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They report symptoms like headaches, nausea, skin reactions, burning eyes, or exhaustion. | [
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But those are just effects reported on a day-to-day basis. | [
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A few studies have found much more unsettling results, | [
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The question that science is trying to answer is not so much about the acute effects of irradiation. | [
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We know, for example, that x-rays cause immediate damage to the DNA in your cells, but that the same doesn't happen with radio waves. | [
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Answering this question was much harder than we first thought. | [
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There are thousands of primary sources, reports and statements by an onslaught of different organizations. | [
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So we read a lot for this video. | [
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You can take a look at our research in the video description. | [
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What we found is that this debate is a good example of how science should be communicated and how it shouldn't. | [
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Many of the much-cited studies that spread panic about electromagnetic radiation are highly controversial. | [
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What this means is, for example, asking brain tumor patients how much they think they used their phone in the last few years. | [
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The problem is that people are unreliable. | [
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We tend to misremember things or can be influenced easily. | [
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The results seemed to show a connection, but for some reason only in male rats and none at all in mice. | [
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But it was reported as if this study did prove that mobile phone radiation causes cancer. | [
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Unfortunately, this is the case for studies with both positive and negative findings on the issue. | [
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Another aspect is that the WHO did officially classify radiofrequency fields as possibly carcinogenic. | [
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But what this actually means is that there are some hints that they might cause cancer, but we can't prove it and that we will keep an eye out. | [
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So, if we zoom out a bit, what's the big picture? | [
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On the whole, there was no consistent evidence in human studies that electromagnetic radiation below exposure value limits causes health problems. | [
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So, based on the current state of science, should you worry about the radiation from your laptop or cell phone or TV? | [
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Once you get this suspicion, the idea alone that weak radiation might harm you could be the very thing harming you. | [
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It's easy to belittle these people. | [
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They should get support, but it's important to be aware that so far we have no robust evidence that electricity below safety limits has any negative effect on humans. | [
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Outdoor air pollution is linked to 4.2 million premature deaths each year and is definitely something we could have a real impact on today. | [
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Imagine if you could gather the energy from every star within a hundred million light years, from thousands of galaxies, each with billions of stars. | [
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Imagine you could take this kind of power and use it to fire the biggest superweapon in the universe. | [
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Imagine the damage you could do. | [
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It turns out, you don't need to imagine it, these exist, and they're called gamma-ray bursts. | [
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But what are these cosmic snipers? | [
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At lower energies, there are radio waves, microwaves, and infrared. | [
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This makes them dangerous to you and me. | [
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During the Cold War, the USA sent up spy satellites which could detect gamma rays from Soviet nuclear tests in space. | [
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They didn't see any bombs, but they did observe faint bursts coming from space, lasting only a few seconds. | [
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To date, this may be the only major scientific discovery made by spy satellites, that we know about anyway. | [
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Astronomers use telescopes that see different kinds of light to make their discoveries. | [
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And these spy satellites gave them a new pair of eyes. | [
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They were a mystery for 30 years, but eventually we discovered the source of a GRB, a galaxy 6 billion light-years away. | [
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If a GRB can be seen from such a distance, then it must be incredibly energetic, releasing more energy in a second than the Sun will in its entire 10 billion year lifetime. | [
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GRBs accompany some of the most violent, cataclysmic deaths in the universe, and the birth of black holes. | [
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There are two types of gamma-ray bursts, short and long, and each has their own source. | [
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Long GRBs last about a minute, and scientists think they are produced by supernova, when the core of a massive star collapses to become a black hole. | [
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Short GRBs last a second, and are produced when two neutron stars in a binary merge. | [
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Over millions of years, their orbits decay by emitting gravitational waves. | [
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Once they are close enough to touch, they crash and splash into each other, forming a black hole. | [
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Both supernova and neutron star mergers make the same thing. | [
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In these environments, the rotation winds up the magnetic field, which funnels hot jets of particles, traveling at nearly the speed of light. | [
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The gas in this funnel creates two tight jets of high-energy gamma rays, like a celestial laser gun. | [
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So, unlike other cosmic explosions, which spread out and fade, GRBs stay focused and can be seen from much further. | [
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Any more detail would require too much mathematics for a YouTube video. | [
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The universe is full of these cosmic snipers, firing blindly and randomly into the dark, and they're hitting us all the time. | [
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On average, we detect one per day. | [
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All the bursts we have detected so far originated outside the Milky Way, too far away to hurt us. | [
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If one goes off within a few light-years of us, it would totally cook the surface of the Earth, or at least, the half that's facing it. | [
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And it wouldn't need to score a headshot to kill us. | [
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If originating from a few thousand light-years away, it would be a hundred light-years wide by the time it reaches us, washing over the solar system like a tidal wave. | [
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Gamma-ray bursts could even be one reason we don't see life anywhere else in the universe. | [
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They might be wiping clean huge chunks of it on a regular basis. | [
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It's been suggested that because of GRBs, only 10% of all galaxies might be hospitable to life similar to us. | [
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"end": 28,
"label": "系动词",
"start": 23,
"token_end": 5,
"token_start": 5
},
{
"end": 37,
"label": "表语",
"start": 30,
"token_end": 7,
"token_start": 6
}
] | [
"At",
"what",
"level",
"would",
"it",
"become",
"a",
"person",
"?"
] | [
13,
14,
14,
15,
1,
21,
11,
12,
0
] |
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