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John B. Gregory - Confederate Veteran
John B. Gregory according to his own testimony was born on March 26, 1844 in Smith County, Tennessee. He was the fifth child of John D. Gregory and Sarah "Sallie" (Harper) Gregory. The circumstances of this family residing in Smith County are not known but from historical documents it is clear that the family spent most of it's existence in Sumner County, Tennessee. The late family historian, Hayden Honeycutt, believed that John B.'s full name was John Bell Gregory. No definitive proof exists but if so perhaps he was named for Tennessee politician John Bell (1797-1869). John Bell was a lawyer and a member of the Democratic party who later became a member of the Whig party. John Bell became Secretary of War in 1847 under President William Harrison's administration. In 1860, he would be the leading presidential candidate of the newly formed Constitutional Union Party. After losing the election he gave his support to the newly formed Confederacy. Whether or not John B. was named for John Bell it is clear that the partriarch of this family, John D. Gregory, named many of his children after prominent Tennessee and Southern politicians. Some of John B's siblings were: Andrew Jackson Gregory, James Knox Polk Gregory, George M. Dallas Gregory (George M. Dallas was Vice President in President Polk's administration), and Thomas Jefferson Gregory. It is interesting to know that John D. Gregory and his family were illiterate being unable to read or write but from the names of the children it is obvious that the family did have an interest in current affairs.
Tennessee was the next to the last state to secede from the Union and the last state to join the Confederacy. The state opposed seccession even after South Carolina had fired on Fort Sumter. However, when President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to invade the South and quell the rebellion Tennessee along with three other upper southern states (Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas) were incensed enough to secede. Sumner County, Tennessee was a hotbed of southern sentiment. The patriarch of the family, John D. Gregory, went to Nashville, Tennessee and enlisted as a Private in Company B of the 18th Tennessee Regiment of Infantry, which was composed of men from Davidson and Sumner counties. He did not live long enough to experience one battle. His regiment was sent with the part of the Army that occupied Bowling Green, Kentucky. The winter of 1861-62 brought death to literally thousands of the ill prepared troops and John D. Gregory fell into that number. Family lore says he was accidentally scalded to death. Some dead soldiers were shipped to their homes and many more were buried in burial sites all over Bowling Green. The exact location of John's burial site is not known but with the help of a Kentucky Sons of Confederate Veterans representative, Stephen Lynn King, a government military marker was placed in the Confederate section of the Fairview Cemetery in Bowling Green, Warren County, Kentucky in June of 2003. The eldest child of the John D. and Sarah family and thus the oldest brother of John B., William Alexander Gregory, enlisted as a Private in Company E of the 24th Tennessee Confederate Infantry. Like his father's regiment (18th) the 24th first trained at Camp Trousdale in Sumner County, Tennessee and then it was sent with the part of the Army that occupied Bowling Green, Kentucky. William did not succumb to the winter of 61-62 in Bowling Green nor did he receive wounds in his first major battle, the Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7, 1862. However, on October 8, 1862 at the Battle of Perryville in Kentucky he was shot through the left foot by a Union minnie ball. He was carried off the battlefield by Sumner County comrade T. J. Moncrief. He was captured by the Union army and in May of 1863 he tried to escape hobbling on his wounded foot. He made it as far as Mercer County, Kentucky before the Federals captured him again. He was described in a Federal report as being 5ft. 5in., having hazel eyes, dark hair, and a dark complexion. William spent a few months in POW camps such as Camp Chase, Ohio and Johnson Island, Ohio and he was exchanged in August of 1863. He spent the remainder of the war as a train nurse in Georgia loading and unloading wounded soldiers. He surrendered in May of 1865 and his wound afflicted him the rest of his life. He was awarded a Confederate pension by the state of Tennessee and when he died in 1904 his foot and leg had perished away. He is buried in a private cemetery in Westmoreland, Sumner County, Tennessee and the family is currently attempting to get a military marker for him.
In October of 1861 John B. Gregory crossed the Sumner County, Tennessee border and entered Kentucky. He traveled as far as Bowling Green and on October 7 he enlisted as a Private in Company F of the 6th Kentucky Regiment of Confederate Infantry. In time, this regiment would become a unit in the famous "Orphan Brigade". It is not known why John B. joined a Kentucky outfit but perhaps he was visiting his father and brother and while there he decided to enlist. John was listed as being 20 years old and being 5ft. 8 in. tall. John was permanently and seriously wounded on the second day of the Battle of Shiloh, April 7, 1862. The Confederate Army retreated to Mississippi and they took John with them. A Union minnie ball had entered John's right arm near his elbow and traveled upwards for 2-3 inches and had not exited his arm. The minnie ball was not to be removed until four years, four months, and six days later. While in Mississippi, John was transferred to Company I of the 6th Kentucky Infantry and on September 9, 1862 he was paid and honorably discharged on account of his wound and the illness that followed. The surgeons declared he had what was called Septeomia on which affected his lungs and later his eyes. Years later he would go blind. John remained in Mississippi for the remainder of the war and in his words "was unable to do anything". He very nearly escaped death and no doubt suffered a great deal.
John never took the oath of allegiance to the United States government at the end of the war. On June 30, 1868 in Franklin, Simpson County, Kentucky John married Harriett Ellen Odell in the home of the bride's father. Between 1869 and 1882 the couple had seven children: Dora, John, Graham, Henry, Harvey, Shelby, and Irvin. On May 4, 1897 John like his brother William applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Tennessee. He recalled how he enlisted in Bowling Green in 1861 and he recalled his officers:
James H. Lewis - Colonel
M. M. Bagley - Captain
M. W. Paige - 1st Lt.
Moses Smith - 2nd Lt.
T. L. Milligan - 3rd Lt.
He also recalled his surgeons: Dr. Stevenson and Dr. John Vertruse. Touchingly, his former 3rd Lt., T. L. Milligan who was then an attorney at law in Gallatin, Tennessee helped him in the application process free of charge. Former comrades such as T. L. Milligan, O. H. Foster, and G. P. Grainger testified to him being an honorable soldier and also that they believed his blindness was a result of the wound thirty years ago. John's pension was accepted and in 1904 he moved from Sumner County, Tennessee to Robertson County, Tennessee. In 1908 he had a small farm worth $750 with a mortgage of $900. He died on December 29, 1916. He was buried in Sulphur Springs Cemetery, Simpson Co., KY. In 1917, his wife Harriett applied for a Confederate widow's pension. She stated she had no personal property. She sent the pension board her copy of her marriage certificate and touchingly on the corner is written, "please send back to me - Mrs. John Gregory". Harriett died on 16 Jun 1937 and is buried in Sulphur Springs Cemetery, Simpson Co., KY. (See Bible Record)
In conclusion, John B. Gregory and the family of his youth did it's duty but paid a heavy price. The father, John D. Gregory, died and is buried in an unknown soldier's grave. William Alexander Gregory and John B. Gregory were both wounded and permanently disabled. The wounds not only affected them physically but economically as well as they were not able to be fully efficient on their farms and they and their families lived in poverty and had to have the assistance of pensions. There were memorable moments for this family while in Sumner County in this era such as the time when Confederate General John Hunt Morgan with the assistance of the citizens of Gallatin demolised the South Tunnel. There were also sad memories of the atrocities the citizens suffered under the Federal General Eleazar A. Paine while he was in charge of the occupied area. These Gregory men and their wives, sweethearts, and children could certainly appreciate a comment made decades later by a member of the 18th Tennessee Confederate Regiment to one of his comrades, "we did not call it quits like some but until the end remained TRUE Confederates.
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Paint consists of two parts - the pigment to give
colour to the paint, and the binder to hold the pigment
and to stick the paint securely to the surface. Pigment
is a fine powder that is suspended in the binder.
European artists have traditionally used oil paint. Oil
paint is a slow drying paint made by mixing the pigments
with oil, linseed oil being the most widely used. It dries
with a hard film, and the brightness of the colours is protected.
Oil paints are usually opaque and traditionally are used
Canvas is a heavy woven fabric made of flax or cotton.
Its surface is typically prepared for painting by priming
it with a surfacing material called a ground. The standard
canvas is linen, made of flax, and it is very strong and
long lasting. A less expensive alternative to linen is heavy
cotton duck. Cotton is somewhat less durable than linen,
because it is more prone to absorb dampness, but still an
acceptable material for fine art.
Traditional Aboriginal Paint
Paint used traditionally by Aboriginal artists consisted
of a pigment, such as ochre or a coloured organic material,
and a binder. Ochre is a
very finely textured natural rock coloured by iron oxide.
Aboriginal artists grind this material and mix it with water
to make a paint. To ensure the paint sticks to a surface
(whether it is a traditional surface such as rock, bark
or a person's skin, or a more contemporary material such
as canvas or paper), the artist needs to use a glue (or
"binder" as it is called).
Traditionally binders such as spinifex gum or other materials
were used. Nowadays the binder most commonly used is professional
artist's acrylic binder that is tough, flexible and stable.
The ochre paintings by Tiwi artists that we sell have acrylic
binder to ensure that the ochre does not chip off or flake.
However, in places the ochre or other pigment can be quite
thick, and then it is possible (even with acrylic binder)
for the paint to crack or chip if the painting is rolled
up. For this reason the paintings we sell are delivered
in flat packages (not rolled). Other Tiwi artists use gouache,
a modern opaque water-based paint similar to water-colour.
Acrylic Paint and Binder
Acrylic paint and acrylic binder are now widely used by
many Aboriginal artists. Acrylic paint is made by suspending
or dispersing pigment in a synthetic acrylic resin. This
resin is made by the polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic
acid. It acts as a binder, or glue, in holding the pigment
and bonding it to the surface.
Research into commercial production of a synthetic medium
began in the 1920s due to the wish of artists in Latin America,
mainly Mexico, to paint large outdoor murals. They needed
to find a paint that dried quickly and that would resist
wind, rain, and high humidity. They were not produced commercially
until 1928 and have undergone many changes since they were
first manufactured. By the mid-1950s, researchers in Mexico
and the United States had developed a way to mix resins
with water, which created a paint that was almost identical
to oil paint, yet was more durable and dried quickly. Since
their commercial introduction, acrylic paints have become
widely used by many artists.
Acrylic paints are water-based so they are easy to
work with and there is no need for dangerous solvents.
The paint film formed by these paints is very strong
and flexible. The most important characteristic of
acrylics is the fact that they can be used thin and
liquid as watercolour or thick, right out of the tube
like oil paint.
Acrylics dry very quickly, taking from just a few
minutes or up to an hour or so for very thick applications.
Unlike watercolours, which dry lighter than when they
are wet, acrylics dry slightly darker.
Balgo artist applying acrylic
paint using a fine stick
Acrylics are extremely durable. The question about expected
life has been tested repeatedly in laboratory-controlled
exposures to heat and light. Acrylics do not exhibit the
same changes as oils, which suggests that the life of acrylics
is greater than almost all other artists' materials.
For information on handling, storage and cleaning of acrylic
paintings, see our page on Caring
for Acrylic Paintings.
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Key to healthy ageing is the maintenance of function across the life course and prevention of frailty.¹ Recent research, from across 28 countries, finds that there is a high risk of frailty among older adults, estimating that 1 in 6 community-dwelling older people may experience frailty.²
Individuals with frailty experience impaired resiliency following an acute stress, resulting in diminished physical functioning.
Loss of function and frailty may be associated with a combination of complex and chronic conditions and associated with numerous adverse outcomes. These may include disability, institutionalization, death, increased use of healthcare resources, in addition to social isolation, loss of connection and diminished productivity are evident.
An increased emphasis on education, screening and early disease detection is needed across many fields of health to preserve function, in addition to coordination across health care systems, including primary and long-term care settings.
While health systems currently target the treatment of disease, a shift in focus and action is needed to prevent loss of function and enhance environments to support older people at all capacities.
The WHO Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) and framework to achieve an Integrated Continuum of Long-term Care each provide evidence based guidance toward person-centred, coordinated and optimize the functional ability of older people.
The UN Decade of Healthy Ageing represents concerted action across sectors to improve the lives of older people, create environments in which older people can do what they have reason to value and promote healthy ageing and good well-being across the life course. Sustained action is needed to protect functional ability and prevent frailty, in order to achieve healthy ageing.
- WHO Clinical Consortium on Healthy Ageing. Report of consortium meeting 1–2 December 2016 in Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (WHO/FWC/ALC/17.2). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- Ofori-Asenso R, Chin KL, Mazidi M, et al. Global Incidence of Frailty and Prefrailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(8):e198398. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8398
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* If there are insects that are beneficial and beneficial to humans, such as bees; Certainly, there are so many harmful insects that people must fight and resist them. Rather, the intense desire to exterminate it and get rid of it
* Insects are more frequent in the spring and summer, as they are found in the fall and winter, albeit to a lesser degree. Here we advise our customers, as well as those wishing to get rid of harmful and harmful insects, to take advantage of the fall and winter seasons to carry out operations to prevent insect damage, whose visits begin as an unwelcome heavy guest. Spring and summer. .
* The most capable and most capable of carrying out prevention operations, as well as treatment, are the pest control companies, and their work teams, where specialization and knowledge of ways to deal with insects such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, etc., and this is done through trained specialists with long experience.
* There are many ways to control insects
Including spraying pesticides.
- Insect spraying: It is a process that some people think is easy, and it is no more than holding a device or machine that sprays the chemical liquid that kills the insect and pressing a button, and the substance or liquid used in extermination is released.
* The spraying of insects in order to achieve the best desired result for the exclusion of insects depends on scientific knowledge first and training in spraying methods according to controls to achieve the result that we talked about a while ago.
- First: The type of insect to be eliminated must be determined using the appropriate insect spray technique, in order to determine the type of appropriate chemicals or biocides that are best in getting rid of the insect.
Second: Determining the devices or machines that must be used and choosing the appropriate method of spraying insects, whether dry or liquid methods, through mechanical or manual devices or others.
* The provision of the insect spray service to the residents of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain, required our company to follow the latest methods of insect spraying according to scientific studies published in specialized refereed journals and on specialized websites
So that we offer the residents of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain what raises our value to them and offers them what they are satisfied with objectively and without complacency, and we are pleased to present this under our constant slogan for more than 15 years, “Experience is the basis”
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The Palo Alto County Conservation Board has been awarded two grants from Resource Enhancement and Protection, commonly referred to as REAP. REAP invest in projects that enhance and protect the Iowa’s natural and cultural resources. These properties convey our mission to conserve the natural resources of the county; to acquire, develop, maintain and make available public parks, preserves, and wildlife areas.
The Kettlehole Prairie is a 40 acre tract which includes a kettlehole, located in Section 2 of Great Oak Township, 2 miles southwest of Emmetsburg. This unique site was priority due to the geological feature and it is adjacent to 1,009 acres of other county and state wildlife areas, bordering the West Fork of the Des Moines River. This area will be restored to its natural habitat, creating a more extensive corridor for wildlife. The kettlehole property sits on high ground and observing the surroundings of the property are acres of prairie, a river and upland grasses. It is truly a very scenic and amazing view.
Historically, the kettlehole formed when a giant block of ice broke off as glaciers retreated. Some 12,000 years ago, the last of the glaciers left Iowa. This ‘piece’ of the glacier in Iowa was called the Des Moines lobe. This was part of a larger glacier that covered most of northern United States and Canada. During these glacial ‘advances’, the ice would push and pick up boulders, rocks, gravel and sand and transport them as the ice pushed forward. As the glacier retreated, blocks of ice were also partially buried. After these blocks melted they left depressions commonly called a ‘kettlehole’ for its’ rounded, steep-sided, bowl shape resemblance of a kettle pot.
A kettlehole can be wet during part of the year and dry later on, depending on how the water level rises and falls with the season and the changing water table. A kettlehole offers a diverse plant community ranging from the dry gravel prairie on the rim and slope, to the wet mesic prairie and sedge wetland at the bottom.
This property is adjacent to the Watson Heritage Area, a 375 acre tract owned by the Conservation Board and is one of the largest public timber tracts in the county. The Watson Heritage Area includes riparian timber, floodplain grasses and upland grasses, consisting of approximately 13 separate wetland basins, six dikes and water control structures. This corridor will provide hunting, hiking, and wildlife viewing. It is hoped that by preserving this kettlehole and with a conservation management plan that we will see revival of some of the native species once common on the site. Plants that we hope will return include sedges, bulrushes, arrowhead and Prairie Cordgrass in the wetter bottom; Big Bluestem, Sideoats Gramma, Switchgrass and forbs like Goldenrod, Boneset, Golden Alexander, Purple Coneflower and Wild Rose on the slopes; and Ground Plum, Pasque Flower, Pucoon, Little Bluestem, and June Grass on the ridge. Animals like the Norther Prairie Skink, Smooth Green Snake, Short-tailed Shrew, Badger, Bobolinnk, Dickcissel, Western Meadowlark and butterflies like the Monarch, Painted Lady and Regal Fritillary should be found at the kettlehole, as they are present on the adjacent property (Watson Heritage Area). The kettlehole bottom will be good habitat for amphibians like salamanders, frogs, and snakes.
The 2nd REAP grant was for a 46 acre tract adjacent to Leners Wildlife Area, a 24 acre tract owned by the County Conservation Board, located in Section 1 of Silver Lake Township, 4 miles northeast of Ayrshire. Both properties depict the glacial ridge deposit of rock and gravel. The excessively rocky drained soil and rugged hilly soil type is unusual compared to the many flat lands of Palo Alto County. Prescribed burn is the first management priority and essential to long term maintenance. Upland nesting cover for pheasants, waterfowl, and grassland songbirds stay
productive when periodically burned, improving wildlife habitat. Creating a hibernaculum (home) along the dry, rocky and gravelly ridge will provide habitat for snakes, salamanders, and turtles. This land acquisition is a key component to the Prairie Pothole Region. The Glacial Ridge area creates a buffer for the nearby Silver Lake watershed. Driving from the east, you can see the glacial ridge going across the land. Both properties consist of the same geological features.
Wildlife resources in Palo Alto County have important recreational and aesthetic values. Pheasant, deer, turkey, and duck hunting is prevalent in the county making wildlife acres/corridors a huge asset for the county, providing habitat and recreation.
The benefits of expanding and improving outdoor recreation opportunities and preserving wildlife areas enhances the quality of life and promotes a strong and diversified economy. Outdoor recreation is a significant part of our heritage which we want to protect and pass onto future generations.
The Iowa’s Water and Land Legacy (Iwill) is still a hot topic at the Iowa Legislation and I feel the need to bring this subject up again! The trust fund was created in 2010 when 63 percent of Iowa voters approved it through a statewide ballot initiative. The goal of the Natural Resources and Recreation Trust Fund was to protect and enhance water quality and natural areas in the state, including parks and trails, fish and wildlife habitat, and conserving agricultural soils. The next step is to fund the trust through the state sales tax, an action that must be taken by members of the Iowa Legislature. The Trust Fund funding mechanism will come from allocating 3/8 of one cent from sales tax revenue the next time the Iowa Legislature approves a sales tax increase.
I was at the State Capitol on March 3 to rally legislative support for Iowa’s Water and Land Legacy. The Senate File 504 bill has been in the Ways & Means Committee since the 2016 session began in January. It was an interesting day with several legislators present in support of the bill during the gathering in the rotunda area of the
Capitol. The crowd applauded loudly when Senator Johnson (R-Osceola) reminded everyone that voters overwhelmingly passed an Iowa Constitution amendment in 2010 and that it is time to respect the decision of Iowa’s voters. Senator Rob Hogg (D-Linn) received a big applause when he stated that Iowans need to cherish our land and water and addressed the importance to Fund the Trust. The applause continued when Representative Chris Hall (D-Woodbury) spoke of several bills that were addressed to help Iowa’s water quality situation, however, they (legislators) need to return to the one proposal that addresses preserving the land and water.
I hope you talk to your legislator to encourage their support of funding the Natural Resources and Outdoor Recreation Trust Fund. Palo Alto County is fortunate to be located within the Prairie Pothole Region, along with 5 lakes and a river. Outdoor recreation, such as, hunting, fishing, wildlife watching, hiking/walking, and canoeing, providing the quality of life and economic benefits to the county. The following facts (from Iowa’s Water & Land Legacy organization) are vital reasons to fund the Natural Resources and Recreation Trust Fund:
* Roughly half of Iowa’s rivers, lakes, and streams fail to meet water quality standards.
* Less than 10% of Iowa’s wetlands remain, amounting to a loss of 5 million acres of wetlands (wetlands are natural spaces that help prevent flooding and provide habitat for wildlife).
* Over the last 20 years, Iowa has lost more than 1.6 million acres of habitat suitable for pheasant and other small game.
* Iowa loses an average of 5 tons per acres of soil, our major economic engine, each year to erosion.
These diverse problems need a comprehensive solution: The need is clear, the time is now, the solution is to Fund the Trust!
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June 27 – July 16, 1519
The Leipzig Debate took place 500 years ago in June and July 1519. It was a public debate between three Wittenberg University professors – Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon and Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt on the affirmative against Johann Eck, who supported the status quo, the pope and Roman Catholic theology. The debate opened on June 27 in Pleissenburg Castle in the presence of George the Bearded, the Duke of Saxony who was critical of Martin Luther. Luther entered the debate on July 4, 1519.
Although the debate judges from the University of Paris took two years to decide and the judges from the University of Erfurt never reached a decision, the debate was won by Johann Eck. It marks the defining moment for understanding the authority of the Holy Bible, salvation by faith in Jesus Christ, and God’s grace in our lives. Related arguments include the importance of the Nicene Creed, if faith is a matter of our free will or if we are called to faith by God through the Holy Spirit, and the authority of the church or a pope. Although Eck may have won the debate, Luther’s ideas have prevailed for the past 500 years! Years later, Eck admitted that he could have accepted many of Luther’s arguments, but not on the authority of the pope and the church.
How will we remember this historic event which involves more than theology?
The Leipzig Debate marks one of the top ten most important events in World History and in the Christian Church. It is significant because it was clear to the people of Europe that the Holy Bible was the truth and divine Word of God. The Bible had authority over the Church, church councils, and the pope. The Bible is the inspired Word of God. While the Reformation resulted in the Ninety-five Theses; the public debate at Leipzig presented the truth and evidence behind these arguments.
Whether you consider your Christian faith as a private and personal matter between God and you or as faith that is evangelical and needs to be shared with others, the Leipzig Debate clearly stated that the good news of God’s grace is for all people and the love of Jesus Christ is the enduring legacy that has changed the world. The Leipzig Debate was a victory for the eternal values of redemption, forgiveness and love!
Top Ten Events in World History (My Suggestions – you can create your own order)
Life, death, resurrection of Jesus Christ
Life of Mohammad
9/11 Attack on America
World War 1 and II
Discovery of America
Top Ten Events in Christian Church (My suggestions – you can create your own order)
Conversion of Constantine/Edict of Milan
Conversion of St. Augustine
Jerome’s translation of the Bible to Latin
Erasmus’ publication of the New Testament to Greek
Gutenberg’s Printing Press
Reformation and Leipzig Debate
Dead Sea Scrolls
Split between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches
Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas
In the year 1519
LETTER FROM LUTHER TO SPALATIN CONCERNING THE LEIPZIG DEBATE
Wittenberg, July 20, 1519
To the Illustrious Georg Spalatin, Court Chaplain and Librarian of His Highness the Elector of Saxony, His Friend in Christ.
Greetings! That our highness the prince and you all have returned safely pleases me, my dear Spalatin. May Christ claim the soul of Pfeffinger, Amen. I should have written you long ago about our famous debate, but I did not know where or about what. Certain people of Leipzig, neither sincere nor upright, are celebrating victory with Eck. It is from this nonsense that rumor has spread, but the truth of the matter will not bring everything to light.
Almost at the very moment of our arrival, even before we had gotten out of our wagon, the Inhibition of the bishop of Merseburg was affixed to the doors of the churches to the effect that the debate should not be held, together with that newly published explanation concerning this matter of indulgences. This Inhibition was disregarded and the person who had posted it was thrown into jail by the city council because he had acted without its knowledge.
Since our enemies got nowhere with this trick, they tried another. Having called Andreas Karlstadt to meet alone with them, they tried hard to get him to agree to hold the debate orally, according to Eck’s wishes, without stenographers taking down the proceedings in writing. Eck hoped that he might carry off the victory by his loud shouting and impressive delivery, means which he had long used to his advantage. Karlstadt, however, opposed this and insisted that they proceed according to a previous agreement, that is, that the statements of the disputants be written down by stenographers. Finally, to attain this, he was compelled to agree that the account of the debate made by the stenographers should not be published prior to a hearing by a court of judged.
At this point a new dispute arose over the choice of the judges. At length they compelled him also to consent to postpone coming to an agreement concerning the judges until after the debate had be concluded. Otherwise they did not wish to permit the debate. Thus they attacked us with the syllogistic horns of a dilemma, so that we should be confounded by both alternatives, whether we gave up the debate or placed the outcome into the hands of unfair judges. So you see how barbarous was their cunning, by means of which they robbed us of the freedom which had been agreed upon. For it is certain that the universities and the people will never make a pronouncement, or they would make one against us, and this is what they want.
The next day they called me to appear before them and proposed the same thing. Suspecting, however, the pope as the instigator of this procedure, I refused to accept these conditions, having been persuaded to do so by my colleagues. Then they proposed other universities as judges, without the pope. I requested that the freedom upon which we had agreed be respected. When they were unwilling to do this, I became reluctant and repudiated the debate. Then the rumor spread that I did not want to risk participating in the debate and, what is particularly unfair, that I wished to have no judges. All these accusations were hatefully and malignantly hurled at me and were interpreted in such a way that now they were turning even our best friends against us; and already permanent disgrace to our university was in prospect. After this, upon the advice of friends, I went to them and indignantly accepted their conditions. I did this in such a way and with the exclusion of the Roman Curia so that my power of appeal would be safeguarded and my case would be not prejudged.
Eck and Karlstadt at first debated for seven days over the freedom of the will. With God’s help Karlstadt advanced his arguments and explanations excellently and in great abundance from books which he had brought with him. Then when Karlstadt had also been given the opportunity of rebuttal, Eck refused to debate unless the books were left at home. Andreas [Karlstadt] had used the books to demonstrate to Eck’s face that he had correctly quoted the words of Scripture and the church fathers that he had not done violence to them as Eck was now shown to have done. This marked the beginning of another uproar until at length it was decided to Eck’s advantage that the books should be left at home. But who was not aware of the fact that if the debate were concerned with the cause of truth, it would be advisable to have all possible books at hand? Never did hatred and ambition show themselves more impudently than here.
Finally this deceitful man conceded everything that Karlstadt had asserted, although he had vehemently attacked it, and agreed with him in everything, boasting that he had led Karlstadt to his own way of thinking. He accordingly rejected Scotus and the Scotuistis and Capreolus and the Thomists, as saying that all other scholastic had thought and taught the same as he. So Scotus and Capreolus toppled to the ground, together with their respective schools, the two celebrated divisions of scholasticism.
The next week Eck debated with me, at first very acrimoniously, concerning the primacy of the pope. His proof rested on the words “You are Peter…” [Matt. 16:18] and “Feed my sheep…follow me” [John 21:17, 22], and “strengthen your brethren” [Luke 22:32], adding to these passages many quotations from the church fathers. What I answered you will soon see. Then, coming to the last point, he rested his case entirely on the Council of Constance which had condemned Huss’s article alleging that papal authority derived from the emperor instead of from God. Then Eck stamped about with much ado as though he were in an arena, holding up the Bohemians before me and publically accusing me of the heresy and support of the Bohemian heretics, for he is a sophist, no less impudent than rash. These accusations tickled the Leipzig audience more than the debate itself.
In rebuttal I brought up the Greek Christians during the past thousand years, and also the ancient church fathers, who had not been under the authority of the Roman pontiff, although I did not deny the primacy of honor due the pope. Finally we also debated the authority of a council. I publically acknowledged that some articles had been wrongly condemned [by the Council of Constance], articles which had been taught in plain and clear words by Paul, Augustine, and even Christ himself. At this point the adder swelled up, exaggerated my crime, and nearly went insane in his adulation of the Leipzig audience. Then I proved by words of the council itself that not all the articles which it condemned were actually heretical and erroneous. So Eck’s proofs had accomplished nothing. There the matter rested.
The third week Eck and I debated penance, purgatory, indulgences, and the power of a priest to grant absolution, for Eck did not like to debate with Karlstadt and asked me to debate alone with him. The debate over indulgences fell completely flat, for Eck agreed with me in nearly all respects and his former defense of indulgences came to appear like mockery and derision, whereas I had hoped that this would be the main topic of the debate. He finally acknowledged his position in public sermons so that even the common people could see that he was not concerned with indulgences. He also is supposed to have said that if I had not questioned the power of the pope, he would readily have agreed with me in all matters. Then he said to Karlstadt, “If I could agree with Martin in as many points as I do with you, I could be his friend.” He is such a fickle and deceitful person that he is ready to do anything. Whereas he conceded to Karlstadt that all the scholastics agreed in their teaching, in debating with me he rejected Gregory of Rimini as one who alone supported my opinion against all other scholastics. Thus he does not seem to consider it wrong to affirm and deny the same thing at different times. The people of Leipzig do not see this, so great is their stupidity. Much more fantastic was the following: He conceded one thing in the disputation hall but taught the people the opposite in church. When confronted by Karlstadt with the reason for his changeableness, the man answered without blinking an eye that it was not necessary to teach the people that which was debatable.
When I had concluded my part of the disputation, Eck debated once more with Karlstadt on new topics during the last three days, again making concessions in all points, agreeing that it is sin to do that which is in one, that free will without grace can do nothing but sin, that there is sin in every good work, and that it is grace itself which enables man to do what is in him in preparing for the reception of grace. All these things the scholastics deny. Therefore virtually nothing was treated in the manner which it deserved except my thirteenth thesis. Meanwhile Eck is pleased with himself, celebrates his victory, and rules the roost; but he will do so only until we have published our side of the debate. Because the debate turned out badly, I shall republish my Explanations Concerning the Value of Indulgences.
The citizens of Leipzig neither greeted nor called on us but treated us as though we were their bitterest enemies. Eck, however, they followed around town, clung to, banqueted, entertained, and finally presented with a robe and added a chamois-hair grown. They also rode horseback with him. In short, they did whatever they could to insult us. Furthermore they persuaded Caesar Pflug [the official host] and the prince [Duke George] that this pleased all concerned. One thing they did for us; they honored us, according to custom, with a drink of wine, which it would not have been safe for them to overlook. Those who were well disposed towards us, on the other hand, came to us in secret. Yet Dr. Auerbach, a very fair and just man, and Pistorious the younger, professor in ordinary, invited us. Even Duke George invited the three of us together on one occasion.
The most illustrious prince also called me to visit him alone and talked with me at length about my writings, especially my exposition of the Lord’s Prayer. He stated that the Bohemians were greatly encouraged by me and also that with my Lord’s Prayer I had caused confusion among many conscientious people who complained that they would not be able to pray one Lord’s Prayer in four days if they were compelled to listen to me, and much of a similar nature. But I was not so dull that I could not distinguish between the pipe and the piper. I was grieved that such a wise and pious prince as open to the influence of others and followed their opinions, especially when I saw and experienced how like a prince he spoke when he spoke his own thoughts.
The most recent exhibition of hatred was this: When on the day of Peter and Paul [June 29] I was summoned by our lord rector, the duke of Pomerania, to preach a sermon before his grace in the chapel of the castle, the report of this quickly filled the city, and men and women gathered in such numbers that I was compelled to preach in the debating hall, where all our professors and hostile observers had been stationed by invitation. The Gospel for this day [Matt. 16:13-19] clearly embraces both subjects of the debate. I got little thanks from the people of Leipzig.
Then Eck, stirred up against me, preached four sermons in different churches, publicly twisting and cutting into pieces what I had said. The would-be theologians had urged him to do this. No further opportunity was given me to preach, however, no matter how many people requested it. I could be accused and incriminated but not cleared. This is the way my enemies also acted in the debate, so that Eck, even though he represented the negative, always had the last word, which I did not have an opportunity to refute.
Finally, when Caesar Pflug heard that I had preached (he had not been present), he said, “I wish that Dr. Martin had saved his sermon for Wittenberg.” In short, I have experienced hatred before, but never more shameless or more impudent.
So here you have the whole tragedy. Dr. Hohannes Plawnitzer will tell you the rest, for he himself was also present and helped not a little in preventing the debate from being a complete fiasco. Since Eck and the people of Leipzig sought their own glory and not the truth at the debate, it is no wonder that it began badly and ended worse. Whereas we had hoped for harmony between the people of Wittenberg and Leipzig, they acted so hatefully that I fear that it will seem that discord and dislike were actually born here. This is the fruit of human glory. I, who really restrain my impetuosity, am still not able to dispel all dislike of them, for I am flesh and their hatred was very shameless and their injustice was very malicious in a matter so sacred and divine.
Farewell and commend me to the most illustrious prince
Your Martin Luther
Wednesday, July 20, 1519.
I met the honorable Vicar Staupitz in Grimma
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It’s Men’s Health Month, which is a time set aside to heighten the awareness of preventable health problems and encourage early detection and treatment of disease.
And with Father’s Day right around the corner, I wanted to take this opportunity to talk about a widely believed health myth that could be very damaging to the health of you or the men in your life.
Fat but Fit
In 1998, the NIH published guidelines that noted that being overweight but in good physical health would reduce the risk of premature death — in other words, being physically fit mattered more than body fat percentage.
However, recent research suggests that the “fat but fit” theory isn’t true. A 2015 study of 1.3 million men found that the beneficial effects of exercise declined as obesity rates increased. Compared to physically fit obese men, normal-weight men who were not physically fit had a lower risk of death.
Another 2015 study holds the key. This study identified a link between increased levels of fat in the body — regardless of physical fitness — and high levels of inflammation. Inflammation is the root cause of all disease, especially chronic conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease.
Furthermore, abdominal obesity, which is fat centralized in the belly, is a sign of high levels of visceral fat in the body. Visceral fat is the type of fat that accumulates in arteries and around organs, and has been credited with increased inflammation and disease risk.
Getting Rid of Excess Weight
Exercise will always remain an important aspect of good health, but here are some additional ways to protect against the dangers of excess weight:
1. Assess body fat with a BIA rather than a BMI: At present, obesity is defined by body mass index (BMI), which is essentially a height-to-weight ratio. A bioelectrial impedance assessment (BIA) allows a more comprehensive look at body composition, assessing lean body mass, body fat, and body water percentages, as well as showing where primary fat stores exist. Monitoring your body fat with a BIA rather than relying on a BMI will help you better assess your overall health and weight management goals.
2. Take a high-quality probiotic: Research continues to identify the gut flora as a contributing factor to multiple aspects of health, including weight management and inflammation levels. Unfortunately, the typical American diet often leads to imbalances in the microbiota of the gut, favoring the development of intestinal inflammation and increased risk of disease. A high-quality daily probiotic can help promote healthy bacteria in the gut. (But watch out for sugary junk food with probiotic claims).
3. Eat a clean, nutrient-rich, whole-foods diet: No matter your dietary preference, whole foods are best. Strive to consume a wide variety of organically or locally sourced vegetables and low-sugar fruits. Enjoy a mix of lean proteins from animal sources along with plant-based proteins that are high in fiber, like quinoa. Keep sugar, artificial sweeteners, and processed foods out of your diet. These foods contribute to toxins in the body and negatively impact healthy gut microbiota.
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The full article, in an altered form, originally appeared on Fox News, where I am a regular contributor.
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Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. While skin cancers can be found on any part of the body, about 80 percent appear on the face, head, or neck, where they can be disfiguring as well as dangerous. Skin cancer removal, performed by plastic surgeon Beth Collins MD in Guilford, can help to treat and remove many types of these cancers.
Who Should Get Skin Cancer Surgery?
By far the most common type of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma. Though basal cell carcinoma is seldom life-threatening, if left untreated it can grow deep beneath the skin and into the underlying tissue and bone, causing serious damage (particularly if it’s located near the eye).
Squamous cell carcinoma is the next most common kind of skin cancer, frequently appearing on the lips, face, or ears. It sometimes spreads to distant sites, including lymph nodes and internal organs. Squamous cell carcinoma can become life-threatening if it’s not treated.
A third form of skin cancer, malignant melanoma, is the least common, but its incidence is increasing rapidly. Malignant melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. If discovered early enough, it can be completely cured. If it’s not treated quickly, however, malignant melanoma may spread throughout the body and is often deadly.
What Does Skin Cancer Surgery Do?
Skin cancer is diagnosed by removing all or part of the growth and examining its cells under a microscope. It can be treated by a number of methods, depending on the type of cancer, its stage of growth, and its location on your body.
Most skin cancers are removed surgically, by a plastic surgeon. If the cancer is small, the procedure can be done quickly and easily, in an outpatient facility or the physician’s office, using local anesthesia. The procedure may be a simple excision, which usually leaves a thin, barely visible scar. If the cancer is larger, or in a cosmetically challenging area, a reconstructive flap may be needed to minimize scarring and deformity. These techniques are best performed by a plastic surgeon who is familiar and comfortable with the techniques. Dr. Collins has extensive experience with this type of surgery, performing hundreds of reconstructive operations each year.
After Skin Cancer Surgery: What Should I Expect?
The different techniques used in treating skin cancers can be life saving, but they may leave a patient with less than pleasing cosmetic or functional results. Depending on the location and severity of the cancer, the consequences may range from a small but unsightly scar to permanent changes in facial structures such as your nose, ear, or lip.
After you’ve been treated for skin cancer, your doctor should schedule regular follow-up visits to make sure the cancer hasn’t recurred.
You should also:
- Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun.
- On any exposed skin, use a sunscreen with an SPF.
- Finally, examine your skin regularly. If you find anything suspicious, consult your plastic surgeon as soon as possible.
Related Procedures and Skin Cancer Surgery Alternatives
Other possible treatments for skin cancer include cryosurgery (freezing the cancer cells), radiation therapy (using x-rays), topical chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugs applied to the skin), and Mohs surgery, a special procedure in which the cancer is shaved off one layer at a time. (Mohs surgery is performed only by specially trained physicians and often requires a reconstructive procedure as follow-up.)
To learn more about skin cancer surgery performed by New haven County plastic surgeon Beth Collins MD, we encourage you to schedule a consultation with her in her Guilford practice. Use our online contact form to send an email or call us at 203-689-5295.
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EM1509L "Solid Tumor Second Malignancies as a Late Effect of Childhood Cancer Therapy" (IM GR-091115)
Current long-term survival of children with is now greater than 80%. As these young adults advance in age, they have unique medical needs and health risks that may go unheeded as they transition from pediatric care into general medical care. Their greatest risk of early mortality after short-term survival (5 years) of their original cancer is secondary malignancy related to their cancer therapy. This presentation attempts to demonstrate the heightened risk of subsequent cancer in this adult population throughout their lifespan, and to outline a clinical framework with which to approach that risk.
UT Southwestern faculty, fellows, residents and medical students, commnity physicians, nurse clinicians, physician assistants and nurses.
At the conclusion of this activity, the participant should be able to
- Recognize that the childhood cancer survivor population is growing in number every year, and is at risk of developing subsequent neoplasms across their lifespan.
- Recognize that any radiation exposure confers an additional risk of subsequent cancer for childhood cancer survivors.
- Recognize that in females treated with radiation for childhood Hodgkin Lymphoma, their risk of breast cancer parallels that of BRCA(+) women.
- Recognize that specific cancer screening guidelines exist for this high-risk population.
Angela Orlino, M.D.
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of General Internal Medicine
- 1.00 AMA
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Researchers at George Washington University, Amazon AWS AI, and startup AdVerifai investigated a machine learning approach to classifying misleading speech. They say the AI model they developed, which outperformed the baseline, lays the groundwork for the study of additional linguistic features, according to Venturebeat
Their work follows that of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), which earlier this year architected an AI model that could determine whether a news source is accurate or politically prejudiced. In subsequent work, MIT CSAIL used one of the world’s largest fact-checking data sets to develop automated systems that could detect false statements.
The paper’s coauthors note that efforts to reduce the spread of misinformation have occasionally resulted in the flagging of legitimate satire, particularly on social media. Complicating matters, some fake news purveyors have begun masquerading as satire sites. These developments of course threaten the business of legitimate publishers, which might struggle to monetize their satire, but also they affect the experience of consumers, who could miss out on miscategorized content.
The researchers hypothesized that metrics of text coherence might be useful in capturing semantic relatedness between sentences of a story. To this end, they used a set of indices related to text statistics implemented by Coh-Metrix, a tool for producing linguistic and discourse representations. There were 108 in total, including (but not limited to) the number of words and sentences; referential cohesion, which refers to overlap in content words between sentences; various text readability formulas; and different types of connective words.
The AI researchers leveraged a statistical technique called principal component analysis to convert potentially correlated metrics into uncorrelated variables (or principal components), which they used in two logistic regression models (functions that model the probability of certain classes) with the fake and satire labels their dependent variables, Next, they evaluated the models’ performance on a corpus containing 283 fake news stories and 203 satirical stories that had been verified by hand.
the “significant” indices outperformed the baseline F1 score, a measure of the frequency of false positives and negatives. The top-performing algorithm achieved a 0.78 score, where 1 is perfect, while revealing that satirical articles tended to be more sophisticated (and less easy to read) than fake news articles.
In future work, the researchers plan to study linguistic cues such as absurdity, incongruity, and other humor-related features.
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In the previous post, I showed you all a Quora answer I gave about learning based primarily on learning facts. Below is another question I answered that focused on learning concepts and developing a correct intuition. It’s arguably more powerful.
What is the best way to learn and remember information?
The ultimate goal of learning is to take information that exists outside of your mind, and create a robust, recallable, and useable representation of it inside your mind.
Everyone is certainly aware of the “inside your mind” component. But how often do we consider “robust,” “recallable,” and “useable” when we try to learn? When I was a university teaching assistant, I saw that most students barely gave any thought to these.
If a student’s learning strategy consists only of memorizing whole passages of books and lecture notes via repetition, would they do well?
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west…
Perhaps…at first. But what happens when the material grows in size and complexity? Over time, this strategy is doomed.
Let’s return to the main goal of learning; we are not satisfied just with any mental representation. We need a great one. Our goal is to fix it in your brain so well that it becomes as real and readily accessible to you as any physical tool in your hand.
Breaking it down:
- For your learning to be robust, it needs to be connected to your world view. The concept needs to be real beyond all doubt, no matter how you look at it.
Sunrises and sunsets are determined by the motion of the earth. People wake up in New York before they wake up in Los Angeles. Sundials are oriented northward, and their shadows’ movement inspired the design of clocks (clockwise). This all only makes sense if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
- To make your learning recallable, you need to have the ability to pull it from your memory without any external cues to the answer. Be honest with yourself and consciously avoid illusions of competence.
I just heard the above sunrise/sunset explanation from a friend, and it makes sense. I should see if I can reproduce my friend’s explanation after lunch. If I can’t honestly do it at that point, I’ll review and try again after dinner.
For your learning to be useable, you need to apply it to problems. Furthermore, you must monitor how easily you were able to employ that concept and arrive at the correct conclusion. An example problem: which direction (east or west) should you direct a rocket that is deploying a satellite in orbit around the earth?
A satellite needs to go at high speeds to maintain orbit. The earth is already rotating in a particular direction, so that is an automatic boost in speed; if the rocket goes in the same direction, it can use far less fuel, so the rocket can be much smaller and cheaper. Since we know the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the earth must be rotating eastward. Therefore, the rocket should be directed east.
This is how you learn.
A final word on learning — your mind works just like a muscle, and therefore it needs to be exercised. Space out your learning and use it often.
Now go and be unstoppable.
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Meet Inspiring Speakers and Experts at our 3000+ Global Conferenceseries Events with over 1000+ Conferences, 1000+ Symposiums and 1000+ Workshops on Medical, Pharma, Engineering, Science, Technology and Business.
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Specific Heat , a measure of the heat required to raise the temperature of a given amount of a substance by one degree. It is best defined as a ratio, usually with water as the reference substance. Since it takes 0.11 times as much heat to raise the temperature of a given mass of iron by one degree as it takes to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water by one degree, iron has a specific heat of 0.11 (by definition, since it is the reference substance, water has a specific heat of 1.00). Like iron, most substances have a specific heat lower than that of water, meaning that less heat is needed to raise their temperature than is needed to raise the temperature of water by the same amount. Most liquids have a specific heat less than half that of water and, in general, the specific heat of solids is lower than that of liquids. Coral reefs, octopi, eels, offshore oil rigs, El Niño, La Niña, the birthplace of life, tasty seafood, even assorted bottom feeders. All these things come to mind when we think of the world’s ocean. Researchers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Goddard Institute for Space Studies have learned to think of the ocean as something else, something that might not occur to the rest of us. The ocean, they say, is Earth’s “biggest heat bucket.” And like a bucket placed under an overflowing sink, the ocean is filling up with the heat that increasing levels of greenhouse gases are preventing from escaping to space. By comparing computer simulations of Earth’s climate with millions of measurements of ocean heat content collected by satellites and in-the-water sensors, a team of climatologists and oceanographers has provided what leading NASA climate scientist James Hansen calls the “smoking gun” of human-caused global climate change: a prediction of Earth’s energy imbalance that closely matches real-world observations. The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance. As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation. The specific heat per gram for water is much higher than that for a metal, as described in the water-metal example. For most purposes, it is more meaningful to compare the molar specific heats of substances.
OMICS Group International is an amalgamation of Open Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. OMICS Group International unites the work of heading personalities from all over the planet to serve the mankind by making accessibility ever available worldwide through imparting learning with its Open Access Journals and Scientific Events. Open Access Journals utilizes the force of website to make learning accessible comprehensively with a single click away. OMICS Group International have united to make the biggest assembling of the deductive analysts neighborhood on the planet, with involved finesse in leading occasions and business sessions, for example International conferences, World Congress, Symposia and Workshops which helps you to change your business by carrying you eye to eye with the experts in the Materials science research area. Since 2010, OMICS Group International Conferences are included to furnish a momentous stage, for the incredibly famous researchers, scientists, understudies, academicians from organizations, and likewise the business people from businesses Conferences and universal occasions yearly all as far and wide as possible to raise and empower the improvements and concentrate on the exploration viewpoints. OMICS Group holds the notoriety of adequately arranging investigative gatherings well whatsoever prime areas over the globe.
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is a visual modelling program that was originally distributed by
ASE as part of 'Science Year'. The program was developed by Ian
Lawrence of the University of Birmingham's Faculty of Education.
Although the program was originally designed for use with primary
students it can be used effectively with 11-18 students to create
semi-quantitative models of physical processes. The download includes
documentation and examples.
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What does Yuma mean?
The name Yuma is of Native American origin.
The meaning of Yuma is "tribe and place name".
Yuma is used as both a boys and girls name.
It consists of 4 letters and 2 syllables and is pronounced Yu-ma.
The Given Name Yuma
Yuma is a name with class.
Want to make this name more unique? Try spell it backwards.
A creative name, that may be just right for you.
Yuma falls into the place name category.
In the U.S. in 2016, it ranked 11,666
in baby name popularity for girls with 9 occurrences. It ranked 6,293
in baby name popularity for boys with 14 occurrences.
In contrast, the year before it ranked 18,959 in baby name popularity for girls with 5 occurrences. It ranked 5,715 in baby name popularity for boys with 16 occurrences.
The trend's your friend. See how Yuma has changed in popularity since 1880 by visiting the Yuma Name Popularity Page.
Yuma Related Names
Destiny Number, Life Path Number, Soul Urge and Personality Number. These Numerological numbers may tell your child's story. Take a look at the Numerology Of Yuma.
Children named Yuma are often melodic and inventive but most of all they are read more >>
Yuma Name Fun
Would you like to fingerspell the name Yuma in American Sign Language?
Then just follow the diagram below.
Be creative with the name Yuma.
Just for fun, see the name Yuma in Hieroglyphics, learn about ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics and write a Hieroglyphic message.
Learn about nautical flags and see your name or message written in nautical flags, on the Yuma in Nautical Flags page.
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Population. Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?. Key Issue 4: Will the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?. The Main Points of this issue are: Malthus on overpopulation Population growth and food supply Malthus’ critics Declining birth rates Malthus theory and reality
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Why might the world face an overpopulation problem?
Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the second half of the twentieth century.
Fig. 2-21: Crude birth rates declined in most countries between 1981 and 2001 (though the absolute number of births per year increased from 123 to 133 million).
Fig. 2-22: Both the extent of family planning use and the methods used vary widely by country and culture.
Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Fig. 2-23: By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the waterborne epidemic.
Fig. 2-24: The tuberculosis death rate is a good indicator of a country’s ability to invest in health care. TB is still one of the world’s largest infectious-disease killers.
Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.
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Museum’s exhibit on Hollywood portrait photographer George Hurrell taps into local history
By L.F. D’Elia
Florence Leontine Lowe Barnes had money — big money – having been born into one of the wealthiest families in America. In addition to her estate in Pasadena, Florence owned a large home on 40 acres along the Laguna Beach bluffs at what is now known as Smith Cliffs. There she installed the city’s first swimming pool, overlooking the ocean. Her new-found friend, George Hurrell, was a frequent pool-side guest at her home in Laguna. They also made time to sneak off together to go fishing. Whenever they went fishing they would bet who would catch the biggest fish of the day. Florence always set the bet: “Whoever loses has to cook the fish.” Florence was quite competitive and she hated to cook, and so George’s cooking and barbecuing skills greatly improved over the years and became legendary in the community.
By 1927, Florence’s mother had passed away and her marriage to the Pasadena Episcopal minister was not working. She decided to take a trip alone to see the lost city of Machu Pichu in Peru and have time to herself so that she could “just think things through.” Unfortunately, the ship she boarded in San Pedro turned out to be a gun runner for Mexican revolutionaries. So she jumped ship in San Blas, Mexico, and spent the next seven months in adventures in Mexico. When she returned to Pasadena, she had a new nickname: “Pancho.” She was now known as Pancho Barnes – a name, by the way, she kept through three more marriages.
In 1928 Pancho decided that she wanted to learn how to fly an airplane. She had heard that Orville Wright had a reputation for trying to discourage women to fly. Pancho did not like the prospect of rejection merely based on gender, so she decided to play a “fast one” on Orville. Florence Barnes was a gender indeterminate name. Along with the written application – which never inquired as to gender – all applicants had to submit a photo, which was then attached to the license. Pancho remembered that her artist friend and painter, Hurrell, owned a camera. She also had seen some of his photos, and thought they were much better than his paintings. So she asked him to take her picture for her pilot license application. For the application photo she dressed like a man – smoking a cigarette, dirty fingernails and all! Orville signed the application and off she went. She became the first female stunt pilot in Hollywood and the first female test pilot for Lockheed. Many aviation historians say Barnes was one of the most skilled pilots of the Golden Age of Flight.
Anyway, Hurrell felt bad making his good friend Pancho look so awful for the pilot license application, and so he insisted on taking some “nice” photos of her. He took several photos of her at home in Laguna. He made her look beautiful, as she was not your classic beauty at all. Naturally, she loved the photos.
At the time, Pancho’s best friend was Ramon Novarro, then the biggest silent movie star at MGM, the highest paid, and also the most famous movie star in the world. Novarro, who was Mexican, was worried that he might not make the transition to sound film because of his slight accent. However, he had a wonderful operatic voice, and so – to hedge his bets — he decided that he could always reinvent himself as an opera star in Europe. But he needed publicity photos to accomplish this. If word leaked back to MGM that he was nervous about his career, his new salary negotiations could be jeopardized. He could not use any photographers in town.
Pancho suggested Hurrell. She loved the glamorous photos he took of her, and secretly believed that his destiny was in photography. And so Novarro had a series of photographs taken by Hurrell at Barnes’ homes in Pasadena and Laguna. In one, Novarro was standing next to Barnes’ horse. The composition and lighting were amazing. When Barnes saw the photograph, she exclaimed: “If George Hurrell can make my horse look as beautiful as the most handsome man in America, then everyone should be using George Hurrell as their photographer.”
Hurrell’s reputation as the Rembrandt of portrait photography spread quickly throughout the industry, and within a year, practically everyone in Hollywood was seeking Hurrell for his photographic portrait skills. In 1930 he became head portrait photographer for MGM. During his 60-plus year career in photography he worked for almost all the major studios in Hollywood and photographed just about every major Hollywood star.
Although he relocated to Hollywood to be closer to the studios, whenever he could, Hurrell would break away from his duties and visit his friends in Laguna.
Hurrell died in 1992 and exhibitions of his photography continue to be held at major museums all over the world. The Laguna Art Museum currently has a collection of his prints of local artists that he took when he first started his ventures into photography.
As Hurrell noted in a talk at the museum in 1977, “I look back on my early years in Laguna Beach with great fondness, and am thankful to the wonderful artists living here who instilled in me a sense of joy in creating, in dreaming, and in achieving – as they created, and dreamed and achieved.”
This article first appeared in the Indy in 2006, coinciding with a Historical Society presentation on Barnes and Hurrell by Louis F. D’Elia, curator of the Pancho Barnes Trust Estate Archive.
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New Initiative from Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank to Protect UK Trees Takes Root
Embargoed 00.01 BST Friday 10 May 2013
With a host of new pests and diseases attacking the United Kingdom’s native treescape, Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank is tackling the threat by establishing the country’s first national collection of tree seeds – the UK National Tree Seed Project. The UK is unusual in that it does not have comprehensive and genetically representative ex situ collections of native tree populations for research and use in practical conservation.
Thanks to support from players of People’s Postcode Lottery, who have provided £100,000 in funding, seeds from the UK’s best loved and most vulnerable trees and shrubs will be collected and protected in long-term storage in the vaults of the Millennium Seed Bank facility at Wakehurst Place in Sussex. The Millennium Seed Bank already safeguards practically the entire UK flora in its vaults and works to restore native plants and trees to their natural habitats.
The Project will ensure that the collection of UK tree seeds already protected in Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank will grow and become more comprehensive, eventually representing the full genetic diversity of the UK’s tree populations. These seeds will be available to research organisations working on solutions to the threats facing UK trees, such as the control of pests and diseases. Ultimately, these seed collections can be used for restoring trees to the UK countryside and increasing tree cover. The Forestry Commission is a key partner, providing advice on target species and help with collecting seeds.
Dr Paul Smith, Head of Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank says, “In the last ten years we have seen an increasing threat to our trees from many newly arrived, often very aggressive pests and diseases. In 2013 almost all of our favourite tree species, from oak to beech and ash are affected.
“Establishing the UK’s first comprehensive national tree seed bank is absolutely crucial. The UK’s tree cover is already amongst the lowest in Europe. Avoiding further degradation of our woodlands, and the wider environmental, economic and social impacts of this, ultimately hinges on conserving the valuable genetic diversity of our trees and shrubs.”
Environment Minister Lord de Mauley says, “Now, more than ever before, it’s vitally important that we protect our native tree species.
“Improving tree health is one of our top priorities and innovative projects like this, remarkable in their scale and ambition, are exactly what we need.”
A priority list of 50 trees and shrubs will initially be targeted for collection. These species have been selected and ranked according to key criteria such as their conservation ratings, prevalence in the landscape, vulnerability to pests and diseases and their native status.
Species targeted in the Project include:
• Common juniper (Juniperus communis) including the subspecies Juniperus ssp. hemisphaerica which is designated as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. This evergreen species is one of only three native conifers in Britain and is at risk from the fungus-like pathogen Phytophthora austrocedrae
• Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)
This tree is increasingly at risk from pests and diseases including Dothistroma needle blight, pinewood nematode, pine processionary moth and the pine tree lappet moth
• Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Fraxinus-excelsior.htm
At threat from ash dieback (Chalara fraxinea), which first came to the public’s attention in spring 2012. This fungus kills the leaves and bark tissue, causes shoot death, cankers, crown dieback and ultimately the demise of the entire tree. Ash is also at potential risk from the emerald ash borer beetle
• Common alder (Alnus glutinosa)
This water-loving species, typically found in wet woodlands or alongside streams and rivers, is at risk from the pathogen Phytophthora alni
• Wild cotoneaster (Cotoneaster cambricus)
A rare species, with just a handful of wild trees found in one location in northern Wales
• Common beech (Fagus sylvatica) – http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Fagus-sylvatica.htm
Vulnerable to Phytophthora kernoviae, an invasive pathogen causing bleeding cankers on beech tree trunks
• Plymouth pear (Pyrus cordata)
Designated as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red list and one of Britain's rarest trees (found in only two locations in the wild). It is a wild relative of the domestic pear. This rare tree can be seen at Wakehurst Place, Kew’s country garden
• Silver birch (Betula pendula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens)
The silver birch is a genuine native, growing in the UK since the end of the Ice Age. Its papery-white bark distinguishes it from the downy birch, which has reddish bark that turns grey with age
• Yew (Taxus baccata) http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Taxus-baccata.htm
A native conifer rich in myths, legends and folklore. Although slow growing, yew trees can live for 2,000 or more years. Yew woodland is a characteristic woodland type of international significance found particularly on the chalk hills of southern England.
In future years the UK National Tree Seed Project will grow with the help of additional partners, including government agencies, landowners and conservation bodies. Partner organisations will be asked to make specific collecting commitments by adopting a species and collecting its seed from right across its distribution. Alternatively, they may commit to collect all species on the target list from a given geographic area.
Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank Partnership is the world’s most ambitious plant conservation initiative and Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank is the largest facility of its kind. Collecting and conserving wild plant seeds provides an insurance policy against extinction, supports practical conservation and provides options for the future use of plants for the benefit of people and the planet. Most of the collections are available for research and over a third have a known use to people.
Dr Paul Smith, Head of the Millennium Seed Bank, and Clare Trivedi, UK National Tree Seed Project Coordinator, are available for interview. Please contact the RBG Kew press office on [email protected] / + 44 (0)20 8332 5607 / +44 (0)7881 953 420 / @KewPressRoom
Images are available to download from http://www.kew.org/press/images/index_kew.html (please contact the Kew press office for a user name and password)
NOTES TO EDITORS
• Although seed collections for nearly all of the UK’s native tree species are deposited in Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank, these collections do not represent the full genetic diversity of the UK’s tree populations. This is also true of many arboretum collections and the Plant Heritage collections (www.nccpg.com) held in private and public gardens around the UK
The Forestry Commission has divided the UK into 24 native tree seed zones. A species will only be deemed to be fully represented in the UK National Tree Seed Project when it has been collected from across its distribution (i.e. every seed zone in which it occurs) or from all genetically distinct populations where it is known
• Some of the species in the priority 50 cannot be stored in conventional seed banks, such as the oak, which does not survive drying and freezing during the seed banking process. Special storage options, such as cryopreservation, are being developed and tested for such species
• At 10%, the UK’s tree cover is amongst the lowest in Europe (average 37%) (Source: The Independent Panel on Forestry Final Report)
• During London Tree Week’ (11-18 May, 2013) visit Kew Gardens and explore our trees. For more about Kew’s trees visit the arboretum team’s blog http://www.kew.org/news/kew-blogs/arboretum-team/
• People’s Postcode Lottery is Britain’s charity lottery. Players play with their postcodes to win cash prizes while raising money for good causes in their area
• People’s Postcode Lottery manages multiple society lotteries promoted by different causes supporting a range of good causes. For details on which society lottery is running each week, visit www.postcodelottery.co.uk/society
• People’s Postcode Lottery is regulated by the Gambling Commission. It holds an External Lottery Manager’s Licence and promotes a series of society lotteries in Great Britain
• Postcode Lottery Limited is regulated by the Gambling Commission under certificate nr 829-N-102511-007 and 829-R-102513-007, dated 06 November 2012. Registered office: Titchfield House, 69/85 Tabernacle Street, London, EC2A 4RR
• For further information about People’s Postcode Lottery please contact Kathryn McAuley on 0131 243 4966 or [email protected]
• The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a world famous scientific organisation, internationally respected for its outstanding living collection of plants and world-class Herbarium as well as its scientific expertise in plant diversity, conservation and sustainable development in the UK and around the world. Kew Gardens is a major international visitor attraction. Its landscaped 132 hectares and RBG Kew’s country estate, Wakehurst Place, attract over 1.5 visits every year. Kew was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2003 and celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2009. Wakehurst Place is home to Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the largest wild plant seed bank in the world. Kew receives approximately half its funding from Government through the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). Further funding needed to support Kew’s vital work comes from donors, membership and commercial activity including ticket sales
• For more information about Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/save-seed-prosper/millennium-seed-bank/
• The Forestry Commission works to improve the lives of people in England and Scotland through the many benefits provided by sustainably managed woods and forests. These include sustainable timber production, public recreation, nature conservation, and rural and community development. It does this by supporting woodland managers with grants, tree felling licences, regulation and advice; promoting the benefits of forests and forestry; and advising Ministers in the UK and Scottish Governments on forestry policy. It also manages 900,000 hectares (2.25 million acres) of public forest land in England and Scotland owned or leased by Ministers to provide the above benefits. Through its Forest Research agency, it conducts world-class scientific research and technical development relevant to forestry
• For further information about Chalara fraxinea http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Hymenoscyphus-pseudoalbidus.htm
Keep up to date with events and news from Kew
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The ancient Egyptians mined peridot on the Red Sea island of Zabargad, the source of many large fine peridots in the world’s museums. The Egyptians called it the “gem of the sun”. Today this gem is still prized for its restful yellowish green hues and long history. Large, strongly-coloured examples can be spectacular, and attractive smaller gems are available for jewellery at all price points.
Birthstones & Anniversaries
Peridot is the birthstone for August and the gemstone for the 15th wedding anniversary.
Some peridot is ancient: it's found in pallasite meteorites, remnants of our solar system's birth.
In 2005, peridot was found in comet dust brought back from the
Stardust robotic space probe.
Gem variety of the mineral olivine: found in peridotite rock from the
earth’s upper mantle.
There are a number of processes used to alter the colour or apparent clarity, or to improve the durability of gems.Learn More
Some gemstones have synthetic counterparts that have essentially the same chemical, physical and optical properties, but are grown by man in a laboratory.Learn More
Any gem can be imitated – sometimes by man-made materials or by natural materials chosen by man to impersonate a particular gem.Learn More
Why We Love This Gemstone
Peridot crystals are found in meteorites – some rare extraterrestrial crystals are even big enough to facet as cut gemstones.
Most gems are coloured by impurities such as iron. Peridot's colour is intrinsically yellow-green. Higher-quality stones have an intense colour.
Peridot has extremely high double refraction – when you look closely through the gem, you can see two of each pavilion facet.
Beautiful, yellowish green peridot has been treasured since earliest times.
Although the best peridot is a pure grass green, most peridot is yellowish-green.
Most fine peridot is eye clean. Tiny black spots might be visible with magnification.
Peridot is cut in a wide variety of styles, including ovals, emerald cuts, and cushions.
Large crystals of peridot have cut gems more than 50 carats in size.
Peridot Quality Factors: The Comprehensive Guide
Explore sources, gemmological research and the role of gems in history.
Peridot from the Central Highlands of Vietnam: Properties, Origin, and FormationNguyen Thi Minh Thuyet, Christoph Hauzenberger, Nguyen Ngoc Khoi, Cong Thi Diep, Chu Van Lam, Nguyen Thi Minh, Nguyen Hoang, and Tobias Häger , Nov 7, 2016 Read more in English
Identification of Extraterrestrial Peridot by Trace ElementsAndy H. Shen, John I. Koivula, and James E. Shigley Read more in English
Characterisation of Peridot from Sardinia, ItalyIlaria Adamo, Rosangela Bocchio, Alessandro Pavese, and Loredana Prosperi Read more in English
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Long-Term Effects of Famine on Life Expectancy: A Re-Analysis of the Great Finnish Famine of 1866-1868
23 Pages Posted: 1 Mar 2011
Famines are extreme cases of environmental stress, and have been used by a series of studies to explore the long-term consequences of the fetal or childhood environment. Results are inconsistent and do not support negative long-term effects on mortality. The authors test the hypothesis that selection during famine changes the frailty distributions of cohorts and may hide negative long-term effects. They use death counts from age 60+ from the Human Mortality Data Base for the birth cohorts 1850-1854, 1855-1859, 1860-1865, 1866-1868, 1869-1874, 1875-1879, 1880-1884 and 1885-1889 to explore the effect of being born during the Great Finnish Famine 1866-1868. Swedish cohorts without famine exposure are analysed as a control group. Cohorts born in Finland during the Great Finnish Famine are highly heterogeneous in their distribution of deaths after age 60. By contrast, cohorts born in the years immediately after the famine are particularly homogeneous. Accounting for these differences results into a lower remaining life expectancy at age 60 for cohorts born during the famine. Statistically, long-term effects of famine on mortality become only visible when changes in the frailty distribution of cohorts are explicitly considered.
Keywords: old-age mortality, selection, debilitation, early life circumstances
JEL Classification: I12, J11, C41
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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Utah State University scientist and associate professor in the Department of Watershed Sciences, Sarah Null, wants people to dive into watershed sciences a little deeper–by using art. The choices one makes about local watersheds, she says, have big impacts on river habitats, and by extension on one’s life too. But the science behind water management can sometimes be a bit hard to digest.
To find a way to help people understand how their choices affect both habitats and humans, Null recruited artists Chris Peterson and Carsten Meier to create large-format images, paintings and interactive exhibits based on her research. A new exhibit at the Natural History Museum of Utah, in Salt Lake City, called Decisions Downstream, is the boundary-crossing result of those efforts.
Using layers of scientific data, the artists created large-scale imagery of aquatic habitat and paintings that capture the transcendent experience of encountering wild fish. Video projections onto 3D maps also tell stories of past and future water development choices for the connectedness of aquatic habitat. Null connects these experiences with new water management models that have the potential to help preserve river habitats and maintain water supply for people.
Critical water decisions are being made right now in Utah, she said. The Decisions Downstream exhibit highlights the tools, trade-offs and alternative that can guide those choices.
“When I look at rivers, I see mosaics of habitats–warm streambanks, deep pools and fast-moving runs,” said Null. “I also see water that could be delivered to cities and farms or used to generate hydropower. The decisions we make to manage our rivers are complex, with tradeoffs between developing water and maintaining the ecosystems that sustain us. My goal is to bring these tradeoffs to the forefront so we can ask ourselves, as a society, what balance we value.”
The exhibit at the Natural History Museum of Utah opens January 15 and runs through July 31.
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Co-hosted by COP28, the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change, and the UNFCCC Secretariat
Wednesday 19 April | 1:30 -2:45 PM ET | Register here: https://forms.gle/jUNiF9YyAjrzUg2g9
Indigenous Peoples have a deep connection to the natural world, recognizing the interdependence between humans, more-than-humans, and the Land, Water, Air, and Ice. Their values and knowledge systems can help transform how the global community approaches the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity decline, including in the definition of their root drivers.
The UAE COP28 Presidency and the UN Climate Change High-Level Champion for COP28, in collaboration with the International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change (IIPFCC), and the UNFCCC secretariat, will hold an event to delve deep into the profound and symbiotic relationship between Indigenous values and knowledge systems and planetary health amidst pressing challenges of climate change, two thematic areas of the 22nd session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII). This discussion hopes to foster equitable and ethical dialogue to identify concrete ways/examples/steps to support Indigenous Peoples in weaving their values and knowledge systems into the development and implementation of climate policies and actions, now and in the future.
Objective: the event taking place on the margins of the 22nd session of the UNPFII aims to:
Format: An interactive panel of high-level speakers will be followed by a discussion and will be guided by the following questions:
This event will be jointly hosted by H.E. Razan Al Mubarak, UN Climate Change High-Level Champion for COP28, and Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, UNPFII Member and IIPFCC co-chair.
|1:30 – 1:35||Opening|
|1:35 – 1:45||Opening remarks H.E. Razan Al Mubarak, UN Climate Change High-Level Champion for COP28Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, Co-Chair, International Indigenous Peoples Forum on Climate Change|
|1:45 – 2:40||Panel discussion moderated by Razan Al Mubarak and Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim: Miriam Castillo, University of TorontoXiye Bastida, Re-Earth InitiativeGrace Balawag, Tebtebba FoundationGideon Abraham Ole Sanago, Pastoralists Indigenous Non Governmental Organization Gunn-Britt Retter, Saami Council|
|2:40 – 2:45||Closing Ceremony|
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There are plenty of products to help clean away mould and mildew, but what if you could help prevent its growth from the outset?
One of the most common places for mould to appear is in the bathroom. The growth of mould requires three conditions - moisture, warmth and food. In most cases, a low level of mould will not have a significant effect on your health.
However, if you or any of your family members are allergic to mould or suffer from asthma, then its presence in your home may be harmful. This is because mould can pollute indoor air, which is the cause of 94% of respiratory ailments, according to the American Medical Association.
While there are several cleaning products which eliminate mould and mildew already lurking, there are also some simple steps you can take to keep the mould at bay.
Here are some top tips to prevent mould from Certified Mould Inspector Phillip Fry:
- The first step to preventing mould is getting rid of all sources of moisture. This can be a difficult feat, as the bathroom is of one of the main sources of water in the home. Firstly, you might consider installing a bathroom fan if you do not already have one. Turning your bath fan on during your shower or bath for half and hour or so, is very effective at flushing out moisture in the air.
- After showering or bathing, wipe any excess water off of wet walls with absorbent towels. This eliminates at least three-fourths of the moisture which supports the growth of mould and mildew.
- If you have tiles in your bathroom, make sure you seal the grout lines annually with a standard grout sealer. This will make them waterproof and will prevent mould from finding its way onto them.
Keep Things Dry:
- Leaving wet materials, such as towels or clothes, in your bathroom will encourage mould to grow upon them within a few days. Making sure these items are dried quickly is a sure way to keep them mould-free.
- Fixing any plumbing leaks will prevent the unnecessary build up of moisture in your bathroom. It is important to replace old pipes as soon as they show signs of dilapidation.
- Moving furniture away from walls and keeping closet doors open will allow air to circulate around the room. Any confined or dark spaces must be kept well ventilated. Fresh air is essential for the prevention of mould growth.
The susceptibility of mould growth in your bathroom depends solely on the upkeep and general circumstances of your bathroom. Try out these tips to reduce mould and keep your bathroom clean and your family healthy!
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change the world
what is child sexual abuse? Child sexual abuse is a sexual act imposed on a child who lacks emotional, maturational, physical and cognitive development. The crime of luring a child into sexual activities is sadly common because of the powerful and dominant position of the adult or older adolescent perpetrator. This is in sharp contrast to the child's age, dependency, lack of knowledge, and subordinate position. Authority, power, corruption of affection, and (sometimes) force enable the perpetrator to easily coerce the child into sexual compliance.
how common is sexual abuse? - 25% of all adults have been sexually abused;- Statistics suggest that as many as 1 in 4 children becomes a victim of sexual abuse by the time they reach 18 yrs of age;- Up to 90% of sexual abuse of children is committed by someone the child knows;- Approximately 10% of all victims reporting sexual abuse are boys, but probably more are abused; and- A study of imprisoned sexual abusers of children revealed that, on the average, they each had molested over 230 victims. Among other things, this indicates how very easy it is for adults to molest children.
what might i experience as a survivor of sexual abuse? - low self esteem;- inability to trust others;- exaggerated willingness to remain in dysfunctional or abusive relationships;- sexual dysfunction;- drug/alcohol abuse;- eating disorders;- distorted body image;- flashbacks of the abuse;- frequent nightmares;- intruding thoughts;- frozen or numbed emotions;- depression;- anxiety;- self abuse and self-deprivation; and- difficulty experiencing pleasure.
what can i do if i am a survivor of sexual abuse?
- READ SELF-HELP BOOKS The Courage to Heal by Bass and Davis (a companion workbook helping survivors identify and process feelings and thoughts related to the sexual abuse. There is also a book for the partners and loved ones of survivors. These books are helpful in empowering the survivor);
- TALK TO SUPPPORTIVE PEOPLE Find people who will be willing to listen to your thoughts and feelings related to the sexual abuse. The supportive other should be non-judgmental (not blaming you for the abuse, or telling you what to do or how to feel), able to listen to your feelings, honest, and willing to be there for you during the "rough times";
- BEGIN THERAPY Therapy can be a safe and supportive environment in which to explore your feelings and thoughts with a non-judgmental, caring person. A therapist can help you deal with the psychological effects of sexual abuse such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and flashbacks;
- JOIN A SEXUAL ABUSE SURVIVORS GROUP In a group setting you have the opportunity to hear about the experiences of other survivors and share your experience with them. Support groups or therapy groups can be excellent places to talk about your feelings and experiences while receiving emotional support from others. NOTE: It is advisable to enter a support group only after you have progressed sufficiently in individual therapy or are currently involved in individual therapy or group therapy
.- BROWSE THIS SITE Begin with the ABUSE section on the upper left hand menu of this page, where you will find information on male and female sexual abuse, and then read other relevant sections, such as ADDICTION, DEPRESSION, HEALTH, LAUGHTER, and HOPE.
yellow bird flying
the ultimate essay on how cyberporn affects men
ex-prostitute rescues girls from life she fled
There are no angels on the streets of Harlem. But if there were, they could hardly stand out more than a petite, 27-year-old British woman battling to rescue teenage prostitutes. Rachel Lloyd has one big advantage over others trying to save the girls from violence, drugs, exploitation and prison: she is a survivor of what she calls "The Life".
"Everyone is going to put their own personal slant on my story," she said in her New York headquarters. "Angel of Harlem is corny. But it's better than drug-addict hooker."Her work with the girls, and her public advocacy of their cause, has already turned her into a local celebrity. Much of the attention has been focused on her past, a grim narrative which began with a "too much, too young" childhood on the south coast of England and led, via Germany's vice industry, to her new life in the US. From her base in a converted shop in Harlem she acts as role model, elder sister and angel of mercy for teenage girls who have been led astray. In New York, the face of child prostitution belongs to 14- to 15-year-old black girls, victims of sexual assault and broken homes, some of them with children of their own.
Shelter, help with returning to education, and therapy are some of the facilities offered by Girls Educational and Mentoring Services (GEMS) which Ms Lloyd founded three years ago. Find out more by clicking here ...
It was the first time I had ever known the emotions that fuel homicide ...
... A woman regularly molested as a child by her stepfather recently murdered her two sons. The English ganglord Ronnie Kray was known to simply kill those he thought "over-familiar," a textbook response to early sexual abuse (the victims of which react dramatically to the trespassing of certain boundaries). Recognition: enemy. Object: expulsion. Youth is only ever a prison to some.
Aldo's face to me in that instant was a thing of holocausts. I sensed in him a slender, tentative, lunatic smile; I sensed in him the red lucidity of the insane. A revolution brewed within and kindled in me fire. Spat out his tongue. Slapped his mouth hard. Sluggard absorption: had I dreamed my indignation or had my assertive act been real?
His hand rose to his cheek as if through water and an expression of real terror lit his eyes. I knew then and only then that it had really happened. Some said it had been modelled on a panel of Christ, a flaking pieta whitewashed in days only Magdalen remembers. That slap echoed around the room. Previously muted, my breath came at me in blowtorch flames. Aldo had not expected this response, he was accustomed to capitulation.
Smarting with fear, apologizing in thin frantic hisses, spinning promises of Handel concerts and pretty dresses, he was absolutely cowed. That warlock's bathrobe fell open and exposed his wen-splashed belly and its mangy fur. His boxer-shorts (a size too small) were crushed by the opposing forces of his gut and upper thighs. The fly opened, exposing a slain gastropod. Such sloping shoulders, shaking jowls. I recall my feelings - wild and defiant, seismic - more accurately that I recall the wording of my odium. I had learnt a thing or two of threats from him and he had proved (as mother had predicted) a very competent teacher. Repeatedly touching his stinging lips, he was astonished and stared at his fingers as if they had been lacquered with his blood. Flurry of towelling and the door was quickly closed.
Unable to cry out or weep, I sat shivering in bed, attempting to soothe myself with the mechanical activity of rubbing my thin arms. And how it was possible to be betrayed. I was an perceptive animal, but this was of little relevance. No child is a small adult for the adult is the evolution of the child. Subtle distinctions. I was so dazed. I felt as if I had been killed. I could not sleep for the next forty-eight hours. It can be said that I was raised in an environment of sexualžzed mortification.
| LINKS ON THIS SITE
Learn about Alice Miller
Learn about Antonella Gambotto-Burke
Illness: a new perspective
The biochemistry of hope
Find your own North Star
Sexual abuse questionnaire
The impact of cyberporn on men *critical reading
Message board for sexual abuse survivors - NOW!
Abuse Survivors message boards and email list - NOW!
Excellent resources for sexual abuse survivors
Climbing out of the Spiral
Barbados - a rape and sexual abuse site inspired by Tori Amos
Alice Miller's official website
Message boards for those who want to improve their ability to communicate - NOW!
Depression and anxiety message boards - NOW!
Chat to people who have relationship problems - NOW!
For those who feel suicidal and want a non-religious reply within 24 hours - NOW!
Immediate relief from bad feelings
Receive confidence-building daily stories - highly recommended!
Free guided audio online relaxation exercises
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Updated Mapping Datasets for Antarctica
A newly updated Antarctic Digital Database is released today (12 May 2020). Aimed at the science and logistics communities, the maps include updates to the ice shelf front around Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica, a new coastline for the South Shetland Islands and updated contours on the South Orkney Islands.
The Antarctic Digital Database (ADD) is a compilation of the best available topographic datasets for Antarctica, managed by BAS Mapping and Geographic Information Centre (MAGIC) on behalf of The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). The compilation has been running for over 25 years and has tracked important changes in Antarctica, such as the break-up of large ice shelves and the revelation of new islands as the ice has retreated. The datasets represent an international team effort, combining contributions from numerous national Antarctic mapping agencies.
The ADD is updated every six months and in each update MAGIC assesses if there have been any significant changes to the coastline and ice shelves, as well as assessing which new or updated datasets need merging into the compilation. The ADD is a product of SCAR group Standing Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information (SCAGI).
This release (version 7.2) involves updates to the ice shelf front around Thwaites Glacier, a current area of great scientific interest as it is contributing to global sea-level rise; a new coastline for the South Shetland Islands taken from BAS’s new map published last year; and updates to the contours on the South Orkney Islands, a notoriously difficult place to map due to their remote location in the Southern Ocean and the cloudy weather that often obscures them from satellites.
In addition, brand new datasets have been added to the Map Viewer. These include the Antarctic BedMachine dataset published this year, which shows the bed topography of Antarctic at a never before seen level of detail. The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) dataset is also shown in the viewer; this was published in 2018 by Polar Geospatial Center in America and allows users to view the large mountain ranges in Antarctica.
Laura Gerrish, GIS and Mapping Specialist with BAS MAGIC team, says
“It has been really exciting to work on the latest update for the Antarctic Digital Database. The ADD has been running since the early 1990s and it is a great project to be a part of. I enjoy thinking of new ways to present and visualise the data and my favourite part of the work is looking through fascinating satellite images and identifying features that might never have been seen before. The new release is a step-change in the way that the data is presented, making it easier than ever for people to access and work with the data.”
Version 7.2 represents a complete change to the management of the data catalogue. Full metadata can now be easily accessed for each data layer, and the data can be accessed in a variety of formats.
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD) Data Catalogue: https://data.bas.ac.uk/collections/e74543c0-4c4e-4b41-aa33-5bb2f67df389/
ADD BAS Project Page: https://www.bas.ac.uk/project/add/
ADD Homepage: https://www.scar.org/data-products/antarctic-digital-database/
ADD Viewer: https://www.add.scar.org/
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THERE may be more to being a wine buff or a connoisseur of haute cuisine than having a good sense of smell and taste. Neuroscientists say that the perception of flavour is a hybrid of smell and taste that is more than just the sum of both senses. They have found that flavour perception can malfunction even if smell and taste are both in working order.
Rita Schul of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and her colleagues have shown that rats that can detect smells or tastes when they are given separately may lose their ability to perceive flavours that depend on combinations of smell and taste.
The researchers gave rats water containing a cocktail of sodium chloride, which tastes salty but is odourless, and amyl acetate, which smells like banana but has no taste. The rats soon learnt to tell the difference between this cocktail and either component served up alone.
The left and right hemispheres of the brain each contain a region that processes taste and another that handles smell. The researchers destroyed the taste and smell regions on one side of the brain in half the rats. With the other half, they eliminated the smell region on one side and the taste region on the other.
All of the rats were able to detect smells and tastes just as well as before their surgery, and the rats with one side of their brains left completely intact were still able to perceive that the sodium chloride/amyl acetate cocktail was different from its components given separately.
But the rats whose functioning taste and smell regions were on opposite sides of the brain were unable to make this distinction. “It appears to be an inability on their part to integrate the two stimuli,” says Burton Slotnick of the American University in Washington DC, a member of Schul’s team who presented the findings at last week’s meeting of the Society of Neuroscience in San Diego.
The researchers believe that the compound sense of flavour is created in specialised “flavour centres” on each side of the brain, which integrate smell and taste information for their hemisphere.
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Peaceful scene of balance
I was recently surprised to read about the destruction of the natural life experienced by lorikeets when unnatural foods are introduced into their diets. Many are feeding lorikeets simple sugars from syrups, honeys, and jams to encourage them into their backyards. In turn, the regular diet of the lorikeets is changing.
Lorikeets are natural vegetarians. When they eat these unnatural foods, they become very aggressive in the pursuit of eating meat. Over time, they become ill, and develop diseases that are not found in their natural way of life. The health issues facing the lorikeets in Australia are remarkably similar to many who eat the standard American diet.
Imbalances perpetuate themselves. The foods we eat creates and changes the balance in our digestive system. Food creates our taste for other foods and eating unhealthy foods creates cravings for other unhealthy foods. It seems we have followed a similar pattern to the lorikeets. Since we introduced more processed flours and refined sugars and syrups, meat consumption has steadily increased. Many people aggressively pursue and strongly defend their right to eat meat. Consider that lorikeets naturally have a high carbohydrate, low-protein diet, which is similar to our natural diet.
Fortunately, balance also perpetuates itself. When we begin to reintroduce complex carbohydrates from whole grains, beans, vegetables, and fruits, we restore the natural balance of our digestive system. This leads to recovering a taste for healthy, natural foods as well as a gentle and enthusiastic approach towards sharing these ideas with others.
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Some fifty years ago the magazineNature published, on the 25th of April 1953, an article by James Watson and Francis Crick in which the 3-dimensional structure of the salt of the acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was presented. There were some two pages in which the first sentence began:We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribo nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest .” And was wrapped up with:“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for genetic material“ .
This final sentence has since been considered as being one of the most falsely modest ever in scientific literature. Much has been written about the story of this discovery in books and articles. They include such material as the “best-seller” in 1968 by Watson,The Double Helix , to more recent books, among them two by Brazilian authors,História da Biologia Molecular [History of Molecular Biology] by de Rudolf Hausmann, who is currently at the University of Freiburg, in Germany, andWatson e Crick, a História da Descoberta do DNA , [Watson and Crick, the Story of the Discovery of DNA] by Ricardo Ferreira (Federal University of Pernambuco).
Probably the most famous areThe Double Helix andThe Eighth Day of Creation by Horace F. Judson (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1979). The first is a version by Watson himself of the story of the discovery where, perhaps for wishing to turn the book into a “best-seller”, or through his very personality, produced a manuscript that highlighted the most novelistic episodes of what had occurred. He relates how he managed to obtain, in a rather dark manner, information about crystallography data of his rivals (Rosalind Franklin, chemist and crystallographer at King?s College in London), scoffs upon by another rival (Erwin Chargaff, biochemist at Colombia University in New York), who had caustically criticized the ignorance of Crick and Watson with respect to the chemical structure of the bases of DNA, Adenine (A) Thymine (T), Guanine (G) e Cytosine (C).
At the end of the 40s, Chargaff had discovered that in all of the samples of DNA analyzed the amount of A had equaled that of T, while the amount of G had equaled that of C and had attempted to demoralize Linus Pauling (a chemistry icon of the 20th century, at that time a professor at the California Institute of Technology, who published in 1952 a suggestion for the structure of DNA, where three helixes had intertwined and where the phosphate appeared protonated and without charge; in physiological pH conditions, close to 7.0, the phosphate should have a negative charge, as students of a basic course in chemistry learn). Watson was twenty-three years old when he revealed the double helix formation.
Since that moment his caustic personality has been inclined to attribute to him the role of the villain during the discovery. Entertaining, but not trustworthy in historical terms, the bookThe Double Helix was written at a time in which Watson had already given a scientific career and had turned himself into an administrator of science (most certainly the attributes demonstrated in his book qualify him for this position). At the end of the 80s, Watson led the start of the project on the sequencing of the human genome. Without a doubt, anyone who wants to form his or her own opinion on the discovery (and many may well have been invented, as readers can note in other books) must fall back on the bookThe Eighth Day of Creation by Judson. It is a majestic and extensive work (650 pages) of scientific journalism.
Judson took seven years interviewing the personalities involved in the unfolding of the happenings, frequently contrasting statements and analyzing documents, scientific papers and laboratory notebooks. He attained the climax of his professional activity when, as well as relating and interpreting the various facets of the collected information, he even explains, with his own terms and understanding, the technical part that surrounded the discovery. Why one more article? I believe thatPesquisa FAPESP cannot refrain from remembering this happening in the same manner, as have so many other scientific magazines.
As to me personally accepting the invitation to write something on this question, it was because I developed a lot of enthusiasm in 1963 when I learned know about this discovery and I have followed a lot of what has been written afterwards about it. After all, since 1965, I had worked in one of the few laboratories that dealt with molecular biology in Brazil in that era, that of Professor Francisco J. S. Lara. Why has this discovery awakened such effusive enthusiasm and enchantment over the years that followed? Watson stated in his bookThe Double Helix that it was the greatest discovery in biology since the theory of evolution by Darwin.
On the other hand, Crick, on the day of the conception of the structure, went into a pub on the campus of the University of Cambridge, shouting: “We have discovered the secret of life!” Apart from these testimonies of the authors, the fact is that many other scientists came to partake of these affirmations throughout the years. What led to the uniqueness of this discovery? It was probably an amalgam of factors, with a very small probability of it happening again, that mixed science with adventure and art. In the first place the structure has beautiful symmetry, perceptible even to the layman. In the second place, there is chemical logic in the structural arrangement that immediately allows a biological interpretation for the molecule of DNA.
Although the term molecular biology had been coined in 1935 by Warren Weaver, of the Rockefeller Foundation, in order to describe how biological phenomena might be fundamentally understood by the knowledge of the structures of the molecules and of the interactions and alterations of them, only in 1953 was it to be perceived in a dramatic manner in this correlation structure-function, with the discovery of the double helix.
This discovery is, nevertheless, a marker between the past and the future, with respect to molecular biology, today better known as structural molecular biology.In the third instance it was a fight of two young Davids against a powerful Goliath. Actually, Linus Pauling together with Robert Corey had already discovered the helicoidal structure of proteins (a -helix), and had information that the structure of DNA could also be helicoidal. Pauling was an eminent personality in physics-chemistry, then more than fifty years of age, and was going to win the Nobel Prize in 1954 for his work on the structure of proteins. Watson and Crick knew of Pauling?s intention and obviously were fearful about being overtaken in the race.
The figure of the structure of DNA is so ubiquitous that there is no way of demonstrating it here. In summary, the structure possesses two helixes that intertwine, forming a double helix. Imagining an axis that runs up the center of the double helix, the framework of each helix is formed by the sequence of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose) linked to a phosphate, this unit links itself to another identical innumerable times, in a manner parallel to the axis of the double helix. The result would be sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate and so on. A simple helix has polarity, that is to say, ranging over it from one side is different when ranging over it from another.
A fundamental piece of data is that the two helixes of DNA intertwine with opposing polarities (called anti-parallel helixes). The double helix twists itself clockwise. Attempt to twist into a spiral a role of paper around a pencil. It is possible to carry it out in two manners, clockwise or anti-clockwise. The two helixes thus obtained are asymmetrical and different, one being the mirror image of the other. It is the same thing as a hand reflected in a mirror. The right hand is the image of the left and vice-versa. The bases A, T, C, and G correspond to the third component of DNA. They have a planar structure and are also linked to the sugar molecule.
However, their planes are situated orthogonally to the axis of the helix. They have a specific pairing on the same plane: A on one helix counterbalances the T on another or G on one helix to the C of another. For this reason the helixes are said to be complementary. It can be noted, because of this specific pairing, in a certain DNA that the quantity of G bases is equal to C and the quantity of A is equal to that of T, as Chargaff had discovered. The chemical bonding that links the bases is called hydrogen bonding. These forces are important elements in the stabilization of the double helix.
Between A and T there are two hydrogen bonds, while between G and C there are three. If we look at these pairs of bases from above, we will see that they have dimensions and forms that are almost identical, in such a way as to allow that the diameter of the double helix remains constant along its axis. If we look at the profile of the double helix, we will see that the pairs of bases are stacked up, in an orthogonal fashion to the axis, and with a partial covering because to the turning of the helix.
It would be like taking dominos (representing the pairs of bases) and stacking them up, placing one on top of the other at a displaced angle of 36 degrees each time, one to the other, from bottom to top. If we were to pile up ten dominos we would complete 360 degrees, that is, one revolution of the double helix corresponds to ten pairs of bases. The distance between the pairs of bases is 3.4 Angstroms (one Angstrom is equivalent to 1×10-9 meters), in such a way that the step of the double helix (the distance along the axis corresponding to a complete revolution) is 34 Angstroms.
Most certainly the fundamental elements of this structure provide a complete explanation on the two most important properties of the gene: the codifying of the proteins, given by the sequence of bases, and the duplicating of the gene itself: the complementary strands A and B separate and are copied, A giving a new B strand, and B a new A strand. Two new double helixes AB and BA, identical to the mother helix AB, will be formed. The meeting of Watson with Crick is what one might call a fortuitous complement, molding the discovery that they were to make.
Both had read the book written by the famous physicist Erwin SchrödingerWhat Is life?, published in 1944. Many biologists, physicists and chemists became magnetized by the speculations made by Schrödinger with respect to the chemical nature of the gene, up until that point unknown. Schrödinger had called the genetic material solid aperiodic. Aperiodic because it could not be repetitive like a crystal of sodium chloride, otherwise, how could it code so many distinct characteristics of an organism? Solid, because the gene could not have the properties of a common organic substance, that is, to suffer chemical changes at a level relatively high to environmental temperature, incompatible with the stability of the gene.
Schrödinger had argued this stability as the example of the members of the Habsburg dynasty of Austria, whose portraits ? which went back two centuries – frequently showed malformation of the lip. Without a doubt the stability of the genetic material is today explained by the process of the repairing of the DNA and certainly Schrödinger had used the term solid as a metaphor. Furthermore, genetic material must have properties that would allow for its reproduction. In 1946, Oswald Avery and his collaborators demonstrated that DNA constituted part of genetic material. Therefore, it is not surprising that various scientists had become interested in DNA at the start of the 50s: virologists, physicists, chemists and structural biologists.
Nor is it surprising that Watson, finding himself at a congress in Naples with Maurice Wilkins, had become excited about the interest of the scientists of King?s College, to which group Wilkins pertained, and of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, in structural studies on DNA. He managed to leave Copenhagen, where he had been carrying out his post-doctorate, and with the help of Salvador Luria, a renowned geneticist at that time at the University of Illinois and supervisor for Watson?s doctorate degree, he eventually shifted to Cambridge, and the Cavendish Laboratory.
There, in October of 1951, he met Crick who – thirty-five-year at that time – had been working on the structure of hemoglobin as the material of his doctorate thesis (in his youth he had worked during the Second World War as a physicist on radar, hence the lateness of his studies.) Thus the great adventure began. Both of them had the same interests. They were young and unknown. They knew very little about the chemical structure of DNA. Some x-ray diffraction results from King?s college, obtained through Maurice Wilkins and worked out by Rosalind Franklin, suggested a helicoidal structure.
They spoke with great enthusiasm and were bright. They managed to win over Max Perutz ? who would later work out the 3-dimensional structure of hemoglobin ?, who for his part convinced Sir Lawrence Bragg (the head of the Cavendish Laboratory) to allow them to work with DNA. Crick insisted that they should not worry themselves about the details but about the structure in itself, basing their work on x-ray diffraction data and using a mixture of intuition and deduction, and making use only of the models of atoms introduced by Pauling in order to define protein structures.
Looking at it from another angle, what else could they have done? They didn?t know how to prepare samples of DNA, they had never worked an x-ray machine in order to obtain photos of x-ray diffraction, and had only partial chemical knowledge on genetic material. Crick held an advantage, which was knowing how to interpret data from x-ray diffraction.
The knowledge of the genetics of viruses and bacteria from Watson, brought to the laboratory by Luria, helped little on this scenario. How was it possible then that in a year and a half they would be publishing their work in the magazineNature with the definition of the double helix structure? There are various relevant episodes: in November of 1951, Watson appeared at a seminar given by Rosalind Franklin at King?s College, who talked about her x-ray diffraction photographs on fibers of DNA.
Various important data was presented: the crystalline unit cell (the unit cell that repeats and which provides the diffraction standard pattern) indicated a large helix containing two, three or four chains, various water molecules (around eight) and in which the phosphates were in the interface of the helix and of an aqueous solvent (that is to say, on the external side of the helix, contrary to what the structure proposed by Pauling had demonstrated). Various reports indicate that Watson managed to understand only a little of what Rosalind had been discussing, and worse still, took note of nothing.
When questioned by Crick, he provided, from memory, wrong data: mainly erring as to the numbers of the high content of water per crystalline unit. The first model was constructed based on these erroneous premises, and shortly afterwards discredited by various colleagues at Cavendish and King?s College. Crick later argued that this abortive attempt was not only Watson?s fault for having provided erroneous data, but his own as well because he didn?t know enough chemistry to perceive that the charges on the phosphate would imply a high water content, not taken into account in the model.
Through the interference of John Randall (King?s College) with Bragg, Watson and Crick had to stop their work on DNA, leaving this to other people at King?s College. Crick returned to his thesis on hemoglobin and Watson dealt with growing crystals of protein for Randall. What else could they do, without work and in a transitory situation, to move on from where they were? Nevertheless, fifteen months later Watson and Crick would publish the correct structure of DNA. The turning point for their comeback came from the publication of a possible DNA structure by Pauling, also chemically inconsistent.
However, the simple publication worked up enthusiasm at Cavendish. Unhappy for having lost the race to Pauling concerning the discovery of the alpha-helix and beta-leaf folded structures of proteins, they could not lose out yet again with that of DNA. Bragg reactivated Watson and Crick. During this interval both Watson and Crick had concerned themselves in establishing more solid theoretical bases for their pretensions. Crick, together with William Cochran and Vladimir Vand, published a theoretical article on the interpretation of x-ray diffractions in helicoidal structures.
For his part, Watson attempted to better understand the structures of the bases making up DNA. The great leap forward came about when the report from the King?s College team to the Medical Research Council (that gave financial support to the crystallography group) passed through the hands of Perutz, who gave it to Crick. The recent data from Rosalind Franklin about measurements on the x-ray diffraction of DNA had been meticulously described.
It revealed data picked up from the watchful eye of an observer such as Crick that had gone unnoticed by Rosalind Franklin. Years later, André Lwoff (Pasteur Institute) and Erwin Chargaff had separately published articles questioning if Perutz had been ethical in making the report available to King?s College and Crick. Horace Judson, in the bookThe Eighth Day of Creation , relates that he examined in detail the laboratory notebooks of R. Franklin. According to him, Franklin had not given importance to her data. She had discovered that under more humid conditions the DNA shifted from form A to B, which clearly demonstrated its helicoidal nature. Nevertheless, she turned her back on structure B and concerned herself with structure A, questioning if this corresponded to a helicoidal structure.
Structure B, as well as being more revealing in terms of definition by way of x-ray diffraction, should be closer to the physiological structure in an aqueous environment. Crick clearly perceived the geometrical parameters of the crystal unit cell using Franklin?s data (after all, she was developing her doctorate thesis in which the structure of proteins unequivocally dispensed with these parameters) that permitted him to conclude that there were two helixes, running in an anti-parallel manner, and in which the bases were unquestionably in the inside of the double helix.
Nevertheless, what was missing was to understand how the bases of one and the other chain interacted, maintaining a more rigid structure. Crick had not accepted hydrogen bonding, so popular at that moment due to the discoveries of Pauling of their importance in the structure of proteins. Based on data in books, texts, Crick admitted that the bases had an enolic and not “keto” structure (a carbon chain with an “OH” group linked to a carbon to which another carbon is joined by a carbon by a double bond, could be in tautomeric equilibrium with a structure in which this same carbon is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom).
At this point a further personality appears, Jerry Donohue, coming from the Pauling group, and who understood chemistry better than any investigator at Cavendish, and who at that moment in time was working at that institution. He immediately perceived that Crick was being directed by an erroneous argument, since the stable structures of the bases must be in the “keto” form, which would allow the formation of hydrogen bonding.
The structure of DNA then practically turned itself into a mounted structure in the heads of Crick and Watson. Nevertheless, the final piece of the puzzle appears to have been held by Watson. Not managing to wait for the building of atomic models by the Cavendish workshop, that would be used to construct the DNA structure compatible with all of this information, he began working with paper models that he himself built. It is almost unbelievable that Watson should have had the final word.
Not having contributed neither before nor after to any major scientific revelations and for having been attached to non-elucidating conjectures during the episode of the discovery (such as, for example, that bridges between ions of magnesium and phosphate stabilize the structure of DNA), had a revelation that would bring him to the final point of the discovery. With his home-made models, he could perceive that the pairing of guanine and cytosine and that of thymine and adenine had comparable geometrical configurations and that two hydrogen bonds in these pairs would be, according to the teaching of Donohue, responsible for the stability of the double helix.
In this manner the diameter of the double helix would remain constant along its axis. No other type of pairing would permit this. As well, and of equal importance, these two pairings gave justice to the data given by Chargaff, that, in truth, were taken more seriously by Watson than by other personalities involved. It is curious that both Watson and Crick knew of Chargaff?s rule and had inferred that it was important in complement replication. However, as Crick himself noted: “The paradox was that, when we had all of the pieces of the structural puzzle ready, we had not used Chargaff?s rule. We were pushed to it”. The structure of DNA using the models from the Cavendish workshop was finalized a few days later.
Nevertheless, on the day following the vision by Watson, the 28th of February 1953, he and Crick knew, though only in their heads, all of the structure: it had emerged from the shadow of billions of years, absolute and simple, and was seen and understood for the first time, according to the report by Judson. The fascination of the discovery is perceived by some other facts: Watson and Crick, though young and without any academic position, managed through their own brilliance to be the center of attention of a community of scientists of grandiose proportions.
A number of them received the Nobel Prize after the discovery of the double helix. Directly involved with the saga of the double helix were Lawrence Bragg (Physics Nobel Prize in 1915), Linus Pauling (Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1954), Alexander Todd (Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1957), Maurice Wilkins (Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize in 1962), Max Perutz and John Kendrew (Chemistry Nobel Prize in 1962). As “messengers” there were André Lwoff and Jacques Monod (Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize in 1965) and Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria (Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize in 1969).
Crick and Watson were to receive the Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize in 1962, nine years after the announcement of the double helix structure. How complex is the structure of DNA? Here is the observation made by Perutz, who accompanied all of the episodes of the discovery: “A protein is a thousand times more difficult than DNA. DNA was comparatively simple and could be elucidated by the method of trial and error. There was little information beyond a photograph of its x-ray diffraction pattern; what Crick and Watson had was really three limited measurements: the width, the height between piled up parallel bases and the height of one complete revolution of the helix. From this data they knew that the same pattern periodically recurred along the axis of the fiber.
Obeying these three parameters, they managed to resolve the structure with construction models. It is not possible to resolve the structure of a protein using this method, since there are no patterns of repetition. In order to determine such structures one needs to determine various thousands of parameters starting from x-ray photographs”. An assertion by Jacques Monod, another theorist in molecular biology would appear to place Crick within his due context: “Francis (Crick) in fact studied more than we did. Nobody discovered or created molecular biology.
Nevertheless, a man intellectually dominated in this area because he knew more than the rest of us and understood more than we did: Francis Crick!” What would happen if the names of Watson and Crick were to be erased from the history of science, as an intellectual exercise? Gunther Stent, the famous molecular biologist, argued the following: “If Watson and Crick had not discovered the structure of DNA, instead of it being revealed in all of its glamour, it would have been presented like a slow drip, in a manner that its impact would be considerably less”. With this argument Stent gave the sentence that a scientific discovery can be more of a work of art than is generally admitted.
Rogério Meneghini is a retired professor at the Department of Biochemistry of the Chemical Institute of USP and the coordinator of SMolBNet – the Structural Molecular Biology NetworkRepublish
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A community garden occupies a diminutive dirt lot in Phoenix. Rows of raised garden beds offer up basil, watermelons and corn, making this patch of land an agricultural oasis in a desert city of 1.5 million people. In fact, this little garden is contributing in various ways to the city's environmental sustainability goals set by the city council in 2016. The goals consider matters such as transportation, water stewardship, air quality and food.
With these goals in mind, a group of researchers led by Arizona State University assessed how urban agriculture can help Phoenix meet its sustainability goals. For example, urban agriculture could help eliminate so called "food deserts," communities that lack retail grocers. It also can provide green space, and energy and CO2 emissions savings from buildings.
"Our analysis found that if Phoenix used only about 5% of its urban spaces (2% of its land, and about 10% of its building surfaces) for urban agriculture, the city could meet its sustainability goal concerning local food systems," said Matei Georgescu, associate professor in the ASU School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning and co-author of the study. "Urban agriculture would also contribute towards the city's goals of increasing open spaces, and reducing environmental impact from buildings and land use."
Through the use of public records and high-resolution satellite imagery, the researchers analyzed the potential benefits of growing crops in three types of urban areas in Phoenix: vacant lots, rooftops and building facades.
The data-driven analysis indicated that 71% of Phoenix's available areas for urban agriculture would come from existing buildings as opposed to vacant lots.
Overall, the study estimates that nearly 28 square miles (5.4% of city space) are available for urban agriculture in Phoenix. This can supply the city with nearly 183,000 tons of fresh produce per year, allowing for delivery of an assortment of fruits and vegetables to all of Phoenix's existing food deserts. That means the city's own urban-agriculture output could meet 90% of the current annual fresh produce consumed by Phoenicians.
The use of vacant lots would increase green space by 17% and reduce by 60% the number of areas lacking public parks. This brings the added benefit of more open green spaces accessible to Phoenicians. The study identifies "walkability zones" around open green spaces that are expanded by 25% to cover 55% of the study area through the use of vacant lots for urban agriculture.
In addition, rooftop agriculture could reduce energy use in buildings by 3% per building per year and potentially displace more than 50,000 (metric) tons of CO2 annually. This is the equivalent of nearly 6,000 homes' energy use for one year.
"These findings highlight the importance of place-based analysis," said Nazli Uludere Aragon, lead author of the study and a doctoral student in ASU's School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning. "Context and geography are critical," explains Aragon. "The integration of local data applied to locally meaningful desired outcomes is the essence of applied research and can transform communities in beneficial ways."
The paper, "Urban Agriculture's Bounty: Contributions to Phoenix's Sustainability Goals," was published on September 30, 2019 in the online edition of the Environmental Research Letters Special Issue on Sustainable Cities: Urban Solutions Toward Desired Outcomes.
In addition to Aragon and Georgescu, co-authors of the paper include ASU researchers Michelle Stuhlmacher and Jordan Smith, and Nicholas Clinton of Google.
"Our work demonstrates the multitude of ways that urban agriculture can serve cities, beyond merely the somewhat limited focus on food production," said Georgescu, also a senior sustainability scientist in the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability at ASU.
"A key highlight of our work is that it can be adopted for other cities that have developed or are in the process of developing their own sustainability goals and want to explore the extent to which urban agriculture can contribute. We want to perform similar analyses for cities across the United States and the world with similar interests in determining co-benefits associated with urban agriculture," said Aragon.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation and the United States Department of Agriculture.
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Lion's mane is a fungus that has a very noticeable effect on the brain.
Strangely, it's Wikipedia page is only a short paragraph.
Note on that page the reference to gibberellin in cultivation. That hormone used to be marketed to curious people as a way to induce mutations.
Healthline is a mainstream medical information website, one of the top 150 sites in the United States, with more than 200 employees.
Among the possible health benefits listed for Lion's mane on Healthline are
1) May protect against dementia,
2) May speed recovery of nervous system injuries,
3) Helps manage diabetes symptoms,
4) May help with cancer,
along with several other possible benefits.
The industrialized melting pot views illnesses and medicines in a way that is conducive to creating
b) profit and
The goal of the melting pot is uniformity, a common view of everything. Effectiveness of a medicine is important, but secondary to its large scale acceptance and use. Melting pot medicine starts with 'experts' and other infrastructure and includes patients as consumers.
Traditional medical systems are based on practicality and involve one primary person, the individual, but usually also include an 'expert' in the abstract medical history of that tribe, somebody like a Shaman or elders who an individual consults.
Very often a medicinal plant will 'treat' a disease that involves what melting pot medicine considers several unrelated systems. For example Lion's mane is used for brain function, diabetes, cancer and other things. This suggests that the 'worldview' or paradigm used in melting pot medicine is flawed.
Traditional medical systems, developed in isolated homogenous tribal societies, have developed numerous paradigms around their medicines.
When a traditional society is 'consumed' by a melting pot, there may be polite recognition of the tribal paradigm but It generally becomes invisible within a few generations.
Despite having some extremely unusual, useful effects, which can easily be observed, minimal scientific research has been done on Lion's mane. Most of the people who would benefit from it are not told about it when they visit a melting pot doctor, though some doctors do pay polite respect to medicinal plants simply because they often work.
No money is spent pushing doctors to give patients plants, but vast sums of money are spent pushing them to prescribe synthetic chemicals.
Here is a website that provides a modest bit of research involving lion's mane.
Note that WebMD has only a brief skeptical page on a Lion's mane, with only two reviews.
Here are some scientific articles.
One of the interesting things about Lion's Mane is that it's effect seems to vary according to when in the day it is taken.
With only the little bit of research that has been done, it is safe to say that Lion's mane would be more effective than many expensive prescription medicines for a number of illnesses, and there is enough evidence to justify using it for many 'untreatable' illnesses i.e., illnesses that the pharmaceutical companies have not found a chemical for yet to manage symptoms.
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Children and Adolescents
At PSHH, we works with children from ages 6 and up. Depending on the needs of the child, children can be seen in therapy individually or in conjunction with their family members.
When indicated, and with parental consent, we works collaboratively with schools, teachers, coaches, and allied professionals in order to evaluate and help resolve the difficulties in order to facilitate the child’s ability to make change across various areas of his/her life.
- Behavioral and conduct issues
- Fear and anxiety
- loss, grief, and trauma
- Family conflict
- Anger problems
- Shyness, difficulty making friends
- Academic difficulties
- Sleep problem
Adolescence can be an arduous stage for the whole family. As teenagers face hormonal changes, academic challenges, social pressures and struggle to become more autonomous with their decision-making, they can experience depression and anxiety and start to isolate. At the same time, parents may find it difficult to adjust to new parenting roles. Finding a balance between parents who want to keep their teens safe and adolescents who are ready to spread their wings can be a precarious task.
Parenting is a dynamic and evolving force. What works for a three-year-old does not work for a thirteen-year-old. During the adolescent stage, expectations shift for all members of the family. This change can cause poor communication and result in the family becoming overwhelmed by tension and stress.
Issues that are commonly addressed in therapy with adolescents include:
- Anxiety, depression and mood swings
- Developing a healthy sense of self
- Improving judgment and making healthy choices
- Building positive coping skills
- Developing clear communication skills
- Increasing frustration tolerance
- Finding positive ways to respond to peer pressure
- Creating better compliance at home and/or school
Hoping and wishing doesn’t make the problems go away. Call us today for the help you deserve (213) 622-0633.
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It has been a busy day today as Room 7 get underway with their Curious Minds Project. Mrs Fergus was interviewed by Venture Taranaki. Room 7 were able to observe a still in action as they begin to understand the science behind distilling. Finally they explored our school environment to discover what plants we can use as part of our Curious Minds Project. Watch this space to keep updated on our learning . . .
Thursday, 29 June 2017
Today staff from Kimbolten School came to visit to find out about our schools enviro journey.
Today Caleb, Kit and I showed two teachers around our school from Kimbolten. First we showed them around the hall we showed them mosaics on rocks, some paintings of Toko with some hidden names, and the veggie garden. The two ladies liked our enviro stuff so much they were taking photos of all our creations. Their favourite part of our enviro stuff was the chickens. They have been thinking of getting a chicken shed for ages but never got round to it. They really enjoyed our enviro creations and we gave them a lot of ideas.
By Pippa W and Kit M Room 6
Enviro visit to Rotokare
In term 2 the years 5, 6 and the enviro leaders went on a bus ride to Rotokare! We were going there because it was for all of the enviro schools to learn more about pests and plants that can help us to survive and ancient maori games. We got put in groups and with our groups we had to go to lots of different activities. For example one of the activities was learning about traps and what pests look like. We got to try and guess what animals had made the foot marks on the ink tracks. We also did Maori stick and string games, we also learnt some old Maori stories and myths like the battle of the mountains and another one that is about using your manners and asking before you use something that isn’t yours. Another activity was about a new recycling centre and that it is going to be built next year and we had to do skits about where the entrance is for buses, cars and trucks and where the drop off zone is. One of the other activities was how to reuse lettuce plants, we even got to plant some of our own!Another activity was getting to see gecko’s and skinks, we got to guess what they were either a skink or a gecko. We also did a love food hate waste activity, most of us learnt the whole apple cycle and how many apples get wasted a day! Another activity was about plants and their uses. For example flax can be used for weaving, making baskets and ropes, there is a little thread inside it and that can be used for threading your skin together when you have cuts and wounds. The last activity was guessing how people used to use items in the olden days. The day was absolutely awesome!!!
Written by Keighley and Tess Room 6
Winter gardening, planting and tidying up.
On Friday the enviro warrior's do enviro jobs around the school. Some of the things we do are picking the pumpkins, cooking and weeding. We picked the pumpkins to sell on the stall. We also are making jam and chutney. We cooked some apples and freezed the feijoas to make the jam and chutney for the when we make it. When we do weeding we pull all the weeds out by the root and put it in a bucket, we picked the potatoes from the garden, made compost bins and planted veggies.
Written by Amy P Room 6
Our Enviro Warriors have been busy in the school kitchen.
For an Enviro Warrior, every Friday what you would do is some gardening or planting, but what we did was special. We made some jam and chutney. Some of us made jelly jam, some of us made made rhubarb jam and some of us made chutney. I made some rhubarb jam it took us a little time to start to cook the rhubarb but it was slowly getting cooked. While we were waiting for the rhubarb to cook we did help a bit with the rhubarb and ginger chutney we only got the rhubarb and ginger done. Then our rhubarb was cooked so we got some dates and started to pull them apart for our jam. We added lemon juice for more flavor then we cooked it once more. We got some jars with lids and put them into the oven and and the lids in the hot water, if you were wondering why we were putting the jars in the the oven, it was for to keep the jam warm, and we put the lids into the hot water for a better seal.
Make sure that you come and get some jam and chutney from us.
By Charlotte G Room 6
Tuesday, 20 June 2017
Toko School Room 7: Lavender - where should it go?: We have been wondering about where and when to plant out some lavender. This is us working out how many plants we might need.
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Today draws an end to our field school experience. The day began with us finishing our excavating and mapping of the few various features we had yet to complete in the unit. This included excavating post holes and middens, or trash pits. In order to do this, we had to keep digging until we hit a type of soil termed subsoil. Subsoil does not contain any artifacts and, therefore, is a good stopping point. Excavating post holes is important because the post holes can tell us if a structure actually once stood here and how Native Americans built the structure. Middens are important because middens contain trash such as animal bones and ceramics, which can inform us what the people ate and what kind of tools they were building.
After we finished excavating the features, we continued packing up by taking down the tripods we had created from rope and tree limbs, and we loaded up the sifting screens into the truck. All of our work had come close to an end. As we covered the unit with a large tarp, we began to back fill the seemingly limitless piles of dirt back into the pit. We did our best to beat the impending weather quickly approaching from over the mountains. So it was an endeavor only lasting a few hours. We left the unit and the site as we rode off into the sunset, or rather, the dark rain clouds and overcast sky; feeling as though we had accomplished something, and learned quite a lot along the way.
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Plants of Southern California: Stephanomeria diegensis
This page first presents the results of an analysis of the Stephanomeria diegensis population at Torrey Pines State Reserve on the Beach Trail / Broken Hill Trail Loop and the Guy Fleming Trail, as well as a population of six plants near the Visitor Center. All data and samples were collected on 29 November 2003.
The conclusion of this analysis is that all plants are identified as S. diegensis, being clearly separated from both S. virgata and S. exigua ssp. deanei.
Subsequently, a population at the Santa Rosa Plateau from the Mesa de Colorado was sampled and analyzed on 8 December 2003. Analysis shows that all those plants, previously identified as S. virgata by Lathrop and Thorne (1985), are also clearly S. diegensis, and essentially identical to the population at Torrey Pines.
Finally, the properties of the entire population so far identified as S. diegensis are presented.
See also a Photograph of Stephanomeria achenes, with the caption given here; and the geographical distribution of this species and closely-related species.
Data And Data Analysis: Torrey Pines
The gross morphology of all the plants was nearly identical, and was indistinguishable from that of Stephanomeria virgata, with ascending branches and nearly sessile flowers. Most plants were about 10 dm in height, with few shorter and some ranging up to 15 dm or so.
Detailed examination of the phyllaries and fruit revealed that there were two distinct populations. The population with non-glandular phyllaries had longer seeds and nearly always had five distinct grooves in the seeds, one on each surface. The population with apparently-glandular phyllaries had shorter seeds, and the number of grooves in each surface ranged from one to four. The distinction in the phyllaries and the grooves was noticed in the field. The distinction in seed length became apparent only in the later data analysis.
There were subtle differences in the gross morphology between apparently-glandular and non-glandular plants that led me to discover the first set of glandular plants, but those differences are hard to quantify. The glandular plants can perhaps best be described as being plants that seemed to resemble Stephanomeria exigua a bit, in having more spreading and more delicate branches. But no one would ever mistake these glandular plants for S. exigua, since the gross morphology remains that of S. virgata.
These populations appear to occur in distinct geographic regions. The non-glandular form is found in a contiguous area of at least 0.2 by 0.4 miles near the Visitor Center and the head of the Beach Trail. Specifically, it is found in the beginning 0.18 mile of the Beach Trail; in the 0.31 mile southeast and the 0.1 mile northwest of the head of the Beach Trail along the "Hiking and Biking Roadway", old US101. It is also found at the head of the Guy Fleming Trail. The glandular form is found in a different contiguous area beginning at mile 0.19 of the Beach Trail and extending to about mile 0.60 at nearly the bottom of the Beach Trail. Because I did not sample every single plant in each area, and because many plants had finished their life cycle and were dead, I cannot rule out the possibility that a few plants of one population appear amidst the many plants of the other population. However, I examined the phyllaries for well more than 50% of the blooming population in each area, including nearly 100% of the population on the Beach Trail itself, so there is no doubt that the vast majority of the plants in each area come from only one population.
I collected fruit and recorded the glandularness of the phyllaries from 11 locations. For the first five of these locations, I also recorded the number of flowers per head.
These 11 locations were not random. I sampled the first three locations of non-glandular plants and the first three locations of glandular plants. Subsequently, I collected data only when I thought there was a possibility of finding S. virgata, and hence selecting only non-glandular, taller plants. (I would have sampled any plants I thought might be S. exigua ssp. deanei, but none were found.) The last location was more randomly selected - the first specimen encountered on the Guy Fleming Trail.
In particular, this means that the ratio of non-glandular to glandular plants in my data is not representative of the actual distribution at Torrey Pines. I estimate that glandular plants are at least as frequent as non-glandular plants on the Beach Trail, despite the 3 glandular to 8 non-glandular ratio in my samples.
I subsequently measured 2 to 19 fruit from each location, recording how deciduous and plumose the pappus was, the number of grooves in each seed, and the length of each seed.
The pappus from every plant was readily deciduous. On the plants, it was difficult to pick up a fruit by its pappus; usually only the separated pappus was collected by pulling on it. Even when the connection of the pappus and the seed was maintained during collection, by the time I removed the samples from the film canisters in which they were stored, the pappus from every fruit had detached from the seed and collected into a roundish ball. Essentially none of the pappus remained connected to the seed.
The plumosity of the pappus was consistent from nearly every sample, ranging from ~75% to ~90% for the vast majority of the pappus, with a few samples at ~70% and a few at ~95%. (Each pappus for S. exigua and S. diegensis is plumose from its distal end to a point toward its base. Thus a pappus that is 90% plumose is plumose for the upper 90% of its length, and is a simple naked bristle in the bottom 10% of its length.)
The phyllaries fell into two distinct categories. The non-glandular phyllaries always were puberulent with soft white clean spreading hairs. In the field, the glandular phyllaries did not look like the typical glands of S. exigua ssp. deanei, with nice little balls of exudate at the end of spreading hairs. Instead, the hairs of these phyllaries were typically sticky, matted somewhat together or covered with dirt, with visible exudate usually sessile, infrequently stalked, on the phyllaries.
However, it is difficult to separate the normal stickiness of all parts of the Stephanomeria plants from any glandularity of the phyllaries. I did not examine any of these phyllaries from Torrey Pines under a microscope, only using a hand lens in the field. Examination under a microscope of the phyllaries from a similar population at the Santa Rosa Plateau (see below) does show some hairs with enlarged tips that look exactly like the ones from S. exigua ssp. deanei. The enlarged tips of both taxa do not change shape when poked with a dissecting needle. For brevity, I will simply call both of these glandular below, but the reader should keep in mind that this term may simply mean enlarged tips in this analysis.
The seed length for each plant typically was very consistent. For example, I measured 19 seeds from a plant at location #3, and every one was measured at 2.9 or 3.0 mm (3 were measured at 2.9 mm and 16 at 3.0 mm). No single plant produced fruit that varied by more than 0.2 mm in my measurement of its seed length.
However, the seed varied significantly from plant to plant, and correlates perfectly with glandularness:
(I rounded the mean seed length to the nearest 0.1 mm to produce the same accuracy in all samples. Some points have been dithered by 0.02 mm in seed length so that each location is seen separately in the plot.)
The glandular plants had significantly shorter seeds. Their individual seed lengths ranged from 2.0 to 2.4 mm, with the vast majority being 2.0 to 2.2 mm. In contrast, the non-glandular plants had individual seed lengths that ranged from 2.4 to 3.0 mm.
The number of seed grooves is also correlated with fruit length:
(The plants plotted with 2.5 grooves had 2-3 grooves per seed.)
The relationship is not as tight as that between glandularness and seed length, but it is significant. No glandular plant ever had seed with 5 clear grooves. Every plant with 5 clear grooves was non-glandular, with a longer seed length.
Classification: Torrey Pines
Can both sets of plants be classified as Stephanomeria diegensis? Let's review the classification and species present in this area.
None of these plants could be classified as S. exigua. They lack the gross morphology of that species, which normally consists of shorter plants, with more spreading and delicate branches, and flowers with much longer peduncles. Also, the phyllaries lack the obvious 100%-stalked glandularness of the local ssp. deanei.
Furthermore, none of these plants could be classified as S. virgata. Although the gross morphology is that of S. virgata, not a single seed was found that did not have at least one clear groove. Furthermore, none of the seeds looked like that of S. virgata, which has flat surfaces with noticeable ribs between them. Very few fruit had plumosity greater than 90%, whereas every S. virgata I've seen has plumosity of essentially 100%.
This leaves only S. diegensis, or a hybrid of S. diegensis with one of these two taxa, as the only possibilities.
First, consider the non-glandular plants with seeds that have five clear grooves. They key unambiguously to S. diegensis using couplet 12 in the Jepson Manual key, since all the other species in branch 12' are out of range except for S. diegensis.
That assignment is not without discrepancies, since the fruit length, the extent to which the outer phyllaries are reflexed, and the number of flowers per head is different from the JM treatment.
The mean fruit length for these plants is 2.7 - 3.0 mm, much longer than the 1.8 - 2.4 mm in the JM key and description. I did not do an extensive survey of the outer phyllaries, but the ones I observed had their tips spreading at about 45°, far from the reflexed position in the JM key and description. Finally, I observe the number of flowers per heads of these plants to be 5 - 10, not the 6-8 in the JM description. Interestingly, Gottlieb (1971), in the definition paper for S. diegensis, says that the average number of flowers per head is 11-13, far different from what is in the JM.
Ordinarily, I would reject any identification with such extensive and marked discrepancies, which would bring up the possibility of hybridization. However, I discount the disagreement for the phyllaries and the number of flowers per head since I have seen similar disagreements for S. exigua ssp. deanei and S. virgata, as well the discrepancy of the JM from Gottlieb.
Hence I consider only the fruit length to be a significant discrepancy. If that discrepancy is due to hybridization, the only possibility for the fruit length would be S. virgata, which has fruits of length 2.2-3.6 mm. That might then also explain why some of the plants have fewer than 5 clear grooves. It would remain unexplained why no other feature of S. virgata shows up in these plants, such as height and degree of plumosity for the pappus. Furthermore, one would have to explain the absence of any S. diegensis from its type locality!
So I think it is likely that these plants are pure S. diegensis, although I cannot discount the possibility that these plants are hybrids of S. diegensis with S. virgata, which would imply that pure S. diegensis is not found in these locations at Torrey Pines.
Second, consider the glandular plants, all of which have seeds that have less than five clear grooves. The clear hybridization candidate is S. exigua ssp. deanei, which would provide the glands. These plants do have fruit lengths that precisely fit the ranges given in the JM for both S. diegensis or S. exigua ssp. deanei. However, any such hybridization could not explain the fewer than five grooves, since S. exigua ssp. deanei also has five grooves. Furthermore, it would remain unexplained why no other feature of S. exigua ssp. deanei shows up in these plants, such as height and degree of plumosity for the pappus.
It seems more likely to me that S. diegensis simply can exhibit some glandularness at times. Since it is conjectured that the origin of S. diegensis is from a hybridization event of S. exigua ssp. deanei and S. virgata, it does not seem surprising to me that glandularity might be a variable trait of S. diegensis.
Furthermore, such an origin makes it not unexpected that the number of grooves would vary between the zero of S. virgata and the five of S. exigua ssp. deanei, nor that the length of the seeds would vary between the 2.1-2.4 mm of S. exigua ssp. deanei to the 2.2-3.6 mm of S. virgata.
The simplest hypothesis is that every plant I surveyed was a valid representative of the S. diegensis population, whose properties are simply more variable than that given in the JM. It is also not terribly surprising that a relatively new taxon would be less well-described than older taxa.
The following plot shows that all of these plants separate cleanly from both S. virgata and S. exigua var. deanei based on just the mean pappus plumosity (the average of the minimum and maximum plumosity found in individual samples) and number of grooves in the seed:
The specimens with glandular phyllaries are also indicated in the plot. The data for the other two species come from S. exigua ssp. deanei and S. virgata. The data points for S. virgata have been dithered to show all the points. In all cases, what is plotted above is the mean plumosity determined from all fruit collected from a plant or set of plants at a given location.
Of course, the habit of the inflorescence also is unambiguous in separating S. exigua var. deanei and S. diegensis.
Histogram Of The Number Of Flowers Per Head: Torrey Pines
The following histogram gives the distribution of the number of flowers per head for the non-glandular population, with 5 clear grooves, from the first three locations, along with propagated sqrt(N) one-sigma error bars:
Glandular specimens were excluded in the above plot, for those that wish only to accept non-glandular plants as pure S. diegensis. The data in the plot comes from a total of 46 heads.
The histogram below gives the same distribution, but now including data from three glandular plants observed on 11/28/03, as well as data from all plants observed on 2/15/02:
This plot used a total of 68 heads, including the 46 from the previous plot.
These histograms are identical to within the error bars, and both are consistent with a smooth, single-peaked curve within their error bars. It is also possible that the true histogram actually has two peaks, one close to 6-7 flowers per head and another close to 9-10 flowers per head. Such a distribution is also consistent with my histogram within the error bars. However, a distribution with two peaks is ruled out when the S. diegensis specimens from the Santa Rosa Plateau are included in a similar plot shown below.
Data and Data Analysis: Santa Rosa Plateau
I collected samples from the Santa Rosa Plateau (henceforth SRP) on 8 December 2003.
All specimens sampled near the Visitor Center, from the first ~0.30 miles of the Wiashal Trail and from the 0.70 mile portion of the Granite Loop Trail south of Waterline Road, were clearly S. exigua ssp. deanei, and will not be discussed further here.
I collected eight additional samples of a separate population about 2.5 miles south of the Visitor Center, from the Mesa de Colorado along the Vernal Pool, S. Los Santos and S. Trans-Preserve Trails. The morphology of this population was clearly different from S. exigua, and resembled that of S. virgata and S. diegensis. The eight samples were spaced fairly uniformly along a distance of ~1.0 mile north-south and ~1.0 mile east-west. The entire population was well over one hundred plants, and probably a minimum of several hundred.
Interestingly, Stephanomeria was present only on the basalt on the top of the Mesa and was not found elsewhere on these trails. These combined trails were roughly one-third on top of the Mesa and two-thirds below the Mesa. Fairly dense populations occurred in places on the Mesa immediately next to the edge, but none were found in the granitic soil just below the edge.
The only explanation I have found for this curious situation is that oak trees, Quercus agrifolia and Q. engelmannii, tend to form a fairly closed canopy just below the edge of the Mesas. It is possible that this produces a shady barrier that prevents the Stephanomeria population from extending into the grasslands below the Mesa.
I have plotted this population from the SRP on top of the plot presented earlier which separates the three Stephanomeria species based on pappus plumosity and the number of grooves in the seeds:
Many of the SRP data points fall directly on top of Torrey Pines data points, and they all fall cleanly in the S. diegensis region of the plot. The only difference between the two sets of data is a very small tendency for the SRP pappus to be slightly more plumose. However, the difference is not statistically significant in these data.
Properties of the S. diegensis population
Discrimination from the other Stephanomeria species. The following plot summarizes the separation of the three Stephanomeria species. It is the same as the previous plot, but now combines the Torrey Pines and SRP populations of S. diegensis instead of showing them with different symbols.
The population distribution of the number of flowers per head. I collected data on the number of flowers per head for the SRP population on 8 December 2003, and previously on 8 October, 10 November and 17 November 2001. Those datasets are shown separately below, along with the histogram from Torrey Pines.
The tremendous variability in different datasets is immediately apparent. I speculate that this variability, along with small-number statistics, is the cause of the discrepancy between the claim of 6-8 flowers per head in the JM and Gottlieb's claim of averaging 11-13 flowers per head.
(Small-number statistics applies whenever one does not sample a population sufficiently to reveal unambiguously the true properties of the population. When one is working with a small number of samples, random data can produce seemingly meaningful results at times. In this case, the Jepson Manual author may have seen a set of herbarium specimens that mostly had 6-8 flowers per head, and Gottlieb may have seen another set that mostly had 11-13 flowers per head. Both may thus have thought they had a good handle on the intrinsic distribution of the number of flowers per head when they actually did not.
Note that both authors may simply have had bad luck, and not bad judgment. It is sometimes very difficult to ascertain whether one has sampled the full range of variation for a species, and there are no guaranteed methods of knowing when you have done so.)
These datasets are combined in the following histogram:
This histogram contains data from 165 heads.
Again, note the variability seen in individual populations in the previous plot. One has to combine many different populations in order to observe the population-average histogram shown here.
The distribution of the number of flowers per head for individual plants. The maximum and minimum number of flowers observed for individual plants are shown in the next plot:
There were fewer observations where the data for individual plants was kept separate, so this plot does not contain as much data as the previous plot. Points were dithered about their true position in this plot so that all the individual data points could be seen.
Although individual plants appear to be somewhat more restricted in their number of flowers, this may be due partly to small-number statistics. That is, a typical plant often has only 1-4 flowers in bloom at once for observation. Sampling the previous histogram with only 1-4 flowers per plant could very well result in a plot similar to the data shown above.
To address this possibility, I simulated producing the above plot by chance. I used the population distribution for the number of flowers per head, and randomly drew samples from that histogram for each head for each simulated plant. I then analyzed the simulated plant for its minimum and maximum number of flowers per head over all the simulated heads.
The following simulation for two heads per plant, for 36 artificial plants, which is the same number of plants as in the previous plot, produces a plot very similar to the actual data above:
Except for a few points, the bulk of the data are very similar. The exceptions go in both directions: the simulation produces both a single more-correlated point (a minimum of 13 and a maximum of 13) and a single less-correlated point (a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 13).
Thus considerably more data must be gathered to see if individual plants are more restricted in the range of number of flowers per head than what would be expected from random draws from the population distribution.
To show how challenging collecting more data actually is, I sampled 17 heads from one enormous plant at the SRP on 8 December 2003, which had 5, 5, 3, 3 and 1 heads with 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 flowers, respectively. I then simulated picking 17 heads in the computer at random from the population distribution. The second simulation produced a range of 7 to 11 flowers per head, very similar to the 8-12 flowers per head observed for this plant. The first and third simulation both produced a range of 5-13 flowers per head, so perhaps this is weak evidence that individual plants have a slightly more limited range in their number of flowers per head. The reader can see that sampling even 17 heads from a single plant does not definitively indicate the range in the number of flowers per head for a single plant, when the population has such a wide intrinsic range in the number of flowers per head. Data sampling all heads from a hundred plants or so are required to answer this question definitively.
Properties of the outer phyllaries. I noted the properties of the outer phyllaries at the SRP on 8 December 2003. In all cases, just as observed for S. virgata at Agua Tibia Mountain, the outer phyllaries ranged from almost entirely appressed to have just their tips ascending to spreading. No phyllary was ever observed to have any portion reflexed, despite the Jepson Manual key and description for S. diegensis.
Height. Although the Jepson Manual says that the height of S. diegensis is 10-20 dm, the heights at the SRP on 8 December 2003 ranged from 10-30 dm. The heights at Torrey Pines on 28 November 2003 were significantly shorter, ranging from 10-20 dm. However, many species are shorter when growing immediately next to the coast, so I do not consider this difference significant.
Stem branching. The Jepson Manual also says STS: much-branched. While that is true generally, on 8 December 2003, and on 18 September 2001, I observed a number of plants at the SRP with essentially no branches, just a very long single stem with a few minor short branches. I sampled one of these on 8 December 2003, and the pappus and seed were no different from the other S. diegensis.
Clustering of flowers. The JM says heads solitary or clustered on short, stiffly-spreading branches. I observed few, if any, solitary heads, but I did not make a specific survey for them. The heads were almost entirely in clusters averaging ~4-5, with up to ~9, flowers, with each flower having its own peduncle attached directly to the node, without any short branches. These flowers were either on the main stem at its nodes, or on the typically very-long ascending branches on their nodes. The length of the peduncles ranged from 0 to ~4 mm in a single branch of a single plant that I examined.
In other words, the plants I observed bear no resemblance to the inflorescence structure described in the key for this taxon, nor to the JM drawing of S. virgata ssp. pleurocarpa, which has the same inflorescence description.
See Comments on the Jepson Manual and A Flora of Southern California by Munz: Stephanomeria for a revised key to this species.
I thank James Dillane for his help in the 11/28/03 survey, and Dieter Wilken for information from the Gottlieb reference.
Copyright © 2003 by Tom Chester
Permission is freely granted to reproduce any or all of this page as long as credit is given to me at this source:
Comments and feedback: Tom Chester
Last update: 19 December 2003
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Every Year Thousands of Children are Treated for Preventable Dental Injuries Which Could Have Been Avoided, or the Severity Minimised, by Wearing a Protective Mouthguard.
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A mouthguard helps absorb the shock experienced by a blow to the face, which might otherwise result in an injury to the mouth or jaw.
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Only a dentist can provide a custom fitted mouth guard which is considered to be the most effective way at preventing injuries to the teeth, mouth and jaws.
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| 0.937182 | 514 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Green Algae In Lake Okeechobee Thrives In High Temperatures
Last week, Gov. Rick Scott ordered a state of emergency for seven counties around Lake Okeechobee as a result of toxic algae blooms. Now the Army Corps of Engineers is releasing water from the lake because the algae has spread to both Florida coasts, hurting home values, tourism and local businesses.
The Everglades Foundation is kicking off a campaign to include the Everglades Reservoir in this year’s federal Water Resources Development Act bill. The reservoir would be designed to move water away from Lake Okeechobee and reduce the spread of the discharge causing the toxic algae blooms.
Sundial talked to ecologist Steve Davis with the Everglades Foundation about the dangers of toxic algae. Davis said the blue green algae species thrives in "high nutrient conditions," where high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus are present. In South Florida phosphorus is derived largely from fertilizers and thrives in warmer temperatures.
WLRN: [When] you talk about that phosphorus can we put a finger on who the culprit is?
Davis: No it's really an accumulation over several decades, contributions from north of Lake Okeechobee as well as a few decades of contributions from south of Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades Agricultural Area. It's led to a layer, several inches thick, of muck in the bottom of the lake that is very rich in phosphorus. We're also today still seeing high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen coming into Lake Okeechobee from the contributing basins to the north like Kissimmee River.
So all of that for decades has been piling up, sitting there at the bottom of the lake and eventually it gets stirred up and then it ... turns the water this really disgusting green that we've seen so many photos of now.
Yes. And we think that Hurricane Irma had a significant impact last year in September as the storm passed over the central part of the state and really whipped up the lake.
What's the risk to the wildlife but also to humans?
First we know that when algal blooms occur they occur in such abundance that they affect light penetration into the water that other organisms need. When you get into estuaries you think of sea grasses and the important habitat that they provide to coastal fisheries. When you have algal blooms in places like the Caloosahatchee Estuary near Fort Myers, that blocks out the light for seagrass so seagrass dies. Habitat is affected. These algal blooms also not only produce oxygen like a plant does during the day but they're also consuming oxygen over the nighttime and when you have very hot water and intense algal blooms we run into situations of hypoxic conditions over the nighttime hours. You'll have some species of fish succumbing to the very low levels of oxygen in the water that they need in order to survive but then we also add in this other layer that these organisms can produce toxins when they're growing in certain numbers and densities. It's the toxins that also become a compounding factor that result in human health concerns.
As with climate change the temperatures just keep going up. So is this just going to get worse?
We don't know. We can expect to see blooms like this in the future especially with warmer temperatures. We're learning that this particular species of blue green algae thrives in high temperatures. So as water temperatures get up to 95 degrees you might find that other algae reduce their uptake of nutrients and reduce their growth. This particular species seems to continue to thrive under those higher temperatures so we need to resolve the nutrient problem. But we've also got to find another outlet for that water and that's where Everglades Restoration comes in.
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Jump to navigation Jump to search
Fund is part of the Academic Word List. It is important for students in college and university.
- IPA: /fɐnd/
- (countable) A fund is an amount of money kept for a specific purpose.
- GM cannot afford to keep paying into the company pension fund.
- Our fund-raising campaign has a target of $100,000.
- (plural) An organisation's funds are the money that it has.
- The school is raising funds to pay for the new library.
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- (transitive) If you fund something, you give it money for its activities.
- The project is jointly funded by the Government of Canada and the International Red Cross.
- The university will no longer fund research into this drug.
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The climate of the Southern High Plains during the middle Holocene is indicated by data from a variety of sources. Stratigraphic, geomorphic, and pedologic research at six localities in draws, several dune sites, and one playa-lake basin show that widespread eolian erosion and sedimentation began in some areas by 9000 yr B.P. and culminated 6000-4500 yr B.P., probably because of warmer, drier conditions that reduced the vegetative cover. Archaeological investigations at three sites provide evidence for the excavation of wells at this time, apparently because of a declining water table. Studies of a few vertebrate and invertebrate faunas also indicate warming and drying in the middle Holocene. Climate models and very limited isotopic data from Bison bone suggest that summers in the middle Holocene were warmer than present, with reduced effective precipitation. All lines of evidence indicate that the Southern High Plains was subjected to prolonged drought in the middle Holocene with a maximum between 6500 and 4500 yr B.P., conforming climatically and chronologically to the Altithermal.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)
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| 0.939117 | 259 | 3.296875 | 3 |
This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated.
2001 Third Web Report
In 1995 and 1996, wild timber wolves from Canada were released into Yellowstone Park and Central Idaho. Later, Mexican gray wolves were released into Arizona. The timber wolves came from Alberta and British Columbia (1), some of the last places where wild wolves still live. In January 1995, fourteen wolves from separate packs were trapped, taken to Yellowstone, and put into "acclimation pens".(3). The "acclimation pen" system worked this way: a dominant male and dominant female were placed together with younger subordinate wolves, allowing them time to figure out their new pack structure.(3). This is extremely important because wolves' pack structure is the key to their entire way of life. Given the time to get to know each other and establish a system of dominance amongst each other, the wolves are more likely to form a cohesive "family," and do well in their new environment. In March, the family groups were released together into the park. They were: the "Crystal Creek" pack, the "Rose Creek" pack, and the "Soda Butte" pack.(3). This is known as the "soft release" method. In Idaho, the "hard release" method was used, with young adult wolves being released immediately, without acclimation pens or any such matters. According to Wolf Recovery Coordinator Ed Bangs: "Most wildlife reintroductions are hard releases. But in Yellowstone we thought we had an opportunity to keep wolves in the Park on the northern range, where there are tens of thousands of elk, as well as keep the family breeding groups together".(1). Generally, the "soft release" approach is more successful; with "hard release," wolves have a higher potential to get into trouble trying to get back to their homes.(3). The wolf's instinct to return to its territory is very stong, but "studies have shown that if you move a wolf more than 60 miles from its home territory, it will try to get back home, but it really can't figure it out". (1). Later on two more acclimation pens were built and more wolves released into Yellowstone. In the winter of 1996-1997 the Yellowstone reintroduction program ended. "The reintroduced wolves have continued to mate and produce new litters…2 year olds dispersing and establishing new packs in newly formed territories where wolves have not been seen in many years".(3).
The reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone and Idaho is a success story. "They're doing great," Bangs reports, "The wolves bred right away in Yellowstone, we had two litters born. There were no livestock depredations in '95. It went better than we ever expected it to….We had predicted that we would have to reintroduce wolves for four years. But after two years, the wolves have adapted so well that we don't have to do any more reintroductions. We're done". (1). David Mech (a scientist who has studied wolves for many years), visiting Yellowstone in 1999, said he saw more wolves there in a week than during thirty-five years of research.(3).
However, things have not gone so smoothly in Arizona. Within about three months of their release into the Apache National Forest, five wolves have been shot dead, and others have disappeared.(2). The wolves have many enemies - many people are unhappy about the reintroduction of wolves, especially ranchers, who obviously worry about their sheep and cattle. One New Mexico rancher complains, "'The government came in and put the wolves on us and then didn't give us any way out. It's a lonely place to be…when you don't feel like your government's very damned concerned about you.' He even suggests that the plan is a part of a conspiracy to chase him and other ranchers away". (2). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service takes responsibility for any damage inflicted by the wolves. If a wolf attacks livestock, it is moved to a different location, and if it attacks livestock again, it is killed. Compensation is also provided to the ranchers for any losses. Bangs optimistically explains, "I think everybody has accepted the fact that wolves are here to stay. The reintroductions are over and done with….There's been almost no problems with livestock, and when there have been livestock problems, we efficiently take care of the problem including killing the wolves, and they receive their money from the Defenders of Wildlife…So it's pretty hard to complain, really". (1). It is illegal to kill a wolf on public land, unless under attack. Any wolf killings are investigated by the federal government and harsh penalties are often exacted - offenders can face up to six months jail time and as much as $25,000 in fines. The wolves are protected by the Endangered Species Act. Many local people in Arizona and New Mexico complain that the government cares more about wolves than about them: "We've got unsolved homicides here. And the reward for turning in a person for killing another person is $1,000. If you turn in a person for killing a wolf, you get $50,000. And that only goes to show where the rural people stand. We're worthless".(2). Jess Carey, a New Mexico gun store owner, even "suggests that there could be a ‘civil revolt'": "What's going to happen if one of their…wolves kill one of our children? Is that going to bring an armed revolt" Is that going to bring retaliation on a few of the local supporters? Is it going to bring retaliation on the wolf employees?...The whole country's got to wake up and make a decision. Do they want wolves or do they want us?".(2).
Americans have traditionally hated wolves, driving them to extinction in our country years ago. Bangs explains, "we deliberately got rid of them, as a society….in deference to other social objectives, primarily agriculture and settlement….The federal government actually sent out trappers who spent years hunting down the last wolf and killing it. The last wolves were actually killed by the U.S. Biological Survey, which is the agency that transformed itself into the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service that is now responsible for wolf restoration!".(1). With renewed interest in the environment in the ‘50s and ‘60s, however, people began to see wolves as a "keystone" species - an essential element of the North American ecosystem. Without wolves, the ecosystems of North American forests were unbalanced, for instance, there would often be massive die-outs of sick and old elk during the winters - elk that would normally have been taken out by wolves throughout the year. (1). Wolf predation is actually essential to keeping elk and deer populations strong and healthy and under control. Although there is still much protest from local people in Arizona and New Mexico, many ecologists and environmentalists express the optimistic belief that, in the long run, humans and wolves will be able to live well with one another.
2)"Wild Wolves" CBS News
3)"Yellowstone's Wolf Reintroduction"
| Back to Biology 103 | Back to Biology | Back to Serendip |
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2014)
Plus Ultra was a Dornier Do J flying boat which completed the first Trans-Atlantic flight between Spain and South America in January 1926 with a crew of Spanish aviators, that included Ramón Franco and Julio Ruiz de Alda Miqueleiz, Juan Manuel Duran and Pablo Rada.
The Plus Ultra departed from Palos de la Frontera, in Huelva, Spain on January 22 and arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina on January 26. It stopped over at Gran Canaria, Cape Verde, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo. The 10,270 km (6,381 mi) journey was completed in 59 hours and 39 minutes. The plane was subsequently donated to the Argentine Navy and was used to deliver airmail. It is currently on display in a museum in the city of Luján, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
The flight of the Plus Ultra followed approximately the route taken, in 1922, by the Portuguese aviators Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho, in the first Trans-Atlantic flight over the South Atlantic (from Lisbon, Portugal to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).
||Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plus Ultra.
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Types of Insulation
There are several types of insulation available today with various advantages and disadvantages of each.
The primary purpose of insulation is to provide a "blanket" of material to increase the thermal resistance (or R value) of your home's structure. The higher the R-value, the less energy you will lose through the walls, ceilings and floors of your home.
Just as a coat keeps you warm in the winter, so insulation can keep your home warm in the cold seasons. But insulation has another advantage - it will also lower cooling bills in the summer, since it will make your house more energy efficient regardless of the outdoor temperature.
Just as there are numerous varieties of insulation, there are also different insulation materials. These various materials may be found in several types of insulation.
For example, fiberglass insulation may be purchased in the form of batts, spray on, or enclosed (such as encapsulated batts or rolls).
for more information on
The most common insulation types are the following:
- Blanket (batt and roll insulation)
This insulation is also commonly called rolled insulation or batt insulation and may also be nicknamed roll insulation.
- Spray on
This kind of insulation may also be called simply spray insulation, or even spray in insulation.
This has several subcategories.
One of the most popular is expanding foam insulation.
Foam is also available in spray form, or in board form, often called rigid foam insulation or foam board insulation.
This kind of insulation is often reflective with a foil facing. It is sometimes used as a radiant barrier in addition to its insulating qualities.
Go from Types of Insulation to House Sheathing
The time is NOW. The future is HERE. The color is GREEN.
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Planes and aircraft jigsaw puzzles.
About our Plane Jigsaw Puzzle Collection
This category or jigsaw puzzles is dedicted to one of the most important inventions of all time the airplane or aeroplane (informally plane). A plane is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. The Wright brothers flights in 1903 are recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics, as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight" In 1906, Alberto Santos Dumont made what was claimed to be the first airplane flight unassisted by catapult and set the first world record by flying 220 meters in less than 22 seconds. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178, which was tested in 1939. In 1943, the Messerschmitt Me 262, the first jet fighter aircraft, went into service in the German Luftwaffe. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. In this section of our website we will feature most of the aircraft that are in the air today or were in service since the beging of man's first flights. So if your a airplane enthusiast and you love jigsaw puzzles don't forget to bookmark this page.
- What is a jigsaw puzzle?
- Jigsaw Variations
- Jigsaw Pieces
- Jigsaw puzzle solving strategies
- Download Jigsaw Puzzles
- Other Interesting Sites
- Games For Your Site
All images are copyrighted by their respective owners. Where possible the appropriate accreditation is given.Third-party trademarks are used solely for describing the games indexed herein and no license or other affiliation is implied. For more info please check our Copyright Policy page.
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By Eric Tymoigne
Previous posts studied the balance sheet of the Fed, definitions and their relation to the balance sheet of the fed, and monetary-policy implementation. This post answers some FAQs about monetary policy and central banking. Each of them can be read independently.
Q1: Does the Fed target/control/set the quantity of reserves and the quantity of money?
The Fed does not set the quantity of reserves and does not control the money supply (M1). It sets the cost of reserves; that is it.
In terms of reserves, the Fed was created to provide an “elastic currency,” i.e. to provide monetary base according to the needs of the economic system in normal and panic times. It would be against this purpose to implement monetary policy by unilaterally setting the monetary base without any regards for the daily needs of the economy system.
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One of the newest and most-rapidly spreading memes in popular science is what’s being dubbed the “Anthropocene.” According to this meme, human beings are having such an impact on the environment, especially the climate, that we’ve entered a new geological age.
That’s exactly the point a recent article that British geologist Colin Waters and his colleagues recently made in the journal Science. They argue that the combination of the “rapid global spread of novel materials including aluminum, concrete and plastics” and “fossil-fuel combustion,” and the “atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons” has produced “rapid environmental change” sufficient to call our times a new geological age.
Now to put this in perspective, the last shift in geological ages from the Pleistocene to the current Holocene, saw the end of the Ice Age. Average global temperatures rose 20 degrees in a century, drastically more than the worst-case scenario 3.5 degrees spike that climate change activists talk about today. Sea levels rose 400 feet, as compared to the one-to-two feet being worried about today. And when was the last time anyone saw a mammoth or sabre-tooth cat strolling down Sunset Boulevard?
Talk about the Anthropocene combines disdain for our species with an almost comically-inflated view of our power over the rest of creation.
And just how inflated is underscored by another story that came out around the same time as the article in Science.
According to a study published in the journal Nature Geoscience, “the eruption of a ‘supervolcano’ hundreds of times more powerful than conventional volcanoes—with the potential to wipe out civilization as we know it—is more likely than previously thought.”
Now to understand what this means, we need to understand that volcanoes are rated from 0 to 8 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, or VEI, based on how much material they eject. Those rated 0 eject very little material. Those rated 8 eject at least 1,000 cubic kilometers or 240 cubic miles of material.
By way of reference, Mount St. Helens was a VEI 5 and it ejected 1 cubic kilometer of material. Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was a VEI 6, ejecting 10 cubic kilometers, and lowered global temperatures by ¾ of a degree and one degree in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, the last time a supervolcano erupted according to scientists was 70,000 years ago in Indonesia. And it caused a volcanic winter that blocked out the sun for between six to eight years, and resulted in a period of global cooling that lasted a thousand years.
The impact of such an eruption today would be truly catastrophic: average global temperatures would plunge by nearly 20 degrees Fahrenheit for a decade; temperatures would remain abnormally cool for the better part of a millennium; crops would fail on a massive scale; and countless millions would die.
And here’s the thing: There’s nothing we can do about it.
Now, there’s no reason to panic or even be concerned. “More likely than previously thought” is not the same thing as “imminent” or even “likely.” The leader of the team responsible for the study told the UK’s Independent that “there are no known supervolcanoes that are in danger of erupting in the foreseeable future.”
But it does put all the talk about the “Anthropocene” in its proper perspective. In just a few days or weeks, Nature can plunge temperatures to Ice Age levels, while we name geological epochs after ourselves because we think we’ve caused a rise in global temperatures to the level that they were during the Roman Empire.
The historian Will Durant once said that “civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.” A more Christian view would add that this “consent” ultimately comes from God, who created all things, and particularly from the second member of the Godhead, Jesus Christ, who is above all things and in whom all things hold together.
And so the favorable conditions that made civilization possible are His gift. That being the case, a lot more humility on our part is in order.
BreakPoint is a Christian worldview ministry that seeks to build and resource a movement of Christians committed to living and defending Christian worldview in all areas of life. Begun by Chuck Colson in 1991 as a daily radio broadcast, BreakPoint provides a Christian perspective on today’s news and trends via radio, interactive media, and print. Today BreakPoint commentaries, co-hosted by Eric Metaxas and John Stonestreet, air daily on more than 1,200 outlets with an estimated weekly listening audience of eight million people. Feel free to contact us at BreakPoint.org where you can read and search answers to common questions.
John Stonestreet, the host of The Point, a daily national radio program, provides thought-provoking commentaries on current events and life issues from a biblical worldview. John holds degrees from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (IL) and Bryan College (TN), and is the co-author of Making Sense of Your World: A Biblical Worldview.
Publication date: January 18, 2016
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The Accordion: A Brief History Of Mick’s Favourite Instrument
We don’t really know where Mick found his accordion and we’re not sure when he started to play it. But play it he does! Here’s a brief history of the accordion — Mick’s favourite instrument.
The accordion has been a musical punch line for a lot of people for a long time. However, it hasn’t always been that way.
In fact, the accordion is one of the most popular instruments to appear on planet Earth in the last two hundred years.
The accordion was a staple of early traditional folk music in Europe and around the world. It was integrated into a lot of different musical styles from the European polka to the Colombian vallenato, reaching its peak in the early 1900’s.
The first accordion was made in Berlin, Germany in 1822 by Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann. It was later patented in 1829 by Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austria.
Because it was small, light and easy to carry, it became a hit with traveling folk musicians. Funnily enough, when it first began popping up in Britain in 1831, reviewers thought it sucked. But somehow it became popular anyway. It might have something to do with its old world charm.
The accordion remained a staple of popular music until 1960’s when it was replaced by the guitar and rock music.
The accordion isn’t the easiest instrument to play. At its worse it sounds like a goose being strangled.
You get the sound by opening and closing the bellows — the actual accordion part — which pushes air over a reed.
Accordions have either piano-like keys or buttons on one side for playing notes. Some have holes on the other side to manipulate the air flow. I guess you could say, it’s like giant harmonica with bellows.
Accordions get tweaked and refined all the time. And they come in all shapes and sizes, from the complex and intricately handmade to the simple and plastic.
While some of the appeal of the accordion is due to nostalgia, there are plenty of musicians out there with some serious accordion chops.
Scouring YouTube you’ll find some pretty ace accordion players. Just check out this video.
While Vivaldi is cool, we’d be happy if Mick could pull off a decent polka.
Just be glad he hasn’t discovered the bagpipes… yet.
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The Labrador Retriever, often referred to simply as the Labrador, is a breed of dog that originated in Newfoundland, Canada. Renowned for their friendly and outgoing nature, Labs have consistently been one of the most popular dog breeds in the world. They are highly versatile and excel in a wide range of activities, including assistance work, search and rescue, therapy work, and of course, as beloved family pets. In this article, we will explore the various traits and characteristics that make the Labrador Retriever such a remarkable breed.
Labradors are easily identified by their characteristic coat. The coat is short, straight, and dense, and the Labrador Retriever’s skin is typically black. The coat comes in a variety of colors, including yellow, black, chocolate, and a range of shades of brown.
Labradors are large, muscular dogs. They typically stand 22 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh 55 to 80 pounds. They have a broad head with a wide muzzle and a pronounced stop (the area where the muzzle meets the forehead). Their eyes are typically brown, but can also be green, hazel, or yellow. Their ears are triangular and hang close to the head. Labradors are bred as working dogs and are athletic and energetic. They are also known for their friendly, outgoing personalities and their love of water.
Labrador Retrievers are medium to large-sized dogs with a sturdy and muscular build. They have a broad head, expressive eyes, and floppy ears that hang close to their heads. Labs have a powerful and well-proportioned body, with a deep chest and a strong neck. Their tail is thick and otter-like, aiding them in swimming. The breed’s coat is short, dense, and weather-resistant, allowing them to comfortably navigate various terrains and climates. Labradors come in three distinct colors: black, yellow, and chocolate, with the yellow shade ranging from a pale cream to a deep fox red.
Labradors are one of the most popular breeds of dog in the world and for good reason. They are intelligent, friendly, and make great family pets. But what is it about Labradors that makes them so special? In this article, we will discuss the temperament, personality, and training of Labradors.
Labradors have a very friendly temperament and are great with children. They are also very intelligent and easy to train. This makes them perfect for family pets. Labradors are also very active and love to play fetch. They need plenty of exercise and will make a great addition to any family.
Labradors are also very popular as working dogs. They are often used as guide dogs, service dogs, and detection dogs. They are also used by the military and police. This is because they are intelligent and have a strong work ethic. If you are looking for a friendly, intelligent, and active dog , a Labrador may be the right choice for you.
Labradors are renowned for their friendly and outgoing nature. They have a gentle and kind disposition, making them excellent companions for individuals of all ages, including children. Labs are known for their unwavering patience, which is particularly evident when interacting with young children. They are highly sociable and thrive on human companionship. Labs are rarely aggressive, and their friendly nature extends not only to their owners but also to strangers and other animals. This inherent friendliness makes them poor guard dogs, as they are more likely to greet an intruder with a wagging tail than with an aggressive stance.
Intelligence and Trainability
The Labrador Retriever is one of the most popular dog breeds in the United States and it is easy to see why. These dogs are friendly, outgoing, and intelligent. They are also easy to train, making them perfect for a wide variety of tasks. Labradors are often used as guide dogs for the blind, as they are able to quickly learn and remember complex routes. They are also used as service dogs for people with disabilities, as they are gentle and patient.
Labradors are also popular as hunting dogs. They are able to learn the habits of different game animals and can quickly and easily retrieve downed prey. Labradors are also great family pets. They are gentle with children and enjoy playing. They are also very easy to train, so they can be taught to perform a variety of tricks.
Labrador Retrievers are highly intelligent dogs, ranking among the top breeds in terms of intelligence. They are quick learners and have a strong desire to please their owners. This combination of intelligence and eagerness to please makes them highly trainable. Labs excel in various dog sports, including obedience, agility, and tracking. They are also frequently used as service dogs due to their ability to learn complex tasks and their calm and steady demeanor. Consistency, positive reinforcement, and early socialization are key to successfully training a Labrador Retriever.
Energy Levels and Exercise Needs
Labradors are a high-energy breed and they need plenty of exercise to stay healthy and happy. A Lab that doesn’t get enough exercise can become overweight and destructive. Ideally, a Lab should be walked or played with for at least an hour a day. If you can’t provide that much exercise, you should at least make sure your Lab has a large yard to play in. Labradors also love to swim, so a trip to the beach or park with a pond or lake is perfect. Labradors are prone to a number of health problems, including obesity, joint problems, and heart disease, so it’s important to keep them active and fit.
Labs are energetic dogs that require regular exercise to stay happy and healthy. They were initially bred as working dogs, assisting fishermen in retrieving nets and fish, which has contributed to their high energy levels. Daily exercise is crucial to prevent behavioral issues that can arise from boredom or pent-up energy. Labs enjoy activities such as long walks, swimming, playing fetch, and participating in dog sports. Their love for water is particularly pronounced, as they have a strong natural instinct for swimming. Due to their energy levels, they may not be the best fit for individuals with a sedentary lifestyle or limited availability for exercise.
Family and Social Compatibility
Labrador Retrievers are incredibly family-oriented dogs. They form strong bonds with their owners and thrive on being included in family activities. Labs are highly adaptable and can adjust to various household dynamics, including multi-pet households. Their friendly and patient demeanor makes them an excellent choice for families with children. They are also generally well-behaved around other dogs and animals, although early socialization and proper introductions are important to ensure positive interactions.
Grooming and Shedding
Labradors are one of the most popular dog breeds in the United States and they are known for their friendly temperament, intelligence, and athletic ability. These dogs are also known for their high level of shedding. Labradors require regular grooming to keep their coat healthy and free of mats and tangles. The coat of a Labrador should be brushed at least once a week, and more often if the dog is shedding heavily. The coat can be brushed with a brush or comb, and should be groomed every few months with a haircut.
Labradors also require a high level of exercise to stay healthy and fit. These dogs love to run and play, and should have a large yard or plenty of opportunities for exercise. A Labrador that does not get enough exercise will become overweight and will shed more heavily. Labradors make excellent pets for families with children and other dogs. They are loyal and protective, and love to play and spend time with their family
Labradors have a double coat, with a soft and dense undercoat and a coarser outer coat. Their coat is relatively easy to maintain, requiring regular brushing to remove loose hair and prevent matting. Labs are moderate shedders, with shedding occurring more heavily during seasonal changes. They are not considered hypoallergenic, and individuals with allergies should take this into consideration. Additionally, regular dental care, nail trimming, and ear cleaning are essential parts of their grooming routine.
Health and Lifespan
Labrador Retrievers are generally healthy dogs, but like all breeds, they are prone to certain health conditions. Some of the common health issues seen in Labs include hip and elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), exercise-induced collapse (EIC), and obesity. Regular veterinary check-ups, a balanced diet, and proper exercise can help mitigate the risk of these conditions. On average, Labs have a lifespan of around 10 to 12 years, although with proper care, some individuals can live longer.
In conclusion, Labrador Retrievers are exceptional dogs with a remarkable combination of traits and characteristics. Their friendly, gentle, and outgoing nature, coupled with their intelligence and trainability, make them a popular choice for families, individuals, and various working roles. Their adaptability, love for human companionship, and natural affinity for water make them a versatile breed suitable for a wide range of lifestyles and environments. Whether as a loving family pet, a diligent service dog, or an accomplished athlete in dog sports, the Labrador Retriever continues to captivate hearts worldwide.
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Ransomware attacking, which started on last Friday, prevented people from accessing their computers and encrypting their files, what's worse, it has reached more than 150 countries and 200,000 computers. Here are some ways to protect yourself from ransomware.
Back up your files:
Typically, we recommend you to backup all of the information and files on your devices in a completely separate system or with an external hard drive. If you suffer an attack from Ransomware, you won't lose any information.
Keep your system updated:
Follow these steps to update Windows 10:
Click Start (Windows logo), choose "settings", click "Update & Security" and then go for "check for updates". If Windows update says your device is up to date, you have all the updates that are currently available.
Be careful of emails and websites:
Most of the virus take the way to be installed on a device by phishing emails, malicious adverts, so we must be careful when opening unsolicited emails or surfing unfamiliar websites.
Use Wise Folder Hider to encrypt your important files/folders:
Wise Folder Hider can prevent your files/folders from Ransomware attacking. With its great protection, others will not be able to open, read, modify the files you need to protect.
It requires second password to protect your hidden files/folders.
Create encrypted lockers to save files/folders securely.
Of course, it's possible for a hacker to figure out a way to attack your PC, but if you're better prepared especially for your important and sensitive files/folders, you won’t be worried about that. Right?
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PRAC recommends restricting the use of codeine when used for pain relief in children
The European Medicines Agency’s Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) has recommended a series of measures to address safety concerns with codeine-containing medicines when used for the management of pain in children. This follows the PRAC’s review of reports of children who developed serious adverse effects or died after taking codeine for pain relief. Most of the cases occurred after surgical removal of the tonsils or adenoids for obstructive sleep apnoea (frequent interruption of breathing during sleep).
Codeine is an opioid that is authorised as painkiller in adults and children. It is converted into morphine in the patient’s body. The children who had suffered severe side effects had evidence of being ‘ultra-rapid metabolisers’ of codeine. In these patients, codeine is converted into morphine in the body at a faster rate than normal, resulting in high levels of morphine in the blood that can cause toxic effects such as respiratory depression.
The PRAC recommended the following risk-minimisation measures to ensure that only children for whom benefits are greater than the risks are given the medicine for pain relief:
- Codeine-containing medicines should only be used to treat acute (short lived) moderate pain in children above 12 years of age, and only if it cannot be relieved by other painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, because of the risk of respiratory depression associated with codeine use.
- Codeine should not be used at all in children (aged below 18 years) who undergo surgery for the removal of the tonsils or adenoids to treat obstructive sleep apnoea, as these patients are more susceptible to respiratory problems.
- The prescribing information should carry a warning that children with conditions associated with breathing problems should not use codeine.
The PRAC further recommended that, as the risk of side effects with codeine may also apply to adults, codeine should not be used in people of any age who are known to be ultra-rapid metabolisers nor in breastfeeding mothers, because codeine can pass to the baby through breast milk. The prescribing information for codeine should also include general information for healthcare professionals, patients and carers on the risk of morphine side effects with codeine, and how to recognise their symptoms.
Having assessed all the available data, the PRAC noted that the pharmacokinetic profile of codeine (how the body handles the medicine) has been studied in adults but very limited information is available in children, and the reported cases of respiratory depression with codeine indicate that children below 12 years of age may be at increased risk of morphine side effects. In addition, the limited data on the effectiveness of codeine as a pain relief in children suggest that the effect of codeine on pain is not significantly better than non-opioid painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen.
The PRAC recommendation will now be considered by the Coordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures – Human (CMDh) at its meeting on 24-26 June 2013. Patients who have any questions should speak to their doctor or pharmacist.
More about the medicine
Codeine is a widely used opioid medicine for pain relief. It is also used in the treatment of coughs, although this use in not covered by the current review. In the European Union (EU), codeine-containing medicines have been approved via national procedures, and are available either on prescription or over the counter in the different Member States. Codeine is marketed as a single-ingredient medicine or in combination with other substances such as aspirin or paracetamol.
The effect of codeine on pain is due to its conversion into morphine. Codeine is converted into morphine in the body by an enzyme called CYP2D6. It is well known that some patients who are ‘CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolisers’ convert codeine to morphine at a faster than normal rate. This results in high levels of morphine in the blood, which can lead to toxic effects such as breathing difficulties.
More about the procedure
The review was initiated on 3 October 2012, at the request of the United Kingdom medicines agency under Article 31 of Directive 2001/83/EC. After discussions, on 31 October 2012 the scope of the review was extended from post-surgery pain relief in children to pain relief in children.
During the review, the PRAC assessed all available data on the benefits and risks of codeine when used for pain relief, including pharmacokinetic data, clinical studies, post-marketing data in Europe and other published literature. The Agency also invited stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, patients’ organisations and the general public, to submit data relevant to the procedure.
As the review only covers nationally authorised medicines, the PRAC recommendation will now be forwarded to the Coordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures – Human (CMDh), which will adopt a final position. The CMDh is a medicines regulatory body representing the EU Member States.
If the CMDh position is agreed by consensus, the agreement will be directly implemented by the Member States where the medicines are authorised. Should the CMDh position be adopted by majority vote, the CMDh position will be sent to the European Commission, for the adoption of an EU-wide legally binding decision.
|Name||Language||First published||Last updated|
|PRAC recommends restricting the use of codeine when used for pain relief in children||(English only)||14/06/2013|
Monika Benstetter or
Martin Harvey Allchurch
Tel. +44 (0)20 7418 8427
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Galvanized iron water lines were an acceptable building material at one time, perhaps a hundred years ago. The plumber that installed those lines could have used threaded brass pipes and fittings, but those materials were more expensive. If you have these pipes in your home and you are having water pressure problems in you home, your pipes have reached the end of their useful life span and must be replaced.
As galvanized iron water lines age the interior of the pipes gets clogged up with mineral deposits. Hot water temperatures seemingly accelerate the growth of these deposits. The mineral buildup does not affect the water quality, but it does have an impact on the quantity of water that the pipes can deliver. This build up can get so bad that it can virtually completely clog up a pipe.
Cutting copper tubing and soldering is not quite as challenging as you might think. You can now purchase cool copper fittings that already have lead-free solder built-in to the fitting. You simply clean the ends of the cut tubing with an abrasive cloth then clean the inside of the special fittings with a round wire brush. Apply a thin coat of soldering flux to clean the surfaces. After inserting the tubing into the fitting, you simply apply heat from a torch for a few seconds and you will see the solder appear at the tip of the fitting. This will show you that the solder joint is complete.
There are a few tricks you need to learn if you use traditional solder. The easiest thing to do is to buy an inexpensive propane torch kit, a small tubing cutter and the soldering supplies that you need. Make sure to purchase lead-free solder. Practice soldering a few joints before trying to solder the real thing. It shouldn’t take long for you to master this procedure.
You may want to use another piping material if copper seems too difficult. Plastic CPVC piping and fittings are approved by most plumbing codes in the U.S. This plastic piping is welded together using special primers and cements. You should follow the directions listed on the labels of these chemicals because the misuse of them can cause problems with the taste of the water if excess cement gets inside the pipes as you work.
CPVC piping has a very high expansion / contraction coefficient. This piping grows significantly when hot water flows through it. The growth can be almost 5 inches for every 100 feet of piping if the temperature of the water rises100F. Water temperature in regular household pipes will rarely raise to100F. But even if the temperature goes up just 50F, the pipes can expand and will cause all sorts of noise. If you use CPVC, make sure the pipes are not tightly clamped down and that they pass through large enough holes in wood framing so they do not bind.
Don’t even think about cleaning out old galvanized water lines. It is impractical and you will probably ruin the piping trying to take it apart. The old threaded joints might actually be near the point of rusting through and rotating them with a pipe wrench could break the pipe.
Galvanized iron water lines are easy to identify. The outer diameter of the pipe is usually 7/8 inch. It is grey piping it has never been painted. Where a pipe enters a fitting, you should see threads on the end of the pipe like you would on a standard threaded screw or bolt. Be careful. It is easy to confuse a threaded galvanized water line with a threaded black iron natural gas pipe. Never cut into a piping system unless you know for sure what is in the pipes.
You should never mix and match metallic materials. Copper adapters that make transitions between iron and copper pipes can cause a corrosive chemical reaction that causes the galvanized pipe to begin to rust and break down. When the corrosion gets bad enough, a leak will develop.
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| 0.957597 | 780 | 2.8125 | 3 |
While the country was excited by the successful return of the Shenzhou XI manned spacecraft to Earth, Shenlingcao -- a healthcare food containing a traditional Chinese medicine recipe and produced by Jiangzhong Group -- attracted its own kind of widespread attention because it went up into space to maintain the health of the astronauts.
Shenlingcao consists of ginseng, lingzhi mushroom, cordyceps sinensis and rose. It was developed by China's leading over-the-counter pharmaceutical company, Jiangzhong Group, to enhance the astronauts' immunity during their training and space trips. In the long run, the group plans to make the product available to retailing distribution channels, so that consumers can use it to enhance their health, said Zhong Hongguang, chairman of Jiangzhong Group.
Because space food is subjected to special conditions during space flight such as microgravity and radiation, it must achieve much higher production requirements. To meet them the company installed advanced automatic equipment from Germany and Switzerland at its own production line for Shenlingcao.
This is the world's first completely automated liquid traditional Chinese medicine production line, which carries out the entire production process for the space food in a fully enclosed and monitored unmanned workshop.
The company says the space food is the end result of its determination to perform more scientific research. According to Zhong, the company invests at least 4 percent of its annual revenues into research and development. It is the only Chinese pharmaceutical company which has established four national research centers. "The research and development of space food will not bring immediate profit to our company, but we are willing to do it. It shows that our technology has taken the lead in China and even the world," said Zhong.
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Qualitative and Quantitative Measurements, Reading Significant Figures from Glassware, Working with Matter in the Laboratory
Focus(es) of this worksheet:
Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative measurements
Define accuracy and precision
Read quantitative measurements from laboratory ware to a correct number of significant figures
6-pages (conserve paper – print 2-sided, please!)
Front – Qual and quan measurements with 9 examples to classify; accuracy vs. precision
Back – How to read a meniscus correctly; accuracy of lab ware is addressed; 8 problems of reading glassware
Answers are included. Multiple versions for differentiation, teacher’s notes or addendums may be included.
cation + learning's teaching materials and assessments are thoughtful, concise and focused. All materials were written for (and are currently used) in my high school chemistry classroom. Many concepts, however, are cross-curricular and may be useful in other science classes and grade levels.
Please do not share or re-sell, distribute, or alter for mass production. If you need to purchase multiple copies, please utilize discounted rate provided.
Spot a typo? Want to change something specific (units, font, etc.)? E-mail me and let me know! I’ll send you (and possibly all purchasers) an updated version ASAP.
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Measurements-Accuracy-vs-Precision-Lab-Ware-2713487
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| 0.882569 | 275 | 3.453125 | 3 |
In the first part, we established the purpose of Service Mesh and explained the Authentication part of the process. In this article, we’ll focus on Authorization.
Once the identity of the requester is known, the next step is to check whether the requester is authorized to access the requested data.
User to service
Users must have access to Application Service to submit applications.
When a request reaches the Application Service, the service must first check the "internal token" to ensure that a valid user sent the request. Then it checks whether the requesting user has access to the service or a specific endpoint of the service. In this case, this is done by checking the description of the user access in the "internal token." As this process has nothing to do with the business logic for the Application Service, it’s better to delegate it to a sidecar.
Service to service
A request from a user can be handled entirely by one microservice in the system, or by multiple microservices together. For microservices, the requester can be a user or other microservice. In our system, there will be interactions between microservices, but they are limited. When Application Service receives a request for creating an application, it needs to access the Domain Specific User Information Service for user data to create the application. For Domain Specific User Information Service, requests from Application Service should be processed, otherwise they should be rejected.
The accessibility configuration between services is provided by another service. When performing this check, we must first retrieve the accessibility configuration between services so that we can handle the request according to the configuration. Since this process also has nothing to do with the business logic for the Domain Specific User Information Service, it’s better to delegate it to a sidecar as well.
User to data from services
Access data from Application Service as a team member in an application
When a team member submits an application on behalf of the team, the system needs to allow other team members to view the application. Since the application contains team members’ mobile numbers, the system can know who can access the application according to authenticated users’ mobile numbers. In this scenario, the configuration of whether the application can be accessed is from the application itself. In other words: only Application Service itself knows who can access what applications.
Authorization check delegated to a sidecar
Since the authorization information can only be from the Application Service, the microservice must provide an API for the sidecar to perform the authorization check, which results in the microservice being essentially involved in the authorization check and the authorization check not being fully delegated to the sidecar.
Authorization check within the service
For many microservices that use relational databases, authorization checks may be just the filtering of the INNER JOIN in SQL without doing anything more. If we need to filter the data received from the database, communicating within a service is easier than communicating between services.
As we mentioned, only Application Service itself knows who can access what applications. Therefore, in this scenario, incorporating the authorization check within the service can make the logic more coherent and reduce unnecessary work if the microservices do it themselves.
Access data from Application Service as an application reviewer
Assume that applicants come from 10 cities. There are 5 application reviewers, with each reviewer taking responsibility for applications from 2 cities. No information is shared among them.
City 1 and city 2 are under the management of reviewer 1. When reviewer 1 wants to view applications under their management, they need to call an endpoint similar to the following.
The reviewer may only want to view applications from city 1 submitted in recent days.
The reviewer isn’t authorized to view applications from cities other than 1 and 2. So the request below must be rejected.
Delegate the authorization check to a sidecar
Since the accessibility configuration is provided by other services, the microservice doesn’t need or have the ability to provide support for the sidecar, or to know that the sidecar exists. But the sidecar, which is used for the authorization check, needs to learn the microservice's business.
Although the sidecar must learn the business of the microservice and become the service’s exclusive sidecar, from the perspective of the microservice, the logic of data authorization checking is completely delegated, and the microservice can be cleaner. When developers build the microservice, they can also focus more on implementing the business.
Before microservices process requests, identifying the requesting user, meaning verifying the authentication, should be delegated to the infrastructure layer.
When the authorization configuration is provided by other services, if it's "service to service" or "user to service," it should be delegated to the infrastructure layer. If it's "user to data from service," like the scenario where application reviewers review applications, delegating the authorization check to the infrastructure layer should be considered a priority.
When the authorization configuration can only be provided by the microservice itself, if it's "user to data from services," maintaining the configuration is the service’s job. Like the scenario where the relationship between team members and applications. Having the microservice to perform the authorization check should be considered a priority.
Disclaimer: The statements and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the positions of Thoughtworks.
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| 0.921173 | 1,145 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Neuroscience is perhaps one of the most exciting fields of studies. Brain is vital to our existences and its failure results in imminent death or at least total dependence on others for the rest of your life. Brain primarily enables you to think yet it is responsible for much more. It regulates involuntarily movements such as breathing and heartbeat and controls all of our voluntarily movements as well. The brain gives us our personality and serves as the sea of human conscience. We are dependent on brain for feeling our emotions where it also stores our precious memories as well.
In the context of above discussion, the mind wobbling discoveries of neuroscience can greatly help business leaders to improve not only their own leadership but also enhance workplace performance and productivity in the long run. Recent insights into the brain have provided researchers with a new science of peak performance and with some careful planning and programming; they can turn this science into applicable skills and techniques. Subsequently, business leaders and executives can apply these techniques in their workplace to improve organisational performance considerably.
It is also the moral responsibility of the higher authorities of an organisation to start development programmes aiming at the behavioural modification and strategic reengineering of their employees. They should consult neuroscientists in an attempt to improve the performance of their people by teaching them about their brains and how to use them better.
Different parts of the brain perform different functions ranging from decision making to help other parts of the body hear, sense and smell. The prefrontal cortex, which is the front part of the brain, is associated with person’s personality. Furthermore, it is also believed by thousands of scientists that prefrontal cortex is responsible for controlling activities like cognitive behaviour, decision making, personality expression and moderation of social behaviour.
Executive function is also one of the most important duties performed by the prefrontal cortex. Executive function relates to activities like determining better and best, good and bad, differentiating between conflicting thoughts as well as what is same and what is different. Similarly, it helps people analyse possible consequences of current actions, predict outcomes of decisions and work towards common goals.
Structuring behaviour and thoughts according to personal goals is also the primary responsibility of this section of the brain. Dysfunctional prefrontal cortex leads to deficits in abstraction ability, orientation, concentration, problem solving ability and judgement and most importantly, inappropriate social behaviour. It is also pertinent to note that it is the most delicate and energy intensive part of the brain as it has to perform so many complex duties almost simultaneously.
It is crystal clear from above discussion that employees with healthy brains in general and prefrontal cortex in particular can greatly improve organisational performance. Therefore, it is the responsibility of both business leaders and employees to know how to take care of their brains as it is the first and most important step towards success. When the brain is doing well, you are doing well but when the brain is in trouble, you, your family and your organisation is in trouble.
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http://blog.mile.org/train-your-brain-improve-productivity-creativity-and-performance/
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When you make your next pie, show your child how to pinch the crust to flute the edge of the pie. Here is a great video to show you how to do this. This is a fun and tasty practical life skill for your chef in training.
Monthly Archives: August 2008
Great Lesson Idea
The formation of the earth is part of Montessori’s Great Lessons. Here is a newsletter that could be used as a key lesson idea. There are free printouts too.
AMI Setting Table
Montessori Primary AMI has a great step by step lesson for setting the table.
Setting Table Activity
Sunflower Before the Storm
Sunflower before the rain.
Here are how my sunflowers grew in pots
They did really well in this hot and wild climate.
Non Toxic Copper Polish
I use all the leftover ketchup packages from restaurants as wonderful copper and brass polish. Ketchup is a non-toxic way children can polish copper for Montessori practical life skills. The packages don’t dry up and are ready to use. Make a tray with the ketchup packages in a small basket, a damp piece of sponge for cleaning, a copper ornament and a duster for polishing the cleaned object. I find that you need to wash the ketchup off the cleaned piece with soapy, warm water and then rinse well.
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http://blog.montessorimom.com/?m=200808
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| 0.909622 | 292 | 2.59375 | 3 |
-- by Sara
Dave and I refer often to James Loewen's research on "sundown towns" -- American towns that once had small African-American communities -- which, at some point, simply up and vanished.
The historical fact is that if you're a middle-class white American living in the north or west of the country, the odds are overwhelmingly good that the town you live in, right now, is a sundown town -- or was one at some point in the not-so-distant past.
This fact came home forcefully to Loewen as he studied the censuses of small towns and suburbs all over America. After the Civil War, newly-freed black families spread out across the country, looking for places to start over. By 1890, there was hardly a town in America that didn't have at least a small community of black tradesmen or farmers -- aspiring families putting down roots and planning better futures. There was no town too small, no corner so remote, that a handful of African-Americans didn't take refuge there -- hoping against hope they'd finally found a place that was far enough away from Jim Crow.
But Loewen noticed something else. Starting in the 1890 census -- and continuing up until the 1950 one -- these communities started to vanish from the census figures. Towns that had 50 or 60 African-Americans in one census had exactly zero in the next. It was like watching these small lights just wink out, as these communities one by one went sundown.
As I said: if you live in a predominantly white town or suburb, the odds are overwhelming that one of them was yours. It wasn't an accident. It didn't happen just because the houses were too expensive, or the winters were too cold, or they just never got around to moving there. Loewen's research shows that black families settled absolutely everywhere -- almost certainly including where you are. The reason they're not there now is that somebody in your community, at some point in the past, decided to force them out.
This happened in a couple of different ways. Loewen notes that when he began his research, he assumed he'd find three different types of all-white towns. First, there were the small towns that had deliberately sundowned themselves at some point. Second, there were sundown suburbs, which were built from the beginning with restrictive covenants excluding blacks, Asians, and often Jews. Third, he expected to find places that where African-Americans had simply never bothered to go -- places that were all-white by accident. As his project progressed, however, Loewen found that every all-white town he found fit into one of the first two groups; and that, statistically, the third group simply didn't exist at all. He was shocked to discover that sundowning and covenanted suburbs, between them, told the entire story of all-white America.
This is one enormous and still very-much-present piece of our silent shared history that black Americans know and white Americans do not. African-Americans have a completely different sense of geography than white Americans do: even now, there are places they avoid, places they know they're not welcome, places where they expect to find trouble. I have African-American friends my own age who remember being on road trips with their parents in the 1970s, overhearing the quiet debates between the adults in the front seat over whether or not this town was a safe place to stop. I've also been on the other end of this myself, when I was 15 and working my first job in a diner attached to a motel. Once in a while, the manager would get a phone call from a motel at the other end of town, warning him that a black family had come in to try to get a room. The motel managers' phone tree went into action, and within 5 minutes every "No Vacancy" sign on Main Street would suddenly flicker on -- including ours. Going north or south, it was a three-hour drive to the next town where a black family could get a room. And they'd have no choice but to drive it --civil rights laws be damned.
Also: remember that it wasn't just African-Americans that were sundowned out. The Chinese were expelled from many towns across the West (including almost the entire states of Idaho and Wyoming) in the early part of the last century. Japanese communities relocated after the exclusionary acts of the 1920s, and many disappeared completely after the World War II internment. The white-hot animus we see against Latino immigrants in so many towns and suburbs today has a long and sordid history. These people have good reason to believe they can turn back the tide: they know that their own grandparents were very successful in expelling non-whites in the past, and in many cases there's a perverse sense of obligation to maintain that legacy for the generations to come. Uncovering and confronting that past gives us a powerful way to confront the would-be sundowners who are still in our midst today.
A word of warning
Loewen issues a serious warning that digging up this secret history is painful. Even today, there are probably people in your town who are very invested in not going there. They don't want to face up to the ways their parents behaved and thought, or the things their grandparents did. They don't want to give up the polite fiction that they're not racist, or are contributing to the perpetuation of a racist society. They don't want to give up a history that, in the backs of their minds, justifies continued exclusion. And, perhaps worst of all: They're afraid they'll find they owe someone something.
And they do. At the very least, they owe their children the truth. At most, they owe America the chance to heal its deepest racial wounds. Outing sundown towns, one by one, may be our last best chance for this long-awaited healing to finally begin. The good news is that it's something we can do locally. Uncovering a town's racial history can be a soul-changing service project for a church or civic group, or an engrossing task for a high school history class. Or you can do it on your own or with a few friends, sleuthing around in your spare time to discover pieces of your local past that can have an important impact on its future.
But don't kid yourself: one of the things you will certainly be forced to confront is the deep-seated racism of people you might never expect it of.
So, how do you out a sundown town? For those willing to take up the challenge, Loewen lays out the following plan of action.
Step 1: Start with the census
The census figures for your town will tell the whole story at one glance. Your local library will have the local census going back to the city's founding; or you may be able to pull the data up online at www.census.gov. (Loewen warns that this is not an easy site to use; and my own experiments with it lead me to echo that warning.) Click on Census 2000 (even if you're looking for 1910); then look for the list of censuses for previous years. You may or may not find the year you're looking for. It may take some wandering around the site to find the data for the year, state, and town you're looking for -- a search that's made more complicated by the fact that the data for different decades are recorded according to different systems.
You're looking for the town's decade-by-decade population breakdown by race; and also by age and sex. Early census figures aren't as reliable or detailed as later ones; and it's not unusual to discover that there's no race data at all, especially for towns with a population under 2500. But from 1950 on, the figures should be reliable and quite detailed.
Look at the overall county census data, too. You may have a better chance of finding a racial breakdown. And note, too, that it was common for entire counties to go sundown at once. Loewen also point researchers to the University of Virginia's Fisher library census database, which offers census data by county and is much easier than census.gov to navigate.
Loewen's own Sundown Towns website also has census figures for the towns he's investigated, along with the data and anecdotes he's collected from thousands of sundown hunters working across the country. This is a not-to-be-missed first stop on your search. If your town is there, it will give you plenty to start with. If it's not, looking at the known sundown towns in your region may give you some insight into the timing and causes of possible sundowning.
Once you've got the figures, what are you looking for? Loewen noted several patterns that point to a possible sundown town:
-- Look for a sudden drop-off in a minority population. If the town had 200 blacks in 1920, and 12 in 1930, it's a clear sign that something happened in the course of that decade to change the demographics. It's a strong suggestion that a) sundowning happened; and b) this is decade you should focus your further research on.
-- Be suspicious if there are fewer than ten members of a given minority in a small town. In a larger city, look for an African-American (or Asian) population under 0.1%. There were often a few token people who were allowed to stay on in town provisionally: usually, they offered an unusual trade or service that a small town relied on, and were thus granted an exception to the sundown rules.
-- Look for great disparities in gender. Loewen notes that in covenanted suburbs, a female-to-male ratio above two-to-one indicates that the minority population comprises mostly live-in domestic servants. Even if the number of blacks is quite high, the town is effectively sundowned, since black families aren't allowed to live there.
-- Look at the age range of the minorities you find. If they numbers are concentrated in the 19-34 age range, it suggests there's an institution of some sort that's housing them -- another sign that minority families were discouraged from settling there.
Step 2: Visit the library
Actually: visit two. Go to the one in your town; and then also plan to make a trip to the county library's main branch at the county seat. Each library will have a local history department. (In some libraries, it's just one shelf; in others, it may be its own separate room.) Read through those local history books. If you've found the decade when the sundowning apparently happened, this will narrow your search -- but pay attention to the decades just before and after, too. What were the big issues and changes in that decade? Was there a major economic shift that brought in new groups, or brought hardship to existing ones? Who were the leaders in town at the time, and how did they manage these changes? The goal here is to gather hints as to what might have triggered the sundowning.
Don't expect to find any references to sundowning, or expulsion of certain minorities. There will be nothing about it being a sundown town, or exclusive in any way. But, even so, you may find little factoids that you can begin to draw inferences from.
You might also ask to look through the area's major newspaper for that decade. It can take a few hours to review ten years' worth of a weekly paper, but you may find hints of social and economic shifts that may have precipitated sundowning; or real estate ads that lay out the terms under which new covenanted subdivisions were first sold. (Racial exclusivity was often a major selling point, and either hinted at or overtly spelled out in the ads.)
In towns that predate the Civil War, Loewen suggests taking a close look at the town's Civil War history. Was it mainly Democratic or Republican around the time of the Civil War? Did it go for Douglas or Lincoln in 1860? Democratic towns, or those that went for Douglas, are more likely to have sundowned later on, since the 19th century Democrats were the party of white supremacy. Also: what do the histories say about the Civil War itself? In some northern towns, you'll read that the war was fought to hold the country together and eliminate slavery. If it mentions slavery as a cause of the civil war, that may be a hint suggesting positive local attitudes toward African-Americans. Also: how did the local boys go to that war? Were they drafted? Did they volunteer? Were there draft riots? A town that resisted going to war may have had more negative attitudes toward blacks.
Step 3: Take it to City Hall
Armed with proof of a racial shift, and some historical hints about how it might have happened, your next stop is City Hall.
First, sift through the city council minutes of your target decade (and, perhaps, the one or two decades before), looking for ordinances or other discussion regarding racial events. Loewen has yet to hear of a written sundown ordinance anywhere -- but there may have been other policies enacted that were effectively racist even if they weren't overtly so.
Next, look at the property deeds for various neighborhoods. Some may have names indicative of a black population ("Black Hills" or "Black Creek," for example). Look particularly for black churches, such as African Methodist Episcopal churches, and look at the dates on their deeds. If they sold their church building and didn't build a new one, that may be because they were being sundowned out. Read the original deeds for the elite suburbs, too: many of these were built as white neighborhoods, covenanted from the beginning to ensure no minorities would never live there.
Step 4: Talk to people
Since the sundowning movement started in 1890 and ran up until 1950 -- and covenanted suburbs were being built right up until the Fair Housing Act of 1968 -- odds are good you can find some old-timers who remember this first-hand, or at least have it second-hand from parents or grandparents who were there. Loewen suggests that the main purpose of the earlier research is to provide a foundation that will enable you to find these people, and ask the kinds of questions that will yield a rich oral history of what happened.
Start with the librarians at the two libraries. There's usually one in every town library who specializes in local history, and who can be a tremendous resource -- or something of a barrier, depending on how strongly he or she is invested in promoting a feel-good narrative of the area's past. Loewen finds that it's useful to start the conversation on some topic other than race relations. Ask about population variations over time: "I notice Smithville did very well through the Depression..." Ask about those economic and demographic shifts in the decade that you're focusing on. Only after that person's comfortable do you ask about the declines in black population that showed up in the census figures.
The local historical and geneology societies are your next stop. "The geneologists are often very useful: they love stories about the black sheep in families, and will dish enthusiastically," says Loewen. On the other hand, he warns that historical societies are often (either officially, or in their own minds) a de facto branch of the Chamber of Commerce. They may try to give you the best possible gloss, and will offer nothing incriminating in writing. On the other hand, a sympathetic member may tell you things off the official record that can take your search all kinds of interesting places.
There are two important questions to ask everyone you talk to. The first one is: "How do you know what you're telling me?" Did they see sundown signs themselves? (Of course, many towns never bothered to put up signs.) Were there ordinances? Did they hear family stories? Was there police harassment? (Though actual ordinances are very rare, police typically enforced this unwritten law anyway.) Oral history is tricky business, because so much is unverifiable. Asking "How do you know this?" about every story you hear will help you assess the veracity of the tales.
The second question is: "Who else knows the history around here?" Keep following up, and eventually you'll find the people who can validate what you've already heard; and help you piece together what happened, when, for what reasons, and under whose instigation.
Step 5: Go public
Loewen stresses that it's important not to go public with your project until after the bulk of your research is done. He suggests that the best strategy is to get the early research done quickly, before word gets around. People may be far less likely to want to talk to you once they know what you're up to.
Once you've got the goods, write an article. Start talking to church, school, or service groups. Make a presentation to the historical and geneological societies. Loewen believes that that this information empowers people: in many towns, having this piece of history exposed is the first step in a larger truth and reconciliation effort that can put the future on an entirely different path.
According to Loewen, towns that remain overwhelmingly white need to take three steps to get over it:
1. Admit it. Being confronted with the particulars of their own local history helps.Most importantly, it may mean talking, openly and honestly, about what kind of community you want to be. Sundowning and covenanting directly created the urban ghettos of the 20th century: black America settled in the inner cities because it literally had nowhere else to go. Reversing that trend, and restoring the right of all Americans to live and travel where they please, is the first step in reversing a whole cascade of other social ills that still proceed from a century and a half of segregation.
2. Apologize. Make amends. Put up an exhibit in the local history museum; find ways to discuss and commemorate these events and ensure they won't evaporate again from the local historical narrative.
3. State that you don't do it any more -- and mean it. This may mean educating real-estate agents who still quietly practice "steering." Or having a parents' group visit the schools, talk to the teachers, and review the history books to find out what the kids are learning about both national and local racial history. What's being slid under the rug? Is the teacher qualified? (Loewen notes that nationally, there are more history teachers teaching out of their field than in any other subject, especially in the south and midwest. Furthermore: a striking number of these are sports coaches.) Or educating business people on the ways ethnic and racial diversity increase the economic prospects of an area, pointing out that the most depressed parts of the country are invariably also the most segregated ones.
The sins of the past are only sins now if you're still engaging in them. This is one sin we have a chance to put a real, history-making stop to -- in ones and twos and small groups, working from our living rooms and church basements, in the perceived safety of our all-white enclaves where race only apparently ceased to be a question a very long time ago.
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Based on “The Military and institutional Occupations of Charles Fort, St. Kitts, West Indies” by Gerald Schroedl and Todd M Ahlman in Historical Archaeologies of the Caribbean: Contextualizing Sites through Colonialism, Capitalism and Globalism edited by Todd M Ahlman and Gerald F Schroedl (Tuscaloosa, University of Alabama Press, 2020)
The Second Anglo-Dutch war was fought between 1665 and 1667. France became involved as it had a defensive alliance with Holland. In St. Kitts where the English and the French continued to share the island, the French attacked British fortifications and plantations. When the war was over, the island returned to being a shared space. The English dismantled their damaged gun placements near the northern French boundary and around 1674 started constructing Charles Fort to guard Sandy Point which was, by then, their main trading port. The Fort covered 4.2 acres and was surrounded by a defensive ditch. It was mostly completed by the late 1680s but the five bastions were still under construction in the 1730s. Enslaved labourers from the plantations constructed it, maintained it and repaired it especially after the numerous battles and invasions that were fought on the island in its first 100 years of colonisation..
During the French invasion of 1689, Col Thomas Hill and 400 men were able to hold out there until they surrendered six weeks later. The English retook the fort in less than a week, the following year, by using cannon fire from Brimstone Hill. This short but intense siege caused the destruction of numerous houses with the grounds of Charles Fort. The ruinous French invasion of 1706 also caused damage to the fort and the structures within it. In 1724, the fort was armed with 27 canons. The compound contained a store house, guardhouse, barracks and officers’ quarters, prison, arsenal and magazine, a stone kitchen and two ovens. In 1779, a proposal was made to build a hospital, a blacksmith shop and a shade for the carpenter’s shop. It could hold from 30 to 100 men.
Charles Fort continued to be maintained for a while after the French invasion of 1782 but by then most of the resources were being applied to Brimstone Hill. In 1838, it was reported that all fortifications around the Island with the exception of the Hill were in ruins. New uses were considered for Charles Fort. In 1839 consideration was given to turning it into a poor house, then a lunatic asylum in 1846 and in 1854 it was to be turned into a lazaretto.
The Lazaretto finally materialised in 1890. As a result, the fort was laid out in four distinct areas - administration and food preparation, treatment, separate housing for male and female patients, and a cemetery and church. It was estimated that 100 patients could be accommodated. Men outnumbered women. Patients housing consisted of prefabricated housing imported from the US. The grounds were landscaped and fenced. In 1926, a wooden assembly or recreation area was built. Male and female patient interaction was again restricted within this structure. Here patients could listen to radio and later watch television. They could also grow vegetables and tend flower beds. As health services improved and more medicine became available, the number of patients declined. Following the introduction of universal suffrage in 1952, the leper home in Charles Fort had its own polling station. The institution was finally closed in 1996.
In 2012 Charles Fort was vested in the St. Christopher National Trust and is currently managed by the Brimstone Hill Society and National Park on behalf of the Trust.
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Electric cars are here and are likely to be powering all our cars at some point in the near future. They attract a great deal of interest and awareness when it comes to sustainability – but is Australia ready to go electric?
WHAT ABOUT OUR INFRASTRUCTURE?
One of the biggest problems Australia faces is Australia itself. The sheer size and lack of inland population make electric cars unrealistic to many, as vehicle range and reliable charging points away from home or outside main cities are major concerns.
There would need to be major infrastructure developments within Australia in order to cater for a majority shift towards electric vehicles. Drivers need affordable and available charging points at workplaces and public destinations – something that Tesla Motors is currently working to make a reality. This will essentially create a Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane route for electric cars.
Australia lags behind just about every other developed nation in the uptake of electric cars. Aside from the current lack of infrastructure, there are currently no government incentives for those who use clean vehicles. A factor that, if introduced, would surely further aid the shift towards a greener Australia.
ELECTRIC CAR EFFICIENCY
Electric cars need to be competitive in terms of convenience, not just emission output, style and cost. Even where charging points are available, the time needed to recharge an electric car can be significant. Finding a petrol station and topping up within five minutes takes less forward planning than a 30-minute charging pit stop.
That said, the average Australian passenger car travels 38km per day – meaning an electric car with a 400km range is potentially more efficient for inner-city commuting or just as a general run-around. Take into account overnight charging, the question of efficiency shouldn’t be a huge hindrance for many Aussie drivers.
WHAT ARE THE COSTS OF GOING GREEN?
One of the biggest hurdles electric car retailers are working to overcome is creating a car worth its price tag. Unless you’re an eco-warrior, why would you want to spend $50,000 on an electric car that isn’t as nice as a $20,000 car running on petrol? For the everyday consumer, electricity isn’t exciting enough to warrant a price gap of that size.
What we are seeing now, especially with companies like Tesla, are cars that match their price point petrol rivals for luxury, design and accessories, while still running on electricity. That’s more like it.
To make the deal a little sweeter, running costs of an electric car are much lower than those of their petrol-guzzling counterparts. Electric motors do not have oil, filters, timing belts or other items that need replacing over time. There is also no mandatory servicing, which means more money is saved. Not to mention that powering your car on electricity is a fraction of the cost of petrol. Who doesn’t love a bargain?
Arguably the key selling point of the electric car is its minimised environmental impact. We live in an age where taking care of our environment has become paramount. Renewable energy or green energy have become focus points of a cleaner future – but more needs to be done.
Electric cars promise to spur a transport transformation, aimed at stabilising human-induced climate change whilst maintaining current standards of usability. Although electric grids in Australia are heavily dependent on coal, switching from petrol cars to electric cars would drastically reduce our country’s CO2 emissions. With the added possibility of solar powered charging points, sustainably-powered vehicles are well on the way to becoming a reality.
WOULD YOU GO ELECTRIC?
We may be slow initial adopters of the electric car, but the proposed electric infrastructure developments coupled with increasing affordability may well turn Australia green in years to come. After all, we’re a nation of nature lovers who value the environment we live in. So next time you buy – will you consider going green?
Next time you rent a car, do something good the planet as well as your pocket. Reduce your carbon footprint with an eco-friendly car hire from Europcar.
Images used under license from Shutterstock.com
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Camelina is an old crop, but not well known in the United States. After researching it as undergraduate students at Montana State University, Matt Kirkpatrick and Bruce Thompson are encouraging Montanans to grow camelina as an alternative to flax and wheat. Camelina is high in omega 3, they said, so it could be used to fight obesity, enhance mental acuity and decrease inflammations. It is also high in antioxidants and thrives in cold weather. Montana grew one acre of camelina in 2004 and 14,500 acres in 2006. Kirkpatrick and Thompson both graduated last year, but they are still researching camelina at MSU while waiting to attend graduate school. Kirkpatrick is a native of Great Falls. Thompson is from Butte.
Look to the tiger beetles
People talk about canaries in a coal mine, but Mike Kippenhan says tiger beetles are good indicators of what's happening in the environment, too. Tiger beetles can be found in various places, but certain species only live in one environment. They don't show up in a patch of alkaline soil, for example, then move to a sand dune. If they're normally found in mountains, they don't move to grassland. Kippenhan teaches graphic design at MSU, but he has collected and researched insects for years. He also has a private insect collection and donates some of his findings to museums. He has written scientific papers and assists entomologist Mike Ivie, curator of the MSU insect collection. Kippenhan recently spoke at MSU about his experiences collecting insects in Korea.
Taking a stand
Montana will become a desert by 2100 if nothing is done to slow global warming, according to four MSU students. After researching global warming and climate change for their university seminar course in the College of Letters and Science, the students decided to request an appearance before the Bozeman City Commission, said instructor Teresa Greenwood. The students want the commission to endorse "The 10 Percent Challenge," a voluntary program to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 10 percent. The program recommends, among other things, that businesses turn down thermostats by one degree, replace incandescent bulbs with florescent bulbs, turn off office equipment when it's not being used, and use Energy Star appliances. The involved students are Heather DeGraw of Bozeman, Pelin Zan of Turkey, Brianne Barber of South Dakota and Krysten Fitzsimmons of Oregon.
CT scans have helped MSU paleontologists study dinosaur bones and dinosaur eggs. The equipment has now been used to examine the skull and lower jaw of an ancient marine reptile found in central Montana. Called a long-necked plesiosaur, the animal lived about 70 million years ago and died about the same time as dinosaurs. Pat Druckenmiller, adjunct professor in earth sciences, recently took the fossils to Bozeman Deaconess Hospital to be scanned. After laying the skull and lower jaw on the table where a person usually lies, Druckenmiller said the scans will give him much more information than he could gather otherwise. He could have injected latex into the skull, but said that would have been somewhat destructive and wouldn't have produced the same quality information as a CT scan.
A metallic, blue-black weevil called Mecinus janthinus could become part of an integrated effort to fight Dalmatian toadflax in Montana, says Sharlene Sing, an MSU researcher in the Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences. The adult weevil eats buds and leaves, which decreases photosynthesis and reduces the amount of carbohydrates stored in the weed's roots. Immature weevils make things worse by feeding on inner tissue. As a result, the Dalmatian toadflax can't take in water and nutrients like it normally would. The weevil was released 10 years ago in Montana and has been monitored every year since, Sing said. Researchers want to see how effective it is under various conditions, if it would be effective on a large scale and how compatible it would be with grazing and herbicides.
Evelyn Boswell, (406) 994-5135 or [email protected]
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We’ve long taken for granted the notion that children’s toys can, and perhaps should, be both educational and fun. But this was a relatively novel idea when Pacific University alumnus Alfred Carlton “A.C.” Gilbert (1884-1961) invented the Erector set in the early 1900s.
In a print ad (circa 1922) for the Erector set, Gilbert recalled how, as a child, he longed to “play with scientific things,” but couldn’t find such toys. He vowed to someday make “a new generation of toys,” a promise that years later gave rise to the now-iconic Erector set and many other toys rooted in science and engineering.
Sold in its trademark red-metal box, the Erector set was used by generations of children to assemble realistic carousels, aircraft, Ferris wheels, lift cranes and other toys. One of the reasons for its popularity was that the collection of bolts, metal beams, gears and other parts (including a small electric motor) could be used to build a model and then taken apart and assembled into something else.
Gilbert’s namesake firm sold an estimated 30 million Erector sets and grew to become one of the largest toy companies in the world.
He achieved fame as well as fortune. As a young man, he won a gold medal for pole vaulting at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. About a decade later, the press nicknamed Gilbert “the Man Who Saved Christmas” after he persuaded U.S. defense officials to lift a ban on toy manufacturing imposed at the start of the first World War.
Gilbert Hall, a residential hall at Pacific that opened in 2009, is named in his honor, as is the Gilbert House Children’s Museum in Salem, Ore.
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noun, Older Use: Disparaging and Offensive.
a contemptuous term used to refer to a white or other non-Indian man married to a North American Indian woman.
(offensive) a White or other non-American-Indian man married to a North American Indian woman
noun 1. a short, sharp, shrill cry; a sharp, high-pitched sound. 2. Informal. opportunity; chance: their last squeak to correct the manuscript. 3. an escape from defeat, danger, death, or destruction (usually qualified by narrow or close). verb (used without object) 4. to utter or emit a squeak or squeaky sound. 5. Slang. to confess […]
noun 1. a person or thing that squeaks. 2. Informal. a contest or game won by a very small margin. 3. Informal. a dangerous situation. squawk box
[skwee-kee-kleen] /ˈskwi kiˈklin/ adjective, Informal. 1. scrupulously clean. 2. virtuous, wholesome, and above reproach: a squeaky-clean reputation. squeaky-clean adjective 1. (of hair) washed so clean that wet strands squeak when rubbed 2. completely clean 3. (informal, derogatory) (of a person) cultivating a virtuous and wholesome image squeak by
- Squeaky wheel gets the grease
, I always long for peace, But the wheel that does the squeaking Is the one that gets the grease.” However, the idea of the idiom is much older. A manuscript from about 1400 had: “Ever the worst spoke of the cart creaks.” Similar sayings were repeated over the succeeding centuries.
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Published on January 7, 2013 by Carol
Editor: Dawn Bates, Thom Hess. Vi Hilbert
dna testing, dna ancestry testing, ancestry, genealogy, indian genealogy records, paternity testing, turquoise jewelry, native american jewelry
A celebration of western Washington Native language and culture, this book is a completely reformatted and greatly revised and expanded update of Thom Hess’s Dictionary of Puget Salish (1976). Editor Dawn Bates integrates the field notes of Vi Hilbert, UpperSkagit elder and native speaker of Lushootseed, with Hess’s analyses, mining information gathered by Hilbert and Hess from Skagit, Tulalip, Muckleshoot, Swinomish, Puyallup, and other Native consultants over a period of thirty years. The dictionary includes numerous example sentences taken from Lushootseed’s rich tradition of storytelling. The introduction to the Lushootseed-English section catalogs Lushootseed word-building structures, and entries exemplify each prefix, suffix, and root. The English-Lushootseed section features encyclopedic entries on many culturally significant topics, such as Native canoe classifications and animal names. Scientific classifications are included for botanical terms, and cultural information makes the volume interesting for the nonlinguist. An extensive introduction explains the structure of entries and provides clear definitions of grammatical terms. A detailed description of the sounds of Lushootseed will be invaluable for learners of the language. The traditional dictionary format is readable and economical, resulting in a volume of manageable size. This book is intended for use by a divers readership which includes Lushootseed speakers and their families, people of Lushootseed heritage unfamiliar with the languages, linguists, folklorists, and those interested in oral literature and the native culture of Washington state.
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What Is a Quasi Experimental Study?
Quasi-experimental studies are research designs that evaluate human behavior. Sociologists and psychologists often perform quasi-experimental research to study individuals within the same environment facing similar circumstances. Although circumstances or environments are the same, the groups or individuals have very different experiences based on a variety of factors. Quasi-experimental research studies these factors and the effects that they have on the outcome.
1 Quasi-Experimental Topics
Countless quasi-experimental topics focus on a person’s environment or social setting. For example, a sociologist may research two boys of the same age who live in the same poor neighborhood, attend the same schools and have access to the same opportunities. If one boy is on his way to Harvard University after graduation and the other is a high-school dropout who sells drugs, quasi-experimental research can evaluate the variables that led to these outcomes.
Quasi-experimental designs help researchers determine the trends that lead to specific outcomes in certain neighborhoods, schools or within specific ethnic groups. These trends allow sociologists or psychologists to develop statistical data on a variety of topics. These statistics are included in countless psychological journals, textbooks and research publications. Community programs, politicians and neighborhood activists may use the data to make changes that will affect individuals or communities positively.
Many social scientists consider quasi-experimental studies to be meaningless because so many influences affect the results of an experiment, and quasi-experimental research is not detailed enough to determine each influential factor. Some researchers believe that it is impossible to conduct accurate experiments on human behavior. However, social scientists who use quasi-experimental research generally perform experiments that use stimuli that they can control or manipulate to get more accurate results.
4 When to Use Quasi-Experimental Research
Social scientists use this form of research in situations where they cannot randomly assign individuals to treatment groups. For example, researchers who study the effects of drug abuse on pregnant women cannot randomly ask a drug-free pregnant woman to participate in the study. Pre-existing situations must be present for quasi-experiments to take place. The studies can focus on serious issues that can lead to detrimental outcomes, or they can be fun experiments that evaluate why people behave a certain way in specific social settings.
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Italian is a Romantic language of Latin origin and belongs to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the closest of all Romance languages to the Latin vocabulary.
Even today there are many different Italian dialects. Historically, each city-state has its own dialects, and by the 14th century it began to dominate others. The modern standard is based on the Tuscan dialect that dominates for various reasons, such as the geographical location of the region, the importance of Florence for trade and culture, and the classic Latin proximity of the Tuscan dialect. However, as much as the unification of Italy in 1861, the standard Italian did not become the national language of the country.
In which countries is Italian as a national language?
It is the official language of Italy, Italy and San Marino, and is also one of four official languages in Switzerland. Italian was the official language of Malta until 1934 and is still widely spoken (about two-thirds of the population is fluent in Italian). In the Croatian town of Istria, Italian is considered an official minority language.
How many people in the world speak Italian?
It is estimated that approximately 60 million people speak Italian in the EU and 14 million people speak as a second language. The United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina have large expatriate Italian communities. While a million people in the United States speak Italian at home, more than 17 million Americans are of Italian origin. It is spoken in Italian by a minority in Monaco, Corsica and Southeast France and Italian Voice Over work is being done. The language is still widely understood as a remnant of the Italian colonial period in the African countries of Libya and Eritrea.
Word similarity between Italian and other languages (comparing word sets): 90% with French, 88% with Catalan, 85% with Spanish and Portuguese, and 77% with Romania. There are only 21 letters in the Italian alphabet. J, k, w, x and y are not used, but appear on credit cards such as jeans, whiskeys and taxis. Italy was the place of the educated European gentleman to be visited during the Renaissance. In the UK now, Italian has become the second most common modern language to be learned after French. Italian credits were used and used in cultural contexts such as art and music in Europe. Some of the most prominent Italian dialects are surprisingly found on the islands of Sardinia, Sicily and Corsica. A group of dialects in the north and northwest of Italy exhibit a strong French influence. Italian Polish Voice It carries marked marks and is known as Gallo-Italian.
Current Status of Italian Economy
Italy has a diversified industrial economy - the ninth largest in the world, the fourth largest in Europe and the third largest in the Eurozone (nominal GDP). The country is economically divided between the more industrial north (managed by private companies) and the less developed, with the agricultural south (with high unemployment). The production of high quality consumer goods of SMEs (usually family) is important for the national economy. Italy is a member of G7, G8, European Union and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Voice Bank How to use?
Especially in channels containing more than one foreign language, you can easily reach the sounds in our voice bank by customizing the searches you make and you can go ahead in the race against time. Italian Audio bank The company consists of experts in the categories such as voice actors, radio and tv voiceover, publicity voiceover, educational film dubbing and voiceover, animation and documentary voiceover, store announcement voiceover and centralized announcement voiceover. Our voice actors in the sound bank are waiting for you to bring your projects to life.
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Migraines are a relatively common and often debilitating type of headache, afflicting as many as 33 million Americans. One in four families have at least one migraine sufferer in the household. Twenty-five percent of migraine sufferers have at least one attack each week! Depression also affects 33% to 66% of patients with chronic migraine. If you suffer from recurring headaches that you believe are migraines, you're probably right—patients who see their physician and state they have migraine headaches are correct 99% of the time!
There are two types of migraines: Common and Classic. Sufferers of classic migraine, approximately 15% of migraine patients, experience a temporary neurological symptom called an aura. This is the primary difference between the classic and common migraines. The aura is often visual disturbance, involving geometric shapes that slowly expand and move, but can also be numbness, weakness, or speech difficulty.
Migraines are characterized by a pulsating or throbbing quality, like a heart beat, and are unilateral, meaning they occur on one side of the head. To be diagnosed as a migraine, the headache must last at least 4 hours unless they go away with a migraine specific medication. Symptoms can include nausea and sensitivity to light, smell or sounds. Migraines are often aggravated by physical activity. If you have recurrent headaches that are moderately or severely painful and have at least one of the symptoms mentioned above then they are likely migraines.
This educational content was written by Brian D. Loftus, MD, a neurologist, headache specialist and developer of iHeadache. The science and study of headaces is changing rapidly. If there is information on this page that is incorrect or needs revision, please contact us.
iHeadache is a comprehensive electronic headache diary that tracks how many headaches you are having, your disability, medication usage, triggers, pain and more.
Originally developed for the iPhone and BlackBerry, iHeadache is now available online. Your data is available, at a glance or in detail, when you need it.
Share your data with your doctor to optimize your treatment plan. Accurate headache tracking helps you and your doctor determine what works and what doesn't.
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Welcome to our The Tower of London history section. You can skip to subsequent pages using the links below or simply continue reading to start at the beginning.
A typical example of the feudal fortresses so numerous in England in the time of the Normans, the Tower, formerly the residence of our monarchs, is one of the oldest and most interesting buildings in London.
It consists of a central donjon or keep 92 ft. high, with walls 16 ft. thick, known as the White Tower, dating from the time of William the Conqueror (although tradition ascribes it to Julius Caesar, who it is probable may have built fortifications on its site), surrounded by barracks, armouries, etc., of modern date, and enclosed within a double line of fortifications, the whole being encircled by a moat called the Tower Ditch, which is now dry, but can still be flooded by the garrison.
The castellated walls date from various periods, having been added from time to time by different monarchs of England.
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family: a brief historical summary
Overview from early times
The family takes its name from Baron Fulco d’Aunou (Fulques d’Aunou) of Aunou le Faucon via Argentan, in
France. Fulco, born 1004, was the second
son of Baldric le Teuton , born 977, of Bacqueville in Normandy,
and Clare de Clare, born 981. Baldric was a son of Wigerius (Wiger), born 952, one of a number of Jewish traders brought into
Normandy from Germany by Duke Richard
1st in an endeavour to boost trade in Normandy.
Clare was a daughter of Richard de Clare, born 948, and Rohesia, born 959, a natural daughter of Duke Richard 1st
and a concubine of name unknown. Clare was a full sister of Geoffrey de Brionne. By his descent from Richard the First Fulco
was a second cousin of William the Conqueror. Fulco married Hadvisa whose family is unknown to the writer.
Baldric had his home in Bacqueville-en-Caux, Normandy.
He and his family were for a short time in Apulia, Italy, about 1017. Here they adopted as the family seal the Byzantine symbol of
the crescent moon and the pentagonal star. This symbol was later adopted by the Turkish Empire
and later again became the symbol of Islam. In Ireland this symbol was
subsequently altered to the bugle horn and star and was incorporated into the family coat of arms, for in Ireland the Irish founding father Henry de Quemerford d’Aunou was appointed
Great Master of the Game. Fulco or an early descendant also adopted the displayed eagle from the Byzantine flag as the family
shield charge but this subsequently came to be shown on the shield as a fess and four eagles. Baldric’s six sons all
rose to great prominence and founded families that were to establish themselves among the leading families of Normandy and
Great Britain including the families of de Bacqueville/Baskerville, d’Aunou/Dando/Comerford, de Courci and de Neuville/Neville.
His two daughters likewise helped to establish and were members of prominent families
Fulco is one of 30 or so people known by name to have fought at Hastings.
He is also shown on several documents to have been a witness to a number of documents of Duke William before the Conquest
including one between William and the Pope. He was succeeded in Aunou le Faucon by his son Fulco. The d’Aunou family
name is still to be found today in the area around Argentan. The name Fulco means falcon and the name Fulco d’Aunou
means hunter of the forest, that is the forest about the Orne
River. Baron Fulco d’Aunou was a warrior and one of the leading
Norman lords. His name is on the Battle Abbey Roll (naming those known to have taken part in the Conquest) posted by the French
Government in 1931 in the Town Hall of Falaise
in Normandy (the birthplace of The Conqueror). Also on the
roll are Baldric’s son Richard de Neuville and grandsons Richard and Aubri de Courci and Gilbert de Neuville. (The family
names of his other sons, de Bacqueville, de Balgenzais and Apulensis, do not appear but they may well have taken part in the
Conquest and indeed their names may be shown in other forms.)
A second son of Fulco, probably Nicholas, settled in Quemerford Village near Calne in Wiltshire, England. A branch of this family moved to Somerset
and eventually elided the name to Dando and gained considerable prominence. Another branch, founded by Henry, went to Ireland with Prince John in 1185 landing at Crooke (Crucan – the little hill) near Passage
East (An Pasaiste) in Waterford at noon on the 25th
April of that year. In Ireland he adopted
the Gaelic name of O’Comartun (pronounced O’Comartoon). The family name seems to have died out at Quemerford by
1400. In Ireland the family settled in County
Kilkenny and took the name de Quemerford after the English Village of that name. After about 1400
most family members simplified the name to Quemerford and from about 1620 it gradually took the form of Comerford although
the original form of Quemerford was still in use well into the 1700’s. The Irish branch was to gain great prominence
and at one stage was in possession of seven castles including the now restored Ballybur
Castle just south of Kilkenny
City, built by Richard Quemerford in 1480. In the early 1400’s
Richard de Quemerford of Maiowestern (born 1370c) and grandfather of the above Richard of Ballybur, was elevated to the position
of Baron of Danganmore, a palatine title bestowed on behalf of the English monarch Henry IV by the Irish lord James Butler,
Lord of Ormond. In 1433 his nephew Fulco assumed the office of Mayor of Waterford and his descendants held high rank in that
city 1648. The family was dispossessed during the English invasion under Cromwell in 1648, most especially because they offered
strong resistance. Interestingly, the name Fulco continued in the Irish family until recent times.
[By way of note all of the Kilkenny castles, Danganmore, Ballybur, Ballymacka, Kilbline, Derryleigh and Inchihologhan
were in close proximity and are a little to the north of Kilnaspic which is in the area of Mooncoin. Ballybur (fully restored)
and Kilbline still stand and remnants of Danganmore are still evident. When the writer visited Kilbline the owners, the Lennon
family, were working to maintain it. Also, the name Richard is dominant in the family and extends back as far as Fulco (1004)
when one of his brothers was Richard – Richard de Neuville. At Ballybur there were four Richards in succession. The
writer’s father was Richard, named after his grandfather.]
The d’Aunou seal of the crescent moon and star was used by the family in Quemerford as the family seal for several
centuries. At the time of Fulco or soon after the French branch of the family adopted for their shield charge a fess and four
eagles displayed. The Byzantine flag showed an eagle displayed. This eagle image is also like the falcon.
The writer’s own family was from the Mooncoin district of Kilkenny and are descendent from the lords of Derryleigh
who were in turn scions of the lords of Ballybur, Barons of Danganmore. The Australian founding father was Patrick Comerford
d’Aunou who migrated to Australia in 1885, arriving on the 24th
January of that year, exactly 700 years after the Irish landing, and settled in the Mansfield
district where his descendants are to this day.
Kilnaspic is at map reference latitude 50°21' north and longitude 7°15' west and is 100 metres above sea level. The complete location description is, in
English and Gaelic: Kilnaspic (Coill-na-Easpag), Mooncoin (Moin Choinn), Iverk Barony (Hy-erc Baruntacht or Uibh Eirc Baruntacht),
County Kilkenny (Contae Cill Chainnigh),
Leinster Province, (Cuige Laighean), Ireland (Eire). Kilnaspic is variously written Killanaspick
or Killanaspug, Kilnaspic means "forest of the bishop": Coill - forest, na - of the, and easpug - bishop. Mooncoin means "mossy
place". Kilkenny means "church of St Canice".
It is in the civil parish of Clonmore. The physical environment has been generally described in the Introduction. It is a
very beautiful place, gently undulating country, green, well treed and productive.
Family place names
1) Aunou le Faucon. South east of Argentan,
Normandy, France. Village
Fulco d’Aunou family ancestor, born 1004.
2) Rue Daunou. Street in central Paris
close by the Opera House.
3) d’Aunou Creek. Barwite via Mansfield,
Village. Near Calne, Wiltshire,
2) Quemerford Road.
( Other names include
Quemerford Gate, Quemerford Mill,)
3) Quemerford Road.
Islington, London. N7.
1) Comerford’s Lot (Lota an Chomartunaigh).
A townland near Golden,
South Tipperary, Ireland. (O’Comartun
is the gaelic writing of Comerford.)
2) Comerford d’Aunou Picnic Ground. Opposite the Grand Gates of
former Quemerford/Comerford Castle of Derryleigh)
via Newmarket, County Kilkenny, Ireland.
3) Comerford Lane.
Carrick-on –Suir, County Tipperary, Ireland.
4) Comerford Road.
Brockley. London, England.
5) Comerford Dam. Connecticut River, Vermont/New Hampshire, USA.
6) Comerford Dam Road.
Barnet, Vermont, USA.
7) Frank D. Comerford Airport. Walpole,
New Hampshire, USA.
8) Comerford Road.
Westmorland, New Hampshire, USA.
9) Comerford Street.
Port Jefferson, Suffolk, New York, USA.
10) Comerford Street,
Tullahoma, Coffee, Tennessee, USA
11) Comerford Street.
Victoria, British Colombia, Canada.
12) Comerford Crescent.
Hollywood, Newfoundland, Canada.
13) Comerford Road.
Conception Bay South, Newfoundland,
14) Comerford Road.
Brudenel, Renfern, Ontario, Canada.
15) Comerford Street.
Esquimalt, Capital, British Colombia, Canada.
16) Tlapa De Comonfort. Guerrero. Mexico. (Town named after the
Mexican president Ignacio Comonfort of the Comerford family.)
17) Ignacio Comonfort Road (?). Leon, Mexico.
18) Comerford Road.
Bajool (West of Gladstone), Queensland, Australia.
19) Comerford Street.
Finch Hatton (west of Mackay), Queensland Australia.
20) Comerford Street.
Cowra, New South Wales, Australia.
21) Comerford Road.
Mukinbudin, Western Australia, Australia. (Mukinbudin
the childhood town of the writer.)
22) Comerfords Lane.
Barwite, Mansfield, Victoria, Australia. (Ancestral
of the writer’s family in Australia.)
23) Comerford’s Find. Bridge Creek, Mansfield,
Victoria, Australia. (A bush
picnic ground in the Australian alps
where the Blue Range Creek crosses
the Blue Range Road. In 1907 twelve
year old Richard J. Comerford on
“Darkie” found a little boy lost in the bush for three days.)
24) Commerford Road.
Concord, Massachusetts, 01742. USA.
25) Commerford Place.
Wonga Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Cumerford Street. Providence, Rhode island, USA.
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Ameny Qemau was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. According to Egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, he was the 5th king of the dynasty, reigning for 2 years over most of Egypt, except perhaps the eastern Nile Delta, from 1793 BC until 1791 BC
The Pyramid of Ameny Qemau is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located in southern Dahshur. It was constructed c. 1790 BC for Ameny Qemau, the 5th king of the 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. The stone constituting its upper structure has been entirely robbed but the damaged substructures remain. The pyramid was discovered by Charles Arthur Muses in 1957 and excavated in 1968. The pyramid originally stood 35 metres (115 ft) high with a base length of 52 metres (171 ft). The burial chamber comprised from a single colossal block of quartzite similar to that of Amenemhat III, with receptacles for the sarcophagus and the canopic jars hewn out of the interior of the block
The earliest known historical mention of the Pyramid of Ameny Qemau is found in the book of the medieval Arab historian Taqi al-Din Ahmad Al-Maqrizi "Geography and History of Egypt" where Al-Maqrizi describes the "Pyramids of Dashur". The pyramid of Ameny Qemau was rediscovered in 1957 by a team led by Charles Arthur Muses.
American expedition in Dahshure, in 1957, discovered a small and heavily damaged pyramid located close to the southeast rim of ancient Lake Dahshure. Broken canopic jars from the site identified the owner as Ameny Kemau (Ameny-Qemau), a little known ruler from the 13th Dynasty during Egypt's Second Intermediate Period. In fact, we know so little about Ameny Kemau that we cannot really even place his order of rule, a not altogether uncommon situation in the intermediate periods. In 1968, Maragioglio and Rinaldi further investigated the structure and refined the pyramids ground plan.
Shortly after, in 1968, Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi investigated the architecture of the pyramid. More recently, the remains of the funerary equipment of the king were published by Nabil Swelim and Aidan Dodson.
This pyramid was originally about 50 meters tall (164 ft). While the superstructure is almost completely destroyed, the substructure is better known. The entrance to the structure was in front of the east side, slightly north of its axis. This entrance leads to a corridor that first apparently led through several small chambers and a barrier before reaching a larger chamber with a stairway leading off to the right (north). This short passage lead to another stairway that again angled back towards the west before making a final left 90 degree turn towards the south and the burial chamber.
The burial chamber lay almost exactly on the pyramids vertical axis, and like a number of earlier pyramids, consisted of an enormous quartzite monolith in which the craftsmen cut two niches, a large one for the coffin and a smaller hole for the king's canopic chest. After the internment, a mighty lid that rested on the floor of the antechamber was slid on to the coffer and locked in place by a sideways sliding porcullis slab. Regrettably, these precautions never seemed to foil grave robbers, who in this case plundered the tomb and left only fragments of the canopic chest.
EGYPTIAN PYRAMID INDEX
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CRYSTALINKS HOME PAGE
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BOOK: THE ALCHEMY OF TIME
DONATION TO CRYSTALINKS
ADVERTISE ON CRYSTALINKS
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Declination. What is it?
1. Every schoolchild knows that it is the Dianthus caryophyllus, cultivated in the Mediterranean region for more than 2000 years and favoured by Vettius Valentine in his collection of blossoms. Although some say it was already cultivated in the hanging gardens of Babylon.
2. It is what any sensible planet does after it has encountered the equator. It is ‘cross and distances itself.
3. It is what occurs when one occupies a chaise longue after a long day at the charts.
4. The word has been misspelled. You mean D-E-C-L-I-M-A-T-I-O-N. Like in the declimation of interference.
5. Declination is part of a coordinate system that shows the position of an object with respect to the equator. Its companion coordinate is right ascension.
6. Declination is a form of inflection much used in hoary astrology, particularly in questions where number, gender, case and possession play a major role.
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Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology have created a robot named DURUS that can walk a lot like a human, and with the swagger of one with a lot of confidence.
Aaron Ames, associate professor of automation and mechatronics says that the process is a lot more complicated than one would expect. Getting the robot to have a natural human swagger requires some intense work.
“In terms of equations, these things are insane. If you were to write them down, we would have thousands of pages of equations that underline this basic motion of the robot,” Ames said.
However, research into the creation of robots that appear like humans has shown that bipedalism is actually fairly ineffective, despite the fact that we humans rely on it. Robots are much more likely to stay steady and not fall over if they have multiple legs or operate on wheels.
So while a multi-legged robot might function better than that of a two-legged robot, the robots themselves are designed to mimic humans in order to respond in disaster scenarios at home and on the battlefield. They must walk on two legs in order to squeeze into tight spaces to perform a rescue. Also, having more than two legs or operating on wheels can make it impossible for a robot to navigate stairs, which might render it useless in many scenarios.
One of the biggest pitfalls of the robot at the moment is that once it falls, it is unable to get back up again. This would make it extremely difficult to use it in a genuine disaster scenario. However, scientists are currently working on remedying this problem.
||Anna Scanlon is an author of YA and historical fiction and a PhD student at the University of Leicester where she is finishing her degree in modern history.
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Although a number of new antibiotics have been discovered in recent decades, our armory against infection is continually being depleted, as our microscopically small enemies are crafty warriors that develop resistance to current antibiotics.
Multiresistant bacteria are a big problem, especially in hospitals. Already weakened patients are easy victims, for which an infection that cannot be treated with antibiotics can quickly become life-threatening. What is needed are active agents that act on completely different sites in the physiological sequence of pathogens than current medicaments. Platensimycin, recently isolated from the mushroom Streptomyces platensis, is such an agent. A Californian team of researchers is now the first to synthesize this natural product completely in the laboratory—a crucial step on the way to a new class of antibiotics.
Platensimycin inhibits an important step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis and in this way paralyzes a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacterial strains. Thus, this natural product in able to kill dangerous germs that have developed resistance not only to established antibiotics but also to standby products. Examples of these include various resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium.
To isolate a complex natural product in sufficient quantity and purity for further experiments is usually a difficult and time-consuming, if not impossible, task. Chemists thus follow a different path: They reproduce the natural product in the laboratory from the ground up. This approach is known as total synthesis. To devise such a total synthesis is an enormous scientific challenge. A way must be found to assemble a complicated synthetic molecule faultlessly from simple, available components—and in sufficiently high yield in each reaction step. The total synthesis of platensimycin has now been accomplished by a team headed by the renowned natural products chemist K. C. Nicolaou (The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, and University of California, San Diego). Platensimycin consists of an unusual aromatic ring coupled through an amide group to a compact cage structure. The team built these two components—each a veritable challenge for synthetic chemists—separately and then joined them in the final step of the synthesis. "The described chemistry," says Nicolaou, "sets the stage for the synthesis of designed analogues for structure–activity relationship studies in the search for new antibacterial agents."
K.C. Nicolaou, Ph.D. | EurekAlert!
Nerves control the body’s bacterial community
26.09.2017 | Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel
Ageless ears? Elderly barn owls do not become hard of hearing
26.09.2017 | Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg
Controlling electronic current is essential to modern electronics, as data and signals are transferred by streams of electrons which are controlled at high speed. Demands on transmission speeds are also increasing as technology develops. Scientists from the Chair of Laser Physics and the Chair of Applied Physics at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) have succeeded in switching on a current with a desired direction in graphene using a single laser pulse within a femtosecond ¬¬ – a femtosecond corresponds to the millionth part of a billionth of a second. This is more than a thousand times faster compared to the most efficient transistors today.
Graphene is up to the job
At the productronica trade fair in Munich this November, the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT will be presenting Laser-Based Tape-Automated Bonding, LaserTAB for short. The experts from Aachen will be demonstrating how new battery cells and power electronics can be micro-welded more efficiently and precisely than ever before thanks to new optics and robot support.
Fraunhofer ILT from Aachen relies on a clever combination of robotics and a laser scanner with new optics as well as process monitoring, which it has developed...
Plants and algae use the enzyme Rubisco to fix carbon dioxide, removing it from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass. Algae have figured out a way to increase the efficiency of carbon fixation. They gather most of their Rubisco into a ball-shaped microcompartment called the pyrenoid, which they flood with a high local concentration of carbon dioxide. A team of scientists at Princeton University, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford University and the Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry have unravelled the mysteries of how the pyrenoid is assembled. These insights can help to engineer crops that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while producing more food.
A warming planet
Our brains house extremely complex neuronal circuits, whose detailed structures are still largely unknown. This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. Here the rules by which nerve cells are connected to each other are only partly understood. A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Frankfiurt Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and Helene Schmidt (Humboldt University in Berlin) have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space.
The researchers report online in Nature (Schmidt et al., 2017. Axonal synapse sorting in medial entorhinal cortex, DOI: 10.1038/nature24005) that synapses in...
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are used to make tiny micro-lasers, sensors, switches, routers and other devices. These tiny structures rely on a...
19.09.2017 | Event News
12.09.2017 | Event News
06.09.2017 | Event News
26.09.2017 | Life Sciences
26.09.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
26.09.2017 | Information Technology
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Climate change will singe today’s young generation. How much chaos it causes is still up to us, but not for long. This report by the World Bank paints a grim picture of how rising greenhouse gas emissions will lay waste to some crops, seaside cities and villages dependent on glacial waters. The time to act, 20 years ago, or now, according to this analysis.
Al Gore’s 24 Hours of Climate Reality, a look at how climate change is costing billions around the globe, kicked off today, with segments covering North America and South America. Featured calamities include: Hurricane Sandy, Colorado’s recent flooding and drought in Mexico where farmers can no longer grow corn.
Our oceans, long taken for granted, are being stressed by pollution, over-fishing and climate change. Plastic gyres, swirling pools of plastic refuse, occupy several spots in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The largest one, in the North Pacific, is estimated to exceed the size of Texas….These linked, but disparate problems — pollution, unsustainable fishing practices, jobs at risk — won’t be solved easily. That’s why several environmental and conservation groups working around the globe have formed the Global Partnership for Oceans. The groups hope that together they can work to save the marine environment before human pressures cause natural fisheries to collapse.
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The Age of the Early Babylonians
If you would check out the historical records of astrology, you would probably see that the people who invented astrology are the Babylonians.
This belief is supported by earliest pieces of astrological documents such as the Enuma Anu Enlil. This particular document is said to have been written during the early 1600 B.C., and holds an enumeration of astronomical omens and the respective interpretations for each.
Babylonian Astrology was used mainly for prediction of certain events like famine, war, o meteorological circumstances. Aside from that, a main concern was also about the king’s fate. Thus, those who know astrology during that time would be employed by the king, and act as personal advisers.
Another piece of history during that time points to around 400 B.C. when this group of people was believed to have started calculating and making a mathematical means to be used in astronomical prediction.
Later, this early system, which was recorded on clay tablets, was disseminated to India and the whole of Middle East. The system proved helpful for the Babylonians in their attempts to read natal horoscopes and make their predictions.
The Era of Greek Astrology
If we are going to talk of the original creators of horoscopic astrology, what would come to mind would be the work of the Greeks. According to history, they get the credit for creating horoscopic astrology that was greatly used for natal horoscopes of people, and for providing answers to certain questions or appropriate actions to take.
With the early system introduced by the Babylonians, the Greeks added their own various ideas and concepts. This includes the concepts of various signs in the horoscope as being male or female in nature, and the concept of a sect.
About 100 B.C., the Romans adopted the system made by the Greeks, but did not add their own innovations. Although this is so, they were known to have documented the system as supported by the comprehensive work of the poet Marcus Manilius who wrote the Astronomica where various aspects of astrology were covered.
Other documented works include that of Dorotheus of Sidon who made a handbook written in poetic verses about astrology. Another work is made by Claudius Ptolemy with the famous book entitled, Tetrabiblos. This summarizes the whole of Greek astrology. And Astrologer Vettius Valens who contributed to Ptolemy’s work and included more than a hundred data on horoscopes. Valens wrote the book, Anthology.
During the medieval times, astrology work was contributed more by the Arabs.
Persian Zoroastrian Naubakht was a famous astrologer in those times, and had been known to use horoscope for the founding of Baghdad.
Muslim regions and India both were thriving on the use of the astrology system.
Other famous astrologers during this period included Arabian astrologer, Masha’allah who wrote numerous books and taught other astrologers such as Abu Ali al-Khayyat (who wrote a natal astrology book). Another – deemed to be the most prolific – was Abu Ma’shar.
The Renaissance Era
Astrology had evolved further during the Renaissance period where a combination of the ancient astrology system, which included the mathematical system and horoscopic interpretations, were both used. But instead of being known as astrologers, people who used astrology were called as mathematicians and astronomers.
The Modern Times
While astrology became more a practice of psychological interpretation, there are still some who continue to practice the traditional way of reading astrology as it was done in ancient times by the Babylonians who invented astrology.
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Invention: Flexible wings
Micro air vehicles with wingspans of less than 20 centimetres are of huge interest at the moment because they can easily carry small payloads such as cameras and microphones over battlefields, disaster zones, and other areas of interest.
But because these aircraft are light, they are also vulnerable to gusts of wind that can fling them off course and disrupt any observations they may be making.
Now, Peter Ifju, an aerospace engineer at the University of Florida, US, and colleagues have developed an aerofoil, or wing shape, that flexes in the wind in response to gusts of wind.
In such a gust, the leading edge of each wing warps to reduce its angle of attack and keep itself pointing into the wind. This flexing can be controlled in such a way that the wing maintains level flight during gusts of wind, Ifju says, and the result should be a smoother ride in blustery conditions.
Read the full flexible wings patent application.
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| 0.952869 | 209 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Minimal information is available in the literature addressing video sharing in nursing education. Using multiple examples, the authors discuss the use of YouTube, a popular video-sharing and social networking site. YouTube is used to illustrate theoretical content, involve students, and inspire innovative teaching methods. Faculty can use this technology to stimulate student discussions, share information, and create a learning community. YouTube stimulates active learning and brings new relevance and applications to nursing curriculum.
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\fi"er*y\ (? or ?), a. [formerly written firy, fr. fire.]
1. consisting of, containing, or resembling, fire; as, the fiery gulf of etna; a fiery appearance. and fiery billows roll below. watts.
2. vehement; ardent; very active; impetuous. hath thy fiery heart so parched thine entrails? the fiery spirit of his forefathers. irwing.
3. passionate; easily provoked; irritable. you know the fiery quality of the duke.
4. unrestrained; fierce; mettlesome; spirited. one curbed the fiery steed.
5. heated by fire, or as if by fire; burning hot; parched; feverish. the sword which is made fiery.
cross, a cross constructed of two firebrands, and pitched upon the point of a spear; formerly in scotland borne by a runner as a signal for the clan to take up arms. w. scott.
1. characterized by intense emotion; "ardent love"; "an ardent lover"; "a burning enthusiasm"; "a fervent desire to change society"; "a fervent admirer"; "fiery oratory"; "an impassioned appeal"; "a torrid love affair" [syn: ardent, burning(a) , fervent, fervid, impassioned, perfervid, torrid]
2. like or suggestive of fire; "the burning sand"; "a fiery desert wind"; "an igneous desert atmosphere" [syn: igneous]
3. very intense; "a fiery temper"; "flaming passions" [syn: flaming]
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| 0.834806 | 358 | 2.6875 | 3 |
MicroPython and the Internet of Things, Part III: Building a MicroPython Application
Posted byon under
In this chapter you are going to learn how to write standalone MicroPython applications and upload them to your microcontroller board.
If you want to see me and hear me explain everything in this tutorial, I encourage you to purchase the video version from my Courses site. Not only it will make for a better learning experience, but you'll also be supporting my effort in keeping my blog updated with relevant content. Thank you!
For your reference, here is the complete list of chapters in this tutorial:
- Chapter 1: Welcome
- Chapter 2: Hello, MicroPython!
- Chapter 3: Building a MicroPython Application (this article)
- Chapter 4: Wi-Fi and the Cloud
- Chapter 5: Temperature and Humidity
- Chapter 6: Working with a Screen
The MicroPython File System
Like with standard Python, MicroPython supports reading and writing files from the file system. But what file system is there in a microcontroller board? In the case of the ESP8266 board, there is actually no file storage, so MicroPython allocates a portion of the flash memory and creates a virtual file system in it. The flash memory is also where the MicroPython firmware is stored. As you recall, in the previous chapter you used the
esptool.py command to write the firmware to this memory. This type of memory preserves its contents even when it loses power, so it is perfect to also use as file storage. The ESP8266 development board that I recommended for this tutorial comes with 4MB of flash memory, which is enough to hold the MicroPython firmware plus a small file system.
I want to note that you may find that for other microcontroller boards file storage might be implemented differently. For example, other boards supported by MicroPython include a micro-SD card slot, so then the file system comes from a card.
You may wonder why I am talking about files. The reason is that there are two files that have special significance in MicroPython, with the names
main.py. As part of the normal start up procedure, MicroPython looks for files with these names in the internal file system, and if it finds them it executes them automatically. As you are going to see soon, the MicroPython firmware already provides a
boot.py file, but it does not include
main.py, which is left for us to provide. So to create an application that is preserved in the flash memory of the board, all that needs to be done is write it to the board as
rshell tool that is used to access the MicroPython REPL provides a set of file system functions. So let's connect the board to the computer with the USB cable, and then start
rshell. If you need a refresher on how to start it, consult the previous chapter.
When you are in the
rshell prompt, type
help to see all the commands it offers:
/Users/miguel/micropython-tutorial> help Documented commands (type help <topic>): ======================================== args cat connect echo exit filetype ls repl rsync boards cd cp edit filesize help mkdir rm shell Use Control-D (or the exit command) to exit rshell.
If you want to know more about any of these commands, you can type
help <command> to get additional documentation. The commands that are interesting in terms of file management are
mkdir. If you have any experience with Unix-based tools you probably know these commands already. Here is a short summary of what each command does:
ls: show the contents of a directory (similar to
cat: show the contents of a file (similar to
cp: copy a file (similar to
rm: delete a file (similar to
mkdir: create a directory
But these commands work in a very interesting way that allows you to work with the file system in your computer and the one in the board at the same time. You can refer to any files in your computer using their path and file names, but the special directory
/pyboard is mapped to the MicroPython's file system.
For example, the
ls /pyboard command lists the contents of the root directory in your MicroPython board:
/Users/migue/micropython-tutorial> ls /pyboard boot.py
ls / command lists the contents of the root directory on your computer:
/Users/miguel/micropython-tutorial> ls / Applications/ System/ bin/ etc/ opt/ tmp/ Library/ Users/ cores/ home/ private/ usr/ Network/ Volumes/ dev/ net/ sbin/ var/
If you want to see the contents of
boot.py in your board you can use
/Users/miguel/micropython-tutorial> cat /pyboard/boot.py # This file is executed on every boot (including wake-boot from deepsleep) #import esp #esp.osdebug(None) import uos, machine #uos.dupterm(None, 1) # disable REPL on UART(0) import gc #import webrepl #webrepl.start() gc.collect()
While there is nothing wrong with modifying and/or adding code to
boot.py, I prefer to leave this file alone, since there are situations where MicroPython itself modifies this file. I prefer to do all my coding on
main.py which is a file I can take complete ownership of.
Blinking Lights Application
To keep all your tutorial files organized, let's create a subdirectory that is going to hold the code for this chapter. So make sure your current directory is set to
micropython-tutorial and create a
(venv) $ mkdir chapter3 (venv) $ cd chapter3
Now use your favorite text editor to create
main.py. For this first version I just copied the while-loop that I created in the previous chapter:
import machine import time led = machine.Pin(2, machine.Pin.OUT) led2 = machine.Pin(16, machine.Pin.OUT) while True: led.on() led2.off() time.sleep(0.5) led.off() led2.on() time.sleep(0.5)
To upload this file to the microcontroller board, you can use the
cp command. To avoid having to jump from the terminal prompt to the
rshell prompt just so that you can type the
cp command and then exit
rshell again, this time let's run the
cp command directly as part of the
(venv) $ rshell --port <board serial port name> cp main.py /pyboard
Of course you need to remember to insert the correct serial port device name for your board. This command copies the file
main.py from the current directory to the
/pyboard directory, which is the root directory of the MicroPython file system. If everything went well, the lights on your board should start to blink as soon as the command ends, and the application will always run when you power your board up. You can even unplug it from your computer and plug it to a different power source, such as a cell phone charger you may have lying around, and the application will always run automatically.
If you want to uninstall this application from your board, you can use the
rm command to delete
main.py from the internal file system:
(venv) $ rshell --port <board serial port name> rm /pyboard/main.py
Note that I reference this file as
/pyboard/main.py, since I want the command to act on the board's file system. It is unfortunate that this is a likely source of mistakes, because if you were to enter this command as
rm main.py it would be the original file on your computer that would get deleted! So be very careful with destructive commands such as
Something that you are going to find useful in the future when you build your own projects is having the microcontroller react to changes in the physical world. The best example of that would be to change the behavior of the application when a button is pressed. In this section I'm going to show you how to add a stop button, which as its name implies, will stop the blinking lights loop when pressed. In this chapter I'm going to present a fairly simple way to do this, but the topic of buttons is not over and will be revisited in future chapters.
There are many kinds of buttons, but in general a button has two terminals or pins. When the button is in a pressed state, the two terminals are internally connected and current flows through the button. When the button is in a released state there is no connection, so electricity cannot pass. The buttons that I'm using have actually four pins and not two, to make it easier to mount them on a breadboard:
Assuming you are using the same kind of push buttons as I am, if you orient the button with two pins at the top and the other two at the bottom, then you should consider the two left-side pins as a group representing one of two button terminals, and the two right side pins as the other. Pressing the button connects the two groups of pins, and electricity flows from one side of the button to the other. When you connect the button you can pick any of the two pins on the left for one connection, and any of the pins on the right for the other, whichever are more convenient.
The high-level implementation to read the state of a button from MicroPython is to have one of the available GPIO pins connected to the button in such a way that the value of the pin changes between 0 and 1 as the button is pressed and released. Which state is associated with 0 and which with 1 does not really matter, all that matters is that 0 is mapped to one of the states and 1 is mapped to the other.
Sounds pretty simple, right? Unfortunately, to help you understand how this works I'm going to need to explain a couple of basic electricity concepts, because as easy as it sounds, this needs to be done with care, as a mistake here can damage your microcontroller and we do not want that. So bear with me while I go over this. I promise that in the end, the solution to get the button working is indeed simple.
As a general principle, if you want the input pin to read a value of 1, then you have to deliver current to it, and this is easy because there are pins with current available in the microcontroller. If you create a connection from a
3V3 pin to the left side of a button, and another from the right side to the GPIO pin, then when you press the button it will close the connection and the current will flow towards the pin and thus the pin will read as a 1.
The problem occurs when the button is not pressed. In this situation, the GPIO pin is not connected to anything because the button in a released state keeps the circuit open. A pin that is not connected to anything is said to be in a "floating" state, and in this state, the value of the pin is unpredictable and can sometimes read as a 0 or as a 1 depending on how electricity flows through the rest of the circuit. If you want the pin to read a consistent 0, then it needs to be connected to a
GND pin, which basically makes sure that any electricity that passes through the pin is immediately flushed away.
In other words, the button needs to be wired such that it connects the GPIO pin to
3V3 when it is pressed, and to
GND when it is not pressed, or viceversa, and this presents a bit of a problem because the button has only two terminals (two groups of two terminals actually, but effectively it's two usable connections) and there are three pins at play here, the GPIO pin,
A Note on Short Circuits
The reason why there are current and ground connections is that electricity always wants to flow between these two. In general it is assumed that electricity flows towards the ground, but this is somewhat of an abstraction because in reality electrons flow in the reverse direction. The only way to force electricity to flow through a component is to connect it to current on one side, and to ground on the other. Without the ground connection, electricity does not flow.
But what happens when you connect a
3V3 pin to a
GND pin with no component in between? This is called a short circuit and it is bad! The electrical current will have no resistance at all, so it will flow uninterrupted and in large amounts, causing the circuit to just overheat if you are lucky, but most likely to burn your microcontroller. So under no circumstance you should create a direct connection between a pin that has current and a ground pin.
This is a problem because a button isn't your typical component which receives an electric current and consumes it to perform a task. When you press a button, a direct connection between its two terminals is made, exactly as if the connection was made by a cable, or in other words, without nothing that consumes all that electricity flowing through it. So a badly connected button can cause a short circuit when pressed!
To prevent short circuits, all connections from current to ground must have something in between that consumes the electricity that flows through the wire. If you don't have any component to use, then you have to use a resistor, which is a simple electrical component that doesn't do anything besides slowing down the flow of current that passes through it.
With all the information about circuits, resistors and the flow of electricity in mind, I can now show you one possible way to connect a button to a GPIO pin so that the pin value maps to the button state. By now I'm sure you realize that this isn't as simple as it sounds, because the method by which the button is connected to the GPIO pin and to
GND needs to take into account that the GPIO pin in question must never be left in a floating state, and also that there is never a risk of a short circuit. Take a look at the following diagram:
According to this diagram, when the button is pressed, a connection from
GND is made, so electricity flows directly between these two. To avoid a short circuit, a resistor is placed between
3V3 and the button. The GPIO pin is connected in between the resistor and the button, so that when the button is pressed the GPIO pin has a direct connection to
GND, which keeps its value at 0.
You can argue that the GPIO pin is also connected to
3V3 with a resistor in between, and in fact it is, but when the button is pressed electricity will prefer to flow through the path that leads to the ground, so no electricity will enter the GPIO pin because ground is directly connected to it.
When the button is released, a connection from
GND does not exist, so electricity cannot flow through that path and has to find another way. The only other possible way is to take the path to the right into the GPIO pin, and this will make the pin read as a 1. The current that gets into the pin is going to be reduced by the resistor, but the size of the resistor is chosen specifically so that it still allows enough current to pass through to make the pin go to a high state while eliminating the possibility of a short circuit.
So to summarize, using the wiring shown in the diagram above, if the GPIO pin reads as a 0 it means that the button is pressed, and if it reads as a 1 it means that the button is released. This is another case of a reverse wiring, somewhat similar to the on-board LEDs for which the "active" state is also 0. In this type of circuit the resistor is called a pull-up resistor, because it raises the pin to a value of 1 in the absence of any other input such as a button press.
Wiring of the Button
Are you worried or confused about working with these strange pull-up resistors? You don't need to be. The ESP8266 microcontroller comes equipped with programmable pull-up resistors for all the GPIO pins except
GPIO16, so all you need to do is configure them from MicroPython!
When you tell the microcontroller to enable the pull-up resistor on a given GPIO pin, it automatically makes an internal connection from
3V3 to the pin passing through the resistor. The part that needs to be made outside of the microcontroller is the connection to
GND, which as you see in the wiring diagram from the previous section, passes through the button. Here is how I implemented that connection on the breadboard:
Here I'm using pin
GPIO14. A connection is made from this pin into the right side of the push button with a jumper wire. A second jumper wire is then used to make a connection from the left side of the button to
GND, which can be accessed from any hole in the second power strip row, assuming you have the power strips in your breadboard wired appropriately.
If you need to see how this looks in real life, here are two views of my project:
Let's jump into the REPL so that I can show you how to configure and read this button.
MicroPython v1.10-8-g8b7039d7d on 2019-01-26; ESP module with ESP8266 Type "help()" for more information. >>> >>> import machine >>> button = machine.Pin(14, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP) >>> button.value() 1
The pin that is connected to the button is instantiated in a similar way to those that have LEDs, but this time the second argument is set to
IN to indicate that this is a pin that is going to be read. The third argument enables the pull-up resistor logic that makes it possible to connect a button and read it reliably and safely.
You can see above that when I asked for the value of the pin I obtained a 1. This was with the button released. Now I can press the button and read the pin again:
>>> button.value() 0
So there you have it, this is a button that can be easily read from Python code!
Now let's add the button logic to the blinking light application. Here is a new version of this application that stops blinking the lights when the button is pressed:
import machine import time led = machine.Pin(2, machine.Pin.OUT) led2 = machine.Pin(16, machine.Pin.OUT) button = machine.Pin(14, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP) while button.value(): led.on() led2.off() time.sleep(0.5) led.off() led2.on() time.sleep(0.5) led.on() led2.on()
In this version I replaced the
while True I used previously with a
while button.value(), which will make the loop continue for as long as the value of the button is not zero. Effectively that means that the loop will continue to run until the button is pressed, which makes the value of the pin zero. And as a nice little detail, when the loop exits I'm turning both LEDs off, so that the board is left in a clean state without any LEDs on.
To try this new version of the application, make sure you have assembled the circuit with the button, and then upload the
main.py file to your board with
(venv) $ rshell --port <board serial port name> cp main.py /pyboard
After that, whenever you power the device the blinking lights will start, and as soon as you press the button they will stop!
Something that I need to note here is that these button presses are not cached or buffered anywhere, so the button needs to be pressed at the exact moment the code is checking the state of the pin. Given that a loop cycle lasts for one second, it is possible, if you press and release the button very quickly, that the button press will be missed. For now I'm going to leave this limitation, so you should remember that the button needs to be kept pressed for up to a second to give the loop a chance to see it. Better button implementations are coming later in this tutorial.
Writing Better Code
I think this is a good time to begin a discussion on good software practices. Consider the little blinking lights application from above. Just by reading the code, it isn't very clear what the 2, the 16 and the 14 mean, right? You know these are the GPIO numbers for some pins, but for anyone who isn't familiar with the project this is going to look a bit like magic, and in fact, numbers that appear in source code without any explanation or justification are often called magic numbers for that reason.
What can be done to improve the readability of this program? A good practice is to always avoid magic numbers. Instead of writing these numbers directly, it is better to define constants that have self-explanatory names with those values. Here is the application from above with the magic numbers removed:
import machine import time LED_PIN = 2 # D4 LED2_PIN = 16 # D0 BUTTON_PIN = 14 # D5 led = machine.Pin(LED_PIN, machine.Pin.OUT) led2 = machine.Pin(LED2_PIN, machine.Pin.OUT) button = machine.Pin(BUTTON_PIN, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP) while button.value(): led.on() led2.off() time.sleep(0.5) led.off() led2.on() time.sleep(0.5) led.on() led2.on()
Do you see how this is much better? Now it is more clear that these three numbers correspond to pins that are connected to two LEDs and a button. Having each pin defined on its own line even allows me to write the "D" pin labels as comments!
There is another little inconvenience with this application, which I'm going to show to you with an example. Make sure the
main.py application is copied to your board and then enter the MicroPython REPL using
Once you are in the Python prompt, you can start the application with:
>>> import main
This command is going to block, because of the while-loop that runs for as long as you don't press the button. Press the button, and the loop will exit, and this will make the Python prompt appear again.
Now, how do you start the lights again? If you run
import main again, nothing happens, you just get the prompt back. The problem is that
main.py was already imported once, so it is cached by MicroPython. When you import a module that was already imported, there is an optimization that makes Python immediately return the cached copy without re-running the code.
Really the only way to restart the lights at this point is to reset the board, either by pressing the physical reset button on the board, or by pressing Ctrl-D on the REPL, which triggers a soft reset.
I hope you agree that it would be more convenient if there was a function that you can call to make the lights run as many times as you want, and without a direct relationship to an
import statement, which only works the first time.
The solution is actually simple. The blinking loop can be moved to a function, which I'm going to call
blink(). Then in the last line of
blink() function is invoked:
import machine import time LED_PIN = 2 # D4 LED2_PIN = 16 # D0 BUTTON_PIN = 14 # D5 def blink(): led = machine.Pin(LED_PIN, machine.Pin.OUT) led2 = machine.Pin(LED2_PIN, machine.Pin.OUT) button = machine.Pin(BUTTON_PIN, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP) while button.value(): led.on() led2.off() time.sleep(0.5) led.off() led2.on() time.sleep(0.5) led.on() led2.on() blink()
This is equivalent to the previous version, but now the blinking logic can be invoked from the REPL as a function, and that call can be repeated as desired. When you run
import main the lights will run as before, but once you break out of the while-loop with Ctrl-C or by pressing the button you can re-run the lights with:
Each time you stop the lights you can repeat the above call to restart them.
And, if having to type
main.blink() to run the lights seems too long, you can import the
blink() function as a top-level symbol with Python's
from ... import ... syntax, and then invoke
>>> from main import blink >>> blink()
I think the application is now looking pretty good, but there's going to be more coding tips in the chapters that follow. In the next chapter I'm going to go over what is probably the most important feature of the ESP8266 microcontroller: its Wi-Fi support!
Become a Patron!
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#1 Luiz said 2019-07-22T02:13:52Z
Hi Miguel. I read your entire book. I bought the ebook version in Amazon. It is very clear, well written and I did not have any problem to run all examples. It lacks, however, the web server implementation. It can be a good idea for a second book. Or, maybe, a post on how to use the microdot step-by-step. But, a question: the webrepl could be good enough for simple tasks? Thanks
#2 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-07-22T11:10:40Z
@Luiz: unfortunately at this time there is no robust way to build a web server using MicroPython. This is the reason why the course does not cover it. Microdot should fill this gap, I hope, but it needs some work still. Most important of all is to write the documentation, which is what I'm working on right now. In terms of learning how to use it, it is a mini version of Flask, so in general if you know Flask you should have no problem adapting your knowledge to Microdot. So I don't think there is enough material for another book, but definitely an article, maybe even a bonus chapter on this book that you read.
#3 Ghouse said 2019-08-15T19:30:10Z
I've purchased your course in teachable.
I tried to get the value "0" when button is pressed but i'm not getting value "0".
I double checked all the connections and also i tried with two new esp8266 boards but no luck still not getting value "0" when button is pressed.
I used below code.
Entering REPL. Use Control-X to exit.
MicroPython v1.11-8-g48dcbbe60 on 2019-05-29; ESP module with ESP8266
Type "help()" for more information.
button = machine.Pin(14, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_UP)
Could you please help if i miss anything.
#4 Miguel Grinberg said 2019-08-15T19:48:14Z
@Ghouse: Could your button be defective? Connect a wire directly between D5 and GND and see if that makes the reading go to a 0. If it does, then the button is faulty.
#5 Ghouse said 2019-08-16T05:20:15Z
Even though i directly connect to GND i'm not getting button value "0".
finally i fixed the issue.
In your example breadboard has 30 holes in middle but my bread borad has 60 holes, so when i connected button to end of bread board at 60th holes button value not getting '0' but when i connected button at 30th hole i'm able to get button value '0'.
#6 Janio LIma said 2019-09-04T02:51:51Z
Hi Miguel! Congrats for your blog, I discovered it when I'm reading your Flask Web Devolopment book! I'm so happy with this course, I had started last weeks because I'm waiting for same items do complete the exercises, but now that I receive it, I cant start Reading this and learn more at each day... Thanks for sharing your knowledge.
#7 hpereira98 said 2020-05-18T20:41:18Z
First of all, thanks for all your work! It's amazing!
I am trying to follow your tutorial, but using an ESP32, which is much alike the ESP8266. I am using two breadboards, like you shown in chapter 2 of this course. Everything was working fine, but when I reached the button part, I am not being able to work with it: its value is always 1, except when I connect it directly to the GND pin of the breadboard. If I have a jumper connecting the GND and the "-" row of the breadboard, when I connect the button to the Pin I'm using (D19 = GPIO19), its value is always 1. Can you please help me? I've tried with another button and also tried using just one breadboard to see if the problem came from there. The code I'm using is similar to yours, but using the Pin 19.
Thanks again for your great work!
PS: I have also tried Ghouse suggestion, but still not working!
#8 Miguel Grinberg said 2020-05-18T22:06:44Z
@hpereira98: My only suggestion is that you double-check that the pin that you are using is the correct pin for GPIO19. Looking at this diagram: https://i0.wp.com/randomnerdtutorials.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/esp32-pinout-chip-ESP-WROOM-32.png?ssl=1, GPIO19 is the 8th pin on the right side of the board, counting from the top. Is that the pin you are connecting to the button?
#9 hpereira98 said 2020-05-23T18:59:24Z
I think I've figured it out! The Pin number was the right one, since I noticed it only worked sometimes. So, I tried to take out the breadboard and connected directly the Board and the Button using only female-female jumpers, and it worked perfectly! So the problem is either with the breadboard or the male-male jumpers.
Thanks for your help!
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November 10, 2020, 7:42am
I am working on a script that intersects rectangular panels with a surface. When the surface has no holes (windows) it works fine:
However, when i add a hole in the surface (Windows) the script acts strangely and does not intersect the panels with the surface that i want:
If i use region intersection nothing happens. If i used case there are no intersections.
If i used solid intersection this is the outcome:
I want the opposite of this where the panels intersect with the surface and not the opposite. Any ideas?
Here is the file. For some reason i could not put part of the script in a cluster but the important bits are on the top left:
intersection of panels.gh (41.7 KB)
Your definition is difficult to understand with so many wires going backwards. I generally try to avoid this!
There was a problem somewhere here:
I simplified the i output of the List Item component to have paths numbered in an easier way. replaced your text panel on the P input of the Tree Item component with a slider.
Instead of trying to intersect panels and your surface, I checked which area centroids of the panels are inside your perimeter.
intersection of panels.gh (50.7 KB)
November 10, 2020, 9:52am
I know, it probably was not an easy task to understand my script, i apologize for this! Also, this solution seems a lot more convenient and practical, thank you so much! i will have a play around with it.
I couldn’t really make sense of your script so just took the geometry that was giving you trouble and built from there. Rather than using a grid, if you array some lines to give that grid, the surface split component works quite nicely.
intersection of panels MBH.gh (12.7 KB)
November 10, 2020, 12:50pm
@Matt_Harwood, didn’t think of doing it this way but looks like this works too. Ill have a pay around with it. Thanks you!
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| 0.939917 | 505 | 2.625 | 3 |
Local officials want to reassure residents about their drinking water, even amid questions about health risks and who will pay to clean up the contamination.
Eastern Wisconsin has among the highest levels of the heavy metal strontium in drinking water. Limits may be on the way for this unregulated contaminant.
As communities grow and pump more groundwater, radium from deep bedrock is contaminating dozens of water systems. The city of Waukesha wants to tap into Lake Michigan to solve its radium problem.
Two Democratic lawmakers want the state Department of Health Services to investigate drinking water as a possible source when children are lead poisoned. The proposal also greatly lowers the blood lead levels that would trigger an investigation.
The Madison Water Utility was the first major utility in the nation to demonstrate that a full replacement of both the public and the private portions of lead service lines was possible.
Experts, and even some regulators, say existing laws are failing to protect Wisconsin and the nation from harmful exposure to lead in drinking water that leaches from aging plumbing — a danger illustrated by the public health crisis in Flint, Michigan.
An ancient poison that was detected in the late 1980s in Wisconsin’s drinking water persists despite state regulations designed to eliminate it. High-capacity wells can exacerbate the problem.
Decades of toxic waste disposal at the Badger Army Ammunition Plant — including pouring millions of gallons a day of polluted water into Lake Wisconsin — have contaminated some nearby residents’ drinking water and raised concerns about the long-term effects on their health. But help may be on the way.
Agriculture creates most of the nitrate pollution, but consumers pay most of the cost, whether they drink from public wells or private ones.
Nitrate is a compound naturally found in plants and in vegetables and can be found in groundwater, depending on how much fertilizer and manure is applied to fields.
In the early 1990s, Jim Goodman and his wife began to worry about how the chemicals they were using on the farm might affect their children. The fourth-generation Wisconsin farmer decided to make the shift away from conventional farming at his Sauk County operation. Now certified organic, the farm includes 120 head of cattle on pasture, including 45 milk cows, and 300 acres of crops.
Levels of nitrate, one of the Wisconsin’s top drinking water contaminants, are increasing. Nitrate comes primarily from fertilizers, including manure, and puts infants and expectant mothers particularly at risk. A projected 94,000 households are drinking private well water with unsafe levels of nitrate. And many of them don’t even know it since few private well owners conduct regular testing.
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| 0.965116 | 538 | 2.984375 | 3 |
"Our country's Veterans have helped build the United States into the world leader it is today. Since the birth of our nation, they have protected us time and time again. From the rural hills in Kentucky to the towering buildings in Manhattan, our Veterans are from every corner of the country representing the best of what it is to be American.
"Thanks to the GI Bill, America's Veterans have helped develop our education system and build the middle class. One million Veterans, servicemembers, and family members have benefited from the Post-9/11 GI Bill since the program's inception in August 2009, demonstrating the importance of helping Veterans reach their educational goals. While many have left the Armed Forces, they continue to serve their country in new ways as teachers, coaches or mentors for our children. As they have served us, we should continue to serve them by ensuring they have access to a high quality education system and affordable college programs. Veterans Day is a day of remembrance and reflection to honor those that have served."
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| 0.969097 | 205 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Que the scary music and dramatic pauses, because this article is going to get gross! We all know that insects are starting to become active in your lawns and on your trees and shrubs. But today we'll look at perhaps the grossest one out there that (wait for it...) could be in YOUR LANDSCAPING RIGHT NOW! AHHHH!!!!!
Yuck! What Are These Things?
Lecanium scales are tiny little insects that feed on the sap of a certain variety of trees, including maples, oaks, pines, and other trees. As they consume your tree's sap, they expel a liquid waste often referred to as "honeydew." This "honeydew" is often the first sign of a possible infestation, making the leaves of the plant shiny, and damp looking.
After spending the winter clinging to twigs and branches in a "dwarf" or immature state, Lecanium scales develop a waxy covering that resembles a small turtles shell. This shell is developed to protect a large number of eggs that they have laid. After hatching, the larvae moves to the leaves of the plant, consuming the tissue.
What Can I Do If They Attack My Trees!
Lecanium scales should be treated with a dormant oil in the early spring before they have a chance to become active. Timing is the critical aspect of treatment, because once they reach a mature state (with a shell), it is difficult to control this insect. Here are your options:
- Tree & Shrub Program: Lecanium scales often attack stressed or diseased trees. Developing a strong fertilization and dormant oil program for your landscaping will eliminate the chances your plants will get these scales.
- Remove Infected Branches: By trimming out the branches that are infected, you reduce the chances of them spreading to the entire tree or plant.
- Insecticide Drench: When reaching this part of the season, dormant oils will have little effect on the scale, this according to the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Their recommendation for when scale reaches this stage is a product known as Imidacloprid. This product can be used in a soil drench, allowing the tree to take in the liquid, killing the scale through the sap that they feed on.
Check Out Our FREE Lawn Care and Plant Insect Guide
Okay, if you're creeped out like I am right now, I want to know all the insects that could be in my lawn and landscape. More importantly, I'd want to know how to get them the heck out of there! Weed Pro has you covered because we've created the ultimate lawn care and landscape insect guide that will get you up to speed on these insects, and how to get rid of them! Best part, this guide is yours for FREE! Simply click on the button below to download your free copy!
|Shaun Kanary has been a part of the Green Industry for the past 15 years. As the Director of Marketing for Weed Pro Lawn Care, a Cleveland and Columbus Lawn Care Service Provider, Shaun is a regular contributor to the Weed Pro Blog, and other industry magazine and blogs.
Shaun on Google+ Shaun on LinkedIn Shaun on Twitter
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The school budget development is the legal basis for the establishment of the tax levy. It is the official document that describes the programs to be conducted during a given period of time. It is the operational plan, stated in financial terms, for the conduct of all programs in the school system.
The annual school budget process is important to school district operations and serves as a means to improve communications within the school organization and with the residents of the school community.
The budget will be presented to the public in three components (to be voted upon as one proposition):
- a program component, which includes all program expenditures of the district, including the salaries and benefits of teachers and any school administrators or supervisors who spend a majority of their time performing teaching duties, and all transportation operating expenses;
- a capital component, which includes all transportation capital, debt service and lease expenditures; costs resulting from court judgments, administrative orders or settled or compromised claims; and all facilities costs of the district, including facilities lease expenditures, annual debt service and total debt for all facilities financed by bonds and notes of the district, and costs of construction, acquisition, reconstruction, rehabilitation or improvement of school buildings, provided that the budget shall include a rental, operations and maintenance section that includes base rent costs, total rent costs, operation and maintenance charges, cost per square foot for each facility leased by the district, and all expenditures associated with custodial salaries and benefits, service contracts, supplies, utilities, and maintenance and repair of school facilities;
- an administrative component, which includes office and central administrative expenses, traveling expenses, and all compensation, salaries and benefits of all school administrators and supervisors, all expenditures associated with the operation of the school board, the office of the Superintendent of Schools, general administration, the school business office, any consulting costs not directly related to direct student services and programs, planning, and all other administrative activities.
In addition, each component must be separately delineated in accordance with Regulations of the Commissioner. The budget will categorize revenues, property tax refunds, expenditures, budget transfers and fund balance information, and will be formatted to show changes in the data as compared with the previous year. Finally, the budget will be written in plain language and organized in a manner which best promotes the public’s understanding of its contents.
The budget will be completed at least seven days before the public hearing at which the Board will present the budget to the voters. Copies of the budget will be made available upon request to residents within the district (not just district taxpayers) during the 14 days preceding the date of the annual election and budget vote at each school building in the district, at the school district offices, and at any public library or free association library within the district, during normal business hours on each day other than Saturday, Sunday or holidays, as well as on the school district’s internet website, www.guilderlandschools.org. In addition, at least once during the school year, the Board will include in a district-wide mailing, notice of the availability of copies of the budget.
The following documents will be attached to the budget:
- a detailed statement of the total compensation to be paid to the Superintendent of Schools, and any assistant or associate superintendent in the coming school year, including a delineation of the salary, annualized cost of benefits and any in-kind or other form of remuneration;
- a list of all other school administrators and supervisors, if any, whose annual salary will be at or above the amount designated by the State Education Department in the coming year, along with their title and annual salary;
- a school district report card detailing the academic and fiscal performance of the district; and
- a property tax report card prepared pursuant to the Education Law and the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education, including information on the tax levy limit.
If the proposed budget increases the property tax levy by more than either 2% or the rate of inflation as calculated by the formulas set forth in Education Law section 2023-a (whichever is less), it requires a supermajority of 60% in order to pass.
The Board may not submit the proposed budget or a related proposition to the voters more than twice. If the voters fail to approve the proposed budget or budget proposition after the second submission, or if the Board elects not to put the proposed budget to a public vote a second time, the Board must adopt a contingency budget with a tax levy of 0% increase (i.e., less than or equal to the tax levy of the previous year).
The Board may use district monies to present educational and informational material about the annual budget and related information to the voters. It shall not, however, use these funds to urge voters to cast their ballots in a particular fashion.
Ref: Education Law §§1608; 1716; 1804(4); 1906(1); 2008(2); 2021; 2002(1); 2022(2); 2023;
2023-a; 2035(2); 2601-a
General Municipal Law §36
Phillips v. Maurer, 67 NY2d 672 (1986)
Fiscal Management (NYSSBA, 1997)
Hartman, William T., “Participatory Budgeting in High School”, Planning and Changing, Spring 1989, vol. 20, no. 1.
Adopted June 9, 1998 (Replaced January 24, 2012)
Adopted January 24, 2012
Reviewed and Adopted November 19, 2019
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As mysterious as the causes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are, there are a number of clear risk factors that increase a person's chance of developing RA.
Women account for roughly 70 percent of all RA sufferers, making them far more likely than men to be diagnosed with the disease.
The majority of all RA diagnoses happen between ages 40 and 60. Some people do develop RA as children or as younger adults, but this is comparatively rare.
If a member of your family has RA, you are more likely to be diagnosed as well. Rheumatoid arthritis is not an inherited condition like some other genetic diseases, but it is thought that genetics affect a person's susceptibility to RA.
Cigarette smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop RA. Smokers who are diagnosed also tend to have more severe symptoms and are more difficult to treat effectively. However, quitting smoking reduces these risks.
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| 0.970786 | 187 | 3.40625 | 3 |
For someone with a mental handicap, HIV/AIDS presents a special challenge
that often results in an uphill struggle. People with mild handicaps are
able to adjust and function in all types of competitive employment and with
little modification to their work environment. Many are independent and
function well in communities living side-by-side with their neighbors who
do not have mental handicaps. People with more severe mental handicaps
typically have more difficulty functioning in both work and non-work
settings. Whatever the level of mental handicap, they are people who engage
in sexual activity like everyone else. This article explores the factors
that make HIV prevention, diagnosis, and treatment challenging for people
with mental handicaps and the professionals who serve them.
Challenges to the
Mentally Handicapped Consumer:
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Prevention efforts for the mentally handicapped are twofold: (1) to
prevent the HIV-negative client from becoming infected; and (2) to prevent
the HIV-positive client from spreading the infection. Prevention efforts
are typically executed by AIDS educators. Some efforts have been made to
address prevention with a sensitivity to people with mental handicaps.
According to Pat Sutherland-Cohen, an AIDS Educator and Coordinator of
Education and Training at Young Adult Institute (YAI), National Institute
for People with Disabilities, prevention efforts for this population must
have an individual perspective. "We start with what the person already
knows and then ask them, 'What is it that you would like to know?' "says
Sutherland-Cohen. "Many of our clients already have the information.
They've seen the same TV shows, news programs, magazines, etc. that we have
all seen. The first step is getting at how they've encoded these messages.
The second step is then correcting the distortions. This is no easy task,
unless you're specially trained to work with this population."
Great pride is taken by YAI in practicing the belief that the
client should have the majority of the control in the learning situation,
so that the role of the AIDS educator is that of a facilitator in the
discovery process regarding HIV/AIDS. "We value the entire person," says
Sutherland-Cohen. "AIDS education is not just about safer sexual acts, but
also about what's going on in a person's life and what sex means to them.
Without this information, you're not helping them fit the information into
their lives. They won't retain it."
The critical difference in AIDS-prevention education in this
population is that the facilitator must really be sure that the person
understands the information and is not merely compliantly agreeing with the
educator. To help them to retain the information, AIDS educators for the
mentally handicapped make use of visual AIDS and role playing. These
concrete devices assist the facilitator in illustrating important points
about prevention. Those in the prevention field that employ this technique
are considered leaders in their field -- YAI is in the forefront. With the
creation of videos, training manuals, and two theater troops, YAI's AIDS
Education Program has tailored prevention efforts to meet the needs of the
mentally handicapped consumer.
Even the decision of whether to take the HIV test is more complicated for
the person with a mental handicap. This decision must be made with a full
understanding of the consequences of both diagnostic possibilities. A
person with a mental handicap will most likely struggle with the decision
because of their misunderstanding of these consequences. When the person
receives an HIV-positive diagnosis, and necessary social support is not
available to them, their capacity to function is often diminished.
It's during times when a HIV-positive diagnosis is given that the
person is least likely to understand and retain information due to the
volume of information given and the stress associated with the diagnosis.
The source of the stress is rooted in popular misconceptions about
HIV/AIDS. (1) a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS is a death sentence; and (2) you can
become ill at any moment and quickly die the next day. While persons
without mental handicaps might maintain these misconceptions, they most
likely have the cognitive resources to work through the issue and come to a
more realistic evaluation of their situation.
Another source of stress is the shame and stigma associated with
being mentally ill, mentally retarded, developmentally disabled and/or
learning disabled and having HIV/AIDS. The loss of status accompanying the
HIV-positive diagnosis is compounded by other diagnostic problems. As most
people are, those with mental handicaps are very terrified of social
stigma. Stigma results in people being ostracized, ridiculed, and ignored.
And perhaps the worst result of stigma is that the issues associated with
HIV/AIDS are not discussed. Information is not shared and prevention,
treatment, and support services are not accessed.
There are two principle treatment modalities offered to most consumers:
pharmacological and psychological. While the infected person typically
elects the former and refuses the latter treatment, it is widely accepted
that these modalities are intertwined. The decision is very complicated for
mentally handicapped individuals because of the unique thought processes
related to their decision-making. Most decisions in their lives are marked
by lack of information, and in many cases, are impulsively made. Their
interpretations and responses to even instinctual experiences, such as
pain, are in many cases different; thereby leaving them in a precarious
situation. For example, if they do not report pain they might be missing
out on needed treatments. If they elect to use pharmacological treatments,
this presents situations such as information overload, confusion, and
non-compliance with self-administration.
In many instances these consumers are also the victims of too much
information. There is a significant amount of information in the news
regarding treatments, drugs, alternative cures, etc. Disabled consumers are
often left confused and overwhelmed and they need outside help to process
the information. In many instances the help they receive is not good
because it lacks a sensitivity to their compromised condition.
Gary Casella, the Senior Case Manager at Geel Services for AIDS,
states that "a major problem with the services for this population is that
they are funded through Medicaid, which places restrictions on services and
will not pay for all of the new treatments. The information given by the
medical doctors is unclear and not given in a form that is understandable
to the mentally disabled consumer. They're not able to make sense of their
laboratory reports and the lab values reported. The majority of clients who
are mentally disabled are served by Medicaid doctors who spend only a few
minutes with clients conveying a dearth of information in a short span of
time. The consumer is left to digest all of this medical information with
limited cognitive resources."
One of Casella's patients misinterpreted her lab results, mistaking
the amount of her viral load by 100,000. She, and many other patients like
her, could have benefited from a concrete, simplified version of the
information. Casella wishes that there existed an "AIDS Made Simple"
guidebook for persons with such cognitive impairments. In the meantime, he
uses examples from his own experience as an HIV-positive man with his
clients. "This is the best way to be concrete with them, by being an
example," he explains. From a counseling perspective many indigenous
counselors find that using their own experiences as HIV-positive persons is
helpful in putting clients at ease. While this by no means specifies that
all HIV/AIDS counselors be positive, it helps to put a face on the
condition and offers the mentally handicapped individual a visible person
living with HIV/AIDS as a role model.
Information overload is complicated further by confusion regarding
the information. Since many clients are in denial about the seriousness of
their condition, they are not informed consumers about their health care.
"They are an easy sell for alternative remedies and treatments such as
teas, herbs, mega-vitamin therapies, etc." Casella reports. "I have to
help them unpack and sort the fiction from a set of facts which are
changing every day. I have to keep up with what is out there. Even I'm
confused sometimes. I can only imagine what's going on for them."
Aside from the glut of confusing information, the issue of
treatment compliance is compounded by the information-processing deficits
and the nature of the treatments themselves, especially the powerful side
effects. Casella states, "It's difficult to convince someone who is
mentally ill or mentally retarded to continue taking medications that make
them feel ill when they were not feeling that ill beforehand." This type of
consumer needs supervision and constant environmental support in order to
foster compliance. Too often these support services are not out there or
not easily accessible to someone who is not used to advocating for
Another problem with HIV/AIDS services for mentally handicapped
people are the limited amount of services. More services that serve this
particular population are needed: case management services to advocate for
them; special testing counselors to address their special
information-processing needs; and a case manager who can follow them from
testing and diagnosis to treatment, and then living with HIV/AIDS.
Clearly, HIV/AIDS presents a special challenge that often results
in an uphill struggle for prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services
for those with mental handicaps. The lives of mentally handicapped people
are often further complicated by social conditions that occur along with
the mental disabilities. For example, a "downward drift" phenomenon
typically occurs in the chronically mentally disabled as a result of the
worsening of their condition over time. This results in job loss and a
decreased ability to self-preserve. Hopelessness, poverty, drug and alcohol
abuse, and a life of crime sometimes accompany this downward drift.Clearly,
more services with a special sensitivity to the needs of this population
are needed since they represent a high-risk group. Along with more
services, the most important thing that they need, according to Gary
Casella, is "hope."
Dominic J. Carbone, Ph.D., is a developmental psychopathologist based in
New York City at YAI, National Institute for People with Disabilities,
Greenwich Village Multiservice Center, 320 W. 13th Street, NYC, NY 10014.
He can be reached at (212) 645-1616. He has worked for over ten years with
people with mental disabilities and their families. He is on the Board of
Directors of Body Positive and is an active volunteer as well.
Editor's Note: The people in the photographs are not PWA's. They are
assistants helping to demonstrate an HIV Education game used by YAI's AIDS
Back to the May 97 Issue of Body Positive Magazine
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| 0.949014 | 2,322 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, commonly referred to as the World Bank, is an international financial institution whose purposes include assisting the development of its member nations' territories, promoting and supplementing private foreign investment, and promoting long-range balanced growth in international trade.
The World Bank was established in July 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. It opened for business in June 1946 and helped in the reconstruction of nations devastated by World War II. Since the 1960s the World Bank has shifted its focus from the advanced industrialized nations to developing third-world countries.The World Bank consists of a number of separate institutions. The three major institutions are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The IBRD, the bank's most important component, lends funds directly, guarantees loans made by others, or participates in these loans. The IDA, which was established in 1960, lends to low-income countries on more favorable terms, charging a small service fee but no interest. It gets its funds from more affluent member countries. The IFC, established in 1956, provides loans to private business in developing countries.
Twenty-nine nations joined the World Bank in 1945. By 1996 the bank had 180 members. The bank is governed by an executive board and a managing director. Voting in the bank is weighted according to the initial contributions to the bank's capital, which historically has given the U.S. government a dominant voice in the bank's affairs.
In 1996 almost one-third of the bank's loans went to the world's poorest countries. However, the bank has moved away from financing large-scale infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, and power facilities. Since the 1970s, the bank has provided an increasing number of loans to developing countries for agricultural, educational, and population programs. The goals of these loan programs have been to raise the standard of living and to increase self-sufficiency.
The World Bank also offers advisory services to countries seeking to reform their banking and finance systems. It has also launched InfoDev, an initiative to secure resources from corporations, foundations, and governments to promote reform and investment in the developing world through improved access to information technology.
In the late 1990s several coalitions of organizations and individuals formed Jubilee 2000 to campaign for debt-forgiveness for poor countries that found themselves unable to pay back the bank's loans. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund responded by establishing the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) that sought to provide relief for the world's most heavily indebted countries. In April 2000 World Bank President James D. Wolfensohn stated that he welcomed Jubilee 2000 and continuing public involvement for their contributions toward getting creditor countries to support the HIPC.
Howarth, David, and Peter Loedel. 2003. The European Central Bank: The New European Leviathan? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Smith, Roy C., and Ingo Walter, eds. 2003. Global Banking. 2d ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
World Bank Website. Available online at <www.worldbank.org> (accessed August 17, 2003).
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| 0.943024 | 691 | 3.375 | 3 |
Antonio Buero Vallejo tries to answer this question. The playwright symbolically uses physical blindness to show how a group of people cannot skirt around a reality that surrounds them. En la ardiente oscuridad (In the Burning Darkness) relates in three acts the events of a school for the blind in which the pessimism of one almost destroys the morale of everyone involved. The edition I have comes from a company in Buenos Aires called Stockcero that includes a prologue by Carlos Gorostiza written in 2004. The play actually comes from Spain and the author debuts the play in 1951 during the Franco years, a time when fascism is the norm.
In the play, the blind students enjoy their time at the school and with each other because the directors have created a sanctuary in which they can move around without the need of canes. The directors have also created an environment in which the students intuitively relate and communicate with each other, simulating what normal people do in the outside world. They also encourage euphemisms to maintain the school’s program, e.g. vidente and invidente, “seer” and “non-seer” respectively. Everything goes well until a contumacious student that never goes along with the program and never gives up his cane enrolls at the school.
The period of the play spans a few months. Ignacio, the contumacious student, gains a following using his “unbalanced messianic” philosophy (85). Students become slovenly under his influence. Couples almost lose their significant others to his attitude of victimization. Ignacio opines that the school’s pedagogy is based upon a “lie” (65). Some students try to confront and convince Ignacio to do away with his poisonous influence, but Ignacio’s perseverance, stubbornness, and logic beat any attempts to change his attitude or to drop out of school. Secret agendas reveal themselves until finally the play ends tragically.
This play provokes a lot of inquiry into what constitutes reality for blind people as well as for seeing people. Miguel makes a joke that if blind people cannot conceive light, and that if light is inconceivable, then seers do not see as well (53). However, Ignacio thinks it ridiculous for blind people to ignore the fact that they are blind. He envies the power seers have and wishes vehemently to gain that power. Ignacio seems to blame seers for his suffering, even though he admits that seers are not at fault and take their sense of sight for granted.
Other subtexts, like religion and politics, cast possible literary interpretations because of the symbolic nature of the play. Interesting questions come up when one considers each issue. Although religion is not the center of the debate, it seems strange that the regular students speak like atheists, while Ignacio, a false prophet or suffering devil that wants others to suffer as he, believes in the light or the possibility of some miraculous healing. On another issue, the school uses politically correct euphemisms to create an ideology that blind people and seeing people are the same, but the school separates the blind students from seeing people in order to do it. Ignacio always points out the distinction, but in so doing he meshes the light and the darkness together. Using literary terminology, the school claims to be non-dualistic, but is dualistic in practice; Ignacio preaches dualism, but acts non-dualistically. These ironies can come off quite confusing, and without further research, I can only speculate that Antonio Buero Vallejo means to criticize the fascist government of Spain after gaining power from winning the country’s civil war.
Critically, this play is worth seeing or reading if you can find an English translation. It encourages the reader to think about what realities we ignore when we should take most notice of them. Readers also think about circumstances in which it is appropriate to fight against the system and when to follow the program for the wellbeing of others. One particular scene that fascinated me, and that I would love to see in a live performance, is one where the stage lights and the house lights go completely out. The complete darkness envelops the audience while Ignacio explains his logic about contemplating light even when one is blind.
I almost cannot imagine what blind people have to face, but I also believe that each one of us struggles with a particular burden. If we have the power to bear burdens, then we also have the power to live happily even with our burdens. Blind people, with Helen Keller’s optimism, faith, hope, and confidence, have access to this happiness even when surrounded by visual darkness. This principle applies to everyone and not just blind people. This encourages me, and I try to be optimistic even when my figurative blindness keeps me in the dark.
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| 0.959744 | 1,003 | 2.625 | 3 |
Learn Version Control with Git
A step-by-step course for the complete beginner
What is Version Control?
You can think of a version control system (short: "VCS") as a kind of "database". It lets you save a snapshot of your complete project at any time you want. When you later take a look at an older snapshot (let's start calling it "version"), your VCS shows you exactly how it differed from the previous one.
Version control is independent of the kind of project / technology / framework you're working with:
- It works just as well for an HTML website as it does for a design project or an iPhone app
- It lets you work with any tool you like; it doesn't care what kind of text editor, graphics program, file manager or other tool you use
Also, don't confuse a VCS with a backup or a deployment system. You don't have to change or replace any other part of your tool chain when you start using version control.
A version control system records the changes you make to your project's files. This is what version control is about. It's really as simple as it sounds.
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| 0.942033 | 240 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The word “luminary” (Latin: “light”) describes people who inspire others. It can also refer to celestial stars- because they spread light in the universe.
Here are 9 quotes examining the literary, philosophical and spiritual nature of stars- both the heavenly kind and the kind that walk among us:
1. “Dwell on the beauty of life. Watch the stars, and see
yourself running with them.” –Marcus Aurelius
Be present as you live, in this time and space. The future is unknowable- create light in your life today.
2. “If the stars should appear but one night every thousand
years how man would marvel and stare.” – Ralph Waldo Emerson
Never take this life for granted; breathe in each moment as if it might not come again.
3. “Only in the darkness, can you see the stars.” – Martin
Luther King, Jr.
Dark circumstances can bring out the best in us, helping us shine for others.
4. “A book, too, can be a star, a living fire to lighten the
darkness, leading out into the expanding universe.” – Madeleine L’Engle
Literature connects us to our history the same way that the night sky reflects the ancient past.
5. “It is not in the stars to hold our destiny but in
ourselves.” – Shakespeare
Trust in yourself above all other notions of fate and predetermination. Our lives are what we make them to be.
6. “Keep your eyes on the stars, and your feet on the
ground.” – Theodore Roosevelt
Picture your dreams when you look into the night sky, and use the tools you have in this world to bring those dreams closer.
7. “What makes night within us may leave stars.” – Victor
The absence of light does not extinguish the human spirit within, and the times that test you may make you even brighter than you were before.
8. “The sky is filled with stars, invisible by day.” – Henry
Remember that we cannot see the entire composition of our lives in one sitting or one season. Be patient enough and you will always see the lights again.
9. “We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at
the stars.” – Oscar Wilde
We may not be able to choose our current situations, but we can choose where to place our focus for the future.
A closing thought: we can never know just how deeply our actions and words impact the lives of others. Try to shine in whatever you do, and someday you may be surprised that your example brightened the way for someone else!
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http://www.mindfueldaily.com/livewell/9-deep-thoughts-on-stars
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| 0.928985 | 587 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Los Angeles residents are getting a glimpse of art treasures from the ancient monastery of St. Catherine's in the Sinai desert. Mike O'Sullivan reports, the display of religious art at the J. Paul Getty Museum features some of the world's finest examples of icons, the images revered by Eastern Orthodox Christians.
Saint Catherine's Monastery is the repository of some of the world's oldest icons and illuminated manuscripts. Built in the sixth century on orders of the Emperor Justinian, it is the world's oldest continuously operating monastery, and it looks today much as it did then - a massive fortress in the shadow of Mt. Sinai. Inside, contemplative monks carry on a tradition of prayer and study.
Father Justin, an American convert, is librarian at St. Catherine's. He grew up in El Paso, Texas, but now lives a very different life - where the sounds of liturgical Greek are heard in the barren desert. He came to the Getty Museum for the opening.
He says the place has a stark beauty.
"It only rains there three or four times a year, so we have granite mountains that soar with precipitous cliffs," Father Justin said. "And in the midst of this very harsh environment, it is also extremely beautiful. The sun is brilliant. The sky is what they call the sapphire skies of Sinai. It is an intense blue. And in the midst of that you have the traditional site where God revealed himself to Moses at the burning bush, and where he gave the 10 commandments at the peak of Sinai."
Inside the monastery are some of the world's finest Greek and Russian icons, as well as rare ancient manuscripts and other liturgical objects. The Getty exhibition contains more than 60 items from the monastery, the largest number ever removed on loan from the site.
Robert Nelson, an art historian from Yale University, is co-curating the exhibition. He says a collection of treasures like this is rarely seen by the public.
"We have right next to my right arm here one of the great icons of the world, the icon of St. Peter, which we understand was a gift by the emperor Justinian to the monastery in the sixth century," he said. "And that icon has been at the monastery until it [came] to Los Angeles."
The icon bears the realistic image of a white-haired bearded man. It is significant to art historians, Professor Nelson says, because it shows the transition from Roman art to the later stylized figures of Byzantine icons, which are often set against rich golden backgrounds.
Many icons like this were destroyed in the iconoclastic movement of the eighth and ninth centuries, when the Byzantine church was bitterly divided over the veneration of images. But those at St. Catherine's survived undisturbed, and the monastery now has the world's largest collection of early icons.
St. Catherine's has been mostly untouched by centuries of political changes in the Middle East. Built by a Byzantine emperor, it came under the reign of the Muslim Abbasid dynasty and a succession of other rulers. Co-curator Kristen Collins says its history is a tribute to the diplomacy of its leaders.
"I think one of the most amazing things about this monastery has been its ability to endure," she said. "The monastery has a mosque on its premises. The legend has it that when the Caliph Hakim was heading toward the monastery, cutting a swath across the Sinai destroying monasteries in his path, the monks at Sinai build a mosque in three days, transformed guest quarters into this building. And the mosque remains there to this day."
The monastery was spared because of the gesture.
Father Justin says this art has a special role in the lives of Orthodox Christians, who believe that icons convey the spiritual reality that they portray.
"Standing before the icon of a saint is a reflection of that saint and we ascend from the physical depiction to the spiritual presence of the saint himself," he said.
The monks of St. Catherine's Monastery were at first reluctant to let their treasures be displayed in a secular atmosphere, apart from their role in daily devotions. But the monks decided to share them so that others could benefit, and they worked closely with the museum on the details of transporting and displaying the icons.
Three monks from St. Catherine's, including the archbishop who serves as abbot, blessed the objects as the Getty Museum opened its exhibition.
Curators say they hope audiences will view these icons as both art treasures and objects deeply rooted in a spiritual tradition. The exhibition "Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai," will be shown at the Getty Museum through March 4.
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| 0.970357 | 950 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It can be seen in the fossil that the carnivore had its skull smashed while teeth can be seen embedded in the neck of its prey, a Triceratops.
Their fossilised skeletons were found together in a remote and arid region of Montana known as Hell's Creek.
Taking one glance at the fossil, the six- to seven-metre long, two-legged meat eater looked like a smaller version of Tyrannosaurus rex, but there are differences, in particular the animals' graceful head and large forelimbs.
Scientists believe that the fossil has provided clear proof that T. rex shared its habitat with a smaller cousin, Nanotyrannus, similar to how lions and cheetahs hunt together on the African savannah, News.com.au reported.
The discovery could help end the debate among experts, who believe in Nanotyrannus, and the others who claim that the animals' fragmented fossils belong to a juvenile offspring of T. rex.
--ANI (Posted on 10-09-2013)
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http://www.newkerala.com/news/story/65412/fossil-found-in-us-could-help-unravel-mysterious-dinosaur-riddle.html
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| 0.950119 | 215 | 3.265625 | 3 |
United States lawmakers are pushing a plan to establish a new national park that would quite literally be out of this world -- on the Moon.
A new bill introduced into the US Congress would create the Apollo Lunar Landing Sites National Historical Park on the Moon.
Called the Apollo Lunar Landing Legacy Act, the bill (House Resolution 2617) was referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, and in addition to the House Committee on Natural Resources, SPACE.com reported.
Emphasising that the Apollo lunar programme was one of the greatest achievements in the US history, the bill notes that, as commercial enterprises and foreign nations acquire the ability to land on the Moon, "it is necessary to protect the Apollo lunar landing sites for posterity."
The bill, in part, calls for no later than one year after the date of enactment of the act, "there shall be established as a unit of the National Park System the Apollo Lunar Landing Sites National Historical Park."
Establishing such a park will expand and enhance the protection and preservation of the Apollo lunar landing sites, the bill states, "and provide for greater recognition and public understanding of this singular achievement in American history."
In the bill, "Apollo lunar landing sites" refer to all areas of the Moon where astronauts and instruments connected to the Apollo program between 1969 and 1972 touched the lunar surface, the report said.
The bill also spotlights the artefacts on the surface of the Moon associated with the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission, "which had an instrumentality crash land on the lunar surface April 14, 1970," it states.
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http://www.rediff.com/news/report/a-national-park-on-moon/20130714.htm
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en
| 0.927076 | 327 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Nested at the bottom of the Syrian-African rift, the Dead Sea contains mineral riches that were coveted since Antiquity by all its riparian tribes. Today, an Israeli company and a Jordanian company, as tightly bound as Siamese twin-sisters, exploit these riches.
How was this site formed? Who discovered the process implemented for its exploitation? Is that process viable? Could a potable water production process be grafted unto it? What will this site become in the distant future?
Doctor in Applied Sciences (ULB, Université Libre de Bruxelles), Samuël J. Wajc taught Chemical Engineering at the VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) until 1988. He then redirected his career toward industry and, as chief engineer of the corporate Research and Development Centre of Israel Chemicals, contributed to the improvement of production processes in various domains.
He is an associate member of the Royal Belgian Academy.
Académie royale de Belgique
Date de parution
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en
| 0.939001 | 210 | 2.75 | 3 |
Flying inadvertently into cloud (instrument meteorological conditions or IMC) is easier than you may think. Sudden precipitation may result in a loss of visual to the ground. Low light conditions or increasing darkness may cause you to lose sight of the ground
The Piper PA-44-180 Seminole was on a local VFR flight from London International Airport (CYXU) when the pilot declared an emergency. The aircraft was six miles westsouthwest of CYXU and the pilot had lost ground contact. The pilot later regained ground contact and landed safely.
A special weather observation made at the time of the incident reported wind 210 degrees at 13 knots, visibility 10 miles in light snow, ceiling overcast at 6,900 feet. It is likely that it was snowing more heavily six miles away where the aircraft was flying. Ceilings can fall more than 2,000 feet and visibility can drop more than two miles when it starts to snow. This may result in a sudden loss of visual contact with the ground.
A C-172 pilot called Vancouver Terminal and reported that he was in cloud. He was radar identified 10 nm NW of Abbotsford at 2,800 feet and given a climb and a westerly heading to fly. The pilot then reported he had just hit a tree. Westerly vectors and a climb were continued and the pilot eventually became visual and was able to land at Boundary Bay, B.C. The minimum safe altitude in the area the pilot flew into cloud is 7,000 feet.
This aircraft was on a training flight in a practice area with an instructor and student on board. The instructor was obviously trying too hard to complete a training flight in poor weather conditions when they accidentally flew into cloud.
CARs state that under VFR conditions we are to maintain clearance from cloud of one mile horizontally and 500 feet vertically. This instructor had been skirting very close to the cloud horizontally and vertically to complete the flight.
A C-182 Pilot departed Castlegar for a 90 nm flight to Vernon, B.C. 45 minutes before grounding. A pilot report from another aircraft indicated a solid wall of cloud about 40 nm west of Castlegar. This information was passed to the C- 182 pilot. Just short of half way to Vernon, the C-182 pilot contacted the Vancouver Area Control Centre and reported that he was in cloud and climbing. YVR ACC radar identified the aircraft just in time to watch it disappear off radar. Due to the bad weather and heavy snowfall, the aircraft was not located for 3 months.
The C-182 pilot knowingly flew into poor and deteriorating weather conditions as daylight was fading. He continued to push on as the weather got progressively worse. Vernon was home and he likely was suffering from a severe case of “Gethomeitis.” In his case, and for his passenger, it was fatal.
All of the pilots described in the incidents above, were subject to a mindset of getting to a destination, or getting the job done. This mindset can cause us to ignore weather reports, weather forecasts, and pilot reports as we blindly continue on. All of them had the opportunity of deciding against the flight, or turning back at some point during the flight.
As mentioned above, a sudden snow shower or a sudden heavier snow fall can drastically reduce ceilings and visibilities. Sudden rain showers can do the same. Combine a snow shower or rain shower with low light conditions or approaching dusk and we can see that a loss of ground reference can easily happen.
Too often we just check the METARs and TAFs and don’t bother with the GFAs or get a briefing from an FIC specialist. The weather outside the airport control zone may be significantly different than the reported or forecast weather at the airports. The weather in valleys or near any upslope condition may change the local weather.
The METARS and TAFS may not indicate showery conditions within five miles of the airport, but a GFA may indicate the possibility of snow or rain showers. Any time they do, we must be prepared for a sudden change in ceilings and visibilities.
The CARs state that we may fly in Class G airspace with visibilities as low as one mile and ceilings as low as 1,000 feet. If we do, and sudden snow or rain starts to fall, we may be in trouble instantly. I personally use minimums of 3,000 feet and three miles for any VFR flight where the possibility of showers are forecast. There is a difference between what is legal and what is safe, especially in mountainous regions.
Weather forecasts are not always accurate and there are times when we feel that we can make a flight despite the forecast. Some of our flights are successful under these conditions. This tends to confirm that we know better than the forecasters.
We should begin every flight with the mindset that we will return to our point of departure, or we will land at an airport en route if the weather deteriorates to a pre-decided limit.
The more we know about the enroute weather, the more prepared we are and the less set our minds are about completing the trip.
As we see from the incidents and accident described above, a press-on mindset may not get us to our destination anyway. Even if it does, the stress or sheer terror experienced may make us wish we hadn’t tried.
Dale Nielsen is an ex-Armed Forces pilot and aerial photography pilot. He lives in Abbotsford, B.C., and currently flies medevacs from Victoria in a Lear 25. Nielsen is also the author of seven flight training manuals published by Canuck West Holdings.
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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en
| 0.965863 | 1,163 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Adorno contributed many studies of the manipulation of consciousness by what he called the 'culture industries'. These became the cornerstone of a damning portrait of what Adorno saw as an increasingly 'administered world'. Against an increasingly irrational and intractable world Adorno seeks to mobilise all the powers of philosophical reason. ('We are wholly convinced … that social freedom is inseparable from enlightened thought.') Yet, for Adorno, reason, in the form of scientific rationality and means-end calculations, is itself part of the problem. In Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947), Adorno collaborated with Max Horkheimer to diagnose the dark side of the development of reason. According to the allegory of the voyage of Odysseus, which Adorno constructs within the book, the repressive potential of reason does not arise with the eighteenth century Enlightenment conception of Reason (which Adorno labels 'identity logic' or 'the philosophy of identity') but has its origins in the very beginnings of Western culture. The rationality bound to identity has always felt compelled to deny, repress and violate singularity, difference and otherness. Its extraordinary success in offering mankind domination over nature leads inexorably to domination men over men (and of men over women). In the face of the darkness of this vision, Adorno self-consiously affirms the wildest utopian dream of the Enlightenment of all: an end to human suffering. "The only philosophy which can be responsibly practiced in the face of despair is the attempt to contemplate all things as they would present themselves from the standpoint of redemption. …Perspectives must be fashioned that displace and estrange the world, reveal it to be, with its rifts and crevices, as indigent and distorted as it will appear one day in the messianic light."
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://nosubject.com/index.php?title=Administered_World
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en
| 0.935383 | 366 | 2.671875 | 3 |
70th Anniversary of Hunter Army Airfield: The History of Hunter Army Airfield
May 13, 2010
<b>HUNTER ARMY AIRFIELD, Ga. </b>- The 1920s marked the true beginning of civilian aviation in the United States. By 1930, nearly 1,700 civilian airports were established in the nation. In 1927, the City of Savannah bought 900 acres of woods, pasture, and swamp three miles south of the city limits for the first Savannah Airport - later known as Hunter Field.
In three years, using mostly chain-gang labor, Chatham County ditched the area, graded the field with 400,000 cubic yards of sand, and planted it with Bermuda grass. The landing area was 4,500 feet long and 3,500 feet wide. Aircraft could take off and land in any direction. The original airfield lay roughly on what is now Hunter Army Airfield's parking apron.
On May 19, 1940, the city officially dedicated the airport as "Hunter Field," the same year the U.S. began re-arming in preparation for war. The government increased funding for new equipment and bases and instituted a peace-time draft. The Air Corps needed new airbases to accommodate its growth, and in August 1940, selected Hunter Field as a light bomber training base.
Within two months, the Air Corps transferred 3,000 personnel of the 3rd and 27th Bomb Groups, and a hundred A-18 trainers, A-20 light bombers, and B-18 medium bombers to the new base, sharing the airfield with the civilian airport.
The 3rd and 27th Bomb Groups trained at Hunter Field throughout 1940-41, participating in large-scale Army maneuvers in the Carolinas. On Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. All passes from Hunter Field were immediately cancelled and airmen were required to wear uniforms at all times as the U.S. faced war with Japan and Germany.
From 1941 to 1943, the base grew to a population of 10,000, expanded its boundaries from 900 to nearly 3,000 acres. It expanded runway capacity, built aircraft parking aprons, and trained ground support squadrons, bomber groups and fighter groups.
After 1945, Hunter Field reverted to the Savannah Municipal Airport. The airport only used a small fraction of Hunter Field's cantonment, the balance leased by the Federal Public Housing Administration to various public and private enterprises.
As the 1940s ended, the Soviet Union, formerly a World War II ally, showed itself to be an implacable foe of western capitalism and democracy. In 1947, President Truman signed the National Security Act, reorganizing the U.S. defense and intelligence establishments and making the Air Force completely independent and most important branch of service because of its role in atomic bomb deployment.
In 1948, there were less than 60 atomic bombs in the U.S. nuclear arsenal, stored in four "Q Areas" controlled by the civilian Atomic Energy Commission. By 1950, SAC consisted of 14 bomb wings, flying mostly B-29 and B-50 propeller medium bombers, or huge B-36 piston-pull heavy bombers. As part of SAC's southern strategy, in 1949, SAC stationed the 2nd Bomb Wing and its B-50 bombers at Chatham Field, a World War II airbase built a few miles west of Savannah.
However, Chatham Field had inadequate barracks and operations facilities, and proved unsatisfactory. In order to keep SAC in the Savannah area, the city offered to exchange Hunter Field for Chatham Field.
In September 1950, the switch occurred. Hunter Field became Hunter Air Force Base, while Chatham Field became the Savannah Municipal Airport, now known as the Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport.
When SAC arrived at Hunter AFB in 1950, they found a neglected World War II-era airport. Buildings creaked with rotten siding and broken windows, while asphalt roads showed ruts and holes, and grass grew through the pavement of aircraft parking aprons. A land conflict in Asia soon accelerated the pace of base construction and development.
By January 1951, SAC had slated a second bomb wing for Hunter AFB, and in 1950-51 spent over $5.6 million on the base, mostly in repairing World War II buildings, roads and runways, and expanding the base to its current boundaries west to the Little Ogeechee River and east to White Bluff Road. Hunter AFB received $24.5 million from Congress and spent $2.5 million on building the installation's runway.
In the mid-1950s, SAC began basing bomb wings in the northern tier of the country, closer to the Soviet Union when flying over the Arctic Circle, and away from heavily populated areas. In 1955, the first B-52 heavy bombers-with greater range and payload capacity than the B-47-came online, while the U.S. deployed ICBMs by 1959. The development of ICBMs and the B-52 precluded the need for B-47 bases in the southeast. Hunter AFB became obsolete.
By 1960 SAC had transferred the 30th from Hunter AFB and announced the base's eminent transfer to Material Air Transport Service, another Air Force command.
In October 1962, six months before SAC was scheduled to leave Hunter AFB, the Soviets began installing medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba. The U.S. imposed a naval blockade on missile shipments and demanded the missiles' removal.
Hunter AFB's 2nd Bomb Wing already had 17 B-47s on Reflex alert overseas, and dispersed 13 other bombers to Shaw and Charleston AFBs in South Carolina, all in full Emergency War Order configuration, loaded with nuclear weapons and Jet-Assisted Take Off rockets for lift-off.
Beginning Oct. 20, 1962, the installation hosted the B-47s of the entire 306th bomb Wing. On Oct. 22, SAC placed its fleet at DEFCON 3, increasing readiness and alert levels above normal levels. By Oct. 24, all aircraft at Hunter AFB, 60 B-47 bombers with full nuclear payloads, sat silent on the aircraft parking apron and the "Christmas Tree" apron at the alert area, waiting for the balloon to drop. Other SAC bases in the U.S. and overseas were on full alert.
Overhead, B-52s flew on airborne alert. The Soviets stepped back from the abyss on Oct. 29, 1962, pulling the missiles from Cuba while President John F. Kennedy secretly agreed to withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey.
Within six months of the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, all SAC aircraft had left Hunter AFB. In April 1963, SAC transferred Hunter AFB to the 63rd Troop Carrier Wing of MATS, which stationed 60 C-124 cargo planes and 4,300 men to the installation.
In 1964, the Department of Defense announced Hunter AFB's closing. Built as a SAC base, Hunter AFB did not have the facilities needed to support transport missions.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Army developed troop-carrying transport helicopters, helicopter gunships designed for close air support, and tactical doctrine for airmobile warfare.
These efforts paid off in a tactical sense when the U.S became involved in the Vietnam War. In 1965, U.S. combat troops were sent to bolster a shaky authoritarian regime in South Vietnam against an insurgency sponsored by Communist North Vietnam. The helicopter became the crux of the Army's tactical efforts, essential in jungle terrain for air transport, fire support, medical evacuation, and supply.
The need for more helicopter pilots drove the expansion of the Army's aviation program, which saved Hunter AFB as a military base. In December 1966, DoD announced that the official new home of the Army's Advanced Flight Training Center would be Hunter Army Airfield and Fort Stewart. The airfield's massive parking apron, built by SAC for jet bombers, offered more than enough space for helicopter training operations.
Hunter became one of the Army's key helicopter training sites during the Vietnam War. Between 1967 and 1972, Hunter and Fort Stewart trained 11,000 rotary wing pilots and 4,328 fixed wing pilots, including 1400 South Vietnamese aviators. The U.S. withdrew all combat troops from Vietnam in the early 1970s, and in 1972 the Army closed Hunter.
The Army reopened Hunter in 1974 and designated it a sub-post of Fort Stewart and a base for the 24th Infantry Division's helicopter and support elements, including the 1st Ranger Battalion. By the late 1970s, Hunter had become the U.S. Army's premier rapid deployment node on the eastern seaboard, thanks in no small part to facilities left behind by the Air Force, including the runway, parking apron, and the old SAC alert area, now called "Saber Hall."
Special Forces troops and elements of the 24th Division could deploy as rapidly as possible to nearly anywhere in the world, making it a potent offensive resource in the Cold War.
In 1990-1991 the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) participated in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, taking part in the liberation of Kuwait and the destruction of much of Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Army. Few missions in the 1990s had the clarity of Desert Storm, and the Army conducted multiple open-ended peace-keeping and humanitarian missions in countries as diverse as Haiti, Somalia, and the former Yugoslavia. In 1996, the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) was re-flagged the Third Infantry Division, "The Rock of the Marne."
Hunter remains an important deployment and support base for the Army and other joint services, thanks to its existing airfield facilities and location adjacent to Fort Stewart and the east coast ports of Savannah and Charleston. In January 2003, Soldiers in the 3rd ID (Mechanized) were the first U.S. unit to enter Baghdad for Operation Iraqi Freedom during the invasion. The entire division deployed from Hunter to Kuwait in the weeks that followed. The 3rd ID spearheaded Coalition forces, fighting its way to Baghdad in early April, leading the end of Saddam Hussein regime.
After combat, 3rd ID Soldiers shifted focus to support and stabilization operations and rebuild the war-ravaged country. The division returned in August 2003.
The division is currently on its fourth deployment.
The majority of Soldiers from the 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade, from Hunter began arriving in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in late summer, 2009.
The 3rd CAB is organized by four multifunctional task forces comprised of UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters and MEDEVAC helicopters, AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters, CH-47D Chinook helicopters, and the OH-58 Kiowa Warriors. The brigade's previous deployments were during the initial invasion into Iraq in 2003, OIF III in 2005 and OIF V in 2007.
It's been 60 years since the Air Corps developed Hunter into a military airfield.
It served first as a bomber and air transport base for the Air Force, then as an Army helicopter training base, and finally as a rapid deployment node and home for an infantry division's aviation units and tenants, including U.S. Special Operations, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, U.S. Coast Guard's Air Station Savannah, Georgia Air and Army National Guard, 224th Military Intelligence Battalion, 260th Quartermaster Battalion, Tuttle Army Health Clinic and the U.S. Intelligence and Security Command.
(Most of the above historical information was compiled from material provided by the Environmental Division, Directorate of Public Works, Fort Stewart, Ga.)
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Assorted Flounder - Bothus lunatus - Flatfish - Peacock Flounder
Assorted Flounder Fish - Bothus lunatus The Assorted Flounder Fish, also known as Plate Fish or Peacock Flounder, is laterally compressed and lays on its side on the bottom of the ocean or aquarium. Early in development, both eyes migrate to the left or right side, usually the left. The Assorted Flounder fish has a dull color with occasional light blue spotting. This allows it to lay in the sand, where the dull colors blend in making it very hard to see. The Assorted flounder fish is a relatively common, but easily overlooked, inhabitant of sandy areas of reef flats, lagoons, and outer reef slopes. It may occasionally be found resting on smooth, bare rock substrates and has been collected as deep as 84 m. Like all flounders, the Assorted flounder fish has both eyes on the same side of its head. It lies on the bottom, usually over sandy areas. Sometimes it burries itself under a thin layer of sand so that only its eyes are exposed. Post-larval Assorted flounders look like normal fishes, but soon after settling on the bottom their right eye migrates to the left side of the body, the side which is pigmented and faces up. Three species are known from shallow inshore waters of Guam. In addition, three species of soles (Family Soleidae), which have both eyes on the right side of the body, are known from shallow waters of Guam. All flatfishes are carnivores and generally inhabit sandy bottoms, some living in the deepest parts of the ocean. Maximum Size:
The Assorted Flounders grows up to 14 inches. General Size:
This Assorted flounder fish is usually 3 inches in length. Minimum Tank Size:
A 130 gallons or larger aquarium provides good environment for these Assorted Flounder Fishes. Tank Conditions:
The Assorted Flounder fish should ideally be kept in temperatures between 71 and 74 degrees Fahrenheit. A pH value of 8.3 or 8.4, and a specific gravity of 1.020 to 1.025 should be maintained. When kept with invertebrates, the specific gravity range should be 1.023 to 1.025, for the invertebrate species. In a fish only aquarium, the specific gravity should fall between 1.020 and 1.023. Habitat:
The Assorted Flounder Fish is found in Indo-Pacific from East Africa to Ducei and Hawaii, to Lord Howe and to north of the Ryukus. Diet and Feeding:
Carnivorous, likes to eat variety of chopped meats. It will eat most any invertebrate or small fish that come within its vicinity.
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Nanocontainers, single-stranded DNA and fluorescently labelled lipids enable researchers to perform 42,000 chemical experiments simultaneously. The new technology saves running time, human input and large quantities of materials. According to a researcher, it is like developing a great recipe.
Researchers from several universities in Denmark have collaborated in developing a new way of carrying out chemical experiments.
Instead of performing the experiments in flasks and test tubes one at a time, the researchers can use nanocontainers with single-stranded DNA fragments to execute 42,000 experiments simultaneously – and in just under 1 hour.
This saves not only time in the laboratory but also large quantities of materials.
According to the researchers, the new technology has the potential to change the procedures for many experiments and screenings.
“Performing thousands of experiments usually requires using large quantities of materials, human resources and lots of time. This revolutionary technology saves on all three, so experiments and randomised screenings can be carried out in parallel,” explains the leader of the research, Nikos Hatzakis, Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen.
The research has been published in Nature Chemistry and included the group of Stefan Vogel, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
Chemical experiments are like cooking classy cuisine
Nikos Hatzakis uses cooking as an analogy in explaining the new technology.
For example, making a tasty tomato sauce for pasta requires mixing ingredients such as garlic, tomato, salt, pepper and basil.
However, there are different mixing options.
You can start with garlic, then the tomatoes, then salt, pepper and finally the basil. Alternatively, you can try salt and pepper first, then the basil and finally tomatoes and garlic.
The sequence influences the results.
“Chemistry is similar. If you have six ingredients, mixing them differently will produce different results. In addition, they can be mixed in 720 ways, so performing experiments to make every conceivable mixture based on the order in which they are added would take a very long time and require lots of materials,” says Nikos Hatzakis.
To avoid this, the researchers in Denmark developed lipidic nanocontainers that are less than a thousandth of a human hair in width.
One target nanocontainer can be used for mixing the materials and other nanocontainers for each material.
The target nanocontainers for mixing have identity-encoding barcodes corresponding to each DNA-encoded nanocontainer for each material. When a nanocontainer with one material comes in contact with the target container, the two matching fragments of DNA zip like a zipper, and the contents of the nanocontainer with the material are emptied into the target container.
The researchers created a set-up that enables 42,000 target nanocontainers per mm2 of space.
Each container has six freely diffusing populations of cargo liposomes that can be merged with DNA fragments from each nanocontainers with its own chemical material.
The researchers put the droplets from the nanocontainers with the materials onto the lab-on-a-chip with the target containers, and the materials are mixed completely randomly.
“The beauty of this process is that we can perform thousands of experiments simultaneously and all in 1 mm2. Each nanocontainer comprises its own experiment,” explains Nikos Hatzakis.
Artificial intelligence maps the mixing sequence
But the story doesn’t end here.
The materials are mixed randomly, but how can the researchers identify how they were mixed?
To solve this, the researchers developed a method to determine instantly how the ingredients were mixed in each of the 42,000 nanocontainers.
Each lipid nanocontainer with materials is equipped with fluorescent markers, and the researchers use different combinations of red, blue and green for each container.
The researchers then use images of the experiments and artificial intelligence to map the thousands of nanocontainers, determining very precisely the order of mixing in each container.
“We can analyse 42,000 events in 1 second. Fluorescence microscopy techniques enable us to save huge amounts of time in determining the mixing order. All the aspects of this technology are part of this revolution,” says the researcher who did most of the experimental work behind the study, Mette Galsgaard Malle, PhD, who is carrying out research at Harvard University.
Useful in different types of experiments
Nikos Hatzakis envisions many fields in which this technology can save both time and resources.
For example, researchers might want to assemble genetic building blocks into a DNA strand for use in many contexts, such as medicine.
Using the technology, researchers can assemble DNA building blocks in thousands of ways using minimal quantities of materials, very few laboratories and just 1 hour to carry out the entire experiment.
Another possible application is in screening various protein–ligand interactions. Various ligands can be placed in the other nanocontainers and mixed in different ways, and researchers can determine how they interact with the protein when the order of the ligands is changed.
“We are already talking to industry, which sees great potential in our invention,” adds Nikos Hatzakis.
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| 0.917335 | 1,104 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Anal fistulas are generally common among those who have had an anal abscess. Treatment is usually necessary to reduce the chances of infection in an anal fistula, as well to alleviate symptoms.
An anal fistula is defined as a small tunnel with an internal opening in the anal canal and an external opening in the skin near the anus. Anal fistulas form when an anal abscess, that's drained, doesn't heal completely.
Different tyoes of anal fistulas are classified by their location.
In order of most common to least common, the various types include:
- Intersphincteric fistula. The tract begins in the space between the internal and external sphincter muscles and opens very close to the anal opening.
- Transphincteric fistula. The tract begins in the space between the internal and external sphincter muscles or in the space behind the anus. It then crosses the external sphincter and opens an inch or two outside the anal opening. These can wrap around the body in a U shape, with external openings on both sides of the anus (called a horseshoe fistula).
- Suprasphincteric fistula. The tract begins in the space between the internal and external sphincter muscles and turns upward to a point above the puborectal muscle, crosses this muscle, then extends downward between the puborectal and levator ani muscle and opens an inch or two outside the anus.
- Extrasphincteric fistula. The tract begins at the rectum or sigmoid colon and extends downward, passes through the levator ani muscle and opens around the anus. These fistulas are usually caused by an appendiceal abscess, diverticular abscess or Crohn's disease.
It is usually simple to locate the external opening of an anal fistula, meanwhile locating the internal opening can be more challenging. It is important to be able to find the entire fistula for effective treatment.
People who may have experience with recurring anal absesses may have an anal fisula . The external opening of the fisuals is usually red, inflamed, oozes pus, and is sometimes mixed with blood.
The location of the external opening gives a clue to a fistula's likely path and sometimes the fistula can actually be felt. However, locating its visual path often requires various tools, and often times it may not be seen until surgery.
Tools often used in diagnosis include:
- Fistula probe. An instrument specially designed to be inserted through a fistula
- Anoscope. A small instrument to view the anal canal
If a fistula is potentially complicated or in an unusual place, these tools may also be used:
- Diluted methylene blue dye. Injected into a fistula
- Fistulography. Injection of a contrast solution into a fistula and then X-raying it
- Magnetic resonance imaging
Tools used to rule out other disorders such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease include:
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy. A thin, flexible tube with a lighted camera inside the tip allows doctors to view the lining of the rectum and sigmoid colon as a magnified image on a television screen
- Colonoscopy. Similar to sigmoidoscopy, but with the ability to examine the entire colon or large intestine
Treatment is delicately performed to reduce the risk of affecting bowel emptying, due to the anal fistulas' proximity to the anal sphincter muscles. The best approach requires that each patient is assessed indvidually.
Treatment of an anal fistula is attempted with as little impact as possible on the sphincter muscles. It will often depend on the fistula's location and complexity, and the strength of the patient's sphincter muscles.
In a fistulotomy the surgeon first probes to find the fistula's internal opening. Then the tract is cut open and is scraped and its contents are flushed out, then its sides are stitch to the sides of the incision in order to lay open the fistula.
A more complicated fistula, such as a horseshoe fistula (where the tract extends around both sides of the body and has external openings on both sides of the anus), is treated by usually laying open just the segment where the tracts join and the remainder of the tracts are removed.
The surgery may be performed in more than one stage if a large amount of muscle must be cut. The surgery may need to be repeated if the entire tract can't be found.
Advancement Rectal Flap
A surgeon may core out the tract and then cut a flap into the rectal wall to access and remove the fistula's internal opening then stitches the flap back down. This is often done to reduce the amount of sphincter muscle to be cut.
A seton (silk string or rubber band) is used to either:
- Create scar tissue around part of the sphincter muscle before cutting it with a knife
- Allow the seton to slowly cut all the way through the muscle over the course of several weeks
The seton may also aid in the drainage of the fistula.
Fibrin Glue or Collagen plug
In some cases, fibrin glue, made from plasma protein, may be used to seal up and heal a fistula as opposed to cutting it open. The glue is injected through the external opening after clearing the tract and stitching the internal opening closed. A plug of collagen protein may also be used to seal and close the fistula tract.
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You've got to be careful of what you eat and drink … but, if you need a little help doing so, a new tooth-mounted antenna-like sensor could help. Designed by scientists at Tufts University in Massachusetts, it's currently able to track its wearer's intake of glucose, salt and alcohol.
With a footprint of just 2 x 2 mm, the flat sensor is flexible enough to adjust to the irregular surface of a tooth. It's made up of three sandwiched layers, consisting of two square-shaped gold rings on the outside and a layer of bioresponsive material in the middle. That middle layer absorbs the three target chemicals from within the wearer's mouth.
When exposed to an incoming radiofrequency signal emitted by a mobile device, the sensor collects the radio waves and transmits them back, but in an altered form. Depending on which and how much of the target chemicals have been absorbed by the bioactive layer, certain portions of some waves are cancelled out by the sensor instead of being transmitted.
By analysing the spectrum and intensity of radio waves that are returned to the mobile device, an app is, therefore, able to determine which chemicals have been consumed, and in what quantities. Down the road, it's possible that such sensors could detect a wider range of substances, and be applied to more than just teeth.
"In theory, we can modify the bioresponsive layer in these sensors to target other chemicals – we are really limited only by our creativity," says Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto, corresponding author of a paper on the study. "We have extended common RFID [radiofrequency identification] technology to a sensor package that can dynamically read and transmit information on its environment, whether it is affixed to a tooth, to the skin, or any other surface."
Keep an eye out for an update on the golden-sticker.
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... LoI - Letter of Intent ...
DEFINITION of 'Letter of Intent - LOI'
1. An agreement that describes in detail a corporation's intention to execute a corporate action. The letter of intent is created by the corporation with its management and legal council, among others, and outlines the details of the action.
2. A document that can be used by parents to outline the thoughts and hopes that they have regarding their children in the event that the parents die. The courts use the information contained in the letter of intent to determine what happens to the children.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Letter of Intent - LOI'
1. Letters of intent are used during the merger and acquisitions process to outlines a firm's plan to buy/take over another company. For example, the letter of intent will disclose the specific terms of the transaction (whether it is a cash or stock deal).
2. Unlike wills, letters of intent are often not legal documents. However, because a letter of intent represents the wishes and desires of the parents, the courts will still often use it as a benchmark in conjunction with other documents to determine what happens to the children.
A letter of intent (LOI or LoI, and sometimes capitalized as Letter of Intent in legal writing, but only when referring to a specific document under discussion) is a document outlining an agreement between two or more parties before the agreement is finalized. The concept is similar to a heads of agreement. Such agreements may be Asset Purchase Agreements, Share Purchase Agreements, Joint-Venture Agreements, Lease Agreements, and overall all Agreements which aim at closing a financially large deal.
LOIs resemble written contracts, but are usually not binding on the parties in their entirety. Many LOIs, however, contain provisions that are binding, such as non-disclosure agreements, a covenant to negotiate in good faith, or a "stand-still" or "no-shop" provision promising exclusive rights to negotiate. An LOI may sometimes be interpreted by a court of law as binding the parties to it, if it too-closely resembles a formal contract.
A letter of intent may be presented by one party to another party and subsequently negotiated before execution (or signature.) If carefully negotiated, a LOI may serve to protect both parties to a transaction. For example, a seller of a business may incorporate what's known as a 'no solicitation' provision which would prevent the buyer from subsequently hiring an employee of the seller's business should the two parties not be able to close the transaction. On the other hand, a LOI may protect the buyer of a business by imposing a condition to complete the transaction on their part if financing the deal is not obtained.
The most common purposes of an LOI are:
- To clarify the key points of a complex transaction for the convenience of the parties
- To declare officially that the parties are currently negotiating, as in a merger or joint venture proposal
- To provide safeguards in case a deal collapses during negotiation
- To verify certain issues regarding payments done for someone else e.g. credit card payments
... MoU - Memorandum of Understanding ...
DEFINITION of 'Memorandum of Understanding - MOU'
A legal document outlining the terms and details of an agreement between parties, including each parties requirements and responsibilities.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Memorandum of Understanding - MOU'
The MOU is often the first stage in the formation of a formal contract. An MOU is far more formal then a handshake and is given weight in a court of law should one party fail to meet the obligations of the memorandum.
Definition - What does Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) mean?
A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a document that describes a formal agreement between two parties. It is not a legal agreement, but it does indicate the establishment of a business relationship that will continue and likely result in a legal agreement such as a contract.
This term is also known as a letter of intent (LOI) in the United States.
Techopedia explains Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
An MOU indicates that a legal contract will be forthcoming. This is more expeditious than other forms of documentation.
An MOU can also be put in place before the formalities of a contract when an agreement between parties has been reached but still requires written documentation.
MOUs can vary and be tailored to each organization’s or party’s needs. An MOU should state or describe:
- Who the partners are and their contact information
- What it is they are going to be working on, the background of the project and why the MOU is being entered into
- The scope of the document and who will use what the MOU provides
- Specified activities, if already determined
- Implementation of activities
- Funding issues
- Each party's roles and responsibilities
- A time line, if desired
- Duration of agreement
- A signature and date of signature by all of the parties agreeing to the MOU
A document that expresses mutual accord on an issue between two or more parties.
Memoranda of understanding are generally recognized as binding, even if no legal claim could be based on the rights and obligations laid down in them. To be legally operative, a memorandum of understanding must :
- (1) identify the contracting parties,
- (2) spell out the subject matter of the agreement and its objectives,
- (3) summarize the essential terms of the agreement, and
- (4) must be signed by the contracting parties.
#Differences By International Contract . Net
It is customary, in day to day business, to start writing negotiations in between parties when conducting any business purpose, whether buying, distribution or partnership agreements. This home for future consummation of binding mutual obligations can not be considered much less a contract itself, denominating legally as mere letters of intent or preliminary treatment.
A distinction has to be made very clearly as far as the effectiveness of such treatment preliminary binding and can advance even now they represent only simple conversations, writing minutes or crossover projects, offers and counteroffers in which the parties do not show their intent to be bound each other, but the only thing is that record to see the possibility of hiring in the future. Letter of Intents and Memorandum of Understanding (known as MOU´s) are drafts without binding efficiency and, at best, serve as mere interpretive elements in the event of needing to know the will of the parties to enforce when the business finally completed.
There are different types of Letters of Intent in international business. The most common are:
- Letter of Intent for International Sale Contract.
- Letter of Intent for International Distribution Contract.
- Letter of Intent for International Joint Venture Contract.
Thus, among the purposes of the letters of intent we can include:
- Clarifying the key points of an operation for the convenience of the parties.
- The statement that the parties are currently negotiating.
- Provides guarantees if the deal collapses during negotiation.
Depending on which document the number of signatories will differ: In a Memorandum of Understanding, more than two parties may be involved but for a Letter of Intent only two parties are involved. The first one of them imply that all the parties involved have to be signatories, while a letter of intent needs only the party which proposes the agreement to be a signatory.
Both documents define the intent of the parties: both, a Memorandum of Understanding and a Letter of intent describe an intention to take some action. From the business point of view, it is defined as an agreement between two parties before the agreement is finalized.
It is essentially a collection of key points of an agreement between the two parties who pretend to conduct a business transaction, especially when announcing a joint venture, Letters of Intent and Memorandum of Understanding are signed for the purpose of declaring that the various parties involved are negotiating a contract. It is simply the agreement signed prior to the final agreement.
Another characteristic is that both Memorandums of Understanding and Letters of intent can resemble a written contract but usually not binding on the parties in their entirety. However, the majority of these agreements, contain provisions that are binding, such as non-disclosure and non-compete agreements.
MoU and LoI is commonly used in business and legal world. As a Business Analyst, as a Project Stakeholder, as a Finance Team, and as a Management you should understand how important these are. At the first time, it's quite hard to understand these words. It is all about "agreement" and it looks similar. Then if you read carefully, you can understand that the main difference is only one. The difference is that the LoI is signed by the party expressing that intent, but MoU is signed by all party. When you talk about legal, it is very important that you understand the rules. So be careful when talk about the agreement.
Another related article :
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Autophagy: good or bad? The answer may depend on when you're asking about. According to a September 11 paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, motor neurons use this “self-eating” function to stave off synaptic malfunction early in the course of a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). But as the disease progresses, motor neuron autophagy somehow ignites harmful responses in other cells, including interneurons and glia. The result of this two-faced pathway? In ALS mice lacking autophagy in motor neurons, symptoms arose earlier and yet the animals lived longer. The study, led by Tom Maniatis at Columbia University in New York, suggests caution is in order for those developing autophagy-based therapies for ALS.
- In SOD1-G93A ALS mice, scientists deleted the autophagy gene Atg7 in motor neurons.
- These mice developed ALS at a younger age but lived longer than SOD1-G93A controls.
- Early on, autophagy in motor neurons delayed denervation of neuromuscular junctions, but later, it stressed interneurons and inflamed glia.
“This study is compelling,” commented David Rubinsztein of the University of Cambridge in England. “Factors determining onset may differ from those that affect progression. This may be important when designing therapies.”
Best known for its role in dispatching unwanted proteins and organelles, autophagy is the process by which a double membrane compartment engulfs cytoplasmic detritus and fuses with lysosomes to digest it (for review, see Guo et al., 2017). Autophagy also plays a part in numerous other neuronal functions, including synaptic remodeling and neurotransmission (Hernandez et al., 2012; Inoue et al., 2013).
Mutations in multiple autophagy genes are implicated in ALS. Furthermore, even motor neurons from patients without such mutations are chock-full of inclusions of p62, a receptor that delivers proteins to autophagosomes (Mizuno et al., 2006). These observations place autophagy at the heart of both familial and sporadic forms of ALS. However, what autophagy does in ALS is anything but clear. For example, despite its ability to clear pathogenic protein aggregates (a good thing), one study reported that the autophagy activator, rapamycin, shortened the lifespan of ALS model mice, and another found that genetically hobbling autophagy extended the animals’ lives (Zhang et al., 2011; Nassif et al., 2014). Because autophagy was altered in many cell types in these and other studies, it remained unclear how the pathway was influencing disease progression.
First author Noam Rudnick and colleagues decided to take examine how the pathway’s influence changed throughout the course of ALS and in different cell types. They first assessed autophagy markers in the spinal cord of the SOD1-G93A model. In the asymptomatic phase of the disease, when the animals were 50 days old, the researchers found that p62 inclusions came in two distinct breeds: round bodies (RBs) in neuronal cell bodies, and skein-like inclusions (SKIs), which took up residence in the soma and dendrites (see image above). RBs predominated early on, but by 150 days, SKIs were more abundant. Fluorescence staining revealed that fast motor neurons—the cells most vulnerable to neurodegeneration in ALS—were the primary bearers of RBs, while SKIs appeared in slow motor neurons and later in interneurons as well.
A closer comparison of the inclusions in motor neurons revealed that while RBs were bona fide mature autophagosomes, SKIs lacked mature autophagosome markers and contained aggregates of mutant SOD1. The researchers hypothesized that this build-up of toxic proteins without recruitment of the appropriate digestion machinery might stress SKI-containing cells. They were right: SKI-bearing motor neurons had an abundance of phosphorylated cJun, a marker of cell stress, in their nuclei.
To better understand how different types of neurons use autophagy, the researchers conditionally knocked out Atg7, an enzyme required to make autophagosomes, only in motor neurons. In these autophagy-deficient but otherwise normal mice, p62 accumulated dramatically in motor neurons, which swelled in size but did not degenerate. Though the cells survived, a fraction of fast motor neurons lost connections with muscles at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and pumped out fewer synaptic vesicles than those in normal mice. The researchers concluded that fast motor neurons depend on autophagy to innervate muscles, but not for survival.
To investigate how loss of autophagy in motor neurons would affect disease, the researchers generated double transgenic mice that lacked Atg7 in motor neurons, and also expressed SOD1-G93A. Hind-limb tremor, the first motor symptom of disease, emerged 22 percent earlier in these double transgenic mice than in SOD1-G93A mice, though both single and double transgenic mice started losing weight around the same time. Surprisingly, knocking out autophagy in motor neurons extended the lifespan of SOD1-G93A mice by 22 percent. Both types of mice had similar numbers of motor neurons at the early and late stages. Interestingly, while motor neurons started disconnecting from NMJs much sooner in the double transgenics, they ended up with more intact NMJs than their autophagy-competent counterparts by 150 days. The findings suggested that autophagy benefits motor neurons at first, but later promotes harmful denervation that accelerates disease.
Autophagy, the Instigator. Activated microglia (Iba1, white) infiltrate the spinal cords of SOD1-G93A mice (second panel), but not when motor neurons cannot perform autophagy (fourth panel). [Courtesy of Rudnick et al., PNAS, 2017.]
How was autophagy accelerating disease progression? Previous studies have suggested that damaging neuroinflammatory responses take hold in the later stages of ALS, so the researchers compared activation of glial cells in the different mouse models. Indeed, SOD1-G93A mice had inflamed spinal cords at day 150, with numerous activated astrocytes and microglia. This was dramatically reduced in SOD1-G93A mice lacking Atg7 in motor neurons, suggesting that autophagy in motor neurons somehow triggers inflammatory responses in glia. Interneurons were affected by the loss of autophagy in motor neurons, as well. These in-betweeners lacked the p62-loaded SKIs and the nuclear cJun expression observed in animals with autophagy-competent motor neurons. Though delayed, both glial inflammation and interneuron stress eventually cropped up in the Atg7-deficient SOD-G93A animals.
How motor neuron autophagy incites harmful reactions in other cells remains a mystery. One possibility is that autophagy sends an activation signal to other cells, possibly when the disposal pathway becomes overwhelmed, the researchers proposed. Robert Baloh of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles agreed, yet called the idea counterintuitive. “You would think that if motor neurons lacked autophagy, and were thus filled with inclusions that could not be cleared, that would cause more stress in other cells,” he said. “But instead, maybe there is a specific signal from autophagy that needs to be released to get glial reaction.”
Baloh said the findings should caution researchers who see autophagy activation as a potential therapeutic strategy. “Much like the story with neuroinflammation, a lot depends on when you activate it,” he said.
Johnathan Cooper-Knock of the University of Sheffield in England wondered how the timeline in mice corresponded to human disease. “It is interesting to speculate at what stage of human ALS a switch may occur from predominant fast motor neuron pathology to non-cell autonomous toxicity driven indirectly by dying fast motor neurons which have performed autophagy on pathological aggregates,” he wrote in an email to Alzforum. “This may be as early as onset of clinical symptoms—certainly neuroinflammation and gliosis is universally reported in human ALS.” He added that the results will need to be replicated in other animal models of ALS beyond SOD1-G93A.
The results dovetail with work led by Claudio Hetz of the University of Chile in Santiago, who reported that activating autophagy in an ALS model mice triggered stress responses. “These results confirm our previous observations indicating that in the context of ALS, the autophagy and ER stress pathways are interconnected in a dynamic way, and that reducing autophagy levels may be beneficial,” he wrote in an email to Alzforum.—Jessica Shugart
Research Models Citations
- Guo F, Liu X, Cai H, Le W. Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenesis and therapy. Brain Pathol. 2018 Jan;28(1):3-13. Epub 2017 Aug 6 PubMed.
- Hernandez D, Torres CA, Setlik W, Cebrián C, Mosharov EV, Tang G, Cheng HC, Kholodilov N, Yarygina O, Burke RE, Gershon M, Sulzer D. Regulation of presynaptic neurotransmission by macroautophagy. Neuron. 2012 Apr 26;74(2):277-84. PubMed.
- Inoue K, Rispoli J, Yang L, MacLeod D, Beal MF, Klann E, Abeliovich A. Coordinate Regulation of Mature Dopaminergic Axon Morphology by Macroautophagy and the PTEN Signaling Pathway. PLoS Genet. 2013 Oct;9(10):e1003845. PubMed.
- Mizuno Y, Amari M, Takatama M, Aizawa H, Mihara B, Okamoto K. Immunoreactivities of p62, an ubiqutin-binding protein, in the spinal anterior horn cells of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2006 Nov 1;249(1):13-8. PubMed.
- Zhang X, Li L, Chen S, Yang D, Wang Y, Wang Z, Le W. Rapamycin treatment augments motor neuron degeneration in SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Autophagy. 2011 Apr;7(4):412-25. PubMed.
- Nassif M, Valenzuela V, Rojas-Rivera D, Vidal R, Matus S, Castillo K, Fuentealba Y, Kroemer G, Levine B, Hetz C. Pathogenic role of BECN1/Beclin 1 in the development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Autophagy. 2014 Jul;10(7):1256-71. Epub 2014 May 12 PubMed.
- Rudnick ND, Griffey CJ, Guarnieri P, Gerbino V, Wang X, Piersaint JA, Tapia JC, Rich MM, Maniatis T. Distinct roles for motor neuron autophagy early and late in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 26;114(39):E8294-E8303. Epub 2017 Sep 13 PubMed.
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In the digital era, the educational landscape has significantly transformed, and the internet has become a vast reservoir of knowledge. One of the emerging platforms for education has been blogging, where experienced individuals, including top educated bloggers, share their insights and experiences. This article aims to guide readers through navigating college life using insights like https://paper24.com/assignment-help from these bloggers, focusing on various aspects such as academic and personal growth.
Blogging as a Source of Educational Inspiration
Bloggers have become a crucial source of educational inspiration, offering a wealth of information and advice that students can tap into to enhance their academic journey. They share their knowledge on various subjects, provide study tips, and even offer career guidance. The beauty of blogs lies in their diversity; they cater to different learning styles, academic levels, and fields of study.
Moreover, blogs often provide a more relaxed and conversational approach to learning, making complex subjects more digestible and engaging. This unique style can motivate students to explore topics they might otherwise find daunting. Additionally, blogs can also inspire students by giving them a glimpse into the lives and success stories of individuals who have excelled in their respective fields.
Lastly, the interactive nature of blogs allows students to engage with the blogger and other readers, fostering a sense of community. This engagement can lead to fruitful discussions, exchange of ideas, and even networking opportunities. In essence, blogging has become a powerful educational tool, providing inspiration, knowledge, and community.
Identifying the Top Educated Bloggers in Various Fields
Given the plethora of blogs available, identifying the top educated bloggers in various fields can be a daunting task. However, a few key characteristics can help discern the best from the rest. Firstly, credibility is paramount. Top educated bloggers often have a strong academic background and professional experience in their field, lending authenticity to their content.
Secondly, the quality of content is a crucial factor. Top bloggers are known for their well-researched, insightful, and engaging posts. They have a knack for distilling complex ideas into simple, understandable language, making learning easier and enjoyable.
Lastly, consistency is key. The best bloggers regularly update their content, ensuring they stay relevant and continue to provide value to their readers. By considering these factors, students can identify the top educated bloggers in their field and leverage their insights for a successful college experience.
College Success Stories Shared by Influential Bloggers
One of the most inspiring aspects of following top educated bloggers is the success stories they share. These stories often detail the blogger’s journey through college, including the challenges they faced and how they overcame them. They provide a first-hand account of the strategies that worked, the mistakes they made, and the lessons they learned.
Additionally, these success stories often go beyond academics. They delve into personal growth, extracurricular activities, internships, and job hunts. They provide a holistic view of the college experience, offering valuable advice that can guide students in their journey.
Moreover, these success stories also serve as a source of motivation. They show that success is achievable despite the hurdles and setbacks one may face. They inspire students to persevere, strive for excellence, and make the most of their college years.
The Role of Blogging in Academic and Personal Growth
Blogging plays a significant role in both academic and personal growth. Academically, blogs offer a wealth of resources that can supplement classroom learning. They provide different perspectives on various subjects, enhance critical thinking skills, and encourage independent learning.
On a personal level, blogs foster self-expression and creativity. Writing a blog allows students to articulate their thoughts, ideas, and experiences, honing their writing and communication skills. Additionally, it encourages them to explore their interests and passions, contributing to their personal development.
Moreover, starting a blog can provide students with a sense of responsibility and commitment. It requires regular updating, consistency, and engagement with readers, fostering skills such as time management, discipline, and social interaction. In essence, blogging can significantly contribute to a student’s academic and personal growth.
Leveraging Blogger Insights for a Successful College Experience
Leveraging blogger insights can significantly enhance the college experience. By following top educated bloggers, students can gain valuable advice on effective study techniques, time management, project management, and career planning. They can also learn from the success stories and experiences shared, gaining insights into what works and what doesn’t in the college journey.
Moreover, interacting with bloggers and other readers can provide networking opportunities. It can lead to collaborations, internships, or even job offers. It also allows students to gain different perspectives, fostering open-mindedness and cultural awareness.
Lastly, blogger insights can also guide personal growth. They can inspire students to pursue their passions, foster resilience, and develop a growth mindset. In conclusion, leveraging blogger insights can provide a holistic guide to navigating college, contributing to both academic success and personal development.
Navigating college can be a challenging journey. However, with the insights from top educated bloggers, students can gain a valuable guide to this journey. Whether it’s academic advice, success stories, or personal growth tips, these insights can significantly enhance the college experience. So, delve into the world of blogging and let the journey of learning and growth begin.
Categories: Education Talk Stuff
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