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Your immune system also kind of doesn't want you to remove tattoos.
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To do that, usually the ink is shot at with lasers, which heats up the particles until they break into smaller chunks, cooking your brave macrophages in the process.
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With every round of lasering, more of your tattoo is broken down and carried away by fluids.
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But also, every time, new macrophages rush into the tattoo to lock the ink in place.
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So like, hmm, maybe think about it carefully before you get the name of your new bae tattooed.
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But you do you.
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But if you got one, you can directly see your immune system protecting you.
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This is how much your body loves you, which is kind of sweet.
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you now know about the struggle going on inside your skin and the sacrifice of your macrophage buddies, only for you to have that art forever.
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To appreciate your amazing immune system, you have to know about it first.
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And the same goes for anything going on in our universe.
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To help you with that, we've created a series of lessons to take your scientific knowledge to the next level.
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Made in collaboration with our friends at Brilliant.org, these lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular videos, from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and supernovae.
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Brilliant has thousands of lessons to explore, and each one is interactive, like a one-on-one version of a Kurzgesagt video.
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Brilliant's latest course, How LLMs Work, takes you under the hood of real language models.
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It demystifies technologies like ChatGPT with interactive lessons on everything from how models build vocabulary to how they choose their next word.
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This isn't just another course, it's an immersive AI workshop, allowing you to experience and harness the mechanics of today's most advanced tool.
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To get hands-on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything Brilliant has to offer, you can start your free 30-day trial by signing up at brilliant.org/nutshell.
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There's even an extra perk for Kurzgesagt viewers.
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The first 200 people to use the link get 20% off an annual membership once their trial ends.
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We love seeing how the gears interlock with our research.
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Brilliant gives you the tools to understand how everything fits together.
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Never before in human history have we been richer, more advanced, more powerful.
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And yet, we feel overwhelmed in the face of rapid climate change.
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It seems simple on the surface.
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Greenhouse gases trap energy from the sun and transfer it to our atmosphere.
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This leads to warmer winters, harsher summers.
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Dry places become drier and wet places wetter.
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Countless ecosystems will die while the rising oceans swallow coasts and the cities we build on them.
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Well, it's complicated.
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The public debate about stopping rapid climate change often focuses on a few key features, like coal plants, cars or burping cows.
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And so the solutions are often simplistic.
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And a huge talking point is personal responsibility.
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How you should change your lifestyle to prevent rapid climate change, which we'll find out together in the next few minutes.
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This is one of those videos where we want to encourage you to watch to the end,
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because to discuss real doable solutions, we first need to understand the problem.
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Modern industrial society as we constructed it in the last 150 years is inherently destructive to the planet.
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Basically, everything we do to make our lives easier, safer and more comfortable is making things worse for the biosphere.
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While most people know about the serious impact of energy, beef, cars and planes, many major polluters are barely ever talked about.
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The emissions leaking out of landfills are as significant as the emissions of all the jets in the air.
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More CO2 is released to run our homes than from all cars combined.
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And the emissions produced when making a new car is equivalent to building just two meters of road.
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So it is nice to switch to electric cars, but they won't solve anything if we keep building roads the same way.
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Fixing one small part of the industrial system is not enough.
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Each of the many different parts needs its own solution and many of them aren't straightforward.
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But even where we know what to do, just because a solution exists, doesn't mean we're able or willing to implement it.
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There are many grey areas in the fight against rapid climate change.
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The most prominent one is the divide between rich and poor.
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There is a clear connection between the prosperity of a nation and its carbon emissions.
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In other words, richer people tend to cause more emissions.
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While this would help, it wouldn't make the problem go away.
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This is because 63% of global emissions come from low to middle-income countries.
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The unfortunate reality is that currently, escaping poverty and becoming middle class creates unavoidable emissions.
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So asking developing countries to cut emissions just looks like an attempt to keep them down.
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It's very hard to argue that a region should protect their primeval forests and spend money on soda panels instead of burning wood
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But cutting back is not a popular demand, especially if the countries making these demands got rich by causing environmental damage in the past.
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So for billions of people, more emissions are a good thing, personally.
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When we forget about this, we tend to propose unworkable solutions.
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Take concrete.
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8% of CO2 emissions are released by the concrete manufacturing industry.
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But right now, concrete is also a cheap and easy way for growing populations in developing countries to build affordable housing.
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And there are many examples like that.
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Even rich countries aren't immune from disagreeing about rapid climate change solutions,
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Citizens can be strictly against nuclear power, but also oppose wind or solar infrastructure in their backyards.
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In principle, all of these issues can be overcome, but there are things we don't currently know how to overcome.
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The most problematic one is food.
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Emit or die.
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We will soon need to feed 10 billion people, and we don't know how to do that without emitting greenhouse gases.
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Because of the nature of modern food production that requires fertilizers or manure, it's impossible to have zero emissions food.
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Rice alone emits so much methane each year that it practically equals the emissions of all the air traffic in the world.
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What's worse is that the foods we like the most emit the most.
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57% of food emissions come from animal-based foods, although they make up only 18% of the world's calories and 37% of its protein.
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And as people across the world grow richer, they want more meat.
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Traditional diets in most cultures were primarily plant-based with a little meat on top.
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But with the rise of industrial-style meat production and factory farming, meat has become a staple food.
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Today, about 40% of the world's habitable land is used for meat production in some form or another, the size of North and South America combined.
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This is land we could otherwise allow native ecosystems to regrow, like forests in the Amazon, and suck carbon out of the atmosphere.
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But instead, most of it is used to feed animals.
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The available solutions are uniquely able to make everybody on the political spectrum, rich or poor, unhappy.
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Meat is highly emotional and there are a lot of what-aboutism arguments floating around, like comparing it to the worst sources of emissions.
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In the end, it's pretty simple.
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Eating less meat alone won't stop climate change, but we also can't stop climate change without eating less meat.
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The same holds true for other things that are less crucial to our survival, but frankly not realistic to make go away.
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So what does this mean?
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Do we need to give up our way of life and can the poor never achieve it?
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Can't some technology save us so we can continue to drive our big cars and eat meat every day?
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In principle, this technology already exists.
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Direct air capture of CO2 draws carbon dioxide from the air so that it can be stored underground or transformed into products.
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So why aren't we implementing it in every industry everywhere?
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Because with the technology we have right now, this would cost some 10 trillion dollars per year or half the United States GDP.
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This money has to come from somewhere and currently no one is offering it.
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Just dumping these costs on massive polluters like steel mills and coal power stations would double the cost of their products
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and so these industries that operate on very tight profit margins would go bankrupt.
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Getting the government to pay for it seems logical, but a lot of state resources are actually tied up doing the opposite like subsidizing oil and gas,
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By artificially keeping fuel prices low, shipping and everyday goods are kept artificially cheap too,
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That creates political lobbies and incentives that perpetuate a cycle that makes it so hard to stop fossil fuel production.
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Meanwhile, very costly solutions for a far-off problem like carbon capture seem like they can wait as technically nobody benefits from it right now.
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Some argue that a move away from capitalism is the only solution to this mess,
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