the term dynamic ordering in the sense that the detection order is updated after every successful decision. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the existing detectors such as conventional SIC and MF-SIC in terms of BER, and achieves a near ML performance. | eng_Latn | 25,951 |
A method of one-pass seed generation for LFSR-based deterministic/pseudo-random testing of static faults | This paper proposes a method of LFSR seed generation for deterministic and pseudo-random testing of static faults. The proposed method directly generate seeds by using ATPG and avoids unsuccessful encoding of conventional two-pass generation methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated through experiments for several LFSRbased pseudo-random pattern generators. The quality of seeds generated by the proposed method is evaluated by stuck-at fault coverage when test patterns are expanded from seeds. | In this paper we compute the packet error probability induced in a frequency hopped spread spectrum packet radio network. The frequency spectrum is divided into q frequency bins and the packets are divided into M bytes each. Every user in the network sends each of the M bytes of his packet at a frequency chosen among the q frequencies with equal probability, and independently of the frequencies chosen for other bytes (i.e. memoryless frequency-hopping patterns). Furthermore, statistically independent frequency hopping patterns correspond to different users in the network. We show that, although memoryless frequency hopping patterns are utilized, the byte errors at the receiver are not statistically independent" instead they exhibit a Markovian structure. We also compute the packet error probability induced when Reed-Solomon codes are used for the encoding of the packets. | eng_Latn | 25,952 |
Failures detection and estimation of non-stationary signals by time-scale-frequency techniques | A signal processing detection applied to knock intensity measurement in spark ignition engines | Completely Stale Transmitter Channel State Information is Still Very Useful | eng_Latn | 25,953 |
Detecting leaks in pressurised pipes by means of transients | PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF USING INDUCED TRANSIENTS FOR LEAK DETECTION | Completely Stale Transmitter Channel State Information is Still Very Useful | eng_Latn | 25,954 |
Probabilistic logic modeling of network reliability for hybrid network architectures | Factoring Algorithms for Computing K-Terminal Network Reliability | Venous thromboembolism rates in patients with lower limb immobilization after Achilles tendon injury are unchanged after the introduction of prophylactic aspirin: audit | eng_Latn | 25,955 |
We utilize eye-diagram measurements of timing jitter to investigate the impact of PBTI in devices subject to DC as well as ring oscillator (RO) and pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) stress waveforms. We observe that RO measurements miss the relevant random timing jitter increases which are well captured using PRBS measurements. We also observe that DC, RO, and PRBS stresses all introduce similar increases in random timing jitter. This calls into question the widely assumed degradation headroom between DC and AC measurements. This work collectively provides a snapshot of PBTI degradation in “real” circuit environments. It provides a path for more accurate and realistic circuit lifetime estimations and circuit timing budget criteria. | Low-power circuits are important for many applications, such as Internet of Things. Device variations and fluctuations are challenging their design. Random telegraph noise (RTN) is an important source of fluctuation. To verify a design by simulation, one needs assessing the impact of fluctuation in both driving current <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and threshold voltage <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Many early works, however, only measured RTN-induced <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{d}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> was not directly measured because of two difficulties: its average value is low and it is highly dynamic. Early works often estimated <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{d}/{g}_{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{g} = {V}_{\textit {dd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>), where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${g}_{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the transconductance, without giving its accuracy. The objective of this paper is to develop a new Trigger-When-Charged (TWC) technique for directly measuring the RTN-induced <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. By triggering the measurement only when a trap is charged, measurement accuracy is substantially improved. It is found that there is a poor correlation between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {I}_{d}/{g}_{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>(<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{g} = {V}_{\textit {dd}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) and the directly measured <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{g} = {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The former is twice of the latter on average. The origin for this difference is analyzed. For the first time, the TWC is applied to evaluate device-to-device variations of the directly measured RTN-induced <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta {V}_{\textsf {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> without selecting devices. | Purpose To study the usefulness of voice quality as therapeutic outcome in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Material and methods A total of 80 patients with reflux finding score (RFS) > 7 and reflux symptom index (RSI) > 13 were treated with pantoprazole, diet, and lifestyle recommendations for 3 months. The therapeutic effectiveness was assessed with RSI; RFS; Voice Handicap Index; blinded Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain, and Instability (GRBASI); aerodynamic and a panel of acoustic measurements before and after treatment. A correlation analysis between symptoms, videolaryngostroboscopic signs, and acoustic measurements was conducted. Results Compared to baseline, means of RSI, RFS, Voice Handicap Index, perceptual dysphonia, and roughness significantly decreased. Significant improvements of phonatory quotient, percent jitter, percent shimmer, Relative Average Perturbation, Pitch Perturbation Quotient, Phonatory F0 Range, Amplitude Perturbation Quotient, smooth Amplitude Perturbation Quotient, and Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Variation were found at the end of treatment. Studies of correlation did not identify relevant correlation between videolaryngostroboscopic signs, especially vocal folds edema, and objective voice quality evaluations. Conclusion Voice quality assessments can help to better understand voice disorders and can be used as indicators of the treatment effectiveness in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux-related symptoms. | eng_Latn | 25,956 |
A well-known objective method of speech quality measurement is the ITU-T P.862 PESQ. This input/output-based method of perceptual quality evaluation operates on a transmitted (input) and received (output) speech signal to compute an objective perceptual quality score for the received signal. In this paper, we present F-PESQ, a novel output-based method of applying PESQ to received speech signals assumed to be coded in a framed format. It enables the application of PESQ to voice calls in networks without requiring knowledge of the transmitted signals. As such, it may be applied in vivo to voice calls at end-devices. The accuracy of F-PESQ is evaluated with analysis and simulations of frame loss with G.711, G.723, and G.729 codecs. A client/server architecture is presented for minimizing the computational requirements that F-PESQ imposes on end-devices. We also show how F-PESQ can be combined with the ITU-T G.I 07 E-model in a MOSC (conversational mean opinion score) measurement method that accounts for additional factors such as round-trip delay. | We describe a method for monitoring Voice over IP (VoIP) applications based upon a reduction of the ITU-T's E-Model to transport level, measurable quantities. In the process, 1) we identify the relevant transport level quantities, 2) we discuss the tradeoffs between placing the monitors within the VoIP gateways versus placement of the monitors within the transport path, and 3) we identify several areas where further work and consensus within the industry are required. We discover that the relevant transport level quantities are the delay, network packet loss and the decoder's de-jitter buffer packet loss. We find that an in-path monitor requires the definition of a reference de-jitter buffer implementation to estimate voice quality based upon observed transport measurements. Finally, we suggest that more studies are required, which evaluate the quality of various VoIP codecs in the presence of representative packet loss patterns. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 25,957 |
Introduction to neural network analysis and its application to building services engineering | Concert and Opera Halls: How They Sound | Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Network Service Failure in DataCentre | eng_Latn | 25,958 |
Performance of BSDT decoding algorithms based on locally damaged neural networks | ON SEMANTICS AND SYNTAX OF THE BSDT PRIMARY LANGUAGE | SIMPLE , ECONOMICAL , SCALABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE ROUTE FOR FUNCTIONALIZATION BNNTS | eng_Latn | 25,959 |
In 2016, the world lost yet another computing pioneer, Erich Bloch. The author examines Bloch's life and accomplishments, including his work at IBM and his time as director of the NSF. | The Internet began with the Arpanet, which celebrates its 45th birthday this year. The Arpanet came out of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was created in 1958 and, through its Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), has been a major source of support for IT research and development. Early IPTO directors envisioned interconnected computers, and three masterminds in particular led the effort to achieve this vision: Larry Roberts, Bob Kahn, and Vint Cerf. | We propose applying the hidden Markov models (HMM) theory to the problem of blind channel estimation and data detection. The Baum-Welch (BW) algorithm, which is able to estimate all the parameters of the model, is enriched by introducing some linear constraints emerging from a linear FIR hypothesis on the channel. Additionally, a version of the algorithm that is suitable for time-varying channels is also presented. Performance is analyzed in a GSM environment using standard test channels and is found to be close to that obtained with a nonblind receiver. | eng_Latn | 25,960 |
This paper presents a technique to construct scalable binary deBruijn networks. Based on building larger binary deBruijn networks from smaller networks, this technique also provides for the capability of fault-tolerance for graceful degradation and multitasking. A new representation of the binary deBruijn network is presented which provides the basis for scalability. > | This paper presents a general class of regular networks which provide optimal (near-optimal) fault tolerance. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 25,961 |
In this paper, we propose a new iterative algorithm for the minimization of the constant modulus (CM) criterion. It is composed of two stages: Prewhitening followed by complex Givens rotations, whence the name Givens CMA (GCMA). Initially, prewhitening reduces the channel matrix into a unitary matrix. Subsequently, this unitary matrix is computed via complex Givens rotations by minimizing the CM criterion. The proposed algorithm provides similar or even better performance than the Analytical CMA (ACMA) algorithm at reduced computational cost. Some simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. | This paper deals with adaptive Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) for the blind separation of communication signals. Ikhlef et al. proposed in 2010 an efficient block implementation of the CMA using Givens rotations. We introduce here in a fast adaptive implementation of this method which exploits recent developments on whitening techniques together with appropriate updating of the used statistics and efficient selection of the Givens rotation parameters. The proposed algorithm shows significantly improved performance with respect to existing techniques as illustrated by the simulation results. | ABSTRACTUNC-45A is an ubiquitously expressed protein highly conserved throughout evolution. Most of what we currently know about UNC-45A pertains to its role as a regulator of the actomyosin system... | eng_Latn | 25,962 |
This paper presents a unified method to construct decoders which are implemented by a feedforward neural network. By setting the parameters of the network, it can decode any given code {( c i , D i ); i =1,…, M }. We focus on the case that the sets D 1 ,…, D M are weighted distance spheres. Properties and constructions of weighted distance spheres are developed. Weighted distance perfect codes are defined and studied. Finally, the complexity of the network decoder is discussed. | A number of cyclic and BCH code decoders that have 0(1) time complexity and less hardware complexity than conventional digital decoders are presented. The neural decoder is formulated as a set of parity networks in the first layer followed by a linear perceptron in the second layer, and thus has simple implementation in VLSI technology. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 25,963 |
The Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance is a well-established measure for the comparative analysis of phylogenetic trees, and comparing unrooted gene trees with rooted species trees is a standard application in phylogenetics. However, the RF distance is not defined to compare unrooted trees with rooted trees. Here we propose urRF a new measure based on the standard RF distance to compare an unrooted tree with a rooted tree, and describe a linear time algorithm to compute urRF. Further, we show that our measure relates to several intriguing properties that can be crucial for the in-depth comparative study and the credible rooting of trees. Finally, we present detailed empirical studies based on real data sets demonstrating the performance of our novel RF measure, the efficiency of our linear time algorithm and the quality of determining optimal rootings of unrooted gene trees. | BackgroundEvolutionary studies are complicated by discordance between gene trees and the species tree in which they evolved. Dealing with discordant trees often relies on comparison costs between gene and species trees, including the well-established Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs. While these costs have provided credible results for binary rooted gene trees, corresponding cost definitions for non-binary unrooted gene trees, which are frequently occurring in practice, are challenged by biological realism.ResultWe propose a natural extension of the well-established costs for comparing unrooted and non-binary gene trees with rooted binary species trees using a binary refinement model. For the duplication cost we describe an efficient algorithm that is based on a linear time reduction and also computes an optimal rooted binary refinement of the given gene tree. Finally, we show that similar reductions lead to solutions for computing the deep coalescence and the Robinson-Foulds costs.ConclusionOur binary refinement of Robinson-Foulds, gene duplication, and deep coalescence costs for unrooted and non-binary gene trees together with the linear time reductions provided here for computing these costs significantly extends the range of trees that can be incorporated into approaches dealing with discordance. | At demonstrations, counting people based on the Wifi signals that their phones emit, may be a flexible alternative when conventional methods fail. However, at public events like that, such Wifi signals do not only arrive from the targeted crowd but also from bystanders that happen to be in the same area. This raises the question of suitable filtering mechanisms and their impact on the counting setup as well as the accuracy of the method as such. This paper explores distance- and time-based filters and proposes filtering by recognition to estimate the size of a marching crowd. It deploys the resulting setup at two demonstrations each with over a thousand people. The experiments show that the signaling behaviour of different phones varies significantly and that the count of Wifi probe requests after filtering represents a small fraction of the actual attendance. | eng_Latn | 25,964 |
Time-frequency representation is widely used for non-stationary signal analysis because of its straightforwardness. A disordered speech signal is analyzed with a spectrogram and pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution, then enhanced with a reassignment method to reduce cross-term components by reassigning the signal energy. The reassigned spectrogram and reassigned PWVD are applied to vibrational abnormalities of vocal tract for larynx diseases determination. Examples are presented with interpretation for clinical diagnostics. | Partial discharge signal in GIS is a kind of typical non-stationary signal, using the time or frequency domain simply is not enough to describe the time-varying information of PD. Based on the reason above, this paper introduces a joint time-frequency analysis method according to the reassignment theory for analyzing the PD of GIS. After the processing of the PD signals simulated and on field, we conclude that this method provides a higher concentration in the time-frequency plane and reduces the most influence of the cross-interference terms. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 25,965 |
The theory of complex variables is based on considerations of z m .I mbed- ding R n+1 in the Clifford algebra Cn , Leutwiler in Complex Variables 17 (1992) has generalized Cauchy-Riemann equations to R n+1 with x m as one of the main solutions. But since Cn is not commutative, the powers x m are difficult to handle. For example differentiation formulas are complicated. We present the binomial theorem in R n+1 which simplifies the calculation rules concerning x m . | This paper investigates the exponential stability analysis issue for a class of delayed recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with semi-Markovian parameters. By constructing a stochastic Lyapunov functional and using some zoom techniques to estimate its weak infinitesimal operator, the exponential mean square stability criteria have been proposed for the Markovian neural networks with certain transition probabilities. We then generalize the homogeneous polynomial approach for the delayed Markovian RNNs with uncertain transition probabilities during the stability analysis. Theoretical results have obtained by introducing an appropriate technique for dealing with a large number of complex homogeneous polynomial matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. | A technique is presented for feature extraction of a waveform y based on its Tauberian approximation, that is, on the approximation of y by a linear combination of appropriately delayed versions of a single basis function x, i.e., y(t) = ¿M i = 1 aix(t - ¿i), where the coefficients ai and the delays ¿i are adjustable parameters. Considerations in the choice or design of the basis function x are given. The parameters ai and ¿i, i=1, . . . , M, are retrieved by application of a suitably adapted version of Prony's method to the Fourier transform of the above approximation of y. A subset of the parameters ai and ¿i, i = 1, . . . , M, is used to construct the feature vector, the value of which can be used in a classification algorithm. Application of this technique to the classification of wide bandwidth radar return signatures is presented. Computer simulations proved successful and are also discussed. | eng_Latn | 25,966 |
Energy transfer and concentration quenching for a red-emitting electroluminescence system, tetraphenylchlorin (TPC)-doped tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3) at various concentrations, were studied using a time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) technique. The PL decay of Alq3 in the presence of TPC was observed to be non-exponential in nature due to the Forster-type energy transfer from Alq3 to TPC. The PL decay of TPC became faster with the increase in TPC concentration due to the concentration quenching of TPC emission. | Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (EDMR) was used to investigate the influence of dye doping molecules on spin-dependent exciton formation in Aluminum (III) 8-hydroxyquinoline (Alq3) based OLEDs with different device structures and temperature ranges. 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-{2-[(4-diphenylamino-phenyl]ethyl}-4H-pyran (DCM-TPA) and 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (Rubrene) were used as dopants. A strong temperature dependence have been observed for doped OLEDs, with a decrease of two orders of magnitude in EDMR signal for temperatures above ~200 K. The signal temperature dependence were fitted supposing different spin-lattice relaxation processes. The results suggest that thermally activated vibrations of dopants molecules induce spin pair dissociation, reducing the signal. | This paper presents a novel wideband speech coding algorithm called transform predictive coding (TPC). The main emphasis is on low complexity. TPC uses short-term and long-term prediction to remove the redundancy in speech. The prediction residual is quantized in the frequency domain based on a calculated noise masking threshold. In its simplest form, the TPC coder uses only open-loop quantization and therefore has a low complexity. A 16 kb/s full-duplex, open-loop TPC coder takes only 22% of the CPU load on a 150 MHz SGI Indy workstation and about 34% on a 90 MHz Pentium PC. The speech quality of TPC is almost transparent at 32 kb/s, very good at 24 kb/s, and acceptable at 16 kb/s. In the second half of the paper, we report our recent progress in using closed-loop quantization techniques to improve TPC output speech quality. | eng_Latn | 25,967 |
This paper considers the windowing problem of the short-time frequency analysis that is used in speech recognition systems (SRS). Since human hearing is relatively insensitive to short-time phase distortion of the speech signal there is no apparent reason for the use of symmetric windows which give a linear phase response. Furthermore, phase information is usually completely disregarded in SRS. This should be contrasted with the well-known fact that relaxation of the linearity constraint on window phase results in a better magnitude response and shorter time delay. These observations form a strong argument in favor of the research presented in this paper. First, a general overview of the role that windows play in the frequency analysis stage of SRS is presented. Important properties for speech recognition are highlighted and potential advantages of asymmetric windows are presented. Among them the shorter time delay and the better magnitude response are most important. Two possible design methods for asymmetric windows are discussed. Since little is known about window influence on SRS performance the design methods are first considered from a frequency analysis point of view. This is followed by practical evaluations on real SRS. Expectations were confirmed by the results. The proposed asymmetric windows increased the robustness of elementary, isolated and connected speech recognition on a variety of adverse test conditions. This is particularly true for the case of a combination of additive and low pass convolutional distortions. Further research on asymmetric windows and on the parameterization process as a whole is suggested. | The windowing problem of short-time frequency analysis in speech recognition systems (SRSs) is considered. Design possibilities for different non-standard window sequences are presented. The traditional "digital filtering" approach to the design of finite window sequences with linear and nonlinear phase response is examined. Since human hearing is relatively insensitive to phase distortions of speech signals, ideas of alternative windows with nonlinear phase response are also investigated. The two most promising design methods for nonlinear phase windows are discussed. Practical performance comparison of such windows with the Hamming window on two real SRSs is presented. They show that the non-standard window sequences can contribute to greater SRS robustness. Additional research on non-standard windows and the parameterization process as a whole is suggested. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 25,968 |
In this paper, an underwater acoustic sensor fault detection method is proposed that determines whether or not each sensor of multi-channel line array hydrophones malfunctions for passive sonar systems. To this end, the proposed method first measures a short-time root mean square (RMS) value of input signal for each channel. Then, it analyzes the RMS difference between the adjacent channels. In addition, the crossing rate of RMS values (RMSCR) is computed for each channel, and then the average value of RMSCR over all the channels is obtained. Some faulty sensors are identified by comparing the RMS difference with a threshold, and others by comparing the ratio between RMSCR of each of them and the average value of RMSCR with a threshold. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the precision of detecting fault sensors is measured. Consequently, it is shown that the proposed method works well in underwater environments with average RMS of −18.6 and −9.7 dB. | Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are more and more considered a key enabling technology for the realisation of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision. With the long term goal of designing fault-tolerant IoT systems, this paper proposes a fault detection framework for WSNs with the perspective of energy efficiency to facilitate the design of fault detection methods and the evaluation of their energy efficiency. Following the same design principle of the fault detection framework, the paper proposes a classification for fault detection approaches. The classification is applied to a number of fault detection approaches for the comparison of several characteristics, namely, energy efficiency, correlation model, evaluation method, and detection accuracy. The design guidelines given in this paper aim at providing an insight into better design of energy-efficient detection approaches in resource-constraint WSNs. | By using a superluminescent diode as the light source and a depolariser inside the fibre coil, a constant scale factor is achieved without using polarisation control elements. For long-term behaviour an RMS-bias drift of 10 degrees/h is obtained. | eng_Latn | 25,969 |
The article shows the results of the algorithm of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based on data from the Asynchronous Delay Tap Sampling (ADTS) method. The combination of these two techniques made it possible to obtain an expert system to monitor simultaneously impairments (Chromatic Dispersion, Crosstalk and Optical to Signal Noise Ratio) occurring during transmission in the physical layer of the optical network. The ADTS technique allows to present disturbances in the form of images called phase portraits. Using the VPIphotonics program, 62000 images for modulation OOK were generated. All images were disturbed by a different combination of CD, Crosstalk and OSNR phenomena. These combination contain interference in pairs (e.g. 25 ps/nm for CD, 24.5 dB for Crosstalk and 17.5 dB for OSNR) but also individually (e.g. 678.93 ps/nm for CD and 0 for Crosstalk and OSNR). The next stage was the use of the convolutional algorithms of neural network. Research was conducted to teach the network the best possible recognition of simultaneously occurring phenomena. The challenge in the field of monitoring optical networks is monitoring with high accuracy simultaneously occurring phenomena using one method. As a result of the conducted research, high possibilities of simultaneous monitoring of the CD and Crosstalk phenomena for which the 𝑅 2 match factor was obtained at the level higher than 0.999 were established. In the case of the OSNR phenomenon, a match factor of over 0.99 was obtained. The conducted research shows large possibilities of using CNN to simultaneously monitor at least three phenomena and encourage to undertake research on the possibilities of simultaneous monitoring of more phenomena with the use of these networks. | We propose an asynchronous sampling monitor based on a two-tap delay line. Plotting the joint distribution of the sample pairs provides a representation of waveform distortion containing similar information to an eye diagram, without clock extraction. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 25,970 |
Purpose: Solve an optimal assignment problem Special math needed for explanations: Probability Special math nedded to use results: None Results useful to: Reliability theoreticians - Consecutive-k-out-of-n cycles have been pro- posed as topologies for k-loop computer networks and describe a circular system of n components where the system fails if and only if any k consecutive components all fail. Suppose that the com- ponents are interchangeable. Then the question arises as to which permutation maximizes the system reliability, assuming that the components have unequal reliabilities. If there exists an optimal permutation which depends on the ordering, but not the values, of the component reliabilities, then we call the system (and the permutation) invariant. The circular system is not invariant ex- cept fork = 1, 2, n - 2, n - 1, n. | The Birnbaum importance is a well-known measure that evaluates the relative contribution of components to system reliability. There exist certain patterns of the component Birnbaum importance (i.e., the relative order of the Birnbaum importance values to the individual components) for linear consecutive-k-out-of-n (Lin/Con/k/n) systems when all components have the same reliability p. Previous research has shown that based on the Birnbaum importance, plausible patterns and conjectures exist. This article summarizes and annotates the Birnbaum importance patterns for Lin/Con/k/n systems, proves new Birmbaum importance patterns conditioned on the value of p, disproves some patterns that were conjectured or claimed in the literature, and makes new conjectures based on comprehensive computational tests and analysis. More important, this article defines a concept of segment in Lin/Con/k/n systems for analyzing the Birnbaum importance patterns and investigates the relationship between the Birnbaum importance and the common component reliability p and the relationship between the Birnbaum importance and the system size n. One can then use these relations to further understand the proved, disproved, and conjectured Birnbaum importance patterns. | Coherent optical OFDM systems offer a straight-forward approach to address high spectral efficiency. Non-linear impairments set limits to the maximum spectral efficiency. The limiting effects are explored by simulations, calibrated from published experimental results. | eng_Latn | 25,971 |
In this paper, a computationally efficient set-membership method for robust fault detection of linear systems is proposed. The method computes an interval outer-approximation of the output of the system that is consistent with the model, the bounds on noise and disturbance, and the past measurements. If the output of the system does not belong to this interval, a fault is detected. To compute the output interval, we propose using support functions. Only two support functions for each output must be computed which results in a computationally efficient algorithm. Moreover, the method is trivially parallelizable. The method is demonstrated for fault detection of a hydraulic pitch actuator of a wind turbine. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing our results with two zonotope-based set-membership methods. | SUMMARY This article proposes a robust fault detection method that takes advantage of a recently proposed setmembership identification procedure based on zonotopes for systems linear in the parameters. It is shown that consistency checks indicating faults can be performed in a natural manner with a zonotope description of the feasible parameter set. A zonotope-based fault detection algorithm that is able to handle systems with invariant parameters, with parameter variation bounded between samples and with unbounded variation is presented. Finally, two application examples are given, which demonstrate how the algorithm works on a simulated process (a four-tank system) and a real application example (a section of a sewer network). Copyright q 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Every function of n inputs can be efficiently computed by a complete network of n processors in such a way that: If no faults occur, no set of size t n /2 of players gets any additional information (other than the function value), Even if Byzantine faults are allowed, no set of size t n /3 can either disrupt the computation or get additional information. Furthermore, the above bounds on t are tight! | eng_Latn | 25,972 |
Application of optimum error-reject functions (Corresp.) | In an optimum pattern-recognition system the error rate is determined by the reject function. This correspondence describes how this property may be exploited to provide quantitative tests of model validity using unclassified test samples. These tests are basically goodness-of-fit tests for a function of the observations. One of these tests is shown to provide an improved estimate of error in Monte Carlo studies of complex systems. Results are given for normal distributions when parameters are estimated. In this case error estimates obtained from the empirical reject rate underestimate the actual error and performance depends on the ratio of design samples to dimension. | The goal in this paper is to show how the classification of ::: phonetic features to phonemes can be acquired. This classificational process is modeled by a supervised feature ::: selection method, based on adaptive distance measures. ::: Exception handling is incorporated into a learned distance function by pointwise additions of Boolean functions for ::: individual pattern combinations. An important result is the ::: differentiation of rules and exceptions during learning. | eng_Latn | 25,973 |
Simulation Analysis for Improving MTD Detectability Using FFT-DWT | The optimum wavelet selection in the fast Fourier transform and the discrete wavelet transform(FFT/FFT-DWT) is discussed.The processing gain(PG) improvements for different wavelets with five types of signal extension modes on the boundaries are compared,and then the optimum signal extension modes for different wavelets are obtained.Compared with PG improvements for different wavelets i.e.daubechies,symlets,coiflets,biorthogonal,reversebior and dmeyer wavelets on their optimum extension modes,the Haar wavelet is found to be best for FFT/FFT-DWT.To simplify facilities,the method with only FFT-DWT is proposed and the optimum wavelet is the db2 wavelet on zero-padding mode. The comparison of FFT/FFT-DWT and FFT-DWT shows that the FFT-DWT method can simplify facilities with the tolerable detectability. | Abstract The problem of diagnosing a fault or a perturbation in a dynamical system (be it industrial or natural) can be restated as the characterization of the transfer function of a filter that acts on a “sane” or “unperturbed” system to transform it into a “faulted” or “perturbed” one. This filter would then be approximated as time-invariant (and linear) only for short time windows, while the time evolution of such transfer function on longer time scales leads to a simple but powerful general framework that allows to diagnose the onset and/or the time evolution of a fault or perturbation of the system. | kor_Hang | 25,974 |
Maximum Torque per Volt operation and stability improvement of PMSM in deep flux-weakening Region | The stability problem with current vector control in the deep flux-weakening region is analyzed and a new flux-weakening control scheme to operate the PMSM in the MTPV (Maximum Torque per Volt) region is proposed. The proposed control scheme significantly improves stability and increases speed range while maintaining maximum possible torque capability. The transition between different operation regions in the proposed control scheme proves to be smooth. Simulation and experimental tests are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis. | We aim to develop a new, practical power reliability index (PRI) for enterprise-level power grids. Largely different from traditional evaluation methods that assume the exponential distribution of time between failures and use theoretical metrics such as mean time between failures (MTBF), our approach is data-driven and takes advantage of smart meters that are capable of recording various power quality indicators at selected monitoring points. The basic idea of our approach is to estimate the instantaneous network reliability, a concept describing current network reliability status, based on measurements from a limited number of smart meters in the power grid. We develop algorithms to solve the technical challenges in the accurate estimation of instantaneous network reliability, using Expectation Maximization (EM) and Monte Carlo Expectation Maximization (MCEM). The effectiveness of our algorithms is validated with empirical evaluation. | eng_Latn | 25,975 |
Inquiry into Application of Technical Guideline for Noise Environmental Impact Assessment | By studying and applying the Technical Guidelines for Noise Impact Assessment( HJ 2. 4-2009),the paper argues that several issues should be given special attentions during noise impact assessment of construction project,e. g. the evaluation hierarchy,the identification and analysis of noise source intensity,environmental baseline investigation and monitoring,the prediction and assessment of environmental impact,and noise control measures. | Error performance at the physical layer of digital communications equipment is a major ::: factor in determining transmission quality. The ITU-T G.826, G.828, G.829 and G.8201 ::: recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation ::: to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error ::: parameters and the error rate. ::: Keywords: CRC-4, BIP-8, digital networks, SDH, block error measurement | eng_Latn | 25,976 |
A GPS Single Epoch Phase Processing Algorithm with Constraints for Single-frequency Receiver | There exist some special aspects such as the deformations of points between two continuous surveys which are comparatively small, the deformation directions and values of points can be relatively precisely predicted in advance in various deformation monitoring. These aspects can be taken as special constraints in GPS single epoch phase processing algorithm. Based on the above features, a new GPS single epoch phase processing algorithm with some constraints for single frequency receiver and a simple and effective ambiguity search method are brought forward. The main feature of this method is that the ambiguity parameters can be estimated directly, and the ambiguity search algorithm is also based on the ambiguity estimators. Meanwhile, the derivation of best solution and test method are analyzed as well. At last, the effectiveness and practicability of this algorithm are illustrated with two examples. | The point process, a sequence of random univariate random variables derived from correlated ::: bivariate random variables as modeled by Arnold and Strauss, has been examined. Statistical ::: properties of the time intervals between the points as well as the probability distributions of the ::: number of points registered in a finite interval have been analyzed specifically in function of the ::: coefficient of correlation. The results have been applied to binary detection and to the transmission ::: of information. Both the probability of error and the cut-off rate have been bounded. Several ::: simulations have been generated to illustrate the theoretical results. | eng_Latn | 25,977 |
DPCP (Discard Past Consider Present)-a novel approach to adaptive fault detection in distributed systems | Fault detection is a fundamental issue for fault tolerance in distributed systems. The paper presents the DPCP (Discard Past Consider Present) approach, that discards the last elapsed times of fault detection messages and considers only the current one. This way, DPCP allows us to perform a fast, accurate and scalable adaptive fault monitoring for asynchronous distributed systems. The scalability comes from the parameter minimum-time unit, that controls the minimum frequency of the fault monitoring messages. The fastness and accuracy of fault monitoring come from the changing of timeout and monitoring interval values as soon as the system workload and the minimum-time unit allow. Some DPCP experiments on ACE+TAO were made to observe DPCP behavior on changing network workloads. | In this paper is presented or work concerning continuous speech recognition in a telephone numbers voice-dialing task realized by statistical modeling. The speech is parametized using the computational inexpensive linear predictive coding (LPC) to determine the LPC, the cepstral LPC and the reflection coefficients. In our tests, the recognizer based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) performs better for the cepstral LPC coefficients then for the reflection coefficients or the LPC coefficients. | eng_Latn | 25,978 |
Measurement of exception-handling code: An exploratory study | This paper presents some preliminary results from an empirical study of 12 Java applications from the Qualitas corpus. We measure the quantity and distribution of exception-handling constructs, and study their change as the systems evolve through several versions. | Error performance at the physical layer of digital communications equipment is a major ::: factor in determining transmission quality. The ITU-T G.826, G.828, G.829 and G.8201 ::: recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation ::: to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error ::: parameters and the error rate. ::: Keywords: CRC-4, BIP-8, digital networks, SDH, block error measurement | eng_Latn | 25,979 |
Optimization models for the radio planning of wireless mesh networks | In this paper we propose novel optimization models for the planning of Wireless Mesh Networks whose objective is to minimize the network installation cost, while providing full coverage to wireless mesh clients. Our mixed integer linear programming models aim at selecting the number and positions of mesh routers and access points, while taking into account in an accurate way traffic routing, interference, rate adaptation, and channel assignment. We provide the optimal solutions of the proposed problem formulations on a set of realistic-size instances and discuss the effect of different parameters on the characteristics of the planned networks. | This paper is. a study on relation between road traffic noise(RTN) and sound power level(PWL). At present, many experimental formulae and prediction formulae are used for prediction of RTN. But these formulae are difficult to appiy to the metropolitan area because these formulae are inaccurate in the different condition from reference condition. This paper calculate RTN and PWL of each prediction formula, choose the best one and make a noise map of the subject area. Procedure is as follows. First, calculate $L_{eq}$ of RTN using experimental formulae and prediction formulae. Second, calculate PWL using $L_{eq}$ of RTN and distance attenuation for point source at semi-free field. Third, choose the most accurate formula. And finally, make a noise map of the subject area at present and future. The result using noise map will be able to apply to application field. Noise mapping tool used on this paper is Raynoise program using Ray Tracing Method(RTM), Mirror Image Source Method(MISM) and Hybrid Method(HM). | eng_Latn | 25,980 |
Audio signal transmitting apparatus, audio signal receiving apparatus, audio signal transmission system, audio signal transmission method, and program | There is provided an audio signal transmitting apparatus which can communicate with a plurality of external connection apparatuses and transmits audio signals to the external connection apparatuses. The audio signal transmitting apparatus includes an external output unit which outputs the audio signal to the outside, an audio signal transmitting unit which transmits the audio signal to the external connection apparatus being in a communicable state, and an audio output control unit which, when headphone information representing that a headphone function that outputs the audio signal through headphones is valid is received from at least one of the external connection apparatuses which receive the audio signals, performs control to stop an output by the external output unit. | Aho-Corasick Algorithm (ACA) is a kind of dictionary-matching algorithm that locates elements of finite set of strings within an input text. It matches all patterns “at once”, so the complexity of the algorithm is linear in the length of the patterns plus the length of the searched text plus the number of output matches. This paper discusses the applicability of Aho-Corasick algorithm in identifying test validity using the standard Guidelines in Evaluating Tests. A proposed Quiz-Zone system was developed in order to evaluate and test the applicability of the algorithm used. Quiz-Zone allows the user to create exam that will check the test’s validity. It also allows the user to choose five types of exam namely: Matching Type, Multiple Choice, Essay, True or False and Short-Answer. The researchers revealed that there are some rules in identifying test validity that ACA can’t be applied. Keywords : Aho Corasick Algorithm, string-matching algorithm, test validity | eng_Latn | 25,981 |
Analysis of complementary codes using FIR digital filtering theory for achieving reduced computational decoding | The author attempts to show how the generation and compression of complementary codes can be based on a specific single-input-multiple-output FIR (finite impulse response) digital filter structure. Driving this filter with a unit pulse yields both the code and its complement as the response simultaneously. A decoder is then derived as an FIR digital filter which is matched to the coder filter. The significance of this technique lies in the relative ease with which the decoder structure may be identified for arbitrary coder structures. This then leads to decoding algorithms with reduced computational requirements. An example is presented which shows how calculations on the order of N/sup 2/ may be reduced to a number on the order of Nlog/sub 2/N. > | The paper presents a new approach to the description of Fourier transform and correlation function, taking into consideration the uncertainty of the transformed function. A conventional approach to uncertainty employs probabilistic description. Here, fuzzy logic theory is applied to describe this uncertainty. New definitions, namely, fuzzy Fourier transform, fuzzy correlation, and possibility correlation, are proposed. The definition of correlation function is based on the concept of fuzzy functional spaces. Some examples of applications and a comparison with the conventional approach are shown. | eng_Latn | 25,982 |
Event-Based State Estimation With Multiplicative Measurement Noise and Correlated Additive Noises | This letter examines a state estimation with event-based transmissions for a linear discrete-time system when multiplicative noise affects the measurements while the additive noises of process and measurements of the sensor are correlated with each other. A general event-based technique is applied to produce the measurements at event-triggering instants and the sum of Gaussians approach is used at remote estimator to address the computation of state estimate when measurements are unavailable. The two-step predicted probability density function with Gaussian assumption is used to derive the recursive equations for the state estimate and its covariance matrix when the correlation between additive noises is at the same epoch. The results proposed are validated by a numerical example. | In this paper, we suggested AdBoost algorithm for further improvising the performance of system. In the enhanced adaboost, the eigen vectors are computed for facial region & applied classification. In the process of classification, we opt for process of learning, training & testing. As observed from the result sessions in the previous paper [13] the outcomes from the reboost detection are observed. They provide the results in the form of Detection rate & false alarm rate. We applied the suggested methodology & improvising the performance of false alarm rate & detection rate. We have raised the rate of detection & false alarm rate. For presenting the contrasts, we have designed GUI window where comparisons are presented. | eng_Latn | 25,983 |
Method of shrinkage and porosity control at sintering of multy-layer structures | FIELD: metallurgy. SUBSTANCE: invention refers to production of multi-layer structures. The method consists in the stage of producing a composition containing powder of alloy Fe-Cr and at least one of oxides Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu. The first layer is formed out of the said composition. At least one additional layer out of the same composition is formed on one of the sides of the first layer; this additional layer differs by chemical contents and/or by at least one of properties chosen from porosity and degree of shrinkage. Further the said layers are subject to heat treatment in atmosphere containing oxygen and are sintered in reduction atmosphere. Also amount of iron in finished material corresponding to the first layer is 50-90 wt % in ratio to total weight of finished material after sintering. EFFECT: control over shrinkage and porosity. 18 cl, 2 dwg, 1 tbl, 2 ex | A methodology for hierarchical statistical circuit characterization which does not rely upon circuit-level Monte Carlo simulation is presented. The methodology uses principal component analysis, response surface methodology, and statistics to directly calculate the statistical distributions of higher-level parameters from the distributions of lower-level parameters. We have used the methodology to characterize a folded cascode operational amplifier and a phase-locked loop. This methodology permits the statistical characterization of large analog and mixed-signal systems, many of which are extremely time-consuming or impossible to characterize using existing methods. | eng_Latn | 25,984 |
Contextual confidence measures for continuous speech recognition | This paper explores the repercussion of contextual information into confidence measuring for continuous speech recognition results. Our approach comprises three steps: to extract confidence predictors out of recognition results, to compile those predictors into confidence measures by means of a fuzzy inference system whose parameters have been estimated, directly from examples, with an evolutionary strategy and, finally, to upgrade the confidence measures by the inclusion of contextual information. Through experimentation with two different continuous speech application tasks, results show that the context re-scoring procedure improves the capabilities of confidence measures to discriminate between correct and incorrect recognition results for every level of thresholding, even when a rather simple method to add contextual information is considered. | In this paper, a new method is proposed to adaptively estimate the number of transmit antennas in cognitive radios and surveillance systems. It employs Schur complement to test the linearly independence of the new coming data with the previous data set. ?2 test is conducted based on the statistics of Schur complement variable. Last, Monte Carlo simulation is employed to test the performance of the estimator under different scenarios. | eng_Latn | 25,985 |
A posteriori error estimation for acoustic wave propagation problems | The main purpose of this paper is to review a posteriori error estimators for the simulation of acoustic wave propagation problems by computational methods. Residual-type (explicit and implicit) and recovery-type estimators are presented in detail in the case of the Helmholtz problem. Recent work on goal-oriented error estimation techniques with respect to so-called quantities of interest or output functionals are also accounted for. Fundamental results from a priori error estimation are presented and issues dealing with pollution error at large wave numbers are extensively discussed. | Summary form only given, as follows. A study is presented of precision constraints imposed by a hybrid chip architecture with analog neurons and digital backpropagation calculations. Conversions between the analog and digital domains and weight storage restrictions impose precision limits on both analog and digital calculations. It is shown through simulations that a learning system of this nature can be implemented in spite of limited resolution in the analog circuits and using fixed-point arithmetic to implement the backpropagation algorithm. > | eng_Latn | 25,986 |
Reliability does not mean that computer-processed data are error-free. | Just because it reliable, that doesnt mean that computer processed data is perfect. | Computer processed data is never wrong. | eng_Latn | 25,987 |
Method of generating and verifying signature information and system thereof | The proposed signature generation and verification methods and information systems for them for data authentication. In particular, the predetermined number of data segments meokeul hash tree for the; configure (Merkle Hash Tree MHT), and associates the root hash value for a MHT and trapdoor (Trapdoor) hash value for the data segment, the hash value of the MHT and a trapdoor hash value associated with a data segment may provide a method of generating signature information for the data segment to be transmitted to the receiver. | Discussed inthis paperistheparameter estimation problem ofcomplex LFM signals based on cyclic-correlati on transform under multipath conditions. First, weanalyzed thecyclic statistics ofcomplex LFM signals andconstructed theestimator combining signal separation technology forcycle frequency domain with autocorrelated cyclic correlation amplitude, then, we analyzed theperformances oftheestimator anddeduced theexpression oferror variance ofchirp-rate estimate, andfinally we workedoutthecharacteristics ofthe estimator through computer simulation. Theresult isin agreement withtheanalytic results. 2.Signal model Lettheobserved signal x(t)bemodeled as M x(t) =y(t) +n(t) = E a.s(t -ri )+n(t) i=M M =Y ( aie )+ (t_-i )2 +0 )+n(t),O | eng_Latn | 25,988 |
The assessment of hypertrophy of nasopharyngeal tonsil by acoustical methods | Abstract The possibilities for using acoustical analysis as a noninvasive measure of the degree of obstruction created by an enlarged pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) are discussed. The method capitalizes on the relationship which exists between a specific obstruction of the respiratory tract and the resulting respiratory sound. Results indicate that as the adenoid increases in size relative to the size of the nasopharynx, the dominant components of the respiratory sound spectrum shift towards a higher frequency range. Furthermore, the correlation found between the assessments of the obstruction due to various sizes of the adenoid by radiological methods and acoustical analyses supports the theoretical prediction that information on the size of the constriction is carried by the respiratory sound. Therefore, careful analyses of the acoustic patterns in the respiratory sound can assist in identifying constrictions and monitoring the constriction changes in the upper respiratory tract. | In this paper, we present an algorithm of DCT speech enhancement based on the masking properties of human auditory system. The aim is to keep residual noise below the noise masking threshold of clean speech signal and to make less speech distortion. The experimental results show a satisfied performance of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is very promising, in that it is more efficiently computable and easier implemented on DSP than existed algorithms for real-time applications. | eng_Latn | 25,989 |
Combinational methods for improvement of packet-loss recovery in distributed speech recognition | In distributed speech recognition, speech features are transmitted inside packets from a channel to speech recognition server. Some problems such as channel noise, packet loss and delay decrease distributed speech recognition rate. Several methods including packet-loss recovery approaches have been proposed to overcome to this decrease in recognition rate. Most of packet-loss recovery methods, don't notice to type of information existing in packets. In this paper, we propose two methods for packet-loss recovery based on type of existed information (speech features) in packets. In addition, we combine these two methods with conventional packet-loss recovery methods such as repetition, interleave and interpolation. We evaluate the combinational methods in two cases: random packet loss and packet loss based on Gilbert model. Recognition results on isolated words of TIDIGITS show that proposed combinational methods outperform the conventional methods. | We are mainly concerned with enhancing ATPG for analog nonlinear circuits. For simplicity we are dealing only with the isolation of single fault cases. Due to the imprecision and indeterminacy of the complex structure of faulty networks, it is usually difficult to obtain exact solutions. Furthermore, for fault isolation it is often unnecessary to seek the exact solutions. In fact we find it useful to treat such faulty networks as fuzzy systems. The algorithm presented herein makes use of the available measured data on port responses to isolate the faulty components based on fuzzy set concepts. An illustrative example using the NAP2 network analysis program is included. These results aie compared with previous results based on other criteria. | eng_Latn | 25,990 |
Detection of Mechanically Deboned Meat in Cold Cuts by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry | In present study the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was investigated for the detection and differentiation of mechanically deboned meat (MDM) content treated with high pressure techniques in meat products. A number of samples of meat products were prepared containing different proportions of MDM and elemental analysis was performed by a multi-element ICP-MS method after microwave assisted acid digestion of processed meat samples in closed vessels acid microwave digestion method. Element concentrations were plotted versus MDM content and obvious differences were observed for certain elements. Among all examined elements, barium presented a clear trend in correlation of its concentration with the MDM content. The results of this preliminary study indicate that it is possible to detect the proportion of % MDM content in processed meat products by its correlation to barium concentration. | A methodology for hierarchical statistical circuit characterization which does not rely upon circuit-level Monte Carlo simulation is presented. The methodology uses principal component analysis, response surface methodology, and statistics to directly calculate the statistical distributions of higher-level parameters from the distributions of lower-level parameters. We have used the methodology to characterize a folded cascode operational amplifier and a phase-locked loop. This methodology permits the statistical characterization of large analog and mixed-signal systems, many of which are extremely time-consuming or impossible to characterize using existing methods. | eng_Latn | 25,991 |
Improved algorithm for the implementation of unified FDTD in underwater sound scattering | In this paper, a set of unified finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulae are presented. These formulae are applicable to underwater sound scattering from various objects with a finite acoustic impedance, either with or without shear strains. A major improvement has been made to the FDTD algorithm to remove most of the loop operations. This makes the finite-difference field computation very efficient and, more importantly, suitable for the implementation of distributed parallel computing. Other advantages of the new algorithm include the ease in modeling objects having complicated shapes. Numerical experiment results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. | In this paper, we consider a network of N identical IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) terminals with RTS/CTS mechanism, each of which is assumed to be saturated. For performance analysis, we propose a simple and efficient mathematical model to derive the statistical characteristics of the network such as the inter-transmission time of packets in the network and the service time (the inter-transmission time of successful packet transmissions) of the network. Numerical results and simulations are provided to validate the accuracy of our model and to study the performance of the IEEE 802.11 DCF network. | eng_Latn | 25,992 |
Vector Quantization and MFCC based Classification of Dysfluencies in Stuttered Speech | Stuttering also known as stammering is a speech disorder that involves disruptions or dysfluencies in speech. The observable signs of dysfluencies include repetitions of syllable or word, prolongations, interjections, silent pauses, broken words, incomplete phrases and revisions. The repetitions, prolongations and interjections are important parameter in assessing the stuttered speech. The objective of the paper is to classify the above mentioned three types of dysfluencies using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) and Vector Quantization (VQ) framework. For each dysfluency MFCC features are extracted and quantized to a number of centroids using the K-means algorithm. These centroids represent the codebook of dysfluencies. The dysfluencies are classified according to the minimum quantization distance between the centroids of each dysfluency and the MFCC features of testing sample. | In the paper we conduct a numerical experiment to check, if it possible to fix parameters of the model with fractional difference operator of variable-order. We investigate discrete-time fractional operator with variable-order of convolution type. We work with fitting the constant coefficients of an equation and the parameters of considered class of order function. We use Iscurvefit routine from Matlab program to get the optimal values of these parameters, which minimise mean squared error between experimental (simulated) data and data given from the theoretical model. | eng_Latn | 25,993 |
Time-resolved quantitative multiphase interferometric imaging of a highly focused ultrasound pulse | Interferometric imaging is a well-established method to image phase objects by mixing the image wavefront with a reference one on a CCD camera. It has also been applied to fast transient phenomena, mostly through the analysis of single interferograms. It is shown that, for repetitive phenomena, multiphase acquisition brings significant advantages. A 1MHz focused sound field emitted by a hemispherical piezotransducer in water is imaged as an example. Quantitative image analysis provides high resolution sound field profiles. Pressure at focus determined by this method agrees with measurements from a fiber-optic probe hydrophone. This confirms that multiphase interferometric imaging can indeed provide quantitative measurements. | There exist some special aspects such as the deformations of points between two continuous surveys which are comparatively small, the deformation directions and values of points can be relatively precisely predicted in advance in various deformation monitoring. These aspects can be taken as special constraints in GPS single epoch phase processing algorithm. Based on the above features, a new GPS single epoch phase processing algorithm with some constraints for single frequency receiver and a simple and effective ambiguity search method are brought forward. The main feature of this method is that the ambiguity parameters can be estimated directly, and the ambiguity search algorithm is also based on the ambiguity estimators. Meanwhile, the derivation of best solution and test method are analyzed as well. At last, the effectiveness and practicability of this algorithm are illustrated with two examples. | eng_Latn | 25,994 |
Optimum pre-DFT combining with cyclic delay diversity for OFDM based WLAN systems | Cyclic delay diversity is applied in an OFDM receiver to increase the frequency-selectivity of the channel seen at the receiver for flat (or less frequency-selective) channels. Diversity combining is performed prior to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation. A new method has been studied to optimize the pre-DFT diversity combining by selecting cyclic shifts and weight factors based on known channel state information. The optimum signal-to-noise ratio for maximum cyclic delay and optimum weight factors for multiple antenna receiver diversity is analyzed. Performance results in terms of bit error probability are presented. Finally, it is found that the proposed scheme drastically reduces computational complexity compared to traditional receiver diversity schemes. | In this paper, a set of unified finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulae are presented. These formulae are applicable to underwater sound scattering from various objects with a finite acoustic impedance, either with or without shear strains. A major improvement has been made to the FDTD algorithm to remove most of the loop operations. This makes the finite-difference field computation very efficient and, more importantly, suitable for the implementation of distributed parallel computing. Other advantages of the new algorithm include the ease in modeling objects having complicated shapes. Numerical experiment results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. | eng_Latn | 25,995 |
Resolution Guarantees in Electrical Impedance Tomography | Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) uses current-voltage measurements on the surface of an imaging subject to detect conductivity changes or anomalies. EIT is a promising new technique with great potential in medical imaging and non-destructive testing. However, in many applications, EIT suffers from inconsistent reliability due to its enormous sensitivity to modeling and measurement errors. In this work we show that rigorous resolution guarantees are possible within a realistic EIT measurement setting including systematic and random errors. We derive a constructive criterion to decide whether a desired resolution can be achieved in a given measurement setup. Our result covers the detection of anomalies of a known minimal contrast using noisy measurements on a number of electrodes attached to a subject with imprecisely known background conductivity. | Error performance at the physical layer of digital communications equipment is a major ::: factor in determining transmission quality. The ITU-T G.826, G.828, G.829 and G.8201 ::: recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation ::: to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error ::: parameters and the error rate. ::: Keywords: CRC-4, BIP-8, digital networks, SDH, block error measurement | eng_Latn | 25,996 |
Method for modifying safety- and/or security-relevant control devices in a motor vehicle, and a corresponding apparatus | The invention relates to a method and an apparatus comprising the monitoring (10) of the control device (110). If a critical event occurs during monitoring (10) of the control device (110), the control device (110) is transferred (20) into a safe state, and it is determined (30) whether a problem solution is available for the event that has occurred by means of a parameter modification of the control device (110) in a problem-solving database (410). If the problem solution is available, a parameter data set (411) is provided (40). In this regard, the parameter data set (411) comprises parameter information (413) relating to a parameter (111) to be modified of the control device. If the parameter information (413) for the control device (110) is valid, the parameter (111) is modified (60) according to the parameter information (413) and the control device (110) is released (70) from the safe state. | A methodology for hierarchical statistical circuit characterization which does not rely upon circuit-level Monte Carlo simulation is presented. The methodology uses principal component analysis, response surface methodology, and statistics to directly calculate the statistical distributions of higher-level parameters from the distributions of lower-level parameters. We have used the methodology to characterize a folded cascode operational amplifier and a phase-locked loop. This methodology permits the statistical characterization of large analog and mixed-signal systems, many of which are extremely time-consuming or impossible to characterize using existing methods. | eng_Latn | 25,997 |
High-Resolution Continuum Source Atomic and Molecular Absorption Spectrometry—A Review | Abstract The present article gives an overview over the historic development, the instrumentation, the special features, and the applications of high-resolution continuum source atomic and molecular absorption spectrometry. The most obvious advantage is the need for only one single lamp for all elements and wavelengths, compared to one lamp for each analyte, as is necessary in line source atomic absorption spectrometry. The visibility of the spectral environment of the analytical line at high resolution greatly helps in method development and to avoid spectral interferences. The advanced simultaneous background correction automatically eliminates lamp flicker noise and continuous background absorption. Fine-structured background absorption may be removed using a reference spectrum and a least-squares algorithm. Because any wavelength between 190 nm and 900 nm can be accessed, the same equipment can be used for molecular absorption spectrometry, making possible the determination of non-metals, such as phos... | This paper addresses the problem of the considerably decreased performance of spread spectrum audio watermarking in the presence of time scale modification attack. An adaptive receiver is described, which can precisely estimate the quantization step needed to overcome the time scale modification attack. The proposed scheme obtains significantly lower bit error rates in the presence of DA/AD conversion and time scalemodification, obtaining smaller bit error rate up to an order of value. | kor_Hang | 25,998 |
Perceptually balanced filter response for binaural dichotic presentation to reduce the effect of spectral masking | Earlier investigations show that the scheme of binaural dichotic presentation with spectral splitting of speech signal helps in reducing the effect of spectral masking for persons with moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment. Speech perception improved by employing filters with interband crossover gain adjusted between 4 and 6 dB below the pass band gain. The relationship between scaling factors for a tone presented to the two ears, so that perceived loudness is that of a monaural presentation, is investigated for design of comb filters with improved perceptually balanced response. Results from the listening tests show that, for perceptual balance, the sum of the two scaling factors should be constant, indicating that the magnitude response of the comb filters should be complementary on a linear scale. | Polar codes, as only one provable capacity-achieving channel code, have become one of the 5G standards. Belief propagation (BP) algorithm has become one of popular decoding polar codes because of unique advantage of high parallelism. But compared to the successive cancellation list (SCL) algorithm, BP algorithm still has a performance gap. This paper exploits the design of polar BP decoder using intelligent post-processing to improve error performance. The post-processing is used to find the error bits and flip it as the messages of the initial frozen positions. We also use deep neural networks to improve the accuracy of finding error bits. Simulation shows that compared with the original BP decoding, the approach proposed in this work can achieve a performance improvement of about 0.3 dB with slight complexity increase. | eng_Latn | 25,999 |
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