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High-Density PCM Tape Recording | The search for a reliable encoding and decoding process for pulse-code modulation (PCM) data streams is discussed with application in both the serial and parallel mode employing standard IRIG wide-band (2.0 MHz at 120 in/s) longitudinal magnetic tape recorder/reproducer. Serial and parallel PCM data at 4.0 and 3.0 Mbit/s/track, respectively, may be handled by the Sangamo Electric Company instrumentation systems with PCM channels in both portable and laboratory configurations. Not only was a method identified to utilze the maximum bandwidth available in conjunction with acceptable data error rates, but definite advantages and disadvantages were verified for all the standard PCM formats. | In this paper is presented or work concerning continuous speech recognition in a telephone numbers voice-dialing task realized by statistical modeling. The speech is parametized using the computational inexpensive linear predictive coding (LPC) to determine the LPC, the cepstral LPC and the reflection coefficients. In our tests, the recognizer based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) performs better for the cepstral LPC coefficients then for the reflection coefficients or the LPC coefficients. | kor_Hang | 26,000 |
Performance estimation of the noise reduction by window function on a single tone | Windowing routines have as their purpose the reduction of the sidelobes of a spectral output of the FFT or DFT routines. Windowing routines accomplish this by forcing the beginning and end of any sequence to approach each other in value. Since they must work with any sequence they force the beginning and ending samples near zero. To make up for this reduction in power, windowing routines give extra weight to the values near the middle of the sequence. The difference between windows is the way in which they transition from the low weights near the edges to the higher weights neqr the middle of the sequence. Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) can be determined by the ratio of the output noisy signal variance to the input noisy signal variance of a window. Standard deviation of noise is reduced by windowing. Thus, the windowing operation improved the SNR of the noisy signal. This paper shows a performance estimation of windowing on a single tone with added Gaussian noise and uniform noise. | The point process, a sequence of random univariate random variables derived from correlated ::: bivariate random variables as modeled by Arnold and Strauss, has been examined. Statistical ::: properties of the time intervals between the points as well as the probability distributions of the ::: number of points registered in a finite interval have been analyzed specifically in function of the ::: coefficient of correlation. The results have been applied to binary detection and to the transmission ::: of information. Both the probability of error and the cut-off rate have been bounded. Several ::: simulations have been generated to illustrate the theoretical results. | eng_Latn | 26,001 |
RCL: A new Method for Cross–Layer Network Modelling and Simulation | The evolution from wired network systems to wireless environments such as Ad-hoc networks enables the emerging of cross-layer systems to improve the wireless network performance. Efficient methods, that may either produce or update cross-layer conceptual models have to be considered. Those models allow an efficient organisation of the wireless systems. In our approach, a cross-layer conceptual model is composed of : cross- layer interaction models and interactions description arrays, produced by the Reverse Cross-Layer (RCL) method that we proposed. The method has been applied to a chosen protocol stack. | This paper is. a study on relation between road traffic noise(RTN) and sound power level(PWL). At present, many experimental formulae and prediction formulae are used for prediction of RTN. But these formulae are difficult to appiy to the metropolitan area because these formulae are inaccurate in the different condition from reference condition. This paper calculate RTN and PWL of each prediction formula, choose the best one and make a noise map of the subject area. Procedure is as follows. First, calculate $L_{eq}$ of RTN using experimental formulae and prediction formulae. Second, calculate PWL using $L_{eq}$ of RTN and distance attenuation for point source at semi-free field. Third, choose the most accurate formula. And finally, make a noise map of the subject area at present and future. The result using noise map will be able to apply to application field. Noise mapping tool used on this paper is Raynoise program using Ray Tracing Method(RTM), Mirror Image Source Method(MISM) and Hybrid Method(HM). | eng_Latn | 26,002 |
Prevention is better: the case of the underutilized failure mode effect analysis in patient safety | Prospective hazard analysis methodologies, like failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), have been tried and tested in the engineering industry and are more recently gaining momentum in healthcare. Considering FMEA's evidence based successes, this commentary makes the case that healthcare is underutilizing the methodology by relying on retrospective hazard analysis. Healthcare leaders should determine where prospective hazard analysis principles could be better built into care delivery planning and processes that will enhance patient safety. | In this correspondence, an analytical technique for bit-error probability of 2-state convolutional code with Max-Log-maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding is presented. This technique employs an iterative calculation of the probability density function (pdf) of the state metric per one transition, and gives the exact the bit-error probability for the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | eng_Latn | 26,003 |
Some Results on Speaker Verification Using Amplitude Spectra | Verification is based upon the similarity of six spectral/time matrices located within a test phrase with corresponding matrices defined during training. Each matrix is 0.1 sec long and is precisely located by scanning the test phrase for a best match with the reference matrix. Evaluation was performed over a data set including 50 “known” speakers and 70 “casual impostors.” Twenty percent female speakers were used. Five different phrases (including “We were away a year ago”) were collected in each session. Known speakers gave 100 sessions; impostors, 20. Data collection spanned 3.5 months. The first 50 sessions of each known speaker's data were used for training, the last 50 for test; 0.6% of the phrases yielded unusable data. When this happened, a substitute phrase from that session was used (two substitutions allowed, maximum). All impostor acceptance rates were determined for 2% true speaker rejection. A single fixed threshold was used for all speakers. Impostor acceptance rates were 2.5% for one phras... | A methodology for hierarchical statistical circuit characterization which does not rely upon circuit-level Monte Carlo simulation is presented. The methodology uses principal component analysis, response surface methodology, and statistics to directly calculate the statistical distributions of higher-level parameters from the distributions of lower-level parameters. We have used the methodology to characterize a folded cascode operational amplifier and a phase-locked loop. This methodology permits the statistical characterization of large analog and mixed-signal systems, many of which are extremely time-consuming or impossible to characterize using existing methods. | eng_Latn | 26,004 |
Repeatability and reproducibility of ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and backscatter coefficient measures in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | The attenuation coefficient (AC) and backscatter coefficient (BSC) are two promising quantitative ultrasound biomarkers, yet their repeatability and reproducibility (RR with and without visible blood vessels) were drawn for each image. AC and BSC were estimated within the FOIs. AC and log-transformed BSC mean values within 2.6-3.0 MHz were used for the R&R analysis based on an unweighted sums of ... | In this paper we compute the packet error probability induced in a frequency hopped spread spectrum packet radio network. The frequency spectrum is divided into q frequency bins and the packets are divided into M bytes each. Every user in the network sends each of the M bytes of his packet at a frequency chosen among the q frequencies with equal probability, and independently of the frequencies chosen for other bytes (i.e. memoryless frequency-hopping patterns). Furthermore, statistically independent frequency hopping patterns correspond to different users in the network. We show that, although memoryless frequency hopping patterns are utilized, the byte errors at the receiver are not statistically independent" instead they exhibit a Markovian structure. We also compute the packet error probability induced when Reed-Solomon codes are used for the encoding of the packets. | eng_Latn | 26,005 |
An ECG patch combining a customized ultra-low-power ECG SoC with Bluetooth low energy for long term ambulatory monitoring | This paper presents the development of an ECG patch aiming at long term patient monitoring. The use of the recently standardized Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, together with a customized ultra-low-power ECG System on Chip (ECG SoC). including Digital Signal Processing (DSP) capabilities, enables the design of ultra low power systems able to continuously monitor patients, performing on board signal processing such as filtering, data compression, beat detection and motion artifact removal along with all the advantages provided by a standard radio technology such as Bluetooth. Early tests show how combining the ECG SoC and BLE leads to a total current consumption of only 500μA at 3.7V, while computing beat detection and transmitting heart rate remotely via BLE. This allows up to one month lifetime with a 400mAh Li-Po battery. | We propose a variable dimensional algebraic codebook structure in order to quantize the prototype waveforms efficiently. The proposed algorithm adjusts the interval of candidate pulse positions in a codevector according to the pitch period. The analysis-by-synthesis search procedure is computationally efficient due to the characteristics of the algebraic codebook structure. We also develop a method to perceptually improve the basis pulse of codevectors, which enhances the reconstructed speech quality with little increase in computational complexity. The improved prototype waveform interpolation coder adopting the proposed methods achieves a high quality of speech at 4 kbps. | eng_Latn | 26,006 |
Evaluation of fluctuating dead times by time interval distribution measurement | In real counting systems, there exist dead times, during which the systems cannot correspond to incoming signals. Generally, the dead times are considered to fluctuate. In this paper a method in order to derive a probability density function f(s) of fluctuating dead time s is described. A time interval distribution was used to derive f(s). The method can become a promising tool for investigating the mechanism of real counting systems. As an example our method was applied to a Geiger-Muller counter in order to evaluate its aging effect. > | A new approach was proposed for the DOA joint estimation of signal,and the algorithms are based on ESPRIT and two or more array data correlation matrix.It estimated simultaneously the DOA of bis/multistatic.The algorithms estimated parameter are auto paired.The CRLB of the DOA stimation was also derived.The simulating results show that the new methods are equally effective. | eng_Latn | 26,007 |
The Simulation Method and Application of Sonar Noise Field Based on Underwater Acoustic Field | This paper introduces the models of self-noise and ambient-noise of sonar. Using models, the project of self-noise filed and ambient-noise filed simulation in hardware-in-the-loop simulation are analyzed. The spatial correlations of isotropic and non-isotropic noise fields are discussed, and their simulation methods with circular array and spherical array are presented. These methods have a significant worthiness in evaluating the static and dynamic performance of sonar system. | According to the principle and algorithm of BP neural network,the structure of vibrating sieve can be determined.The BP neural network model for fault diagnosing is obtained by taking the characteristic variables of operating state of vibrating sieve as the input of neural network and using the Matlab neural network toolbox for the network training.The experimental result shows that the method can accurately diagnose the fault of vibrating sieve. | eng_Latn | 26,008 |
The Choice of Initial Configurations in Multidimensional Scaling: Local Minima, Fit, and Interpretability | Multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithms can easily end up in local minima, depending on the starting configuration. This is particularly true for 2-dimensional ordinal MDS. A simulation study shows that there can be many local minima that all have an excellent model fit (i.e., small Stress) even if they do not recover a known latent configuration very well, and even if they differ substantially among each other. MDS programs give the user only one supposedly Stress-optimal solution. We here present a procedure for analyzing all MDS solutions resulting from using a variety of different starting configurations. The solutions are compared in terms of fit and configurational similarity. This allows the MDS user to identify different types of solutions with acceptable Stress, if they exist, and then pick the one that is best interpretable. | We study a new technique for optimal data compression subject to conditions of causality and different types of memory. The technique is based on the assumption that some information about compressed data can be obtained from a solution of the associated problem without constraints of causality and memory. This allows us to consider two separate problem related to compression and de- compression subject to those constraints. Their solutions are given and the analysis of the associated errors is provided. Keywords—stochastic signals, optimization problems in signal processing. | eng_Latn | 26,009 |
Fault isolation algorithm for analog electronic systems using the fuzzy concept | We are mainly concerned with enhancing ATPG for analog nonlinear circuits. For simplicity we are dealing only with the isolation of single fault cases. Due to the imprecision and indeterminacy of the complex structure of faulty networks, it is usually difficult to obtain exact solutions. Furthermore, for fault isolation it is often unnecessary to seek the exact solutions. In fact we find it useful to treat such faulty networks as fuzzy systems. The algorithm presented herein makes use of the available measured data on port responses to isolate the faulty components based on fuzzy set concepts. An illustrative example using the NAP2 network analysis program is included. These results aie compared with previous results based on other criteria. | In this paper, we have presented an effective yield improvement methodology that can help both manufacturing ::: foundries, fabless and fab-lite companies to identify systematic failures. It uses the physical addresses of failing bits ::: from wafer sort results to overlay to inline wafer defect inspection locations. The inline defect patterns or the design ::: patterns where overlay results showed matches were extracted and grouped by feature similarity or cell names. The potentially problematic design patterns can be obtained and used for design debug and process improvement. | eng_Latn | 26,010 |
Distributed Video Streaming with Forward Error Correction | Adaptive FEC-based error control for Internet telephony | Neural network regularization and ensembling using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms | eng_Latn | 26,011 |
Automatic Error Detection Techniques Based on Dynamic Invariants THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF | Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation | Inductorless wideband LNA with improved input matching using feedforward technique | eng_Latn | 26,012 |
Canopy: An End-to-End Performance Tracing And Analysis System | Performance debugging for distributed systems of black boxes | Significance of variable height-bandwidth group delay filters in the spectral reconstruction of speech. | kor_Hang | 26,013 |
A method for locating multiple sources from a frame of a large-aperture microphone array data without tracking | A Real-Time SRP-PHAT Source Location Implementation using Stochastic Region Contraction(SRC) on a Large-Aperture Microphone Array | Erasure code with shingled local parity groups for efficient recovery from multiple disk failures | eng_Latn | 26,014 |
How good is your blind spot sampling policy | The Case against Accuracy Estimation for Comparing Induction Algorithms | Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems | eng_Latn | 26,015 |
A roadmap on QoE metrics and models | speech quality estimation : models and trends . | Wavelets for fault diagnosis of rotary machines: A review with applications | eng_Latn | 26,016 |
An architecture for high performance network analysis | TheBSD PacketFilter: A New Architecturefor User-levelPacketCapture | Techniques of EMG signal analysis: detection, processing, classification and applications | eng_Latn | 26,017 |
Estimation and removal of clock skew from network delay measurements | Adaptive playout mechanisms for packetized audio applications in wide-area networks | The truth about lies: What works in detecting high-stakes deception? | eng_Latn | 26,018 |
Novel Leakage Detection by Ensemble CNN-SVM and Graph-Based Localization in Water Distribution Systems | leak detection in water - filled small - diameter polyethylene pipes by means of acoustic emission measurements † . | The Round Complexity of Secure Protocols (Extended Abstract) | eng_Latn | 26,019 |
Graph Echo State Networks | The Graph Neural Network Model | Defect-Based Testing | kor_Hang | 26,020 |
Safe Exploration for Active Learning with Gaussian Processes | Elements of Infor-mation Theory | Behavioral modeling and simulation of jitter and phase noise in fractional-N PLL frequency synthesizer | eng_Latn | 26,021 |
Performance Analysis on Automated and Average Channel Quality Information (CQI) Reporting Algorithm in LTE-A | A novel CQI calculation scheme in LTE\LTE-A systems | Skin Disease Classification versus Skin Lesion Characterization: Achieving Robust Diagnosis using Multi-label Deep Neural Networks | eng_Latn | 26,022 |
Distributed fault detection of wireless sensor networks | On-line fault detection of sensor measurements | IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES FORTHE ENHANCEMENT OF BRAIN TUMORPATTERNS | eng_Latn | 26,023 |
what is stuxnet? | Stuxnet is a family of cleverly written malware worms that primarily target SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquistition) control systems for large infrastructures such as industrial power plants. | stutâ¢ter. 1. to speak with the rhythm interrupted by repetitions, blocks or spasms, or prolongations of sounds or syllables. 2. to proceed or operate with spasmodic interruptions or repetitions. 3. to say with a stutter. 4. an act or instance of stuttering. | eng_Latn | 26,024 |
Method and apparatus for secure generation and management of keys and their use in networks for the secure transmission of data | A method of secure generation and management of keys and their use in networks for the secure transmission of data, characterized in that - that at least two data processing systems via a respective encryption means (A, B) are connected to the network, wherein in the cryptographic facility (A, B) data processing means for processing the payload data with a device with an encryption algorithm and a device as a random number and means for or is interconnected with at least a master key, - that both the encrypting means A is a random text TVP (time variant parameters) about the connection of the random number with the data processing means forms and stores as well as to the encryption device B and the encryption means B * forms a random text TVP via the connection of the random number with the data processing device, and stores and sends to the encrypting means A, - that a connection key K for the duration of an encrypted connection of the data processing systems as a function of the common key K identical main | In this correspondence, an analytical technique for bit-error probability of 2-state convolutional code with Max-Log-maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding is presented. This technique employs an iterative calculation of the probability density function (pdf) of the state metric per one transition, and gives the exact the bit-error probability for the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | eng_Latn | 26,025 |
Effects of fissioning nuclei distributions on fragment mass distributions for high energy fission | We study the effects of fissioning nuclei mass- and energy-distributions on the formation of fragments for fission induced by high energy probes. A Monte Carlo code called CRISP was used for obtaining mass distributions and spectra of the fissioning nuclei for reactions induced by 660 MeV protons on 241 Am and on 239 Np, by 500 MeV protons on 208 Pb, and by Bremsstrahlung photons with end-point energies at 50 MeV and 3500 MeV on 238 U. The results show that even at high excitation energies, asymmetric fission may still contribute significantly to the fission cross section of actinide nuclei, while it is the dominante mode in the case of lead. However, more precise data for high energy fission on actinide are necessary in order to allow definite conclusions. | In this paper we compute the packet error probability induced in a frequency hopped spread spectrum packet radio network. The frequency spectrum is divided into q frequency bins and the packets are divided into M bytes each. Every user in the network sends each of the M bytes of his packet at a frequency chosen among the q frequencies with equal probability, and independently of the frequencies chosen for other bytes (i.e. memoryless frequency-hopping patterns). Furthermore, statistically independent frequency hopping patterns correspond to different users in the network. We show that, although memoryless frequency hopping patterns are utilized, the byte errors at the receiver are not statistically independent" instead they exhibit a Markovian structure. We also compute the packet error probability induced when Reed-Solomon codes are used for the encoding of the packets. | eng_Latn | 26,026 |
Modeling and Simulation of a Series Resonant Inverter | This paper contain the contribution of the authors concerning the modeling and simulation of a series resonant inverter. This part of this work was used in the design process of a series resonant inverter used for induction heating purposes. The model of the converter is determined by the help of the generalized averaging method using more than one Fourier coefficients. Using this technique the authors obtained a more accurate model of the inverters that contain passive resonant circuits. The simulation results demonstrate this aim and are in good agreement with the theoretical results. | Abstract Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have been widely adopted in many modern communication systems. This paper describes a new method for error detection in the syndrome calculator block of RS decoders. The main feature of this method is to prove that it is possible to compute only a few syndrome coefficients — less than half — to detect whether the codeword is correct. The theoretical estimate of the probability that the new algorithm failed is shown to depend on the number of syndrome coefficients computed. The algorithm is tested using the RS(204,188) code with the first four coefficients. With a bit error rate of 1×10−4, this method reduces the power consumption by 6% compared to the basic RS(204,188) decoder. The error detection algorithm for the syndrome calculator block does not require modification of the basic hardware implementation of the syndrome coefficients computation. The algorithm significantly reduces the computation complexity of the syndrome calculator block, thus lowering the power needed. | eng_Latn | 26,027 |
Design and Realization of Infrared Remote Controller Based on MCU | Beginning with a STC89C51 microcontroller,an infrared remote control system based on a SC9012 encoded chip and a BC7210 decoded chip is designed.A method for measuring the unknown encoded pulse width signal based on the system is presented.The design of an interface circuit for infrared communication hardware and its software realization are proposed.This scheme is used successfully in the remote control system of a MIDI music learning machine. | One of the most financial and temporal investments in embedded systems business is the decision involved in selecting the right components, in particular, the microcontroller. Each microcontroller is made for a particular application. Since, with time, the applications get more complex, the lifespan of existing microcontrollers gets reduced. Currently industry chooses microcontrollers in an unsystematic manner, thus reducing the possibilities of employing a perfectly suited microcontroller, albeit originally meant for a different application. This paper solves this dilemma by using a modified version of travelling salesman problem to grade microcontroller and find out to what extents it would be successful when used in other applications(except for the one it was designed for). This paper starts by mentioning a few common applications of embedded systems and what differentiates them. Then the proposed grading process is described and correlated with TSP, solvable by genetic algorithms. | eng_Latn | 26,028 |
SSK in the presence of improper Gaussian noise: Optimal receiver design and error analysis | In this paper, we have designed an optimal detector for the space shift keying (SSK) receiver in the presence of the improper Gaussian noise (IGN) with multiple antennas mounted the transmitter and receiver nodes. We have analyzed this optimal detector by finding the error probability and comparing the performance of this receiver with the suboptimal one which uses the traditional maximum-likelihood (ML) detector to detect the IGN as if it is a proper Gaussian noise (PGN). The analytical expressions obtained can be used under general complex fading channels. The analytically derived results have been validated using the simulation, where it is demonstrated that the importance of using the optimal receiver, in addition to the importance of considering the IGN over the (PGN) at the receiver. | We describe preliminary results from an effort to quantify the uncertainties in parton distribution functions and the resulting uncertainties in predicted physical quantities. The production cross section of the $W$ boson is given as a first example. Constraints due to the full data sets of the CTEQ global analysis are used in this study. Two complementary approaches, based on the Hessian and the Lagrange multiplier method respectively, are outlined. We discuss issues on obtaining meaningful uncertainty estimates that include the effect of correlated experimental systematic uncertainties and illustrate them with detailed calculations using one set of precision DIS data. | eng_Latn | 26,029 |
Mean conservation of nodal volume and connectivity measures for Gaussian ensembles | We study in depth the nesting graph and volume distribution of the nodal domains of a Gaussian field, which have been shown in previous works to exhibit asymptotic laws. A striking link is established between the asymptotic mean connectivity of a nodal domain (i.e.\ the vertex degree in its nesting graph) and the positivity of the percolation probability of the field, along with a direct dependence of the average nodal volume on the percolation probability. Our results support the prevailing ansatz that the mean connectivity and volume of a nodal domain is conserved for generic random fields in dimension $d=2$ but not in $d \ge 3$, and are applied to a number of concrete motivating examples. | We present a novel technique for accurately estimating the proportions of packet losses arising from collisions and from other sources of loss (channel noise, hidden nodes etc). Our approach is robust, makes use of local station-level measurements and requires no message passing. The required measurements are available in standard hardware as they are required for CSMA/CA operation. No channel quality probing is required which ensures energy efficiency | eng_Latn | 26,030 |
Variable dimensional algebraic CELP coding of prototype waveforms | We propose a variable dimensional algebraic codebook structure in order to quantize the prototype waveforms efficiently. The proposed algorithm adjusts the interval of candidate pulse positions in a codevector according to the pitch period. The analysis-by-synthesis search procedure is computationally efficient due to the characteristics of the algebraic codebook structure. We also develop a method to perceptually improve the basis pulse of codevectors, which enhances the reconstructed speech quality with little increase in computational complexity. The improved prototype waveform interpolation coder adopting the proposed methods achieves a high quality of speech at 4 kbps. | Each Multiplicative Exponential Linear Logic (MELL) proof-net can be expanded ::: into a differential net, which is its Taylor expansion. We prove that two ::: different MELL proof-nets have two different Taylor expansions. As a corollary, ::: we prove a completeness result for MELL: We show that the relational model is ::: injective for MELL proof-nets, i.e. the equality between MELL proof-nets in the ::: relational model is exactly axiomatized by cut-elimination. | eng_Latn | 26,031 |
Statistical properties of side-channel and fault injection attacks using coding theory | Naive implementation of block ciphers are subject to side-channel and fault injection attacks. To deceive side-channel attacks and to detect fault injection attacks, the designer inserts specially crafted error correcting codes in the implementation. The impact of codes on protection against fault injection attacks is well studied: the number of detected faults relates to their minimum distance. However, regarding side-channel attacks, the link between codes and protection efficiency is blurred. In this paper, we relate statistical properties of code-based countermeasures against side-channel attacks to their efficiency in terms of security, against uni- and multi-variate attacks. | Consider a randomized load balancing problem consisting of a large number n of server sites each equipped with K servers. Under the greedy policy, clients randomly probe a site to check whether there is still a server available. If not, d -- 1 other sites are probed and the task is assigned to the site with the fewest number of busy servers. If all the servers are also busy in each of these d -- 1 sites, the task is lost. This short paper analyzes a set of policies, i.e., (L, d) policies, that will occasionally probe additional sites even when there is still a server available at the site that was probed first. Using mean field methods, we show that these policies, that preventively probe other sites, can achieve the same loss probability while requiring a lower overall probe rate. | eng_Latn | 26,032 |
Analysis of Design for Mixcolumn Transformation of AES | The definition of optimal invertible linear transformation is generalized to general field. The theorem of existence for optimal invertible linear transformation over general field, an invertible linear transformation is optimal if and only if every sub-matrix of its corresponding matrix is invertible, is given without any knowledge of code theory. A formula in the algorithm of Sugita, Kobara, Uehara, et al. for computing differential and truncated differential of word-oriented block cipher is simplified. A new property of AES, the system presents the same strength against differential attack when implementing the Mix-column transformation of AES with any optimal invertible circular matrix of suitable size, is found with this simplified formula. The design for Mix-column transformation of AES is reasonable since the Mix-column of AES is optimal invertible linear transformation and the entries (01, 02 and 03) in its corresponding matrix are easy to implement with software or hardware. | This paper presents a new method for determining the order and parameters of moving average in ARMA model, using a robustness method, is traditional gntics algorithms, by minimizing Akaike information criterion AIC and MSE. After we performing our models by iterative to reducing average relative error(used in forecasting phase) calling genetics algorithms, considers the output error and uses it as input again after reducing and normalizing the errors rate until error rate is very small by this method. Application of this method on airline data plane, the results show that the performance of iteration is better than the model before iteration and Box-Jenkins model. | eng_Latn | 26,033 |
Enhancement of noisy speech based on decision-directed Wiener approach in perceptual wavelet packet domain | In this paper, for enhancement of noisy speech, a method based on decision-directed Wiener approach in perceptual wavelet packet (PWP) domain is presented. The proposed method assumes an additive Gaussian noise model to derive the formulation of estimating the clean speech coefficients. The proposed method also considers the signal to noise ratio (SNR) information of the previous frame to obtain the estimates of the clean speech coefficients of the current frame. By using the speech files available in NOIZEUS database, a number of simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed method for speech signals in the presence of car, babble and street noises. The proposed method outperforms some of the state-of-the-art speech enhancement methods both at high and low levels of SNRs in terms of standard objective measures and subjective evaluations. | This paper studies the secure multiterminal source coding problem with actions. In particular, one main encoder observes an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) source Xn and wishes to compress this source lossyly to the decoder. Another encoder observes the source Yn and wants to compress this source losslessly to the decoder. A passive eavesdropper having access to the side information Zn can observe the information bits sent by the main encoder. In this scenario, the decoder is allowed to choose actions affecting the correlated source Yn and the side information Zn. For this problem, we characterize the optimal rate-distortion-cost-leakage region for a discrete memoryless setting. | eng_Latn | 26,034 |
On computing achievable fault signatures | Abstract The knowledge of achievable fault signatures is a valuable information in designing residual generators providing structured residual sets for fault detection and isolation. We propose an efficient computational approach to determine the achievable fault signatures for a given additive fault model. The proposed procedure relies on recently developed numerically reliable nullspace updating techniques involving orthogonal reductions to Kronecker-like forms. The new procedure is general, being applicable to both proper as well as non-proper systems, and is significantly more efficient than an exhaustive search based approach. | Error performance at the physical layer of digital communications equipment is a major ::: factor in determining transmission quality. The ITU-T G.826, G.828, G.829 and G.8201 ::: recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation ::: to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error ::: parameters and the error rate. ::: Keywords: CRC-4, BIP-8, digital networks, SDH, block error measurement | eng_Latn | 26,035 |
MEASURING OF BLOCK ERROR RATES IN OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORKS | Error performance at the physical layer of digital communications equipment is a major ::: factor in determining transmission quality. The ITU-T G.826, G.828, G.829 and G.8201 ::: recommendations identify error parameters for high-speed digital networks in relation ::: to G.821 recommendation. The paper describes the relations between individual error ::: parameters and the error rate. ::: Keywords: CRC-4, BIP-8, digital networks, SDH, block error measurement | There are many situations where OBC data can make a difference: Gas occlusion, fault shadows and shear wave splitting are some of the problems that were overcome on this project. | yue_Hant | 26,036 |
A Robust Correlation Method for Solving Permutation Problem in Frequency Domain Blind Source Separation of Speech Signals | This paper addresses the well-known permutation problem, inconsistent permutation in the Discrete Fourier Transform bins after independent component analysis, in the frequency domain blind source separation. The method which utilizes the correlation between the adjacent bins in speech signals is popular among the techniques for solving permutation problem. However, the reliability of the method is very low. This paper presents a robust correlation method for solving the permutation problem, which utilizes the correlation between the signals in each DFT bin, one of which is partially separated by a time domain BSS method and the other is obtained by a frequency domain BSS method. The proposed method showed almost the same separation performance as that of the method which uses the correlation between adjacent bins and is highly reliable at the same time. | Current word completion tools rely mostly on statistical or syntactic knowledge. Can using semantic knowledge improve the completion task? We propose a language-independent word completion algorithm which uses latent semantic analysis (LSA) to model the semantic context of the word being typed. We find that a system using this algorithm alone achieves keystroke savings of 56% and a hit rate of 42%. This represents improvements of 6.9% and 17%, respectively, over existing approaches | eng_Latn | 26,037 |
Research and analysis of CDMA blind adaptive multiuser detection arithmetic | Based on the traditional adaptive multiuser detection method,sum up application of new LMS,RLS,Kalman arithmetics in DS-CDMA Multiuser detection.principles and methods of 3 arithmetics were given and emulation by Matlab.Based on comparing with SIR and errorcode of 3 arrthmetic,Kalman arithmetic show more excellent detection performance. | To integrate CA systems with other applications in the CIM world one principal approach currently under development is the feature recognition pro cess based on graph grammars It enables any CIM component to recognize the higher level entities the so called features used in this component out of a lower data exchange format which might be the internal representation of a CAD system as well as some standard data exchange format In this pa per we present a made to measure parsing algorithm for feature recognition The heuristic driven chart based bottom up parser analyzes attributed node labeled graphs representing workpieces with a feature speci c attributed node labeled graph grammar representing the feature de nitions yielding a high level qualitative description of the workpiece in terms of features | eng_Latn | 26,038 |
SOMMER: self-organising maps for education and research | SOMMER is a publicly available, Java-based toolbox for training and visualizing two- and three-dimensional unsupervised self-organizing maps (SOMs). Various map topologies are implemented for planar rectangular, toroidal, cubic-surface and spherical projections. The software allows for visualization of the training process, which has been shown to be particularly valuable for teaching purposes. | In this correspondence, an analytical technique for bit-error probability of 2-state convolutional code with Max-Log-maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding is presented. This technique employs an iterative calculation of the probability density function (pdf) of the state metric per one transition, and gives the exact the bit-error probability for the overall signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) | eng_Latn | 26,039 |
Parameter generation algorithm considering Modulation Spectrum for HMM-based speech synthesis | Speech parameter generation algorithms for HMM-based speech synthesis | Turing Incomputable Computation | eng_Latn | 26,040 |
Features for Masking-Based Monaural Speech Separation in Reverberant Conditions | PEFAC - A Pitch Estimation Algorithm Robust to High Levels of Noise | Development of a distributed firewall using software defined networking technology | eng_Latn | 26,041 |
Text Processing for Text-to-SpeechSystems in Indian Languages | Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis | Design of a microstrip bandpass filter for 3.1-10.6 GHz UWB systems | kor_Hang | 26,042 |
Efficient tracing of failed nodes in sensor networks | Handbook of Applied Cryptography | Medical Speech Recognition: Reaching Parity with Humans | eng_Latn | 26,043 |
Toward a theory of in-network computation in wireless sensor networks | TinyDB: an acquisitional query processing system for sensor networks | Fractal feature analysis and classification in medical imaging. | eng_Latn | 26,044 |
An Empirical Comparison of Discretization Methods | The CN2 induction algorithm | A Discovery Procedure For Certain Phonological Rules | eng_Latn | 26,045 |
Survey and Evaluation of Audio Fingerprinting Schemes for Mobile Query-by-Example Applications | Mobile Visual Search | Methodologies for fast yield ramp with limited engineering resources utilizing Inline Defect data overlay to SRAM Bitmap failure and Logic Diagnostics | eng_Latn | 26,046 |
Detection of bypass fraud based on speaker recognition | Fraud detection in international calls using fuzzy logic | A perspective on 16S rRNA operational taxonomic unit clustering using sequence similarity | eng_Latn | 26,047 |
An Edge Deletion Semantics for Belief Propagation | bucket elimination : a unifying framework for probabilistic inference . | FPGA Trust Zone: Incorporating trust and reliability into FPGA designs | eng_Latn | 26,048 |
introductionequation section 1 1 . 1 . 1 . spoken language interface 1 . 1 . 2 . speech - to - speech translation 1 . 1 . 3 . knowledge partners 1 . 2 . spoken language system architecture 1 . 2 . 1 . automatic speech recognition . | statistical methods for speech recognition . | On hesitant fuzzy sets and decision | eng_Latn | 26,049 |
Tajweed checking system to support recitation | Voice Content Matching System for Quran Readers | Towards Large-Scale, Heterogeneous Anomaly Detection Systems in Industrial Networks: A Survey of Current Trends | eng_Latn | 26,050 |
A low power error detection in the syndrome calculator block for reed-solomon codes: RS(204,188) | Abstract Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have been widely adopted in many modern communication systems. This paper describes a new method for error detection in the syndrome calculator block of RS decoders. The main feature of this method is to prove that it is possible to compute only a few syndrome coefficients — less than half — to detect whether the codeword is correct. The theoretical estimate of the probability that the new algorithm failed is shown to depend on the number of syndrome coefficients computed. The algorithm is tested using the RS(204,188) code with the first four coefficients. With a bit error rate of 1×10−4, this method reduces the power consumption by 6% compared to the basic RS(204,188) decoder. The error detection algorithm for the syndrome calculator block does not require modification of the basic hardware implementation of the syndrome coefficients computation. The algorithm significantly reduces the computation complexity of the syndrome calculator block, thus lowering the power needed. | Some methods are presented for estimating the reliability of a partially speeded test without the use of a parallel form. The effect of these formulas on some test data is illustrated. Whenever an odd-even reliability is computed it is probably desirable to use one of the formulas noted in Section 2 of this paper in addition to the usual Spearman-Brown correction. Since the formulas given here involve the mean and the standard deviation of the “number unattempted score,” a method is given in Section 4 for computing this mean and standard deviation from item analysis data. If the item analysis data are available, this method will save considerable time as compared with rescoring answer sheets. | eng_Latn | 26,051 |
Hardware implementation of novel image compression-encryption system on a FPGA | With the development of digital technologies, compression and encryption have become important aspects of information. In many applications, encryption of compressed images is considered vital for hiding data. In this work, we implemented the image compression-encryption hardware on a FPGA. JPEG was used as a compression standard and Tiny Encryption Algorithm was used as an encryption algorithm. Discrete Cosine Transform coefficients were encrypted by using two methods. First, only DC coefficients of each 8×8 block of image were encrypted. Then, along with DC coefficients, first five AC coefficients of each 8×8 block of image were encrypted. In the result, encrypted images and PSNR values were given in order to determine success of the work. This work is novel from the point of view encryption methods. | We are mainly concerned with enhancing ATPG for analog nonlinear circuits. For simplicity we are dealing only with the isolation of single fault cases. Due to the imprecision and indeterminacy of the complex structure of faulty networks, it is usually difficult to obtain exact solutions. Furthermore, for fault isolation it is often unnecessary to seek the exact solutions. In fact we find it useful to treat such faulty networks as fuzzy systems. The algorithm presented herein makes use of the available measured data on port responses to isolate the faulty components based on fuzzy set concepts. An illustrative example using the NAP2 network analysis program is included. These results aie compared with previous results based on other criteria. | eng_Latn | 26,052 |
What happens when a data node failed? | What happens when data node failed? | What predictions about Life and Career can be made from this D1 and D-9 Chart? | eng_Latn | 26,053 |
Insights into the Sensitivity of the BRAIN (Braided Ring Availability Integrity Network)--On Platform Robustness in Extended Operation | Ringing out fault tolerance. A new ring network for superior low-cost dependability | Understanding fault-tolerant distributed systems | eng_Latn | 26,054 |
Voiced stops are most often what? | In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated. | Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NAK, indicating that the data cannot be received and should be retried, and STALL, indicating that the device has an error condition and cannot transfer data until some corrective action (such as device initialization) occurs. | eng_Latn | 26,055 |
Existential consistency: measuring and understanding consistency at Facebook | The serializability of concurrent database updates | Natural TTS Synthesis by Conditioning Wavenet on MEL Spectrogram Predictions | eng_Latn | 26,056 |
Reasoning about temporal relations: a maximal tractable subclass of Allen's interval algebra | Consistency in Networks of Relations | FFT Spectrum Analyzer Project for Teaching Digital Signal Processing With FPGA Devices | eng_Latn | 26,057 |
A metric for software readability | Predicting fault incidence using software change history | In-Band Full-Duplex Relaying: A Survey, Research Issues and Challenges | eng_Latn | 26,058 |
Machine learning approches and pattern recognition for spectral data | Pattern recognition and machine learning | Evaluation of delta compression techniques for efficient live migration of large virtual machines | eng_Latn | 26,059 |
The Llano Estacado straddles the Texas-New Mexico border, nestled between the Texas Panhandle and the Pecos River Valley. It was described by early Spanish explorers as an arid, featureless landscape, and, according to Mexican and Anglo-Texan lore, was the last refuge of the uncivilized. The region attracted Comancheros, marauding outlaws and renegades who plagued civil society. This book traces the history of the Llano Estacado - especially its radical transformations following the Civil War as railroads opened the beef trade, the discovery of rich oil deposits in the 1920s, and the decision made in the 1930s to tap the Southern Ogallala Aquifer to irrigate the region's farms. The authors focus in part on the consequences of modern irrigation, and concerns that the Ogallala Aquifer-a storehouse of fossil water dating back to the post-Cretaceous period-will be depleted. They conclude that the Llano Estacado is a "partially threatened" region, and explore its future sustainability. | Crop production on the Llano Estacado of the Texas High Plains has used precipitation and supplemental irrigation with water pumped from the Ogallala aquifer at rates that have far exceeded recharge for many years. Over 20% of the U.S. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop is produced currently in this once vast grassland. Most of this cotton is produced in monoculture systems that are economically risky and contribute to wind-induced erosion and depletion of ground water resources. Although large numbers of cattle are found in this region, little integration of livestock and crop production exists. Integrated crop–livestock systems could improve nutrient cycling, reduce soil erosion, improve water management, interrupt pest cycles, and spread economic risk through diversification. Two whole-farm scale systems compared (1) a cotton monoculture typical of the region; and (2) an alternative integrated system that included cotton, forage, and Angus-cross stocker beef steers (initial body weight 249 kg). Steers grazed the perennial warm-season grass ‘WW-B. Dahl’ old world bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake] in sequence with rye (Secale cereale L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from January to mid-July when they were sent to the feedyard for finishing. Grass seed were harvested from bluestem in October. Cotton in the alternative system was grown in a twopaddock rotation with the wheat and rye. Cotton was harvested from both systems in October. At the end of 5 years, the alternative system reduced needs for supplemental irrigation by 23% and for nitrogen fertilizer by 40% compared with the conventional cotton monoculture. Fewer chemical inputs including pesticides were required by the alternative system. Soil with perennial grass pasture was lower in predicted soil erosion and was higher in soil organic carbon, aggregate stability, and microbial biomass than soil where continuous cotton was grown. Profitability was greater for the alternative system until cotton lint yields reached about 1500 kg ha � 1 for the continuous cotton system. Differences between the systems became larger as depth to ground water increased. Systems that are less dependent on supplemental irrigation and less consumptive of non-renewable resources and energy-dependent chemical inputs appear possible, but further improvements are required to ensure sustainability of agricultural systems for the future in the Texas High Plains. Published by Elsevier B.V. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 26,060 |
Journey to a Land of Cotton: A Slave Plantation in Brooklyn, 1895 | The Cotton Manufacturing Industry of the United States | Houses, households, and settlements : architecture and living space | eng_Latn | 26,061 |
To which period in American history does the term antebellum refer? | Antebellum Period Facts, information and articles about the Antebellum Period, before the Civil War Antebellum Period summary: The Antebellum Period in American history is generally considered to be the period before the civil war and after the War of 1812, although some historians expand it to all the years from the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 to the beginning of the Civil War. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the country between abolitionists and supporters of slavery. During this same time, the country’s economy began shifting in the north to manufacturing as the Industrial Revolution began, while in the south, a cotton boom made plantations the center of the economy. The annexation of new territory and western expansion saw the reinforcement of American individualism and of Manifest Destiny, the idea that Americans and the institutions of the U.S. are morally superior and Americans are morally obligated to spread these institutions. The Cotton Economy In The South In the South, cotton plantations were very profitable, at least until overplanting leached most of the nutrients from the soil. Advances in processing the fiber, from Eli Whitney’s cotton gin to the development of power looms and the sewing machine, increased demand for cotton to export from the South to England and the mills of New England. Plantation owners were able to obtain large tracts of land for little money, particularly after the Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830. These plantations depended on a large force of slave labor to cultivate and harvest the crop—most white farmers in the 19th century wanted and were able to obtain their own farms as the U.S. expanded south and west, and slaves not only provided a labor source that couldn’t resign or demand higher wages, their progeny insured that labor source would continue for generations. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for slaves, making it profitable for smaller farmers in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. Most farmers in the South had small- to medium-sized farms with few slaves, but the large plantation owner’s wealth, often reflected in the number of slaves they owned, afforded them considerable prestige and political power. As the quality of land decreased from over-cultivation, slave owners increasingly found that the majority of their wealth existed in the form of their slaves; they began looking to new lands in Texas and further west, as well as in the Caribbean and Central America, as places where they might expand their holdings and continue their way of life. Early Industrialization and the Rise in Manufacturing in the North The early industrial revolution began with textile industry in New England, which was revolutionized by Samuel Slater. Slater was a former apprentice in one of Britain’s largest textile factories who emigrated to Rhode Island after learning that American states were paying bounties to people who could help replicate British textile machines, such as the spinning jenny, although the British government forbade the export of the machines or emigration of people with knowledge of them. In 1787, the horse-powered Beverly Cotton Manufactory had begun operating in Beverly, Massachusetts; in 1793, Slater opened the first fully mechanized mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. His system of independent mills and mill towns spread through the Blackstone Valley into Massachusetts. In the 1820s, Slater’s system was supplanted by the more-efficient Waltham or Lowell system. The Waltham system included power looms in the mill, rather than Slater’s practice of having weaving done at local farms. The Waltham system also included specialized, trained employees to run the looms—mainly young women—giving rise to the concept of wage labor, which gradually began overtaking previous forms of labor, such as apprenticeship and indentured servitude, family labor, and slavery in industrialized areas. A population shift from farms to | Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit - Joel Chandler Harris - Google Books Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Uncle_Remus_and_Brer_Rabbit.html?id=id5xPwAACAAJ Joel Chandler Harris (1848-1908) was an American journalist, born in Eatonton, Georgia, who wrote the Uncle Remus stories, including: Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880), Nights with Uncle Remus (1881/1882), Uncle Remus and His Friends (1892), and Uncle Remus and the Little Boy (1905). The stories, based on the African-American oral storytelling tradition, were revolutionary in their use of dialect. They featured a trickster hero called Br'er (Brother) Rabbit, who used his wits against adversity, though his efforts did not always succeed. Harris began publishing his stories in the Atlanta Constitution in 1879 at a time of great interest in the South and in freedmen. They became popular among both black and white readers in the North and South, not least because they presented an idealized view of race relations soon after the Civil War. Apart from Uncle Remus, Harris wrote several other collections of stories depicting rural life in Georgia, including Mingo and Other Sketches in Black and White (1884), Free Joe and Other Georgian Sketches (1887) and Stories of Georgia (1896). | eng_Latn | 26,062 |
What dos the cotton gin do? | Who inveneted the cotton gin? | How did the cotton gin affect slave trade in the south? | eng_Latn | 26,063 |
Who, in 1794, patented the cotton gin, that enabled cotton fibres to be plucked from seeds mechanically? | SaltOfAmerica Article - We Learn to Make Clothing From Cotton A COLONIAL SPINNING-MACHINE. As late as 1791, this domestic or home method of production was still in practice in Europe and America, although the invention and use of textile machinery abroad had resulted in the beginning of what is known as the âfactory system.â In that year, Alexander Hamilton reported to Congress that âthere is only one branch of the wool manufacture, which as a regular business, can be said to have acquired maturity; that is the manufacture of hats.â He then went on to say: âThere is a vast scene of household manufacturing which contributes more largely to the supply of the country than could be imagined. . . . Great quantities of coarse cloths, coatings, serges and flannels, linsey-woolseys, hosiery of wool, cotton and thread, coarse fustians, jeans and muslins, checked and striped cotton and linen goods, bedticks, coverlets and counterpanes, tow-linens, coarse shirtings, towellings and table linen, and various mixtures of wool and cotton and of cotton and flax, are made in the household way, and in many instances to an extent not only sufficient for a supply of the families in which they are made, but for sale, and even in some cases for exportation. It is computed in some districts that two-thirds, three-fourths, and even four-fifths of all the clothing of the inhabitants are made by themselves.â Twenty years previously, Hamilton had voiced a belief that the development of the cotton-growing and manufacturing industry in the colonies would be of great benefit. Visualizing its possibilities in the Southern States, he wrote: âIf, by the necessity of the thing, manufactures should once be established and take root among us, they will pave the way still more to the future grandeur and glory of America.â The great change which has taken place since Hamiltonâs time is the result of the inventive genius of a little band of courageous men who sacrificed everything to an idea, and who persisted in the face of every discouragement in order to lighten the task of spinning and weaving. REDUCED MODEL OF A VAUCANSON LOOM (1746). In 1725 Basile Bouchon invented a method of using perforated paper (like that of a modern automatic piano) by which the simples for any shed could be selected. In 1728 Falcon substituted perforated cards, butt his mechanism was attached to the simple cords and required a boy to operate it. Vaucanson combined the two machines, and the combination was later improved by Jacquard. The process of making a piece of cloth involves several steps: - cleaning the fibre (as in the case of cotton) - carding the fibre - spinning the fibre into yarn - and finally weaving the yarn into a fabric. To trace the history of textile invention we will take up each of these steps in order. CLEANING COTTONâA GREAT INVENTION OF ELI WHITNEY Mechanical improvements had brought cotton manufacturing to the stage where the need for raw material was greater than the supply. The necessity of obtaining more raw cotton was a growing problem, yet few planters in America seemed interested in the cultivation of the plant. All that could be produced in the United States, in 1791, was 138,234 pounds; the balance coming from India and the West Indies. The solution of the problem was achieved by Eli Whitney. Born on a farm at Westborough, Massachusetts, in 1765, Whitney was a bright and somewhat precocious lad, with a penchant for making things. He thoroughly disliked agriculture and preferred to spend his time in his fatherâs tool-house rather than in tilling the soil. As a lad, he made violins. His father thought this a waste of time, and informed his other sons that since Eli preferred to make fiddles, he would have to take his portion of the family inheritance in the things that he created. But that did not in the least bother young Whitney. He continued to make his fiddles, playing on them at neighborhood dances, and was consequently far more popular with the younger folks than were his brothers. One day, he took his fatherâs watc | Joad family | fictional characters | Britannica.com Joad family fictional characters THIS ARTICLE IS A STUB. You can learn more about this topic in the related articles below. Joad family, fictional family of dispossessed tenant farmers , the main characters in The Grapes of Wrath (1939), John Steinbeck ’s novel of the Great Depression . Learn More in these related articles: tenant farming agricultural system in which landowners contribute their land and a measure of operating capital and management while tenants contribute their labour with various amounts of capital and management, the returns being shared in a variety of ways. Payment to the owner may be in the form of a share in... The Grapes of Wrath (novel by Steinbeck) novel by John Steinbeck, published in 1939. Set during the Great Depression, it traces the migration of an Oklahoma Dust Bowl family to California and their subsequent hardships as migrant farm workers. It won a Pulitzer Prize in 1940. The work did much to publicize the injustices of migrant... John Steinbeck Feb. 27, 1902 Salinas, Calif., U.S. Dec. 20, 1968 New York, N.Y. American novelist, best known for The Grapes of Wrath (1939), which summed up the bitterness of the Great Depression decade and aroused widespread sympathy for the plight of migratory farmworkers. He received the Nobel Prize for... Great Depression worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: August 30, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Joad-family Access Date: January 17, 2017 Share | eng_Latn | 26,064 |
Buddy Holly, Lyndon Johnston, Janice Joplin were all born in which US State? | Randolph Crane became famous as which cowboy actor Randolph - IT - 402 View Full Document Randolph Crane became famous as which cowboy actor Randolph Scott 47 Ageusia is the loss of which sense Taste 48 Which Irish political parties name translates as we ourselves Sein Fein 49 Henry Ford used assembly line in 1908 but someone before 1901 Ransome Olds 50 Who performed the first heart transplant in South Africa Christian Barnard Page 6 This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document 10000 general knowledge questions and answers www.cartiaz.ro No Questions Quiz 3 Answers 51 What is the common name for the star Sirius Dog Star 52 What calculating aid was invented by William Oughtred in 1662 Slide Rule 53 Which Athenian philosopher wrote nothing - immortalised by Plato Socrates 54 Who designed the WW 1 plane Camel and co designed Hurricane Thomas Octave Murdoch Sopwith 55 Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were born in which US state South Dakota 56 In 1666 Jesuit Bark was used as a prevention against what Malaria 57 In 1971 which USA space probe was first to orbit another planet Mariner 9 58 What links Catalonia, Andalusia, Cantabria, Galicia Regions of Spain 59 Ingemar Stenmark won record 85 world cup races in what sport Skiing 60 Who wrote the music for the ballets Firebird and Rites of Spring Igor Stravinsky 61 What common legal item literally means under penalty Subpoena 62 Who was the only person to win world titles on bikes and cars John Surtees 63 What is the oldest swimming stroke Breaststroke 16 th century 64 Which European country is divided into areas called Cantons Switzerland 65 Which medical tool was developed by Sanctorius in 1612 Thermometer 66 What weapon was invented by Ernest Swinton used in 1916 Tank 67 Which mythological King chained grapes rose water fell Tantalus 68 Who created Tarzan (all names) in 1914 Edgar Rice Burroughs 69 Camellia Sinesis evergreen shrub better known as what Tea 70 In 1901 who first transmitted radio signals across Atlantic Marconi 71 Who won six consecutive Wimbledon titles in the 1980s Martina Navratilova 72 What Italian building material translates as baked earth Terracotta 73 What links Buddy Holly, Lyndon Johnston, Janice Joplin State of Texas 74 Which eponymous character was Thane of Cawder Glaimes Macbeth 75 Who wrote the 39 steps (both names) John Buchan 76 Who won the Superbowl in 1987 New York Giants 77 What is the food tofu made from Soya Bean Curd – via Soya milk 78 Who was the son of Poseidon and Ampherite Triton 79 Annie Mae Bullock became famous under which name (both) Tina Turner 80 What linked Armenia, Georgia, Latvia and Moldavia USSR 81 What is the state capitol of New Jersey Trenton 82 Who won an Oscar for best supporting actor in Spartacus 1960 Peter Ustinov 83 What was invented by James Dewer in 1872 Vacuum or thermos flask 84 Who was the Roman goddess of the hearth Vesta 85 Viticulture is the growing of what plants Vines 86 In 1953 what was first successfully transmitted in the USA Colour Television 87 Who wrote the Thin Man in 1934 (both names) Dashiell Hammett 88 Angel falls Venezuela Highest but where second Highest Yosemite USA 89 Whitcome Judson in 1891 invented what for fastening shoes Zip Fastener 90 This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Kenyatta University IT 402 - Spring 2015 1 2 3 4 5 Sampling In Research What is research? According Webster (1985), to researc HYPO.docx | United States Product Map Above: A field of ripe sugarcane in Hawaii. IDAHO - potatoes, wheat INDIANA - corn, soybeans, tomatoes, peppermint IOWA - corn, soybeans KANSAS - corn, soybeans, wheat, alfalfa, sunflowers KENTUCKY - tobacco, corn, soybeans MAINE - blueberries, maple syrup, potatoes MARYLAND - greenhouse/nursery products (turf) MICHIGAN - cherries, corn, soybeans, apples Below: A cherry tree blooms in Michigan. MINNESOTA - corn, soybeans, wild rice, sugar beets MISSISSIPPI - cotton, soybeans MISSOURI - corn, soybeans, rice, hay MONTANA - wheat, barley, sugar beets NEBRASKA - corn, soybeans NEVADA - alfalfa hay, potatoes, barley, wheat, rye NEW HAMPSHIRE - greenhouse/nursery products, apples NEW JERSEY - apples, blueberries, cranberries, peaches NEW MEXICO - chile peppers, peanuts NEW YORK - apples, grapes, cabbage, corn, onions NORTH CAROLINA - tobacco, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, lima beans NORTH DAKOTA - wheat, barley, sunflowers, canola OHIO - corn, soybeans OKLAHOMA - wheat, hay, corn, peanuts, pecans OREGON - hay, grass seed, wheat, onions PENNSYLVANIA - mushrooms, wheat Above: Edible mushrooms add a wild splash of color to a lush forest in western Pennsylvania. Any United States Highway map will take you there. RHODE ISLAND - potatoes SOUTH CAROLINA - tobacco, peaches, collard greens SOUTH DAKOTA - wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers TENNESSEE - tobacco, soybeans, cotton TEXAS- cotton, corn, grain, wheat UTAH - barley, wheat, potatoes, onions, corn VERMONT - apples, honey, corn, maple syrup Below: An inviting grove of maple trees in Vermont. VIRGINIA - tobacco, soybeans | eng_Latn | 26,065 |
What invention had a significant effect of the south's economy? | What is the history of the cotton gin in the south? | What wAs outlawed in many northern states? | eng_Latn | 26,066 |
How was the invention of the mechanical cotton picker helpful in saving the cotton as important US crop? | How does the invention of the mechanical cotton picker helful in saving? | How does the invention of the mechanical cotton picker helful in saving? | eng_Latn | 26,067 |
The cotton growers of the south were interested in westward expansion becuse? | The cotton growes of the south were interested in westward expansion because? | The cotton growes of the south were interested in westward expansion because? | eng_Latn | 26,068 |
Differences in Cotton Due to Environment | The 1958 cotton crop was one of the poorest in recent years for many areas of Arizona. Yields were lower, bolls were smaller, gin turnouts were lower and staple lengths were shorter in many instances. Most growers blamed the unusually hot summer for these conditions, others the variety of cotton they were growing. It was a year in which cotton showed great variability in yield and fiber properties from one location to another, as well as in boll size and fiber properties of early and late pickings. The following data are presented to illustrate the range of environmentally induced variations found in tests conducted by the Plant Breeding Department in 1958. | This paper proceeds from the current condition of China’s clothing industry,discusses the orientation,means,technological demands,human resources and other factors relating to the promotion of competitiveness of the clothing industry,and points out that innovations in the fields of informationization,brand internationalization,clothing center construction,clothing industry talents concentration and breeding,fashion industry cluster development of the clothing industry are the tasks to be fulfilled in the future promotion of the clothing industry’s competitiveness. | eng_Latn | 26,069 |
Segmentation of color textile images based on a multiscale context model | In this paper, a multiscale color image segmentation algorithm based on a contextual model for textile images corrupted by textile texture noise is proposed. The context model not only captures the statistical dependency between adjacent scales, but also the statistical dependencies among the neighboring blocks. The multiscale approach is used to solve the conflict between boundary localization and high resolution segmentation, and the segmentation result is recursively refined at each scale based on the contextual model. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve better segmentation results when tested on color textile images, and also produce high quality edge images when compared with the mean-shift algorithm and the multiscale block segmentation approach. | Abstract This article exploits the time-series properties of 26 industries' output data to consider the interrelationships among industries and the sources of growth during early British industrialization. A small number of stochastic common trends drove the permanent components of disaggregate industrial production. These are associated with specific industrial groupings, including one comprising cotton, minerals, and metals and another the food processing industries. The results shed light on the breadth of Industrial Revolution technological progress and highlight the roles of the cotton and iron goods industries in leading industrial growth. | eng_Latn | 26,070 |
Why did southerners say Cotton is king? | Why would Southerners say Cotton is King? | Why would Southerners say Cotton is King? | eng_Latn | 26,071 |
Which crop is processed in a `ginnery'? | Cotton - VellagVellag Cotton Contact Us Cotton Cotton is an important vegetable fibre grown in the tropics and is principally used in the production of textiles. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tons annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world’s arable land. China is the world’s largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years. Developing world countries that grow cotton include Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Ghana. Cotton is frequently grown and purchased under marketing boards. This enables the growers to purchase seed and fertilizer on credit, but means a fixed price for the end crop. It also gives a lot of power to the marketing boards and they can (as in the case in Ghana) ruin a sector of the market economy by refusing to pay a decent price for the end crops. Cotton is processed in a ginnery where the lint is separated from the seed and then compressed into bales for sale. Seeds are pressed to extract oil which is used in the manufacture of margarine, salad oil and soap. The residue from the oil extraction is used as cattle food. Varieties of commercial cotton Meko cotton – produces short staple and thrives in the wetter areas Ishan cotton – produces longer, silkier and better quality lint than Meko variety. Needs relatively less rainfall. Allen’s Longstaple -Produces superior fibre and is grown for export .It withstands the dry season well and is resistant to several bacterial diseases and insect pests. Sea Island Cotton – This provides most of the quality cotton sold on the world markets. Place in crop rotation Cotton is a cleaning crop as a lot of weeding has to be done which brings the land into good condition before the following year’s crop. This is why it is usually the first crop in a rotation. The second crop should be a legume to fix the nitrogen which reduces the amount of artificial fertilizer needed in subsequent cotton years. A typical rotation might be like this: Sweet Potatoes In addition to crop rotations, it is not uncommon to interplant with maize, millet or in later years, yams. This may reduce yields from the yams. Cultivation and plant spacing The land should be deeply cultivated before sowing as it helps the tap roots penetrate the soil more easily. Cotton is generally grown on ridges spaced 75cm, 90cm or 120cm apart. In low rainfall areas, the crop can be grown on raised beds or on the flat if required. Seeds should be de-linted by treating with concentrated sulphuric acid and then dressed with copper sulphate. In agriculture, a seed treatment or seed dressing is a chemical, typically antimicrobial or fungidal, with which seeds are treated (or “dressed”) prior to planting. Sowing should commence at the beginning of the rainy season as soon as the soil is moist. Three to four seeds should be sown 2.5cm deep with 45cm between plants. The seed rate is approximately 44kg/ha. Weeding Frequent weeding should begin as soon as the seedlings are established. Plants should be thinned to 2 plants per stand at the first weeding. Once the flowers have appeared, weeding needs to be done with care to prevent damage to the plant roots. Fertilizer Cotton does not require fertiliser if it is growing on good soil. An application of farmyard manure and super phosphate at 50kg/ha should be used with the seed when the soils are poorer. Nitrogen fertilizer is not recommended as this encourages excess leaf growth. Pests and diseases Cotton is beset by a large number of pests and diseases that prevent the plants from producing clean open bolls Bollworm Bollworms damage the plant by eating the inside of the bolls and by getting in and out of the bolls by the tiny bore holes they bore. Bollworm damage may kill the boll so it goes hard and brown and many buds and bolls fall to the ground before they are developed. Many bolls fail to open and the cotton becomes stained and worthless. Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton | papergnomon home IPH standard This site is about paper, more precise about how a paperconservator can find out what is IN the paper that is on the worktable. It is called paper gnomon because it wants to be a pointer to everything paper. A gnomon is the name for the pointer in a sundial (and not the plural for gardengnome). Information about my research will be communicated here in the form of pages about fibre microscopy, spot- and microchemical testing of paper and a collection of small articles that will deal with what can be called ‚bycatch’. You can find these under the link ‚bycatch’. You can subscribe to a mailing list when you want to be updated on the posts on this page. For students at the Amsterdam University conservation program extra information can be found using the UvA link page. PS. this website is best seen on a desktop computer, some functionalities will not work on mobile devices: fair warning! hover over photos for caption retted hemp in transmitted light (100X) the same in polarised light: interference colours are visible the same in polarised light and a lambda plate: note the colour difference between the horizontal (orange) and the vertical (blue). This is typical for hemp fibres linen fibres from a 16th century garment show the opposite colours vertically and horizontally under polarisation and lambda plate, this is typical for linnen fibres. Note that the enlargement for the linnen fibres is 200x since in this sample the fibres are very thin in comparison to the chunky hemp fibre(s). © 2014 Bas van Velzen | eng_Latn | 26,072 |
It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk . | It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that silk was first made in China . | Carver 's reputation is based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton , such as peanuts , soybeans and sweet potatoes , which also aided nutrition for farm families . | eng_Latn | 26,073 |
Liberia and Nigeria also started production of rubber . | Liberia and Nigeria also started growing trees to make rubber . | Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt ( a source of Nubian gold ) to Assyria and Anatolia . | eng_Latn | 26,074 |
Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth? | Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread. | In Sand Springs, an outdoor amphitheater called "Discoveryland!" is the official performance headquarters for the musical Oklahoma! Ridge Bond, native of McAlester, Oklahoma, starred in the Broadway and International touring productions of Oklahoma!, playing the role of "Curly McClain" in more than 2,600 performances. In 1953 he was featured along with the Oklahoma! cast on a CBS Omnibus television broadcast. Bond was instrumental in the title song becoming the Oklahoma state song and is also featured on the U.S. postage stamp commemorating the musical's 50th anniversary. Historically, the state has produced musical styles such as The Tulsa Sound and western swing, which was popularized at Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. The building, known as the "Carnegie Hall of Western Swing", served as the performance headquarters of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys during the 1930s. Stillwater is known as the epicenter of Red Dirt music, the best-known proponent of which is the late Bob Childers. | eng_Latn | 26,075 |
What did children roll in a factory? | In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee. | During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas. | eng_Latn | 26,076 |
What type of worm have there been proposals to farm? | Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations. | Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 26,077 |
It's the mechanical process of separating cotton seeds from the fibers | Cotton gin - Wikipedia A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, ... The modern mechanical cotton gin was invented in the United States of ... cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney. ... that would process short staple cotton, and Hodgen Holmes, Robert Watkins,... | jeopardy/1340_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub BUSINESS LEADERS | If you don't know that he said, "I like making deals, ... CONTROVERSIAL SPORTS CELEBS | "Game of Shadows" is a 2006 book ..... Kelly of the Clue Crew shows us a sifter.) It's a part that restrains movement, like the movement of air; you may say that a setback puts one on your plans | a damper. | eng_Latn | 26,078 |
How is most cotton harvested? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow. | The 1850 census saw a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person was white, marked "B" if a person was black, and marked "M" if a person was mulatto. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave was black and an "M" if mulatto. | eng_Latn | 26,079 |
How were new species and strains of crops developed? | Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons. | Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 26,080 |
Before cotton became king, this plant that yields a violet dye was a popular southern crop | Full text of "8th class History NCRET Book" - Internet Archive Historians wrote about the year a king was crowned, the year he married, the year ... According to his telling of history, before the British came to India, Hindu and ..... The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory the ..... had to depend on another plant called woad to make violet and blue dyes. | Jeopary Questions page 681 - THE CIVIL WAR - TriviaBistro.com GETTING KNOTTY: (Cheryl of the Clue Crew reports) This non-slipping knot takes ... KNOTTY: An incorrectly tied square knot, perhaps tied by your mom's mom. | eng_Latn | 26,081 |
It's the main ingredient in a candle | History - National Candle Association The Egyptians were using wicked candles in 3,000 B.C., but the ancient Romans are generally ... Its only disadvantage was a low melting point. ... in the byproducts that had become the basic ingredients of candles paraffin and stearic acid. | Jeopary Questions page 725 - "MY" OH, MY! - TriviaBistro.com 1870s AMERICA: In October 1879 he discovered that a thread of carbonized cotton will burn for 13 hours in a vacuum "D" TIME: This word meaning "to make... | eng_Latn | 26,082 |
In 1996 this Chicago-based underwear maker sold its sock line to Renfro Corp., which became the USA's sock leader | jeopardy/3205_Qs.txt at master jedoublen/jeopardy GitHub SOCKS AND THE CITY | In 1996 this Chicago-based underwear maker sold its sock line to Renfro Corp., which became the USA's sock leader | Fruit of the... | 1970 History of Aviation, Nabisco Foods, United Kingdom Overview A Little History About Nabisco Foods and Shredded Wheat ... Henry Perky invented shredded wheat cereal in Denver, Colorado, in 1890. ... a method of processing wheat into strips that were formed into pillow-like biscuits. ... Wheat as a trade name and from manufacturing the cereal in its pillow-shaped form. | eng_Latn | 26,083 |
What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies? | While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003. | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | eng_Latn | 26,084 |
When did cotton first become a large-scale agricultural product in Tennessee? | Major outputs for the state include textiles, cotton, cattle, and electrical power. Tennessee has over 82,000 farms, roughly 59 percent of which accommodate beef cattle. Although cotton was an early crop in Tennessee, large-scale cultivation of the fiber did not begin until the 1820s with the opening of the land between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers. The upper wedge of the Mississippi Delta extends into southwestern Tennessee, and it was in this fertile section that cotton took hold. Soybeans are also heavily planted in West Tennessee, focusing on the northwest corner of the state. | In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small "doping" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments. | eng_Latn | 26,085 |
What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium? | Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since. The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers. Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land. The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world. | The most extreme case was the Soviet Union, and this model may still be followed in some countries: it was a separate service, on a par with the navy or ground force. In the Soviet Union this was called Voyska PVO, and had both fighter aircraft and ground-based systems. This was divided into two arms, PVO Strany, the Strategic Air defence Service responsible for Air Defence of the Homeland, created in 1941 and becoming an independent service in 1954, and PVO SV, Air Defence of the Ground Forces. Subsequently these became part of the air force and ground forces respectively | eng_Latn | 26,086 |
What machinery has lead to the easily made and widespread use of cotton? | The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today. | Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds and overtones cut on the records. This was in spite of some carbon microphones used, which had resonances that colored the recorded tone. The double button carbon microphone with stretched diaphragm was a marked improvement. Alternatively, the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech, but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones. | eng_Latn | 26,087 |
What is the most important crop in Tibet? | The most important crop in Tibet is barley, and dough made from barley flour—called tsampa—is the staple food of Tibet. This is either rolled into noodles or made into steamed dumplings called momos. Meat dishes are likely to be yak, goat, or mutton, often dried, or cooked into a spicy stew with potatoes. Mustard seed is cultivated in Tibet, and therefore features heavily in its cuisine. Yak yogurt, butter and cheese are frequently eaten, and well-prepared yogurt is considered something of a prestige item. Butter tea is very popular to drink. | During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas. | eng_Latn | 26,088 |
What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas? | Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread. | Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components. | eng_Latn | 26,089 |
How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton? | The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export. | In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 26,090 |
What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth? | Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread. | Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.[citation needed] The most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit.[citation needed] | eng_Latn | 26,091 |
Where was 'Lincoln' filmed? | Spielberg next directed the historical drama film Lincoln, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. Based on Doris Kearns Goodwin's bestseller Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film covered the final four months of Lincoln's life. Written by Tony Kushner, the film was shot in Richmond, Virginia, in late 2011, and was released in the United States by Disney in November 2012. The film's international distribution was handled by 20th Century Fox. Upon release, Lincoln received widespread critical acclaim, and was nominated for twelve Academy Awards (the most of any film that year) including Best Picture and Best Director for Spielberg. It won the award for Best Production Design and Day-Lewis won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Lincoln, becoming the first three time winner in that category as well as the first to win for a performance directed by Spielberg. | Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread. | eng_Latn | 26,092 |
What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes? | Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms. Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, "jumping genes" were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms. | GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica. | eng_Latn | 26,093 |
When did the North American natives begin farming? | Natives of North America began practicing farming approximately 4,000 years ago, late in the Archaic period of North American cultures. Technology had advanced to the point that pottery was becoming common and the small-scale felling of trees had become feasible. Concurrently, the Archaic Indians began using fire in a controlled manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was used to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories. It made travel easier and facilitated the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants, which were important for both food and medicines. | In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in Persian). Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia. | eng_Latn | 26,094 |
During the textile boom, how many jobs were created? | Since the Three Kingdoms period, Nanjing has been an industrial centre for textiles and minting owing to its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation. During the Ming dynasty, Nanjing's industry was further expanded, and the city became one of the most prosperous cities in China and the world. It led in textiles, minting, printing, shipbuilding and many other industries, and was the busiest business center in East Asia. Textiles boomed particularly in Qing dynasty, the industry created around 200 thousand jobs and there were about 50 thousand satin machines in the city in 18th and 19th century. | Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides. | eng_Latn | 26,095 |
What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise? | Greece is a developed country with high standards of living[citation needed] and high Human Development Index. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output. Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union. | Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903. | eng_Latn | 26,096 |
What type of conditions do many garment works endure? | Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed] | During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas. | eng_Latn | 26,097 |
How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007? | Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year. | In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa's decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings. In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and "restored" Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the name of the country to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981. | eng_Latn | 26,098 |
What is the filament made of? | Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires. | During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas. | eng_Latn | 26,099 |
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