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Evaluation of carbon dynamics is of great concern worldwide in terms of climate change and soil fertility. However, the annual CO 2 flux and the effect of land management on the carbon budget are poorly understood in Sub-Saharan Africa, owing to the relative dearth of data for in situ CO 2 fluxes. Here, we evaluated seasonal variations in CO 2 efflux rate with hourly climate data in two dry tropical croplands in Tanzania at two sites with contrasting soil textures, viz. clayey or sandy, over four consecutive crop-cultivation periods of 40 months. We then: (1) estimated the annual CO 2 flux, and (2) evaluated the effect of land management (control plot, plant residue treatment plot, fertilizer treatment plot, and plant residue and fertilizer treatment plot) on the CO 2 flux and soil carbon stock at both sites. Estimated annual CO 2 fluxes were 1.0–2.2 and 0.9–1.9 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 for the clayey and sandy sites, respectively. At the end of the experiment, crop cultivation had decreased the surface soil carbon stocks by 2.4 and 3.0 Mg C ha −1 (soil depth 0–15 cm) at the clayey and sandy sites, respectively. On the other hand, plant residue application (7.5 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 ) significantly increased the surface soil carbon stocks, i.e., 3.5–3.8 and 1.7–2.1 Mg C ha −1 (soil depth 0–15 cm) at the clayey and sandy sites, respectively, while it also increased the annual CO 2 fluxes substantially, i.e., 2.5–4.0 and 2.4–3.4 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 for the clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Our results indicate that these dry tropical croplands at least may act as a carbon sink, though the efficiency of carbon accumulation was substantially lower in sandy soil (6.8–8.4%) compared to clayey soil (14.0–15.2%), possibly owing to higher carbon loss by leaching and macro-faunal activity. | Understanding the effects of stand age and forest type on soil respiration is crucial for predicting the potential of soil carbon sequestration. Thus far, however, there is no consensus regarding the variations in soil respiration caused by stand age and forest type. This study investigated soil respiration and its temperature sensitivity at three stand ages (5, 10, and 20 or 30 years) in two plantations of coniferous (Pinus tabulaeformis Carriere) and deciduous (Populus davidiana Dode) species using an automated chamber system in 2013 in the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area. Results showed that mean soil respiration in the 5-, 10-, and 20/30-year-old plantations was 3.37, 3.17, and 2.99 μmol·m−2·s−1 for P. tabulaeformis and 2.92, 2.85, and 2.57 μmol·m−2·s−1 for P. davidiana, respectively. Soil respiration decreased with stand age for both species. There was no significant difference in soil respiration between the two plantation species at ages 5 and 10 years (p > 0.05). Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, which ranged from 1.85–1.99 in P. tabulaeformis and 2.20–2.46 in P. davidiana plantations, was found to increase with stand age. Temperature sensitivity was also significantly higher in P. davidiana plantations and when the soil water content was below 12.8%. Temperature sensitivity incorporated a combined response of soil respiration to soil temperature, soil water content, soil organic carbon, and fine root biomass and, thus, provided an ecological metric for comparing forest carbon dynamics of these species. | By using a superluminescent diode as the light source and a depolariser inside the fibre coil, a constant scale factor is achieved without using polarisation control elements. For long-term behaviour an RMS-bias drift of 10 degrees/h is obtained. | eng_Latn | 9,500 |
The δ13C value of the dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean has decreased by about 0.4 per mil between 1970 and 1990. This decrease has resulted from the uptake of atmospheric CO2 derived from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. The net amounts of CO2 taken up by the oceans and released from the biosphere between 1970 and 1990 have been determined from the changes in three measured values: the concentration of atmospheric CO2, the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 and the δ13C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean. The calculated average net oceanic CO2 uptake is 2.1 gigatons of carbon per year. This amount implies that the ocean is the dominant net sink for anthropogenically produced CO2 and that there has been no significant net CO2 released from the biosphere during the last 20 years. | Soil carbon, a major component of the global carbon inventory, has significant potential for change with changing climate and human land use. We applied the Century ecosystem model to a series of forest and grassland sites distributed globally to examine large-scale controls over soil carbon. Key site-specific parameters influencing soil carbon dynamics are soil texture and foliar lignin content; accordingly, we perturbed these variables at each site to establish a range of carbon concentrations and turnover times. We examined the simulated soil carbon stores, turnover times, and C:N ratios for correlations with patterns of independent variables. Results showed that soil carbon is related linearly to soil texture, increasing as clay content increases, that soil carbon stores and turnover time are related to mean annual temperature by negative exponential functions, and that heterotrophic respiration originates from recent detritus (∼50%), microbial turnover (∼30%), and soil organic matter (∼20%) with modest variations between forest and grassland ecosystems. The effect of changing temperature on soil organic carbon (SOC) estimated by Century is dSOC/dT= 183e−0.034T. Global extrapolation of this relationship leads to an estimated sensitivity of soil C storage to a temperature of −11.1 Pg° C−1, excluding extreme arid and organic soils. In Century, net primary production (NPP) and soil carbon are closely coupled through the N cycle, so that as temperatures increase, accelerated N release first results in fertilization responses, increasing C inputs. The Century-predicted effect of temperature on carbon storage is modified by as much as 100% by the N cycle feedback. Century-estimated soil C sensitivity (−11.1 Pg° C−1) is similar to losses predicted with a simple data-based calculation (−14.1 Pg° C−1). Inclusion of the N cycle is important for even first-order predictions of terrestrial carbon balance. If the NPP-SOC feedback is disrupted by land use or other disturbances, then SOC sensitivity can greatly exceed that estimated in our simulations. Century results further suggest that if climate change results in drying of organic soils (peats), soil carbon loss rates can be high. | Natural compounds found in mangosteen peel such as squalene and α-cubebene were proven to exhibit antimicrobial, antibacterial and anticancer activity for cancer disease treatment. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction process was conducted at constant flowrate of 24 mL/min within 40 minutes and by varying temperature and pressure from 50 to 80°C and from 34.5 to 55.1 MPa, respectively. A multi-layer feedforward back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed for solubility prediction of mangosteen peel oil in SC-CO2, where input variables were temperature and pressure. An optimal ANN model consisted of one hidden layer and five neurons was obtained with minimum value of Mean Square Error (MSE) i.e. 0.011 for 48 experimental data point used. The analysis showed that the ANN prediction model have a good correlation with the experimental data in which the values of correlation coefficient (R-value) for training, validating and testing obtained are 0.933, 0.982 and 0.927 proceedings. | eng_Latn | 9,501 |
This research report is an initial assessment of current vegetation maintenance practices in bioswales, wetponds, and roadside ditches. Through the use of interview surveys and a literature review, this report has compiled empirical evidence to evaluate the effects of different maintenance practices, particularly mowing, on the pollutant-removal capabilities of these facilities. Of particular focus is the continuing need for improved maintenance practices and a recognition of several important unmet research needs in this area. | This paper discusses aspects of grass vegetation in relation to soil erosion control. By means of a literature research, four options for using grass vegetation were recognized, each having its own requirements concerning maintenance, vegetation characteristics and field layout. The main filter mechanisms, application in the field and effects on runoff and soil loss are discussed. Field experiments on filter strips were carried out to determine whether literature data for water and sediment retention by vegetation can be applied to sloping loess soils in South Limburg (The Netherlands). The field experiments simulated a situation in which surface runoff carrying loess sediment from an upslope field enters a grass strip. The retention of water and sediment by grass strips was determined by measuring runoff discharge and the sediment concentration at the inflow and outflow points from bordered plots. Two locations with different grass age and agricultural management were studied. Results show that grass strips are effective in filtering sediment from surface runoff as long as concentrated flow is absent. Outflow sediment concentrations could be described as a function of inflow concentrations and strip width. Reductions of sediment discharge varied between 50–60, 60–90 and 90–99% for strips of 1, 4–5 and 10 m width, respectively. Old grass, extensively used as pasture, is more effective in reducing erosion than the younger grass which was often accessed by tractors for mowing. Differences in water retention between both grass locations appear to be caused mainly by differences in grass density. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,502 |
Removal of organic contaminants from soil by high temperature (circa 900°C) incineration also destroys soil structure, removes all soil organic matter, sterilizes the soil, removes some fine particulates, alters the crystalline structure of soil clay minerals, and adds salts and alkalinity. The resulting soil ash is incapable of supporting plant life, and revegetation is usually done by covering with borrow soil material. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine if restoration of saline, alkaline soil incineration ash was possible by amendment with yard trimmings compost and chemical fertilizer. Ash was placed in pots (40 cm tall by 18.5 cm diam) and was mixed to depths of 15 to 30 cm with four rates of compost and NPK fertilizer. Pots were moistened to field capacity, and after two weeks were planted with birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the 22 week experiment, pots were watered daily to meet plant needs, were leached four times by application... | The filling of dry quarries in coastal areas with sediments dredged in seaports represents a potentially interesting method of recycling of these materials. However, this recycling requires the prior carrying out of an Environmental Risk Assessment of the scenario concerned. For this, the question arose as to the type of plants capable of developing on the surface of such a deposit and the method to implement for assessing the possible phytotoxicity of dredged sediments. To answer this question, we chose to work with halophytic plants to be free from the salt-related effect and to assess only the effect related to the toxic compounds present. Based on the objectives set, these works led to the use of common plants of the French coast, with direct seeding, and with pollution-sensitive plants. Three species of angiosperms, Armeria maritima, Anthemis maritima and Plantago coronopus, were finally tested. As a result of this work, Armeria maritima was retained as the most suitable plant for testing the possible phytotoxic effect of dredged marine sediments stored on land. The results obtained with this plant are as follows: germination of 40 % of the seeds in 31 days, produced biomass of 493 mg FW in 6 months and a capacity to bioaccumulate metal pollutants in roots with 350 and 720 mg/kg DW for Zn and Cu, respectively. | Distillation at an infinite reflux ratio in combination with an infinite number of trays has been investigated. | eng_Latn | 9,503 |
Modern agriculture involves mechanized operations which affect crop growth and yields through changes in the soil environment. Field research to study the phenomena involved in the soil-machine-crop system is usually site-specific with respect to edaphic, climatic and management factors. Field experiments are often expensive to conduct, and generalization to other sites or practices is usually tenuous at best. Computer-based techniques to simulate machine-soil-plant (or crop) systems can test many combinations of site characteristics and management practices, and screen the most promising combinations. Once these promising combinations are validated, the simulation techniques, together with stochastically-supported data bases can be used to predict tillage management systems suitable for specific sites and crops. Current efforts to model plant response to soil conditions created by tillage and machines have serious shortcomings, because the link between tool action, subsequent soil structure, and the parameters that describe fluxes of water, heat and gas need further development for deterministic modeling. Machine-soil models focus on efficiency of the tillage operation, while soil-plant models focus on soil structure and related parameters influencing plant growth. While current models for simulating the machine-soil-crop system have limitations, an approach to bridge between the two model applications offers great promise and should be a high research priority. When used with improved measurements of tool action and of soil structural properties before and after tillage and traffic, including position or placement of the crop residues, current models can be doubly effective for improving tillage management. | Summary Compactive processes affect soil hydraulic properties and associated soil water flow. Soil water retention and transport properties are altered in response to changes in pore space geometry. Soil water flow is affected not only by soil hydraulic properties but additionally by the distribution of sources and sinks of water in the soil system. Compaction can alter soil pore geometry, and can also affect sources and sinks of water by changing surface configuration, and crop rooting distribution. This paper reviews the literature and presents data and relationships showing the effects of compaction on soil hydraulic properties and water flow, presents numerically modeled water flow for some management systems, and identifies future directions for research. | A multivariable self-tuning PID (SPID) controller is introduced to robot manipulator control. The control structure is simple, eliminates interactions quite well, and is easy to implement. | eng_Latn | 9,504 |
: This study was a first step in documenting inorganic turbidity impacts on fluridone efficacy when controlling the invasive species curlyleaf pondweed. Turbidity in the water column did not substantially impact aqueous fluridone residues. Without turbidity, fluridone concentrations of 3 to 5 micrograms ai/L for a 56-day exposure period suppressed growth of curlyleaf pondweed by 42 to 72 percent, but only slightly reduced turion production. The addition of turbidity to the water column further reduced shoot biomass for curlyleaf pondweed in all treatments, including the references, by as much as 80 percent; however, turion numbers increased with increased turbidity. Plant maturity at the time of herbicide application probably influenced turion production in this study, as plants may have been already cued to form turions. | The turions of Potamogeton crispus L. develop in early summer and function in propagation and dispersal. Under natural conditions during longday periods, an average minimum air temperature of more than 12°C was found to be important for turion formation. Experiments with controlled environments indicate that both temperature and photoperiod regulate turion formation. Turions can be induced at 13°C or above but not at 8 or 10°C. At a temperature range of 13–24°C turions form in both 12- and 16-h days, but not in 8-h days. By increasing temperature from 24 to 30 or 35°C turions can be induced under 8-h days. Light intensity was found to be important in the formation of turions. | In recent decades, many perialpine lakes have been affected by oligotrophication due to efficient sewage treatment and by altered water turbidity due to upstream hydropower operations. Such simultaneous environmental changes often lead to public debate on the actual causes of observed productivity reductions. We evaluate the effects of those two changes by a combined approach of modeling and data interpretation for a case study on Lake Brienz ( Switzerland), a typical oligotrophic perialpine lake, located downstream of several hydropower reservoirs. A physical k-epsilon scheme and a biogeochemical advection-diffusion-reaction model were implemented and applied for several hypothetical scenarios with different nutrient loads and different particle input dynamics. The simulation results are compared to long-term biotic data collected from 1999 to 2004. The analysis shows that enhanced nutrient supply increases the nutritious value of algae, stimulating zooplankton growth, while phytoplankton growth is limited by stronger top-down control. Annually integrated productivity is only slightly influenced by altered turbidity, as phosphorous limitation prevails. Simulations indicate that the spring production peak is delayed because of increased turbidity in winter caused by upstream hydropower operation. As a consequence, the entire nutrient cycle is seasonally delayed, creating an additional stress for zooplankton and fish in the downstream lake. | eng_Latn | 9,505 |
This study is part of a European project focused on understanding the biotic and abiotic mechanisms involved in the retention and dissemination of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infectivity in soil in order to propose practical recommendations to limit environmental contamination. A 1-year field experiment was conducted with lamb carcasses buried in a pasture soil at three depths (25, 45, and 105 cm). Microbial community response to carcasses was monitored through the potential proteolytic activity and substrate induced respiration (SIR). Soil above carcasses and control soil exhibited low proteolytic capacity, whatever the depth of burial. Contrastingly, in soil beneath the carcasses, proteolysis was stimulated. Decomposing carcasses also stimulated SIR, i.e., microbial biomass, suggesting that proteolytic populations specifically developed on lixiviates from animal tissues. Decomposition of soft tissues occurred within 2 months at subsurface while it lasted at least 1 year at deeper depth where proteolytic activities were season-dependent. The ability of soil proteases to degrade the ‚ form of prion protein was shown in vitroand conditions of burial relevant to minimize the risk of prion protein dissemination are discussed. | The ecology of soils associated with dead mammals (i.e. cadavers) is poorly understood. Although temperature and soil type are well known to influence the decomposition of other organic resource patches, the effect of these variables on the degradation of cadavers in soil has received little experimental investigation. To address this, cadavers of juvenile rats (Rattus rattus) were buried in one of three contrasting soils (Sodosol, Rudosol, and Vertosol) from tropical savanna ecosystems in Queensland, Australia and incubated at 29 °C, 22 °C, or 15 °C in a laboratory setting. Cadavers and soils were destructively sampled at intervals of 7 days over an incubation period of 28 days. Measurements of decomposition included cadaver mass loss, carbon dioxide–carbon (CO2–C) evolution, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), protease activity, phosphodiesterase activity, and soil pH, which were all significantly positively affected by cadaver burial. A temperature effect was observed where peaks or differences in decomposition that at occurred at higher temperature would occur at later sample periods at lower temperature. Soil type also had an important effect on some measured parameters. These findings have important implications for a largely unexplored area of soil ecology and nutrient cycling, which are significant for forensic science, cemetery planning and livestock carcass disposal. | Low extracellular enzyme activity in desert soil can be recovered during the succession of re-vegetation, especially in soils forming under shrubs (microsite soil), which closely reflects desert restoration conditions. However, not much is known about the restoration of soil enzyme activity at these microsites. By using the space-for-time substitution method, soils on moving sand dunes that had been stabilized at different dates over a fifty year period at the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert were selected to investigate the enzyme activities in the surface soil crust and three other soil depths at microsites to demonstrate the evolution of enzymatic activity at different stages from bare soil to complex vegetation over a fifty year sequence. The results showed that organic C and total and available N, P, and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, catalase, α- and β-glucosidase, protease, and phosphatase) were progressively enhanced in each microsite soil in the 50-year chronosequence and had effect down to 35 cm depth. Soil enzyme activities of the crust and the 0–5 cm soil layer were higher than in deeper soil layers. The observed increase over time of the values of the measured soil properties, such as organic C, total and available N, was much larger in the crust and the 0–5 cm soil layer in comparison to the deeper layers. The improvement of desert soil quality indicated that desertification can be mitigated to a certain extent under human controls. | eng_Latn | 9,506 |
ABSTRACT With the aim of studying the statistical properties of the main parameters of marine systems, i.e. biomass estimated by the chlorophyll concentration, N, as dissolved inorganic nitrogen, P, as dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and their space—time variability, the relationships between the ratios themselves have been evaluated. The bivariate distributions of chlorophyll nutrient ratios, related to monitoring campaigns carried out in different seas, are presented. In more detail, diagrams showing the concentration ellipses of the data point for the North-Western Adriatic coastal waters are reported. The two rations, N/P and C h N P , are then found to be the fundamental constants of the system. Together with the other statistical parameters of the related bivariate distributions, they allow the system to be characterized in a univocal and dynamic way. | Spatial distribution of nutrient and phytoplankton variables is often illustrated using categorical mapping for each variable. However, the assessment of eutrophication cannot be derived from a single parameter since a synthesis of the environmental variables related to eutrophication is required. These shortcomings are further complicated since it is difficult to discriminate between distinct trophic states along natural environmental gradients. In the present work, a methodological procedure for quantitative assessment of eutrophication at a spatial scale was examined in the Gulf of Saronicos, Greece, based on a thematic map generated from the synthesis of four variables characterising eutrophication. The categorical map of each variable was developed using the Kriging interpolation method and four trophic levels were indicated (eutrophic, upper-mesotrophic, lower-mesotrophic and oligotrophic) based on nutrient and phytoplankton concentration scaling. Multi-criteria choice methods were applied to generate a final categorical map showing the four trophic levels in the area. This synthesis of categorical maps for assessing eutrophication at a spatial scale is proposed as a methodological procedure appropriate for coastal management studies. | Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required by plants for normal growth and development. The availability of P to plants for uptake and utilization is impaired in alkaline and calcareous soil due to the formation of poorly soluble calcium phosphate minerals. Adding fertilizer P at “normal” rates and with conventional methods may not result in optimal yield and crop quality in these soils common in arid and semi-arid regions. Several fertilizer P management strategies have been found to improve P nutrition for plants grown in alkaline and calcareous soil. Research results show that relatively high P fertilizer rates are required for crops grown in alkaline soil, with increasing rates needed as lime content in these soils increases. Concentrated P fertilizer bands improve P solubility with resulting yield increases, even when applied to crops grown in soil with relatively high soil test P concentrations. Applying organically complexed P in the form of biosolids or as a mixture of liquid P and humic substances can also enhance P nutrition and result in yield increases. Application of slow release and cation complexing specialty fertilizer P materials has also been shown to effectively increase yields in calcareous soil. In-season applied P through the irrigation water can deliver P to plant roots when deficiencies are observed, but the effectiveness and results are less than with P incorporated into the soil. Finally, it is important to maintain a proper balance of P with other nutrients for general plant health and to avoid excess nutrient induced deficiencies of other nutrients. In some cases, these methods are relatively new and need further refinement with regard to rates, timing, and technique; but all are potential methods for improving P supply to plants grown in alkaline and calcareous soil. PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, being required by plants in relatively large quantities (~0.2 to 0.8%) (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987; Mills and Jones, 1996). Potassium and nitrogen are the only mineral nutrients required in larger quantities than P. Providing adequate P to plants can be difficult, especially in alkaline and calcareous soil. Alkaline soil is defined as soil with pH greater than neutral, typically 7.5 to 8.5. Calcareous soil is defined as having the presence of significant quantities of free excess lime (calcium or magnesium carbonate). Lime dissolves in neutral to acid pH soil, but does not readily dissolve in alkaline soil and, instead, serves as a sink for surface adsorbed calcium phosphate precipitation. The bioavailability of P is strongly tied to soil pH. The formation of iron and aluminum phosphate minerals results in the reduced solubility of P in strongly acidic soil, improving as pH approaches nearly neutral. This maximum solubility and plant availability of P at pH 6.5 declines again as the pH increases into the alkaline range. This effect of reduced P availability in alkaline soil is driven by the reaction of P with calcium, with the lowest solubility of these calcium phosphate minerals at about pH 8. The presence of lime in alkaline soil further | eng_Latn | 9,507 |
At the same time, the livestock sector has assumed an often unrecognized role in global warming. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), using a methodology that considered the entire commodity chain, estimated that livestock are responsible for 18 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, a larger share than that of transportation. This accounts for nine percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, most due to the expansion of pastures and arable land for feed crops. It generates even bigger shares of emissions of other gases with greater potential to warm the atmosphere: as much as 37 percent of anthropogenic methane, mostly from enteric fermentation by ruminants, and 65 percent of anthropogenic nitrous oxide, mostly from manure. Livestock production also impacts heavily the world's water supply, accounting for more than 8 percent of global human water use, mainly for the irrigation of feed crops. Evidence suggests it is the largest source of water pollutants, principally animal waste, antibiotics, hormones, chemicals from tanneries, fertilizers, pesticides, and sediments from eroded pastures. While global figures are unavailable, it is estimated that in the USA livestock and feed crop agriculture are responsible for 37 percent of pesticide use, 50 percent of antibiotic use, and a third of the nitrogen and phosphorus loads in freshwater resources. The sector also generates almost two-thirds of anthropogenic ammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain and acidification of ecosystems. FAO has stated that the future of the livestock-environment interface will be shaped by how we resolve the balance of two demands: for animal food products on one side and for environmental services on the other. Since the natural resource base is finite, the huge expansion of the livestock sector required to meet expanding demand must be accomplished while substantially reducing its environmental impact. | This research was done to measure the added value of goat and sheep with cut and carry systemand influencing factors of goat/sheep productivity and to measure the added value of manure to palmproductivity. The research was done in Deli Serdang Regency by determining two districts as researcharea: Tanjung Morawa District and Bangun Purba District. Location was determined by purposivesampling technique based on population of small ruminants and area of oil palm plantation in bothdistricts. Sample consisted of 50 goat farmers and 50 sheep farmers. Results indicated that farmers have18 to 24 heads of goats or sheep. Performance of goat and sheep reproduction tended to similar togenereral performance. Amount of doe, feed from palm oil and intercropped plant, livestock type andlocation influence significantly at livestock productivity (P<0.01). Goat contributed manure 16.86% and11.26% of total palm trees in Tanjung Morawa and Bangun Purba, respectively, while sheep contributedmanure 21.49% and 22.56% of total palm trees, respectively. Therefore, it was necessary to increasepopulation of livestock, to increase technology and diversification of production. It may be done by establishing partnership with local government, animal of science office and private corporation . | The work presented is a preliminary study for the development of a method for the extraction of pesticides from wax samples by means of superficial fluid extraction. The novelty of the study is the direct extraction of the pesticides from raw wool wax without any cleanup, as direct extraction has been considered almost impossible by many authors. | eng_Latn | 9,508 |
Drought-induced tree mortality events are expected to increase in frequency under climate change. However, monitoring and modeling of tree mortality is limited by the high spatial variability in vegetation response to climatic drought stress and lack of physiologically meaningful stress variables that can be monitored at large scales. In this study, we test the hypothesis that relative water content (RWC) estimated by passive microwave remote sensing through vegetation optical depth can be used as an empirical indicator of tree mortality that both integrates variations in plant drought stress and is accessible across large areas. The hypothesis was tested in a recent severe drought in California, USA. The RWC showed a stronger threshold relationship with mortality than climatic water deficit (CWD) – a commonly used mortality indicator – although both relationships were noisy due to the coarse spatial resolution of the data (0.25° or approximately 25 km). In addition, the threshold for RWC was more uniform than that for CWD when compared between Northern and Southern regions of California. A random forests regression (machine learning) with 32 variables describing topography, climate, and vegetation characteristics predicted forest mortality extent i.e. fractional area of mortality (FAM) with satisfactory accuracy-coefficient of determination R test 2 = 0.66, root mean square error = 0.023. Importantly, RWC was more than twice as important as any other variable in the model in estimating mortality, confirming its strong link to mortality rates. Moreover, RWC showed a moderate ability to aid in forecasting mortality, with a relative importance of RWC measured one year in advance of mortality similar to that of other relevant explanatory variables measured in the mortality year. The results of this study present a promising new approach to estimate drought stress of forests linked to mortality risk. | Land cover monitoring is a major task for remote sensing. Comparing to traditional methods for forests monitoring which mostly use orthoimages from satellite or aircraft, there are very few researches use forest 3D canopy structure to monitor the forest growth. UAV aerial can be a novel and feasible platform to provide high resolution and more timely images that can be used to generate high resolution forest 3D canopy. In spring, the small forest is supposed to experience rapid growth. In this research, we used a small UAV to monitor campus forest growth in spring at 2days interval. Each time 140 images were acquired and the ground surface dense point cloud was reconstructed at high precision. Color indexes ExG (Excess Green) was used to extract the green canopy point. The segmented point cloud was triangulated using greedy projection triangulation method into a mesh and its area was calculated. Forest canopy growth was analyzed at 3 level: forest level, selected group level and individual tree level. Logistic curve was used to fit the time series canopy growth. Strong correlation was found R2 = 0.8517 at forest level, R2=0.9652 at selected group level and R2 = 0.9606 at individual tree level. Moreover, high correlation was found between canopy by observing these results, we can conclude that the ground 3D model can act as a useful data type as orthography to monitor the forest growth. Moreover the UAV aerial remote sensing has advantages at monitoring forest in periods when the ground vegetation is growing and changing fast. | Water-saving and drought-resistant rice (WDR) could substantially reduce irrigation water and meanwhile produce higher grain yield compared with paddy rice under water-saving irrigation. The mechanism underlain, however, is yet to be understood. We investigated if improved root traits would contribute to an increase in water productivity in WDR. Two rice varieties, each for WDR and paddy rice, were field-grown with two irrigation methods, continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation, which were imposed during the whole growing season. Under CF, grain yield, water productivity (grain yield over amount irrigation water and precipitation) and root morpho-physiological traits, such as root biomass and root oxidation activity (ROA), showed no significant difference between WDR and paddy rice. Under AWD, however, WDR exhibited greater root dry weight, root length density, ROA, total absorbing surface area and active absorbing surface area of roots, greater zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in both roots and leaves, and higher activities of enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during grain filing, in relative to paddy rice. Grain yield under AWD was significantly decreased for paddy rice compared with that under CF, but showed no significant difference for WDR between the two irrigation treatments. The WDR variety increased grain yield by 9.2–13.4% and water productivity by 9.0–13.7% over the paddy rice variety under AWD. The root dry weight was significantly correlated with shoot dry weight, and ROA and root Z + ZR content were significantly correlated with leaf photosynthetic rate, Z + ZR content in leaves and activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains. Collectively, the data suggest that improved morpho-physiological traits, as showing a greater root biomass, root length density, ROA and root Z + ZR content, contributes to higher grain yield and water productivity for WDR under water-saving irrigation. | eng_Latn | 9,509 |
BACKGROUND ::: Sotrastaurin (STN), a novel oral protein kinase C inhibitor that inhibits early T-cell activation, was assessed in non-human primate recipients of life-supporting kidney allografts. ::: ::: ::: METHODS ::: Cynomolgus monkey recipients of life-supporting kidney allografts were treated orally with STN alone or in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA). ::: ::: ::: RESULTS ::: STN monotherapy at 50 mg/kg once daily prolonged recipient survival times to the predefined endpoint of 29 days (n=2); when given at 25 mg/kg twice daily, the median survival time (MST) was 27 days (n=4). Neither once-daily monotherapy of STN 20 mg/kg nor CsA 20 mg/kg was effective (MST 6 days [n=2] and 7 days [n=5], respectively). In combination, however, STN 20 mg/kg and CsA 20 mg/kg prolonged MST to more than 100 days (n=5). By combining lower once-daily doses of STN (7 or 2 mg/kg) with CsA (20 mg/kg), MST was more than 100 (n=3) and 22 days (n=2), respectively. Neither in single-dose pharmacokinetic studies nor the transplant recipients were STN or CsA blood levels for combined treatment greater than when either drug was administered alone. STN blood levels in transplant recipients during combination therapy were dose related (20 mg/kg, 30-182 ng/mL; 7 mg/kg, 7-41 ng/mL; and 2 mg/kg, 3-5 ng/mL). STN at a daily dose of up to 20 mg/kg was relatively well tolerated. ::: ::: ::: CONCLUSIONS ::: STN prolonged survival times of non-human primate kidney allograft recipients both as monotherapy and most effectively in combination with CsA. Pharmacokinetic interactions were not responsible for the potentiation of immunosuppressive efficacy by coadministering STN and CsA. | In this issue of Blood , using genetically deficient donor T cells or posttransplant pharmacologic inhibition, Haarberg et al have conclusively demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC)-θ and PKC-α each contribute to alloreactivity after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT).[1 | Estimation of carbon and nitrogen stocks is important for quantifying carbon and nitrogen sequestration as well as greenhouse gas emissions and inventorying national carbon and nitrogen balances. For Liaoning province of China, we estimated the vertical distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (STN), bulk density (BD), and mapped their spatial distribution at five standard soil depth intervals (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, 30–60 and 60–100 cm) using nine environmental variables as predictors including precipitation, temperature, land use, elevation, system for automated geoscientific analyses (SAGA) wetness index, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The highest average contents of SOC and STN were 15.2 g kg − 1 and 1.6 g kg − 1 in the 0–5 cm soil layer, and 1.5 g kg − 1 SOC and 0.4 g kg − 1 STN in the 60–100 cm soil layer, respectively. The prediction precision for SOC, STN and BD all decreased with soil depth. Average SOC and STN stocks for 0–30 cm were 3.1 kg m − 2 and 0.5 kg m − 2 , respectively. For the top 1 m, SOC and STN were 4.5 kg m − 2 and 0.9 kg m − 2 , respectively. In total, the soils stored approximately 588 Tg SOC and 128 Tg STN within the top 1 m. The soils under forest had the highest amount of carbon (356 Tg) and nitrogen (58 Tg) followed by agriculture and wetland that contributed 34% and 48% of the total stock, respectively. > 91% of the total SOC and STN stocks were in Argosols and Cambosols. We adopted a digital soil mapping method to map the spatial distribution of SOC and STN stocks and predict their uncertainties. The estimation was validated with a 10-fold cross-validation procedure. The data and high-resolution maps from this study can be used for future soil carbon and nitrogen assessment and inventorying. | eng_Latn | 9,510 |
More intensive use of pasture and the transition to organic production are being used to reduce production costs and increase profitability of some small dairy farms in Pennsylvania. Farm simulation, supported by case study farm data, was used to compare the economic benefits and environmental impacts of two grazing-based production systems using either organic or conventional practices. Systems using all-grass production with managed rotational grazing and a spring calving herd maintained outdoors throughout the year had lower erosion and phosphorus losses, lower production costs, and up to $200/acre ($1.58 to 3.63/cwt of milk produced) greater net return compared to systems using crop production, supplemental grazing, random calving, and winter confinement. With either production approach, substantial economic benefit was found using organic practices, but this benefit was highly dependant upon the price difference between organic and conventional milk. Environmental concerns for organic production were (i) long-term accumulation of soil nutrients due to the use of imported poultry manure for crop fertilization, and (ii) greater soil erosion and runoff loss of phosphorus due to increased tillage for weed control in annual crops. The economic net benefit may encourage more grass-based dairy producers to transition to organic certification, so more attention must be given to identifing strategies that better utilize farm nutrients and reduce losses to the environment. | Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farms are a major concern. Our objectives were to assess the effect of mitigation strategies on GHG emissions and net return to management on 3 distinct farm production systems of Wisconsin. A survey was conducted on 27 conventional farms, 30 grazing farms, and 69 organic farms. The data collected were used to characterize 3 feeding systems scaled to the average farm (85 cows and 127 ha). The Integrated Farm System Model was used to simulate the economic and environmental impacts of altering feeding and manure management in those 3 farms. Results showed that incorporation of grazing practices for lactating cows in the conventional farm led to a 27.6% decrease in total GHG emissions [−0.16 kg of CO2 equivalents (CO2eq)/kg of energy corrected milk (ECM)] and a 29.3% increase in net return to management (+$7,005/yr) when milk production was assumed constant. For the grazing and organic farms, decreasing the forage-to-concentrate ratio in the diet decreased GHG emissions when milk production was increased by 5 or 10%. The 5% increase in milk production was not sufficient to maintain the net return; however, the 10% increase in milk production increased net return in the organic farm but not on the grazing farm. A 13.7% decrease in GHG emissions (−0.08 kg of CO2eq/kg of ECM) was observed on the conventional farm when incorporating manure the day of application and adding a 12-mo covered storage unit. However, those same changes led to a 6.1% (+0.04 kg of CO2eq/kg of ECM) and a 6.9% (+0.06 kg of CO2eq/ kg of ECM) increase in GHG emissions in the grazing and the organic farms, respectively. For the 3 farms, manure management changes led to a decrease in net return to management. Simulation results suggested that the same feeding and manure management mitigation strategies led to different outcomes depending on the farm system, and furthermore, effective mitigation | Background ::: Serum calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations and calcium-phosphate product (CPP) levels are positively associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease, but there are few data for Pi or Ca and none for CPP in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). | eng_Latn | 9,511 |
Bioregenerative life support systems have been discussed since the writings of Tsiolkovsky in the early 20th century. Central to the concept is the use of photosynthetic organisms to regenerate air and food. Bioregenerative research expanded rapidly in the 1950s and 60s through the work of Jack Myers and colleagues, and focused largely on algal systems. Testing even included space flight experiments by Herb Ward in the 1960s, but bioregenerative research in the USA decreased soon after this. In contrast, the Russian BIOS projects led by Josef Gitelson and Henry Lisovsky maintained a steady pace of bioregenerative research from the 1960s through the 1980s, including tests with human crews lasting up to several months. Around 1980, NASA initiated its Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Program, which focused on higher plant (crop) testing. In the late 980s through the 1990s, findings from university CELSS researchers were used to conduct tests at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in a large, atmospherically closed chamber. Related tests with humans and regenerative life support systems were subsequently conducted at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in the mid 1990s, and a large-scale bioregenerative test bed called BIOPlex was planned but never completed. A likely scenario for implementing bioregenerative life support might start with a small plant growth unit to produce some fresh foods for the International Space Station or early lunar missions. The plantings might be expanded for longer duration lunar missions, which would then provide an opportunity to assess concepts for Mars missions, where bioregenerative life support will play a more crucial role. | The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) located at Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA provides a large (20 m2 area, 113 m3 vol.), closed environment for crop growth tests for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Since the summer of 1988, the chamber has operated on a near-continuous basis (over 1200 days) without any major failures (excluding temporary power losses). During this time, five crops of wheat (64-86 days each), three crops of soybean (90 to 97 days), five crops of lettuce (28-30 days), and four crops of potato (90 to 105 days were grown, producing 481 kg of dry plant biomass, 196 kg edible biomass, 540 kg of oxygen, 94,700 kg of condensed water, and fixing 739 kg of carbon dioxide. Results indicate that total biomass yields were close to expected values for the given light input, but edible biomass yields and harvest indices were slightly lower than expected. Stand photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nutrient uptake rates were monitored throughout growth and development of the different crops, along with the build-up of ethylene and other volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. Data were also gathered on system hardware maintenance and repair, as well as person-hours required for chamber operation. Future tests will include long-term crop production studies, tests in which nutrients from waste treatment systems will be used to grow new crops, and multi-species tests. | Real-world visual scenes are complex cluttered, and heterogeneous stimuli engaging scene- and object-selective cortical regions including parahippocampal place area (PPA), retrosplenial complex (RSC), and lateral occipital complex (LOC). To understand the unique contribution of each region to distributed scene representations, we generated predictions based on a neuroanatomical framework adapted from monkey and tested them using minimal scenes in which we independently manipulated both spatial layout (open, closed, and gradient) and object content (furniture, e.g., bed, dresser). Commensurate with its strong connectivity with posterior parietal cortex, RSC evidenced strong spatial layout information but no object information, and its response was not even modulated by object presence. In contrast, LOC, which lies within the ventral visual pathway, contained strong object information but no background information. Finally, PPA, which is connected with both the dorsal and the ventral visual pathway, showed information about both objects and spatial backgrounds and was sensitive to the presence or absence of either. These results suggest that 1) LOC, PPA, and RSC have distinct representations, emphasizing different aspects of scenes, 2) the specific representations in each region are predictable from their patterns of connectivity, and 3) PPA combines both spatial layout and object information as predicted by connectivity. | eng_Latn | 9,512 |
Canonical correlation analysis was applied to the study of interrelationships between two multivariate datasets, one consisting of available and exchangeable potassium content, and second consisting of pH, hydrolytic acidity, and content of exchangeable aluminum, calcium and magnesium, available phosphorus, and total nitrogen. An attempt has been made to provide an overall pattern of interrelationships among soil properties, critically examining the two forms of potassium: available and exchangeable. Soil is a very complex body, made of biotic and abiotic components. All these components remain in strict relationships between them. The plant-soil interaction must not be ignored, since the soil plays a multiple role in plant life, providing support, space, air, water, and nutrients to the roots. Within the last factor mentioned, nitrogen, phosposphorus, and potassium are most commonly applied with fertilizers. Although the potassium is not considered the most important yield-forming nutrient, its uptake by many plants is frequently greater than of nitrogen and phosphorus. Moreover, the effect of potassium on resistance of plants on stress factors, such as pathogens, pests, and draught, cannot be overestimated. Despite, frequently fertilizing with this nutrient is neglected in last years, and the balance of it becomes negative in many countries (2, 3, 10, 17). | A study was conducted to determine the distribution of forms of K (water soluble K, exchangeable K, non exchangeable K, and total K) of potassium in some Ghanaian soils occurring along toposequence using standard laboratory procedures. The soils were the Edina, Atabadzi, Benya, Udu and Kakum series (Acrisols), which form the Edina catena. The concentrations of total K in the soils ranged from 0.64 to 2.37 (cmol (+) kg -1 ) with Kakum series showing the lowest (P < 0.05) value. Water soluble K and exchangeable K concentrations in the soils ranged from 0.05 to 0.25 c mol (+) kg -1 , and 0.26 to 0.89 cmol (+) kg -1 , respectively, with the Kakum series again showing the lowest values (P < 0.05) for both K forms. The Edina series, occurring at the summit of the catena, showed the highest concentrations of both water soluble and exchangeable K. In the study non-exchangeable K concentrations measured in the soils varied between 0.20 and 1.25 cmol (+) kg -1 . The study showed that exchangeable K constituted the highest proportion of the total K measured in the soils, while the proportion of water soluble K in the total K measured was the lowest. Pooling all the data obtained in the study, water soluble K and exchangeable K concentrations positively correlated with organic matter, cation exchange capacity and percentage bas saturation. | Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient required by plants for normal growth and development. The availability of P to plants for uptake and utilization is impaired in alkaline and calcareous soil due to the formation of poorly soluble calcium phosphate minerals. Adding fertilizer P at “normal” rates and with conventional methods may not result in optimal yield and crop quality in these soils common in arid and semi-arid regions. Several fertilizer P management strategies have been found to improve P nutrition for plants grown in alkaline and calcareous soil. Research results show that relatively high P fertilizer rates are required for crops grown in alkaline soil, with increasing rates needed as lime content in these soils increases. Concentrated P fertilizer bands improve P solubility with resulting yield increases, even when applied to crops grown in soil with relatively high soil test P concentrations. Applying organically complexed P in the form of biosolids or as a mixture of liquid P and humic substances can also enhance P nutrition and result in yield increases. Application of slow release and cation complexing specialty fertilizer P materials has also been shown to effectively increase yields in calcareous soil. In-season applied P through the irrigation water can deliver P to plant roots when deficiencies are observed, but the effectiveness and results are less than with P incorporated into the soil. Finally, it is important to maintain a proper balance of P with other nutrients for general plant health and to avoid excess nutrient induced deficiencies of other nutrients. In some cases, these methods are relatively new and need further refinement with regard to rates, timing, and technique; but all are potential methods for improving P supply to plants grown in alkaline and calcareous soil. PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient, being required by plants in relatively large quantities (~0.2 to 0.8%) (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987; Mills and Jones, 1996). Potassium and nitrogen are the only mineral nutrients required in larger quantities than P. Providing adequate P to plants can be difficult, especially in alkaline and calcareous soil. Alkaline soil is defined as soil with pH greater than neutral, typically 7.5 to 8.5. Calcareous soil is defined as having the presence of significant quantities of free excess lime (calcium or magnesium carbonate). Lime dissolves in neutral to acid pH soil, but does not readily dissolve in alkaline soil and, instead, serves as a sink for surface adsorbed calcium phosphate precipitation. The bioavailability of P is strongly tied to soil pH. The formation of iron and aluminum phosphate minerals results in the reduced solubility of P in strongly acidic soil, improving as pH approaches nearly neutral. This maximum solubility and plant availability of P at pH 6.5 declines again as the pH increases into the alkaline range. This effect of reduced P availability in alkaline soil is driven by the reaction of P with calcium, with the lowest solubility of these calcium phosphate minerals at about pH 8. The presence of lime in alkaline soil further | eng_Latn | 9,513 |
The primary inoculum source of Botrytis cinerea can be eradicated by soil solarization, thus retarding the development of gray mold in many horticultural crops. The effect of soil solarization on the loss of viability of inoculum of B. cinerea buried in sand-mulched soil at different depths was studied in two different years. In 1989, solarization during the last week of July eradicated the pathogen. The maximum average temperatures for the period were 36.4, 40.3, and 46.8 C at 25-, 15-, and 5-cm depths, respectively. Soil solarization during the first week of July 1990 resulted in maximum temperature increments of +7.4, +4.3, and +9.4 C, depending on depth [...] | The relative importance of sclerotia and mycelia of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr. as structures of survival in southeastern Spanish greenhouses was investigated. Sclerotia were not found in the SE region, neither on plant debris nor on living plant material, suggesting it may serve only a minor role in epidemic development. B. cinerea survived mostly as mycelium. The percentage of artificially inoculated tomato stem pieces from which mycelium was recovered, was used to quantify its survival rate. Outside the greenhouses, mycelium survived in 33% and 5% of the tomato stem pieces 110 days after inoculation in 1995 and 1997, respectively. After the same number of days inside the greenhouses, no mycelium was recovered from stem pieces in 1995, and in 1997 only 7% of the stem pieces contained mycelium. Survival of mycelium outside and inside the greenhouses was significantly (P < 0.05) different after 47, 83, and 110 days of exposure to field conditions in 1995, but they were not different in 1997. Under controlled conditions, mycelium of B. cinerea lost viability at 100% relative humidity at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40°C, suggesting that air temperature and relative humidity accounted for loss of viability of mycelium. | The ecology of soils associated with dead mammals (i.e. cadavers) is poorly understood. Although temperature and soil type are well known to influence the decomposition of other organic resource patches, the effect of these variables on the degradation of cadavers in soil has received little experimental investigation. To address this, cadavers of juvenile rats (Rattus rattus) were buried in one of three contrasting soils (Sodosol, Rudosol, and Vertosol) from tropical savanna ecosystems in Queensland, Australia and incubated at 29 °C, 22 °C, or 15 °C in a laboratory setting. Cadavers and soils were destructively sampled at intervals of 7 days over an incubation period of 28 days. Measurements of decomposition included cadaver mass loss, carbon dioxide–carbon (CO2–C) evolution, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), protease activity, phosphodiesterase activity, and soil pH, which were all significantly positively affected by cadaver burial. A temperature effect was observed where peaks or differences in decomposition that at occurred at higher temperature would occur at later sample periods at lower temperature. Soil type also had an important effect on some measured parameters. These findings have important implications for a largely unexplored area of soil ecology and nutrient cycling, which are significant for forensic science, cemetery planning and livestock carcass disposal. | eng_Latn | 9,514 |
Structural changes in humic acids extracted from composted mixtures of sesame bark with the paste of olive mill wastewater or exhausted olive cake, were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and solid state 13C CP/MAS techniques. The C/N ratio and organic matter degradation decreased significantly after 6 months of composting. The FTIR spectra of humic acids content showed an increase in the aromatic compounds content and a degradation of aliphatic chains. During composting, nuclear magnetic resonance 13C spectral analyses confirmed that aromatic groups exhibited a slight increase while the aliphatic groups decreased and disappeared at the end of the composting process. These results showed that during composting, aliphatic chains were preferentially oxidized, while aromatic macromolecules were bio converted into highly functionalized compounds. | In order to decrease the environmental harm produced by the agro industries’ wastes’, an investigation of the co-composting of olive mill waste (olive mill wastewater (OMW), olive mill sludge (OMS)) and wine by-products (grape marc and winery wastewater) was done. Three aerated windrows of variable compositions were performed; these windrows differ in terms of their initial composition and the liquid used for their humidification; OMW and wastewater winery were used for humidification to replace water for windrow moistening. Moreover, the main physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and C/N) were monitored to evaluate the co-composting process. The latter lasted around three months. The elaborated composts were characterized by low C/N ratio, and they were rich in fertilizing and nutriment elements and of low heavy metal contents. The humidification of the windrows with OMW showed effectiveness in improving the windrows temperature, reflected by the high temperatures monitored during the composting process in comparison with the windrow humidified with winery wastewater. Furthermore, a longer thermophilic phase was held in windrows carrying OMS. The valorization of the produced composts for soil amendment significantly improved the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in radish yield by 10%, the composts were harmless and did not have any phytotoxic effect on radish growth. | Distillation at an infinite reflux ratio in combination with an infinite number of trays has been investigated. | eng_Latn | 9,515 |
The investigation of hemp crop weediness was carried out at the Upytė Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2014. Bi-factorial trial was carried out: Factor A – variety (A1 – USO 31; A2 – Bialobrzeskie); Factor B – sowing rate (B1 – 45 kg ha -1 ; B2 – 70 kg ha -1 ). Data showed that seed rate had a significant influence on crop density at full hemp emergence as well as at harvesting time. Rainy vegetation period was favourable not only for hemp growing, but for weeds as well. Crop density (resulted by seed rate) had a significant influence on crop weediness – significantly more weeds (in average 166 plants m -2 ) were found in the plots with seed rate of 45 kg ha -1 , consequently at lower crop density, and under 140 weed plants m -2 were found in the plots with seed rate of 70 kg ha -1 , consequently at higher crop density. Hemp crop weediness at harvesting time was much lower than that at the beginning of vegetation; reduction of weediness over the vegetation period was close to 87-90 percent. | Bioenergy is currently the fastest growing source of renewable energy. Tighter sustainability criteria for the production of vehicle biofuels and an increasing interest in combined heat and power (CHP) production from biomass have led to a demand for high-yielding energy crops with good conversion efficiencies. ::: Industrial hemp was studied as an energy crop for production of biogas and solid biofuel. Based on field trials, the development of biomass and energy yield, the specific methane yield and elemental composition of the biomass were studied over the growing and senescence period of the crop, i.e. from autumn to the following spring. ::: The energy yield of hemp for both solid biofuel and biogas production proved similar or superior to that of most energy crops common in northern Europe. The high energy yield of biogas from hemp is based on a high biomass yield per hectare and good specific methane yield with large potential for increases by pretreatment of the biomass. The methane energy yield per hectare is highest in autumn when hemp biomass yield is highest. ::: The energy yield per hectare of hemp for use as a solid biofuel is highest in autumn when the biomass yield is highest. However, important combustion-related fuel properties, such as moisture, alkali, chlorine and ash content and ash melting temperature, are significantly improved when industrial hemp is harvested in spring instead of in autumn. Major fuel properties of hemp are not significantly influenced by annual cultivation conditions, latitude or choice of cultivar. ::: Net energy yields per hectare and energy output-to-input ratios of hemp are above-average in most applications, and are highest for use of hemp as solid biofuel. Use of hemp as a biogas substrate suffers from higher energy inputs and lower conversion efficiencies, but produces a high-quality vehicle fuel. ::: Advantages over other energy crops are also found outside the energy balance, e.g. low pesticide requirements, good weed competition and suitability as break crop in cereal-oriented crop rotations. Improvements in hemp biomass and energy yields may strengthen its competitive position against maize and sugar beet for biogas production and against perennial energy crops for solid biofuel production. | Mungbean sown at four sites in the Punjab on 12 and 24 July gave higher yields than earlier or especially later sowings. A seed rate of 17.5 kg/ha was recommended for July, but 20 kg/ha seed rate is advisable for later sowings. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd | eng_Latn | 9,516 |
The Italian greenhouse vegetable industry is an important sector that requires thermal energy as much as 0.74 Mtoe, derived mostly from fossil fuels, which corresponds to 2 MtCO2 emissions. The Energy Strategy 2020 of the European Commission calls for increased use of renewable resources in the energy system, thus pushing the technology of wood biomass system for space heating of the greenhouses, since this resource is considered as ‘greenhouse gas’ (GHG) neutral when converted to heat, excluding the GHG generation during harvesting, transportation, and pre-processing of raw materials. ::: ::: Taking into account the different climatic areas in the Italian peninsula, power energy load was estimated to be between 30 Wm-2 (in southern regions) and more than 175 Wm-2 (in northern regions), while the energy consumption was estimated in the range from 21 to 546 kWhthm-2year-1 according to different internal air temperatures. Moreover, the CO2 enrichment in greenhouses from the exhaust gas of a biomass heating system can bring benefits for greenhouse plant production, along with optimal management strategies to reduce fuel consumption. ::: ::: Unfortunately, CO2 enrichment from the exhaust gas of biomass boilers is still challenging and expensive, considering that wood biomass boilers generate a higher volume of particulate matters (PM) and ash emissions than other fossil fuels. However, wet scrubbers and other recent flue gas conditioning devices could help to reduce costs and make this process more feasible. ::: ::: Thus, a techno-economic assessment is highly recommended to ascertain the economic feasibility of wood biomass boilers for the greenhouse industry. ::: ::: Finally, some economic considerations are provided to make cost-effective use of the solid biomass in relation to the economic incentives by the National Decree of 28 December 2012, so-called “White Certifies”. | Novel approaches to practice CO 2 enrichment in greenhouses from the exhaust gas of a biomass heating system are reviewed. General CO 2 enrichment benefits for greenhouse plant production are described along with optimal management strategies to reduce fuel consumption while improving benefits. Alternative and renewable fuels for CO 2 enrichment, landfill biogas and biomass, are compared with traditional methods and fuels. Exhaust gas composition is outlined to address the challenges of CO 2 enrichment from biomass combustion and leads to a comparison between combustion and gasification to improve boiler efficiency. In terms of internal modifications to a biomass heating system, syngas combustion, following biomass gasification, presents good potential to achieve CO 2 enrichment. Regarding external modifications to clean the exhaust gas, CO 2 can be extracted from flue gases via membrane separation that has shown a lot of potential for large industries trying to reduce and isolate CO 2 emissions for sequestration. Other research has optimized wet scrubbing systems by extracting SO 2 and NO emissions from flue gases to form ammonium sulphate as a by-product valuable to fertilizer markets. The potential of these techniques are reviewed while future research directions are suggested. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,517 |
Although nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that is a key component of intensive irrigated agricultural systems, its management to maximize yields and reduce losses to the environment is difficult. One reason is due to the spatial and temporal variability that affect residual soil nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) and NO 3 -N leaching potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of N fertilization prescriptions based on site-specific management zones to reduce NO 3 -N leaching losses. We mapped site-specific management zones based on soil color from aerial photographs, topography, and the producer's past management experiences that reflect spatial soil variability. We used the Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model to assess the benefits of N management based on site-specific management zones. Nitrate leaching was variable across management zones with the highest leaching occurring in the low productivity zone. This study found that productivity zone is an important spatial factor in determining NO 3 -N leaching potential since site-specific management zones characterized the variability of factors that affect NO 3 -N leaching. As the N fertilizer rate is increased by productivity zone the rate of NO 3 -N leaching increased faster for the low productivity zone creating a higher-leaky zone. Since we found that a factor other than N is limiting yields, a better N management practice is to apply N accounting by realistic maximum yields to avoid over-fertilization, to reduce NO 3 -N leaching losses during the growing season and residual soil NO 3 -N that is available to leach during the non-growing season. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that spatially variable N management based on productivity zones produces less NO 3 -N leaching than uniform strategies while maintaining maximum yield. We estimated that by using a Site Specific Management Zone we cut NO 3 -N leaching losses by 25 percent during the first year after a site-specific management zones nutrient management plan. | It is difficult to quantify nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural systems; however, we can use 15N isotopic techniques to conduct site-specific studies to increase our knowledge about N management and fate. Our manuscript analyzes two reviews of selected 15N isotopic studies conducted to monitor N fate. The mechanistic foci of these studies include crop residue exchange and N fate in farming systems. Analysis of the data presented in these studies supports the claim that the average N losses are greater from inorganic N fertilizer inputs than organic crop residue N inputs. Additionally we conducted unique DAYCENT simulations of the effects of crop residue on nitrous oxide (N2O-N) emissions and nitrate (NO3-N) leaching. The simulation evaluations support the crop residue 15N exchange studies and show lower leaching and N2O-N emissions from crop residue sources when compared to N fertilizer. The 15N data suggest that the N in the crop residue pool must be recycled, and that this is a slower and more protected pool when compared to the readily available fertilizer. The results suggest that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology should be reevaluated to determine whether the direct and indirect N2O-N emission coefficients need to be lowered to reflect fewer N2O-N emissions from high C/N crop residue N inputs. The data suggest that accounting for nutrient cycling has implications for public policy associated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and mitigation of N2O-N emissions from agricultural soils. Additional crop residue exchange studies, field N2O-N and NO3-N leaching and support model evaluations are needed across different worldwide agroecosystems. | In this paper we prove that every nonlinear ∗ -Lie derivation from a factor von Neumann algebra into itself is an additive ∗ -derivation. | eng_Latn | 9,518 |
The understanding of multiple effects by possible future development is essential for adapted land use planning. This study assessed the potential of land use scenarios for the provision of ecosystem services using local knowledge in two districts of northern Ghana. Local knowledge was gathered through surveys with extension officers, who are regarded as eligible knowledge holders for agricultural land use. Firstly, ecosystem services that were perceived as important by the stakeholders were identified, namely food, fodder, energy, construction materials, marketable products, water provision, and erosion control. Quantitative indicators were then determined to analyze the capacity of land use types to supply the ecosystem services. Land use scenarios were developed based on their applicability and capacity to mitigate climate change impacts. The perception of stakeholders was applied to evaluate changes in ecosystem services provision by the scenarios. A modeling approach for a spatially explicit simulation was used to assess the potential to provide ecosystem services at a district level. The results reflected the different trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services of each scenario, depending on the district. Along with the local perception, characteristics of land use patterns also influenced the regional potential of ecosystem services provision. | In West Africa, agriculture, mainly rainfed, is a major economic sector and the one most vulnerable to climate change. A meta-database of future crop yields, built up from 16 recent studies, is used to provide an overall assessment of the potential impact of climate change on yields, and to analyze sources of uncertainty. Despite a large dispersion of yield changes ranging from -50% to +90%, the median is a yield loss near -11%. This negative impact is assessed by both empirical and process-based crop models whereas the Ricardian approach gives very contrasted results, even within a single study. The predicted impact is larger in northern West Africa (Sudano-Sahelian countries, -18% median response) than in southern West Africa (Guinean countries, -13%) which is likely due to drier and warmer projections in the northern part of West Africa. Moreover, negative impacts on crop productivity increase in severity as warming intensifies, with a median yield loss near -15% with most intense warming, highlighting the importance of global warming mitigation. The consistently negative impact of climate change results mainly from the temperature whose increase projected by climate models is much larger relative to precipitation change. However, rainfall changes, still uncertain in climate projections, have the potential to exacerbate or mitigate this impact depending on whether rainfall decreases or increases. Finally, results highlight the pivotal role that the carbon fertilization effect may have on the sign and amplitude of change in crop yields. This effect is particularly strong for a high carbon dioxide concentration scenario and for C3 crops (e.g. soybean, cassava). As staple crops are mainly C4 (e.g. maize, millet, sorghum) in WA, this positive effect is less significant for the region. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,519 |
Differences in functional traits between invasive and native plant species are believed to determine the invasion success of the former. Increasing amounts of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) are continually deposited into natural ecosystems, which may change the relative occurrence of the different N deposition forms (such as NH4-N, NO3-N, and CO(NH2)2-N) naturally deposited. Under high N deposition scenarios, some invasive species may grow faster, gaining advantage over native species. In a greenhouse experiment, we grew invasive and native Amaranthus species from seed both alone and in competition under simulated N enriched environments with different forms of N over 3 months. Then, we measured different leaf traits (i.e., plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations). Results showed that the competition intensity between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor decreased under N deposition. This may be due to the large functional divergence between A. retroflexus and A. tricolor under simulated N deposition. Phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus were significantly lower than in A. tricolor. The lower range of phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may indicate a fitness cost for plastic functional traits under adverse environments. The restricted phenotypic plasticity of SLA and leaf chlorophyll concentration of A. retroflexus may also stabilize leaf construction costs and the growth rate. Meanwhile, the two Amaranthus species possessed greater plasticity in leaf N concentration under NO3-N fertilization, which enhanced their competitiveness. | Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste. | In this paper we prove that every nonlinear ∗ -Lie derivation from a factor von Neumann algebra into itself is an additive ∗ -derivation. | eng_Latn | 9,520 |
The influence of common vole Microtus arvalison processes of nitrogen fixation and denitrification in the soddy-podsolic soil was studied. In the common vole colonies, the level of nitrogen fixation was reliably lower and that of denitrification higher, than in the control soil outside these colonies. Nitrogen-containing excretory products of voles accumulating in the soil are among the main factors that determine the activity of these processes. | Rodents affect soil microbial communities by burrow architecture, diet composition, and foraging behavior. We examined the effect of desert rodents on nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) communities by identifying bacteria colony-forming units (CFU) and measuring nitrogen fixation rates (ARA), denitrification (DA), and CO2 emission in soil from burrows of three gerbil species differing in diets. Psammomys obesus is folivorous, Meriones crassus is omnivorous, consuming green vegetation and seeds, and Dipodillus dasyurus is predominantly granivorous. We also identified NFB in the digestive tract of each rodent species and in Atriplex halimus and Anabasis articulata, dominant plants at the study site. ARA rates of soil from burrows of the rodent species were similar, and substantially lower than control soil, but rates of DA and CO2 emission differed significantly among burrows. Highest rates of DA and CO2 emission were measured in D. dasyurus burrows and lowest in P. obesus. CFU differed among bacteria isolates, which reflected dietary selection. Strains of cellulolytic representatives of the family Myxococcaceae and the genus Cytophaga dominated burrows of P. obesus, while enteric Bacteroides dominated burrows of D. dasyurus. Burrows of M. crassus contained both cellulolytic and enteric bacteria. Using discriminant function analysis, differences were revealed among burrow soils of all rodent species and control soil, and the two axes accounted for 91 % of the variance in bacterial occurrences. Differences in digestive tract bacterial occurrences were found among these rodent species. Bacterial colonies in P. obesus and M. crassus burrows were related to bacteria of A. articulata, the main plant consumed by both species. In contrast, bacteria colonies in the burrow soil of D. dasyurus were related to bacteria in its digestive tract. We concluded that gerbils play an important role as ecosystem engineers within their burrow environment and affect the microbial complex of the nitrogen-fixing organisms in soils. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,521 |
This chapter focuses on methods for measuring CH(4) exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. In the context of the global importance of the biosphere as a source and a sink of atmospheric CH(4,) special emphasis is given to details of gas flux measurements. Due to their widespread use and suitability for targeted process studies, chamber techniques as a means for measuring CH(4) fluxes are highlighted. Besides detailed recommendations for measurements of fluxes with chambers, potential problems of the chamber technique are also discussed, such as changes in environmental conditions due to chamber installations. Further, a short overview is provided of how different pathways of CH(4) exchange, specifically plant-mediated transport, ebullition or diffusion, can be separated and quantified under field conditions. Finally, a short summary of micrometeorological CH(4) measuring techniques such as the eddy covariance method is provided. This technique relies on fast-response sonic anemometers and CH(4) analyzers (~10Hz) to make direct measurements of the vertical CH(4) flux at a point above the vegetation surface. | Research highlights: The admixture of fir to pure European beech hardly affected soil-atmosphere CH4 and N2O fluxes but increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at a site in the Black Forest, Southern Germany. Background and objectives: Admixing deep-rooting silver fir has been proposed as a measure to increase the resilience of beech forests towards intensified drying-wetting cycles. Hence, the goal of this study was to quantify the effect of fir admixture to beech forests on the soil-atmosphere-exchange of greenhouse gases (GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O) and the SOC stocks by comparing pure beech (BB) and mixed beech-fir (BF) stands in the Black Forest, Germany. Materials and methods: To account for the impact of drying-wetting events, we simulated prolonged summer drought periods by rainout shelters, followed by irrigation. Results: The admixture of fir to pure beech stands reduced soil respiration, especially during autumn and winter. This resulted in increased SOC stocks down to a 0.9 m depth by 9 t C ha−1 at BF. The mixed stand showed an insignificantly decreased sink strength for CH4 (−4.0 under BB and −3.6 kg C ha−1 year−1 under BF). With maximal emissions of 25 µg N m−2 h−1, N2O fluxes were very low and remained unchanged by the fir admixture. The total soil GHG balance of forest conversion from BB to BF was strongly dominated by changes in SOC stocks. Extended summer droughts significantly decreased the soil respiration in both BB and BF stands and increased the net CH4 uptake. Conclusions: Overall, this study highlights the positive effects of fir admixture to beech stands on SOC stocks and the total soil GHG balance. In view of the positive impact of increased SOC stocks on key soil functions such as water and nutrient retention, admixing fir to beech stands appears to be a suitable measure to mitigate climate change stresses on European beech stands. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,522 |
Summary The occurrence of asymbiotic N2-fixing azospirilla in the rhizosphere of 16 crop plants, grown in different types of soil, at 2 stages of growth and in root-free soil, was studied. Azospirillum counts varied with kind and age of the plant and with the type of soil. An increased population in the rhizosphere is more common with cereals than in other plant species, and is greatest with flowering plants. The properties of the soil also influence the number of Azospirillum cells, found in the rhizosphere. 32 strains of Azospirillum were isolated and studied for their morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics. A. lipoferum was found to be the most predominant species (30 isolates), while A. brasilense, though found occasionally, was less numerous (2 isolates). 4 strains, differing in morphological features, were selected for studying their pleomorphic character. | The survival of Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Sp-245 in the rhizosphere of wheat and tomato plants and in 23 types of plant-free sterilized soils obtained from a wide range of environments in Israel and Mexico was evaluated. Large numbers of A. brasilense cells were detected in all the rhizospheres tested, regardless of soil type, bacterial strain, the origin of the soil, or the amount of rainfall each soil type received prior to sampling. Survival of A. brasilense in soils without plants differed from that in the rhizosphere and was mainly related to the geographical origin of the soil. In Israeli soils from arid, semiarid, or mountain regions, viability of A. brasilense rapidly declined or populations completely disappeared below detectable levels within 35 days after inoculation. In contrast, populations in the arid soils of Baja California Sur, Mexico, remained stable or even increased during the 45-day period after inoculation. In soils from Central Mexico, viability slowly decreased with time. In all soils, percentages of clay, nitrogen, organic matter, and water-holding capacity were positively correlated with bacterial viability. High percentages of CaCO(inf3) and fine or rough sand had a highly negative effect on viability. The percentage of silt, pH, the percentage of phosphorus or potassium, electrical conductivity, and C/N ratio had no apparent effect on bacterial viability in the soil. Fifteen days after removal of inoculated plants, the remaining bacterial population in the three soil types tested began to decline sharply, reaching undetectable levels 90 days after inoculation. After plant removal, percolating the soils with water almost eliminated the A. brasilense population. Viability of A. brasilense in two artificial soils containing the same major soil components as the natural soils from Israel did was almost identical to that in the natural soils. We conclude that A. brasilense is a rhizosphere colonizer which survives poorly in most soils for prolonged periods of time; that outside the rhizosphere, seven abiotic parameters control the survival of this bacterium in the soil; and that disturbance of the soil (percolation with water or plant removal) directly and rapidly affects the population levels. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,523 |
Time delay spectrometry (TDS) is a swept-frequency technique that has proven useful in several ultrasonic applications. We previously have described a system that is easy to replicate with equipment available in most acoustics laboratories. By incorporating quadrature demodulation into the software processing phase data can be obtained as well as the amplitude data. | This paper considers the means by which calibration data are used to convert hydrophone output voltage into pressure. Hydrophone frequency responses are complex-valued quantities, and only by correcting for the magnitude and phase variations, is it possible to accurately recover the original pressure waveform. The limitations of current hydrophone calibration techniques are discussed, and a new method of obtaining hydrophone phase data is presented. Magnitude and phase information is measured via both coarse increment (1 MHz) and fine increment (50 kHz) calibration techniques for three exemplar hydrophones (0.5 mm needle, 0.2 mm needle, and 0.4 mm membrane). Frequently hydrophone calibration data are available at frequency increments that do not match that required by the deconvolution process. Therefore, a variety of methods to interpolate the calibrated system response to obtain correctly spaced data are considered, and two spline interpolation methods are found to offer best performance. Data preconditioning and filtering to address artifacts above and below the 1 to 40 MHz bandwidth of the coarse frequency increment calibration are also investigated, and a simple procedure for selecting an appropriate low-pass filter is presented. The revised calibration data are used to deconvolve the hydrophone frequency response for experimentally derived waveforms. Standard ultrasonic output parameters (such as peak compressional and peak rarefactional pressures, pulse intensity integral, and temporal peak and pulse average acoustic intensities) are calculated from these waveforms. Although the three hydrophones used in this paper are of different types and have a range of active element sizes, all output parameters derived from the deconvolved waveforms have <5% variation from their respective population means (with the majority being within <2%). | Monitoring nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) losses on farmland is essential for the prevention of agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS). This study was conducted on typical dry farmland in southern China to determine the effect of conservation tillage and conventional tillage (CT) on soil physical and chemical properties, nutrient movement, as well as on N and P losses. Four conservation tillage techniques (i.e., no-tillage direct seeding (NTDS), no-tillage transplanting (NTTS), minimum tillage direct seeding (MTDS), and minimum tillage transplanting (MTTS)), as well as one CT technique, were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates each. The results suggest that MTDS and NTDS improved soil physical and chemical properties by ensuring adequate retention of these properties at the 0–20 cm soil depth. Low levels of N and P losses in runoff and drainage water were recorded under NTTS and NTDS compared to CT. Our results, therefore, suggest that conservation tillage approaches, such as MTDS and NTDS, are the most suitable tillage techniques for improving soil nutrients and reducing agricultural N and P losses while providing an eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practice. | eng_Latn | 9,524 |
The acetylene inhibition method was used to determine soil denitrification rates of a riparian, meadow, forest, and barren site in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Data were collected from these four subalpine plant communities during dawn-to-dusk measurement periods in June, August, and October in order to examine denitrification during the dry season. Soil temperature, moisture, organic matter, C, N, C/N ratio, NO 3 -N, and pH were measured to assess their effects on denitrification rates | The release of water during snowmelt orchestrates a variety of important belowground biogeochemical processes in seasonally snow-covered ecosystems, including the production and consumption of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by soil microorganisms. Snowmelt timing is advancing rapidly in these ecosystems, but there is still a need to isolate the effects of earlier snowmelt on soil GHG fluxes. For an improved mechanistic understanding of the biogeochemical effects of snowmelt timing during the snow-free period, we manipulated a high-elevation forest that typically receives over two meters of snowfall but little summer precipitation to influence legacy effects of snowmelt timing. We altered snowmelt rates for two years using black sand to accelerate snowmelt and white fabric to postpone snowmelt, thus creating a two- to three-week disparity in snowmelt timing. Soil microclimate and fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), and nitrous oxide (N2 O) were monitored weekly to monthly during the snow-free period. Microbial abundances were estimated by potential assays near the end of each snow-free period. Although earlier snowmelt caused soil drying, we found no statistically significant effects (p < 0.05) of altered snowmelt timing on fluxes of CO2 or N2 O, or soil microbial abundances. Soil CH4 fluxes, however, did respond to snowmelt timing, with 18% lower rates of CH4 uptake in the earlier snowmelt treatment, but only after a dry winter. Cumulative CO2 emission and CH4 uptake were 43% and 88% greater, respectively, after the dry winter. We conclude that soil GHG fluxes can be surprisingly resistant to hydrological changes associated with earlier snowmelt, likely because of persistent moisture and microbial activities in deeper mineral soils. As a result, a drier California in the future may cause seasonally snow-covered soils in the Sierra Nevada to emit more GHGs, not less. | An ultra-fast on-the-fly (UF-OTF) IDLIN technique having 1 mus resolution is developed and used to study gate insulator process dependence of NBTI in silicon oxynitride (SiON) p- MOSFETs. The nitrogen density at the Si-SiON interface and the thickness of SiON layer are shown to impact temperature, time, and field dependencies of NBTI. The plausible material dependence of NBTI physical mechanism is explored. | eng_Latn | 9,525 |
Photosynthetic processes provide environmentally sustainable mechanisms for removal of CO2. Biological systems produce biomass which can act as a reservoir of carbon or as a direct substitute for fossil fuels. Three alternative strategies are examined and compared: Sequestration of carbon by reforestation; growing energy crops to offset the use of fossil fuels; and the use of photobiology and photobiochemistry. This report concludes that it is more efficient to use land to grow biomass for energy, offsetting fossil fuel use, than to simply sequester CO2 in forests. Biological systems are among the most promising alternatives for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels in combination with improved energy efficiencies. A comparative study is shown for 16 European countries, the USA and Japan. | Estimation of Production Potential of Short Rotation Forestry On Agricultural Land of Saxony Wael Ali TU Dresden – Institut fur Waldwachstum und forstliche Informatik Introduction Biomass energy represents one of the most promising alternatives, because it is a renewable source that can be produced and used in a clean and sustainable manner (HALL et al., 1992). Additionally, biomass energy has significant benefits to the environment and to the rural socioeconomic development. These advantages of biomass have raised the interest to cultivate woody crops on agricultural land, particularly, in intensive manner for short rotation periods. The type of practice of woody crop cultivation is called Short Rotation Forestry (SRF), and it is done in order to provide wood to meet the energy markets demands while taking into account the environmental issue (VERWIJST, 1998; KARACIC, 2005). Studies investigating aboveground biomass (BM) from SRF tree species on agricultural lands at TU Dresden, Institute of forest growth and computer science in forestry, started in 1997 (e.g. ROHLE, 2003; ROHLE, et al., 2005; ROHLE, et al., 2006). BM production is highly influenced by soil and climate conditions in SRF. Thus, the overall goal of the studies is to model the relationship between BM production and soil and climate conditions. Specific objectives of the current work are to develop models for predicting production potential of BM from fast growing tree species on fallow agricultural land; and to apply the models to the entire State of Saxony on the basis of communes’ data. Free State of Saxony has large agricultural areas (56 % of total land cover) with wide soil and climatic variations. Therefore, it is important to have an overview on the available land that can be utilized for SRF. The total agricultural land in Saxony is approximately 1025000 ha, which is distributed into 187000 ha of permanent grassland; 5000 ha for houses, gardens, and tree fruits; while the remaining part of 721000 ha is allocated for arable land. Under arable utilisation there are 413400 ha used for cereals, 278100 ha for oil seeds, root crops, and forage plants, and 33200 ha are fallow land. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,526 |
Based on the theories of organic polymer and chemical kinetics, the structure and mass transportation model of slow-release organic carbon-source (SOC) material was developed in this study to reveal and predict the carbon release mechanisms of polymer carbon source, which was feasible for in situ denitrification in nitrate-contaminated groundwater. Composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch, the SOC material formed the interlocking/disperse-phase structure. PVA performed as continuous phase and skeleton, whereas the starch or cellulose behaved as release component. Carbon release process was identified in two stages: solid-phase (inner) and interface (gel layer) diffusion. Solid-phase diffusion was affected by material porous medium parameters, for example, distance between the crosslinking points and starch free energy. The interface diffusion depended mostly on the groundwater dynamics and interface energy distribution. The interface diffusion was found as the limiting step of carbon release process... | Slow-release microencapsulated N, P, and K fertilizer synthesis was optimized and the products exhaustively characterized. Four NPK formulations with nutrient mass ratios of 1:0:0, 1:1:0, 1:1:1, and 2:1:1 were characterized following European Council Regulation 2003/2003 for fertilizers as well as ICP-AES, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, HPLC, elemental analysis, XPS, SEM, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, activity index, and leaching rate. These fertilizers have good slow-release properties and decrease waste and crop contaminants, improving environmental protection. Compared to classic granulated fertilizers, plant nutrient availability was improved allowing reduced application. Nutrient leaching parameters describing four different kinetic models were evaluated. Graphical | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,527 |
The aim of this study was to assess the seasonal development of the physicochemical (pH, organic C, organic N, extractable P, Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and biological soil properties (microbial biomass, activities of urease, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) of the topsoil of mine deposition sites that differed based on the material used exclusively for their creation: (a) marlstones, (b) red-grey formations (RGF), and (c) fly ash (FA), during the first year after their creation. Our hypothesis was that all deposition sites, regardless the material they consist of, present equal opportunities for the establishment of spontaneous vegetation. All macronutrients concentrations (P, Ca(2+), and Mg(2+)) remained constant with time and were found to be higher in the FA sites. Organic C, organic N, all enzyme activities, and microbial biomass were higher in the RGF and marl depositions, with marl sites presenting the highest values. All values of biological variables, with the exception of alkaline phosphatase, increased with time. The alkaline environment along with the slow improvement in soil biological properties of the FA sites seemed to present the most unfavorable conditions for spontaneous vegetation growth. On the contrary, the other two spoil materials presented significant improvement in the initial stages of soil formation in terms of soil functionality. | Mining causes soil damage and destruction. In the process of removing the desired mineral material, original soils become lost, or buried by wastes. In many countries legislation now requires that surface soils be conserved and replaced, but there is a vast heritage of degraded land left by past mining that requires restoration. Since the industry that created this heritage has often gone and there is no money left, the restoration needs to be achieved as cheaply and yet as effectively as possible. The processes of natural succession demonstrate that nature can achieve restoration unaided, and develop fully functioning soils. Although there are problems set by the processes of dispersal, once they are established plants demonstrate that they can readily provide organic matter, lower soil bulk density, and bring mineral nutrients to the surface and accumulate them in an available form. Most importantly, some species can fix and accumulate nitrogen rapidly in sufficient quantities to provide a nitrogen capital, where none previously existed, more than adequate for normal ecosystem functioning. It will normally (but not always) be necessary to introduce artificially, the plant species most appropriate for the restoration process. But natural ecosystem development can then be left to occur on its own. In mined lands, however, certain extreme soil conditions may occur that prevent plant growth, particularly physical conditions, gross lack of certain nutrients and toxicity. It can be important that these are identified and relieved first, otherwise the whole restoration process may either not begin, or fail after a few years. But even so, ecosystem restoration can be achieved at low cost, and the product be self-sustaining in the long term, ecological engineering of the best kind. | Background ::: Serum calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations and calcium-phosphate product (CPP) levels are positively associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease, but there are few data for Pi or Ca and none for CPP in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). | eng_Latn | 9,528 |
A simple procedure for mass spectrometric analysis of 15N with a small amount of organic nitrogen is described. Particulate organic nitrogen is converted into N2 by a modified Dumas method, using a catalyst-packed vessel consisting of three concentric quartz tubes. The N2 gas produced is then purified, collected on a molecular sieve, and introduced into a mass spectrometer. Using this method, the 15N abundance (δ15N) can be determined with a precision of ± 1.0‰ at a level of 2.5 μg atoms N, or a change in excess 15N as small as 3.6 × 10−11 g atoms N can be detected. | Symbioses between chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and the major macrofaunal species found at hydrothermal vents have been reported for numerous sites in the Pacific Ocean. We present microscopical and enzymatic evidence that methylotrophic bacteria occur as intracellular symbionts in a new species of mytilid mussel discovered at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. Two distinct ultrastructural types of gram-negative procaryotic symbionts were observed within gill epithelial cells by transmission electron microscopy: small coccoid or rod-shaped cells and larger coccoid cells with stacked intracytoplasmic membranes typical of methane-utilizing bacteria. Methanol dehydrogenase, an enzyme diagnostic of methylotrophs, was detected in the mytilid gills, while tests for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, the enzyme diagnostic of autotrophy via the Calvin cycle, were negative. Stable carbon isotope values (deltaC) of mytilid tissue (-32.7 and -32.5% for gill and foot tissues, respectively) fall within the range of values reported for Pacific vent symbioses but do not preclude the use of vent-derived methane reported to be isotopically heavy relative to biogenically produced methane. | It is difficult to quantify nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural systems; however, we can use 15N isotopic techniques to conduct site-specific studies to increase our knowledge about N management and fate. Our manuscript analyzes two reviews of selected 15N isotopic studies conducted to monitor N fate. The mechanistic foci of these studies include crop residue exchange and N fate in farming systems. Analysis of the data presented in these studies supports the claim that the average N losses are greater from inorganic N fertilizer inputs than organic crop residue N inputs. Additionally we conducted unique DAYCENT simulations of the effects of crop residue on nitrous oxide (N2O-N) emissions and nitrate (NO3-N) leaching. The simulation evaluations support the crop residue 15N exchange studies and show lower leaching and N2O-N emissions from crop residue sources when compared to N fertilizer. The 15N data suggest that the N in the crop residue pool must be recycled, and that this is a slower and more protected pool when compared to the readily available fertilizer. The results suggest that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology should be reevaluated to determine whether the direct and indirect N2O-N emission coefficients need to be lowered to reflect fewer N2O-N emissions from high C/N crop residue N inputs. The data suggest that accounting for nutrient cycling has implications for public policy associated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and mitigation of N2O-N emissions from agricultural soils. Additional crop residue exchange studies, field N2O-N and NO3-N leaching and support model evaluations are needed across different worldwide agroecosystems. | eng_Latn | 9,529 |
Because root turnover represents the major source for building up soil organic matter in ecosystems with high belowground allocation, like grasslands, sensitive analyses on root decomposition rates may contribute to point out the effect of grazing abandonment on soil C and N dynamics. The objective was to detect changes in root C and N mineralization due to pasture abandonment in Mediterranean dehesa mountain grasslands. Root decomposition was estimated by field incubation of 13C- and 15N-labelled wheat roots mixed with unlabelled soil over one year at 5 cm depth in grazed and short-term excluded grasslands in three contrasting situations: (i) a Mediterranean dehesa, (ii) altimontane and (iii) subalpine sites. In addition, the long-term effect of grazing abandonment was estimated in a subalpine shrub encroached site. Overall, root decomposition rates decrease from Mediterranean to mountain sites. Moreover, on mountain sites, either grazing exclusion or shrub encroachment reduced 13C losses from root–soil bags in about four to seven percentage units; in contrast, such an effect was not detected in the Mediterranean grassland. The dynamics of 15N derived from root–soil bags was site-dependent without a clear pattern related to site climate or grazing abandonment. In general, the fate of mineralized root-N, leached or immobilized in the surrounding soil, seems to be related to soil variables such as the C:N ratio. | While fine roots (≤2-mm diameter) are major suppliers of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to northern temperate and boreal forest soils, our understanding of how long-term plant and N inputs affect fine root decomposition rates and the amount of root-derived organic matter (OM) stabilized in forest soils is incomplete. We examined the influence of long-term aboveground and/or belowground litter and inorganic N additions on mineralization and vertical transport of fine root-derived C and N during the first 2 years of decomposition of dead fine root in the field. We used an existing long-term field manipulation experiment located in a northern Michigan forest; with (i) exclusion of above and below-ground inputs, (ii) exclusion of belowground inputs alone, or (iii) inorganic N additions, for 6 years prior to the addition of dual-labeled (13C and 15N) Acer rubrum fine roots. After 2 years in soil, labeled fine roots rapidly decomposed in all treatments, with only 20.7 % of root 13C and 35.8 % of root 15N recovered in soil (0–20 cm depth). This was likely because of the combined effects of (1) root litter chemistry, (2) processing of root litter by exotic earthworms, and (3) the low stabilization potential of the coarse-textured soil at the site. Neither the long-term exclusion of litter inputs nor increased inorganic N additions influenced root mineralization rates; and there were no detectable effects of either treatment on CO2 efflux or on dissolved organic C loss. During the 2-year study, exclusion of litter inputs did not affect root C retention in soil but lowered C:N ratios of roots recovered in that treatment. Inorganic N additions had no significant effect on root-derived C or N retention in the soil. Our results show that fine root litter turns over faster than previously thought in coarse-textured temperate forests soils that lack effective OM stabilization mechanisms. | Blunt trauma abdomen rarely leads to gastrointestinal injury in children and isolated gastric rupture is even rarer presentation. We are reporting a case of isolated gastric rupture after fall from height in a three year old male child. | eng_Latn | 9,530 |
Urine was added under controlled conditions to intact turfs taken from long-term permanent pasture on clay loam and sandy loam soils in South West England. Methane exchanges were small ( 50% and the average increase was greater for cow's urine (30.8 mg CO2 m-2 min-1) than for an artificial urine (20.1 mg CO2 m-2 min-1). Emissions of nitric and nitrous oxides following urine application were substantial (on average 0.36 μg NO-N and 29 μg N2O-N m-2 min-1) but short lived ( 200 mg NH4+-N kg-1) were nitrified to nitrate over a period of 42 days. Qualitative changes in the soil microbial biomass were evidently not related to biomass size. Relationships between trace gas emissions and soil processes are discussed. ei]Section editor: R Merckx | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology estimates that over 50% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in New Zealand derive from animal excreta-N deposited during grazing. The emission factor for excreta-N as used by this methodology has an important impact on New Zealand’s total N2O inventory. The objectives of this study were to refine the N2O emission factor for urine by simultaneously measuring N2O emissions from 5 pastoral soils of different drainage class, in 3 different regions in New Zealand following a single application of urine; plus test various aspects of the soil cover method for determining emission factors. Cow urine and synthetic urine was applied to pastoral soils in autumn 2000 and N2O emissions were measured using closed flux chambers at regular intervals for 4–18 months following application. The N2O emission factors for cow urine estimated for the first 4 months after urine application varied greatly depending on rainfall and soil drainage class, and ranged from 0.3 to 2.5% of the urine-N applied, suggesting that adopting a single emission factor for New Zealand may be inappropriate. The largest emission factor was found in a poorly drained soil, and the lowest emission factor was found in a well-drained stony soil. Ongoing measurements on one of the soils resulted in an increase in emission factors as the N2O emissions had not reached background levels 4 months after urine application. To characterise urine-induced N2O emissions, we recommend measurements continue until N2O emissions from urine-amended soil return to background levels. Furthermore, we recommend using real animal urine rather than synthetic urine in studies when determining the N2O emission factor for urine. SR8 Nss C Ain et Additional keywords: cow urine, emission factor, nitrous oxide inventory, soil cover, soil drainage class. | Agricultural soils contribute towards the emission of methane and nitrous oxide, the two important greenhouse gases causing global warming. Due to the diverse soil, land-use types and climatic conditions, there are uncertainties in quantificatio n of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural soils in India. An inve ntory of the emission of methane and nitrous oxide from different states in India was prepared using the methodology given by the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change. For methane emission, state-specific emission coefficients have been used for all major rice ecosystems. In case of nitrous oxide, both direct and indirect emissions from agricultural soils in different states have been calculated using the emission coeff icients derived from the experiments conducted in India. For the base year 1994–95, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Indian agricultural fields were est imated to be 2.9 Tg (61 Tg CO2 equivalent) and 0.08 Tg (39 Tg CO2 equivalent) respectively. | eng_Latn | 9,531 |
1. The following species were used for experiment: apple, pear, strawberry, loganberry, raspberry, black currant. 2. The culture medium was cane sugar and the strengths that gave the best germination were as follows: apple 2.5-10 per cent, pear 4-8 per cent, strawberry 8 per cent, loganberry 4 per cent, raspberry 16 per cent, black currant 16 per cent. 3. Some pollen grains of apple germinated in tap water and also in various strengths of sugar solution up to 50 per cent; the pollen grains of black currant germinated in tap water and also in 4, 8, and 16 per cent sugar solution. 4. Some pollen grains of apple germinated in 12 hours, the temperature ranging between 3⚬.5 and 7⚬C. 5. The quickest growth of the pollen tube observed was 651.3 μ in 6 hours in apple, and 668 μ in 6 hours in black currant, as measured between perpendicular lines. 6. Some varieties of the same species appeared to have more vigorous pollen grains than others. 7. The pollen grains germinated alike in light and darkness. 8. Of the te... | The purpose of these studies has been to stress that certain factors of an artificial environment (such as, the ingredients and pH of the culture medium, temperature, humidity,etc.) definitely influence the behavior of pollens; and, furthermore, that in an understanding of the reactions of pollens to handling (in terms of viability), it must not be overlooked that proper handling methods are somewhat dependent on a reliable estimate of pollen potency. | There is a paucity of comprehensive air quality data from urban areas in the Middle East. In this study, portable instrumentation was used to measure size-fractioned aerosol number, mass, and black carbon concentrations in Amman and Zarqa, Jordan. Submicron particle number concentrations at stationary urban background sites in Amman and Zarqa exhibited a characteristic diurnal pattern, with the highest concentrations during traffic rush hours (2–5 × 104 cm−3 in Amman and 2–7 × 104 cm−3 in Zarqa). Super-micron particle number concentrations varied considerably in Amman (1–10 cm−3). Mobile measurements identified spatial variations and local hotspots in aerosol levels within both cities. Walking paths around the University of Jordan campus showed increasing concentrations with proximity to main roads with mean values of 8 × 104 cm−3, 87 µg/m3, 62 µg/m3, and 7.7 µg/m3 for submicron, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon (BC), respectively. Walking paths in the Amman city center showed moderately high concentrations (mean 105 cm−3, 120 µg/m3, 85 µg/m3, and 8.1 µg/m3 for submicron aerosols, PM10, PM2.5, and black carbon, respectively). Similar levels were found along walking paths in the Zarqa city center. On-road measurements showed high submicron concentrations (>105 cm−3). The lowest submicron concentration (<104 cm−3) was observed near a remote site outside of the cities. | eng_Latn | 9,532 |
This review critically examines the role of boron (B) in forests in view of recent findings on B nutrition and the continuing occurrence of B deficiency. Many perceptions about the role of B in plants and its uptake and mobility have been altered since the last review on B in forest trees in 1990. Now there is evidence for a fundamental role of B in the formation of the pectic structure in primary cell walls in plants, and further roles in membrane function are being explored. In plants, channel-mediated B uptake, active B uptake and B uptake by mycorrhizas have been shown, B transporters have been identified, and B retranslocation has been shown. We explore these findings and their consequences on forest trees and on ecosystems that they dominate. Particular emphasis is placed on B retranslocation and B in mycorrhizal symbiosis, given their importance in trees. Following from impaired development of the primary cell wall in B-deficient trees, disorders in the structural development of organs and whole plants are manifested. This has consequences for tree form, affecting wood quality and productivity. At a stand level, at least part of the value of wood production is lost by the time the deficiency symptoms appear. As symptoms identifying deficiency in many tree species are too easily confused with many other effects, greater use should be made of foliar analysis but this requires establishing robust prognostic values for the trees of interest. There is still no explanation as to why root tip and mycorrhiza development are among the first phenomena to be affected as the B supply decreases. Whether B is required by, or whether it is useful for fungi, is still an open question. Boron remobilisation within trees may be a key factor in the occurrence of forests in areas with very low B availability, as most of the B in the whole stand can be in the standing biomass. The ability to remobilise B varies considerably between species, but we suggest that there is a continuum rather than a strict division to B-retranslocating and non-retranslocating species. Boron output from forest ecosystems with potential for leaching is controlled by adsorption in the soil, which is still poorly understood particularly in soils with abundant organic matter. Increased concentrations of phenolic compounds in B-deficient plants and possibly altered lignin concentration can affect plant defence systems to herbivory and pathogens, and nutrient and carbon release through decomposition. Hence, B nutrition and fertilisation of low-B stands can have implications both to the resistance of trees to biotic stress, as well as influence the cycles of other nutrients and carbon in forests. | Many forest soils in Finland are poor in boron (B), especially otherwise fertile (nitrogen-rich) soils and peatlands. Boron deficiency causes growth disorders affecting young Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands. We studied the effects of B fertilization on the growth and morphology of Norway spruce seedlings. Boron was applied in a nursery and/or after planting in a nursery-field and on a reforestation site, both known to be low in B. The B applied in the nursery increased foliar B concentration in a linear relationship to the amount of B fertilizer but did not affect seedling growth and morphology. Even the highest foliar B concentration (approx. 400 mg kg−1) did not have harmful effects on the seedlings. Therefore, B fertilization in the nursery can be used for increasing B storage in needles. Boron fertilization at planting increased foliar B concentration in the first season. Afterward, the concentration decreased but remained above the deficiency limit for at least 4–5 years. In the B-poor nursery-field, nonfertilized seedlings began to produce multiple leaders in the second year. On the reforestation site, fewer multiple leaders were found. At the nursery-field site, height growth was stimulated by B fertilization at planting. In conclusion, 200–400 mg m−2 (2–4 kg ha−1) of B applied at planting has longer-lasting effects on seedling B status than does B fertilization applied in the nursery, and can improve seedling quality and growth in the first years after planting on B-poor sites. | The adsorption of Rhodamine B onto CT269DR resin has been studied through static and dynamic experiments. The effects of shaking speed, resin dosage, and pH on adsorption were investigated by stati... | eng_Latn | 9,533 |
ABSTRACT Soil amendment with different organic materials was evaluated in greenhouse experiments for effects on root rot and growth of sugarcane. Materials included composts prepared from cotton gin trash, cottonwood bark, mixed hardwood bark, municipal solid waste, and municipal yard waste; municipal biosolids; and a sugar mill by-product, filterpress cake. Field soil, steam-treated field soil, and steam-treated soil infested with Pythium arrhenomanes were amended with nonsterile or steam-treated organic materials. A metalaxyl fungicide treatment was included for comparison. When added in nonsterile form, cotton gin trash compost, filterpress cake, and biosolids suppressed disease and increased plant growth in field soil and soil infested with P. arrhenomanes, but this ability was reduced after steam treatment. Bark composts were capable of suppressing root rot and increasing plant growth in field soil and Pythium-infested soil when added in either nonsterile or steam-treated forms. Plant growth in steam... | The supply of composts has increased in many countries due to the enforced diversion from landfill of organic biodegradable wastes. Disposal is often the primary financial and environmental incentive for composting this organic waste, with benefits from low value end-products such as organic soil amendments being a secondary or negligible consideration. The use of composts can also pose risks from populations of plant and animal pathogens which may have survived the composting process. However, the suppressive effect of amending soils with composts on crop and turf grass diseases caused by soil-borne plant pathogens can be a significant benefit. The increasing environmental unacceptability and unavailability of effective chemical fungicide treatments has increased this potential value of composts. Information on the effects of compost amendment of soil or sand on diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens was reviewed. Out of 79 container experiments, where soil was generally amended with ≥ 20 %v/v compost, 59 showed a disease suppressive effect and only 6 showed a disease promoting effect of the compost amendment. Following amendment of soil in the field with compost, generally at ≥ 15 t/ha, disease suppression occurred in 45 out of 59 experiments, and disease promotion in only one. Although abiotic factors such as increases in soil pH or release of volatiles following compost amendment explained control of some diseases, loss of suppressiveness following compost sterilisation frequently demonstrated a biological control mechanism such as microbial antagonism or induced plant resistance. Prediction of the disease suppressiveness of composts or compost amended soils from their microbial activity by measurement of the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacaetate, dehydrogenase activity, or basal respiration has been variable. Changes in microbial community structure detected using T-RFLP and DGGE analyses have been more reliable indicators of the disease suppressiveness of compost amended soils. Inoculation of composts with biological control agents is also a promising technique for improving the efficacy and reliability of disease suppression following soil amendment. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,534 |
This paper reviews the progress in persistence dynamics of insecticidal proteins released from Bt crops in soil, and mainly summarizes: 1) the detection methods for Bt toxin proteins released from transgenic Bt crops in soil; 2) the persistence, accumulation and degradation of Bt toxin in soil; 3) the mechanism by which Bt toxin proteins absorb and bind with the surface-active soil particles; 4) the insecticidal activity of Bt toxin proteins in cropland soil. Many studies showed that Bt toxin proteins could rapidly be absorbed and tightly bound with the surface-active soil particles, which decreased biotic degradation, but the bound toxins' structures did not change, so that the Bt toxin proteins released by transgenic crops could persist in soil for long time and retain their insecticidal activity. This part of Bt toxins might probably be harmful to non-target entities/organisms in soil. So this situation needs to undertake an immediate study in a systemic way to assess the ecological risks caused by Bt toxin proteins released by transgenic crops. Ref 50 | Fast popularization and widespread application of transgenic Bt corn have raised the issue of environmental safety.Despite considerable work in this field recently,no consensus on the effects of Bt corn on environmental safety has emerged,indicative of the complexity of this issue.Traditional study on environmental safety of transgenic crops often focused on the risks of weediness of genetic modified crop itself,gene flow,negative impact on useful insects or microbe in soil,while ignored the effect of transgenic crops on succeeding crops.Therefore,the major objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Bt corn straw incorporated into soil on growth of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum) seedlings.The chopped straw of transgenic Bt corn inbred(Bt-38) and non-Bt corn(Zheng 58,the receptor of Bt-38) was mixed with nutrient soil and vermiculite(1:3:3) to be as the growth media for winter wheat(cv.Duokang 1),with the media without corn straw as the control.The results showed that the emergence rate,shoot height and root length of seedlings were decreased by corn straw incorporated into media compared with the control.Similarly,corn straw reduced biomass of wheat seedlings.For example,the fresh and dry weight of wheat seedlings grown in media added with corn straw were only equal to 51%—65% and 62%—72% of those of control,respectively.The lower level of indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) and higher level of abscisic acid(ABA) in seedlings grown in media containing corn straw compared with the control partly explained the differences related to morphology and biomass.The corn straw added to media did not influence soluble protein and antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT),as well as malondialdehyde(MDA),indicative of membrane damage,in wheat seedlings,however,increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),which was probably associated with more reactive oxygen species(ROS) in seedlings grown in media containing corn straw.We did not find any significant differences in above results between Bt corn straw(Bt-38) and non-Bt corn straw(Zheng 58).Therefore,it was concluded that transgenic Bt corn had no environmental risk,referring in particular to the seedling growth of succeeding crop(winter wheat),under our experimental condition. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,535 |
The use of micro-dams in potato furrows is an interesting technology to reduce erosion and runoff in hilly areas. These phenomena are major sources of surface water contamination by nutrients and plant protection products (Gillijns et al., 2005). In 2011 Bayer CropScience set up a trial in collaboration with the Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W) and ULg-Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech in Huldenberg (Belgium) to demonstrate this technique in potatoes. Micro-dams create barriers between furrows in order to encourage rainwater to infiltrate in the soil rather than to run off. The results from the trial over this year confirm that the application of micro-dams is effective in reducing erosion and runoff significantly. The total loss of plant protection products (PPP) to surface water is dramatically reduced and also strongly depends on the physic-chemical characteristics of the active ingredients. In addition, the technique tends to produce a higher yield of potato tubers as an effect of an optimised utilisation of the available rainwater and nutrients. | Surface irrigation, particularly furrow irrigation, is the most common method of water application into agricultural lands. Despite all its advantages, furrow irrigation has some demerits, such as a potential large volume of runoff losses. In this research, an approach was proposed to reduce runoff losses and to improve water flow characteristics by creating micro-dams, barriers inside the irrigated furrows. To control water flow and increase infiltration into the soil, experimental micro-dams were created at distances of 10 and 20 m, with a height of 5 cm. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in summer of 2018. Two erosive inflow rates (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) were considered. Furrow length and spacing were 100 and 0.75 m, respectively. Results indicated that micro-dams increased the advance time, leading to increased infiltration. Micro-dams also increased the recession time, due to the increase in overland water volume. Moreover, results showed that in treatments with micro-dams, runoff was reduced by up to 45.3% in comparison to the control treatment. The change in furrow cross-sectional area during the irrigation event was also reduced. Micro-dams showed a great potential to reduce irrigation runoff losses, and should be considered as a management practice aiming at water and soil conservation. | Surface irrigation, particularly furrow irrigation, is the most common method of water application into agricultural lands. Despite all its advantages, furrow irrigation has some demerits, such as a potential large volume of runoff losses. In this research, an approach was proposed to reduce runoff losses and to improve water flow characteristics by creating micro-dams, barriers inside the irrigated furrows. To control water flow and increase infiltration into the soil, experimental micro-dams were created at distances of 10 and 20 m, with a height of 5 cm. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in summer of 2018. Two erosive inflow rates (0.6 and 0.9 L/s) were considered. Furrow length and spacing were 100 and 0.75 m, respectively. Results indicated that micro-dams increased the advance time, leading to increased infiltration. Micro-dams also increased the recession time, due to the increase in overland water volume. Moreover, results showed that in treatments with micro-dams, runoff was reduced by up to 45.3% in comparison to the control treatment. The change in furrow cross-sectional area during the irrigation event was also reduced. Micro-dams showed a great potential to reduce irrigation runoff losses, and should be considered as a management practice aiming at water and soil conservation. | eng_Latn | 9,536 |
In Order To Develop A Cultivation Technique For The Practical Use of Phytoremediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil, We Evaluated The Rhizodegradation of Diesel-Contaminated Soil Using Italian Ryegrass. Experiments Were Conducted Under Two Different Soil Conditions That Were Expected To Reduce The influence of Diesel On The Plant. Under The First Condition, The initial Diesel Concentration Which Is Expressed in The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (Tph) Concentration Was Set To 0.80%. The Concentration Was Almost Half The Upper Limit For The Growth of Italian Ryegrass. Under The Second Condition, Zeolite Was Added To The Experimental Soil To Improve The Cation Exchange Capacity (Cec). in 152 Days Experiments, We Evaluated The Plant Growth Variables, Tph Concentration, Soil Dehydrogenase Activity (Dha) That Is Reflective of The Rhizosphere Microbial Activity, And The Aerobic Bacterial Count. The Results Suggest That The Tph Concentration in First Condition (0.80%) Could Not Bring About A Significant Recov... | In recent years, economic boom in fast developing countries has been witnessed with spectacular progress in industrialization and concurrent progress in modern agriculture. Such development is however not without any socio-political and environmental side effects. A major concern has been the environmental pollution. If the current unabated disposal of various forms of wastes to agricultural lands is continued, the inherent capacity of soil to support agricultural production and sustain other ecosystem services will be in peril. Heavy metals with soil residence times of thousands of years present numerous health hazards to higher organisms. They are also known to decrease plant growth, ground cover and have a negative impact on soil biodiversity. Inorganic and organic contaminants typically found in urban areas are heavy metals and petroleum derived products. The presence of both types of contaminants on the same site presents technical and economic challenges for decontamination strategies. In this article we have reviewed the developments to ameliorate the contaminated soils, with special emphasis on biological approaches, which have shown potential to low-cost remediation of soil pollution. Also the limitations of such approaches and direction of further research have been highlighted. | Background ::: Serum calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations and calcium-phosphate product (CPP) levels are positively associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease, but there are few data for Pi or Ca and none for CPP in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). | eng_Latn | 9,537 |
The data presented in this article regroup characterisation of organic matter and nutritional composition of 42 organic wastes and residues usually used as substrates for anaerobic digestion. Those wastes have different origins from agro-industrial, agricultural and urban sectors in France including: algae, slaughterhouse waste, fat, food waste, fruits and vegetables residues, green waste, slurry, manure, wastewater treatment plant sludge and agricultural residues. The properties of organic matter are distinguished between global parameters (pH, total solids, volatile solids, COD and BMP), organic matter fractionation (biochemical and Van Soest) and the main nutrients content (N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S). | In this study, an extensive characterisation of food waste (FW) was performed with the aim of studying the relation between FW characteristics and FW treatability through an anaerobic digestion process. In addition to the typological composition (paper, meat, fruits, vegetables contents, etc) and the physicochemical characteristics, this study provides an original characterisation of microbial populations present in FW. These intrinsic populations can actively participate to aerobic and anaerobic degradation with the presence of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes species for the bacteria and of Ascomycota phylum for the fungi. However, the characterisation of FW bacterial and fungi community shows to be a challenge because of the biases generated by the non-microbial DNA coming from plant and by the presence of mushrooms in the food. In terms of relations, it was demonstrated that some FW characteristics as the density, the volatile solids and the fibres content vary as a function of the typological composition. No direct relationship was demonstrated between the typological composition and the anaerobic biodegradability. However, the Pearson's matrix results reveal that the anaerobic biodegradation potential of FW was highly related to the total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD), the total solid content (TS), the high weight organic matter molecules soluble in water (SOLW>1.5 kDa) and the C/N ratio content. These relations may help predicting FW behaviour through anaerobic digestion process. Finally, this study also showed that the storage of FW before collection, that could induce pre-biodegradation, seems to impact several biochemical characteristics and could improve the biodegradability of FW. | Traditional composting systems for biowaste generally produce low quality composts that may endanger recycling. A pilot-scale bioconversion process yielding quality compost and renewable energy was designed and tested. The process consisted of a set of wet physical separation units, composting and anaerobic digestion. Biowaste was divided in four streams by physical separation: (1) organic fraction >2 mm, (2) inorganic fraction 0.05-2 mm, (3) residual fraction composed of organics 0.05-2 mm and the fraction <0.05 mm and (4) a fraction solubilised in the washing water. The organic fraction >2 mm was composted and the compost, high in organic matter and low in EC and heavy metals, aimed at replacing peat in horticulture. The inorganic fraction 0.05-2 mm was completely made up of sand and can be used as a construction material. Solubilised organic matter in the washing water was converted to CH(4) by anaerobic digestion. The residual fraction can be used as landfill cover material. | eng_Latn | 9,538 |
Biomass production should always follow principles of sustainability. This paper describes some effects of biomass production for energy within environmental, social and economic contexts. Important parameters for comparing different biomasses are energy yields per hectare or CO2 mitigation costs. However, most bio-energy production chains obviously cannot compete with non-agricultural alternatives for CO2 emissions mitigation. The "good example" of paludiculture is where biomass production for energy is able to meet all requirements of sustainable production. | We estimate the global bioenergy potential from dedicated biomass plantations in the 21st century under a range of sustainability requirements to safeguard food production, biodiversity and terrestrial carbon storage. We use a process-based model of the land biosphere to simulate rainfed and irrigated biomass yields driven by data from different climate models and combine these simulations with a scenario-based assessment of future land availability for energy crops. The resulting spatial patterns of large-scale lignocellulosic energy crop cultivation are then investigated with regard to their impacts on land and water resources. Calculated bioenergy potentials are in the lower range of previous assessments but the combination of all biomass sources may still provide between 130 and 270 EJ yr−1 in 2050, equivalent to 15–25% of the World's future energy demand. Energy crops account for 20–60% of the total potential depending on land availability and share of irrigated area. However, a full exploitation of these potentials will further increase the pressure on natural ecosystems with a doubling of current land use change and irrigation water demand. Despite the consideration of sustainability constraints on future agricultural expansion the large-scale cultivation of energy crops is a threat to many areas that have already been fragmented and degraded, are rich in biodiversity and provide habitat for many endangered and endemic species. | Berzelius failed to make use of Faraday's electrochemical laws in his laborious determination of equivalent weights. | eng_Latn | 9,539 |
In some crops, row orientation has been shown to influence yield through the effects on soil temperature. There has been no similar work on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.); thus, an experiment was conducted from 1992 to 1994 to determine the effects of row orientation on the growth and production of sugar beet in Hungary. Sugar beet was grown in large field plots oriented either north-south (N-S) or east-west (E-W) on a silty day loam soil. Leaf area development, soil and canopy temperatures, and stomatal resistance were monitored during the growing season from April to October, and root yield, sucrose concentration, and sugar yield were recorded at harvest. All three seasons were warmer and drier than normal, so large soil water deficits developed during July to October each year. Significant differences in growth were observed, with rows oriented E-W developing 15 to 21% larger leaf area indices. The E-W rows also had greater canopy and interrow soil temperatures and lower stomatal resistances than N-S rows, except during the middle of the day. On days with northerly winds >2 m s -1 , air and soil surface temperatures in E-W oriented rows were greater than in N-S rows throughout the day. Root and sugar yields were consistently greater in N-S rows despite having a lower sucrose concentration than beet in the E-W oriented rows. In 1994, sugar yields were 70% less than in 1993 as a result of Cercospora beticola infestation. In all years, the reduced yield in the E-W rows was caused by more severe water stress compared to the N-S rows. The higher temperatures also may have led to reduced partitioning of assimilate to roots with a consequent loss of harvestable yield. The results show that, in dry years, farmers may obtain up to 9% increases in sugar yield by planting sugar beet in N-S rows. However, these conclusions need confirmation under wetter conditions. | The agriculture sector is embracing energy efficient conservation systems and technological innovations to meet the ever increasing demand for food, fibre, and fuel in tune with the rapidly increasing human population. The genetic modification of plants is one of the technological innovations that is adopted rapidly across the world. In cotton, many major producing countries have adopted herbicide-tolerant genetically modified crops. Over-reliance on herbicides for weed management in both genetically modified and conventional systems has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. Poor weed management can cause up to 90% yield loss in cotton. Undoubtedly, integration of non-chemical methods and diversifying weed control options would ensure the sustainability of available weed management options, including herbicides. Increasing crop competitiveness is one of the approaches that could be integrated with the current weed management systems. Choosing cultivars with early vigour, use of narrow row planting, orienting crop rows with regard to sunlight, and adjusting planting density are some of the approaches that could enhance the competitiveness of crops over weeds. Review of the available literature on cotton indicates weed suppressive benefits by enhancing crop competitiveness through increasing planting density and narrow row spacing. Early canopy closure in narrow row spaced systems would suppress many problem weeds. In addition, herbicide efficacy may be increased due to competition offered by a dense crop stand, which may reduce herbicide selection pressure on weeds. However, the use of narrow row spacing is still in an infant stage in many cotton-growing countries and the success may depend on the environment, soil type, and resource availability. This review analyses and reports the potential benefits of increasing crop competition as a weed management option and also highlights research to be undertaken to ensure the adoption of different strategies on a much wider scale. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,540 |
We began a study, in 1996, to compare ground water quality under irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture, sewered and nonsewered residential developments, industrial, and nondeveloped land uses. Twenty-three monitoring wells were completed in the upper meter of an unconfined sand aquifer. Between 1997 and 2000, sampling occurred quarterly for major ions, trace inorganic chemicals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), herbicides, and herbicide degradates. On single occasions, we collected samples for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perchlorate, and coliform bacteria. We observed significant differences in water chemistry beneath different land uses. Concentrations of several trace inorganic chemicals were greatest under sewered urban areas. VOC detection frequencies were 100% in commercial areas, 52% in sewered residential areas, and <10% for other land uses. Median nitrate concentrations were greatest under irrigated agriculture (15,350 microg/L) and nonsewered residential areas (6080 microg/L). Herbicides and degradates of acetanilide and triazine herbicides were detected in 86% of samples from irrigated agricultural areas, 68% of samples from nonirrigated areas, and <10% of samples from other land uses. Degradates accounted for 96% of the reported herbicide mass. We did not observe seasonal differences in water chemistry, but observed trends in water chemistry when land use changes occurred. Our results show land use is the dominant factor affecting shallow ground water quality. Trend monitoring programs should focus on areas where land use is changing, while resource managers and planners must consider potential impacts of land use changes on ground water quality. | An analysis of private potable water well data was conducted for seven single family residential developments in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania. Background data were available for 165 wells within the communities when the wells were first drilled in the 1980s and early 1990s. Sampling of 75 wells within these same communities was performed in 2006 to determine whether conversion of the land to residential housing along with the use of conventional on-lot septic systems had resulted in elevated concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the drinking water aquifer. The data indicate that prior land use influenced the occurrence of nitrate-nitrogen in the drinking water aquifer. The median nitrate-nitrogen concentration for the 165 wells in the background dataset was 2.9 mg/L. One hundred-seven of those wells were drilled on land previously used for active agricultural purposes. The median nitrate concentration in these wells was 3.8 mg/L. Of 48 wells drilled on forested land, the median nitrate concentration was 1.1 mg/L, approximately 3.5 times lower than those drilled on active agricultural land. The median nitrate concentration in the 2006 sampling dataset was 3.6 mg/L, an increase of 0.7 mg/L. The data indicate that conversion of the land has not resulted in contamination of the drinking water aquifer with respect to nitrate-nitrogen. Likewise, the data suggest that the conversion has not resulted in significant improvements to overall water quality. | When used as selective or general contact sprays, dinitro-o-sec-butyl phenol compounds decompose too rapidly to create any problem of residual toxicity. ::: Decomposition of dinitro selectives, like many other herbicides, causes considerable ::: stimulation of crop growth. High cost prevents the use of these compounds for soil ::: sterilization. In pre-emergence sprays water-soluble compounds of dinitro-o-sec-butyl phenol are not safe for tender crops, but preliminary tests indicate parent ::: substituted phenols may be used. | eng_Latn | 9,541 |
This paper examines the growth and uptake of phosphorus into algal biofilms in the River Kennet, a lowland chalk (Cretaceous-age) stream in southern England. Algal biofilms were grown on artificial plastic substrates (templates) placed (i) on the riverbed and (ii) within the mid-water column. Experiments were set up to examine differences in growth rates of newly colonising biofilms compared with biofilms left to accumulate for periods of up to 6 months. Rates of algal biofilm production were measured by the chlorophyll a concentration that had accumulated per cm2 over the number of days that the biofilm template had been immersed in the river water. An algal biofilm bloom occurred in early spring, prior to peak suspended chlorophyll a concentrations within the water column. Biofilm samples collected in February and March had the highest chlorophyll a and total phosphorus concentrations. The biofilm bloom corresponded with increased solar radiation and declining river flow conditions. Periodic increases in soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations in the overlying river water did not correspond with any significant increase in biofilm production. These results suggest that light, rather than phosphorus is a key factor for biofilm growth in the River Kennet. Higher rates of chlorophyll a development in mid-water column biofilms may be linked to greater light exposure; however, maximum total-P concentrations were similar for both bed and water column biofilms. Newly colonising biofilms exhibited higher chlorophyll a and total-P concentrations than biofilms left to accumulate over longer terms, suggesting that fresh substrate availability promotes high rates of biofilm growth. Both 'condensed and organic' P (stored in biomass) and 'inorganic' (mineral) P fractions within the biofilms were present in varying proportions, although the early spring biofilm bloom resulted in maximum proportions and absolute concentrations of 'condensed and organic' P. Calcite was the only crystalline mineral detected within the biofilms. Ratios of Ca:inorganic P are largely consistent with the presence of CaCO3-P co-precipitates, although one very low value suggested that there may also be additional sources of inorganic P, possibly P adsorbed to clays or organics within the biofilm. However, poor linkages between CaCO3 and inorganic P concentrations suggest that, although the inorganic P fraction within the biofilm may be derived largely from CaCO3-P co-precipitation, the subsequent processes controlling overall CaCO3 and inorganic P concentrations in the biofilm are complex. | The water quality response to implementation of conservation measures across watersheds has been slower and smaller than expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of P along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of P. Accounting for legacy P along this continuum is important to correctly apportion sources and to develop successful watershed remediation. In this study, we examined the drivers of legacy P at the watershed scale, specifically in relation to the physical cascades and biogeochemical spirals of P along the continuum from soils to rivers and lakes and via surface and subsurface flow pathways. Terrestrial P legacies encompass prior nutrient and land management activities that have built up soil P to levels that exceed crop requirements and modified the connectivity between terrestrial P sources and fluvial transport. River and lake P legacies encompass a range of processes that control retention and remobilization of P, and these are linked to water and sediment residence times. We provide case studies that highlight the major processes and varying timescales across which legacy P continues to contribute P to receiving waters and undermine restoration efforts, and we discuss how these P legacies could be managed in future conservation programs. | In this work we develop the 2D model suggested in [32] in order to study the impact of fibrinogen concentration and the fibrin polymer production rate on clot growth in flow. The model is based on the method of Dissipative Particle Dynamics describing blood plasma flow and platelet suspension and on a system of partial differential equations describing blood coagulation regulatory network. We study the influence of parameters on clot development and on its final size. | eng_Latn | 9,542 |
Carbon conversion efficiencies were determined for the bacterial utilization of lignocellulosic detritus in waters from an estuarine and a freshwater wetland. Conversion efhciencies during bacterial growth on lignocellulose averaged -309’0 in both estuarine (salt marsh) and freshwater (Okefenokec Swamp) samples. Our estimates of bacterial growth efficiencies on refractory particulate detritus arc twofold to threefold higher than previous estimates owing, in large part, to the higher biovolumc-to-carbon conversion factor (0.22 g C cm-3) used in the present study to convert bacterial biovolumes into units of carbon. Bacterial growth cm lignocellulosic detritus was N limited in salt-marsh water and P limited in Okefenokec water; carbon conversion efficiencies increased to 450/0upon addition of ammonium and phosphate to salt-marsh and Okefenokee incubations, respectively. These results indicate that bacterial biomass produced at the expense of lignocellulosic detritus is likely to be an importan ( nutrient source to food webs in aquatic ecosystems with an abundance of macrophyte detritus and favorable conditions for microbial decomposition. | A process-based carbon gas flux model was developed to calculate total macrophyte and microalgal production, and community and belowground respiration, for a Peltandra virginica dominated tidal freshwater marsh in Virginia. The model was based on measured field fluxes of CO 2 and CH 4 , scaled to monthly and annual rates using empirically derived photosynthesis versus irradiance, and respiration versus temperature relationships. Because the gas exchange technique measures whole system gas fluxes and therefore includes turnover and seasonal translocation, estimates of total macrophyte production will be more accurate than those calculated from biomass harvests. One limitation of the gas flux method is that gaseous carbon fluxes out of the sediment may underestimate true belowground respiration if sediment-produced gases are transported through plant tissues to the atmosphere. Therefore we measured gross nitrogen mineralization (converted to carbon units using sediment C/N ratios and estimates of bacterial growth efficiency) as a proxy for belowground carbon respiration. We estimated a total net macrophyte production of 536 to 715 g C m -2 yr -1 , with an additional 59 g C m -2 yr -1 fixed by sediment microalgae. Belowground respiration calculated from nitrogen mineralization was estimated to range from 516 to 723 g C m -2 yr -1 versus 75 g C m -2 yr -1 measured directly with sediment chambers. Methane flux (72 g C m -2 yr -1 ) accounted for 11 to 13 % of total belowground respiration. Gas flux results were combined with biomass harvest and literature data to create a conceptual mass balance model of macrophyte-influenced carbon cycling. Spring and autumn translocation and re-translocation are critical in controlling observed seasonal patterns of above and belowground biomass accumulation. Annually, a total of 270 to 477 g C m -2 of macrophyte tissue is available for deposition on the marsh surface as detritus or export from the marsh as particulate or dissolved carbon. | We prove that groups acting geometrically on delta-quasiconvex spaces contain no essential Baumslag-Solitar quotients as subgroups. This implies that they are translation discrete, meaning that the translation numbers of their nontorsion elements are bounded away from zero. | eng_Latn | 9,543 |
Soil acidity is one of the major factors limiting soil fertility and crop production in large areas of Ethiopia. A two-month incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime, vermicompost (VC), and chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizer on selected chemical properties of Dystric Nitisols in Ebantu District, Western Ethiopia. The treatments comprised of three rates of lime (2, 4, and 6 tons CaCO3·ha−1), VC (2.5, 5, and 7.5 tons·ha−1), and mineral P fertilizer (20, 40, and 60 kg·P·ha−1) each applied alone and in various combinations. The experiment was laid down in a completely randomized design with two replications. The results showed that the highest increment of pH from 4.83 at the control to 6.05 and reduction of exchangeable Al from 1.70 to 0.09 cmolc·kg−1 were obtained from combined application of lime at 4 tons CaCO3·ha−1 and VC at 7.5 tons·ha−1. The most significant decrease in exchangeable acidity (0.17 cmolc.kg-1) was observed in soil that was treated with 6 tons CaCO3·ha−1 lime applied alone (93%) and combined application of lime at 4 tons CaCO3·ha−1 with VC at 7.5 tons·ha−1 by (81%). The highest contents of OM (4.1%) and total nitrogen (0.29%) were obtained from combined application of lime at 4 tons CaCO3·ha−1 and VC at 7.5 tons·ha−1. Integrated application of chemical P (60 kg·P·ha−1) with lime (2 tons·ha−1) plus VC (7.5 tons·ha−1) resulted in Bray-II P increased by 45% relative to control. The various combinations of the treatments also improved exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+. The results indicate that integrated use of lime, vermicompost, and chemical P fertilizer can improve soil acidity and availability of nutrients. However, the real potential of the amendments used in this experiment should be further assessed under field conditions using a test crop. | Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement. | Background ::: Serum calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations and calcium-phosphate product (CPP) levels are positively associated with worse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease, but there are few data for Pi or Ca and none for CPP in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). | eng_Latn | 9,544 |
Soil microbial biomass content, organic carbonmineralization as well as arginine ammonificationrates were estimated in samples from arable andgrassland soils and carbon dioxide and nitrous oxideemission rates were measured in situ at four sitesalong a catena. Soil microbial biomass contentincreased in the order, maize monoculture < croprotation < dry grassland < wet grassland. The twoarable soils had similar rates of carbonmineralization in the laboratory at 22 °C (basalrespiration) as well as in situ (carbon dioxideemission) at field temperature. Under crop rotation,maize monoculture and dry grassland, the arginineammonification rate significantly correlated to themicrobial biomass content. In contrast, thebiomass-specific ammonification rate was low in wetgrassland soil, as were in situ N2O emission rates.Data from all sites together revealed no generalrelationship between microbial biomass content and Cand N mineralization rates. In addition, there was nogeneral relationship between the quantity of soilmicrobial biomass and the emission rates of thegreenhouse gases CO2 and N2O. The maize monocultureinduced a soil microbial community that was lessefficient in using organic carbon compounds, as shownby the high metabolic quotient (respiration rate perunit of biomass). However, microbial biomass contentwas proportional to basal respiration rate in soilsunder crop rotation, dry and wet grassland. Arginineammonification rate was related to microbial biomasscontent only in fertilized soils. Applications of highquantities of inorganic nitrogen and farmyard manureapparently increase in situ N2O emission rates,particularly under crop rotation. The microbialbiomass in the unfertilized wet grassland soil seemsto be a sink for nitrogen. | Reducing the canopy cover (e.g., forest thinning) is one of the most commonly employed forest silvicultural treatments. Trees are partially removed from a forest in order to manage tree competition, thus favoring the remaining and often the most valuable trees. The properties of the soil are affected by forest thinning as a result of changes in key microclimatic conditions, microbial communities and biomass, root density, nutrient budgets and organic matter turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the soil microbial biomass C, N and respiration (basal respiration) in a black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) forest in the Mudurnu district of Bolu Province (Western Black Sea Region, Turkey). Whereas forest thinning was found to cause increases in the soil temperature, microbial biomass C and N and organic C, it was found to decrease the soil moisture, basal respiration and metabolic quotient (qCO2). As expected, soil organic C exhibited a strong impact on soil microbial biomass C, N and basal respiration. It was concluded that the influence of forest thinning on the microbial biomass and soil respiration was the combined result of changing microclimatic conditions and soil properties, such as forest litter, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH and soil organic matter. | A 49-year-old woman with traumatic brain injury after an automobile accident is found to have raised intracranial pressure, and hyperosmolar therapy is recommended. Hyperosmolar therapy with either hypertonic saline or mannitol reduces intracranial pressure by reducing brain volume. | eng_Latn | 9,545 |
Efficient Grit Collection by Modern Pista Grit Chamber | Various grit collection systems for water and wastewater treatment have been used. In the last decade in Australia the Pista Grit Chamber has become one of the most common systems preferred. Since the first installations in 1974 various attempts have been made by a number of equipment suppliers for a better grit trap. This paper will summarise one of the designs for vortex-type grit collectors. The body of the paper will be spent in detailing the features which we consider will produce the most efficient and economical grit collection system for a specific duty. Specific attention will be made to grit collection efficiency over the normal grit spectrum considered in water and wastewater treatment applications. Various fallacies exist as to what makes an efficient grit collection system. Features will be examined to analyse their advantage or disadvantage in efficient grit collection systems. Finally the optimum designs for grit collection in a large open channel flow will be explained. | The team at PIPS (Productivity, Irrigation, Pests and Soils project) recently investigated biochar and compost soil amendments to assess its potential for improving the productivity and sustainability of apple orchards. | eng_Latn | 9,546 |
Conversion, GMO crops - UK Soil Association Organic Standards 2005 | A 5-year period is required from the harvest of any previous genetically modified crop before the land where it was grown may become fully organic. Soil Association Organic Standards. Paragraph 3.6.17. | The present paPer studies the transformations that have taken place in the field of intensive agriculture in the province of Almeria. The various factors that have originated the above mentioned transformations, as well as the processes, their innovative characteristics and the extent of their use are presented and discussed. | oci_Latn | 9,547 |
Effects of Long-term Organic and Mineral N-fertilisation on Soil Microarthropods in Berlin (Germany), Madrid (Spain) and Tartu (Estonia) | Soil micro-arthropods play an important role in the nutrient cycle of agro-ecosystems and are considered to have a strong impact on microbial activity. The occurance of soil microarthropods was investigated in the International Organic Long-Term Field Experiment (IOSDV). The investigation took place in the experimental fields of Berlin/Germany, Madrid/Spain and Tartu/Estonia. Field plots "without organic fertisation", "farmyard manure" and "straw-beet-leaves-green manure" without mineral N-fertilisation and with 120kg/ha mineral N-fertilisation respectively have been investigated. Data shows that the effects of organic manure and mineral N-fertilisation are considerably influenced by specific site characteristics. The highest abundances were found in the experimental field of Madrid. In the two nothern sites soil microarthropods were found only in very low quantities. Data indicates that not only organic manure but also mineral N-fertilisation may influence the abundance of soil micro-arthropods positively. | Different systems act as one of the most promising forms of integration in the urban planning structure. In the process of formation of plans for social and economic development of major cities more often, there is a situation, when the improvement of resources efficiency needs not just a concentration of effort, but also some new and innovative forms of building production organization. It is proposed to establish in Odessa the "Corporate Scientific and Technical Complex of urban planning energy renovation" as an innovative organizational structure which practically uses the accumulated scientific and technical potential for the reconstruction of historic buildings in Odessa in 1820–920 using energy efficiency standards. It is necessary to organize courses in the form of accelerated training for workers of the occupation "master of finishing construction work" specialty "plasterer" for "KNTK GERek" effective functioning. | eng_Latn | 9,548 |
Scaling up our understanding of non-consumptive effects in insect systems | Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators on prey is an important topic in insect ecology with potential applications for pest management. NCEs are changes in prey behavior and physiology that aid in predation avoidance. While NCEs can have positive outcomes for prey survival there may also be negative consequences including increased stress and reduced growth. These effects can cascade through trophic systems influencing ecosystem function. Most NCEs have been studied at small spatial and temporal scales. However, recent studies show promise for the potential to manipulate NCEs for pest management. We suggest the next frontier for NCE studies includes manipulating the landscape of fear to improve pest control, which requires scaling-up to field and landscape levels, over ecologically relevant time frames. | This paper models an electricity producing firm's ex ante choice of technology for a generating plant in a way that recognizes that planned output is best described by a load increment composed of an instantaneous rate and a time duration and that the cost of capital equipment is dependent on the size and fuel efficiency of the plant. We estimate the cost of equipment function for a sample of plants and use the results to simulate the ex ante average cost surface over a grid of load increments. The major finding of the paper is that plant size has relatively little effect on the average cost, while the plant utilization factor is the major element leading to reductions in average cost as cumulative output expands. | eng_Latn | 9,549 |
Expanded dengue syndrome in secondary dengue infection: A case of biopsy proven rhabdomyolysis induced acute kidney injury with intracranial and intraorbital bleeds | Dengue fever is endemic in the Indian subcontinent and can have myriad presentations. The term expanded dengue syndrome (EDS) is used for atypical manifestations in dengue fever. We present a rare case of EDS in a patient with secondary dengue infection who developed rhabdomyolysis induced acute kidney injury (RAKI) along with intracranial and intraorbital bleeds. Patient was successfully managed in our institute and was discharged in stable condition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only reported case of simultaneous occurrence of these complications in a dengue patient. This case is being presented to make clinicians aware of the spectrum of dengue infection. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,550 |
Two new combinations in the South Sudanese flora | Two new combinations are made in preparation for a forthcoming checklist of the plants of Sudan and South Sudan: Dicliptera lanceolata (Lindau) I. Darbysh. & Kordofani (Acanthaceae), a South Sudan endemic, and Campylospermum likimiense (De Wild.) I. Darbysh. & Kordofani (Ochnaceae), recorded from South Sudan and Ethiopia to Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lectotypes are designated for each name. The habitat and ecology, distribution within South Sudan and conservation status are presented for each species. | We investigated the sediment-seawater solute flux at five sites in the polluted Avon-Heathcote Estuary, New Zealand, to provide a point of comparison for future studies of the effects of the closure of a major wastewater outfall into the estuary. Sediments collected in winters 2007 and 2008, and summer 2008, ranked consistently in organic matter content. Microelectrode profiling and sediment-core incubations revealed (1) a dominant role of microphytes in regulating solute flux causing significant differences in the dark and light sediment O₂ consumption (R(d), R(l)), total sediment O₂ utilisation (TOU(d), TOU(l)), and inorganic nutrient flux, (2) consistent ranking of sites in solute flux, and (3) a clear solute-flux signature of the wastewater effluent. Sediment near the wastewater outfall exhibited the highest absolute R and TOU(,) the lowest ratio R(l)/R(d,) the highest dark efflux of dissolved reactive phosphorus and ammonium, and the highest dark and light uptake of nitrate+nitrite. | eng_Latn | 9,551 |
Effects of intercropping peanut on soil nutrient status and microbial activity within young Camellia oleifera plantation | ABSTRACTA two-year field trial was conducted to compare the effects of intercropping with peanut and Camellia oleifera monoculture on soil characteristics, nutrients status as well as soil microbial activity in a young C. oleifera plantation on latosolic red soil. Compared with C. oleifera monoculture, the soil porosity in intercropping C. oleifera with peanut was increased by 11.45 and 8.41%, the electrical conductivity by 14.74 and 16.90%, the rhizosphere fungi populations by 21.46 and 15.38%, the rhizosphere bacterial populations by 52.19 and 43.87%, soil organic matter (SOM) by 4.72 and 5.69%, the available nitrogen (N) by 10.71 and 14.51%, available calcium (Ca) by 10.53 and 17.39% and available magnesium (Mg) by 18.18 and 20.00% in 2012 and 2013, respectively. However, intercropping significantly reduced soil bulk density, soil total and exchangeable phosphorus (P), soil total and exchangeable potassium (K) and exchangeable aluminum (Al) in both years. Therefore, the beneficial effect may be attribu... | During the past three decades, the rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) ::: in India significantly contributed to enhancing food grain production and ::: achieving food self-sufficiency and food security. The production system ::: now is under threat due to stagnating or declining total factor ::: productivity. Legumes can play a significant role in enhancing the factor ::: productivity of this most important and productive production system in ::: the country. Ironically, rice and wheat have replaced the principal ::: legumes over a period of time. With the availability of high-yielding and ::: short-duration varieties of important legumes, there is a need to ::: incorporate them in RWCS to improve the sustainability of the system so ::: as to meet future food grain demands without degradation of the natural ::: resource base. | eng_Latn | 9,552 |
Chemical reduction of an insoluble higher oxide of manganese by plant roots | Abstract Sterile and non‐sterile roots of sunflower seedlings were shown to reduce an insoluble higher oxide of Mn directly. Non‐sterile roots of 12 other plant species were also shown to be capable of the same reduction. | Abstract This paper involves a comparative analysis of cross-sectional changes at selected reaches of a lowland river, flowing through the areas of mineral and organic soils. The comparisons were made at the background of design and execution assumptions from the period 1967–1971. Main processes, responsible for the observed changes of riverbeds in mineral soils (silting, conservation works) and organic soils (subsidence, disappearance of the peat deposit), were identified. In case of organic soils, the decrease of cross-sectional area by approximately from 30 to 60% was estimated in comparison to the original project assumptions, and the subsidence of river banks reached even 0.5 m in relation to the level determined in 1967. In the area of mineral soils, more considerable variability of cross-sectional area was noted along with minor changes of river banks elevation, that resulted most likely from the performed maintenance works. | eng_Latn | 9,553 |
Water Pollution Caused by Washing Powder Including Phosphorus | This paper mainly gives a review on the concept of the eutrophication in water system and the pecuniary loss caused by it (e. g. Red Tide, Water Bloom); Then it puts forward the reason why we must ban phosphorus, the function that we add phosphorus into traditional synthetic washing powder, and the course of eutrophication in water system caused by phosphorus after it runs into water system. With the exception of that, the thesis introduces the standard that we judge the eutrophication in water system and the situation of phosphate banned at home and abroad nowadays. | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,554 |
Evaluation of Testing Environments in Winter Wheat | Testing environmental quality were evaluated on six sets of environments from 1985 through 1989 and nine sets of environments from 1990 through 1994. Ten or twelve genotypes were grown in each set and in each year. The evaluative model proposed by Brown K D is a linear regression. The results suggest that a set has a high regression coefficient is better able to discriminate between genotypes. | Abstract : Experimentation Data Process: *Lockheed Martin experimentation at the Center for Innovation, -Constructive Simulations, -Human-in-the-Loop Simulation; *Two main issues; -Data Extraction/Storage, -Data Manipulation/Reduction; *Early Experimentation (2006 Processes), -Post Run extraction, -Manual reduction/consolidation; *Current Experimentation (2007 Processes), -Real-Time and Post Run extraction, -Hyperion Intelligence for Data reduction | eng_Latn | 9,555 |
Non-chemical approaches to weed control in horticulture | Concern about herbicide safety has renewed interest in non-chemical systems of weed control. Alternative approaches for dealing with weeds can be broadly grouped into cultural and biological methods. Some of the options available for controlling weeds without the use of herbicides are discussed. | During the past three decades, the rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) ::: in India significantly contributed to enhancing food grain production and ::: achieving food self-sufficiency and food security. The production system ::: now is under threat due to stagnating or declining total factor ::: productivity. Legumes can play a significant role in enhancing the factor ::: productivity of this most important and productive production system in ::: the country. Ironically, rice and wheat have replaced the principal ::: legumes over a period of time. With the availability of high-yielding and ::: short-duration varieties of important legumes, there is a need to ::: incorporate them in RWCS to improve the sustainability of the system so ::: as to meet future food grain demands without degradation of the natural ::: resource base. | eng_Latn | 9,556 |
Alternaria alternata in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Acala: Effects on gas exchange, yield components and yield accumulation | The effect ofAlternaria alternata on gas exchange proceses, on total yield and on yield components in cottonGossypium hirsutum cv. Acala SJ-2, was examined under field conditions. Variations in disease severity levels were achieved by using three fungicide treatments (Fentin Acetate). Disease developed more rapidly on the upper canopy layer (>661 cm height) than on lower ones. Infections were not accompanied by leaf shedding. The main effect of the disease was a reduction on bolls' number. A significant increase in seedcotton and lint yield, as compared to the untreated control, was achieved by applying fungicides. It was found that omitting early and late applications was not followed by significant yield reduction. Alternaria leaf spot reduced photosynthetic rate more and transpiration rate less, than could be explained by the extent of infected leaf area alone. | Outline Motivation & background work at the JRC EU agricultural emissions in perspective Methodology: CAPRI Model Scenario assumptions Main results Limitations Conclusions Conclusions •Without further action, agricultural GHG emissions in the EU-28 are projected to decrease by 2.3% by 2030 compared to 2005. •The setting of GHG emission reduction obligations for the EU agriculture sector without financial support shows important production effects, especially in the EU livestock sector •The decreases in domestic production are partially offset by production increases in other parts of the world (leakage) •Adverse effects on EU agricultural production and emission leakage are significantly reduced if subsidies are paid for the application of technological emission mitigation options… however, with considerable budgetary costs to trigger adoption | eng_Latn | 9,557 |
UTILIZING WASTE AND RECYCLED MATERIALS IN FLY ASH FIBER-REINFORCED MORTAR | This experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of fiber type and mixing proportion on the strength and durability of fiber-reinforced mortar with fly ash. The compressive strength was not significantly affected by sand-binder ratio, but flexural strength increased as sand-binder ratio increased. Increasing the volume of fly ash resulted in a decrease in compressive and flexural strength, flexural toughness, and air permeability, but this result may be attributed to the slow curing speed of fly ash. Polypropylene and recycled fiber mortars exhibited similar behavior. | Abstract In microcosms containing soil from a mixed deciduous forest, we examined the nutrient release from feces of phytophagous insects through coprophagous behavior of saprophagous soil animals during 12 weeks of decomposition. The decomposition of feces of Operophthera fagata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) fed on beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) released more cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + ) into the soil than the decomposition of beech litter, whether or not woodlice, Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus (Isopoda: Oniscidea), were present. Similarly, the C/N ratio of the soil was lower in assays with feces than in those with leaf litter. Coprophagy by isopods resulted in decreased C/N ratio of the soil. Respiratory activity of soil microbiota was greater when woodlice degraded Operophthera feces than when they degraded beech litter for 12 weeks. The present study provides evidence for nutrient release from the feces of phytophagous insects into the soil through the feeding activity of coprophagous soil animals. | yue_Hant | 9,558 |
Enumerating low densities of genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora in soil. | An inexpensive, quantitative, and sensitive technique was developed for detection of genetically engineered Erwinia carotovora in soil samples. Enrichment media, antibiotic resistance, and most probable number (MPN) analysis were used to enumerate as few as 1 to 10 target cells/10 g soil. The MPN technique recovered significantly higher cell densities than plating; however, densities estimated by the two techniques were strongly correlated. After inoculation of soil microcosms with genetically engineered E. carotovora, a decline rate of 1.2 log units/g soil/10 days and then subsequent disappearance was observed using the MPN technique. | Abstrcat Taking a sand-grown plant garden for example, the garden's natural conditions and land use actuality are analyzed, and the landscape ecological construction goal of the garden is proposed. A study is conducted on the ecological design of the garden landscape. | eng_Latn | 9,559 |
Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation in Post-Agricultural Soils under the Influence Birch Stands | The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects birch renewal on the soil organic carbon accumulation and on dehydrogenase activity. We selected 12 research plots with birch stands of different ages (1–4 years, 5–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13–17 years) to determine soil texture, pH, total carbon and nitrogen levels, and base cation content. The total organic carbon stock was calculated for the soil profiles. Additionally, dehydrogenase activity was determined. Naturally regenerated birch stands on post-agricultural land facilitated carbon accumulation. Based on our results, dehydrogenase activity is useful in assessing the condition of post-agricultural soils, and its determination allowed for us to assess the processes occurring in post-agricultural soils that are associated with the formation and carbon distribution. | Background ::: Smallholders have begun to take advantage of a growing pool of investment in climate change mitigation. Meanwhile, early movers in this area are working to develop innovative models that will allow projects to be financially sustainable and scalable while benefiting local actors. This study focuses on two of these projects in East Africa, managed by Vi Agroforestry in Kenya and ECOTRUST in Uganda. They engaged in a participatory action research process to identify ways that local actors could take on expanded roles within the projects. | eng_Latn | 9,560 |
Optimalizace svozu komunálního odpadu ve vybrané firmě | The final thesis deals with optimization of rubbish removal for Hradecke služby a.s. Essential legislative, technical and technological means used in waste management are mentioned here. Moreover, methods of operational research used in removal tasks are mentioned. An important part of the work is an example of optimization solution of rubbish removal route in Hradec Kralove. | Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens forest is an important forest resource in south China.The result of balanced fertilization in the intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantations showed that the balanced fertilization could significantly increase the DBH of the plants,improve the quality of bamboo shoot and consequently increase the economic incomes.It was indicated by analyses of net income of the intensively bred bamboo plantation that N_2P_1K_2 was the best fertilizer combination,which could yield the greatest economic benefits.It was demonstrated that the balanced fertilization could not only avoid environmental pollution,save fertilizers but also increase the productivity of Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation and the economic benefits of the cultivation.So the balanced fertilization was one of the approaches to ensure economic and ecological benefits of intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation in south China. | ces_Latn | 9,561 |
Effects of Irrigation Modes on Photosynthetic Characters and Water Use Efficiency of Soybean | Three irrigation modes of uniform irrigation(UI),fixed furrow irrigation(FFI)and alternative furrow irrigation(AFI)were operated at flowering,podding and seed filling of soybean,with single furrow irrigation amount of 60,45 and 30 mm respectively,with no irrigation as control.Irrigation increased photosynthetic rate and yield of soybean evidently.The soil water use efficiency of AFI 45 mm was the highest,and there were no significant differences of the photosynthetic rate at R4 and seed yield between AFI 45 mm and AFI 60 mm.Hence,AFI 45 mm was the best irrigation mode base on the view of yield increasing and water saving. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,562 |
Electrode with improved performance strength | Electrode (El) with improved power resistance comprising an electrode and a metal different from the metal electrode further electrode material, wherein - the electrode (El) is 0.001 to 20 atomic percent of the other electrode material, - the electrode metal and the further electrode material present in homogeneous mixing, - the further electrode material as the electrode metal has a higher diffusion coefficient in the metal electrodes in themselves and - the concentration of the further electrode material within the electrode with increasing distance from the surface of the electrode decreases monotonically. | Summary ::: ::: The addition of 0.07 per cent Fe or more in the form of polycations decreased the total area of cracks and increased the number of transmissive pores of soils after simulated rainfall and drying. This resulted in increased per cent emergence and lower mean day of emergence of wheat plants. Per cent emergence (.v) was negatively correlated with penetrometer resistance (x). ::: ::: ::: ::: The increased germination was followed by greater plant growth, including increased plant height and yield. The Fe polycation treatments had no significant effect on root length measured at harvest. | eng_Latn | 9,563 |
Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) Versus Dilution Tunnel Sampling | Two sampling methods have received increased attention recently because of their ability to collect particulate and organic emissions from combustion sources (Huisingh et al., 1978; Lewtas, in press). One method of sampling, represented by the Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS), is designed to collect and size-classify particulate and to collect nonparticulate organic and inorganic materials at source conditions. The second method, represented by various types of dilution tunnel, is designed to collect total particulate and particulate-bound organic material at conditions which approximate ambient environment. | In order to definite the appropriate irrigation quota and water percentage of well-canal irrigation quota,with the wheat varieties yumai57 as the materials,the effects of irrigation quota and proportion of well-canal water on tiller number,dry matter amount,plant height,yield and soil salinity in the people's Shengliqu irrigation area were studied.The results showed that soil salt content under pure well water irrigation was bigger than that under canal water irrigation.Irrigation water quota and proportion of well-canal water were the important factors affecting dry matter accumulation of winter wheat.Irrigation water quota of 900m3/hm2 and the canal-well water proportion of 33% were recommended. | kor_Hang | 9,564 |
Cultivar Difference in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Strawberry Plants Grown by Capillary Watering Method | The means of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi [Gigaspora margarita, Glomus fasciculatum, Gl. mosseae, Gl. sp. R10, Gl. aggregatum] were investigated in four strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch., cv. Tochiotome, Toyonoka, Nyoho and Nohime) cultivars in Japan. Twelve weeks after inoculation, growth parameters were measured. Number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots, dry weights of leaves and roots showed significantly greater values in Glomus fasciculatum plot than in non-inoculated plot in ‘Tochiotome’ and ‘Toyonoka’, in Gl. mosseae plot of ‘Nyoho’ and ‘Nohime’. AM fungal infection occurred in all combinations of strawberry cultivars and AM fungal species, though the infection level differed among the combinations. In this case, Glomus fasciculatum had high affinity with ‘Tochiotome’ and ‘Toyonoka’, and Gl. mosseae with ‘Nyoho’ and ‘Nohime’. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,565 |
UV-specific p53 and PTCH mutations in sporadic basal cell carcinoma of sun-exposed skin. | UVB irradiation is known to produce DNA damage at mutation hotspots in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, leading to the development of skin cancers. Mutations in the PTCH tumor suppressor gene, which is known to be responsible for the development of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, have also been identified in sporadic basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). We describe the case of an 80-year-old welder in whom 3 novel p53 mutations, as well as UV-specific PTCH mutations, were detected in two BCC samples from sun-exposed skin. The simultaneous presence of UV-specific p53 and PTCH mutations in the same BCC sample has not previously been reported. | An agreement between the governments of the province of Quebec and the State of Vermont calls for a 41% decrease in phosphorus (P) loads reaching Missisquoi Bay, the northern portion of Lake Champlain. The agreement particularly targets the agricultural sector, since 80% of non-point source P inputs to the bay are associated with cultivated lands. In order to identify sustainable cropping practices likely to help meet the target P loads, the SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) model was employed to assess hydrological performance, erosion processes and P mobility on the bay’s principal Quebec P contributing tributary, the 630 km2 Pike River watershed. Strong in-watershed spatial clustering of vulnerability to non-point source exports highlights the need for targeted implementation of sustainable agricultural practices and soil conservation works to derive the reduction in P loads. Planting cover crops over the 10% most vulnerable lands would result in roughly a 21% d rop in overall P exports at the wate... | eng_Latn | 9,566 |
Kinetics of non-enzymatic oxidation reactions: browning in white wines | Abstract The influence of different post-fermentation treatments intended to afford protection against non-enzymatic browning was studied in a series of varietal wines produced on an industrial scale using a sequential association of yeasts. In view of the complexity of the browning reactions and the difficulty in elucidating the reaction mechanism and in deriving a single precise kinetic equation describing that mechanism, three simple models for approximating the browning reactions have been proposed based on experimental data. An equation which combined both zero order and first order kinetics provided a satisfactory description of non-enzymatic browning in the wines tested. All other factors being equal, the values of the two rate constants depend upon wine variety and temperature. | Earthworm digested wastes (vermicompost) are being produced in increasing quantities and there is much interest in developing new markets for these products. In this paper, the responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Einstein and Xi19) to vermicompost additions and to combinations of vermicompost and inorganic NPK fertilizer in field and glasshouse environments are considered. Plant response was determined by measuring a range of ontogenetic parameters (plant growth, chlorophyll content, fertile ears, tiller number and grain yield). The individual treatments involved the addition of 1, 10 and 30 t ha−1 of vermicompost to soil, or the coapplication of 1, 10 and 30 t ha−1 of vermicompost plus NPK fertilizer where the N addition rate was normalized to 150 kg N ha−1. Photosynthetic pigment development, plant growth, and yield were reduced in all treatments in the absence of inorganic fertilizer. However, all coapplication treatments resulted in similar yields to NPK fertilizer alone in both field and glass... | eng_Latn | 9,567 |
Immediate and subsequent effects of drying and rewetting on microbial biomass in a paddy soil | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | The physicochemical characteristics of eight samples of lifin, a traditional maize market flour of Benin, were determined. They had very similar proximate composition and a median particle size (PSm) under 200 μm; four, having a PSm under 180 μm, can be considered as fine or very fine and should be preferred by consumers. The grains of twenty-one maize cultivars of Benin including local ecotypes (5) and new cultivars (16) were physicochemically characterized and were tested for their ability to give fine whole grain flours. The five local ecotypes presented common traits such as high friability, low vitreousness, and dent kernel percentage giving relatively fine flours with low damaged starch content. On the contrary, most new cultivars had vitreous and hard grains and half gave very coarse flours with PSm over 200 μm. The more friable the grain was, the finer the whole grain flour it gave and the lower damaged starch it contained. | eng_Latn | 9,568 |
Produtividade da alface americana submetida a diferentes lâminas de irrigação | With the aim of minimizing the difficulties faced by the producers on cultivating the crisphead lettuce (Lactuta sativa L), specifically those related to the lack of technical information about the quantity of water to be applied, a study was made in order to determine the effect of various water depths on crisphead lettuce yielding characteristics. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Lavras, from October to December 2008 in greenhouse. A randomized block design with five treatments and four repetitions was applied. The treatments, consisting of the five respective evaporation factors; , 0.30 EVm; 0.60 EVm; 0.90 EVm; 1.20 EVm; 1.50 EVm (evaporate depth), were done according to an evaporated depth of a reduced pan. The results showed that: The maximum commercial yield, 36.5 t ha -1 , was estimated by applying a 164.8 mm depth, which corresponded to a water reposition factor of 98 %; the highest water usage efficiency (962.45 kg ha -1 mm -1 ) was attained when an irrigation depth of | Arising from T. F. Keenan et al. , 324–327 (2013)10.1038/nature12291 ::: Forests in North America and northern Europe increased their water-use efficiency (WUE)—the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 uptake to water loss through evapotranspiration—over the last two decades, according to a recent Letter1. Keenan et al. attribute the rising WUE to fertilization by increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 (ref. 1), although biosphere models predict this effect to be much smaller than the observed trend. Here, I show that falling concentrations of ozone and other phytotoxic air pollutants, which were not considered in ref. 1, may explain part of the WUE trend. Future efforts to reconcile biosphere models with field data should, therefore, use integrated modelling approaches that include both air quality and CO2 effects on forest growth and water use. There is a Reply to this Brief Communication Arising by Keenan, T. F. et al. Nature 507, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13114 ::: (2014). | por_Latn | 9,569 |
A Review on Bio-macromolecular Imprinted Sensors and Their Applications | Abstract Molecular imprinted technology has been maturely applied to analyze and detect small molecular organic compounds, also increasingly applied in biological macromolecules assay. This review addresses the perspective of bio-macromolecular imprinted sensors and their applications, including optical molecular imprinted sensors, electrochemical molecular imprinted sensors and mass-sensitive molecular imprinted sensors. In addition, the opportunities, challenges, and further research orientations of molecular imprinted sensors for bio-macromolecules detection were prospected. | Purpose ::: Shifts of microbial biomass and functional diversity under different vegetation patterns can impact the soil processes, and the specific knowledge about this can be used to develop sound vegetation restoration strategies. This study was devoted to examine the effects of different vegetation patterns on microbial biomass and functional diversity and explore the relationship between soil erosion and soil microbial properties under typical erosion conditions of the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. | eng_Latn | 9,570 |
Effect of plastic covering and nitrogen fertilization on yield and quality of early potatoes | The effect of agrotextile covering and the nitrogen fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha) on the yield and tuber quality of very early potato cultivars (‘Aster’, ‘Drop’) was investigated. The potatoes were harvested 60 days after planting. In the year with cold spring, the agrotextile covering allowed to obtain the tuber yield 2-times higher, than that without covering, but in the years with warmer springs the covering effectiveness was not substantial. The covering caused higher increase in tuber yield of ‘Aster’. The covering resulted in an increase of the dry matter content in tubers by 1.29% and starch by 0.45%. The nitrogen fertilization had no effect on the yield and quality of potato tubers. Wanda Wadas, Romualda Jablonska-Ceglarek, Edyta Kosterna 42 | ABSTRACTSalinity stress alleviation through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application and sodium (Na) localization in strawberry plants were investigated. A greenhouse experiment in a complete... | eng_Latn | 9,571 |
Studies on uterine flushings in the baboon. 3. Immunochemical composition in animals with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. | Abstract The immunochemical composition of uterine flushings and blood plasma taken from baboons, either with or without intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD's), in the early secretory phase of the cycle was determined by quantitative electrophoresis. Characteristic, but dissimilar, patterns were obtained from the flushings and plasma; they were unaffected by the presence of an IUD. Nine components were demonstrable in the uterine flushings, and at least as many were found in the plasma. In the IUD-fitted animals, the level of one uterine component, considered to be transferrin (electrophoretic mobility [Mr] = 0.50), was significantly raised, while that of a blood plasma constituent (Mr = 0.17) was significantly lowered. The relation of these findings to comparable studies in women and lower mammals and their possible implications on the mode of action of IUD's are discussed. | Computer models for fertilizer recommendation used in Croatia and Hungary are created regarding to soil properties, agroecological conditions and most frequent crops. Development of special profiles of agriculture have been generated need for more adjusted and more specific computer models. Basic models include soil chemical properties as pH, P, K and humus content as essential data. The importance of additional analyses and data (describing soil elasticity, heavy metals) depends on crops and soil properties. The aim of this paper was to describe procedures of models used in Croatia and Hungary for fertilizer recommendation and to describe model specificity regarding to special profile of agriculture. | eng_Latn | 9,572 |
Toxic effects for plants of cleaning products used at home | This research has been carried out as part of the project “Contaminacion cotidiana”, one of the initiatives of Andalucia Mejor con Ciencia supported by Fundacion Descubre. | A study was carried out within nine 11-year-old stands of Pinus radiata in two forests, to assess relationships between productivity and soil factors. Stand variables of stocking, dominant height, diameter, basal area and volume were assessed on a plot basis. For each stand, slope and elevation were also determined. Soil samples were collected and chemically analysed. Within the study area, there was high variation between soil parent materials and this was reflected in productivity. Mean merchantable volume for stands was significantly different between soil parent materials and ranged from 3 to 128 m3 ha−1. Soil parent material was found to be the best differentiating factor of productivity, but improvements in prediction were possible using other soil parameters. Exchangeable calcium was the soil chemical factor found to be most significantly related to productivity. The pooling of soil parent materials into groups to allow for more efficient management planning is discussed. | eng_Latn | 9,573 |
Efficacy Evaluation of Sodium Nitroprusside Combined with Dopamine in Treatment of Acute Heart Failure | Objective To evaluate the efficacy of combination use of sodium nitroprusside and dopamine in treatment of acute heart failure(AHF).Methods 66 cases of AHF patients were divided into observation group and control group.Control group:conventional therapy observation groupxonventional treatment plus sodium nitroprusside and dopamine.Results After treatment,the improvement of cardiac function in observation group was more significant than in control group(P0.05 or P0.01 );LVEF、SV、FS in observation group and SVXVEF in control group were better than before treatment,with significant differences(P0.05 or P0.01).After treatment,FS in observation group was better than that in control group(P0.01).During treatment,no obvious adverse reactions were found in the two groups.Conclusion Combination use of sodium nitroprusside and dopamine in treatment of acute heart failure has better efficacy. | In this paper,using the design of quadratic common rotation including four factors and five levels,the basic effect model between density,nitrogenous fertilizer,phosphate fertilizer,potash fertilizer and the above-ground biomass of single tree of 5-year-old Eucalyptus Grandis plantation was established in Yi Bin Gao county Sichuan.By the testing,it conformed to the precision.Based on the interactive effect of the model,the results showed that there was obvious synergistic effect between nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer.On the other hand,it was inconspicuous between nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer as well as between phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer.By the frequency analysis for regression model, when the 4 factors of density,N,P and K are in the confidence limit of 95%,the combination high yield cultivated pattern was the following:density 1860-1935 trees/hm~2,N 56-64 g/tree,P 47-56g/tree,K 37-46g/tree. | eng_Latn | 9,574 |
Evaluation of Rhizobium meliloti strains indigenous to Sonoran Desert soils by plasmid profile and intrinsic antibiotic resistance | In Arizona, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is not normally inoculated and yet yields are high due to biological nitrogen fixation by indigenous strains of Rhizobium meliloti. The objectives of this study were 1.) to determine the dominant R. meliloti strains indigenous to the Southwest, 2.) to evaluate environmental factors influencing the distribution of these dominant strains, and 3.) to assess the effectiveness of those indigenous strains on a locally adapted alfalfa cultivar. | All places surveyed are included in the zone of serpentin. Almost all hills are slided and collapsed and they have no big tree. The reservoir is being filled with a large amount of slided materials. Four places were chosen along the road for the present survey where some special features of the land-slide were respectively observed and resistivities of serpentin could be distinguished from that of the other material. We have had such a conclusion ac that the resistivity method will be useful for the survey of the land-slide in this district. | eng_Latn | 9,575 |
Effects of riparian land use changes on soil aggregates and organic carbon | Abstract Soil aggregation processes play a crucial role in re-establishing soil structure and function, and protecting soil organic carbon (SOC) to sustain soil fertility and quality. There is a strong interest in preventing soil erosion in the interface of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. The relationship between soil aggregates and SOC in riparian zones is not as well studied as in terrestrial ecosystems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conversion of abandoned lands to cultivated lands on organic carbon (C) and soil structure. Soil samples and plant residues were collected from abandoned lands and cultivated lands which had been converted from abandoned lands over 10 years ago. Results show that SOC content and storage increases by 1.64 times and 6.75 Mg hm−2, respectively, after the land use change. For cultivated lands, 11.94% of macro-aggregates (>2 mm) were broken into micro-aggregates ( | Water quality information regarding grasslands in the Southern Plains of Oklahoma and Texas in sparse. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the area's surface and ground-water quality is influenced by native and introduced grass management practices. Concentrations and amounts of sediment, N, and P in surface runoff water were determined for 14,1-to 6-ha watersheds in the Reddish Prairie and Rolling Red Plain land resource areas for periods of 3 to 13 yr [] | eng_Latn | 9,576 |
STUDY ON PREPARATION AND ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF MESOPOROUS CARBONS | The mesoporous carbons via the template method,tetraethoxy silane(TEOS)acted as the source of the template silica and phenol - formaldehyde resins as the carbon precursor,was prepared. FT - IR, SEM, N2 adsorption isotherms phenol formaldehyde and VB12 saturable adsorption were used to study on the pore structure and adsorption capacity of the prepared DKT carbon. The results showed that the pore diameter of porous carbon obtained by the template method was distributed in the range of 2nm~7nm,the mesoporous percent reached at 74. 6% ,with a high BET surface areas(SBET),1 012 m2/g. formaldehyde and VB12 saturation adsorption results indicated the mesoporous carbon had a better adsorption ability,especially for macromolecule. It explained that the template method could remarkably control the size of por ous carbon's diameter by controlling the hydrolysis of TEOS. | Outline Motivation & background work at the JRC EU agricultural emissions in perspective Methodology: CAPRI Model Scenario assumptions Main results Limitations Conclusions Conclusions •Without further action, agricultural GHG emissions in the EU-28 are projected to decrease by 2.3% by 2030 compared to 2005. •The setting of GHG emission reduction obligations for the EU agriculture sector without financial support shows important production effects, especially in the EU livestock sector •The decreases in domestic production are partially offset by production increases in other parts of the world (leakage) •Adverse effects on EU agricultural production and emission leakage are significantly reduced if subsidies are paid for the application of technological emission mitigation options… however, with considerable budgetary costs to trigger adoption | yue_Hant | 9,577 |
Ecosystem Functioning: How Much System Is Needed to Explain Function? | Summary Biological communities are assembling, re-assembling, and changing worldwide. How will shifts in community composition alter ecosystem functioning? New research shows that earthworms alter community composition and 52% of measured functions, an important step toward understanding changes in whole ecosystem performance. | This paper models an electricity producing firm's ex ante choice of technology for a generating plant in a way that recognizes that planned output is best described by a load increment composed of an instantaneous rate and a time duration and that the cost of capital equipment is dependent on the size and fuel efficiency of the plant. We estimate the cost of equipment function for a sample of plants and use the results to simulate the ex ante average cost surface over a grid of load increments. The major finding of the paper is that plant size has relatively little effect on the average cost, while the plant utilization factor is the major element leading to reductions in average cost as cumulative output expands. | eng_Latn | 9,578 |
Biosynthesis of cocaine and cuscohygrine in Erythroxylon coca | DL-[5-14C]Ornithine is a specific precursor of cocaine and cuscohygrine, and a degradation of the latter alkaloid suggests that this amino-acid is incorporated via a symmetrical intermediate. | The present invention discloses a method Eupatorium carbonization, comprising the steps of: a) grinding: Eupatorium were crushed and straw; 2) stirring and drying: straw pulverized and broken Eupatorium end were mixed and stirred evenly drying; 3) compression molding: the fines mixture was pressed under pressure into rods; 4) carbonization: the stick into the carbonization furnace for carbonization. Bauhinia Zeeland present invention will be used as raw materials for production by not only solve the crowding out native plants Eupatorium; intrusion economic woodland and farmland, cultivated affect plant growth; clogged drains and blocking traffic; livestock eating can cause illness and even death, animal husbandry and other hazards, and will Eupatorium processed into charcoal, turning waste into treasure. At the same time, lower the cost of production Eupatorium charring, can bring greater economic benefits, the production process is simple. | eng_Latn | 9,579 |
Carbon-nitrogen metabolism of soil fungi—IV | SummaryWhen mat weight and nitrogen in the mat is considered as a criteria of growth, the efficiency of carbon sources is of the same order irrespective of the nature of the nitrogen source in the medium. Fusaria utilize nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen in the presence of various carbon sources. That nitrogen, metabolism is a function of carbon source is brought out by the different rates of growth and their nitrogen accumulation in the mycelium. | Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens forest is an important forest resource in south China.The result of balanced fertilization in the intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantations showed that the balanced fertilization could significantly increase the DBH of the plants,improve the quality of bamboo shoot and consequently increase the economic incomes.It was indicated by analyses of net income of the intensively bred bamboo plantation that N_2P_1K_2 was the best fertilizer combination,which could yield the greatest economic benefits.It was demonstrated that the balanced fertilization could not only avoid environmental pollution,save fertilizers but also increase the productivity of Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation and the economic benefits of the cultivation.So the balanced fertilization was one of the approaches to ensure economic and ecological benefits of intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation in south China. | eng_Latn | 9,580 |
Spatial and temporal changes of soil nutrients of spring maize field in the Loess Plateau under conservation tillage | Three kinds of farming measures were adopted,such as no tillage(NT),conventional tillage + straw returning(TS) and conventional tillage(CT),to study the effects of different tillage treatments on soil nutrient content of spring maize field in the Loess Plateau for three consecutive years.The results show that soil organic matter content turns a rising trend under conservation tillage with the growing period,in which the soil organic matter content in arable layer was significantly higher than that under other two treatments;Conservation tillage makes the soil nitrogen enrichment up to the surface of soil;The available phosphorus is increasing slightly under conservation tillage,which is obvious in the harvest time and is significantly different from that under TS and CT treatments;The available potassium under conservation tillage treatment is significantly lower than that under other treatments,but there is an increasing trend. | The value of floodplain lands in agricultural use following channelization and the resulting foregone value of these lands were estimated. The latter estimates were incomplete because of the inability to predict effects on potentially important parameters. Estimated differences provide a threshold for decision-making. Policy implications are discussed. | eng_Latn | 9,581 |
Growth of strained La1―xSrxCoO3 films and multilayers using layer-by-layer growth | Abstract Pulsed laser deposition was used in combination with real time reflection high energy electron diffraction to prepare layer-by-layer grown La 1 − x Sr x CoO 3 films on single terminated substrates. The films exhibit an epitaxially and completely strained film growth resulting in an atomic flat surface with terrace structure. The films were compared to similar layers grown by off-axis laser deposition under higher oxygen partial pressure. With decreasing oxygen pressure an increased unit cell volume and decreasing magnetic moment was observed. Furthermore, we exemplarily show the preparation of layer-by-layer grown LaCoO 3 |SrTiO 3 multilayers. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,582 |
Spatial Disaggregation of Agricultural Production Data | In this paper we develop a dynamic data-consistent way for estimating agricultural land use choices at a disaggregate level (district-level), using more aggregate data (regional-level). The disaggregation procedure requires two steps. The first step consists in specifying and estimating a dynamic model of land use at the regional level. In the second step, we disaggregate outcomes of the aggregate model using maximum entropy (ME). The ME disaggregation procedure is applied to a sample of California data. The sample includes 6 districts located in Central Valley and 8 possible crops, namely: Alfalfa, Cotton, Field, Grain, Melons, Tomatoes, Vegetables and Subtropical. The disaggregation procedure enables the recovery of land use at the district-level with an out-sample prediction error of 16%. This result shows that the micro behavior, inferred from aggregate data with our disaggregation approach, seems to be consistent with observed behavior. | The seed development of China and abroad were introduced.And the competition situation was compared.With the SWOT analysis,the suggestion of Liaoning vegetable seed development was put forward.These would provide references for Liaoning seed development. | eng_Latn | 9,583 |
Evaluation of the claim that grass root exudates inhibit nitrification | Washings from living or decaying grass roots did not inhibit nitrification when applied to soil daily. In liquid cultures of nitrite-oxidizers the washings from live roots slightly prolonged the lag period and washings from decaying roots were inhibitory only if collected during initial stages of decay. Macerated roots mixed with soil did not inhibit nitrification in the soil during perfusion with (NH4)2SO4 solution. When Hyparrhenia roots were incubated in soil with added (NH4)2SO4 they caused considerable immobilisation of mineral nitrogen with consequential depression of nitrate accumulation but did not prevent nitrification of surplus ammonia. In Hyparrhenia grasslands paucity of nitrifying bacteria was not confined to root zones, and the bacteria multiplied when ammonia availability was artificially increased. It is concluded that nitrification in Hyparrhenia grasslands is restricted by limited availability of ammonia and that there is no convincing evidence for toxic inhibition by root secretions. | We have studied segregation and embrittling energy of sp ::: elements of the 3rd, 4th and 5th period (Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, ::: As, Se, In, Sn, Sb and Te) at the Sigma5(210) grain boundary ::: (GB) in fcc nickel and the segregation of these impurities at ::: the (210) free surface (FS). Full relaxation of the geometric ::: configuration of the GB and FS without and with impurities has ::: been performed and the effect of impurities on the distribution ::: of magnetic moments has been analysed. We determined the ::: embrittling energy from the difference between the GB and FS ::: binding energies on the basis of the Rice Wang model. and we ::: separated embrittling energy into the chemical and mechanical ::: part. | eng_Latn | 9,584 |
Study on Classification and Collection of Rural Solid Waste at the Source in Dianchi Lake Watershed | The article design a set of classification and collection of rural solid waste at the source in Dianchi lake watershed,which can minimize the volume of solid waste,recycle the waste,and make the solid waste harmless to enlarge the application areas and improve the treatment efficiency. | Chili Sundari, Farmers Innovation So Superior Product Lembor Village, Brondong District, Lamongan Regency, East Java Province is a blessing for the people of Lembor village, because of the innovation of this product, the potential of the village can be done and explored more deeply and systematically. The type of research used is quantitative research. Quantitative research is a research by collecting data that is numerical then using statistical procedures to obtain information behind the image. The location of this research is Lembor Village, Brondong District, Lamongan Regency, East Java Province, where the data used in this research are primary and secondary data. Primary data in this research is questionnaire. The increase of new superior product type make a big impact on Chili farm sector so that it can increase the production of chili farming. And theoretically the economy can improve the welfare of farmers with increased income perkapital farmers | eng_Latn | 9,585 |
Microbial transformation of sulfate in forest soils. | Incubation of forest soils containing sulfate labeled with sulfur-35 showed rapid conversion of the added sulfate to organic sulfur forms by microbial populations. Activity rates were highest in the forest floor, but significant activity was observed throughout the soil profile. The annual potential sulfur incorporation for forest floor and soil combined is estimated to be 30 kilograms per hectare. The metabolism of inorganic sulfate to organic forms can be a major process in the sulfur cycle, influencing sulfate accumulation and mobility in forest ecosystems. | Background ::: Smallholders have begun to take advantage of a growing pool of investment in climate change mitigation. Meanwhile, early movers in this area are working to develop innovative models that will allow projects to be financially sustainable and scalable while benefiting local actors. This study focuses on two of these projects in East Africa, managed by Vi Agroforestry in Kenya and ECOTRUST in Uganda. They engaged in a participatory action research process to identify ways that local actors could take on expanded roles within the projects. | eng_Latn | 9,586 |
Connecting growers and sharing knowledge: building a nursery network in California's central coast region | Nearly 20% of the 1.8 million ha (4.5 million ac) around San Francisco Bay in California are protected. Many small-scale, site-specific nurseries produce plants used to restore sites in this area. To improve regional efficacy, the California Native Nurs - ery Network has been established to provide a conversation conduit among growers and scientists to share information about native plant propagation, eliminate redundant work, and promote economic viability of the native plant nursery in - dustry. This article details some of the initial steps taken to form the network. | This document shows the results and the analysis of the survey that was made, based on the twenty eight manufacture industries of the total of one hundred ninety nine manufacture industries; they industries are located in the rout Cali – Yumbo. The analysis is the result of twenty four questions, that were classify for the ISO 14031 norm, in production areas (operation), direction (management) and environment. The investigation searches with the questions, evaluate the application of the environment management system and its concept of the cleaner production (P+L). The quality of the survey was verified with the evaluation of the environment register of the Autonoma regional of Valle del Cauca Corporation given for the manufacture industries in the 2005 year. | eng_Latn | 9,587 |
Field study on denitrification in soil of south Fujian agricultural catchment | Denitrification from soils is the main pathway of gaseous loss for nitrogen in the catchments.We measured the denitrification rate from the top-soil in Wuchuan catchment by using the acetylene inhibition technique.The result of this experiment indicated that denitrification of the soil had the temporal and spatial variance.The rate of denitrification that occurred in uplands of the catchment was higher than any other places,and denitrification was enhanced when there were many rains and when the soil temperature was high.The flux of denitrification was mostly related with fertilization,soil moisture and air temperature.Air temperature was top-dressed affected denitrification significantly.The gaseous N loss rate through denitrification represent about 16% of the fertilizer applied in the catchment scale. | This article deals with the phenomenon of crime as experienced by farmers in various farms in the area of "Transvaal Sugar Limited". The empirical-phenomenological method was utilised and the following five steps were employed: reduced transcriptions, summarising the main points of the case, illustrated condensation of the case, description of the psychological structure of the case and essential structure of interviews in all the cases. The essential structure of farmers' experiences of farm crimes identified five areas which addressed the experience of crime as a theme namely anticipation of levels of service delivery by the SAPS, reaction arising from frustration at poor service delivery, crime prevention as an extension of the previous area, effect of crime on quality of life and mutual trust and loyalty between farmers and farmworkers. | eng_Latn | 9,588 |
Effect of cultivar and environment on the feeding value of Western Canadian wheat and barley samples with and without enzyme supplementation | The feeding value ofnine wheat cultivars grown in replicate in three locations in each of two crop years, and 14 barley cultivars grown in seven locations over three crop years was tested with or without an appropriate commercial enzyme using a broiler chick bioassay. Four pens of six male broilers were fed mash diets containing 80% of the test cereal with or without enzyme from 4 to 17 d. Digestibilities were determined using an acid insoluble ash marker at 1.1% of diet. Significant intraclass correlation coefficients between duplicate wheat samples suggested a common effect of the location, but their low to moderate values suggested the presence of random variation or variation due to unique growing conditions within location. For both wheat and barley samples, the growing location affected the feeding value of the cereal grain and subsequent broiler chick performance. Durum wheat cultivars had higher feeding values than that of other wheat classes, both with and without enzyme supplementation, and the ... | Appraisaling the land-use change degree of urban land objectively, analyzing the reasons, and proposing the countermeasures have important meanings to promote land sustainable development. The article analyzed the dynamic change of land-use ecological footprint in Harbin City from 1996 to 2006. Through the measurement of ecological footprint to assess the social impact and the extent of sustainable land-use. The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint in Harbin had increased year by year, while the per capita ecological carrying capacity had decreased, the per capita ecological deficit was increasing, and land-use in Harbin City was in an overload status. Finally, reasonable land-use proposals were proposed. | eng_Latn | 9,589 |
Farm practices survey and modelling to estimate monthly NH3emissions from swine production in 12 Ecoregions of Canada | The swine industry in Canada has undergone rapid growth in some areas, but has also been restricted by a variety of environmental issues. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are seldom mentioned among these issues, but emissions do occur and atmospheric NH3 causes a number of impacts including contributing to odour, deposition into sensitive ecosystems and formation of secondary particulate matter, which is a health concern in some regions of North America. This paper describes a new model to estimate NH3 emissions from the swine sector, relying heavily on a recent survey of swine producers to determine the present N and manure management practices. The key hypothesis was that NH3 emission rates vary across Ecoregions and over time in a way that affects the degree of impact. The survey showed many differences across Ecoregions, most importantly related to feed crude protein and landspreading practices. The model estimated that grower pigs (>20 kg to market size) excreted on average about 8.5 kg total ammoniacal N (TA... | In the present investigation it was necessary to analyze the internal control of the company Perufarma S.A. dedicated to wholesale of various household goods, consolidated as a major supplier of all major supermarket chains and wholesalers throughout Peru. ::: To do this, information was sought from various sources and books and reports were consulted to undertake the research with a clear concept ofthe subject. ::: After that, the hypothesis were posed and then by fieldwork, cessary information was collected, then the information was tested and analyzed using the statistical software SPSS version 22nd. Thus, the conclusions were reached and the recommendations were drawn. | eng_Latn | 9,590 |
What is the biggest problem with landfil leachate? | Why is leachate such a problem? | Why is leachate such a problem? | eng_Latn | 9,591 |
what is an example of a negative stain? | Negative Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result 3.95/5 (38) Negative Staining- Principle, Reagents, Procedure and Result. The main purpose of Negative staining is to study the morphological shape, size and arrangement of the bacteria cells that is difficult to stain. eg: Spirilla. It can also be used to stain cells that are too delicate to be heat-fixed. | Negative and positive externalities. In the case of pollutionâthe traditional example of a negative externalityâa polluter makes decisions based only on the direct cost of and profit opportunity from production and does not consider the indirect costs to those harmed by the pollution. | eng_Latn | 9,592 |
alfalfa nutrient deficiency symptoms | Cobalt is not. essential for alfalfa growth, but is required by rhizobia bacteria that provides alfalfa with. nitrogen from the air, and therefore is beneficial to the alfalfa plant. Alfalfa often exhibits symptoms that may mimic nutrient deficiencies such as purpling or. yellowing of the leaves. | Factors Affecting Sulfur Deficiency. Sulfur deficiency of alfalfa and other crops may be becoming more prevalent because less S is. deposited from the atmosphere to the soil due to reductions in power plant S emissions (Fig. 1). Higher yields result in greater crop S removal from the field - about 5-7 lb for each ton of alfalfa. hay. | eng_Latn | 9,593 |
Turbine for an exhaust gas turbocharger, the exhaust gas turbocharger, the motor vehicle and method for operating an exhaust gas turbocharger | The present invention relates to a turbine 1 for an exhaust gas turbocharger 2, in particular for a motor vehicle, with a turbine flap 3, which the turbine drives a 1 flows through exhaust gas amount, with a waste gate valve 4, which exhaust gas passed passes to the turbine 1, and with a wastegate -key 5 which the wastegate valve controls an exhaust gas amount flowing through 4. The invention further relates to a turbocharger 2, a motor vehicle with such a turbocharger 2 and a method for operating such an exhaust gas turbocharger. 2 | The unpleasant smell of dung fly everywhere, dirt strewn everywhere be a factor for the emergence of social conflict surrounding of cow breeding. Biogas digester in the form of a closed tube can be used for cow dung that is no longer scattered and the scent is not pleasant been isolated. Not only that bio-gas produced can be used together with the communities around the farm, which in turn not only relieve social turmoil but rather strengthen the social fabric. Now they jointly maintain and care for the sake of expediency digester together. Bio-gas digester constructed is fixed dome models (fixed dome) with capacities of 10 m3 of manure. It means being able to accommodate dirt 10-15 cow. After 60 days of curing in the tube digester, biogas digester turns is able to produce enough gas used for cooking purposes 15 families around the farm together. Keywords: digester, biogas, cow breeding, social conflict | eng_Latn | 9,594 |
New rules for Gram-negative antibiotics | In the fight against pathogenic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are particularly challenging foes. These microbes don’t respond to many common antibiotics, and no new drug active against Gram-negative bacteria has been approved in nearly a half century. Part of the difficulty in developing such antibiotics is that molecules have a hard time slipping inside Gram-negative bacteria. The bacteria have two cell membranes, and compounds must also navigate porin protein channels to enter. A new study outlines a systematic approach to ferreting out properties compounds must have to penetrate and accumulate in Gram-negative bacteria. The authors demonstrated the power of the approach by converting an antibiotic that previously couldn’t enter Gram-negative bacteria into one that can. Paul J. Hergenrother and coworkers at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, used liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to assess the ability of compounds to ente... | Abstract Unprotected streams within the agricultural Midwest region of the United States are subject to sedimentation, nutrification, and agricultural chemicals. Grass riparian filter strips (GRFSs) have been implemented as a best management practice to minimize sedimentation and associated materials that are harmful to aquatic ecosystems; however, few studies have examined the benthic community response to GRFS installation. This study introduces a least-desired index (LDI) multimetric approach of evaluating benthic communities in response to GRFS installation. LDI was determined in a reciprocal fashion to that of a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). When reference conditions are not available for the use of B-IBI, anti-reference sites, representing least-desired conditions, can be used in constructing an LDI. A B-IBI and LDI were constructed in the Claypan Till Plains Subsection of Missouri and comparatively used to evaluate two test sites where tall fescue GRFS were installed.... | eng_Latn | 9,595 |
The economic efficiency of voluntary soil conservation programs | Active dry yeast is prepared by a process involving feeding crumbly yeast with air into a mill in which the yeast is disintegrated without substantial breakdown of yeast cells, carrying the yeast out of the mill in a stream of air, separating the yeast from the airstream and drying the yeast to a dry content of at lest 92 percent using a fluidized or spouted bed system. | Value maximization is the top objective of corporation. SVA?EVA and CFROI are all effective value measures. Having introduced these measures′ theoretical foundation and calculating method,this paper compares their adaptability to strategy from seven perspectives. | eng_Latn | 9,596 |
Das Leipziger Festkörper-DAS-LIDAR-System: Auswerteverfahren, Aufbau und Messergebnisse | During the past three years a mobile, completely automated, remotely controlled solid state laser DIAL LIDAR system with two receiver channels has been built up in Leipzig, which is able to calculate the measured data immediately during the measurement and to put them into the world wide web. A new developed numerical evaluation procedure is used, allowing the concentration determination of several trace gases with simultaneous consideration of cross sensivity. In addition, the aerosol extinction is calculated. The LIDAR system has been used during extended measuring campaigns for determination of vertical concentration distributions of selected trace gases (for example ozone, SO 2 , NO 2 ) in the lower troposphere. Main application fields of the developed comprehensive technique are in environmental analytic and research. | Abstract Unprotected streams within the agricultural Midwest region of the United States are subject to sedimentation, nutrification, and agricultural chemicals. Grass riparian filter strips (GRFSs) have been implemented as a best management practice to minimize sedimentation and associated materials that are harmful to aquatic ecosystems; however, few studies have examined the benthic community response to GRFS installation. This study introduces a least-desired index (LDI) multimetric approach of evaluating benthic communities in response to GRFS installation. LDI was determined in a reciprocal fashion to that of a benthic macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). When reference conditions are not available for the use of B-IBI, anti-reference sites, representing least-desired conditions, can be used in constructing an LDI. A B-IBI and LDI were constructed in the Claypan Till Plains Subsection of Missouri and comparatively used to evaluate two test sites where tall fescue GRFS were installed.... | deu_Latn | 9,597 |
In cricket Allan Lamb played for which county? | Allan Lamb | England Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo 1972/73 - 1995 Profile Some England cricketers are born; there was no destiny in Allan Lamb's career. Signed from Western Province as an unknown by Northamptonshire as their overseas player in 1978, he was chugging along nicely when Ken Turner, their secretary, persuaded him that South Africa were years away from returning to Test cricket and that he should invoke his English-born parents to play for England. He never lost his accent nor his attitudes: there was always the hint of the colonial chancer about him -- but Lamb was to be a fixture of the England middle order for the next decade. Small, stocky, aggressive, he had a correct technique, power in his shots and a gift for needling the bowlers. Lamb captained England in three Tests, hopelessly, but in 1995 he came close to taking Northamptonshire to their first Championship, strutting round the county grounds like Napoleon. Matthew Engel | Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue Organic Gardening Magazine (Vol. 13, No. 8), September, 1948 Sir Albert Howard, Founder of the Organic Farming Movement, died in England in October 1947 at the age of 74. Most of this issue of J.I. Rodale's Organic Gardening Magazine was devoted to his memorial. Five of the 15 papers in the issue are presented in full below. By Yeshwant D. Wad, M.A., M.Sc. Formerly Chief Chemist and Agronomist, Institute of Plant Industry, Indore, Central India Yeshwant D. Wad was co-author with Howard of The Waste Products of Agriculture , which first presented the Indore system of composting. IN 1928 I joined the staff of the Institute of Plant Industry just started at Indore by the late Sir Albert Howard and his wife for introducing improved agriculture in States of Central India and Rajputana and advising on their agricultural problems. Sir Albert's previous work at Pusa had enabled him to arrive at reforms in agriculture supremely suitable to rural India and very largely meeting the current needs of the population. The principal features of his system were: improved implements and new labour-saving appliances, some improvised by the Howards themselves; adequate provision of food and fodders by suitable rotation of crops and grazing areas and the maintenance of grassed edges on field boundaries to prevent erosion; making of silage; systematic care of cattle and implements; orderly harvesting, threshing, and storage; planning of field operations to reduce hours of work, make effort easier and distribute it more evenly; and, the most outstanding item of all, the conversion of wastes to humus and their systematic return to the fields. On these principles the land and buildings of the Institute were laid out in grazing areas, irrigated and dry fields for cultivated crops, cattle shed, silage pits, compost factory, threshing floors, seed godowns, implement sheds, stores and storage godowns, etc., with a small model village for the workers, offices and quarters for the superintendent, students and visitors. The standard Indore Process for making humus was first evolved here, afterwards modified and adapted to suit varying requirements and different types of waste, whether at Indore or elsewhere. This later proved to be the initial stage in founding an entirely new school of agricultural thought, which promises in the near future to offer a creed to humanity destined to halt its present headlong race towards destruction and the ruin of civilization, enabling it to pause and think and direct its course to safety, security and stable prosperity. This creed is the maintenance of a live and active soil, producing food capable of imparting to human beings genuine vitality and lasting power of survival. It has by now been fully established that it is the crumb structure of the soil which is essential for the production of healthy and high-yielding crops, by ensuring in the root zones throughout the seasons adequate ventilation, drainage, and release of nutrients in proper proportions as required. Crumb structure is dependent on humus; and humus regulates crop nutrition by many different devices, not only by supplying soluble minerals but by direct nutrition in the growth of the symbiotic mycorrhiza, and by storing surplus mineral nutrients in colloidal absorption to be released later. The balanced food or fodder thus produced is superior in quality, health, and vigour-making properties when eaten by animals and humans. Healthy and vigorous bodies are the essential basis for healthy and vigorous mentalities, without which humanity cannot survive or progress. This will indicate what Sir Albert has given to the world, and that surely at a very critical moment in history, when events are occurring in quick succession to distract unprepared humanity. In his report on Palestine to the National Jewish Agency the American specialist Lowdermilk [see Notes, below] has shown how since Biblical times the prosperity and welfare of races has coincided with careful land management and the mainten | eng_Latn | 9,598 |
Which soil is good for bean plants? | How can you find the best soil mixture for your beans? | What soil is needed to grow coffee beans? | eng_Latn | 9,599 |
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