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This adaption probably comes with a cost in some form, but researchers still aren't sure what it is. | [
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Maybe tumor suppressors make elephants age quicker later in life, or slow down how quickly injuries heal. | [
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We don't know yet. | [
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But the solution to the paradox may actually be something different. | [
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Hypertumors are named after hyperparasites, the parasites of parasites. | [
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Hypertumors are the tumors of tumors. | [
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Cancer can be thought of as a breakdown in cooperation. | [
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Normally, cells work together to form structures like organs, tissue, or elements of the immune system. | [
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But cancer cells are selfish and only work for their own short-term benefit. | [
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If they're successful, they form tumors, huge cancer collectives that can be very hard to kill. | [
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Making a tumor is hard work, though. | [
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Millions or billions of cancer cells multiply rapidly, which requires a lot of resources and energy. | [
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The amount of nutrients they can steal from the body becomes the limiting factor for growth. | [
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So the tumor cells trick the body to build new blood vessels directly to the tumor to feed the thing killing it. | [
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And here, the nature of cancer cells may become their own undoing. | [
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Cancer cells are inherently unstable, and so they can continue to mutate, some of them faster than their buddies. | [
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If they do this for a while, at some point, one of the copies of the copies of the original cancer cell might suddenly think of itself as an individual again and stop cooperating. | [
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So the newly mutated cells can create a hypertumor. | [
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Instead of helping, they cut off the blood supply to their former buddies, which will starve and kill the original cancer cells. | [
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This process can repeat over and over. | [
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Many of you suggested that we look into an idea that sounds reasonable. | [
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Nuclear waste is a fuzzy term and comes in categories which vary from country to country, but in general there are three broad levels. | [
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90% is low-level nuclear waste, tools, gloves or trash used at a nuclear facility that could be weakly contaminated with some short-lived radioactivity. | [
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The remaining 3% is where our problems begin. | [
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High-level nuclear waste is very concentrated spent fuel taken out of a reactor core. | [
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Formerly uranium, it's now made of various dangerous and often highly radioactive elements. | [
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As a bonus, it's also incredibly hot and not easy to handle at all. | [
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This is what we want to shoot into space. | [
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All in all, around 140 active nuclear reactors create about 11,000 tons of high-level nuclear waste each year. | [
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Since 1954, we've accumulated 400,000 tons of dangerous radioactive waste. | [
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Great, so let's launch it into space. | [
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According to scientists, space is big and nobody lives there, so it seems perfect for yeeting away this mess. | [
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There are a few tiny problems though. | [
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Problem one, stuff ain't cheap. | [
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Even though spaceflight is getting more affordable, it's still extremely expensive. | [
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Just to get something into low Earth orbit costs on average about $4,000 per kilogram. | [
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Putting that into perspective, it costs about $1,600 to mine, separate, and fabricate one kilogram of nuclear fuel. | [
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To deal with all the 440 operational nuclear power plants high-level nuclear waste would cost some $44 billion per year for space launch | [
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Okay, let's pretend we don't care. | [
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Currently, we couldn't shoot all the nuclear waste into space even if we wanted to. | [
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There just aren't enough rockets. | [
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In 2021, we saw a record 135 launches into space. | [
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If we repurposed each of those rockets and filled them all with nuclear waste, the total amount that could be lifted into a low Earth orbit, | [
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We'd need at least 14 times more rockets to handle just today's nuclear waste, let alone get rid of the hundreds of thousands of tons in temporary storage. | [
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We would need to create entire new space industries to keep up with the demand for giant toxic space trash trucks, and it gets worse. | [
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Problem 2, space is hard. | [
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We only made the calculation for low Earth orbit where we send most of our rockets and satellites. | [
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Littering the space around Earth with thousands of casks of spent nuclear fuel would be a nightmare for space junk management and satellite collision avoidance. | [
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Shooting waste in any random direction is, you guessed it, also a bad idea. | [
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Earth might run into these interplanetary caskets at some time in the far future, and experience a pretty meteor shower made from radioactive dust. | [
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0
] |
Hmm, nothing works. | [
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"label": "主语",
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"token_start": 2
},
{
"end": 18,
"label": "动词第三人称单数",
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"token_start": 3
}
] | [
"Hmm",
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"nothing",
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"."
] | [
0,
0,
1,
25,
0
] |
The thing is, it gets even worse. | [
{
"end": 8,
"label": "主语",
"start": 0,
"token_end": 1,
"token_start": 0
},
{
"end": 11,
"label": "系动词",
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"token_start": 2
},
{
"end": 31,
"label": "表语",
"start": 14,
"token_end": 7,
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}
] | [
"The",
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"."
] | [
1,
2,
21,
0,
11,
12,
12,
12,
0
] |
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