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Which religion celebrates the festival of Dewali? | BBC - Schools - Religion - Hinduism Religion Festival of Lights Diwali is perhaps the most well-known of the Hindu festivals. The word Diwali means 'rows of lighted lamps'. Diwali is known as the 'festival of lights' because houses, shops and public places are decorated with small earthenware oil lamps called diyas Celebrating Diwali For many Indians this five day festival honours Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. People start the new business year at Diwali, and some Hindus will say prayers to the goddess for a successful year. Lamps are lit to help Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, find her way into people's homes. They also celebrate one of the Diwali legends, which tells of the return of Rama and Sita to Rama's kingdom after fourteen years of exile. In Britain, as in India, the festival is a time for: spring-cleaning the home, exchanging gifts (often sweets and dried fruits) and preparing festive meals decorating buildings with fancy lights. huge firework displays often celebrate Divali. In India Hindus will leave the windows and doors of their houses open so that Lakshmi can come in. Rangoli are drawn on the floors - rangoli are patterns and the most popular subject is the lotus flower. The meaning of Diwali The festival celebrates the victory of good over evil, light over darkness and knowledge over ignorance, although the actual legends that go with the festival are different in different parts of India: In northern India and elsewhere, Diwali celebrates Rama's return from fourteen years of exile to Ayodhya after the defeat of Ravana and his subsequent coronation as king; In Gujarat, the festival honours Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth; In Nepal Diwali commemorates the victory of Lord Krishna over the demon king Narakaasura; In Bengal, it is associated with the goddess Kali. | Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue Organic Gardening Magazine (Vol. 13, No. 8), September, 1948 Sir Albert Howard, Founder of the Organic Farming Movement, died in England in October 1947 at the age of 74. Most of this issue of J.I. Rodale's Organic Gardening Magazine was devoted to his memorial. Five of the 15 papers in the issue are presented in full below. By Yeshwant D. Wad, M.A., M.Sc. Formerly Chief Chemist and Agronomist, Institute of Plant Industry, Indore, Central India Yeshwant D. Wad was co-author with Howard of The Waste Products of Agriculture , which first presented the Indore system of composting. IN 1928 I joined the staff of the Institute of Plant Industry just started at Indore by the late Sir Albert Howard and his wife for introducing improved agriculture in States of Central India and Rajputana and advising on their agricultural problems. Sir Albert's previous work at Pusa had enabled him to arrive at reforms in agriculture supremely suitable to rural India and very largely meeting the current needs of the population. The principal features of his system were: improved implements and new labour-saving appliances, some improvised by the Howards themselves; adequate provision of food and fodders by suitable rotation of crops and grazing areas and the maintenance of grassed edges on field boundaries to prevent erosion; making of silage; systematic care of cattle and implements; orderly harvesting, threshing, and storage; planning of field operations to reduce hours of work, make effort easier and distribute it more evenly; and, the most outstanding item of all, the conversion of wastes to humus and their systematic return to the fields. On these principles the land and buildings of the Institute were laid out in grazing areas, irrigated and dry fields for cultivated crops, cattle shed, silage pits, compost factory, threshing floors, seed godowns, implement sheds, stores and storage godowns, etc., with a small model village for the workers, offices and quarters for the superintendent, students and visitors. The standard Indore Process for making humus was first evolved here, afterwards modified and adapted to suit varying requirements and different types of waste, whether at Indore or elsewhere. This later proved to be the initial stage in founding an entirely new school of agricultural thought, which promises in the near future to offer a creed to humanity destined to halt its present headlong race towards destruction and the ruin of civilization, enabling it to pause and think and direct its course to safety, security and stable prosperity. This creed is the maintenance of a live and active soil, producing food capable of imparting to human beings genuine vitality and lasting power of survival. It has by now been fully established that it is the crumb structure of the soil which is essential for the production of healthy and high-yielding crops, by ensuring in the root zones throughout the seasons adequate ventilation, drainage, and release of nutrients in proper proportions as required. Crumb structure is dependent on humus; and humus regulates crop nutrition by many different devices, not only by supplying soluble minerals but by direct nutrition in the growth of the symbiotic mycorrhiza, and by storing surplus mineral nutrients in colloidal absorption to be released later. The balanced food or fodder thus produced is superior in quality, health, and vigour-making properties when eaten by animals and humans. Healthy and vigorous bodies are the essential basis for healthy and vigorous mentalities, without which humanity cannot survive or progress. This will indicate what Sir Albert has given to the world, and that surely at a very critical moment in history, when events are occurring in quick succession to distract unprepared humanity. In his report on Palestine to the National Jewish Agency the American specialist Lowdermilk [see Notes, below] has shown how since Biblical times the prosperity and welfare of races has coincided with careful land management and the mainten | eng_Latn | 9,600 |
Soil erosion from farmland can be reduced? | What do farmers use to help prevent soil erosion? | What do farmers use to help prevent soil erosion? | eng_Latn | 9,601 |
can it be used in outdoor pots that already have plants in them | Yes, I had good luck with this. You have to be aware of the product's limitations. The granules expand to many times their original volume when exposed to water. One method that worked for me was to take a big screwdriver and use it to bore a narrow, cone-shaped hole into the dirt, as far as possible from the plant itself. Then I dropped some of the dry crystals down the hole, stopping an inch or two below the soil's surface. I then covered the rest of the hole and repeated the process two more times per pot I probably used too many crystals, as a few worked their way to the surface. No worries--the plants did well. Yes, I had good luck with this. You have to be aware of the product's limitations. The granules expand to many times their original volume when exposed to water. One method that worked for me was to take a big screwdriver and use it to bore a narrow, cone-shaped hole into the dirt, as far as possible from the plant itself. Then I dropped some of the dry crystals down the hole, stopping an inch or two below the soil's surface. I then covered the rest of the hole and repeated the process two more times per pot I probably used too many crystals, as a few worked their way to the surface. No... » Read More Yes, I had good luck with this. You have to be aware of the product's limitations. The granules expand to many times their original volume when exposed to water. One method that worked for me was to take a big screwdriver and use it to bore a narrow, cone-shaped hole into the dirt, as far as possible from the plant itself. Then I dropped some of the dry crystals down the hole, stopping an inch or two below the soil's surface. I then covered the rest of the hole and repeated the process two more times per pot I probably used too many crystals, as a few worked their way to the surface. No worries--the plants did well. « Show Less | I believe so I bought 2 gallons and it seems to work as the smaller bottles I had. Love the stuff | eng_Latn | 9,602 |
Bosch FR8DPP33+ Super OE Style Spark Plug - Pack of 1 I would like to take this item for my car mersedes ML 2001 ,3200 He was there for gas fuel ? I am going to work very well in my case Please tell me Bosch FR8DPP33+ Super OE Style Spark Plug - Pack of 1 I would like to take this item for my car mersedes ML 2001 ,3200 He was there for gas fuel ? I am going to work very well in my case Please... » Read More Bosch FR8DPP33+ Super OE Style Spark Plug - Pack of 1 I would like to take this item for my car mersedes ML 2001 ,3200 He was there for gas fuel ? I am going to work very well in my case Please tell me « Show Less | I did not have a problem with milage. I had a problem with a mild miss. Plugs and wires fixed it. | i do not see any reason you can't use fox farm's big bloom for any plant, but big bloom is not really a fertilizer. It is more of a soil condition that will in turn help the plant utilize the nutrients you give it. The name big bloom is a little miss-leading because it is used throughout the growing cycle, not just the flowering stage.i use the fox farm line-up ( liquids and solubles ) for all my container plants, but as soon as anything gets planted in the ground, i switch to cheaper alternative like tomato tone, garden tone, jacks classic or even miracle grow.i would consider researching what brugmansia needs for nutrients throughout the growing cycle before purchasing a specialized nutrient line. i do not see any reason you can't use fox farm's big bloom for any plant, but big bloom is not really a fertilizer. It is more of a soil condition that will in turn help the plant utilize the nutrients you give it. The name big bloom is a little miss-leading because it is used throughout the growing cycle, not just the flowering stage.i use the fox farm line-up ( liquids and solubles ) for all my container plants, but as soon as anything gets planted in the ground, i switch to cheaper alternative like tomato tone, garden tone, jacks classic or even miracle grow.i... » Read More i do not see any reason you can't use fox farm's big bloom for any plant, but big bloom is not really a fertilizer. It is more of a soil condition that will in turn help the plant utilize the nutrients you give it. The name big bloom is a little miss-leading because it is used throughout the growing cycle, not just the flowering stage.i use the fox farm line-up ( liquids and solubles ) for all my container plants, but as soon as anything gets planted in the ground, i switch to cheaper alternative like tomato tone, garden tone, jacks classic or even miracle grow.i would consider researching what brugmansia needs for nutrients throughout the growing cycle before purchasing a specialized nutrient line. « Show Less | eng_Latn | 9,603 |
Will it kill bushes? Do I put it on the stem near the soil? | It DOES kill bushes. When you mix it, just spray it on the BUSH. It will kill it dead, dead, dead. I did it to a honeysuckle vine that was massive. It is no more. Hooray!!!! | Look at the company's website, pthorticulture.com, and you will be able to compare all of their products. They make a growing ,mix that has organic in the name so you might want to try that, depending on your intended use. | eng_Latn | 9,604 |
Evidence suggests a meteor or asteroid struck Quebec 12,900 years ago .
This impact caused a change in climate that made Earth colder and drier .
Larger animals died out and humans began eating berries and cereals .
An increase in agriculture and communities led to modern-day civilisation . | By . Victoria Woollaston . A cataclysmic meteor impact in Canada that is linked to the death of many animals, including the woolly mammoth, may have also been the catalyst that triggered the start of civilisation as we know it, claims new research. Evidence suggests a meteor struck Quebec around 12,900 years ago and scientists believe this impact caused the Earth's climate to become colder and drier - known as the Younger Dryas period. These freezes and droughts led to some larger animals dying out which in turn forced humans to change their diet and develop agricultural methods to cultivate cereal, for example. Evidence suggests a meteor struck Quebec around 12,900 years ago and scientists now think this impact caused the Earth's climate to become colder and drier - known as the Younger Dryas period. Previous theories thought the change was caused by an ice dam rupture releasing huge amounts of freshwater into the Atlantic . The Younger Dryas period is also known as the Big Freeze. It was a period of cold climatic conditions . and drought that took place between 12,800 and 11,500 . years ago. Scientists from New Hampshire believe this change in climate was caused by an meteor impact, but another theory is that it was because of the collapse of the North American ice sheets. During the period, forests in Scandinavia were replaced with a glacial tundra. There was more dust in the atmosphere that originated from deserts in Asia. The drier conditions caused drought in the Levant, known as the region of Syria or the Eastern Mediterranean, which led inhabitants to agriculture. The change in climate is especially linked to the development of cereal cultivation. Fragments of rock from the meteor are also thought to have released toxic gas which poisoned the air and blacked out the sun, causing temperatures to plummet, plants to die and landscapes to alter forever. In North America particularly, big animals including mastodons, camels, giant ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats all died out. The meteor strike is also thought to have caused the demise of the Woolly mammoth. Human hunters turned to a subsistence diet of roots, berries and smaller game to survive. Meanwhile thousands of miles away in the eastern Mediterranean, the first farmers started growing cereals. The scientists claim that this invention of agriculture was a pivotal step in the development of large settled communities and civilisation. Experts agree on the climate change that marked the start of the Younger Dryas period, but are divided about its cause. The new research is said to provide 'conclusive' evidence that the trigger was a meteor impact. Before now, the most popular explanation has been an ice dam rupture releasing huge amounts of freshwater into the Atlantic. This in turn was thought to have shut down ocean currents moving warm tropical water, resulting in colder conditions. The meteor is thought to have struck forests in southern Quebec in Canada, pictured, around 12,900 years ago . Scientists analysed spherules, droplets of solidified molten rock, deposited in Pennsylvania and New Jersey at the start of the Younger Dryas period. They identified geochemical 'fingerprints' exactly matching the profiles of rock found in southern Quebec. Although no 'smoking gun' crater had been found, this was a strong clue that the spherules had been created by the massive temperatures and pressures of a meteor impact in Canada. The findings appear in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Professor Mukul Sharma, one of the study authors from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, US, said: 'The Younger Dryas cooling impacted human history in a profound manner. 'Environmental stresses may also have caused Natufians in the Near East to settle down for the first time and pursue agriculture.' During the Younger Dryas period, also known as the Big Freeze, around 12,800 years ago a change in climate caused many large animals to die out. This forced humans to develop agricultural methods (modern farming pictured) to gather food and is thought to have led to a rise in communities and civilisation . | By . Nick Mcdermott . PUBLISHED: . 11:41 EST, 9 January 2013 . | . UPDATED: . 23:36 EST, 9 January 2013 . We thought we’d seen off the . second-wettest year on record – but now scientists have found that 2012 . has left a legacy of less nutritious vegetables and fruit. The heavy rain is being blamed for a reduced mineral content in a host of British crops. Vital natural chemicals such as nitrates and sulphites were washed away, leaving many fruits, cereals and vegetables depleted. Depleted: Heavy rain in 2012 is being blamed for reduced mineral content in British crops, with vital nutrients such as nitrates and sulphates washed away . The deluge ‘leeched’ crops of vital substances, according to one expert. Some wheat harvests were found to have a third less iron and zinc than average. A lack of sunshine last year has also led to some edible plants having reduced nutritional value. The . findings are particularly bad news for non-meat eaters, who cannot . easily get key nutrients such as iron, copper and zinc from other food . sources. Mike Gooding, a . professor of crop science and agronomy from Reading University, said . that nitrogen, which is crucial for plants to manufacture protein, is . present in the soil as soluble salts and can be washed away by heavy . rain. He said: ‘You . need nitrogen to help the plant absorb iron. So we would expect to see . less iron in last year’s harvest because of the wet weather. ‘Plants . can’t manufacture minerals, so if there are less of them in the soil, . it stands to reason that there will be less of them in the crop. ‘When . you get a lot of leeching because of heavy rain close to harvest, then . you will have a knock-on effect on the quality of the crop. ‘It is very obvious in cereals and the ensuing bread, and root crops like carrots, potatoes and parsnips.’ Prof Gooding also warned that fewer sunny days has resulted in less sugar and starch in our fruit, making it taste different. Delicious: But fruit and veg in Britain has been threatened by wet weather and a lack of sunny days causing less starch and sugar to be produced . Washout: Reading University's Mike Gooding said that nitrogen is present in the soil as soluble salts and can be washed away by heavy rain . But he said there is no need to consume more than the recommended five-a-day amount of fruit and veg. Prof . Gooding’s advice is to vary your diet and ensure you eat produce . harvested from diverse locations and grown at different times of year. ‘With . the diversity of fruit and veg on offer, there is no real reason for UK . consumers to suffer from a nutritional point of view,’ he said. But . vegans and vegetarians may struggle with their limited diet, warned . Professor Steve McGrath, an expert in soil protection at Rothamsted . Research. ‘The wet weather has had an effect on the amount of nutrients in grains, fruit and vegetables. ‘Last . year’s cereals we tested have been found to contain a third less iron . and zinc than you would normally expect.’ He said the wet weather had . two effects on the crops. Firstly, it removed nitrogen from the soil. Without it plants struggle to absorb other nutrients. Dull: Professor Gooding also warned that fewer sunny days has resulted in less sugar and starch in our fruit, making it taste different . The second reason is that the . wet weather benefitted some wheat crops, which had a bountiful harvest, . diluting the amount of nutrients available for each grain. But not all scientists agree that home-grown produce had suffered after the downpours. Paul . Finglas, head of Food Databanks National Capability at the Institute of . Food Research, said: ‘There is little direct evidence that the poor . weather has drastically reduced nutrient content in fruit and . vegetables. ‘Most crops are . efficient in obtaining the nutrients they need and so would contain a . “normal” range of nutrients. The largest effect would be on . water-soluble compounds such as nitrates, but most farming systems . supply this through fertilisers. ‘Some . water-soluble vitamins may be reduced, such as vitamin C in potatoes. However, in the overall diet it makes little impact as we get our . nutrients from a wide range of different fruit and veg. ‘The major effect the weather has had is on reducing overall yield, which in turn increases prices.’ | eng_Latn | 9,605 |
What are the methods to get high yield from organic farming? | What should be done to yield high productivity in organic farming as that of inorganic farming? | How can I get the best grades at school? | eng_Latn | 9,606 |
Ash from an asteroid impact on this peninsula in Mexico may have covered the globe & killed off the dinosaurs | Asteroid Impact That Killed the Dinosaurs: New Evidence Feb 7, 2013 ... A cosmic impact in what is now Chicxulub in Mexico dealt dinosaurs the final deathblow some 65 million years ago, say scientists who have fresh evidence ... Doctoral student Bill Mitchell collecting a volcanic ash sample from the coal bed ... The fact the impact and mass extinction may have been virtually... | Dust Bowl - U.S. History in Context - Gale The region of the southern Great Plains that became known as the Dust Bowl ... region and drought contributed to dust This farmer in Cimarron Country, Oklahoma, put ... By late January 1932, dust storms began to sweep across the Texas ... Throughout the 1930s, continued drought and crop failure caused the soil to blow. | eng_Latn | 9,607 |
Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance? | Some countries are eliminating or reducing climate disrupting subsidies and Belgium, France, and Japan have phased out all subsidies for coal. Germany is reducing its coal subsidy. The subsidy dropped from $5.4 billion in 1989 to $2.8 billion in 2002, and in the process Germany lowered its coal use by 46 percent. China cut its coal subsidy from $750 million in 1993 to $240 million in 1995 and more recently has imposed a high-sulfur coal tax. However, the United States has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries. | Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated. | eng_Latn | 9,608 |
What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake? | The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting. | The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent. | eng_Latn | 9,609 |
How are hormones moved around a plant? | Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes. | Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination. | eng_Latn | 9,610 |
Promotion of the population growth of pinewood nematode in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings by pretreatment with simulated acid rain | Simulated acid rain (SAR) at three pH levels (pH 4, 3, 2) was applied to only the top or both the top and roots of 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings repeatedly for two months. Then the seedlings were inoculated with a virulent isolate (S10) of pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The exposure to SAR at any level did not kill the seedlings. When inoculated with nematodes, however, the nematode population build-up was significantly higher in the seedlings pretreated with SAR at any level than in the control at the 7th and 17th day after inoculation, and subsequent disease symptom development was also significantly accelerated by the exposure to SAR at pH 2 and 3. This result indicates that even acid rain at pH 4 has the potential for promoting population growth of pinewood nematodes in 4-month-old Japanese black pine seedlings. | Abstract A numerical tool has been developed for analyzing the potential effects of reduced nitrogen loading to the Kattegat and the Belt Sea. The analyzed effects relate to general trends in the occurrence of hypoxia and anoxia in the water below the pycnocline during the summer and autumn. Nitrogen is assumed to be the nutrient controlling production in these waters. The tool is a dynamic numerical model which includes the dominant hydrodynamic processes of the study area as well as the nitrogen cycle and is linked to oxygen conditions. The model has been calibrated based on the average intraannual variation of the overall hydrodynamic conditions as well as the inorganic nitrogen concentrations and the oxygen concentrations of the last decade. In addition, although data from the 1950s (here considered to be “pre-eutrophication”) are limited, the model seems to reflect the oxygen conditions found at that time. Using this model, scenarios of oxygen conditions after implementation of several different redu... | eng_Latn | 9,611 |
Affective Factors of the Real Estate Price in Medium Cities——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Hierarchical Linear Model | The question of real estate price is a focus of society.With the economic development,the urban real estate price has increased rapidly in recent years,but the levels and increasing rates are varied among different cities.The object of this article is to analyze some factors which induce this difference among cities.HLM(Hierarchical Linear Model) is applied to make research on this topic for middle-class cities in China,and some meaningful results are obtained. | This report presents novel parameters for evapotranspiration-mediated wastewater phytotreament. Leaf area capacity could be used to measure the water loss from phytotreatment tank. Relative effect concentration was a measure the reduction of leaf area capacity due to increasing COD level. Additional advantage of using the two parameters was to address the suitability of various types of wastewater in phytotreatment by means of COD equivalent. | eng_Latn | 9,612 |
Técnicas de Nucleação como Estratégia de Recuperação e Valoração Ambiental de Áreas Degradadas Situadas no Alto Rio São Lourenço, Campo Verde-Mt | Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of different techniques that comprise the recovery plan of degraded area (RPDA) in one of the headwaters of Sao Lourenco River, Campo Verde-MT, by monitoring the early stage of plant regeneration of permanent preservation degraded areas, according to the Federal Law 4.771/65 and its updates. The experimental area was divided into five treatments, for the planting of native plants, fruit, legumes, green manure and muvuca seed, based on the precepts of nucleation. For each treatment there was a random selection of three installments, measuring 81m2, totaling 12 plots. The planting, the identification and the characterization of indicators of vegetation regeneration site were monitored in these plots. The indicators found at the site were: flowers, fruits and seeds of revegetated species; traces and presence of wildlife; litter production and soil cover, and formation of microclimates, with increasing relative humidity and decreased atmospheric temperature. | This study assesses the level of background radiation around Shorapur. The study region locates the western part of the Yadgir district of Karnataka. Shorapur and Shahapur talukas are mostly composed of clay, shale sandstone, granite rock and part of study area is black soil. Thirty sample locations were selected along the length and breadth of Shorapur and Shahapur taluka. Natural radionuclide activity concentrations in soil samples were determined using 4"X4" NaI (Tl) gamma spectroscopy. Outdoor gamma dose measurements in air at 1 m above ground level were determined using Rad Eye PRD survey meter. Estimated dose values are compared with the survey meter values and found to be good agreement between them and also with the data obtained from different other areas of Karnataka and India. The average values were found to be slightly higher in the present investigation. | por_Latn | 9,613 |
Interactions between Soil, Leaves and Beans Nutrient Status and Dry Biomass of Beans and Pod Husk of Forastero Cacao: An Exploratory Study | ABSTRACTIn cacao crop the understanding of the multiple relationships between bean and pod husk dry biomass and mineral nutrition in the soil-plant system is scarce. The main objective of this work... | During the past three decades, the rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) ::: in India significantly contributed to enhancing food grain production and ::: achieving food self-sufficiency and food security. The production system ::: now is under threat due to stagnating or declining total factor ::: productivity. Legumes can play a significant role in enhancing the factor ::: productivity of this most important and productive production system in ::: the country. Ironically, rice and wheat have replaced the principal ::: legumes over a period of time. With the availability of high-yielding and ::: short-duration varieties of important legumes, there is a need to ::: incorporate them in RWCS to improve the sustainability of the system so ::: as to meet future food grain demands without degradation of the natural ::: resource base. | eng_Latn | 9,614 |
The wet fermentation biogas process : Limitations and possibilities for efficiency improvements | The biogas process is known as an environmental friendly and sustainable way of producing energy and fuel but to be fully commercially competitive with other types of processes, efficiency improvem ... | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,615 |
Effect of gibberellic acid on rind quality and storage of coastal Navel oranges. | The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3), at various concentrations and application times, on the susceptibility of the rind to injury, the incidence of physiological disorders, and the storage life of Washington Navel oranges were examined over three seasons. Susceptibility of the rind to injury, the incidence of water spot, puffing and creasing, and green mould wastage in stored fruit were reduced by GA3 treatment. Resistance of the rind to puncture increased with increasing GA3 concentration. Early May sprays were more effective than early June sprays in increasing. the resistance of the rind to puncture and decreasing the incidence of puffing and creasing. Split applications were no more effective than single applications at the combined concentrations. There were no undesirable effects on internal fruit quality. Although colour development was delayed by GA3 treatment, with late harvest colour development progressed to a commercially acceptable level while internal fruit quality was still satisfactory. | Environmental and economic problems associated with land disposal of coal ash wastes have stimulated a search for alternatives. Attention has recently focused on disposal of stabilized blocks of waste in aquatic ecosystems as artificial reefs. The reef environment depends on interaction among the coal waste material and the natural ecosystem at the site. Successful reefs resist being transported or decomposed, and support a rich epilithic biota. When these conditions are met, reefs can enhance recreational fisheries. When commercial fisheries are exceptionally valuable or limited by hard substrate reefs may enhance commercial fisheries. Research needs for coal waste reef programs in marine and estuarine environments include detailed assessment of leachate, mesocosm studies, and pilot emplacement monitoring. | eng_Latn | 9,616 |
Effects of Na_2CO_3 Stress on Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Vicia faba L. | Four groups of young seedlings of Vicia faba L.were treated with 5,10,15 and 25 mmol/L Na2CO3 for 6 days,respectively.The fresh weight and dry weight,chlorophyll content and other physiological indices were measured.The main results showed that low concentration of Na2CO3 promotes the fresh weight and dry weight of Vicia faba L.,and high concentration of Na2CO3(25 mmol/L) inhibits its growth.Content of chlorophyll a,b,and a+b increased with the increase of Na2CO3 concentration.And then decreased under the treatment with 25 mmol/L Na2CO3.Chlorophyll a/b increased significantly,it reached the peak value at 15 mmol/L Na2CO3 concent and then decreased at 25 mmol/L Na2CO3 concent. | A study was carried out within nine 11-year-old stands of Pinus radiata in two forests, to assess relationships between productivity and soil factors. Stand variables of stocking, dominant height, diameter, basal area and volume were assessed on a plot basis. For each stand, slope and elevation were also determined. Soil samples were collected and chemically analysed. Within the study area, there was high variation between soil parent materials and this was reflected in productivity. Mean merchantable volume for stands was significantly different between soil parent materials and ranged from 3 to 128 m3 ha−1. Soil parent material was found to be the best differentiating factor of productivity, but improvements in prediction were possible using other soil parameters. Exchangeable calcium was the soil chemical factor found to be most significantly related to productivity. The pooling of soil parent materials into groups to allow for more efficient management planning is discussed. | eng_Latn | 9,617 |
Endurance assessment of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in heavy metal contaminated site–A case study | AbstractIn this study, the ability to hyper accumulate heavy metals from contaminated site by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was monitored. The heavy metal-contaminated habitat was validated by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray elemental spectrometry analysis of the soil samples. Heavy metal contamination in soil and water; accumulation in foliar, root and bulb tissue samples were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and were monitored as a function of accumulation in different tissues. Significant differences were recorded in the bioaccumulation capability of heavy metals by different tissue. Discrete variation in protein profile of leaves and high expression of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), peroxidase (POX) and altered regulation of esterase (EST) in root tissue was observed in contaminated site grown Eichhornia. The high metal accumulation efficiency of water hyacinth due to the biomass production suggests this species as reliable organic biomarker for heavy metal contamination. | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,618 |
Effects of soil surface mulching on the water use of artificial grassland in the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the loess plateau | Planting alfalfa is the main method of returning farmland to grassland in the water-wind erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau.Because of the low rainfall and the high evapotranspiration in this area,service life of alfalfa is limited by water resources.In Liudaogou catchment of Shenmu County,Shaanxi Province,soil temperature and moisture in different mulching treatments as well as alfalfa water use efficiency have been studied.This research discussed the process of the water consumption of artificial alfalfa(Medicago sativa) on the northern Loess Plateau.Results showed that soil surface mulching could decrease soil temperature and increase soil moisture of the shallow soil layers.Soil moisture in deep soil layers under the different mulching treatments has no obvious difference.Straw mulching and tuberculoid calcium carbonate mulching could improve alfalfa yield and water use efficiency.Mulching can be an effective method in improving grassland productivity in the study area. | Abstract Manchego cheese pieces were hit with an impact probe and the acoustic response was recorded, analyzed, and used to assess the textural characteristics of the cheese pieces. The textural parameters measured by traditional instrumental methods increased during ripening, although the pattern of the increase was different for different batches. For the 2 acoustic impact probes used in this study, a change in the frequency spectrum took place as cheese matured, increasing higher frequencies and the energy content. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and partial least square regression (PLSR), considering the acoustical variables extracted from the spectrum, allowed for a good estimation of cheese texture. The textural characteristics of the cheese surface and in particular the maximum force in compression experiments (R 2 >0.937 for MLR and R 2 >0.852 for PLSR) were accurately predicted by the acoustic method; however, the texture of the central layers of the cheese are poorly assessed (R 2 | eng_Latn | 9,619 |
The effect of hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene) on the infection of the primate retroviruses SSV 1/SSAV 1 and BaEV | Polybrene was shown to enhance the adsorption of simian sarcoma virus-simian sarcoma associated virus complex (SSV-1/SSAV-1) and baboon endogenous virus (BaEV) onto cells in culture. A 16- to 18-fold increased adsorption of both viruses occurred at 8 µg/ml polybrene within one hour after infection. The polybrene mediated adsorption was found to be inhibited by the addition of tri-sodium citrate to the culture medium, suggesting the involvement of electrostatic forces. This contention was further supported by the demonstration of temperature independence of the polybrene mediated interaction. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,620 |
A process for the production of molds | A process for the production of molds, in particular consisting of cores or core packets, molding materials, preferably molding sand, is blown through a gaseous flow medium, preferably air, under a predeterminable pressure into a mold chamber or shot, the shot and thereby solidified form vented, the tool is opened and the produced mold after opening of the tool, characterized in that the shooting operation and / or the process of venting detected and during the shooting in the course of the same firing process optionally recycled process parameters according to an arbitrarily specifiable rule is controlled automatically or interactively. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,621 |
Pancharatnam-Berry Phase in a Condensate of Indirect Excitons | We report on the observation of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in a condensate of indirect excitons realized in a GaAs coupled quantum well structure. Our measurements indicate long range coherent spin transport. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,622 |
Long term effect of sewage sludge additions on populations of Nocardia asteroides, Micromonospora and Thermoactinomyces in soil. | Abstract Actinomycetes are considered to be members of the autochthonous component of the soil microflora. However, nocardiae and, to a lesser extent micromonosporae, can exhibit a sustained zymogenous-like response when complex recalcitrant organic substrates are added to soil in the form of dried sewage sludge. Numbers of Nocardia and Micromonospora do not increase when wet sludge, which contains less organic matter, is added to soil. In contrast, Thermoactinomyces did not follow this trend and greater numbers were isolated from the wet, rather than the dried, sludge plots. Results of herbage produced by the dried sludge plots indicate that plant nutrients were continually mineralized during the 3 yr following sludge addition. | markdownabstract__Abstract__ ::: ::: Blood-dwelling parasitic trematodes (flatworms) of the genus Schistosoma cause ::: the disease schistosomiasis or Bilharzia. There are 5 different Schistosoma species ::: that infect humans and many other infecting different mammals. Over 200 million ::: people worldwide are infected with schistosomes, mainly of the species S. haematobium, ::: S. mansoni and S. japonicum. The disease is endemic in tropical ::: areas and endemicity is dependent on the presence of the intermediate host, an ::: aquatic snail, in fresh surface water. There is a strong variation in epidemiology ::: between regions and localities, depending on local determinants such as irrigation ::: or draining canals and human sanitary conditions. | eng_Latn | 9,623 |
Practical solutions for solving bulk solids flow problems | Though well over 100 million tons of Portland cement is consumed in the US each year, many are unaware of the hardships encountered during manufacture of this critical building material. Numerous cement plants are plagued with bulk solids flow problems like bridging, ratholing, and flooding, each of which can negatively impact production efficiency. Some of the most challenging bulk materials are handled in making cement, including limestone, slag, gypsum, bauxite, and clay. Unfortunately the theory of how to design storage and handling equipment for these materials is generally not taught in US universities. Plant operators commonly hammer on hoppers to promote flow, and often this technique is ineffective and creates a safety hazard. This paper will discuss proven and practical technology available to ensure reliable discharge of these cohesive and sticky bulk solids. Hopper flow patterns and flow properties tests will be reviewed, and a brief discussion of interfacing feeders with hoppers is provided. | Refractory organic pollutants are wastewaters main pollutants in Tianjin TEDA modern industrial park. For clearing up refractory organic pollutants, we must improve the biological process of the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on how to use bioaugmentation technology to process the refractory organic pollutants which comes from wastewater of the district. The paper will record data and complete analysis of treatment effect for improving the biological process of sewage treatment plant and make advices. | eng_Latn | 9,624 |
Polysaccharides and monosaccharides in the hyphosphere of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus E3 and Glomus tenue | Plants colonised with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus E3 and Glomus tenue were grown in microcosms that permitted separation into root:hyphae and hyphae compartments. Hydrolysed polysaccharides from the hyphae and water-soluble sugars released into the hyphosphere were assayed using chromatography. Total sugars and most monosaccharides were elevated in the hyphosphere of Glomus E3 but not in the hyphosphere of G. tenue. Differences in the levels of sugars did not depend on hyphal surface area. It is suggested the diversity in sugars produced in the hyphosphere of AMF may drive some of the spatial and temporal variation in microbial diversity and function in soils. | This study aimed at seeking for the solution to recover the energy from agriculture waste in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The spent mushroom compost - a residue from the mushroom growing - was chosen for co-digestion with pig manure in anaerobic batch and semi-continuous experiments. The results showed that in case of spent mushroom compost made up 75% of the mixed substrate, the gained biogas volume was not significantly different compared to the treatment fed solely with 100% pig manure. The average produced biogas was 4.1 L×day -1 in the experimental conditions. The semi-continuous experiments remained in good operation up to the 90 th day of the fermentation without any special agitating method application. The methane contents in both experiments were around 60%, which was significantly suitable for energy purposes. These results confirm that spent mushroom compost is possibly an acceptable material for energy recovery in the anaerobic fermentation process. | eng_Latn | 9,625 |
Contribution to the theory of adaptation with application to ecology | Abstract This paper reviews optimization models of complex systems stability, connected with their reliability, integrity, survivability and self-organizability; original results of the latter are presented. The adaptation cycle of a one-component multi-age regenerative system, migrating in a non-homogeneous space is analysed. Estimates of the time taken by models of regenerative systems to reach steady-state are obtained and ecological interpretations of the results given. | This report presents novel parameters for evapotranspiration-mediated wastewater phytotreament. Leaf area capacity could be used to measure the water loss from phytotreatment tank. Relative effect concentration was a measure the reduction of leaf area capacity due to increasing COD level. Additional advantage of using the two parameters was to address the suitability of various types of wastewater in phytotreatment by means of COD equivalent. | eng_Latn | 9,626 |
Biology of Paecilomyces fumosa-roseus Isolates and Their Pathogenicity Against Bemisia tabaci | Paecilomyces fumosa-roseus is one of the most important entomopathogens of whitefly. The preliminary study results showed that significant differences exist in the sporulation yields, germination rate and pathogenicity against the second instar nymph of Bemisia tabaci among sixteen Paecilomyces fumosa-roseus isolates. But in the mycelial growth there was no obvious difference. By comprehensive comparison of sixteen isolates, the PF01-N4 and PF01-N8 dominant isolates were selected because of high pathogenicity (99.22% and 97.79% mortality against the second instar nymph of Bemisia tabaci respectively), high germination rate of conidia (89.06% and 87.7% respectively) and more sporulation yield (2.8×10~9 and 2.95×10~9 spore/ml respectively). The laboratory study results are promising the potential of P. fumosa-roseus as a microbial control agent against B. tabaci. | Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens forest is an important forest resource in south China.The result of balanced fertilization in the intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantations showed that the balanced fertilization could significantly increase the DBH of the plants,improve the quality of bamboo shoot and consequently increase the economic incomes.It was indicated by analyses of net income of the intensively bred bamboo plantation that N_2P_1K_2 was the best fertilizer combination,which could yield the greatest economic benefits.It was demonstrated that the balanced fertilization could not only avoid environmental pollution,save fertilizers but also increase the productivity of Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation and the economic benefits of the cultivation.So the balanced fertilization was one of the approaches to ensure economic and ecological benefits of intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation in south China. | eng_Latn | 9,627 |
MORPHOLOGY OF SPORE DEVELOPMENT IN CLOSTRIDIUM PECTINOVORUM. | Fitz-James, Philip C. (University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada). Morphology of spore development in Clostridium pectinovorum. J. Bacteriol. 84:104-114. 1962-The process of spore formation in Clostridium pectinovorum was followed by phase-contrast microscopy and by thin-section electron microscopy employing a polyester plastic for embedding. The development of the forespore membrane was found to be similar to that already described for the genus Bacillus, being, in addition, accompanied by considerable cell enlargement. The cortex, as in the bacilli, was found between the apposed layers of the double forespore membrane. The spore coat was laid down in the narrow zone of cytoplasm peripheral to the outer forespore membrane. As these layers formed, striking changes occurred in the fine structure of the spore nuclear material, mesosomes and ribosomes, reflecting the marked alterations in physical environment known to occur in a developing spore. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | yue_Hant | 9,628 |
Research on the Effect of Balanced Fertilization in Intensively Bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens Plantations | Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens forest is an important forest resource in south China.The result of balanced fertilization in the intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantations showed that the balanced fertilization could significantly increase the DBH of the plants,improve the quality of bamboo shoot and consequently increase the economic incomes.It was indicated by analyses of net income of the intensively bred bamboo plantation that N_2P_1K_2 was the best fertilizer combination,which could yield the greatest economic benefits.It was demonstrated that the balanced fertilization could not only avoid environmental pollution,save fertilizers but also increase the productivity of Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation and the economic benefits of the cultivation.So the balanced fertilization was one of the approaches to ensure economic and ecological benefits of intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation in south China. | The variation in Spanish, Virginia and Valencia sub-specific groups consisting of the bunch and spreading types was examined. The spreading types have higher number of pods, pod weight and shelling percentage than the bunch (Virginia and Spanish) types. The oil content and days to first flower are less variable although the spreading types are a little later in flowering. | eng_Latn | 9,629 |
On the Low-Temperature Oxidation of Processed Peat | Small amounts of processed peat have been examined in a microcalorimeter. Kinetics of oxidation are different from those previously re ported for the same material using much larger samples. The difference is at least in part due to loss of volatiles during the initial conditioning of a sample in the microcalorimeter. | Process engineering and process parameter of formaldehyde tanning of tibet lamb were disussed in this paper. | eng_Latn | 9,630 |
Formation of water dimers in expanding air flows | Abstract The production of water dimers by adiabatic gas expansion of the mixture comprised of H 2 O vapour and air is studied by using an electron impact ion source and a double focusing sector field mass spectrometer. The results of measurements of the generation of (H 2 O) 2 + cluster ions versus the partial pressure of water vapour at the fixed total pressure of mixture water/air are described. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,631 |
Nitrate Uptake and Its Regulation | NO3 - uptake by the roots of higher plants is the main pathway for entry of N into the global food chain. In quantitative terms, N is the most important element after C, H and O, i.e. the most important of the mineral elements that have to be acquired from the soil. It is thus not surprising that it commonly limits plant growth, especially in agricultural systems, because a large proportion of the N accumulated in crops is removed from the plant-soil system at harvest. Since the mid-19th century, the use of NO3 - — based fertilisers has continually increased to sustain high crop yields. | The paper reviews the development of catalytic spectrophotometric determination of nitrite, including the indicator reaction, detection limit, linear range and applications of the methods. It also puts forward the developing orientation for a high sensibility analytical method.94 references are cited. | eng_Latn | 9,632 |
Status of soil organic matter and available phosphorus of maize cropping land and the relationship between the two nutrients and yield levels of maize in Shenyang city | In order to explore the relationship between the status of soil nutrition and yield levels on the maize cropping land of Shenyang,the detailed survey sampling was made in 2004～2005 in different fertility soils of maize around Shenyang,analyzing the correlation between soil organic matter,available P concentration and maize yield.Results showed that on the whole,the soil organic matter concentration was in the lower or medium level and the soil available P concentration was in higher level.It was revealed that the yield level of maize,soil organic matter and available P content manifest the remarkable positive correlationship.So we can conclude that it is an effective measure to exert the maize production increasing potential with increasing manure fertilizer input,putting into practice that fertilizing the manure and chemical fertilizer and estabilishing the proper soil phosphorous criterion. | Through the several occasions to participate in the management of feed industry in our province and for nearly 300 feed production enterprises survey in the past two years,the existing problems and factors to feed safety were analyzed.In order to ensure the safety of animal products,what feed market supervision should be done in Shaanxi province was proposed. | eng_Latn | 9,633 |
Syme's amputation in adults: a long-term review. | A retrospective study was undertaken in two patient populations to establish the failure rate of Syme's amputation. Failure was defined as an amputation requiring revision to a more proximal level. For traumatic lesions of the foot the failure rate was 29% and for dysvascular lesions it was 41%. The long-term functional results in 55 patients who underwent Syme's amputation for traumatic, dysvascular or congenital lesions were studied. Overall, 73% had good function. The ideal Syme's stump, where the fat pad is centred securely over the distal tibia, was noted in only 22% of patients. The authors conclude that, in the past, technical details may have been overemphasized, because in this study the functional results of Syme's amputation were more dependent on prosthetic fitting. This type of amputation is not recommended for patients with dysvascular lesions because of the high failure rate. | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,634 |
Effect and Control Measures of Agricultural Diffused Source Pollution on the Ecological Environment | The survey results show that agricultural non-point source pollution has involved a wide range,dispersion,subtle and strong features,the world has become one of the main water environment pollution.To this end,this paper describes the main agricultural non-point source pollution sources and the impact on the ecological environment,and gives a few agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control measures for the sustainable development of agriculture in order to provide some theoretical basis. | This paper will discuss our approach to convert these images into application maps (i.e. shape files) without much effort or special knowledge from the pilot/operator, which could then be a new service to a customer. These application maps could then be easily uploaded into the spray system computer to make variable-rate aerial application such as cotton growth regulators, defoliants, and insecticides. The goal of these research projects is to demonstrate that precision agriculture technology has the potential to benefit the industry by saving operators and farmers’ time and money. | eng_Latn | 9,635 |
Conditionnement et déshydratation de boues d'étangs aérés facultatifs à l'aide du gel-dégel naturel : résultats d'essais | This article presents the results of tests investigating the conditioning and dewatering of biological and chemical sludge (alum dephosphatation sludge) from facultative aerated lagoons using natural freeze–thaw. The results presented here highlight the excellent efficiency of this conditioning method used with drying beds. Following freeze–thaw, immediately after drainage, sludge presents little odor and has lost its liquid state since dry solid contents of more than 30% can be obtained with ease. Freeze–thaw also eliminates the gelatinous consistency of chemical sludge. The filtrates are clear and contain low levels of suspended solids but may have relatively high chemical oxygen demand. To maximize the depth of sludge that can be frozen, it is necessary to freeze the sludge in thin layers. This requires the pumping of sludge from a separate storage basin to a freezing bed for the duration of winter (separate basin–bed method). The storage basin may however be combined with the freezing bed provided the... | Three culture media,respectively made by the cow dung with the wet and dry separation technology,cattle dung from the grassland,chicken manure as accessories,straw-based materials as the ingredients were used to product Agaricus bisporus.The growth of mycelium and carpospore,nutritive value,yield,biological efficiency and economic efficiency were compared among them in order to study the feasibility of using wet and dry separation of dairy manure to product the Agaricus bisporus.The results showed that the fruiting body density in the group of wet and dry separation was higher than the other two groups while group of cattle dung from grassland were significantly different(P0.01).Other indexes of the difference was not significant(P0.05).Using wet and dry separation of cow dung to product the Agaricus bisporus was feasible.It was worth to promote this technology. | fra_Latn | 9,636 |
Yield Response of Corn and Soybeans to Irrigation and Drainage on a Claypan Soil | ABSTRACT FIVE yr of corn and 2 yr of soybean yield data from forty field plots with combinations of irrigation and drainage treatments are presented. The irrigation treat-ments were sprinkler, furrow, and no irrigation. The drainage treatments were surface, subsurface, surface plus subsurface, and no drainage. The plots were located on a claypan soil in south cen-tral Illinois. Sprinkler irrigation was provided with a solid set system. Furrow irrigation was done with gated pipes. The plots with surface drainage had a slope of 0.5 percent; the others were graded level. Subsurface drainage was provided with plastic tubing on 6 m centers. The data indicate average corn yield increases of 0.8 and 2.4 t/ha due to drainage and irrigation, respectively. Together, irrigation and drainage act synergistically to produce an average yield increase of 4.8 t/ha. | With the zhuzhi 8 as material ,researched the effects on agronomy character under different cultivated density. Experiment results showed that:Density affects sesame production construction and bear character,then affects sesame production directly. 5000 ～10000 is the best cultivated density range. | eng_Latn | 9,637 |
Direct effect of CryIIa transgenic chickpea on coccinellid, Cheilomenes sexmaculatus (Fabricius) | The experiments were conducted during 2012-2014 at ICRISAT, Hyderabad to study the direct effects of transgenic chickpea lines on coccinellid beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculatus (Fabricius). The direct effects on coccinellids were greater when fed on 0.1% Bt intoxicated diet, followed by diets with 0.05% and 0.02% Bt. The survival and development of coccinellid grubs were slightly affected when reared on aphids fed on diets with different concentrations (0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1%) of transgenic chickpea leaf powder. The coccinellids fed on diets with 0.05% BS5A.2(T2) 19-3P1 leaf powder showed a marginal reduction in survival and development as compared to that on other transgenic lines. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,638 |
In vitro Development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, from Infective Larvae to Young Adults | Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae, stimulated to exsheath with a 70-min ex-sheathing process, completed exsheathment and developed to young adult males and females in four different, two-step, roller-culture systems in 16 to 27 days. Complex, cell-free medium RFN-2 was used in the exsheathing process and in Step 1 cultures. Complex, cell-free medium API-16 was used, alone or supplemented with pepsin or glutathione (reduced), or both, as the Step 2 culture. Development to young adults was optimal when larvae were incubated in medium RFN-2 for 2 days and in medium API-16 supplemented with pepsin for 21 or 28 days and with glutathione for the first 8 days. The largest young adult male and female were 1.75 and 2.83 mm long, respectively. This system produced maximal yields of less than 1% young adults in populations of about 100,000 T. colubriformis by days 16 to 28. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,639 |
LEAF AREA FOR PHYTOPUMPING OF WASTEWATER | This report presents novel parameters for evapotranspiration-mediated wastewater phytotreament. Leaf area capacity could be used to measure the water loss from phytotreatment tank. Relative effect concentration was a measure the reduction of leaf area capacity due to increasing COD level. Additional advantage of using the two parameters was to address the suitability of various types of wastewater in phytotreatment by means of COD equivalent. | THIS PAPER CRITICALLY REVIEWS THE VARIOUS RADIOISOTOPE METHODS USED TO MEASURE THE FLOW OF STREAMS AND RIVERS, PARTICULARLY UNDER AUSTRALIAN CONDITIONS. PROBLEMS SUCH AS SELECTION OF RADIOISOTOPE, MIXING LENGTH, ADSORPTION, EQUIPMENT, CALIBRATION, AND SAFETY ARE DISCUSSED. AN OUTLINE IS GIVEN OF A PROPOSED AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH PROGRAM TO INVESTIGATE THESE METHODS AND PHENOMENA IN DETAIL. /AUTHOR/ | yue_Hant | 9,640 |
Biomass production trials on [a] sodic site. | Usar soils occupy about 7 million hectare of land in India. These lands have reached a stage of very low productivity due to overuse. Twelve tree species were planted during October 1981 at uniform spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m in plots of 40 m × 40 m. The plots were analyzed for their biomass production from two to eight years. The analysis was based on destructive sampling of trees from the surround and forming regression equations. The form of the equation was Weight = a + b D 2 H. Biomass estimations were carried out in the inner plots of 20 m × 20 m leaving a surround of 10 m all-round. The growing stock shows changing pattern. The species that grew fast in early phase did not perform well in later years. The site amelioration was studied at the beginning of thc trial and after four years. The site has shown all-round improvement though the rates vary with the species. No biomass was removed from the site and leaves, branches, pods etc. falling on the ground was permitted to recycle nutrients. | A completely functional composite cathode material based on a VO x aerogel was synthesized by a supercritical drying technique. The electrochemical performance of the resultant composite was characterized. | eng_Latn | 9,641 |
An improved method for the isolation of intact nuclei from southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larval midgut | Abstract Intact nuclei, relatively free of cell debris, were prepared from armyworm midgut tissue by a new, improved procedure involving homogenization in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 and 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The nuclear fraction thus prepared was a suitable source for assay of RNA polymerase activity. Polymerase activity was dependent on the presence of all four ribonucleotide triphosphates, was stimulated by Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ and was inhibited by actinomycin D and α-amanitin. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,642 |
An Overview: Improvement in Ber Performance of OFDM System Using Companding Technique. | Companding transform is a simple and efficient method in reducing peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In this paper a method of performance enhancement with reference to the performance measures like BER and system spectral regrowth will be investigated by employing non linear companding for PAPR reduction in DVB-T system. . | Purpose ::: The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the effects of manure compost and earthworms on Cd mobility in Cd-contaminated soil, (2) to test whether the bioturbation of earthworms reduces the immobilization effect of the manure compost when they are combined, and (3) to explore the distribution of Cd in aggregates formed by earthworms with corresponding fractionation analysis. | eng_Latn | 9,643 |
Selection of Clostridium spp. in biological sand filters neutralizing synthetic acid mine drainage | Water Research Commission of South Africa (WRC project K5/2104). J-BR held a Free-standing Postdoctoral Fellowships from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa. | Abstract A comparative investigation of the ciliates of separate trophic groups on the areas of Samur-Yalama National Park with different strength of anthropogenic impact was carried out. The ratio of trophic groups in the soil ciliates communities was found to reflect the ecological conditions in soil environment. It is expressed primarily in the reduction of the number of trophic groups caused by deteriorating environmental conditions. | eng_Latn | 9,644 |
Kinetics of dispersion for sparse agglomerates in simple shear flows: Application to silica agglomerates in silicone polymers | Dispersion of sparse (low solids content) agglomerates by hydrodynamic shear is addressed both experimentally and theoretically. A model for the kinetics of the erosion of homogeneous sparse agglomerates is developed. Experiments carried out using agglomerates of silica and poly(dimethyl siloxane) fluids demonstrated the validity of the kinetic model. For this experimental system, the infiltration of the suspending fluid into the agglomerate significantly affects the mechanism and kinetic rates of dispersion as well as the fragment size distribution. Agglomerates that were soaked in processing fluid for extended periods of time were found to better resist dispersion than dry agglomerates or agglomerates soaked for short periods of time. | This thesis investigates how dispersal processes and local environmental conditions interact to drive patterns of plant diversity in fragmented grasslands with variable site conditions. Main findings are (i) that high soil nutrient concentrations reduce the effectiveness of dispersal, (ii) that current diversity patterns reflect past rather than present dispersal processes and (iii) that high immigration rates from primary grasslands during early successional stages are the principal driver of successional trajectories in secondary grasslands. Conservation managers should actively assist dispersal and simultaneously reduce high soil nutrient concentrations. | eng_Latn | 9,645 |
Application of Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry and Mass-Analysed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectrum Scanning to Studies of Cyclic Nucleotide Biochemistry | Abstract FAB mass spectrometry with MIKES scanning provides an effective means of identifying cyclic nucleotides. Its application readily distinguishes 2′,3′- and 3′,5′-isomers, and has enabled the demonstration of the natural occurrence of ccMP, cUMP, cIMP and cdT'NP in manrmals and higher plants, the identification of novel side-products generated by cytidylyl cyclase activity and of synthetic cyclic nucleotide derivatives, and the quantitation of phosphodiesterase activity. | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,646 |
Optimum Nitrogen Fertilization of Winter Wheat Based on Color Digital Camera Images | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | Abstract Identification of associations between site properties and weed species abundance led to the generation of hypotheses as to why weed populations occur where they do, or do not, in agricultural fields. The objective of this research was to use a multivariate statistical technique, canonical correlation analysis, to identify the associations. Two continuous Zea mays production fields under center-pivot irrigation in the central Platte River Valley of Nebraska were grid-sampled between 1994 and 1997 for nine site properties and six to seven weed species. Weed species were identified and counted just prior to postemergence weed control in two adjacent quadrats (1 by 0.38 m) at each grid sampling point. These quadrats represented untreated weed populations emerging between crop rows and treated populations that survived preemergence herbicide banded within the crop row. Canonical correlation analysis identified one to five significant correlations between linear combinations of site properties and wee... | eng_Latn | 9,647 |
Thermodynamics of Thermally Regenerated Fuel Cells | It is shown that d(θΔH)/dT=0 is a necessary condition for the attainment of Carnot cycle efficiency, (T1–T2)/T1, by a thermally regenerated fuel cell system in which ideal gases are reacted in a fuel cell to convert chemical to electrical energy, and are then regenerated for recycling by thermal dissociation of the product of the reaction, also assumed to be an ideal gas. In d(θΔH)/dT, T is the temperature, ΔH is the change in enthalpy for the reaction in the fuel cell, and θ is the degree of reaction, or the fraction of the road from zero to 100% product which is covered by the reaction when chemical equilibrium is reached. Formulas are given for calculating the theoretical efficiency. Curves show calculated efficiencies for hypothetical thermodynamic data chosen to illustrate the effect of thermodynamic properties on efficiency. Temperature‐entropy diagrams are used to explain why the efficiency reaches a maximum and then decreases when T2 is held constant and T1 is increased. The efficiency is pressure... | Refractory organic pollutants are wastewaters main pollutants in Tianjin TEDA modern industrial park. For clearing up refractory organic pollutants, we must improve the biological process of the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on how to use bioaugmentation technology to process the refractory organic pollutants which comes from wastewater of the district. The paper will record data and complete analysis of treatment effect for improving the biological process of sewage treatment plant and make advices. | eng_Latn | 9,648 |
Fine scale distribution of nitrous oxide in marine sediments | Abstract Vertical profiles of nitrous oxide and other inorganic nitrogen compounds in the sediments in Tokyo Bay and its vicinity were measured using the whole core squeezing method. Within the bay area, vertical profiles of nitrous oxide in the interstitial waters showed one or two distinctive peaks around the depth of 2–4 cm, which corresponded to the peaks of nitrite and nitrate. In situ formation of nitrous oxide through nitrification was suggested in those sediments, which was possibly activated by the presence of benthic animals. On the other hand, at the deep sediment off Tokyo Bay the profiles of nitrous oxide, nitrite and nitrate gave a monotonous single peak, indicating less bioturbated condition. Denitrification or dissimilatory nitrate reduction might be important for the formation of nitrous oxide peaks in the latter type of sediment. | Abstract Saline ground water was used as a thermal source for intensive rearing of juveniles of Ruditapes philippinarum and as a source of nutrients for phytoplankton production. In experiments concerning growth at different seasons, controlled factors were density of juveniles, flow of water, phytoplankton concentration, temperature and frequency of feeding. Their effects on growth and mortality were classified through correspondence analysis, analysis of multiway contingency tables and analysis of variance. An optimal stratery for summer and winter rearing was then defined. The different strategies are discussed in biological terms, with reference to the literature. Observed growth rates in this intensive culture were compared with available data for artificially fed and naturally reared populations. | eng_Latn | 9,649 |
Hierarchically Structured All-biomass Air Filters with High Filtration Efficiency and Low Air Pressure Drop Based on Pickering Emulsion | Although a high-efficiency air filter can be achieved from electrospun nanofabrics, it has been challenging to reduce the pressure drop, increase the filtration capacity, and improve the production rate of the electrospinning process. Here, we report a hierarchically structured all-biomass air filter with high filtration efficiency and low air pressure drop based on applying Pickering emulsions to generate protein-functionalized nanostructures. Specifically, the air filter consists of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/zein nanoparticles as active fillers prepared from Pickering emulsions and porous structures of microfibers as the frame from wood pulp (WP). The zein-protein-coated nanoparticles, CNF/zein, contribute in multiple ways to improve removal efficiency of the filters. First, the exposed functional groups of zein-protein help to trap air pollutants including toxic gaseous molecules via interaction mechanisms. Second, the nanoparticles with a high surface area promote the capture capability for small par... | The aim of the present study is to determine seasonal changes in the functional diversity of alder culturable rhizobacterial communities, studying the Eco-physiological index (EPI) and changes in morphological and physiological bacterial groups (MAP), and to investigate if these changes are related to the genetic diversity of main bacterial genera by PCR-RAPDs. To calculate the diversity parameters (EPI, MAP and genetic diversity), Shannon algorithm was used. Our results show that there is a succession that involves a sequence of changes in alder culturable rhizobacterial communities, both from a structural and functional point of view. In the colder months, EPI and MAP (functional diversity) were lower than in spring and summer. As regards genetic heterogeneity, results are in accordance with EPI and MAP which have higher diversity in summer and spring. The seasonal changes described above could be related to environmental conditions and plant physiology status. | eng_Latn | 9,650 |
Response to the article Needless hysteria surrounding the use of glyphosate | SOVAK CR has been involved and active in the coordination group and subgroup to protect water for the preparation and implementation of the National Action Plan to reduce the use of pesticides (NAP), which sets out a series of measures and tasks for individual ministries and other bodies. | This paper will discuss our approach to convert these images into application maps (i.e. shape files) without much effort or special knowledge from the pilot/operator, which could then be a new service to a customer. These application maps could then be easily uploaded into the spray system computer to make variable-rate aerial application such as cotton growth regulators, defoliants, and insecticides. The goal of these research projects is to demonstrate that precision agriculture technology has the potential to benefit the industry by saving operators and farmers’ time and money. | eng_Latn | 9,651 |
Effects of Biochar on Nutrient Leaching and Begonia Plant Growth1 | Abstract Biochar is a highly adsorptive carbon substrate. A study was conducted to determine the ability of biochar to reduce fertilizer runoff from nurseries. Potting mix was augmented with biocha... | The survival of energy plants during the construction of the Three-Gorges Reservoir Project was investigated based on the specific geography and climate characteristics in this area.Some protective measures for energy plants were put forward in order to support government decision-making for development of biomass energy. | eng_Latn | 9,652 |
Mass balance filtration equation | Abstract A new model filtration equation which incorporates the input variable, sludge concentration ( C 0 ); the state variable, specific resistance ( R ); and the output variables, cake concentration ( C ) and filtrate concentration ( C f ) was derived by material balance and regression analysis. On verification using experimental data from treatment plants, the theoretical predictions of the new equation agreed closely with the practical values, yielding a correlation coefficient of 0.98. For the experimental curve, the slope and intercept are 2.5 s x 10 −15 m.h. and 0.02 , respectively whereas the corresponding values for the theoretical curve are 2.75 s x 10 −15 m.h. and 0.017 , respectively. The graphical optimum dosage of ferric chloride for conditioning for both the Carman's and the new equation was found to be the same, 16% of the sludge solids by weight in each case. | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,653 |
Enhancement of degradation of fallen apple leaves | Leaves from organic apple trees were dipped with different organic materials and leaves were placed on the orchard floor in autumn. Leaf area and the amount of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis were measured in spring. The objective of this research was to find alternatives for urea that simulate the decomposition of apple leaves and reduces the asco-spore production. In both years urea gave an increase of the leaf degradation and a significant reduction of the number of ascospores. The antagonist Coniothyrium minitans had no significant effect on the ascospore production in both years but decreased the leaf degradation. Beet pulp showed a significant reduction of the number of spores but reduced the leaf degradation rate. Applying extra earthworms increased the degradation. | Based on the landscape characteristics of city block,a grade appraisement index system on effect of aesthetic of city block was point-ed out.And based on the system,the indistinct synthesis appraisement model was pointed out.The garden landscape effects of aesthetic per-ception of the People’s Hospital of Fangcheng County were appraised by using this model. | eng_Latn | 9,654 |
Biogas as a renewable energy source | Renewable energy technology does not simply produce energy, heat and transport fuel, but also offers the opportunity to live in the footsteps of a reasonable future development. In Europe and other industrialized regions, the main reason for the development of renewable energy is the environment, in particular the concern in relation to global climate change and the need to improve security and diversity of energy supply. In the developing countries, they promise a new hope for renewable primary energy supply in regions without conventional energy and provide an opportunity for sustainable development. Productionof "green energy" from biogas, which is among the renewable energy sources, promises an environmentally less damaging way of obtaining energy by reducing CO emissions into the environment and reduces energy dependence on imported energy sources. Biogas production is of major importance for the sustainable use of agrarian biomass as renewable energy source. | During the past three decades, the rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) ::: in India significantly contributed to enhancing food grain production and ::: achieving food self-sufficiency and food security. The production system ::: now is under threat due to stagnating or declining total factor ::: productivity. Legumes can play a significant role in enhancing the factor ::: productivity of this most important and productive production system in ::: the country. Ironically, rice and wheat have replaced the principal ::: legumes over a period of time. With the availability of high-yielding and ::: short-duration varieties of important legumes, there is a need to ::: incorporate them in RWCS to improve the sustainability of the system so ::: as to meet future food grain demands without degradation of the natural ::: resource base. | eng_Latn | 9,655 |
신재생 연료 혼합 의무화 제도(RFS)의 지속성과 중간지표 | Interest in renewable fuel of recent has increased. Among them, From next year the government announced that it would enforce the RFS. Interest associated with it are concentrated. The RFS, for manufacturers of transportation fuels such as a vehicle, you are a renewable fuel a certain percentage of the fuel supplied. In other words, it refers to a system of mandatory to supply by mixing biofuels. Already in Europe, America and other developed countries to diversify energy sources and subjected Additionally there since ancient times for its rural development by introducing the RFS takes effect coming. Further and inspect to deal with climate change, which is performed via the RFS. Some even are represented by five axis of the sustainability of the RFS. | Under FACE(free-air carbon dioxide enrichment)condition,root growth was monitored of rice(C_3 crop)and barnyardgrass(C_4 weed)in hydroponics with two levels of nitrogen supply.Results show that root biomass,root volume,root length and root diameter of rice and barnyardgrass all increased significantly under FACE condition with NN(normal nitrogen)supply,the response of rice to CO_2 was higher than that of barnyardgrass.FACE condition with LN(low nitrogen)supply did not significantly promote rice growth because of N stress,but response of barnyardgrass to CO_2 was not limited by N stress,showing significant increase in growth.N concentration of the root decreased significantly in elevated CO_2 but C concentration did not change remarkably,which led to obvious increase in ratio of C/N.Elevated CO_2 also decreased remarkably the number of root hair and per-unit dry root weight of rice and barnyardgrass,which might be one of morphological reasons why root activity decreased under FACE condition. | kor_Hang | 9,656 |
Phenol and free ammonia inhibition to Nitrosomonas activity | Abstract Laboratory evaluations were conducted of the rate of ammonia bio-oxidation to nitrite by an autotrophic culture of strict nitrifiers. Ammonia oxidation biokinetics was found to follow Michaelis-Menten type relationships. Experiments were conducted to quantify the influence of phenol, and the influence of un-ionized (free) ammonia on biokinetic parameters. Results show that the Michaelis-Menten constant varies with the square root of ambient phenol concentration, and that the influence of un-ionized ammonia on ammonia oxidation may be best described by a “substrate-inhibition” model which follows from classical Monod kinetics. This model explains, to a large degree, observed differences in ammonia bio-oxidation rates as functions of pH. Conclusions based on engineering calculations are presented to illustrate design and operational considerations for the biological removal of wastewater ammonia. | The means of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi [Gigaspora margarita, Glomus fasciculatum, Gl. mosseae, Gl. sp. R10, Gl. aggregatum] were investigated in four strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch., cv. Tochiotome, Toyonoka, Nyoho and Nohime) cultivars in Japan. Twelve weeks after inoculation, growth parameters were measured. Number of leaves, leaf area, number of roots, dry weights of leaves and roots showed significantly greater values in Glomus fasciculatum plot than in non-inoculated plot in ‘Tochiotome’ and ‘Toyonoka’, in Gl. mosseae plot of ‘Nyoho’ and ‘Nohime’. AM fungal infection occurred in all combinations of strawberry cultivars and AM fungal species, though the infection level differed among the combinations. In this case, Glomus fasciculatum had high affinity with ‘Tochiotome’ and ‘Toyonoka’, and Gl. mosseae with ‘Nyoho’ and ‘Nohime’. | eng_Latn | 9,657 |
The discussion on Landscape design's classification and the Ecological Landscape Designing | According to the people's physical,mental and sensational requirements,landscape design can be classified into three different levels:the design of form,the design of behavior and the design of ecology.The ecological landscape design,which has been the mainstream opinion in western countries at present,is the i- deal aim and requirements for the landscape designing. | This report presents novel parameters for evapotranspiration-mediated wastewater phytotreament. Leaf area capacity could be used to measure the water loss from phytotreatment tank. Relative effect concentration was a measure the reduction of leaf area capacity due to increasing COD level. Additional advantage of using the two parameters was to address the suitability of various types of wastewater in phytotreatment by means of COD equivalent. | eng_Latn | 9,658 |
Influence of fusarium oxysporum age on proportions of C, N and P mineralized after chloroform fumigation in soil | The influence of age of Fusarium oxysporum mycelia on mineralization in soil of their C, N and P contents following chloroform fumigation was determined with two soils from pasture of different productivity. The mineralization factors kc and kn could vary with mycelial age and, in prior-incubated soils, were lowest in the oldest (44-day) culture with the lowest cytoplasm and total N contents. Changes in kp with mycelial age showed no consistent trends. The use of k factors derived from physiologically young cells may lead to under-estimation of C and N in the indigenous soil biota. | The paper uses FLUENT software to simulate the oxygen concentration field,velocity filed,the gas concentration field and pressure field in goaf.Through the comparison between simulation results and the field measured data,adjusting simulation parameters correspondingly,making final simulation results to consistent with field data,and the final oxygen concentration field and velocity filed are got.Finally,the goaf is divided into three zones with double index method(upper limit air leakage wind speed and lower limit oxygen concentration),the largest width of goaf spontaneous combustion zone is 41 m,and the calculated safety mining working face rate is 1.7m/d. | eng_Latn | 9,659 |
Bioethanol Production from Sugarcane Grown in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils | Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of bioethanol production using the juice of sugarcane grown in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The results suggest that the sugar concentration was not adversely affected when the sugarcane was grown in the heavy metal-contaminated soil. Although the juice of sugarcane grown in contaminated soil contained elevated levels of heavy metals, sugar fermentation and ethanol production were not adversely affected when five selected yeast species were used to mediate the processes. The preliminary research findings obtained from this study have implications for developing cost-effective technologies for simultaneous bioethanol production and soil clean-up using heavy metal-contaminated soils for energy sugarcane farming. | According to researches in over twenty years about detoxification of cottonseed meal by microorganism, effects of microorganism strains and solid state fermentation technology to detoxification of free gossypol were summarized, and application effects of detoxified cottonseed meal in animal feed were also discussed. At last, research areas in the future were predicted. | eng_Latn | 9,660 |
Parameters for obtaining concentrates from rapeseed and sunflower meal | The use of various water-alcohol mixtures to remove antinutritional and technologically inconvenient factors from rapeseed and sunflower defatted meal is described. Meals obtained from dehulled seeds were repeatedly extracted with methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol or isobutanol and water (50 or 60% V/V), at pH 6 at room temperature. Use of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol led to protein concentrates with very high nitrogen yields. These products exhibited low residual contents of soluble carbohydrates, and polyphenols and, for rapeseed, glucosinolates. Moreover, they were bland flavoured and white coloured. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,661 |
The role of coprophagy in nutrient release from feces of phytophagous insects | Abstract In microcosms containing soil from a mixed deciduous forest, we examined the nutrient release from feces of phytophagous insects through coprophagous behavior of saprophagous soil animals during 12 weeks of decomposition. The decomposition of feces of Operophthera fagata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) fed on beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) released more cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + ) into the soil than the decomposition of beech litter, whether or not woodlice, Porcellio scaber and Oniscus asellus (Isopoda: Oniscidea), were present. Similarly, the C/N ratio of the soil was lower in assays with feces than in those with leaf litter. Coprophagy by isopods resulted in decreased C/N ratio of the soil. Respiratory activity of soil microbiota was greater when woodlice degraded Operophthera feces than when they degraded beech litter for 12 weeks. The present study provides evidence for nutrient release from the feces of phytophagous insects into the soil through the feeding activity of coprophagous soil animals. | Abstract Mycotypha microspora Fenner was isolated from stools obtained from a two-year-old boy treated for myelogenous acute leukemia. This is only the second time that this zygomycete has been recovered from human samples. Medical mycologists must be aware of this zygomycete, due to the unusual presentation at direct examination. | eng_Latn | 9,662 |
Intervenciones públicas en las periferias del sureste madrileño | This article aims to make a first approach to a comparison between two peripheries of the south-east of Madrid, an informal settlement (Canada Real Galiana) and the new PAUSs that are being developed .This comparison is made possible by the increasing reduction of paper of public administrations, and implies a brief incursion into the concept of urban peripheries. | Rainwater is not readily available to sandy loam Ghanaian ferric lixisols. In an attempt ::: to increase water availability to Nyankpala ferric lixisols, their impervious iron pan was broken. ::: Average yield (number of bags) of maize from ferric lexisol with ironpan broken was compared ::: with that with iron pan unbroken. At an average annual rainfall of 64.125 to 106.775 mm for ::: Nyampkala, ferric lexisol with or without iron pan broken yielded similar quantity (20-25bgs/ha) of ::: maize. Breaking of ironpan alone cannot increase water availability to Nyankpala ferric lixisols. ::: Measures other than the breaking of iron pan are needed to increase water availability to ::: ferreiclesisols and similar soils. Research into sustainable technologies such as permanent ::: amendments for increased soil water availability to ferric lixisol and similar soils is required | spa_Latn | 9,663 |
Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections | Bacteria from the oral biofilms may be aspirated into the respiratory tract to influence the initiation and progression of systemic infectious conditions such as pneumonia. Oral bacteria, poor oral hygiene, and periodontitis seem to influence the incidence of pulmonary infections, especially nosocomial pneumonia episodes in high-risk subjects. Improved oral hygiene has been shown to reduce the occurrence of nosocomial pneumonia, both in mechanically-ventilated hospital patients and non-ventilated nursing home residents. It appears that oral colonization by potential respiratory pathogens, possibly fostered by periodontitis, and possibly by bacteria specific to the oral cavity or to periodontal diseases contribute to pulmonary infections. Thus, oral hygiene will assume an even more important role in the care of high-risk subjects – patients in the hospital intensive care and the elderly. The present paper critically reviews the recent literature on the effect of oral biofilms and periodontitis on pneumonia. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,664 |
Silk peptide treatment potentiates natural killer cell activity in vitro and induces natural killer cell maturation and activation in mouse splenocytes | AbstractContext: Silk peptide from cocoons of silkworm (Bombyx mori L., Bombycidae) has been employed as a biomedical material and exhibits various bioactivities, including immune-modulating activity.Objective: We analyzed whether silk peptide exerts direct modulating effects on NK cells using an NK cell line in vitro and ex vivo splenocytes. We also attempted to delineate the mechanism underlying the modulation.Material and methods: In vitro activity of silk peptide on NK cells was determined by measurement of cytolytic activity against K562 cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 5:1 after incubation of NK-92MI cells with silk peptide (0–2000 μg/mL) for 48 and 72 h. Ex vivo activity of silk peptide on mouse splenic NK cells was determined similarly by using YAC-1 cells.Results: Treatment of NK-92MI NK cells with silk peptide (500–2000 μg/mL) significantly increased cytolytic activity on target cells by 2- to 4-fold. The same concentrations (500–2000 μg/mL) of silk peptide treatment also significantly en... | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,665 |
Influence of Agricultural Biomass Burning on Aerosol Size Distribution and Dry Deposition in Southeastern Brazil | The size distributed composition of ambient aerosols is used to explore seasonal differences in particle chemistry and to show that dry deposition fluxes of soluble species, including important plant nutrients, increase during periods of biomass (sugar cane trash) burning in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Measurements were made at a single site centrally located in the State's sugar cane growing region but away from the immediate vicinity of burns, so that the air sampled was representative of the regional background. Calculation of ion equivalent balances showed that during burning periods smaller particles (Aitken and accumulation modes) were more acidic, containing higher concentrations of SO42-, oxalate, NO3-, HCOO-, CH3COO-, and Cl-, but insufficient NH4+ and K+ to achieve neutrality. Larger particles showed an anion deficit due to the presence of unmeasured ions and comprised resuspended dusts modified by accumulation of nitrate, chloride, and organic anions. Increases of resuspended particles during the ... | Refractory organic pollutants are wastewaters main pollutants in Tianjin TEDA modern industrial park. For clearing up refractory organic pollutants, we must improve the biological process of the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on how to use bioaugmentation technology to process the refractory organic pollutants which comes from wastewater of the district. The paper will record data and complete analysis of treatment effect for improving the biological process of sewage treatment plant and make advices. | eng_Latn | 9,666 |
Direct Experimental Observation of In Situ Dehydrogenation of an Amine-Borane System Using Gas Electron Diffraction | In situ dehydrogenation of azetidine-BH3, which is a candidate for hydrogen storage, was observed with the parent and dehydrogenated ana-logue subjected to rigorous structural and thermochemical investigations. The structural analyses utilized gas electron diffraction supported by high-level quantum calculations, whilst the pathway for the unimolecular hydrogen release reaction in the absence and presence of BH3 as a bi-functional catalyst was predicted at CBS-QB3 level. The catalyzed dehydrogenation pathway has a barrier lower than the predicted B–N bond dissociation energy, hence favoring the dehydrogenation process over the dissociation of the complex. The predicted enthalpy of dehydrogenation at CCSD(T)/CBS level indicates mild reaction conditions would be required for the hydrogen release and that the compound is closer to thermoneutral than the linear amine boranes. The entropy and free energy change for the dehydrogenation process show that the reaction is exergonic, energetically feasible and will... | The Bowen ratio-energy balance method was used to analyze the energy exchange on maize cropland and further to estimate crop evapotranspiration at Horqin Sandy Land. The estimated results had been compared with the data measured by Lysimeter. Crop coefficients for maize calculated from crop evapotranspiration and reference evapotranspiration have been obtained. During growth seasons, latent heat flux occupied large amount of net radiation. The local precipitation of experimental year couldn t satisfy the water need of maize production. The calculated values of crop coefficient for maize at the four crop growth stages (initial, crop development, reproductive and maturity) were 0.52, 0.90, 1.13 and 0.64 respectively. Crop evapotranspiration can be estimated exactly by using Bowen ratio-energy balance method in a fine daytime. | eng_Latn | 9,667 |
Forearm Blood Flow Measurement by Near Infrared Spectroscopy | Evaluation of muscle contribution to total body flow can be very useful in physiological and clinical conditions. Therefore a simple non-invasive technique for the measurement of muscle blood flow based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) principles could find many applications. The commonly used methods for skeletal muscle flow measurement are complex and difficult to perform repeatedly under different workload conditions. We applied NIRS for the measurement of forearm blood flow (FBF) in volunteers and critically ill patients. | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,668 |
Comparative Phytoremediation of Chromium‐Contaminated Soils by Fenugreek, Spinach, and Raya | Abstract A glasshouse investigation was undertaken to evaluate the natural potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and raya (Brassica campestris L.) for cleanup of chromium (Cr)–contaminated silty loam and sandy soils. Four kilograms of soil per treatment in earthen pots was treated with five levels of chromium [0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg Cr kg−1 soil through dipotassium chromate (K2Cr2O7], equilibrated for 21 days at field-capacity moisture content, and then fenugreek, spinach, and raya were grown for 60 days after seeding. The concentration of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable Cr increased significantly with increasing rate of Cr application in both soils, but the increase was higher in sandy soil than in silty loam soil. The DTPA‐extractable Cr in both soils decreased after harvesting of crops compared to its concentration in soil before sowing of the crops. The decrease in DTPA‐extractable Cr concentration was highest in soil grow... | During the past three decades, the rice-wheat cropping systems (RWCS) ::: in India significantly contributed to enhancing food grain production and ::: achieving food self-sufficiency and food security. The production system ::: now is under threat due to stagnating or declining total factor ::: productivity. Legumes can play a significant role in enhancing the factor ::: productivity of this most important and productive production system in ::: the country. Ironically, rice and wheat have replaced the principal ::: legumes over a period of time. With the availability of high-yielding and ::: short-duration varieties of important legumes, there is a need to ::: incorporate them in RWCS to improve the sustainability of the system so ::: as to meet future food grain demands without degradation of the natural ::: resource base. | eng_Latn | 9,669 |
RESPONSE OF CABBAGE GROWN NORTH OF LATITUDE 60°N TO PLASTIC MULCH, RIDGING, AND ROW ORIENTATION | The effects of clear polyethylene mulch, soil ridges, and row orientation on soil temperature, soil moisture and crop growth were studied in field experiments north of latitude 60°, with cabbage as the test crop. Mulch increased soil temperature and cabbage yield regardless of ridge type and row orientation. Soil temperature differences between mulched plots were small at 8:00 a.m. but large at 3:30 p.m. The highest temperatures at 3:30 p.m. were obtained in the even-ridge, followed in decreasing order by uneven-ridge, no-ridge and double-ridge treatments. Soil moisture levels were lower in the mulched single-ridge plots than in the mulched double-ridge and no-ridged plots. No differences were found between single ridges running north—south and single ridges running east—west. | In tropical regions such as southern China, a large amount of agricultural residue has been wasted. This paper elucidated the utilization status of sugarcane leaves, banana stalk and leaves and pineapple leaves as feed, and the effect on nutritional value of agricultural residue by different silage methods. | yue_Hant | 9,670 |
Conversion of grass biomass into fermentable sugars and its utilization for medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-PHA) production by Pseudomonas strains | Abstract This study investigated the potential of grass biomass as a feedstock for mcl-PHA production. Pretreatments (2% NaOH at 120 °C or hot water at 120 °C) of perennial ryegrass were employed alone or in combination with sodium chlorite/acetic acid (SC/AA) delignification to evaluate the enzymatic digestibility and subsequent utilization of resultant sugars by Pseudomonas strains. NaOH pretreated sample had better digestibility than raw and hot water treated samples and this hydrolysate supported good growth of all tested strains with limited mcl-PHA (6–17% of cell dry mass (CDM)) accumulation. Digestibility of both untreated and pretreated samples was improved after SC/AA delignification and produced glucose (74–77%) rich hydrolysates. Tested strains accumulated 20–34% of CDM as PHA when these hydrolysates were used as sole carbon and energy source. CDM and PHA yields obtained for these strains when tested with laboratory grade sugars was similar to that achieved with grass derived sugars. | The lake sediments have registered the information of palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in the lake itself and the regional scale. This also leads to a complexity in study of the palaeolimnology by all kinds of proxies. How to purify these proxies to indicate the palaeoclimate has become a problem to be solved. Most of the proxies can qualitively identify the percentage of allochthonous and autochthonous organic components, e.g. δ13corg CD/TC. The model introduced in this note has provided a method of quantitatively calculating the amount of allochthonous organic carbon. As for determination of regulating parameters, i.e. A1 and As, further work is still in need. | eng_Latn | 9,671 |
Recent Advances in Feeding Utilization of Agricultural Waste | In tropical regions such as southern China, a large amount of agricultural residue has been wasted. This paper elucidated the utilization status of sugarcane leaves, banana stalk and leaves and pineapple leaves as feed, and the effect on nutritional value of agricultural residue by different silage methods. | Crop yield projections made at planting time or during the growing season often ignore the fact that an unknown percentage of planted acreage is not harvested. As a solution, we present a model for 'acreage abandonment, based upon both economic and weather variables. Weather is shown to be a much more important determinant of the decision not to harvest than is the expected price. The explained variance in abandonment of spring wheat acreage by future delivery price is approximately 16%, but rises to over 60% when weather variables are added. In a similarly designed model for winter wheat in the southern plains, the price contribution is less than 5%. | eng_Latn | 9,672 |
EVALUASI SISTEM PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH PADAT B3 PT. INDOFARMA, TBK BEKASI | Besides yielding product, production process also will yield discard product that we called as waste. Thetype of the waste are depended on the raw materials and other process that happened during theproduction process. As a pharmacy industry, PT. Indofarma Tbk also generate waste from their productionprocess which have potency to contaminate the environment because the most material that use for theproduction are chemicals that need to be handled seriously. The waste can be categorize as HazardousWaste and needed furthermore management to control, so it will be secure for the environment. Forpharmacy industry, the hazardous waste is in the form of the chemicals, Waste Water Treatment’s sludge,residu production process like dust from dust collector, incinerator’s fly ash, and other materials which iscame from hazardous materials. | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | yue_Hant | 9,673 |
Sensitivity of Cultured Mammalian Cells to Streptomycin and Dihydrostreptomycin | Cultured mammalian cells killed by streptomycin were essentially unaffected by an identical concentration of dihydrostreptomycin. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,674 |
Chemical Bleaching of Wood and Its Aging : An Investigation of Mahogany, Walnut, Rosewood, Padauk and Purpleheart | This paper investigates chemical bleaching of wood and its ageing to make specie specific recommendations on which bleaching solutions to use when color adjusting veneer for furniture restoration. ... | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,675 |
Morphological Evaluation of Nonlabeled Cells to Detect Stimulation of Nerve Growth Factor Expression by Lyconadin B | The success of drug development is greatly influenced by the efficiency of drug screening methods. Recently, phenotype-based screens have raised expectations, based on their proven record of identifying first-in-class drugs at a higher rate. Although fluorescence images are the data most commonly used in phenotype-based cell-based assays, nonstained cellular images have the potential to provide new descriptive information about cellular responses. In this study, we applied morphology-based evaluation of nonlabeled microscopic images to a phenotype-based assay. As a study case, we attempted to increase the efficiency of a cell-based assay for chemical compounds that induce production of nerve growth factor (NGF), using lyconadin B as a model compound. Because the total synthesis of lyconadin B was accomplished very recently, there is no well-established cell-based assay scheme for further drug screening. The conventional cell-based assay for evaluating NGF induction requires two types of cells and a total ... | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,676 |
Comparative Study for the Performance of VBLAST, QOSTBC and Hybrid BLAST-STBC MIMO System under Transmit Link Deep Fading | This paper studies the effect of transmit antenna multipath channel deep fading on the effective received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), capacity and throughput of 4 × 4 MIMO system for several transmit fading scenarios. The simulated results are obtained in an environment of 4 × 4 MIMO system using MATLAB software where the total transmit power is normalized to one. The purpose of normalizing the transmit power is to make the results independent of transmitted power. The system (SNR) is a given parameter so the power of the white noise is adjusted in accordance with the SNR. All the detections are done using maximum likelihood receiver (ML). Although ML detector has high computational complexity, it is used to get an optimum detection for a fair comparison | Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens forest is an important forest resource in south China.The result of balanced fertilization in the intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantations showed that the balanced fertilization could significantly increase the DBH of the plants,improve the quality of bamboo shoot and consequently increase the economic incomes.It was indicated by analyses of net income of the intensively bred bamboo plantation that N_2P_1K_2 was the best fertilizer combination,which could yield the greatest economic benefits.It was demonstrated that the balanced fertilization could not only avoid environmental pollution,save fertilizers but also increase the productivity of Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation and the economic benefits of the cultivation.So the balanced fertilization was one of the approaches to ensure economic and ecological benefits of intensively bred Phyllostachys heterocycls cv.pubescens plantation in south China. | kor_Hang | 9,677 |
Prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime against multiple infection of dogs with Dirofilaria immitis. | In order to examine the prophylactic effects of milbemycin oxime (MO) against Dirofilaria immitis infection, experiments were carried out under multiple infection with D. immitis. Ten filaria-free beagles of age 4 to 8 months were each inoculated with a total number of 480 larvae 12 times at intervals of 15 days over a period of 6 months, and MO was given monthly for the 6 months at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. The infection rate in the medicated group of dogs was nil, this suggesting complete protection of the infection, while in the non-medicated control group it ranged from 6.5 to 14.8% (mean, 11.4%). | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,678 |
ROLE OF CRUSTACEAN CHITIN, FUNGICIDES AND FUNGAL ANTAGONIST ON THE EFFICACY OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN PROTECTING CHILLI FROM ROOT ROT | Application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium alone or with crustacean chitin, fungicides (benlate/captan) or Paecilomyces lilacinus (a biocontrol agent) significantly suppressed Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani attacking roots of chilli. Paecilomyces lilacinus, an egg parasite of root knot and cyst nematodes, also caused significant suppression of root rot pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be less effective against M. phaseolina, but more effective against F. solani, than benlate and captan. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. lilacinus together on crustacean waste powder produced better plant growth than when used alone. The use of crustacean waste powder resulted in better plant growth than the use of pure chitin. | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | yue_Hant | 9,679 |
(Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 46(1):001-010)Hydrogen peroxide functions as a stress signal in plants | Plants have evolved complex regulatory mechanisms in adapting to various environmental stresses. One of the consequences of many stresses is an increase in the cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are subsequently converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). An oxidative burst caused by biotic or abiotic stress leads to a disturbance in the cellular redox balance and is highly toxic to cells. Recently, H2O2, in addition to being a toxicant, has been regarded as a signaling molecule and a regulator of the expression of some genes in cells. These include genes encoding antioxidants, cell rescue/defense proteins, and signaling proteins such as kinase, phosphatase, and transcription factors. Here, we review the function of H2O2 as a signal molecule in the transduction of stress signals to the alteration of expression profiles of target genes, and we summarize the evidence that H2O2 acts as a stress signal in plants. | The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects birch renewal on the soil organic carbon accumulation and on dehydrogenase activity. We selected 12 research plots with birch stands of different ages (1–4 years, 5–8 years, 9–12 years, and 13–17 years) to determine soil texture, pH, total carbon and nitrogen levels, and base cation content. The total organic carbon stock was calculated for the soil profiles. Additionally, dehydrogenase activity was determined. Naturally regenerated birch stands on post-agricultural land facilitated carbon accumulation. Based on our results, dehydrogenase activity is useful in assessing the condition of post-agricultural soils, and its determination allowed for us to assess the processes occurring in post-agricultural soils that are associated with the formation and carbon distribution. | eng_Latn | 9,680 |
The study on start_up for UASB and treatment of wastewater containing RDX | This paper is intended to study the start up for UASB reactor that is seeded by cattle manure and to treat wastewater containing RDX.The results show that cattle manure can be used as seed material of UASB;effluent treated by the system containing UASB is achieved national standard of wastewater discharge;effect of treatment of RDX is good(the average removal rate reaches 88%) during anaerobic treatment. | Rainfed agriculture accounts for 92.8 m ha or 65% of total cultivated area which contributes about 44% of total food grain production and it supports 40% human and 60% livestock population. Rain water harvesting (RWH) can be done by two methods, in-situ and ex-situ. Among in situ mulching, broad bed and furrow (BBF), zay system and contour cultivation are prominent one. Cover crop and crop residue significantly reduces run off and soil loss under field conditions. In ex-situ watershed, check dams, microcatchments, farm ponds and microirrigation are promising one for soil and water management. | eng_Latn | 9,681 |
A variational-difference method of solving problems with functionals on linear growth | Abstract A variational-difference method of solving variational problems in which the integrand as a function of the gradient has linear growth, is proposed. The initial mathematical formulation of these problems may be ill-posed. We consider methods that construct numerical schemes using discontinuous basis functions. Their advantage compared with traditional methods using continuous approximations is demonstrated for a number of examples. | Usar soils occupy about 7 million hectare of land in India. These lands have reached a stage of very low productivity due to overuse. Twelve tree species were planted during October 1981 at uniform spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m in plots of 40 m × 40 m. The plots were analyzed for their biomass production from two to eight years. The analysis was based on destructive sampling of trees from the surround and forming regression equations. The form of the equation was Weight = a + b D 2 H. Biomass estimations were carried out in the inner plots of 20 m × 20 m leaving a surround of 10 m all-round. The growing stock shows changing pattern. The species that grew fast in early phase did not perform well in later years. The site amelioration was studied at the beginning of thc trial and after four years. The site has shown all-round improvement though the rates vary with the species. No biomass was removed from the site and leaves, branches, pods etc. falling on the ground was permitted to recycle nutrients. | eng_Latn | 9,682 |
A process to produce an enrichment feed | The present invention provides a process for the preparation of an enriched carboxylic acid compositions produced by the method of composition of the carboxylic acid is included in contact with the enrichment feed in the enrichment zone. The present invention is then to remove the catalyst from the carboxylic acid composition to a method and that the resulting composition for the preparation of a catalyst removal composition. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,683 |
Investigation on a focus of human trichinellosis revealed by an atypical clinical case after wild-boar (Sus scrofa) pork consumption in northern Italy | Trichinellosis is one of the most serious foodborne parasitic zoonoses in Europe. Wild carnivorous and omnivorous hosts are the main reservoirs of Trichinella spp. nematodes in nature. In the winter of 2008-2009, an atypical clinical case of trichinellosis occurred for the consumption of pork from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted in southwestern Alps in Italy. The symptomatic individual showed delayed development of oedemas in the lower limbs and eosinophilia, which appeared three months after infection. Muscle samples harboured 3.8 larvae/g, which were identified as Trichinella britovi. During the epidemiological investigation, anti-Trichinella IgG were detected in five hunters. | The swine industry in Canada has undergone rapid growth in some areas, but has also been restricted by a variety of environmental issues. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are seldom mentioned among these issues, but emissions do occur and atmospheric NH3 causes a number of impacts including contributing to odour, deposition into sensitive ecosystems and formation of secondary particulate matter, which is a health concern in some regions of North America. This paper describes a new model to estimate NH3 emissions from the swine sector, relying heavily on a recent survey of swine producers to determine the present N and manure management practices. The key hypothesis was that NH3 emission rates vary across Ecoregions and over time in a way that affects the degree of impact. The survey showed many differences across Ecoregions, most importantly related to feed crude protein and landspreading practices. The model estimated that grower pigs (>20 kg to market size) excreted on average about 8.5 kg total ammoniacal N (TA... | eng_Latn | 9,684 |
Pilot Study: Does Lower Extremity Night Splinting Assist in the Management of Painful Peripheral Neuropathy in the HIV/AIDS Population? | Introduction: The pain associated with peripheral neuropathy (PN) observed in patients living with HIV/AIDS represents a difficult complication to manage. Participants: A total of 22 participants with a diagnosis of PN were recruited to assess the effects of using night splints on pain and sleep quality. Methods: For 3 weeks, the participants were instructed to use bilateral night splints and given an exercise regimen for 3 additional weeks. Scores from pain and sleep questionnaires were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The change in pain scores (F(1.16) = 13.41,η2 =.456, P = .002) and sleep index scores (z = -2.69, P = .004, 1-tailed) was found to be significant following the use of night splints. No difference was found with the use of the exercises. Discussion: The use of night splints in HIV-infected patients with PN represents an additional tool for managing pain and improving sleep. | Abstract Site‐specific nitrogen (N) fertilizer management based on soil Nmin (soil mineral N) and the plant N status (sap nitrate analysis and chlorophyll meter (SPAD) reading test) has been shown to be effective in decreasing excessive N inputs for winter wheat in the North China Plain, but the multiple sampling of soil and plants in individual fields is too time‐consuming and costly for producers and farmers. In this study, a color digital camera was used to capture wheat canopy images at a specific growth stage to assess N needs. Treatments included a farmer's N treatment (typical farmer practice), an optimum N treatment (N application based on soil–plant testing), and four treatments without N (one to four cropping seasons without any N fertilizer input). Digital images were analyzed to get red, green, and blue color‐band intensities for each treatment. Normalized intensities of the red, green, and blue color bands were well correlated with soil Nmin, SPAD readings, sap nitrate concentration, and tota... | eng_Latn | 9,685 |
Mechanochemical modification of the composition and structure of plant raw materials to control the combustion of alternative fuel | The possibilities of mechanochemistry in processing of renewable lignocellulose raw material into solid kinds of biofuel are demonstrated in this work. A review of lignocellulose raw materials promising for our country is presented. These raw materials include wastes from agriculture and forestry, and the biomass of rapidly growing plants. The physicochemical properties of lignocellulose materials with different delignification degrees were modeled with the help of the artificial mixtures of plant raw material with purified cellulose and lignin. The data illustrating the effect of disperse state and lignin content on the reactivity of the material in subsequent combustion are presented. The tests at the combustion bench with the thermal power up to 5 MW allowed determining the optimal combustion parameters for the obtained biofuel in the autothermal mode. | Computer models for fertilizer recommendation used in Croatia and Hungary are created regarding to soil properties, agroecological conditions and most frequent crops. Development of special profiles of agriculture have been generated need for more adjusted and more specific computer models. Basic models include soil chemical properties as pH, P, K and humus content as essential data. The importance of additional analyses and data (describing soil elasticity, heavy metals) depends on crops and soil properties. The aim of this paper was to describe procedures of models used in Croatia and Hungary for fertilizer recommendation and to describe model specificity regarding to special profile of agriculture. | eng_Latn | 9,686 |
Energy Conversion Efficiency of Pyrolysis of Chicken Litter and Rice Husk Biomass | Pyrolysis is a well-established method of converting biomass to different types of value-added products, such as high energy density biofuels and chemicals. In this work, chicken-litter waste and rice husk were pyrolyzed at different temperatures with the aim of investigating the thermal behavior and energy recovery potential of the feedstocks. Computer-aided thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to study the pyrolysis properties of each biomass in a temperature-controlled regime. The specific heats of chicken litter and rice husk samples during their pyrolysis and the energy content of their pyrolysis products were investigated to determine the energy required to complete the pyrolysis of each sample and the energy recovery potential of each pyrolytic product. Most of the volatile products were evolved at 350 to 450 °C with CO2, CO, and CH4 being the dominant gas products from both samples throughout the pyrolysis process. At 500 °C and at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, the gas, bio... | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,687 |
Constructing Taiwan's Low-Carbon Tourism Development Suitability Evaluation Indicators | This study aimed to construct an operable, monitorable, and quantifiable low-carbon tourism development suitability evaluation model. This paper presents quantitative indicator standardization. Delphi and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process methods were used for data collection and carrying out the corresponding weight analysis. Through abundant literature review and expert interviews, this study constructed an objective and quantitative evaluation model, consisting of 6 aspects and 16 evaluation categories with 53 indicators that were significant to develop low-carbon tourism. The six aspects include transportation, travel agencies, hotel accommodation, destinations, local communities, and food service. This study also used Yilan Taiwan, a low-carbon tourism county, as an example, and carried out a comprehensive assessment, providing advice for developing low-carbon travel. This model can be used for evaluating the development of low-carbon tourism not only in Taiwan but in all places that aspire to promote... | Refractory organic pollutants are wastewaters main pollutants in Tianjin TEDA modern industrial park. For clearing up refractory organic pollutants, we must improve the biological process of the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on how to use bioaugmentation technology to process the refractory organic pollutants which comes from wastewater of the district. The paper will record data and complete analysis of treatment effect for improving the biological process of sewage treatment plant and make advices. | eng_Latn | 9,688 |
Fate of Mineral Nitrogen in Acid Heathland and Forest Soils | Ammonium added to heathland soil (pH 3.7) or to Douglas forest soil (pH 3.7) appeared to be rather stable. This contrasted with a sandy agricultural soil (pH 5.5) from which ammonium disappeared rapidly. | Purpose ::: Shifts of microbial biomass and functional diversity under different vegetation patterns can impact the soil processes, and the specific knowledge about this can be used to develop sound vegetation restoration strategies. This study was devoted to examine the effects of different vegetation patterns on microbial biomass and functional diversity and explore the relationship between soil erosion and soil microbial properties under typical erosion conditions of the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. | eng_Latn | 9,689 |
RESEARCH ON APPLICATION OF FLY ASH IN SOIL AMELIORATION IN MINE LAND RECLAMATION | The floor earth of bauxite deposit is main reclamation material in Pingguo Bauxite Mine. Because of its poor physical chemical properties, when used as cultivable layers in reclamation field, the floor earth needs some modification. Fly ash is the most economic and available material for modification of the glutinous floor earth. By a series of experiments, the optimal proportion of fly ash to floor earth is determined ultimately, and then the real effect of soil amelioration investigated. | Microgravity environment in space affects organism. The biological effects of microgravity have been used a clinostat to simulate. The clinostat treatment induced the increase of gibberellins (GAs) and the activity of total amylase (especially the increment of a-amylase activity), as well as the degradation of starch grains in carrot callus cells. The increment trend of GAs and α-amylase activity was con-sistent. Further more, ancymidol, the inhibitor of the biosynthesis of GAs could remarkably repress the increment of α-amylase activity induced by the clinostat treatment. Therefore, we deduce that clinostat treatment can stimulate the raise of GAs, which induces the increment of the expression of α-amylase genes, then trig-gers the degradation of starch grains. As a result, plant can produce more active energy to respond to clinostat stimulus. | yue_Hant | 9,690 |
Moss (Physcomitrella patens) Expressed Sequence Tags Include Several Sequences which are Novel for Plants | : ::: ::: The moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G. is the first land plant in which gene disruption by homologous recombination Is directly accessible. In order to obtain cloned sequences which may be used in such an approach, complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been isolated by subtractlve hybridisation of representative cDNA libraries from cytoklnin-treated tissue. Sequencing of these clones from both ends yielded over 35 kb of non-redundant sequence Information, of which 20 kb results from clones which appear to be novel to plants. Database comparisons have revealed that 39 of the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated show significant homology to identified sequences. Analysis of these ESTs shows a high degree of conservation between Physcomitrella and seed plant sequences, and codon usage is found to be very similar to that In dicotyledonous species. Furthermore, 43 sequences showing no significant homology to sequences in the databases represent previously unidentified expressed genes. | Purpose ::: Shifts of microbial biomass and functional diversity under different vegetation patterns can impact the soil processes, and the specific knowledge about this can be used to develop sound vegetation restoration strategies. This study was devoted to examine the effects of different vegetation patterns on microbial biomass and functional diversity and explore the relationship between soil erosion and soil microbial properties under typical erosion conditions of the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China. | eng_Latn | 9,691 |
Convenient Synthesis of Branched-Chain Glycosamines by Radical Addition of Nitromethane to Glycals | Radical addition−reduction−acetylation is the simple three-step sequence for the synthesis of branched-chain glycosamines 3 from glycals 1 and nitromethane (2). The intermediary formed 2-C-nitromethyl-pyranosides are valuable precursors for the synthesis of C-2 branched disaccharides. | In this paper,using the design of quadratic common rotation including four factors and five levels,the basic effect model between density,nitrogenous fertilizer,phosphate fertilizer,potash fertilizer and the above-ground biomass of single tree of 5-year-old Eucalyptus Grandis plantation was established in Yi Bin Gao county Sichuan.By the testing,it conformed to the precision.Based on the interactive effect of the model,the results showed that there was obvious synergistic effect between nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer.On the other hand,it was inconspicuous between nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer as well as between phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer.By the frequency analysis for regression model, when the 4 factors of density,N,P and K are in the confidence limit of 95%,the combination high yield cultivated pattern was the following:density 1860-1935 trees/hm~2,N 56-64 g/tree,P 47-56g/tree,K 37-46g/tree. | eng_Latn | 9,692 |
Effect of Tillage Practices on the Emergence of Smicronyx fulvus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | The effects of fall- or spring-applied tillage practices on adult emergence of a sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus (LeConte), were evaluated over a 2-year period. Weevil emergence counts indicated that fall or spring moldboard plowing after a sunflower crop reduced adult emergence by 29 to 56% over a 2-year period compared with the untilled control. Spring chisel plowing reduced emergence 36 to 39%. The planting of wheat, corn, or sunflower on land heavily infested with sunflower seed weevil larvae had no significant effect on the timing or number of emerging weevils. | Drylands are considered a net sink for atmospheric methane and a main component of global inventories for greenhouse gas budgets. However, a significant portion of drylands occur over sedimentary basins hosting natural gas and oil reservoirs, with gas migration to the surface (named “microseepage”) producing positive atmospheric CH4 fluxes. In this overview, we summarize the outcomes of microseepage surveys performed in different petroleum basins, describe how the microseepage area is estimated and what are the emission factors that can be used for a preliminary global emission estimate. Microseepage frequently overcomes methanotrophic consumption occurring in dry soil throughout large areas, and it is enhanced by faults and fractures in the rocks. Fluxes of a few tens to hundreds of mg m−2 d−1 are frequent for oil–gas fields, globally estimated at ∼4 million km2. However, microseepage may potentially exist over a wider area (∼8 million km2, i.e. 15% of global drylands), including the total petroleum syst... | eng_Latn | 9,693 |
An Empirical Investigation of how Sensitive Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions per Capita is to Changes in Livestock Production | Using panel data from 1970 to 2009 for 17 developed and 53 developing countries, this paper investigates empirically how sensitive carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita is tolivestock production. The results showthat livestock production has a positive and statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita for both developed and developing counties. The impact of livestock production on CO2 emissions per capita is larger for developed countries. A one percent increase in livestock production leads to a 0.25 and a 0.11 percent increase in CO2 emissions per capita in developed and developing countries respectively. | This report presents novel parameters for evapotranspiration-mediated wastewater phytotreament. Leaf area capacity could be used to measure the water loss from phytotreatment tank. Relative effect concentration was a measure the reduction of leaf area capacity due to increasing COD level. Additional advantage of using the two parameters was to address the suitability of various types of wastewater in phytotreatment by means of COD equivalent. | eng_Latn | 9,694 |
The Assay of Neurohypophysial Hormones in Blood and Other Body Fluids | This section will be mainly orientated around the detection and measurement of oxytocin and vasopressin at low concentrations, such as may occur naturally in blood or urine. The choice of method in this type of work is influenced more by considerations of high sensitivity, by specificity and by simplicity than by limits of error. This contrasts with requirements of methods for estimating the oxytocic potency of posterior pituitary glands, or for the investigation of synthetic homologues of oxytocin, when in general there is no practical limit to the amount of active substance available and hence the sensitivity of the method is not of great importance, whereas the reliability of the estimate is of very great importance indeed. Assays are discussed from this point of view, e. g. pharmacopoeial standardisation, in the chapter by Sturmer. | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,695 |
The study of stress resistance for larva and pre-pupa stage of black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens | The stress tolerance of black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,larvae and pre-pupa in solution of alcohol,mineral oil and common salt with gradient concentration was studied.The result indicated that it showed positive performance for black soldier fly larva and pre-pupa when stress factors were lower level,but it with high level obviously were going to hurt insect body and increase mortality.The more attention should been paid on the difference between larvae and pre-pupa on stress resistance in mineral oil and common salt.It implied that pre-pupa of black soldier fly were more susceptive to mineral oil than larvae and larva were less tolerated to common salt instead,which might be the result from physiological and morphological deviation of insect cuticulae. | Abstract Lineal extension of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici hyphae along roots of intact wheat plants growing in soils was measured. Hyphal growth rates were lower in soils treated with NH 4 + -N than with NO 3 − -N. In a soil that is suppressive to the take-all disease, the controlling influence of NH 4 + -N was eliminated by soil fumigation (methyl bromide), and reintroduced to fumigated soil by additions of 1% nonsterile soil. Effects of fumigation on hyphal growth were absent in a nonsuppressive soil, and in NO 3 − -treatments of the suppressive soil. When inocula of selected groups of wheat rhizoplane microflora were reintroduced into a fumigated or a soil-reinoculated soil via a root-food base, the Pseudomonas spp. consistently appeared more suppressive in NH 4 + -N treatments than the general bacterial flora, Bacillus spp. spores, streptomycetes, and fungi. | eng_Latn | 9,696 |
Gene Editing in Sorghum Through Agrobacterium | The application of CRISPR/Cas to introduce targeted genomic edits is powering research and discovery across the genetic frontier. Applying CRISPR/Cas in sorghum can facilitate the study of gene function and unlock our understanding of this robust crop that serves as a staple for some of the most food insecure regions on the planet. When paired with recent advances in sorghum tissue culture and Agrobacteria technology, CRISPR/Cas can be used to introduce desirable changes and natural genetic variations directly into agriculturally relevant sorghum lines facilitating product development. This chapter describes CRISPR/Cas gene editing and provides high-level strategies and expectations for applying this technology using Agrobacterium in sorghum. | Abstract Ramirez, R.G., Foroughbackhch, R., Hauad, L., Alba-Avila, J., Garcia-Castillo, C.G. and Espinosa-Vazquez, M. 2001. Seasonal dynamics of dry matter, crude protein and cell wall digestion in total plant, leaves and stems of common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 19: 209–218. This study was conducted to estimate and compare, seasonally, the nutrient content and the rate and extent of digestion of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and cell wall (CW) of total plant (TP), leaves (L) and stems (S) of buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L). Plants were sampled in a four-ha pasture at Marin, N.L. County, Mexico, during fall of 1998, winter, spring and summer of 1999. The in situ technique was used to estimate effective degradability of DM (EDDM), crude protein (EDCP) and cell wall (EDCW), using rumen fistulated sheep. Crude protein content in forage was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons; however, cell wall and its derivatives (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were... | eng_Latn | 9,697 |
Forecasting agrobiological properties of wheat straw with different additives-multiple regression models including chemical parameters | Abstract The agrobiological properties of 37 composts prepared from wheat straw with a series of organic or mineral additives have been determined through standard chemical analyses and greenhouse experiments with soils of different carbonate content and in the presence, or absence of mineral fertilization. Plant yield on soils treated with the composts was studied in successive stages of development of rye grass (Lolium rigidum), showing significant differences that paralleled the values of a limited number of compost parameters. Under greenhouse conditions and in the presence of mineral supply, the least matured composts led to improved plant yield only in the early harvests, decreasing thereafter which points to a behavior typical for the microbial immobilization of the additional nutrients. The germination (phytotoxicity) index was found poorly correlated with the yield in the different soils, whereas the N and lignin contents provided the most significant information, the results suggesting no cause‐... | This paper details the development of a simplified MRP through the equation of Leontief (linear algebra), and proposes its teaching in three parts a) data collection and recognition of the relationship between materials, b) a list of variables and mathematics explanation, c) obtaining results and verifying them by software. The academic exercise is about the flow of ingredients required to comply with a plan for food services and is intended to be a learning tool to facilitate the study of this method in the hospitality management courses. | eng_Latn | 9,698 |
Pulmonary Infarct Secondary to Dirofilaria Larvae | Dirofilaria is the generic name for long filiform nematodes that commonly infect dogs and other mammals. In Dirofilaria immitis infection, the adult parasite lodges in the right ventricular cavity and/or the pulmonary arteries and gives rise to circulating microfilaria. Despite its frequency in domesticated dogs, D immitis infection is rare, and subcutaneous or orbital infections by other species of Dirofilaria are uncommon. Faust 1 reviewed the literature in 1957 and found only 37 cases of human infection; only three were D immitis (heart worm) infection. All of the other cases involved orbital or subcutaneous tissues and were classified as D conjunctivae or D repens infections. Other instances of subcutaneous infection have been reported by Sams and Beck, 2 Jung and Harris, 3 and Lenth. 4 Dashiele 5 reported the first instance of human pulmonary involvement by recognizing larval dirofilariae in branches of the pulmonary artery within a "coin lesion." We | ABSTRACTMany surface soils in Japan may experience more frequent and intense drying–rewetting (DRW) events due to future climate changes. Such DRW events negatively and positively affect microbial biomass carbon (MBC) through microbial stress and substrate supply mechanisms, respectively. To assess the MBC immediately after DRW and during the incubation with repeated DRW cycles, two laboratory experiments were conducted for a paddy soil. In the first experiment, we exposed the soil to different drying treatments and examined the MBC and hourly respiration rates immediately after the rewetting to evaluate the microbial stress. In the second experiment, we compared microbial growth rates during the incubation of the partially sterilized soil with a continuously moist condition and repeated DRW cycles to evaluate the contribution of the substrate supply from non-biomass soil organic C on MBC. First, all drying treatments caused a reduction in MBC immediately after the rewetting, and higher drying intensities... | eng_Latn | 9,699 |
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