text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- New blog series: One SSD Technology a Day
- A SSD Technology a Day (1) – Static Data Rotation
- A SSD Technology a Day (2) – What’s the difference between SLC and MLC?
- A SSD Technology a Day (3) – Program and Erase Cycle (P/E)
- A SSD Technology a Day (4) – Redundant Array of Independent Silicon Elements (RAISE)
- A SSD Technology a Day (5) – Wear Leveling
- A SSD Technology a Day (6) – CacheCade
- A SSD Technology a Day (7) – Intelligent Bad Block Management
- A SSD Technology a Day (8) – eMLC and MLC-HET
One of the limitations of flash memory is that while it can be read or programmed a byte or a word at a time in a random access fashion just like regular RAM, it can only be erased a “block” at a time. This will set all bits in the block to 1 which is the default state for NAND memory.
Writing a byte in flash memory involves 2 steps: Program and Erase (P/E). The block is written to a new cell and the old block needs to be erased.
The programing can be done at cell level (setting it to the “0″ state) via a process called tunneling while the floating gate is being flooded with high voltage using the on-chip charge pumps.
Erasing can be done only on an entire block (resetting it to the “1″ state), thru high negative voltage pulling the electrons off the floating gate via process called quantum tunneling. Flash memory is divided in erase segments (often called blocks or sectors).
|
<urn:uuid:723dcbe6-c0cc-47ff-9382-d563036fa9a8>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://blog.sqlpositive.com/2012/05/a-ssd-technology-a-day-3-program-and-erase-cycle-pe/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653645/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00004-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.871812 | 363 | 3.15625 | 3 |
“The notion of consideration has now become so convoluted that it has no meaning or relevance anymore in the English Law of Contract. It should no longer be regarded as a necessary element in a legal contract.” Critically discuss this statement.
A contract involves promises exchanged between parties which are legally enforceable. Contracts are prevalent in day-to-day life, and almost everyone enters into various contracts every day such as when a person purchases a product from the supermarket or other retail outlets, employment contract and business contract. Sometimes promises are exchanged through words of the mouth while at other times the parties reduce promises into writing. The promises which are legally enforceable must meet specific requirements known as elements of a contract. The elements of contract such as offer, acceptance of the offer, consideration, capacity to contract and willingness to be legally bound are essential for a valid contract. Consideration is essential elements without which the contract cannot be legally enforced even if there were an offer and its acceptance. The doctrine of consideration has been discussed in various institutions, books and case laws for a long time yet it remains controversial and most difficult to understand. While there are many promises exchanged between individuals every day, not all promises constitute a legally binding agreement. Consideration is taken as a confirmation that parties have negotiated those terms of a contract and settled on a common ground hence the court takes it seriously. Only those promises backed by consideration constitute a contract which is enforceable in a court of law. This document examines the meaning of “consideration,” how its interpretation has changed over time, and its significance as an element of a contract based on the current meaning.
Consideration is defined as something of value each party to a valid contract agrees to exchange with the other party as an affirmation of their willingness to enter into a legally binding relationship. It is referred as “quid pro quo” implying that both parties must give something of value in exchange for the promises by the other party to perform their contractual obligation. Consideration makes both parties to a contract equal and confers each party rights to enforce the promises through court, and each party can sue the other party for failure to discharge their contractual obligations. Consideration posits contract as an agreement which parties consciously and voluntarily agrees to be bound by its terms through a fairly negotiated process. Each party is a promisor and promisee with the potential of receiving benefits or suffering detriment.
The law perceives consideration as an adequate price for which each party to the contract has bought the promises of the other party. The doctrine of consideration as a legal requirement for a legal contract is based on the assumption that parties have equal bargaining power and no party can take advantage of the other party. Parties must exercise freedom of negotiation and ensure they have adequate knowledge of what they are taking as a consideration because their promises will bind them. The court has no duty to a lousy bargain better for the parties, but the implement the wishes of both parties stated in the promises or agreement. Nevertheless, there is no legal definition of the value of the consideration for a valid contract.
Various concepts have been used to define the meaning of consideration. As determined in the case of Currie v Misa (1875), consideration is perceived as a profit, right, benefits or interest amassing to one party as a result of promises by the other party to perform their contractual obligations. Other studies define consideration as detriment, loss or responsibility born by one party due to promises was given by another party to perform specific requirements of the relationship. A party must demonstrate that they suffer loss or detriments from the reliance on promises made by the other party which they did not perform as expected. Also, a party can enforce a contract legally if they can demonstrate that the performance of their promises accrues some interests, benefits or profits to the other party.
There is a legal requirement that consideration must be something of value exchanged between parties in a contract if the parties have to establish a valid contract. In White v Bluett (1853), the court held that the promise by the son to stop making noise in exchange for clearance of the debt he owed his father did not have economic value and so it was not adequate consideration. As determined in the case of Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd, consideration must be adequate, but not sufficient. The court does not focus on the economic value of consideration, but legal value. This means a party can give something of lesser value to what they expect to receive and will constitute a consideration.
Determining the value of consideration has raised complication over time with courts issuing varying decisions of what constitutes adequate value for consideration. As established in the case of Thomas v Thomas (1842), the promise to pay £1 per year was adequate consideration for the widow to continue living in her house after the death of her husband. The court observed that consideration need to be legally adequate and not economically adequate. However, in some instances, the court has applied the doctrine of consideration differently to prevent one party from acting unfairly and taking advantage of another party. In the case of Harding v Harding (1972), the court ruled that the husband was taking advantage of his wife’s lack of knowledge to own her shares in the house and so the payment for $5 was not a valid consideration. This decision contradicts the earlier ruling in Thomas v Thomas (1842). It appears the court’s intention in the application of consideration is focused on achieving fairness. Lack of consistency of application of court cases involving considerations has created complications and unpredictability of the doctrine.
Also, the law prohibits the use of past performance to be used as consideration for new promises as stated in Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669. The claimant had made some renovations on a house before the defendant made a promise to pay the claimant a sum of £480 from the sale of the house if he made some repairs. However, the defendant never paid them anything, but the court stated that the promise was not binding because it was made after the claimant had already made repairs. However, in some instances, the court has regarded past consideration as constituting a valid contract. In Lampleigh v Braithwaite , the defendant was accused of a murder which was punishable by hung. However, the defendant convinced the claimant to seek pardon from the king on his behalf which the claimant managed to secure. The defendant promised to pay the claimant £100 which he never paid. Although the promise was past consideration having come after the claimant had already performed the requirement, the court held that the past consideration in the case was valid since it was preceded by a plea from the defendant. The court’s decisions over effects of past consideration are complex and do not carry an open meaning of what constitutes past consideration.
Another requirement of consideration is that it must come from the promisee. The contract is about promises exchanged between the parties. Each party is bound by the promises, and no one can be forced to deliver something they did not promise. In Tweddle v Atkinson , the parents of the bride and bridegroom had promised to offer a certain amount to the couple, but both died before they could fulfil their promises. The groom raised a claim against the executors of the will demanding the payment of the amount offered. The court dismissed the case stating that such consideration was not valid since it did not come from the executor of the will. Although a person can enter into a contract on behalf of another person as is the case of principal and agent, the law does not require one to take responsibility of an agreement they were not part of or knew nothing about. Even that person representing a person who was a party to a contract as is the case of the property owner and the executor of the will. Therefore, is not very clear when a party can act on behalf of another party since even an executor of the will is legally acting on behalf of the estate owner.
Furthermore, the performance of existing public duty will not amount to valid consideration. A party cannot rely on the performance of an existing public duty a valid consideration for a new promise unless that person has done something beyond their duty. In Collins v Godefrey (1831), the claimant (Collins) was given the subpoena to attend court proceedings in another case involving Collins and his attorney. In that other case, Collins was required to be on standby for six days in case he was required to give witness though it never happened. When the trial ended Collins demanded payment from Godefrey as a compensation for the time spent in the court. However, Collins opened a case against Godefrey to enforce payment. However, the court dismissed the case stating that Collins did not deserve payment from Godefrey because he had an existing public duty to attend court proceedings as a result of a subpoena. Performing an existing public duty could not be used as a consideration for a new promise.
- Excellent quality
- 100% Turnitin-safe
- Affordable prices
However, if a person performs beyond the requirement of a legal duty, the additional responsibility can be used as a consideration for a new promise as the court stated in the case of Ward v Byham . In this case, the party had a child outside the wedlock. After five years they separated, and the lady married another man. She decided to keep the child they had outside wedlock, and the father offered to pay £1 per week for the mother to ensure the child was well looked after and kept happily. When the mother of the child got a job, the father of the child stopped paying the agreed amount claiming that the mother had an existing during to take care of the child hence the promise to pay £1 was not a valid consideration. Nonetheless, the court held that the father’s demand requiring the child to be well-looked after and live happy life was beyond the mother’s existing legal duty to ensure the upkeep of the child. Therefore, the father should provide consideration for the new promise by continuing the payment to the mother. This decision was contrary to the ruling in Collins v Godefrey.
There is a requirement that performance of an existing duty does not amount to valid consideration. When a person performs the existing contractual obligations, the performance cannot be used as consideration for a new contract. In the case of Stilk v Myrrick , some of the cabin crew members deserted the ship on a voyage from London. The seaman promised the remaining crew members that he would divide the wages of the deserted crew members if they manage the ship back to London. However, the seaman never paid the additional wages. The court stated that the claimant had an existing duty to work the ship back to London and so there was no consideration provided given in the promise of extra wages. However, there is a contrary decision that if the party performs beyond contractual duty, such performance can establish a valid consideration. Such decisions were in the case of Hartley v Ponsonby , or when the performance confers an additional benefit to the promise as was in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros , such performance is used as consideration for the new promise.
The business environment is dynamic, and the parties may have to vary terms of the contract to achieve the desired outcome or ensure the contract performance deliver value to the parties. However, the doctrine of consideration imposes limitations on the parties intending to vary the conditions of a contract. For instance, in Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd , the doctrine of consideration confines parties to the original promises with a slim chance of varying the terms to match the changing conditions. The uncertainty of what constitutes valid consideration for a new promise may compel the parties to resist changes and miss the benefit that would accrue from the new promises.
Also, part payment of a debt is not valid consideration for a promise to forego the balance. The contract law prohibits any party from making a party payment of a debt and uses that payment as consideration for the promise to treat the whole debt paid. The view of the court was that wen party offer to pay part of the debt as consideration for payment of the entire debt; the creditor has nothing to gain from unilateral consideration, but the debtor benefits from paying a lesser amount in place of more significant debt. Nevertheless, the courts have modified this requirement by imposing an exception to the doctrine as held by Lord Denning in the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd . The exception introduces promissory estoppel which requires the promisor to implement their promises and not to avoid doing what they have willingly promised to do.
Consideration is not a rule or principle, but rather a doctrine which has developed over time as a result of various court decisions. With each court decision adding a surface on the doctrine of consideration, this has led to a great deal of elasticity of the doctrine and consideration has also become exceedingly intricate. Some critics of this doctrine have argued that the doctrine is overly complicated and lacks clear definition or purpose hence should discard the contract. For instance, in his ruling in Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins (1765), Lord Mansfield observed that the doctrine of consideration imposed unnecessary conditions in determining of cases of contracts and should not be included in the elements of a contract. There have been several suggestions that once a contract has satisfied other requirements consideration should be taken as a necessity for a valid contract.
Many scholars of law have argued that consideration should be applied by the judges to create flexibility in the decision making. The judges tend to apply this doctrine to avoid making absurd decisions or mistreat the parties in a conflict involving a contractual relationship where ruling otherwise would create unfairness and injustice. In Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins, Lord Mansfield stated that consideration was an unnecessary requirement in the business contract because it discouraged parties from engaging in fair trade.
Although the doctrine of consideration intended to determine between valid and invalid contract, there are many modifications or exceptions to the doctrine which have made the rule over complex and altered the initial intention of the doctrine. Also, there have several new developments such as economic duress and requirement of the willingness of parties to form a legal agreement which seems to play the roles played by the doctrine of consideration.
In conclusion, consideration plays a significant role in determining the validity of the contract. It demonstrates the parties have agreed to the terms of a contract consciously and voluntarily. Considerations must come from the promisee and should relate to specific agreement hence past performance cannot be used as consideration for new promises. There is no requirement that consideration should be sufficient, but it should be something of value and adequate. The interpretation of what constitutes consideration and rulings in various court cases have resulted in the complexity of the understanding of consideration. Nevertheless, parties should be aware of the terms of the contract and circumstances in which performance can create a valid consideration.
with any paper
- Chen-Wishart M., Contract Law, 5th Ed. (UK: Oxford University Press, 2015), 615.
- Gordley, J., (Ed), The Enforceability of Promises in European Contract Law, (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 478.
- Helewitz, J.A., Basic Contract Law for Paralegals 6th Ed. (New York: Aspen Publishers Online, 2010), 463
- Hogg, M., Promises and Contract Law: Comparative Perspectives. (UK: Cambridge University Press 2011).
- McKendrick E., Contract Law, 11th Ed. (UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 440.
- Morgan J., Contract Law Minimalism: A Formalist Restatement of Commercial Contract Law, (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013) 312.
- Rudolph J., Common Law and Enlightenment in England, 1689-1750, (UK: Boydell Press, 2013), 324
- Stone, R. and Devenney J., Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law, 4th Ed. (London & New York: Taylor & Francis, 2017), 861.
- Young M., Understanding Contract Law, (UK: Routledge, 2009), 160
- Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd UKHL 1.
- Collins v Godefrey (1831) 1 B & Ad 950.
- Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875-76) LR 1 App Cas 554.
- Harding v Harding (1972), 28 DLR (3d) 358.
- Hartley v Ponsonby 7 EB 872.
- Lampleigh v Braithwaite EWHC KB J17.
- Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins (1765) 3 Burr. 1663 case.
- Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669.
- Thomas v Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851; 114 ER 330.
- Tweddle v Atkinson EWHC QB J57.
- Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd EWCA Civ 5.
- White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36.
|
<urn:uuid:e4011e02-63f0-49c6-86e3-a416a9ae63a0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://essaywriter.org/examples/the-doctrine-of-consideration-in-english-contract-law
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00279.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960281 | 3,510 | 2.859375 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. Music Variant of baritone.
- n. Linguistics A word that has a heavy stress or pitch accent on its penultimate syllable.
- adj. Linguistics Relating to or being a word that has a heavy stress or pitch accent on its penultimate syllable.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- adj. Not having the acute accent on the final syllable of a word, especially with reference to Greek grammar
- n. An alternative (and rare) form of baritone, a male voice or instrument with that range.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- adj. Grave and deep, as a kind of male voice.
- adj. Not marked with an accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.
- n. A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the common bass and the tenor, but which does not descend as low as the one, nor rise as high as the other.
- n. A person having a voice of such range.
- n. The viola di gamba, now entirely disused.
- n. A word which has no accent marked on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Having the quality of a voice or instrument intermediate between a bass and a tenor: as, a barytone voice. See II.
- In Greek grammar: Pronounced with the (theoretical) grave accent on the last syllable (see grave, a.); having the last syllable unaccented: as, a barytone word, such as
- Causing a word to be without accent on the final syllable: as, a barytone suffix.
- n. In music: A male voice, the compass of which partakes of the bass and the tenor, but which does not descend so low as the one nor rise so high as the other.
- n. A stringed instrument played with a bow, resembling the viola da gamba, called in Italian viola di bardone or bordone.
- n. The name usually given to the smaller brass sax-horn in or C.
- n. In Greek grammar, a word which has the last syllable unaccented.
- In Greek grammar, to pronounce or write without accent on the last syllable: as, to barytone a word.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. a male singer
Still more curious was the form of viol known as the barytone, which, in addition to an outfit of six catgut strings upon the finger board, was furnished with twenty-four wire strings, stretched close under the sounding board, where they sounded by sympathetic vibration.
The prince was a great amateur of the peculiar viol called the barytone, and it was one of Haydn's duties to provide new compositions for this instrument.
A crude, profane, hard-drinking and oversexed football player from Paris, Kansas, Gantry latched onto the ministry because of the power it gave him over others, through the exercise of his histrionic gifts and his "arousing barytone."
Gantry, using his histrionic gifts and his "arousing barytone," latched onto the ministry because of the power it gave him over others.
It was to this workman that the strong barytone belonged which was heard above the sound of plane and hammer singing —
Look at this broad-shouldered man with the bare muscular arms, and the thick, firm, black hair tossed about like trodden meadow-grass whenever he takes off his paper cap, and with the strong barytone voice bursting every now and then into loud and solemn psalm-tunes, as if seeking an outlet for superfluous strength, yet presently checking himself, apparently crossed by some thought which jars with the singing.
David Bispham, the great barytone, always genial and generous, agreed to take part, and Clara Clemens, already accustomed to public singing, was to join in the program.
The voice is strong and clear, but rather barytone than bass: in anger it becomes a shrill chattering like the cry of a wild animal.
This went far enough for attention to the music and the barytone.
Having myself a well-marked barytone voice of more than half an octave in compass, I sometimes add my vocal powers to her execution of:
|
<urn:uuid:5b69f74b-7fc1-44b7-a38a-25e1416f9e99>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
https://www.wordnik.com/words/barytone
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00419-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932469 | 985 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Horror is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience's primal fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, and Mary Shelley, horror films have existed for more than a century. The macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes, and may overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres. Horror films often deal with viewers' nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the horror genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event, or personage into the everyday world. Prevalent elements include ghosts, extraterrestrials, vampires, werewolves, demons, gore, torture, vicious animals, evil witches, monsters, zombies, cannibals, psychopaths, and serial killers.
|
<urn:uuid:d195f3ac-3315-485a-9a47-0644e0593a75>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://www.canadiancollectibles.ca/default.asp?action=menu&mnID=296&category=horror
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147628.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228170007-20200228200007-00244.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91375 | 164 | 2.859375 | 3 |
All the authors in the title have made key contributions to American literature, culture and politics. They used their literary talent as a means to not only create art but also to transform society. The 19th century was a period of great upheavals in American history. The nation was still young and uncertain of its own identity. It is quite natural that this milieu gave rise to several undercurrents of unrest. On the political front was class struggle between the propertied and un-propertied whites. In terms of social equations, the blacks were hoping for the abolishment of slavery. Women were still thought of as ‘property’ of their fathers or husbands or sons, let alone having the right to vote. In terms of general culture, the population was highly illiterate. It is these pressing issues that writers such as Melville, Douglass and Fuller sought to address through their work. It can be claimed that their efforts were not in vain, given how much the country has progressed in all the areas of their concern. This essay will offer arguments and evidences in support of this claim.
Margaret Fuller’s adopts a novel method of advocating equality between the sexes. She makes reference to Christian theological texts in claiming equality between man and woman in the eyes of God. She had strong faith in transcendentalism, whose philosophy purports to help the individual toward enlightenment. To fully understand the merit and influence of Fuller’s work, one will have to place it in its socio-cultural context. Writing at a time when women were not allowed access to education, let alone write and publish under their own names, Fuller makes a bold pitch for equality of the sexes. Through apt allusions to religious texts, historical documents, political theories and philosophical concepts, Fuller builds a powerful case for equality between men and women. She addresses the text to men in an effort to make them see the virtues and benefits of treating women as their peers. She persuades them to see the numerous benefits to society that women empowered with intellectual and social freedom would bring. On top of being beneficiaries of the bounties that would result through women’s emancipation, men also stand to gain divine grace. For equality, between sexes as it is between races, is a divine mandate.
It is no coincidence that Great Lawsuit was conceived and written at a time when similar currents of thought were emerging with respect to the issue of slavery. Popularly called Abolitionism, the social movement to overthrow the institution of slavery is similar in spirit to the fight for equality of women. This brings us to the work of Frederick Douglass, whose speech titled ‘What to the Slave is the Fourth of July’, is a passionate oration on the plight of black slaves in pre Civil War America. Delivered in 1852 the speech is elaborate and rationale but also emotionally touching.
|
<urn:uuid:dcb41160-3642-4d0c-84b0-0f109c0a6193>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://jottedlines.com/american-writers-as-critics-of-war-womens-status-slavery-herman-melville-frederick-douglass-and-margaret-fuller/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655902377.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709224746-20200710014746-00400.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.979763 | 582 | 4.4375 | 4 |
From Our 2010 Archives
ADHD Brain May Be a Little Different
Latest Neurology News
THURSDAY, Feb. 11 (HealthDay News) -- A link appears to exist between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anomalies in the brain's reward system, a new study suggests.
Spanish researchers used MRI to scan the brains of 42 children with ADHD and 42 other children with no signs of ADHD and found that the ventral striatum was smaller, particularly on the right side, in those with ADHD. The ventral striatum includes the nucleus accumbens, which maintains levels of motivation when a person starts a task and continues to maintain motivation until the task is completed.
The reduced size of the ventral striatum in children with ADHD was associated with symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsiveness, the researchers said.
The study was published recently in the journal Biological Psychiatry.
These findings support results from previous studies in animals in which researchers identified an association between the nucleus accumbens, impulsive behavior and hyperactivity.
The researchers said it appears that ADHD is not only caused by brain alterations that affect cognitive processes, but also by brain irregularities that cause problems with motivation.
-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2010 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCE: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, news release, February 2010
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!
|
<urn:uuid:b0890aad-a20d-48ab-8de6-f0432e663763>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=113258
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00079-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921815 | 294 | 2.625 | 3 |
In 1902, Susan Lawrence Dana (1862–1946) was an independent woman and heiress to a substantial fortune, including silver mines in the Rocky Mountains. Widowed in 1900, Dana enjoyed complete control over her household and fortune. Eager to express her personality and reportedly to become the leading hostess in Springfield, Illinois, Dana decided to completely remodel her family's Italianate mansion located in the state capital's fashionable "Aristocracy Hill" neighborhood.
Her search for an architect to match her aspirations ended when she was introduced to Frank Lloyd Wright, the rising leader of a new movement in architecture.
Susan Lawrence Dana's 1902 commission to Wright to plan the "remodeling" of the Lawrences' Victorian mansion was the largest commission that Wright had enjoyed up to that time. The architect, who recognized a kindred spirit in Mrs. Dana, expanded the boundaries of his commission to design and build what was, in effect, an entirely new house.
This house was a showcase for Wright's Prairie Style. It reflected Susan Lawrence Dana's flamboyant personality and Dana's and Wright's mutual love of Japanese prints and drawings. The house was designed for display and entertainment. An arched doorway admitted guests into a series of expanding spaces, the vestibule and reception hall.
The concept of "expanding space" was repeated throughout the house, with windows placed so as to continually draw the resident or guest into an awareness of the outside. Wright designed approximately 450 art glass windows, skylights, door panels, sconces, and light fixtures for the house, most of which survive. Much of the art glass, and the mural by George Niedecken surmounting the dining room interior, centered on a sumac motif.
A substantial west wing leads visitors through an interior Torii gate into two of the largest rooms in the house. The upper-level gallery was used for musical entertaining, and the ground-level library contains special easels designed by Wright for Dana to display selections from her collection of Japanese prints, part of more than 100 pieces of free-standing Wright-designed white oak furniture in the house.
Susan Lawrence Dana lived in the Dana-Thomas House for approximately 24 years, from 1904 until about 1928. At first a successful hostess and leader of Springfield's social scene, she later became increasingly reclusive and turned her attention to spiritualism and the occult. Suffering from increasing financial constraints in her later years, she closed the main house around 1928 and moved to a small cottage on the grounds. As Dana struggled with age-related dementia in the 1940s, her home and its contents were sold.
Charles C. Thomas, a successful medical publisher, was the second owner and custodian of the Dana-Thomas House in 1944-1975. A view of the building was featured on the title pages of some of his publications. Charles died in 1969 and his Wife Nanette died in 1975. He and his wife are credited with maintaining the house's original furnishings and design, and with selling the home and its furnishings as a unit to the state of Illinois in 1981 for $1 million, significantly less than could have been earned had the household been broken up.
Source: Restoration plans and documents are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago
|
<urn:uuid:9340ad64-1379-4d93-baa1-3aabcf983305>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.pillartopost.org/2016/09/world-architecture-wright-and-widow-dana.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886110792.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822143101-20170822163101-00241.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976112 | 677 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Hazelnut is one of the oldest known crops. Three centuries before the Christian era, hazelnuts were grown on the coast of the Black Sea. Today, the hazelnut is presently found throughout France, and is also common in Italy, Spain, Greece and Turkey, which is the world’s largest producer. The location for cultivating hazelnut trees is called the hazelnut grove. The tree is in full production after 8-12 years and for the duration of its life of approximately 60 years. The fruit, the hazelnut, is an achene (single-seed fruit), generally grouped into small clusters formed by two or three fruits.
Harvesting can be done between August and September, when the fruit takes on a brown color and becomes ripe. To produce 1L of hazelnut oil, 2 to 3 kg of hazelnuts is required.
From fruit primarily grown in France or Italy, Guénard offers you a wide variety of hazelnut oils. In fact, through various blends of virgin and refined oils, Guénard hazelnut oils have different flavor intensities that will satisfy any palate. To ensure the authenticity of its products, Guénard uses an artisanal production process. The hazelnut paste obtained by grinding the fruit is then lightly toasted to obtain oil that will enhance the subtle gourmet flavors and aromas of the hazelnut.
In its desire to offer unique products, Guénard also offers French hazelnut oil produced from quality hazelnuts, which comes among others from its collaboration with a French cooperative specialized in nuts. With 250 members, the cooperative processes nearly all of the French hazelnut production and represents 60% of the European market share for hazelnuts, with 7,000 to 10,000 tons sold annually. The producers are located in southwestern France, mainly in the Midi-Pyrénées and Aquitaine regions. Through a commitment agreement with each producer, the quality of the nuts is ensured by the grove.
The harvest respects the natural ripening of fruit. In September, nets are placed under the trees in order to allow time for the fruit to ripen and naturally fall to the ground. It then follows a long process to arrive at the final product: washing, careful sorting that removes damaged hazelnuts and pebbles, and then drying. A final sorting is performed to determine whether to target the unshelled hazelnut market or the shelled hazelnut market according to their size and possible defects. The rigorously selected hazelnuts are then used to produce virgin hazelnut oil made in France.
Guénard French Hazelnut Oil is performed is made according to artisanal processes. In order to maintain the authenticity and values of the product, we toast our hazelnuts in cast iron pans.
|
<urn:uuid:2085c135-0ad7-482d-918e-7d5a45213bd3>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.huiles-guenard.com/en/content/25-Hazelnut
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657134758.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712082512-20200712112512-00587.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956292 | 582 | 2.875 | 3 |
The ovaries are tiny organs that are encased in a thick connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginea. The germinal epithelium is a basic squamous mesothelium that covers this. The ovary has a cortex, which contains the ovarian follicles, and a highly vascular medulla, which contains coiled arteries known as helicrine arteries. The oocytes form follicles and are surrounded by epithelial cells. The ovary has a large number of primordial follicles, which are usually located along the cortex's margins. At various phases of development, there are less follicles.
SKU: LKBI 053/2 12
Categories: Lab Equipment, Biology Lab, Slides
Enter your pin code to check if the product is available
|No. of slides in a set||1|
|
<urn:uuid:4d9cd136-4a68-40c0-ac11-bce2ffec8d6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.labkafe.com/products/prepared-slide-for-microscope-animal-tissue-mammal-ovary
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945323.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325095252-20230325125252-00449.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916551 | 222 | 3.46875 | 3 |
CARPENTER, SILAS HUNTINGTON, detective, police administrator, and magistrate; b. 29 Jan. 1854 in Brownsburg, Lower Canada, son of Thomas Carpenter and Margery Sweeney; m. first 1874 Phoebe Gilbert; m. secondly 1896 Clara Trollope, and they had at least six children; d. 1 July 1916 in Banff, Alta.
Silas Carpenter was educated at a local school in Brownsburg and at the Ottawa Collegiate Institute. In 1880 he was appointed constable on the Montreal police force. Promoted sergeant two years later, he was transferred to the detective squad. He remained with the police until 1890, when he resigned to work as a private detective for the Canadian Secret Service Agency in Montreal, a firm he later owned and operated. During this period Carpenter was occasionally employed as a private detective by the federal and Quebec governments. These assignments included acting as a bodyguard for visiting royalty and other dignitaries.
In 1894 a municipal inquiry into corruption and patronage in the Montreal police force called for the establishment of an autonomous detective bureau, whose head would have a free hand in the selection, training, and promotion of his staff. Two years later Carpenter became the first chief of the Montreal detective force at an annual salary of $2,000.
As chief, Carpenter was quick to introduce new techniques in the detection and apprehension of criminals. These innovations included increased cooperation between law enforcement agencies in Canada and the United States and the Bertillon system of identification, which involved the taking of bodily measurements and the description of particular markings or scars, as well as the expanded use of photographs of criminals. During the years that followed, Carpenter was the central figure in many sensational cases in the city. The Montreal Daily Star described him as a “born detective” who thoroughly understood the “criminal character.” In 1908 he was badly wounded by a shotgun blast when trying to arrest John Dillon, the “Mance Street murderer.”
Carpenter became a leading and influential supporter of the Chief Constables’ Association of Canada, which was founded in 1905 to encourage closer ties among police departments, establish a uniform system of police administration, and promote legislation to suppress crime. At its annual convention of 1906 he proposed that Canada adopt the American practice of subjecting habitual criminals to indeterminate periods of imprisonment. Carpenter claimed that habitual criminals could never be reformed and should not be released as long as they remained a threat to the public. His proposal was endorsed by his fellow chiefs. In 1910 he joined with other members of the association in protesting the overuse of clemency by the federal Department of Justice. As president of the association in 1913, he described immigrants of non-British origin as desirable citizens, but stressed that they should conform to Canadian customs.
From the beginning of Carpenter’s appointment as chief of the detective bureau, there had been disagreement over the division of responsibility between the autonomous detective bureau and the uniformed police department. In 1909 an inquiry by judge Lawrence John Cannon* of the Superior Court of Quebec denounced the conflict as detrimental to the efficiency of law enforcement in the city. The subsequent decision by municipal authorities to make the chief of detectives subordinate to the superintendent of police led to Carpenter’s resignation in 1912. Later that year he accepted a position as chief of the Edmonton police force at a salary of $4,000 a year.
In Edmonton civic politics at the time were often dominated by conflicts between moral reformers seeking to banish alcohol, gambling, and prostitution from their communities and those who opposed them. Carpenter’s appointment followed the victory of a reform group. As chief, he mounted a campaign to rid the city of gambling dens and brothels. Not surprisingly, when a group opposed to the reformers won the civic elections of 1914, he was forced from office.
On 14 March 1914 Carpenter was appointed a stipendiary magistrate at Banff by the federal government. With the outbreak of war later that year, he served briefly as registrar of enemy aliens in Montreal until ill health forced his return to Banff. He was buried in Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal.
NA, RG 2, P.C. 725, 14 March 1914; 2774, 31 Oct. 1914; 732, 14 May 1915. Montreal Daily Star, 3 July 1916. Regina Leader, 3 Feb. 1916. Canadian annual rev. (Hopkins), 1916. Canadian men and women of the time (Morgan; 1912). Tony [A. W.] Cashman, More Edmonton stories; the life and times of Edmonton, Alberta (Edmonton, 1958). Greg Marquis, Policing Canada’s century: a history of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (Toronto, 1993). Jean Turmel, Premières structures et évolution de la police de Montréal, 1796–1909 ([Montréal, 1971]); Le Service de police de la cité de Montréal (1909–1971): étude rétrospective sur son organisation (Montréal, 1974).
|
<urn:uuid:67e2199d-a1e8-4d31-b0e9-d5e0e8b4b448>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio.php?id_nbr=7273
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806225.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120203833-20171120223833-00261.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961566 | 1,037 | 2.75 | 3 |
How tight clothing can be harmful
Many people like to wear clothes which are trendy. Fashions and designs of clothes keep on changing. Maybe, this is because people want to wear something different and smart. The entire industry involved in designing, manufacturing and marketing clothes keeps this trend alive.
Somehow tight clothes have also entered the pattern of what is fashionable and many people can be seen wearing tight skinny jeans and body hugging dresses.
Tight clothes in any form; whether jeans or tops or undergarments s are harmful.
Very tight jeans can compress the nerves of the thighs causing pain, tingling and numbness in the thighs and or legs. Cramps in the calf muscles can occur due to wearing very tight pantaloons or jeans. Muscle pain can occur due to constriction of the blood vessels hampering blood supply and also due to the pressure on the muscles and soft tissues.
The problem of heart burn i.e. burning sensation in the chest increases by wearing tight clothes. This happens because the pressure on the abdomen forces the flow of acid upwards causing heart burn.
Low blood pressure can result from wearing tight jeans, because the blood circulation and return of blood to the heart is impaired. One feels dizzy on standing due to low blood pressure and this can lead to fainting.
In women very tight clothes are known to cause sterility. This is more so in those who have been using tight clothes since teen years.
Tight clothes have been implicated in causing endometriosis a condition causing chronic abdominal pain in women. Recent researchers have postulated that chronic abdominal pain in women of higher class during the Victorian era could have been because of wearing clothes which were very tight across the waist.
Tight brassieres are a known cause for breast cancer in women. Tight clothes also increase the warmth and dampness in any part of the body making the part more susceptible to fungal infections. Fungal infections over genital parts and around in women have been known to result from tight undergarments.
Pregnant women are advised to wear lose comfortable clothes because of multiple health hazards. Tightness around the abdomen is harmful for pregnant women as well.
In men wearing tight undergarments and or pantaloons can increase the warmth in the scrotal region and reduce sperm production. In extreme cases, it can result in infertility. Men can also suffer from fungal infections on and around genital parts due to tight undergarments, though it is more common in women.
Thus it can be seen clearly that there are multiple harmful effects of wearing tight clothes but absolutely no advantage. Therefore before an individual decides to wear and buy a tight fitting trendy looking dress, he or she should be aware of the harm it can cause.
Dr. Pande is a specialist internal medicine
Contact email: rachna212002[at]yahoo.co.uk
|
<urn:uuid:215acd0c-8ed7-4a97-a423-05aaa5e1a876>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14977&a=11913
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272584.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00428-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956174 | 588 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Latest contest here.
Greetings, you’re listening to the Liam Photography Podcast, I’m your host Liam Douglas and this is Episode 322. In today’s episode I wanted to cover a topic I get questions about from photography students and that is what is a rangefinder camera?
In the world of photography mirrorless cameras are on the rise and they have pushed DSLRs aside in the history of camera technology. But as you know film is not dead thanks to a renewal in interest from many new photographers, but films cameras are not the only tech still not dead, there are also still rangefinder cameras. A rangefinder which seems to be a dinosaur in photography is still not dead with their designs being sharp, fast and a challenge to even the most skilled photographers.
Not everyone in photography needs a rangefinder camera but those that are curious should at some point experiment with the cameras that started modern photography. There are digital versions of rangefinders out there but even more models exist from the film era. Rangefinders have no AF, no zoom lenses and no bells, whistles or frills, they are just a simplified camera that has become a real pleasure to shoot. They are just a simplified camera that are an intuitive tool to work with and they continue to produce some of the most amazing images even today.
What is a Rangefinder?
A true rangefinder camera uses a double window system that provides a very accurate way to manual focus and although many people think a rangefinder doesn’t have a viewfinder, they do and one that has bright lines that show the frame of the film or sensor and help the photographer use it to compost the shot. They also have a rangefinder window near the viewfinder and this window projects a separate image onto the viewfinder image and when the two views line up the lens is in perfect focus on the subject. To focus with a rangefinder camera the photographer simply lines up the lens’s focus until the focusing patch is aligned with the main viewfinder’s scene.
Besides allowing super tack sharp focus without any electronics at all to function, and there are no electronics that try to decide who is the subject of the scene and a rangefinder also helps the photographer with their depth of field. Originally used primarily by cartographers and sailors, the rangefinder employs triangulation to gauge
a subject’s distance or range, hence the name rangefinder. Once you have properly focused on your subject you can look at your lens’ distance scale to see the absolute focusing distance. With knowing exactly how far away your subject is, you can then use the depth of field scale to achieve a nice, shallow depth of field for your shot. A rangefinder camera will make you work a bit and think a bit, but with time and practice like anything else in life it gets easier and easier to use.
Although a novice can pick up a rangefinder camera and shoot with it, it is an especially great tool for those that are seasoned shooters. The overall quality of a rangefinder remains high and there are several factors to explain this. Besides the super accurate focus, rangefinders also get excellent results as they employ a really high quality prime lens. They do not use zoom lenses as with their constantly changing focal length a zoom would be impossible to use with the rangefinder window. It’s also beneficial that rangefinders only use primes as prime lenses are known for producing much higher quality images than any zoom. And because a rangefinder doesn’t use a mirror to project the image from the lens to the viewfinder the lens sits much closer to the film plane or sensor which helps to create a very sharp, well defined image.
History of the Rangefinder
Early non-coupled rangefinder cameras used a separate rangefinder system that allow the photographer to determine the distance to the subject and then transfer this calculation directly to the lens’ focus ring. Rangefinder cameras usually refers to a camera body with coupled rangefinders such as the original Kodak 3A Autographic Special made in 1916. Rangefinders took their greatest leap forward in technology with the introduction of the Leica 35mm film cameras and the early Leica cameras popularized the use of rangefinder add-ons, but the legendary M3 first combined the viewfinder and rangefinder in 1954. The “M” designation in this model stands for messsucher, which is the German word for viewfinder-rangefinder. The Leica M3 was such a huge commercial success with over 220,000 units sold during it’s production run through it’s 12-year production cycle which ended in 1966.
Other companies that found success with the film rangefinder models of cameras were Nikon, Canon, Kodak, Zeiss, Contax and Argus. With the rise of SLR or single lens reflex cameras such as the iconic Nikon F in 1959 with autofocus lenses
ended the dominance of the rangefinder, but even these new technologies could not totally kill off the rangefinder. More amateur models of rangefinders were still successful in the 1960s and Japanese brands such as Canon, Fuji, Olympus, Yashica, Ricoh, Minolta and Mamiya still produced popular fixed lens 35mm rangefinder cameras that survived for a time before autofocusing compact 35mm cameras stole their thunder.
With the ubiquity of the electronic viewfinder, some now consider today’s rangefinders an obsolete system, but newcomer camera companies like Pixii are developing new, state-of-the-art rangefinder cameras and Leica’s new M11 sells for more money than any other prosumer full-frame camera on the market today. Even today the rangefinder’s benefits still outweigh its disadvantages and that has been keeping the system still relevant a century after it was first introduced.
In 2010, Fujifilm unveiled the Fujifilm X100, an influential camera that started the company’s X100 series of cameras and led to a new wave of digital cameras inspired by the vintage camera designs. Although the X100 line is designed to look and work like a rangefinder camera, it is not technically an actual rangefinder body. The X100 line does feature a direct optical viewfinder just like an actual rangefinder, but it does not have the focusing system of a true rangefinder so it is considered a “rangefinder style” camera and not a true rangefinder.
Starting with the X100T and current models, Fujifilm did introduce an “electronic rangefinder” feature, but this is simply a small EVF display in the corner of the optical viewfinder that provides an enlarged view of the patch the photographer is focusing on and the focusing still does not rely on lining up the two patches to achieve focus like a true rangefinder would. The faux rangefinder systems “makes manual focusing while using the optical viewfinder much easier, and more like a mechanical rangefinder,” Fujifilm states.
Benefits of Rangefinder Cameras
There are many things to like in a rangefinder camera, such as the focus, the feel and simplicity, the overall experience, the list goes on and on, but this isn’t to say that a DSLR or mirrorless digital camera is garbage in comparison to a rangefinder, only that each camera type offers it’s advantages and for a classic or mechanical photographer, the rangefinder hits a lot of high notes.
Super Accurate Focus
The rangefinder’s single greatest attribute is that it has extremely precise focus to make certain you get a great image capture. But it must be mentioned in the early days of SLRs, before the event of autofocus lenses, the viewfinder screen showed a fuzzy overall scene until the lens focused on the actual subject. Comparing this to the rangefinder’s small rectangle in the middle of the viewfinder. Here in this rectangle is where the focus becomes clear.
Our human eyes are better at detecting double and split images than they are at discerning between a totally sharp and a nearly sharp image. Rangefinders make focusing super easy and if you’re focusing on a telephone pole, it will be in focus when the pole makes a continuous straight line from the outer area of the viewfinder, down through the central focusing rectangle, and again into the viewfinder’s outer area. This is called split-image focusing.
For a subject like a person’s head, the viewfinder will show a fuzzy, low-contrast duplicate head when out of focus. When the focusing rectangle shows one fused, brilliant image, the head is in focus. This is double-image focusing.
Photographers can check split- and double-image focusing for a subject in order to be extra sure of correct focus. One trick for focusing on a subject with horizontal lines is to turn the camera vertically for focusing, then return it to a horizontal position for taking the photo (assuming a landscape orientation is desired). With no autofocus, the lens will naturally hold focus unless you move it.
By using these focusing techniques, rangefinders work well in poor light, and they accommodate bad eyesight. Detecting poor focus is relatively easy when something like a telephone pole doesn’t line up through the entire viewfinder, or when a person seems to have a faint double image lingering next to it, one that moves around when you move the lens focus ring.
For this reason, rangefinders also allow for relatively fast focusing. With a short amount of practice, it’s easy to tell if the lens focus ring must move right or left to move the
telephone pole or figure into alignment. Many aspects of photography become faster once the computer or machine gets out of the way.
Rangefinders are popular for street and feature photography, but they’re also useful for photographing children, animals, and sports. One reason is the stable focus. Rangefinders allow you to easily focus on a spot, wait for the subject to pass by that predetermined place, and then quickly snap a frame.
Seeing Beyond the Frame
A rangefinder’s viewfinder shows more than just the frame it puts on film or sensor. Framelines within the viewfinder show what will actually be captured in the resulting photo, but there is also additional space that provides a wider view of the scene for context.
This feature of rangefinders lets the photographer watch for action that is about to enter the frame and release the shutter when the moment is right. With an SLR camera, on the other hand, what you see through the viewfinder is roughly what you will get in your resulting photo, so a photographer will need to take their eye off the viewfinder or open their non-viewfinder eye in order to see the wider scene being photographed.
Granted, the absence of a mirror made more impact before mirrorless cameras, especially now that the DSLR is in a tailspin. Compared to a single-lens reflex camera, a rangefinder feels calm when clicked and it makes little noise. This allows for shooting at slower shutter speeds because no mirror means less camera shake.
Quiet shutters keep you discreet on the street, in the subway, or wherever else you’re inconspicuously snapping photos of unsuspecting subjects. No mirror also lets the lens sink into the camera body more, putting its rear element closer to the sensor or film plane. This makes for an overall sharper image.
The rangefinder’s reliance on prime lenses also helps deliver superior image quality, due to the prime lens’s simpler design and concentrated precision. Also, prime lenses are small because they lack autofocus motors and components. This makes the rangefinder set-up especially good for travel and keeps a photographer discreet when doing street or even portrait work.
Compact and Very Reliable
Comparing a rangefinder to a single-lens reflex becomes harder as the DSLRs disappear from the market, but back in the day a rangefinder was noticeably smaller and lighter than a camera with a moving mirror inside of it. Today, rangefinders continue to weigh less than many mirrorless cameras, and they fit better in your pocket. The latest mirrorless cameras rely on technology and autofocus to please users, which means they need room to fit more electronics.
Digital rangefinders don’t need to be bulky. In fact, that contradicts their purpose. Rangefinders inspire simplicity in photography. Less computational technology is more, for rangefinders. Simple usually translates to reliable, and in film rangefinders, this can extend as far as a purely mechanical camera that doesn’t even need a battery. The re-released Leica M6 film camera, for example, only needs a battery for the light meter but can operate fine without it. This can be great in extremely cold conditions and on long, remote travels.
A Different Shooting Experience
Accurate focusing is one thing. The feeling you get while photographing is another — is this not the most important aspect of photography? Thanks to their inherent simplicity, rangefinders reduce photography to its essence.
Rangefinders take you back to the basics of photography. They let you concentrate on making photos without having to overthink. Forget excess buttons and beeps. Henri Cartier-Bresson made photos better than we will ever achieve, and he used a rangefinder, no autofocus.
The Drawbacks of a Rangefinder Camera
Alas, no camera type is perfect (which is why it’s fun and wise to own or practice with many). Rangefinders are certainly not for everyone. They can be a pain. Like any tool, they come with limitations. Rangefinders can definitely restrict your photography. How?
The viewfinder window on a rangefinder sits above and beside the lens. What you see is not what you get. This means you can inadvertently cut off parts of your subject.
Parallax is worse at close range. Some rangefinders, like the Leica models, compensate for this by shifting the viewfinder’s bright lines — the markers that determine the actual area of the film or sensor’s frame — as focus changes from near to far, but not all cameras offer this assistance.
At large distances parallax is insignificant. But close-in it becomes important and must be accounted for. In the digital world, parallax can be remedied with live view or with instant review, but with film, the photographer had better get to know his or her camera well and make necessary adjustments to composition.
Difficult and Challenging
Rangefinders make you do a lot of the photographic work. Beginner photographers can learn much from a rangefinder, but the learning curve is steep. Rangefinders will improve any photographer’s technical chops, but they require an investment of time. Manual focus, no zoom, film, a basic light meter, parallax: rangefinders present myriad obstacles.
Apart from these challenges, rangefinders, especially the film versions, offer shutter speeds that aren’t quite as fast as a single-lens reflex camera: some rangefinders top out at 1/1000 or even 1/500. With film and its fixed ISO, this can lead to serious sacrifices of aperture and thus depth of field.
Rangefinders focus easiest with shorter focal length lenses. However, macro lenses do not work well with a rangefinder, and neither does anything over 135mm, when focusing becomes a nightmare. Even a 90mm lens can be hard to focus when your subject is close or moving. The lack of zoom options is limiting, especially when you budget for a quiver of focal lengths to replace a standard zoom.
Few digital rangefinders exist, and compared to entry-level (or even top-of-the-line) DSLRs and mirrorless, they are spendy. Plenty of affordable, even outright cheap, rangefinders do exist in film, as mentioned below. But rangefinders require precision alignment to work properly, and cheaper options might not focus so sharply, or they might easily fall out of alignment.
The above reasons suggest why most professional photographers today work with advanced camera systems — mirrorless bodies that accept autofocus zoom lenses and come complete with onboard mini-computers. But photography is also art, and what fun is a camera that tries to out-smart and out-maneuver you, that thinks it knows what you’re trying to do? This is one reason why rangefinders have survived the last century of photography.
Some Rangefinders to Consider Trying - Film
Olympus RC. This extremely compact camera makes no fuss. It has auto and
manual exposure settings but remains completely manual. A battery is used for the light meter, and it has a reputation for durability. The Olympus RC features a 42mm f/ 2.8 lens.
Hasselblad XPan. The Hasselblad uses regular 35mm film to make 35mm photos, but it also features a panoramic mode to capture images in 24 x 65mm: two 35mm frames together make this cool panoramic frame. The XPan is ruggedly made of titanium and aluminum, and it works with interchangeable lenses.
Fuji GW690iii. Also known as the Texas Leica, due to its size and weight, this medium format rangefinder
nonetheless takes fine 6 x 9cm (medium format) photos. It features an EBC Fujinon 90mm, f/3.5 lens. No light meter and no battery mean no nonsense and a long life for this classic film camera.
Canonet. Quiet, small, and unobtrusive, the Canonet is also a bargain. But its 40mm F1.7 lens is perfectly
capable of taking sharp, contrast-rich photos. The viewfinder offers parallax compensation, but the light meter’s mercury batteries are no longer available. Still, a favorite of many film shooters.
Pixii. This little-known brand comes from France. It has a 26-megapixel APS-C
BSI CMOS sensor, uses the Leica M-mount lens system, and offers a distinct monochrome shooting mode. The Pixii has an interactive optical viewfinder which includes a rangefinder focusing rectangle but also shows key information like exposure speed or exposure compensation.
Leica M11. The king of rangefinders continues to bear the Leica name. Evolved directly from the M3, the new M11 includes an array of high-tech features including a pixel-shifting, full-frame 60-megapixel BSI CMOS sensor. Its viewfinder has a focusing rectangle and arrows to tell you if your shot is over-, under-, or “correctly” exposed. This is pure rangefinder technology, at a luxury mirrorless price.
Using a rangefinder camera provides a photographer with simplicity, pleasure, limitations, and challenge. They might just be the love-hate camera. Naysayers aside, the rangefinder is beloved for its classic approach to photography and its brilliant focusing system, among other attributes.
Good photography should not be as easy as point and shoot, rangefinder aficionados will argue. While the entry cost for a digital rangefinder may exceed most budgets, a quality film rangefinder can set you back a few hundred dollars. The only way to know if rangefinder photography is your thing is to try one, which also provides a good excuse to shoot film. Just as with film, practicing with a rangefinder will make you a stronger photographer. That’s reason enough to pick one up.
Taken from the article What is a Rangefinder Camera by Daniel O’Neil on PetaPixel
Remember I now have my own discount code for all Platypod branded products at http://www.platypod.com using my code LD20 you can save 20% off on ALL individual Platypod branded products EXCLUDING Bundles, which are already discounted and Square Jellyfish or Lume Cube branded items.
Also be sure to join the Liam Photography Podcast Facebook Group https://www.facebook.com/groups/liamphotographypodcast/ You can reach the show by call or text @ 470-294-8191 to leave a comment or request a topic or guest for the show. Additionally you can email the show @ [email protected] and find the show notes at http://www.liamphotographypodcast.com.
You can find my work @ https://www.liamphotography.net and follow me on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter @liamphotoatl. If you like abandoned buildings and history, you can find my project @ http://www.forgottenpiecesofgeorgia.com. and http://www.forgottenpiecesofpennsylvania.com.
Please also stop by my Youtube channels Liam Photography
Forgotten Pieces of Georgia Project
Forgotten Pieces of Pennsylvania Project
Comments & Upvotes
|
<urn:uuid:63035c5c-50e7-4a03-929e-842823e882b5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://liamphotographypodcast.com/episodes/episode-322-what-is-a-rangefinder-camera-917
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00750.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930875 | 4,372 | 2.578125 | 3 |
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A unit of weight or capacity equal to 1,000 metric tons.
- n. An explosive force equivalent to that of 1,000 metric tons of TNT.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A measure of the strength of an explosion or a bomb based on how many thousand tons of TNT would be needed to produce the same energy.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. one thousand tons
- n. a measure of explosive power (of an atomic weapon) equal to that of 1000 tons of TNT
metric prefix kilo- + ton (Wiktionary)
|
<urn:uuid:e91a2ceb-4ede-4a7b-9e1b-5a602281db85>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.wordnik.com/words/kiloton
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345775028/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054935-00070-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.789054 | 159 | 3.078125 | 3 |
think society will teach them not to.
The staff of Camp Indecon has created a curriculum to formally teach children how to think for themselves and be responsible for their decisions based on their nature as human beings.
Our campers learn the skills of independent thinking through the Montessori Method of Education, which stresses following life's natural path of development and maintains that (i) anything presented to a child should meet his/her developmental needs at the time, (ii) each child's own pace and style of learning should be followed, and (iii) the child should be free to choose his/her own work within the limits and structure of the program.
Montessori's emphasis is the child's preparation for life, not just the exam. By considering the whole child's development and individual interests and personality, it fosters independence, self-direction, self-discipline and self-motivation while providing superior preparation in academic areas.
For our campers, increased self-confidence is the natural outcome of recognizing that they are capable of creating their own life plans. Through hands-on activities, they learn about the nature of the world, especially their own nature as human beings. Through working examples, they discover the consequences of listening to peers with incorrect thinking habits and witness the positive results of healthy ones.
As the world becomes increasingly interconnected in this electronic age, the social structure for people of all ages is expanding. Camp Indecon provides a new avenue for children to communicate that is not limited to the neighborhood or school. Through e-mail and fax, our students are able to keep these new friends for life sharing not only their memories of Camp Indecon, but also the values for which it stands.
will become the decision-makers of tomorrow.
Let us help to equip them.
|
<urn:uuid:f8eb6f5d-fdcf-4fe2-8798-cb837dcd136e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://campindecon.org/content_philosophy.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347400101.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528201823-20200528231823-00443.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95406 | 368 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Hunger ends where there is enough food for everyone and people can sell and buy it at a fair price. Due to dependence on weather, lack of finance and education, farming does not always provide a consistent harvest. iDE Canada supports those small scale farmers who are selling locally grown food to make a better profit and supply healthy nutritious food to their communities.
For example, our donors are supporting projects in Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Ghana to address the lack of access to food during seasons when there is not enough rain. Farmers are cooperating by pooling together their resources in order to grow profitable vegetables during the dry season. These farmers are using sustainable, simple technologies to water their crops.
Access to food is the key to ending hunger; so is access to the right food. Nutritious food, grown locally and sold at a fair price is what makes a food system work. This was the goal behind introducing the sweet potato into the Northern Ghanaian market place.
Babies in Northern Ghana have also shown vitamin A deficiency. This can lead to numerous medical troubles such as blindness that can last their whole lives. The need for more vitamin A in the Ghanaian diet presents an opportunity for our small scale farmers: grow sweet potatoes which are rich in vitamin A!
iDE Canada has partnered with the International Centre for Potatoes to help farmers learn how to grow sweet potatoes and introduce them in the market place. This is using a market based approach to get more vitamin A into people’s diets, while providing more income for farmers!
Because the farming and feeding communities influence so many aspects of life, other Global Goals include:
|
<urn:uuid:fe7872e1-5c09-4033-82a9-59f808a1eddc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.idecanada.org/your-money-at-work/global-goals/zero-hunger.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424564.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723142634-20170723162634-00440.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960493 | 329 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Business Communication is any communication that encourages a product, a type of service or organization in order to enhance sale prospects.
|Common Errors in English|
The Common Errors in English module is intended to help users avoid the common mistakes made in the use of the English language.
Communication is the activity of exchanging meaningful information.
Grammar is the methodical study and description of the structure of a language.
Technical communication is a style of writing which enables readers to understand a process or concept.
Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings and is a prime tool for communication in a language.
|Reading and Comprehension|
Reading comprehension involves a measure of how well an individual grasps what is read.
Active listening is a form of listening that emphasises on what a person says and involves an understanding of the context of the message as well as the emotions underlying it.
|Video Tutorials |
The Video Tutorials module is a collection of lectures.
|Lab Staff and Contributors (Not an experiment)|
List of persons involved in building the lab.
|
<urn:uuid:2e7df906-4f39-4423-a073-e0a0bc1f9b60>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://iitg.vlab.co.in/index.php?sub=72&brch=172
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934803906.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20171117185611-20171117205611-00346.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883199 | 225 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In this article, I am going to discuss some important QnA CyberCrime IP Class 12. If you missed notes on the same topic follow this link to read them. So let’s start the article important QnA Cyber Crime IP Class 12.
important QnA Cybercrime IP Class 12
I will start this article important QnA Cyber Crime IP Class 12 with objective type questions and then will go for subjective type questions. The objective type questions consist of MCQs, True/False, and Fill in the blanks. So here we go!
Objective Type Questions (OTQs)
- ___________ refers to criminal activities or offences carried out in a digital world. (Ans. Cybercrime)
- Which of the following can be considered as a cybercrime?
- harassment using computers
- online banking frauds
- all of these
- _______refers to entering into someone’s account without the user’s consent or stealing login information from someone’s account and unauthorized access to data. (Ans. Hacking)
- The person who is trying to break the system security and gain unauthorized access to data is known as _________. (Ans. hacker)
- Which of the following activities can be carried out by a hacker?
- getting unauthorized access to data
- stealing sensitive information
- install manner
- all of these
- The hacking done with positive intent is known as ___________ hacking. (Ans. ethical or white hat)
- An ethical hacker is trying to break into the system illegally. (True/False)
- Which of the following is the main target of the unethical hacker?
- earning money through unauthorized access
- harass the users’
- personal benefits
- all of these
- The Indian IT Act was amended in which of the following year?
- The ________ provides guidelines and rules to the user on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information. (Ans. Indian IT Act)
- Every state has their own cyber cell in police stations to handle cybercrime cases with implications of the Indian IT Act. (True/False)
- Which of the following is responsible to resolve cybercrime-related issues?
- The government
- CID (Criminal Investigation Department)
- CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation)
- CAT (Cyber Appellate Tribunal)
In the next section of Important QnA Cybercrime IP Class 12, I will discuss some subjective type questions.
Subjective Type Questions (STQs)
Let’s see important QnA CyberCrime IP Class 12
- What do you mean by cybercrime?
- Cybercrime refers to those activities or offences carried out illegally using computers or the internet.
- In cybercrime, a computer can be targeted using another computer.
- These activities can be performed against an individual or group of people or any organizations.
- In cybercrime, the accused performs some activities like physical or mental harassment using the internet, ask or demand for paying money to get data or stolen information.
- Which type of the following activities considered a cybercrime?
- phishing – yes
- cyberbullying – yes
- using copyright material – no if with written permission
- credit card or net banking fraud – yes
- using pirated software – yes
- creation and distribution of virus – yes
- sending an email – no
- Explain the following terms:
- Phishing: Phishing refers to an activity carried out by email or SMS or phone call with the demand of sensitive data like credit card details, banking passwords or OTP and can be resulted in identity theft or financial loss.
- Denial-of-service: It is also known as a DOS attack. It refers to an activity to making the computer or devices inaccessible for the intended users’. Most of the users targeted in this attack are employees, members of the forum or community, account holders.
- Identity theft – Identifying someone’s personal information like name, number, credit card number, or other sensitive information without their consent and commit fraud or crime.
- Hacking – Hacking refers to entering into someone’s account without the user’s consent or stealing login information from someone’s account and unauthorized access to data. When people share them on the internet through different websites like emails, online shopping etc. some expert people trying to break the system security and gain unauthorized access.
- Cracking – It refers to stealing or corrupt data online.
- What do you mean by a hacker?
- A hacker is an expert or elite programmer who is trying to break the system security and gain unauthorized access.
- He or she is doing this using software or hardware or expertise.
- They gain unauthorized access to data, steal some information from your computer, manipulate the digital data, capture user’s personal or financial information or install malware on your systems.
- Differentiate between what hat hacker and black hat hacker.
- White hat hacker
- They help to protect the system from hacking and improves the security of the system.
- They exploit a website to find a security glitch on the website.
- Black hat hacker
- A Black Hat Hacker or Unethical Hacker tries to gain untheorized access and steal sensitive information with the aim to damage or break down the system.
- Their main focus is security cracking and stealing sensitive information.
- They may do some illegal activities like identify theft, monetary gain for their personal benefits or leak sensitive data in the market and earn money.
- White hat hacker
- Write some important point should be kept in mind to reduce the risk of cybercrime.
- Use antivirus and keep it updated
- Take a backup of data at regular intervals
- Download and use software from authorized sources only
- Update the software including browser as and when it is prompted
- Avoid to download and use pirated software
- Follow some security alerts provided by the system and browser
- Use strong passwords for the accounts
- Don’t write or save your passwords at the common places
- Don’t allow third-party cookies from the websites
- Perform online payment transaction securely and through authorized websites only
- Don’t share your OTP or PIN number with anyone
- Always secure wireless network with a password when connecting via hotspot
- What do you mean by the Indian IT Act?
- The Indian IT Act refers to providing guidelines and rules to the user on the processing, storage and transmission of sensitive information.
- The states of our country have their own cyber cells in the police station to report cybercrime.
- The IT act provides legal provisions and implications against cybercrime.
- If the cybercrime is proved then the accused may get the penalties also.
- What is CAT (Cyber Appellate Tribunal)?
- The CAT (Cyber Appellate Tribunal) has been established to resolve these cybercrime-related issues.
- It resolves issues such as hacking, tampering with digital documents, unauthorized use of passwords, using other’s personal data without consent etc.
- The activities help people to use the digital environment without fear.
- On the other side, the IT act also helps the government in good governance.
That’s all from this article Important QnA Cybercrime IP Class 12. I hope you enjoyed this article. If you any queries related to Important QnA Cybercrime IP Class 12 feel free to ask in the comment section.
Thank you very much for reading this article Important QnA Cybercrime IP Class 12.
Follow this link to read all the contents of IP class 12.
|
<urn:uuid:85056be5-d0c7-4866-83c9-9bf3f27949b5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.tutorialaicsip.com/ip-xii-qna/qna-cybercrime-ip-class-12-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00831.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.894538 | 1,620 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Time takes toll on our physique. While aging seems inevitable, the rate of physical deterioration which is seen as aging can be slowed down. This is the premise of my book, Forever Young Forever Fit. We age differently from each other. As young children, everyone looks almost similar, and have similar physiological characteristics. As we get to middle age and beyond, we start to look physically different from each other: some are fit, while others suffer more symptoms of aging. While the extent of aging is visibly obvious, medical professional have also identified “biomarkers” of aging.
These are: Muscle Mass & Strength Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass with aging. It has nothing to do with genetic capacity. It is caused by lack of use of the muscles. Muscle strength and mass is also related to health of the nervous system. The result of muscle loss is loss of balance, and loss of mobility. Sedentary lifestyle increases risk of muscle loss.
Strength training, i.e. lifting, pushing, pulling type of exercises, is necessary to stimulate growth of new muscle tissue. People at any age will benefit from increased muscle mass doing strength training. However it is important to start as early as possible, since fast-twitch muscles (the muscles involved in movement) are known to deteriorate irreversibly with age.
Bone density Loss of bone is related to loss of mobility and osteoporosis. Strength training stresses the bone, stimulating bone to strengthen. Building bone strength when young helps us build up reserves.
Body Composition Body fat increase is associated with aging. While not all fat in the body is harmful, accumulating excess fat is a sign that your diet is imbalanced. This is especially significant because of our sedentary lifestyle. Visceral fat — fat that surrounds the organs in the abdomen — or belly fat is to be taken seriously. Accumulation of visceral fat is an indication of underlying serious health problems like metabolic disorder (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease). While diet is an important factor in attaining optimum body composition, strength training will work to compensate for poor diet (with limits).
Blood lipid profile Blood lipid profile is connected with metabolic health or metabolic disorder. Good nutrition will automatically lead to healthy blood profile. There is a bit of controversy over what is healthy rate of cholesterol in the blood. Therefore I believe this point still needs more study.
In any case, exercise and diet is the best action to take. Referring to the publication above, I would advice against taking Statins. Read Also:
Hemodynamics Healthy heart function and blood pressure is related to healthy lifestyle. Strength training plus healthy diet is also the solution to maintaining healthy state of the heart and blood vessels. One reason is that intense muscle activity opens the blood vessels in the muscles. The important thing to remember that the best thing we can do for healthy heart is to start strength training exercises young, and not wait till pathological symptoms appear. Glucose control An intense workout drains glucose from the blood. Certainly strength training exercise prevents metabolic disorder caused by poor diet. Aerobic capacity How much oxygen you can consume or measured as VO2 max. This is related to metabolic health. Strength and intensive training improves aerobic capacity. Gene expression This is an indication on how well the cells in the body regenerate. Strength training has been shown to revert expression of genes to a youthful level. This can be explained by the increase of growth hormone production with strength training. Growth hormones influences regeneration of cells in the body overall. Telomere length Telomeres are genes at the end of chromosomes that reduce in size with age.
Strength trainers maintain longer telomeres than their sedentary counterparts. Important point to note that shortened telomeres are also see in people who do “cardio” exercises or those who do excessive strength training. Telomere lengths reduce when we encounter stress. Any stressful situation, even if it were exercise will result in aging.
What is “Health”?
According to WHO,
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
Health is basically the ability to function in autonomously in our physical environment and enjoy life. The key is to start young. Aging does not happen from one day to the next.i.e. we do not wake up one morning and suddenly find ourselves old. Aging happens while we are young.
Adopting healthy lifestyle is an insurance against unnecessary accelerated aging.
|
<urn:uuid:f2b3acf1-d6b7-4dd0-820a-1b39a099ecb4>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.foreveryoungforeverfit.com/the-10-biomarkers-of-aging-advice-to-staying-healthy/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653071.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606182640-20230606212640-00214.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950661 | 926 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Last September, we covered results from a small trial of an experimental drug called PLX4032, which has been developed to treat patients whose cancers are caused by a faulty version of a gene called BRAF. Today, yet more encouraging results were announced in the New England Journal of Medicine, which were reported widely in the media.
The trial was very small and carried out in two stages. The first stage involved 55 patients, and was simply to find the most suitable dose.
In the second stage, 32 patients whose cancers were caused by BRAF mutations were given the drug at this dose. Of these, 26 patients’ tumours shrank by 30 per cent or more, and in two of these patients, the cancers disappeared completely.
We discussed this with one of our leading skin cancer scientists, Professor Richard Marais, who was part of a team that discovered the underlying genetic fault in BRAF that PLX4032 is designed to target. He said:
“These results are extremely exciting. This is the first time in over 30 years that this level of response has been seen in melanoma patients in any clinical trial.
“While these results are very promising, there is still work to be done. Although patients initially respond they can often relapse during treatment, so now we need to learn how to get longer lasting responses in these patients.”
This last point is crucial. There’s no hard evidence – yet – that the drug actually prolongs patients’ lives. The trial has only demonstrated that it can cause tumours to shrink. Although several patients’ cancers eventually became resistant to the drug, we need more research to work out how best to use this addition to the doctor’s toolbox before we can be certain that this is going to save lives.
But for now, the results of these small, early trials show great promise, and we’ll be keeping an eye on what happens next.
Flaherty, K. et al (2010). Inhibition of Mutated, Activated BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma New England Journal of Medicine, 363 (9), 809-819 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002011
|
<urn:uuid:9d01eb48-dc9c-462c-80c6-264458e3338e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2010/08/26/more-good-progress-for-experimental-cancer-drug/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886101966.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816125013-20170816145013-00434.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969259 | 453 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Air Filters, Dehumidifiers, and Humidifiers De-Mystified29-Aug-2013
University of Utah Health Department offers some tips for understanding the air in your house and the air-quality appliances that can alter it.
Air filters - The purpose of an air-filtration system is to pull mold, pollen, dust mites, and other particulates out of household air. Health benefits include relief for people with severe allergies or asthma, but it's not a necessity for the average person. Air-filtration systems need to be meticulously maintained. Changing the filters according to the manufacturers' instructions is a must for the long-term success of the system.
Dehumidifiers - The purpose of a dehumidifier is to remove moisture from the air. This curbs the growth of mold and dust mites. They are most needed in parts of the house where humidity collects, such as damp basements. Dehumidifiers are most critical in households in humid climates with old people or very young children, or for families with a history of allergies or asthma.
Humidifiers - The purpose of humidifiers are to add moisture to the air which tends to become dry during winter in cold climates where home heating systems are in constant use. This dry air can dry out and irritate your eyes, throat, and lungs and dry out a person's skin. Humidifiers may help those suffering from sore throats, headaches, nose bleeds, and coughs related to dry air.
For more information regarding these items read the entire article at the University of Utah Health Department website.
|
<urn:uuid:ab75f484-3811-488d-9c38-c331510ee91c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.cmcheatingandair.com/announcements/air-filters-humidifiers-salt-lake-city
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806327.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121074123-20171121094123-00682.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91166 | 328 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The Seljuk Turks of Persia conquered Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. They occupied the Sacred Sites and were the first to impose an entrance tax on pilgrims who desired to visit these sites. No cleric of any rite was allowed to remain within the Sanctuaries. They could not remain there as caretakers or functionaries.
From a juridical viewpoint this first period of the Holy Places (333-1071) could be termed "uniform" because the clergy who guarded the Holy Places were independent of the reigning government. After 1071 a new era began. From the juridical viewpoint it could be termed "multiform" because the responsibility for the sites was divided into diverse categories between Turkish, Arab, and Christian responsibility for all or part of the sites. The Turkish or Arab government was in charge, but there was a Christian functionary at the sites. According to Moslem legislation any places of cult were the property of the government and the government maintained the right to grant their use. If the site was ruined, it could be sold or given as a present.
The Emperors of Constantinople were not able to resign themselves to the reality that they had lost both the territory of the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Places in Palestine. On the other hand, the European governments tolerated the fact that the loss of the Holy Places was an irrevocable reality. Palestinian territory and its Sanctuaries belonged to the victorious government. More than eight hundred years of historical experience was the reason for this conviction.
|
<urn:uuid:fede252c-2330-4d39-a311-ef9af0680389>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.christusrex.org/www2/liberation/I-5.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163045140/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131725-00047-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972446 | 309 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Heart Attack Can Now Be Detected & Controlled Easily by Modern Technology
Prevalence of heart diseases is increasing and so is mortality associated with it. It is a matter of grave concern that the younger generation is getting affected by it at a very early age. Rapid urbanization and faulty lifestyle are the leading causes of this deadly disease.
The quote “prevention is better than cure” is very apt for this disease. Once you are trapped into the claws of this problem, quality of life rapidly goes down though different modalities of treatment are available but life is never the same again. But with the advancement of technology & skills of doctors 98% of heart attack victims can be saved if the blocked artery is opened quickly by angioplasty. Interestingly majority of causative factors of heart disease (nearly 80%) are modifiable and small changes in life style can go a long way in preventing heart disease.
You simply cannot avoid or modify risk factors in 20% of cases. Risk factors which are under your control, constitute 80% and these are high blood pressure, blood cholesterol, smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, diabetes (uncontrolled). These factors if controlled along with modification in eating habits, regular exercise & health checkup will lessen the risk of developing heart disease.
Some risk factor can be modified others cannot be modified:
|You can’t help it!||You Can!!|
|Sex||High Blood Pressure|
|Race||Smoking and Alcohol|
|Family History||diabities & obseity|
Certain predisposing factors like sex (males have higher incidence of heart disease), genetic predisposition and family history of CAD are non-modifiable factors but they contribute only 20%. In presence of these non-modifiable factors, one needs to be more cautious to avoid CAD. As the Indian population is prone to have heart disease and in more severe form due to smaller diameter of heart vessels (coronaries), it becomes absolutely essential to identify your risk factors and if at high risk then start monitoring your cardiac parameters early in life.
Symptoms of heart disease range from chest pain, pain in shoulder, jaw, choking, breathlessness on exertion or chest discomfort after meal food.
If you have any of these symptoms then do not ignore.
You can become a victim of angina or heart attack, contact your doctor immediately.
|Symptoms||Main Symptoms Of Heart Attack||Symptoms of Heart Arrhythmia||Symptoms of Weak Heart|
|Chest Pain||Chest Pain or heaviness.Lasting Angina for more than 20 Seconds||Rapid Heartbeat or pounding in the chest||Shortness of breath|
|Arm(s) Pian||Pain in both hands or left hand||Dizziness||Fatigue and Dizziness|
|Back Pain||Pain in the middle of the back||Unconsciousness||Swelling of feet|
|Jaw Pain||Pain in Shoulder|
|Shoulder(s)||Pain in neck|
Besides the above symptoms, if you have High BP, high cholesterol, high sugar or if someone in your family has had heart disease earlier, then you can call our helpline no 15106 to call ambulance and you can also book an appointment with a heart specialist.
Earlier we used to depend upon ECG, ECHO, TMT, Stress Thallium, Stress ECHO tests for the detection of heart disease. We have seen many patients who had heart disease but were missed on all these tests because accuracy of these tests to identify blockage is <85% and moreover these tests cannot detect <70% cholesterol block in the arteries of heart. However these tests are still important to know the condition of the heart muscle.
In the past the only method to be sure about the future risk of angina or heart attack in an individual was coronary angiography which is an invasive procedure and an individual without any problem would not like to get an invasive test done on him for assessment of future risk. That is why patients with heart disease always present at an advanced stage of the disease which requires either angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Who needs CT Angiography?
- Chest pain of unknown origin.
- If you have diabetes or high blood pressure for many years and you are above the age of 50.
- If you have chest pain and nonspecific changes in ECG.
- If you already had angioplasty or bypass surgery and now having chest pain.
- To rule out heart disease before major surgery if there is a possibility clinically.
- If you have heart disease in your family.
Best and noninvasive test to know about your risk of heart attack is CT coronary angiography.
With the availability of fast & Multislice C.T Scanner with advanced software for detection of heart blockage, it has become possible to detect or rule out the presence of even minor cholesterol deposition in the arteries of the heart. If detected, then it is much easier to motivate patients to control their risk factors, change their lifestyle and take preventive medicines like Statin which can prevent angina, heart attack & future need of Angioplasty & CABG. So far in the last few years, we have diagnosed many patients of heart disease with critical silent blocks on routine screening before non-cardiac surgeries and during routine heart checkups. Therefore appropriate treatment could be provided well in time to keep them safe.
It is non-invasive, OPD procedure & especially indicated when a young patient presents in emergency with chest pain to rule out established heart disease especially if ECG & ECHO are normal. If you want to be sure about the risk of heart attack, this is the best test available in the world. The only requirement is a normal serum creatinine level and a stable and regular heart rhythm.
|
<urn:uuid:64425e9b-7b31-41b7-8beb-8c1fb31385d2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://blog.metrohospitalfaridabad.com/heart-attack-can-now-be-detected-controlled-easily-by-modern-technology/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00086.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916032 | 1,206 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Ancient History Lessons
This serie of lessons focus on the era of pre-history up to the fall of the Roman Empire. The innovations of the Mesopotamians, the mysteries of the Egyptians, the fierce independence of the Greeks, and the power and might of the Romans are all presented here.
20th Century World History Lessons
This series of lessons presents the 20th and 21st centuries. The turmoil and tragedy of the World Wars, the ideologies of Communism and Fascism, the tension of the Cold War, and the legacy of Apartheid and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict are examined here.
European History Lessons
This series of lessons focus on Europe from the fall of the Roman Empire to the dawn of the 20th century. The isolation of the Dark Ages, the beauty of the Renaissance, the turmoil of the Age of Revolution, and the triumphs and tragedies of the Industrial Age were all a part of this era.
Canadian History Lessons
This series of lessons presents the various stories that are apart of what makes Canada the nation it is today. From pre-history to the era of European contact and through the many conflicts that shaped this land, the many peoples that were part of and came to these lands created a new country.
|
<urn:uuid:443530db-7544-4760-89e3-d691f3378da5>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://www.macshistory.com/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643388.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20230527223515-20230528013515-00692.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925365 | 260 | 3.09375 | 3 |
food preservation, bath canner, botulism, food poisoning
Growth of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum in canned food may cause botulism—a deadly form of food poisoning. These bacteria exist either as spores or as vegetative cells. The spores, which are comparable to plant seeds, can survive harmlessly in soil and water for many years.
Hegerfeld-Baker, Joan and Garden-Robinson, Julie, "Food Preservation: Using a Boiling Water Bath Canner" (2009). SDSU Extension Extra Archives. 497.
|
<urn:uuid:f3259f4f-2e80-421f-9fbe-499e53cea2a1>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/extension_extra/497/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685912.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919164651-20170919184651-00040.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.784435 | 120 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Keeping your lawn and garden healthy and beautiful takes commitment and knowledge. Time-proven lawn and garden know-how paired with the latest research-based advances can put you on a fast track to success. Fortunately, that kind of expertise is available right in your local area, through your county extension office. One of the most valuable — and often underutilized — resources for solid, expert lawn and garden knowledge, the Cooperative Extension System (CES) and its county extension agents stand ready to help.
A History of Continuing Service
For more than 100 years, extension agents have worked to enrich American lives through sharing practical, research-based knowledge. The informal educational programs, hands-on demonstrations and learning activities that shaped today's extension programs were born out of agricultural groups of the early 1800s; farmers met regularly to share their challenges and secrets to success.
In 1914, the Smith-Lever Act formally recognized the Cooperative Extension System, made its mission official, and tied it to the nation's land-grant colleges and universities.1 Originally underwritten by grants of state land, these institutions were dedicated to expanding opportunities for higher education in agriculture and in mechanical arts, such as engineering and other applied sciences. The Smith-Lever Act formalized a cooperative effort between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and land-grant institutions to get the fruits of their research programs into the hands of people like you.
Now backed by county, state and federal funding, more than 100 land-grant colleges and universities exist today, and extension remains part of their purpose.1 Through a national network designed to reach directly into local communities, thousands of extension offices and agents are tasked with providing you with top-notch lawn and gardening knowledge, and helping you put that knowledge to work.
Ways Local Extension Agents Can Help
County extension offices and agents are familiar to residents of rural areas, but extension services don't stop where cities start. The reach of today's extension programs far exceeds their agricultural roots. CES programs cover diverse subjects, from small business and personal finance to health and nutrition, but horticulture and gardening remain mainstays of extension agent expertise. Well known examples of programs under CES guidance include the Master Gardener training and volunteer program and 4-H youth development programs, which introduce rural and urban youth to gardening and other valuable life skills, such as effective communication, civic involvement, visual arts and healthy living.
County extension agents have a special advantage in helping with your lawn and garden growth: Agents live in the regions they serve. When a problem emerges in your lawn or garden, your local extension expert can see it firsthand. That local perspective allows them to zero-in on the area-specific issues involved.
When improper soil pH causes problems for your lawn, your extension agent knows the region's norms and challenges. When a worrisome insect pest shows up, extension agents have an answer aimed at where you live. From kits and instruction for soil testing to your area's anticipated frost dates and canning tips for abundant garden harvests, your county extension agents and a network of extension researchers are there to serve.
Connecting With Your Extension Experts
Extension research and outreach programs vary by state, but extension offices and agents have a common denominator: They strive to be easy to find! Fulfilling their mission depends on providing the best and latest research-based insights to the public, so their office locations are designed to make that happen. Wherever you live in the United States, agents are likely nearby.
Local telephone directories still include CES offices in their government listings, but the Internet makes connecting even easier. The USDA's interactive extension map helps you locate your state's main extension office with a simple click on your state. From there, you can find the county-specific contact information you need. You can also tap into extension expertise online. Through eXtension.org's Ask An Expert program, you can get prompt, expert responses to your lawn and garden questions. You can even choose to keep your questions and answers private or share them so others can learn, too.
Introducing youth to gardening and other horticultural projects is an extension hallmark.
Pennington's university partnerships with several land-grant institutions help support the work of the researchers and educators who produce and distribute the expert lawn and garden knowledge and advice your local extension agents provide. From sharing educational resources to helping you connect with extension experts, Pennington is committed to supporting your lawn and garden education and needs.
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture; Extension.
|
<urn:uuid:f0a0d259-6659-4d7d-8dc0-3fc6f56d6085>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.pennington.com/resources/grass-seed/solution-center/extension-agents-your-local-lawn-and-garden-resource
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687642.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921044627-20170921064627-00510.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939919 | 940 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Introduction to Properties
Materials can have a wide array of properties. It is the combination of all of these things that define the way a material looks, and how objects using that material will appear when rendered. These properties are set using the various Properties panels.
Remember that the appearance of your materials are affected by the way that they are rendered (surface, wire, volume or halo), and by the rendering engine (Blender, Cycles, or Game) used. Most properties for images rendered using Cycles can only be controlled using the Node system.
The table below sets out the various Properties panels available, which Render Engine they are available for, and brief details of their scope. Details of their controls and settings are given on the relevant pages.
|Material Property Panels|
|Preview||X||X||A preview of the current material mapped on to one of several basic objects.|
|Diffuse Shaders||X||X||The basic color of the material, together with different models for dispersion.|
|Specular Shaders||X||X||The reflected highlights: color, strength and different models for dispersion.|
|Color Ramps||X||X||How to vary the base color over a surface in both Diffuse ans Specular shaders.|
|Shading||X||X||Properties of various characteristics of the shading model for the material.|
|Transparency||X||(X)||Can other objects be seen through the object, and if so, how?|
|Mirror||X||Reflective properties of the material.|
|SubSurface Scattering||X||Simulates semi-translucent objects in which light enters, bounces around, then exits in a different place.|
|Strand||X||For use when surfaces are covered with hair, fur, etc.|
|Options||X||X||Various options for shading and coloring the object.|
|Shadow||X||X||Controls how objects using this material cast and receive shadows.|
|Game Settings||X||Controls settings for real-time rendering of Game Engine objects.|
|Render Engine Key: R = Blender Render; G = Game Engine|
|
<urn:uuid:f10f3c70-e6c5-473c-8f04-10967a9792cf>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://wiki.blender.jp/Doc:2.6/Manual/Materials/Properties/Introduction
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00332.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.759813 | 501 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Humidifier is a common sight in many household
s during the winter
. The basic purpose of a humidifier is to increase the moisture in the air. Most homes become drier in the winter because of a few factors, but running heater
s is the most common, especially the forced air type.
Dry air is bad for a few reasons. One is that your mucous membranes dry out more easily, leaving you susceptible to bacteria and virii. Another is that dry air allows the buildup of static electricity, putting you at risk for ESD. Not a big deal to some, hilarious to those who like to shock others, a tremendous pain to computer enthusiasts.
There are three main types of commercial humidifiers: hot mist, cool mist, and ultrasonic.
Hot mist humidifiers basically boil the water into steam, and vent the steam. This is a boon to people with the common cold. It loosens phlegm beautifully, and certain medicines can be delivered via a hot mist humidifier vector.
Cool Mist humidifiers work off the principle of evaporation. To work effectively, they must expose more surface area of water to the air. They accomplish this in a variety of ways, depending on the brand. Most also have a small fan, in order to increase airflow.
My favorite type of humidifier is the Ultrasonic. These things use sound waves to atomize the water in the chamber and then blow it out of a vent. They run very quietly because the sound waves are not a frequency audible to the human ear. These things are awesome because they can be used as fake smoke machines for a party if one runs them at max mist volume. The mist dissipates quickly, but it is a cool effect.
|
<urn:uuid:66ff15d4-049c-492f-a67e-af4772c04eb7>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://everything2.com/title/Humidifier
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010740404/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091220-00039-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935138 | 357 | 2.625 | 3 |
Elk Rapids Almanac
Elk Rapids is now officially a Monarch Butterfly City, and we will soon see those beautiful insects migrating through our area. However, they need a little help from all of us, so think about what you can do for them in your own backyard.
As a global designation, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature added the migrating monarch butterfly to its endangered species list--two steps from extinction. Although under consideration, it has not yet been added to the endangered species list in the United States. Write to your senator if you wish to offer your opinion.
Conservation biologist Nick Haddad, Michigan State University, estimates the population of monarch butterflies he studies in the eastern United States has declined between 85% and 95% since the 1990’s.
Conservation biologist Karen Oberhauser, University of Wisconsin-Madison, notes two threats to the Monarch: habitat loss and weather. People are creating habitat in gardens and back yards, and Departments of Transportation on federal, state and county levels are putting in habitat along roadsides. Habitat requires food for the larvae and for the adults. Since caterpillars only eat milkweed, people can plant native milkweed, and since nectar plants of many species of flowers feed the adults, people should not use pesticides, which will kill not only harmful insects but butterflies and bees as well.
Did you know??? Milkweeds are so named because, in addition to cardiac glycosides, they defend their tissues with a milky latex sap that jells on exposure to air. Insects that attempt to eat milkweed leaves soon find their mouthparts glued permanently shut by the sticky sap. Monarchs, however, have found a simple but amazing way to defeat this defense: they block the flow of sap to milkweed leaves (Dussourd and Eisner 1987). Learn more in Douglas Tallamy’s Nature’s Best Hope, 2019. (pp. 103-15).
The Citizen Scientist monarch monitoring blitz is coming up from July 29 to August 7, an opportunity to report sightings of monarchs at: Journeynorth.org.
Coming in August
The Perseid meteor shower is expected to peak at 1:00 a.m. local time on August 13 —The Perseids start on July 17 and remain active through Aug. 24. Catch the shooting stars on an off night due to the full Sturgeon Moon that will be in effect.
|
<urn:uuid:00b5c2aa-da9f-419a-a1a4-311c5fd46de0>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.greenelkrapids.org/july1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511369.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004120203-20231004150203-00430.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947659 | 505 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Homeostatic imbalanceMany diseases are a result of disturbance of homeostasis, a condition known as homeostatic imbalance. As it ages, every organism will lose efficiency in its control systems. The inefficiencies gradually result in an unstable internal environment that increases the risk for illness. In addition, homeostatic imbalance is also responsible for the physical changes associated with aging. Even more serious than illness and other characteristics of aging is death. Heart failure has been seen where nominal negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, and destructive positive feedback mechanisms then take over.
Diseases that result from a homeostatic imbalance include diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, gout, and any disease caused by a toxin present in the bloodstream. All of these conditions result from the presence of an increased amount of a particular substance. In ideal circumstances, homeostatic control mechanisms should prevent this imbalance from occurring, but, in some people, the mechanisms do not work efficiently enough or the quantity of the substance exceeds the levels at which it can be managed. In these cases, medical intervention is necessary to restore the balance, or permanent damage to the organs may result.
According to the following quote, every illness has aspects to it that are a result of lost homeostasis:
- "Just as we live in a constantly changing world, so do the cells and tissues survive in a constantly changing microenvironment. The 'normal' or 'physiologic' state then is achieved by adaptive responses to the ebb and flow of various stimuli permitting the cells and tissues to adapt and to live in harmony within their microenvironment. Thus, homeostasis is preserved. It is only when the stimuli become more severe, or the response of the organism breaks down, that disease results - a generalization as true for the whole organism as it is for the individual cell." (Pathologic Basis of Disease, third edition, S.L. Robbins MD, R.S. Cotran MD, V.K. Kumar MD. 1984, W.P. Saunders Company) http://www.hypnosis.edu/webtv/
|
<urn:uuid:192ae34b-0d24-44d4-917d-6b07111397df>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://theinnozablog.blogspot.com/2011/11/most-powerful-force-in-human-behaviour.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804881.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118113721-20171118133721-00288.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941412 | 431 | 2.875 | 3 |
Historical records matching Robert P. Letcher, Governor
About Robert Perkins Letcher
Robert Perkins Letcher (February 10, 1788 – January 24, 1861) was a politician and lawyer from the US state of Kentucky. He served as a U.S. Representative, Minister to Mexico, and the 15th Governor of Kentucky. He also served in the Kentucky General Assembly where he was Speaker of the House in 1837 and 1838. A strong supporter of the Whig Party, he was a friend of Henry Clay and John J. Crittenden.
Letcher's family came to Kentucky around 1800. Letcher attended the private academy of Joshua Fry, then studied law. He was briefly a judge advocate in John Allen's volunteer militia during the War of 1812. He began his political career in 1813, representing Garrard County in the Kentucky House of Representatives. In 1823, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he served for more than a decade. During the 1824 presidential election, he acted as an intermediary between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. Adams' opponent, Andrew Jackson, charged that, through these negotiations, Clay agreed to support Adams for president in exchange for being named Secretary of State.
In 1840, Letcher was chosen as the Whig nominee for governor of Kentucky over William Owsley. In the general election, Letcher won by landslide over Judge Richard French. Letcher's fiscally conservative policies helped Kentucky recover from the financial Panic of 1837. By the end of his term, the state was experiencing budget surpluses and state banks had resumed specie payments. After Letcher left office, he was appointed Minister to Mexico by President Zachary Taylor. Following this, he made an attempt to return to the U.S. House, but was defeated by Democrat John C. Breckinridge. Letcher's defeat in Henry Clay's home district was a strong indication of the decline of Whig influence in Kentucky. Though he remained active in politics, Letcher never again sought public office. He died on January 24, 1861.
Robert Perkins Letcher was born in Goochland County, Virginia, on February 10, 1788. He was seventh of twelve children born to Stephen Giles and Betsy (Perkins) Letcher. The family moved to Kentucky around 1800, first living at Harrodsburg, then settling in Garrard County. For a time, Letcher attended the common schools of the area, but he was dismissed for being unruly. He studied the trade of masonry, though not very enthusiastically, at his father's brickyard.
Letcher enrolled in Joshua Fry's private academy near Danville, Kentucky, faring better under Fry's instruction than he had in the common schools, and gained a sound education. Following his instruction at Fry's academy, he returned to his father's brickyard, where tradition holds that he helped build the state's first governor's mansion alongside future governor Thomas Metcalfe. He then read law in the office of Humphrey Marshall, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Lancaster, Kentucky. He briefly served as a judge advocate in Colonel John Allen's volunteer militia during the War of 1812.
Letcher first married Susan Oden Epps. Epps died on March 9, 1816 and did not bear any children. Following the death of his first wife, Letcher married Charlotte Robertson, daughter of George Robertson, a congressman and future chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Historian Jennie Morton records that Letcher referred to his second wife as "the queen". No children were born as a result of this marriage, but the couple raised one of their nieces from childhood. Charlotte Letcher survived her husband, and died October 29, 1879.
Nicknamed "Black Bob", Letcher was known as a witty and gregarious campaigner. He was also known to distract audiences at his opponents' campaign speeches by playing a fiddle. His political career began in 1813 when he was elected to represent Garrard County in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He served until 1815, and after a respite of one term, was re-elected in 1817.
In the House of Representatives
Letcher was elected as a Democratic Republican to the Eighteenth Congress in 1823. He represented the state's fourth district until 1833, when the General Assembly conducted a redistricting of the state. After the redistricting, Garrard County became part of the fifth district.
Letcher was a friend and ardent supporter of Henry Clay. When no candidate gained a two-thirds majority of the electoral vote in the 1824 presidential election, the outcome fell to a vote of the House of Representatives. In the political wrangling that followed, Letcher served as an intermediary between Clay and John Quincy Adams. Eventually, Clay's supporters threw their support behind Adams, reportedly in exchange for Clay's being named Secretary of State. Andrew Jackson called the alleged deal the "corrupt bargain".
Letcher supported Adams' administration, but became anti-administration when Jackson won the 1828 presidential contest. Consistent with his support of Clay, he promoted expansion of internal improvements, including the Maysville Road bill vetoed by Jackson. In 1833, Clay proposed a compromise in the Senate to quell the Nullification Crisis; Letcher introduced Clay's compromise in the House.
In the 1833 election, Thomas P. Moore challenged Letcher for the fifth district's seat in the House of Representatives. Moore had previously represented the counties in the fifth district (Garrard excepted), and had just returned from a four-year stint as U.S. minister to Grenada. The vote was so close that the House refused to seat either candidate and ordered a new election. Letcher won the new election by 258 votes. During this term, he served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. He did not seek re-election at the end of his term.
In 1836, Letcher served as a presidential elector on the Whig ticket. He returned to the Kentucky House later that year, and was re-elected every year until 1838. Each of these years, he sought to become Speaker of the House. In 1836, he was defeated by incumbent speaker John L. Helm by a vote of 45—48. The following year, there was a three-way contest for speaker between Letcher, Helm, and James Turner Morehead. After nine ballots, Helm withdrew from the race, and Letcher defeated Morehead 50—48. The next year, Letcher was re-elected to the post without opposition.
As governor of Kentucky
The Whigs' state nominating convention was held in Harrodsburg on August 26, 1839. Four candidates were initially put forward for the office of governor, but two withdrew from consideration, leaving the contest between Letcher and Judge William Owsley. Letcher won the nomination by a vote of 48—26. In the general election, Letcher defeated his Democratic opponent, Judge Richard French, by a majority of over 15,000 votes (out of 95,020 cast). The Whigs also captured large majorities in both houses of the state legislature.
Just weeks after Letcher's inauguration, William Henry Harrison prevailed in the 1840 presidential election. Soon after, Harrison visited Letcher in Frankfort to discuss the appointment of Letcher's friend, John J. Crittenden, to Harrison's cabinet. On December 14, 1840, Letcher wrote Crittenden to tell him that the General Assembly would shortly re-elect him to his Senate seat. If he (Crittenden) were going to accept a position in President Harrison's cabinet, Letcher would prefer he do it before March 4, 1841 so the General Assembly would still be in session to elect Crittenden's replacement in the Senate. On January 11, 1841, Crittenden replied that he expected to be named attorney general and believed he could accept the post before Letcher's preferred deadline. However, due to Harrison's death only a month after his inauguration, Crittenden was not able to keep Letcher's timeline; he was appointed attorney general by John Tyler on March 5, 1841.
For the first half of Letcher’s term, the state was still struggling to recover from the financial Panic of 1837. Consistent with his Whig views, Letcher blamed the crisis on the federal government's failure to recharter the Second Bank of the United States. To ameliorate the state's dire financial situation, Letcher drastically cut spending, including the suspension of turnpike construction and improvements on the Green, Kentucky, and Licking rivers. These actions greatly reduced the state’s deficit and improved its credit. In each of Letcher's years in office, the state showed a small but growing budget surplus.
Although Letcher generally opposed debt relief measures, he did allow the passage of some minor legislation to aid those most in danger of foreclosure on their property. In 1842, legislation was passed that expanded the types of personal property that were exempted from foreclosure. The next year, the General Assembly eliminated the summer terms of the circuit courts, effectively delaying some foreclosure hearings. Letcher also encouraged banks to make new small loans, and the legislature followed suit by moderately increasing the credit extended by state banks. As the state's economy recovered, its banks resumed specie payments. State bonds increased in value. By the end of Letcher's term, Kentucky had weathered the worst of the economic crisis.
In one of his final acts as governor, Letcher proclaimed the first thanksgiving day in Kentucky on September 26, 1844. After leaving office, he resumed his law practice in Frankfort. In 1847, he was one of four contenders for a seat in the U.S. Senate. The other contenders consisted of two fellow Whigs and a Democrat. After twenty-eight ballots, no winner emerged, and Letcher's supporters withdrew his name and nominated Joseph R. Underwood, who eventually won the seat.
As a diplomat to Mexico
Letcher was a strong supporter of Whig candidate Zachary Taylor in the 1848 presidential election. When Taylor won the election, Letcher's friend John J. Crittenden recommended Letcher for the post of postmaster general; Taylor declined this suggestion, but instead appointed Letcher as the United States envoy and minister to Mexico. Letcher arrived in Mexico City on February 3, 1850.
Letcher's primary responsibility was negotiating a treaty to protect the interests of some American citizens who had purchased the rights to construct a line of transit on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. He submitted a rough draft of the treaty to Mexican officials in March 1850. After nearly three months of negotiation, Letcher signed a modified treaty on June 22, 1850. Among the modifications were a provision that tolls on Mexican-produced goods transported on the route would be twenty-percent less than those of United States goods and an increase in the authority exercised by Mexico in protecting the route. Letcher wrote to Secretary of State John M. Clayton that the treaty fell short of what he had hoped for, but that he believed that its provisions were the best that could be obtained.
A month after Letcher signed the treaty, Clayton was replaced as Secretary of State by Daniel Webster. In response to concerns raised by one of the Americans hoping to construct the line of transit, Webster asked that Letcher attempt to obtain certain modifications to the treaty. Letcher brought these modifications to the Mexican diplomats, but they steadfastly refused to accept them. Letcher, speaking with the blessing of the administration, intimated that the United States would take the region by force if the requested concessions were not made. The Mexican government conceded that they would not be able to resist such action, but still refused to accept the modifications to the treaty.
Upon learning of the strong Mexican resistance to his proposed modifications, Webster instructed Letcher to negotiate the most favorable terms to which the Mexicans would agree. On January 25, 1851, Letcher signed a second treaty that was slightly more favorable to the Americans. During the time it had taken both sides to negotiate the treaty, however, public sentiment in Mexico had turned decidedly against any form of treaty with the United States regarding Tehuantepec. On May 22, 1851, the Mexican government declared the agreement with the American investors null on grounds that the provisional government which granted it did not have the right to do so. Letcher attempted to negotiate a new treaty to re-acquire the rights nullified by the Mexican government, but by February 14, 1852, he reported that he did not expect to be able to reach any kind of agreement. He returned home in August 1852.
Later political career
On returning to Kentucky, Letcher resumed his legal practice. While he was away in Mexico, the congressional seat of Kentucky's Eighth District was won by Democrat John C. Breckinridge. Known as the "Ashland district" because it contained Henry Clay's Ashland estate and much of the territory he once represented, it was a Whig bastion that hadn't been represented by a Democrat since 1828. Whigs were eager to avenge the loss in 1853, and Letcher wanted to be their candidate, but at their state convention, they chose Kentucky Attorney General James Harlan. The nomination was not well-received among some Whig factions; Harlan withdrew in March 1853, and Letcher was chosen to replace him.
Letcher first met Breckinridge in debate at Nicholasville on April 18, 1853. As the incumbent, Breckinridge spoke first and focused on political issues like contrasting the higher revenue generated by the Democratic Walker tariff with that produced by the higher Tariff of 1842 favored by the Whigs. Letcher, as he did for much of the campaign, responded by appealing to party loyalty; Breckinridge would misrepresent the district, he claimed, "because he is a Democrat". While Breckinridge was typically well composed in debate, Letcher would often become angry. On one occasion, Letcher so frequently attempted to interrupt Breckinridge that John J. Crittenden grabbed him by the coat tails to restrain him. Breckinridge supporters derisively nicknamed Letcher "Coat Tails" for the remainder of the campaign.
When Letcher's factional enemy, abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay, endorsed Breckinridge, Letcher charged that this, combined with the abolitionist views of Breckinridge's uncle, Reverend Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, proved that Breckinridge was secretly an abolitionist, despite his consistent denial that Congress had the power to interfere with that institution. Breckinridge responded by citing newspaper accounts of a 1848 campaign speech Letcher had made in Indiana on behalf of Zachary Taylor. In the speech, he predicted that the constitutional convention then under way in Kentucky would produce a document that contained provisions for gradual emancipation, noting "It is only the ultra men in the extreme South who desire the extension of slavery."
Both candidates received financial support from outside the district, some of which was used to buy votes or bribe voters to stay home. Breckinridge received several thousand dollars, with a substantial amount coming from Washington, D.C. banker William Wilson Corcoran; estimates of Letcher's support ranged from $30,000 to $100,000. Breckinridge won the canvass by 526 votes and received 71% of the vote in Owen County, which recorded 123 more votes than registered voters.
Letcher was considered the strongest Whig candidate in the state, and his inability to win the seat was a harbinger of the ultimate failure of the Whig Party in Kentucky. His loss to Breckinridge would be his last run for public office, though he remained active in politics until his death. During the 1856 presidential election, Letcher spoke on behalf of Millard Fillmore in Pennsylvania, New York, and Kentucky. In 1857 and 1858, he urged John J. Crittenden to oppose the Lecompton Constitution for Kansas.
After the dissolution of the Whig Party, Letcher generally supported Know-Nothing candidates in state politics. Letcher and Crittenden both supported National Union candidate John Bell in the 1860 presidential election, believing he represented the best hope of peacefully resolving the tension between the north and south. By election day, his health was beginning to fail. He died at his home in Frankfort on January 24, 1861, and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery. Letcher County, Kentucky is named in his honor.
|
<urn:uuid:074176eb-6010-43a7-8836-8a35d810b9d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.geni.com/people/Robert-P-Letcher-Governor/6000000004593117090
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00419-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982488 | 3,431 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another, and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
Fainting or feeling light-headed
Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)
Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
This test is most often performed on people who have bleeding problems. The risk of excessive bleeding is slightly greater than for people without bleeding problems.
When you bleed, the body launches a series of activities that help the blood clot. This is called the coagulation cascade. The process involves special proteins called coagulation factors (factor V is a coagulation factor).
Each factor's reaction triggers the next reaction. The final product of the coagulation cascade is the blood clot. Blood clots may not form normally if any one of the clotting factors is abnormally low.
Gailani D, Neff AT. Rare coagulation factor deficiencies. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr., Shattil SJ, et al, eds. Hoffman Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2008:chap 127.
David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
|
<urn:uuid:4520eb5b-d266-4e12-9640-15b51a66b8f1>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/body.cfm?id=5128&action=detail&AEArticleID=003675&AEProductID=Adam2004_117&AEProjectTypeIDURL=APT_1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657132025.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011212-00033-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.89357 | 357 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Hunched over on the steep slope, I pinch the ruddy crocus stigmas, the tips of the flowers’ pistils, as delicately as possible, trying not to lose my balance and tumble down into the valley. It takes 390 of these stigmas, gathered by hand from 130 crocus sativus flowers, to produce one gram of saffron.
This, however, isn’t Iran or Spain, countries known for their bountiful saffron fields. The Matterhorn rises in the distance. I’m in tiny Mund, Switzerland, a town tucked between Geneva and Zermatt in the Aletsch Glacier range, the birthplace of the Rhone River and the unlikely home of these precious purple flowers.
The region was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001 for its stunning Alpine beauty. Although I grew up in Geneva, a mere two hours’ drive from Mund, I’d never seen saffron cultivated in these high altitudes until I stumbled upon a risotto recipe that demanded Swiss saffron. My antennae sprang up.
With a few phone calls to Swiss chefs and the Mund city hall, I soon learned that saffron was harvested in the Mund area as long ago as the 14th century. Then, in the 1950s, as industrialization spread throughout Switzerland, farmers gradually abandoned the crop. But when state authorities decided in 1979 to build a road through what remained of the saffron fields, hundreds of villagers rebelled. Led by the village priest, Erwin Jossen, they rose up to protect the crucial four acres historically under cultivation. More important, their fervor reignited the tradition of saffron farming in the area.
So how did the precious threads get from Asia to Switzerland?
Many civilizations claim to have discovered the red spice, but its origins probably lie in ancient Greece or Anatolia, where it was first cultivated 3,000 years ago. During the Middle Ages, Arabian botanists and cooks brought saffron, already common in Middle Eastern cuisine, to Spain.
Says former Mund mayor Leo Albert, who let me pick the stigmas from the crocuses in his field, “We read in a medieval treatise that mercenaries on their way back to Switzerland brought saffron from Italy through the Simplon Pass, braving the strict customs laws of the times. They hid crocus bulbs in their long hair, risking death if discovered.”
Mund has 529 residents today, and 60 of them own a piece of the saffron fields in parcels ranging from 376 to 2,368 square feet.
“We formed an old-fashioned guild in 1979,” Albert explains. “New bulbs were ordered from Kashmir and Turkey. Plans were drawn. Year after year, the amount of cultivated land grew, and more inhabitants got involved.”
By 2004, the guild had obtained an AOC, or Appellation d’Origine Controlee, the stamp of approval from the Swiss government, and the official Mund saffron was born.
Saffron is created by drying and crushing the three threads that grow inside the crocus flower. Last year’s harvest yielded a grand total of about nine pounds — a small amount, perhaps, but enough to reenergize a village and put it on the international foodie map.
In 2007, Mund joyfully opened a saffron museum in a Lilliputian chalet dating back to 1437. Inside, the scent of wood and hay is intense; pictures, posters and artifacts line the walls and tell the history of saffron in Mund. The method of cultivation includes planting rye just above the treasured bulbs to act as mulch and to mitigate the humidity.
“Throughout the year, you see nothing,” says Albert. “You have to believe in the saffron. And then suddenly the fields explode with purple flowers.”
Today, experts consider Mund saffron superior to any in the world. Neither Spain nor Iran, with their massive outputs (Spain produces 33,000 pounds a year, Iran 190,000), can compete with Mund saffron for flavor.
It’s noon, and the nearby chorus of church bells calls gourmands to the table. “This is a town of gastronomes!” says Restaurant Safran’s elegant owner, Helena Schweitzer. A creamy saffron soup made with fendant, a Swiss white wine, tastes flowery and earthy at the same time. In the spaetzle, small handmade noodles, the spice brings out a sweetness that perfectly complements a loin of boar with chestnuts and red cabbage.
At Cafe Salwald, deer heads and horns adorn the walls. It’s the middle of the afternoon, but the restaurant is full of mountain-lovers stopping on their way down from the higher elevations. With a contented grin, Marie-Claude Pochon says, “I belong to the Gourmettes de Sierre, a ladies-only gourmet club. We come every year. I am fascinated by the crocus and try to buy as much saffron as possible.”
At the next table, a family enjoys a fragrant saffron fondue. In the saffron parfait, the spice, disguised as a dessert flavoring, seems to enjoy its split personality.
The walk down to the village leads through meadows and across bisses, manmade streams that are the centuries-old irrigation system of the region. This is the postcard Switzerland of my childhood: Cowbells tinkle around me, flowers exhale sweet breaths and the sound of running water is omnipresent. Travelers linger at the cheesemonger, then almost miss the tiny grocery store. Inside? Rows of saffron pasta and loaves of sweet saffron bread. I stock up, then ask, “Any saffron?”
The burly shopkeeper’s laugh fills the space. “Today, sold out!” she says. The waiting list for next year’s supply is extensive: villagers who wouldn’t think of cooking without it, the two restaurants, early-bird visitors and some top Swiss chefs, including Philippe Rochat of Michelin three-starred Hotel de Ville in nearby Crissier.
Of the saffron, Rochat says simply, “It’s so perfumed, it’s incomparable. I use it with utter parsimony and sensitivity. Depending on the seasons, we’ve added it to scallops or fish. We also created a Valais pear souffle with Mund saffron. What a success!”
Chef Helmut Schmidt, who once ran Mund’s Restaurant Jaegerheim, adds, “Along the way, I’ve tasted many different kinds of saffron. This one’s special because it’s strong but sweet. No one knows what makes it so good. I let the spice infuse the dish for 10 to 15 minutes, just like tea.”
Outside, the brisk mountain air is redolent of forests and straw. I’ll get back to the lower elevations around Geneva tomorrow. Tonight, I surrender to the spice in my blood and dream of magic carpets carrying mercenaries with saffron bulbs in their hair.
Bigar, a food and travel writer, has left Switzerland for New York. She can be found at www.sbigar.com.
|
<urn:uuid:b89885fb-8fc1-4e7a-8d55-f54e65a91f6a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/smart-mouth-switzerlands-sweet-saffron/2011/04/08/AGhDB9HH_story.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347392057.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527013445-20200527043445-00219.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935267 | 1,590 | 2.828125 | 3 |
About Stable Seas
Because the world’s oceans are shared spaces, strong international cooperation and capable naval services are prerequisites for a secure maritime domain.
Threats like transnational organized crime, IUU fishing, and illicit maritime trades are facilitated by weak coastal economies and environmental degradation.
Problems like piracy, maritime migration, slavery at sea, smuggling and trafficking, and seafarer safety nearly always require transnational coordination and cooperation.
Ungoverned and unmonitored maritime spaces provide violent extremists with unseen routes for moving arms and fighters or generating revenue by sea.
|
<urn:uuid:efaf1468-1062-42de-85c6-51d5ab0d24ee>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.stableseas.org/issues
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950030.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401125552-20230401155552-00301.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.831938 | 143 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Math: Fractions, Multistep Problem-Solving
History: Ojibwe (Chippewa) History, Plains Indians
Forgotten Trail runs on Mac, Windows or Chromebook, plays in any browser. No download required. It follows two teenagers who apply their knowledge of fractions, decimals, measurement and statistics to retrace the Ojibwe migration through the U.S. and Canada. We fit in the cultural part through stories and flashbacks. Recommended Grades 5-7.
|
<urn:uuid:59092d34-b730-477e-b810-6cb37207ef7a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.7generationgames.com/forgotten-trail/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890157.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706073443-20200706103443-00239.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.82404 | 104 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Saturday, July 16, 2011
CIVIL WAR TO CIVIL RIGHTS – A PATH TO RACIAL HEALING
10:00 a.m. -10:20 a.m. Welcome and Introduction of Plenary Speaker– Dr. Frank Smith
10:20 a.m. - 10:40 a.m. Dr. Sandra Jowers-Barber (Assistant Professor of History and Director of the Oral History Project at the University of the District of Columbia)
10:40 a.m. -11:20 a.m.
The Power of Primary Sources
Participants will learn the importance of using primary sources in their teaching of the Civil War and the best ways to incorporate them into their lesson plans. They will also be given instructions on how to use the sources to engage students and encourage them to conduct independent grade appropriate research.
Presenter: Hari Jones, Curator/ Assistant Director at the African American Civil War Museum, is a former intelligence officer in the U.S. Marine Corps and has been with the museum for seven years. Mr. Jones is an established and noted historian on the Civil War and the United States Colored Troops.
11:30 a.m. -12:10 p.m.
Teaching the Civil War
This panel will focus on best practices and lesson plans that teachers can use in their teaching of the Civil War. How should the contributions of African American soldiers be introduced? How to introduce students to historical research?
Presenter: Paul LaRue, is a high school Social Studies teacher at Washington High School in Ohio. With over 25 years experience as an educator Mr. LaRue structures a variety of hands-on experiences that make the events and people of the past more real. Mr. LaRue has won several awards for his teaching abilities, most notably for his innovative approaches to historical education.
Lunch on your own (12:20p.m. to 1:20 p.m.)
1:20 p.m. – 1:50 p.m.
Writing African American Soldiers into the Civil War
This panel looks at specific primary sources, Black, Copper, & Bright: The District of Columbia's Black Civil War Regiment , and "Sketches In Color", a documentary, to use in the classroom that document and support the contributions of District of Columbia African American soldiers in the Civil War. Excerpts from "Sketches In Color" will be shown during this presentation.
Presenter: Historian Carroll C.R. Gibbs, author of Black, Copper, & Bright: The District of Columbia's Black Civil War Regiment , the first book ever written on the District's black Civil War regiment, also researched, wrote, and narrated "Sketches In Color" a 13 part companion series to the acclaimed PBS series "The Civil War" for the Howard University television station. He appeared on the History Channel in June, 2011 discussing the impact of slavery in the District of Columbia and its impact of retrocession.
2:00 p.m. – 2:30 p.m.
Gendering the Movement: Teaching with Public History Sites
Students do not always know or understand the many contributions made by women to the Civil Rights Movement. This panel emphasizes how public history sites can be used to teach the often unsung contributions of women in the Movement. The panelists will explore ways that public history sites can enliven the teaching of the contributions of women to the Civil Rights Movement.
Presenters: Dr. Joy Kinard is a National Park Service interpreter at Greenbelt Park, Maryland; Dr. Sandra Jowers-Barber a public historian, directs the History Program as well as the Oral History Project at the University of the District of Columbia; Mrs. Margaret Miles, is Acting Site Manager at the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House.
2:40 p.m. – 3:10 p.m.
Spying and Serving: Women‘s Roles in the Civil War
There were many women who served their country during the Civil War as spies. How did they do it? What information did they convey? Have they been recognized for their efforts? Did they receive a pension? Is there any record of their service? Information will be presented on women who served their country as spies during the war.
Presenter: Hari Jones, Curator/ Assistant Director at the African American Civil War Museum.
3:20 p.m. – 3:50 p.m.
Descendent Research: Finding The Place For Our Family Stories in American History
The stories have been handed down for generations. Relatives believed to have fought in the Civil War or served as a spy. You’ve heard them at every family reunion. How can you determine if they are factual or fanciful? Audrey Hinton, Lee W. Jackson, David Wellington, descendants of Civil War soldiers will explain how to get started on finding out if what you always thought about some of your relatives is really true, and they will share some of their techniques and events they have created around their discoveries.
Presenters: The presenters, all documented and certified descendants, have researched and validated the participation of their relatives in the Civil War.
4:00 p.m. – 4:30 p.m.
Black Attitudes about the Civil War
How do people of color, especially African Americans feel about the Civil War? Should there be celebrations? Why and how should acknowledgements be made? You may be surprised at the results of the presenter’s survey that looks at some of these issues.
Presenter: Professor Hermina Glass Avery, MA a public history practitioner with extensive experience in historic and cultural preservation is the Associate Director for the Study of the Civil War Era at Kennesaw State University. She recently conducted work with the National Park Service examining African American attitudes on the Civil War.
4:40 p.m. – 5:10 p.m.
Civil War Re-enactors: Bringing Historical Actors and Events to Life
The enjoyment and historical impact of being able to experience how people of a different era dressed, decorated their houses, ate or socialized is what makes the theater of reenactment such an exciting venue. Lovers of Civil War history experience through re-enactment and re-enactors military actions, social events and other everyday activities. Three re-enactors will discuss the why they have chosen to present history through the re-enacting of battles, displays of fashion and the reconstruction of social gatherings.
Presenters: Three re-enactors, Mel Reed, Judy Williams a member of Female RE-Enactors of Distinction (FREED), and Norm Hill have been involved in bringing an accurate portrayal of persons and military participants and events during the Civil War.
5:20 p.m. – 5:50 p.m.
The Civil Rights Movement and Its Impact
The Civil Rights Movement has been and is still being dissected to determine what lasting impact it made on America. What has changed and how has that change made a difference today? Dr. Frank Smith, a primary source, discusses the activities and philosophy of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) and other organizations. Representatives of Teaching for Change, will discuss their publication Putting the Movement Back into Civil Rights Teaching, published by Teaching for Change and PRRAC. In that publication, K-12 educators can find lessons and articles on how to teach the Civil Rights Movement effectively using a wider lens than focusing on the same central figures.
Presenters: Dr. Frank Smith, Founding Director of the African American Civil War Museum was on the front lines in Mississippi. Dr. Smith was instrumental in the establishment of the African American Civil War Memorial, during his time as a Councilman with the District of Columbia government; Teaching for Change is an organization that “encourages teachers and students to question and re-think the world inside and outside their classrooms, build a more equitable, multicultural society, and become active global citizens.”
6:00 p.m. – 6:30 p.m.
Women in the Civil Rights Movement
This panel of women activists, co-authors of the recently published Hands on the Freedom Plow; Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC, will discuss their activities in the Civil Rights Movement and their reasons for publication.
Presenter: Judy Richardson will facilitate the discussion as other co-authors explain how and why they decided to publish their stories. A book signing will immediately follow the panel.
RECEPTION TO FOLLOW
Sunday, July 17, 2011
Civil War to Civil Rights- a Pathway to Racial Healing
All films will be partially shown in 15 or 30 min segments and
followed by a discussion from panel presenters
Introduction by Dr. Frank Smith Jr.,
12:00-12:30pm Welcome and Introduction (The Power of Imagery) – Gilbert McDonald
Birth of a Nation and Within Our Gates- Dr. Bernard Demczuk, Charles Jones
Directed and produced by D.W. Griffith in 1915, Birth of a Nation depicts the story of two families during the Civil War and Reconstruction era. A huge success in the box office, this film became noted for its highly controversial portrayal of African American men (played by white actors in black face) and the Klu Klux Klan. Birth of a Nation received widespread protest and was banned in several cities.
Within Our Gates is a1920 silent film that highlights the racial situation in America during the violent years of Jim Crow and the Ku Klux Klan. Directed and Produced by Oscar Micheaux, it is the oldest known surviving film made by an African American director. The film is often regarded as a response to the racism depicted in D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation.
The Negro Soldiers and Congressman Robert Smalls: a Patriots Journey from Slavery to Capitol Hill Hari Jones, and Adrena Ifill
The Negro Soldier was produced by the United States War Department in 1944, during World War Two to convince African Americans to enlist in the army and fight in the war. Released in 1944 the film was produced for African American troops, however, it was released to a broad military audience and the general public.
Congressman Robert Smalls a Patriot’s Journey from Slavery to Capitol Hill was directed by Adrena Ifill, who brings to life the story of Robert Smalls in this documentary about his courageous journey to freedom and election as one of the first African American Congressman in 1875. Released in 2009 this film highlights the legacy and contributions of this great statesman.
Murder of Emmitt Till- Teaching For Change
This documentary was produced and directed by Stanley Nelson and depicts the story of Emmett Till, a fourteen year old boy, form Chicago, brutally murdered in 1955 Mississippi. Although his killers were arrested and charged with murder, they were both acquitted and shortly after the trial went on to provide a detailed account of how they murdered Till, to a journalist. This poignant film chronicles the incident, the trail and the decision of Emmett’s Mother to leave the casket open at her son’s funeral.
Eyes on the Prize- Judy Richardson
This fourteen hour documentary series chronicles the scope of the African American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. Premiering in 1987 and 1990 in a two part series, this film covers all the major events of the civil rights movement for 1954 to 1985. Featuring interviews and primary sources, this film series records the growth of the Civil Rights movement in the United States and focuses on the ordinary people who effected the change.
Freedom Riders- Reverend Reginald Green, Dion Diamond, Joan Mulholland
This documentary, newly released May 2011, was directed by Stanley Nelson, tells the powerful and inspirational story of more than 400 black and white Americans that risked their lives by traveling together on buses and trains through the Deep South for six months in 1961. Deliberately violating Jim Crow laws, the Freedom Riders met with bitter racism and mob violence along the way, sorely testing their belief in nonviolent activism. This two-hour documentary features testimony from the Riders themselves.
Glory- Asa Gordon, Dr. Frank Smith, and Russell Williams
This 1989 motion picture was directed by Edward Zwick, and depicts the story of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer, an African American regiment during the Civil War. This film is told from the point of view of Robert Gould Shaw, the commanding officer of the 54th Massachusetts, and based on the letters of Robert Gould Shaw and the novels Lay this Laurel and One Gallant Rush.
7:30pm- 8:00pm- Closing Remarks - Tim Reid
Monday, July 18, 2011
Civil War to Civil Rights- a Pathway to Racial Healing
Freedom Riders Reception
Ribbon Cutting, Dedication & Awards Program
African American Civil War Museum
Honorable Frank Smith, Executive Director, Presiding
Posting of Colors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .US Color Guard, Military District of Washington
Audience Please Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pledge of Allegiance/Star Spangled Banner
Invocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Rev. Reginald Green, Board Secretary
Mayoral Greetings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Honorable Vince Gray, Mayor, DC
Greeting from Congress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eleanor Holmes Norton
Presentation for Awards
William “Bill” Lucy: Civil Rights & Labor Leader (Retired)
Presented by Josh Williams
Honorable Mary Landrieu, D-LA
Presented by Beverly Perry, Board Chair, Civil War Memorial
Honorable Jesse Jackson, Jr., Illinois, 2nd District
Presented by Emanuel Friedman, Civil War Memorial Board Member
Hari Jones, Curator, African American Civil War Museum
Presented by Lee W. Jackson, CWM Board Member
Larry Dillard, In Memoriam
Presented by Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton
Barbara Lang, Outstanding Business Advocate
Presented by B. Doyle Mitchell, President, Industrial Bank
Sgt. Fred Johnson, Heritage Preservation Award
Presented by Malcolm Beech
Ruby Thomas, FREED Award
Presented by Patricia Tyson, President, FREED
Dion Diamond, Freedom Rider Award
Presented by Audrey Hinton, Civil War Memorial Board Member
Rev. Reginald Green, Freedom Rider Award
Presented by Jack H. Olender, Civil War Memorial Board Member
Joan Trumpauer Mulholland, Freedom Rider, Freedom Rider Award
Presented by Julia Hudson, Civil War Memorial Board Member
Hank Thomas, Freedom Rider Award
Presented by Wesley Taylor, Board Member
Closing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dr. Frank Smith
Tours & VIP Reception
|
<urn:uuid:e8e5d8b4-60cc-4889-8242-4fa0b47832c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://afroamcivilwar.org/schedule.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500836108.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021356-00311-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934761 | 3,233 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Medicine and Children
In their role as primary caregivers, parents are responsible for the health of their children. Your infant, toddler or teen may be required to take an Over-The-Counter or prescription medicine for many reasons such as dealing with the common cold to the management of more chronic and complicated ailments.
Despite the fact that medications can make children feel better, they can also be harmful especially when they are not used properly. Knowing how and when to use medicines for children is an important part of maintaining their health.
Here are some tips for parents administering medication to children
Make it a point to consult a doctor whenever you are unsure about your child’s symptoms.
Dispense the specific medication to your children. Never give them medicines meant for adults.
Always use the measuring device that comes with the medicine when dispensing liquid medications such as cough syrups.
Don’t equate medicines to sweets. While this entices children into taking their medication, it could also tempt them into trying out the medication on their own.
Store all medicines out of children’s reach. Make sure medication is not visible and accessible to your children as they could accidentally ingest it, creating situations that could result in panic or hospitalization.
Know your child’s weight. It is important to be aware of this statistic as some prescription and Over-The-Counter medications prioritize weight over the age of the patient.
Set a good example for proper and safe medicine use
Parents set examples, knowingly or unknowingly. Children will therefore learn by watching you and this calls for medication to be treated with care and only when the need arises. Let your children know that medicine should always be given by an adult and that it is not something they should take themselves.
Considerations when selecting the right Over-The-Counter medication for your children
As a parent, it can sometimes be overwhelming to pick the right over-the-counter medicine for a sick child. In addition to the tips above, special considerations for Over-The-Counter use in children include:
Select a medicine that treats only your child’s specific symptoms. For example, you may not need a multi-symptom cold medicine if your child only has a cough.
Don’t use oral cough and cold medicines with children younger than 4.
Never use medicines to make your child sleepy.
Do not give your child multiple medications that contain the same ingredient. For example, some fever reducers (acetaminophen, for example) are also often in OTC cold and flu medicines.
Check the dosing directions to make sure the medicine is appropriate for your child’s age or weight.
Read and follow the “Drug Facts” label carefully for information on the medicine’s dosage, warnings, whether it is appropriate for children, and other essential information for the safe use of the medicine.
|
<urn:uuid:c8bf95cb-2aa3-4ae7-971c-1445885a8b93>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://bongodawa.com/2019/05/17/medicine-and-children/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100568.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205204654-20231205234654-00587.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936523 | 593 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Physiology and Physics of Diving
Students create various models that help them comprehend the underwater capabilities of marine animals and humans.
3 Views 3 Downloads
New Review How Does the Density of a Liquid Affect the Buoyancy of an Object?
Here's a lesson plan that will really float your boat! Introduce physical science scholars to the relationship between buoyancy and density through an assortment of individual and collaborative exercises. Lab groups work together to...
7th - 8th Science
Impact of Climate Change on Hawaiian Monk Seals Activity 2: The Odd Couple
The topic is symbiotic relationships, and in this case, we get to look at the relationship between the sea anemone and the hermit crab. They review log entries from a Northwestern Hawaiian Island expedition which occurred in 2002, paying...
5th - 6th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Call to Arms: Robotic Analogues for Human Structures
Investigate deep sea discovery through the emerging technology being built. In this physical science lesson, students analyze the different types of motion available in the human arm. Students research educational websites discussing...
5th - 6th Visual & Performing Arts
Impact of Climate Change on Hawaiian Monk Seals Activity 1: Mapping Deep-Sea Habitats
There is a whole world to explore when you are submerged under the Hawaiian sea. Learners in grades five through eight explore Hawaiian volcanoes, the coral reefs, submarine technologies, and the deep sea habitats. They use a bathymetric...
5th - 8th Science
Biological Oceanographic Investigations – I, Robot, Can Do That!
How do you decide the best person for each job? Would it be easier if you didn't have to consider their feelings? The lesson begins with a discussion of underwater robots. Then groups research one of these robots and present their...
7th - 8th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Descending to the Challenge: Developing Documentaries About the Deep Ocean
The video clip that comprises the warm up is not available, but the related article from The New York Times and the movie trailer for Aliens of the Deep are, leaving enough material to make this a fascinating lesson on deep-sea...
7th - 12th Science
|
<urn:uuid:89a47b3e-7e95-4565-a973-5ed6f4673793>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/physiology-and-physics-of-diving
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425352.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725182354-20170725202354-00436.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895116 | 460 | 3.5625 | 4 |
A raindrop falls. It begins its journey – its exact beginning is a bit mysterious, and it’s objectively hard to say when, if ever, it really ‘begins’ at all. Nevertheless, it begins its journey.
It explores the Earth. It has a knack for getting going right as the pressure and temperature is, well, just right for doing so. Some of its fellow particles take their leap of faith in the mountains, others in lakes; some out at sea from whence they came, and some in the flats, fields or cities.
Planting 2 Hydrogen ‘feet’ on the ground, with its Oxygen head ‘up’, H20 begins to go wherever the world takes it. Following the path of least resistance, from high potential to unfolding energy throughout the course of its life as a raindrop, this little bit makes it way through many a drainage point.
If you pick one drainage point, or ‘pour point’ on a stream of any size where this raindrop makes its moves, you can look at the landscape from a bird’s eye view and delineate its drainage basin: a watershed. This watershed marks all the area on Earth’s surface which contributes water overland to that pour point. What goes on within that watershed will all come to meet and mix with our hero H2O – many raindrops not unlike one another, but each with their own unique experiences and encounters on their path Home.
As we follow a raindrop on its journey, we see that it makes its way through many drainage basins, and as it goes downstream its corresponding watershed area increases. Some of the neighbors, close companions and acquaintances it meets along the way part ways perhaps too soon – evaporated from leaf, puddle, river, lake, or soil, or even transpired or drank by plant, person, or industry. Some embark on an arduous journey to recharge groundwater – the process is purifying, and those wise ones are well sought after. Perhaps it is not too soon that some counterparts part ways, but instead it is with natural and ‘perfect’ timing as that with which the raindrop makes its initial leap of faith in the first place. And after all, we’re all going to the same place in the end. …the end? It feels as diluted as the beginning.
By the time our raindrop friend makes its way to a mouth pouring out into its major regional basin, it will find a place to call Home for some unknown amount of time. This may be in an ocean, like the Atlantic or Indian, or in an endorheic basin where waters gather and remain inland for some equally ineffable time, like some of the world’s largest and most ancient lakes.
At last, Home sweet (or often rather salty…) Home. Resting in peace with the vastness of my H2O companions, huddled around camp fires of salt ions – we are all so common and indistinguishable here, yet we each play a key role in this dance, conducted by celestial bodies afar. Some oceans so endless, and some lakes so old. Some warm as a bathtub, some so cold as to even make us ice. A feeling of such connectivity, having once been so separated. And yet, these lakes are not so old after all – scientists approximate that even Earth’s oldest lake has existed for merely half of 1% of the entire time Earth itself has existed. And the oceans, not so unending – even filling over 2/3rd of the surface of the Earth, there is great depth to the happenings in small places around the world, and there is an atmosphere (and beyond) that is far vaster and more spacious… All this thinking has me wanting to explore, wanting to go on a journey. One day, at a time undoubtedly sanctioned by Nature’s Will, I go forth again with the energy of Wind & Sun. I rise up to the atmosphere, and I make my way to atmospheric rivers. I travel around the world. I take a leap of faith, and I set forth on a new path of which I know not how long or which way I will travel. My next journey will depend on a lot of things – what my fellow aqueous solutions & I will pickup along the way, what terrain lies ahead as great bedrock, beaver dams, potholes, gardens, forests, cities, … the way the world I travel through will affect me, and how I will affect it.
In a way my journey is a complete mystery, and yet it is somehow so familiar. Each time I go forth, I learn a little more, or maybe I come to know I know a little less. In any case, I flow, for that is the only way to go.
to all the raindrops who have passed
to the dew on morning grass
to the drying of the day, the chilling of the night
to the tears of the sky, and the new life it casts
it just keeps on flowing
i just keep owing
going, rowing, knowing
|
<urn:uuid:0fd9f86c-4b1f-4abc-aba7-5be9ebe56b17>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://alchemecology.com/?p=405
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806842.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123142513-20171123162513-00076.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95485 | 1,055 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Mighty Women Of Science: Alphabet Book
By (author) Clare Forrest and Fiona Gordon
Clare Forrest’s Mighty Women of Science is a playful and enlightening look at some well known – and some not so well known – women who have and continue to change the world of science. Exploring A for Astronaut to Z for Zoologist, The Mighty Women of Science is a colourful and engaging all ages book.
The Mighty Women of Science began as a self-published zine by creator Clare Forrest. With help form friend Fiona Gordon and Kate Livingston the zine she created became The Mighty Women of Science alphabet book. Having worked in communicating science, Clare began to see that women were largely written out of the history of science. She began collating the life stories and work of some of the most influential and underrated female scientists. Forrest’s alphabet book begins with the story of its creation and a time machine, naturally. Once back in time Clare and Fiona begin to detail the achievements of women in science from astronaut Valentina Tereshkova to Zoologist Birute Galdikas. This immersive all ages book is a great learning tool or simply a great way to start your journey learning about The Mighty Women of Science.
|
<urn:uuid:2a04539c-9d67-4029-9248-3147625073fa>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://booksfromscotland.com/book/mighty-women-science-alphabet-book/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102993.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817073135-20170817093135-00146.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948429 | 251 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In 1863, Bahá’u’lláh first announced His Divine Mission as a Messenger of God during the 12 days He called the days of Paradise (i.e. “Ridván” which is pronounced rezz-von). This event took place in a rose-filled garden full of singing birds, where family and friends stayed in large tents. It was a brief interlude in the 40 years of the persecution and imprisonment of Bahá’u’lláh. Each year Bahá’ís commemorate these joyous, significant days, the “Festival of God,” the beginning of the Faith.
About this Revelation, Bahá’u’lláh wrote: “This is the Voice of God, if ye do but hearken. This is the Day Spring of the Revelation of God, did ye but know it. This is the Dawning-Place of the Cause of God, were ye to recognize it.” (Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá’u’lláh, p. 33)
“As to the significance of that Declaration let Bahá’u’lláh Himself reveal to us its import…. “The Divine Springtime is come, O Most Exalted Pen, for the Festival of the All-Merciful is fast approaching…. Take heed lest anything deter Thee from extolling the greatness of this Day — the Day whereon the Finger of Majesty and Power hath opened the seal of the Wine of Reunion, and called all who are in the heavens and all who are on earth…. He it is Who hath laid bare before you the hidden and treasured Gem, were ye to seek it. He it is who is the One Beloved of all things, whether of the past or of the future.” And yet again: “Arise, and proclaim unto the entire creation the tidings that He who is the All-Merciful hath directed His steps towards the Ridván and entered it. Guide, then, the people unto the Garden of Delight which God hath made the Throne of His Paradise…” Shoghi Effendi, God Passes By, p. 156. A longer article on Ridván may be read here.
At Ridván, Bahá’ís annually elect members of local and national administrative bodies, called Spiritual Assemblies. Bahá’u’lláh taught that in an age of universal education, there was no longer a need for a special class of clergy. Instead, he provided a framework for administering the affairs of the Faith through a system of elected councils at the local, national and international levels. All Bahá’í elections occur through secret ballot and plurality vote, without candidacies, nominations or campaigning. From our 2011 post.
All are invited to these Ridván Holy Day celebrations:
Thursday April 20, 3:00 pm, Bahá’í Center, 16103 SW Lake Forest Blvd., Lake Oswego, OR, 97035. 1st day of Ridván celebration. No collection is taken, dress is informal. The bookstore will be open. For more information, please call Beth at 503-636-1674.
Thursday April 20, 3:00 pm, Bahá’í Center, 8720 N Ivanhoe St, Portland, OR 97203. 1st day of Ridván celebration. No collection is taken, dress is informal. For more information, please call 503 289-6331.
Thursday April 27, 7:00 pm, 16103 SW Lake Forest Blvd., Lake Oswego, OR, 97035. 9th day of Ridván celebration. No collection is taken, dress is informal. The bookstore will be open. For more information, please call Beth at 503-636-1674.
Sunday April 30, 7:00 pm, 16103 SW Lake Forest Blvd., Lake Oswego, OR, 97035. 12th day of Ridván celebration. No collection is taken, dress is informal. The bookstore will be open. For more information, please call Beth at 503-636-1674.
Friday April 14, 7:00 pm. Dialog: “How Religion Affects our Lives. Tranquility Within.” Nine Star Ranch Wilsonville. Our speaker this evening will be Roger Nesbit, Portland attorney. You and your guests are warmly welcomed to a lively evening of dinner, discussion and fellowship! For more information and directions, please call Farah & Tulsi Ramchandani at 503 925-9909.
Monday April 17, 7:00 pm. Dialog: “Social Justice” Bahá’í Center, 16103 SW Lake Forest Blvd., Lake Oswego, OR, 97035. Everyone is welcome to this discussion of Bahá’í solutions relating to social justice issues. For more information, please call Jan at 503-639-8919.
There are a variety of activities every month, with several devotional gatherings weekly throughout the metro area, including every Sunday at the Portland and Beaverton Bahá’í Centers. To see more of the many activities each week in the area, please visit the website calendar at portlandbahai.org for a listing of prayer gatherings, children’s classes, youth activities, and introductory discussion gatherings. The website is the place to check for last-minute changes in events!
Like us on Facebook: “Portland Metro Baha’i Community” and “Parenting with Wisdom”
Click this link to find out about west side activities for children and youth: information about Washington County activities.
|
<urn:uuid:92115916-c389-42de-8dec-8a419182758a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://portlandbahai.org/2017/04/april-events-2017/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425193.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725122451-20170725142451-00243.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.914343 | 1,178 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Constipation is defined as small, hard, difficult, or infrequent stools. Constipation may be caused by:
- Inadequate “roughage” or fiber in the diet
- Not enough oral fluid
- poor habits, especially delaying using the toilet
- Movement problems in the large bowel, including slow or uncoordinated movement
A person who is constipated may strain during a bowel movement or just pass very hard stool.
Passage of hard stool may contribute to the development of anal problems such as fissures (painful cracks in the anal tissue lining) or hemorrhoids.
|
<urn:uuid:a89a18e7-5e77-4e83-9903-1a723fd30acd>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://healthylife.werindia.com/your-road-to-healthy-life/constipation
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104631.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818082911-20170818102911-00419.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.939041 | 126 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Archive for January 2012
Insulation and vascular heat-retention mechanisms allow penguins to forage for a prolonged time in water that is much cooler than core body temperature. One of the key structures that penguins evolved long ago is the humeral plexus, a system of arteries and veins that form a counter current heat exchanger. My colleagues Dr. Daniel Thomas and Dr. Ewan Fordyce have been collecting data on this fascinating structure from different penguin species and recently published the results of a comprehensive study. They dissected the flippers of two genera of penguins that had not been examined for plexus morphology before (learn more about the 6 genera here). Don’t worry, no penguins were harmed – all specimens were birds that died in the wild and were salvaged from beaches. One of the interesting results is that the plexus is not identical in every species – larger species tend to have more arteries in the plexus, even though they have the same number of basic arteries in other parts of the flipper. Little Blue Penguins have only 2 plexus arteries, while Emperor Penguins have 15 plexus arteries.
So why do larger penguins have more arteries in the plexus? Well, this is a tricky question to answer. One the one hand, larger penguins will have larger wing surface areas. Like elephant ears, penguin flippers have a high surface area to volume ratio, and so easily shed heat. Thus, larger penguins might need to increase the number of humeral arteries to compensate for heat loss. On the other hand, penguins that live in colder areas would benefit more from additional humeral arteries because heat will be lost more rapidly in colder water. The tricky part is that the largest penguins also tend to live in the coldest environments. Thus, you can fit a nice curve to data showing a relationship between size and artery number, and can fit a similarly nice curve to data showing a relationship between environmental temperature and artery number. The authors of the study tested the strength of these relationships and found that humeral arteries has a stronger correlation with wing surface area than with sea water temperature. However, both probably play some roll – in the end its all about keeping warm whether its preventing heat shedding though a big flipper or fighting sub-zero temperatures.
Thomas, D.B. and R.E. Forydce. In Press 2012. Biological Plasticity in Penguin Heat-Retention Structures. Anatomical Record.
|
<urn:uuid:364ff863-0a4a-42b6-b7cd-fe07eb2f1c92>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://fossilpenguins.wordpress.com/2012/01/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537754.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00331-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940151 | 513 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Over the past twenty years, researchers have turned up considerable evidence that homosexuality isn’t just a life-style choice but also simply determined by family genes. Yet naturally, many people, including a few scientists, religious groups, and skeptics, still consider it to be a action that can be altered.
One of the biggest the latest studies in this field, depending on the GENETICS of practically half a million adults, has helped to reinforce the idea that genetics has contributed significantly to sexual orientation. It noticed five hereditary variants previously unlinked with gay or lesbian porn sexual patterns.
This exploration, combined with different similar research as well as the known effects of environment and hormones over the development of a sexual positioning, https://www.gaypasg.org/gay-chat-rooms/ has led some to argue that family genes alone show you between main and 25 percent of the differentiation in erectile orientation among individuals. Other variance is caused by environmental elements, which can influence even genetically predisposed persons’ decisions regarding same-sex romantic relationships and their time, as well as the nature and rate of recurrence of those relationships.
For example , a new man’s parents might be more willing to inspire him to have more kids if they will see other male family members with significant families of their own. In turn, this could possibly lead him to develop greater interest in females and to seek out relationships which have been mutually hot. In some cases, these kinds of influences are so strong that they can override a person’s explicit desire with regards to the opposite gender.
Likewise, they have common just for teens to acquire crushes about people of the same sex or to explore sexual passions with other folks of the same sexual intercourse. In many cases, this is just a typical part of the strategy of exploring and discovering their very own identities, which might gradually result in all of them acknowledging a nonheterosexual i . d, such as staying gay, lesbian, or andrógino.
Unfortunately, coming out can be hard for youths in some circumstances. It can cause them to encounter prejudice, splendour, or violence by school, within their social groups, or within their places of worship. This runs specifically true when they turn out at a young age, after they have fewer internal and external means to help them handle.
Another problem is the use of conditions such as « gay » and « lesbian. » When we’ve found with previous installments in The Defining Series, words sometimes take on distinct meanings based on the framework in which they are applied, and the method that they are presented by other folks. For example , quite a few people who distinguish as incongruous or pansexual don’t want to be referred to as homosexual because it erases the fact that they are attracted to multiple gender. Because of this, some people use more specific conditions, such as sapphic for women who all are interested in men or perhaps mxed-sexuality if you’re attracted to both equally sexes. But whatsoever term a person selects to use, it can be necessary that they be happy with it. Whenever they do, they can work to combat lack of knowledge and intolerance and ensure that people are treated fairly.
|
<urn:uuid:01ae2a9d-fa23-40a1-8e9c-60941cd03dd6>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.cddpnr06.org/2022/10/22/what-makes-some-people-gay/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00597.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967262 | 663 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The Australian and Canadian governments issue Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in their respective countries. Is the adoption of the UN Declaration next on the agenda? Both countries, along with New Zealand and the United States, voted against adopting the Declaration in the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007.
AUSTRALIA'S INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
To the Stolen Generations, I say the
following: as Prime Minister of Australia, I am sorry. On behalf of the
Government of Australia, I am sorry. On behalf of the Parliament of
Australia, I am sorry. And I offer you this apology without
OFFICE OF THE
PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA
For more than a century, Indian Residential Schools separated over 150,000 Aboriginal children from their families and communities. In the 1870’s, the federal government, partly in order to meet its obligation to educate Aboriginal children, began to play a role in the development and administration of these schools. Two primary objectives of the Residential Schools system were to remove and isolate children from the influence of their homes, families, traditions and cultures, and to assimilate them into the dominant culture. These objectives were based on the assumption Aboriginal cultures and spiritual beliefs were inferior and unequal. Indeed, some sought, as it was infamously said, "to kill the Indian in the child". Today, we recognize that this policy of assimilation was wrong, has caused great harm, and has no place in our country.
The national apology made to aboriginal survivors of residential schools on June 11, 2008 was an historic day for Inuit, First Nations, Métis, and we would argue for all Canadians. Inuit gathered in Ottawa prior to June 11th and prepared to receive the formal apology from Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The apology was made in the House of Commons, and it represented a historic first when national aboriginal leaders responded to the apology on the floor of the House of Commons. President Mary Simon spoke on behalf of the Inuit of Canada on that day.
|SITE MAP||MAPA DEL SITIO|
|
<urn:uuid:0b494724-d3a5-4333-b860-689a8def4bef>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://dialoguebetweennations.com/australia-and-canada-apologies.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549427429.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170727042127-20170727062127-00371.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965861 | 426 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Impact of Search Algorithms on Our Everyday Lives
Someone suggests, “Just Google it,” referring to the Internet search engine. This expression has been used frequently in the media over the past few years. In fact, it’s so prevalent that it’s entered the language of causality. And how do you respond when someone else adds that instruction? You go online and do what any good student would do and type in a few various keywords. A page of “answers” appears on your device a few seconds later, and you think you’re good to go.
That last question can’t be answered without first answering the preceding ones, so let’s take a short trip back in time, say, twenty years, to the “old” you, before social media and technology became the source of everything, for better or worse. Without Facebook, of course. Twitter did not exist. To say, “Just Google it,” would have been as ridiculous as saying, “Fly up to the moon and ask the guru of solutions for a response.” To get information, you had to go to the library, which meant taking a trip (either by car or foot) and carrying several heavy, perfect-bound volumes to a table. Alternatively, you could peruse the information on microfiche if you had access to sufficiently big libraries. And who didn’t appreciate the visual
treat of miles of news articles and images zipping past your eyes at breakneck speeds as you sifted through them to find a particular entry? Not only did you run out of Dramamine, but you also had to deal with some fairly severe rigor. It would take days just to locate one piece of evidence to back up your claim. Let’s just say it was a little more challenging to find answers, what with there being no real way to verify your finding without extensive trial and tribulation.
It’s true that we no longer have to “search” for knowledge in an “intellectual vacuum” at the library; instead, we can socialize with others while doing so online. If you need quick answers to your queries, it’s no longer impossible to reach the moon. How could the fact that we no longer have to spend hours upon hours researching to find answers and can instead find them in minutes (at most) not affect who we are as a culture? It seems necessary.
The pursuit of ever-faster “answer-finding” is not without its share of gloom, of course. As we improve search engines and produce more easily accessible knowledge, we come up against a fairly eerie dynamic that wasn’t present before.
An alternative to the advice to “just Google it” is to proceed with care. To whom much is entrusted, much is expected in return. In this era of information and speed (or even haste), a warning along the lines of “we’ll give you the info, but you better use it carefully” is parred for the course. But I’ll wager you didn’t realize the precise biblical allusion is Luke 12:48! I bet you didn’t know that over 114,000,000 results came up in the Google search I ran to reference the source. 114,000,000 hits!
Truth be told, the cultural, psychological, and consumer-oriented underpinnings of the instantaneous results we’re provided go far beyond our wildest dreams. In addition, it is overlooked in favor of skipping to “the bottom line,” regardless of how arbitrary that number may be. And that’s probably the greatest trap we could fall into as technology doubles every 1.5 years, millions of search results pop up before our eyes, and we accept them as…well, results. Many times, the “answers” we are provided aren’t based on the thorough investigation or the kind of painstaking teamwork and intellectual rigor that one might hope to find when consulting a library for information. In its place, the idea that most of our findings originate from a world of amateur answers is not far-fetched. Or even worse (yes, I’m going there), from the people whose job it is to create outcomes that lead to a buy.
Keep Wikipedia in mind. It’s based on the idea that regular folks like you, me, and the person next door know everything there is to know about any topic. The collective intelligence foundation upon which it stands. And, I don’t know about you, but I haven’t put as much thought into my response as I should have. In all likelihood, I looked it up on Wikipedia.
Ask any employee at Google, Microsoft, or Yahoo and they will tell you that there is both a science and an art to creating search results. But what purpose does science serve? So I can get some clarification or be prodded into action? How will that change the way I behave and react in the future? In conclusion, is that something the creators of search engines even think about? You can’t be an idiot and say no. But it’s just as naive to assume that nobody has any skin in the game when it comes to the evolution of our search engine universe. As an alternative, “it” is concerned with improving outcomes in order to increase revenue, and so on.
As a marketer, I am well aware of the complexities involved in developing search engine “results,” and I can assure you that my main directive is to direct you to my client. There’s definitely nothing bad about that, but it makes you wonder. How artificial search results are compared to natural ones. Since effective marketing can make confusing topics easier to understand and locate, I feel safe bringing them up. However, less scrupulous “marketers” can use the same methods to direct web traffic to less than helpful solutions.
I appreciate the value of the social movement paradigm for gaining access to previously unattainable information. However, it’s important to keep in mind that nearly all of the websites that rank highly in Google’s 114 million listings are probably trying to trick me into visiting their site, stealing my personal information, or installing malware on my computer. And I hate to be a downer, but I rely on that very source knowledge (Google or not) to find solutions. Obviously, I’m not the only one who relies on it.
If you’re the type to tell your pals to “just Google it,” keep in mind that every question you ask and every response you get has the potential to change your life. You’re not just looking for information on dog health or movie times; you’re also curious about how to discover love and cope with loss. The Bible warns that whoever is given a lot must also be prepared to offer a lot. Before you hit “search” on Google the next time, stop and ask yourself how your “search” will affect your life, your society, and your intellect.
Visit Be Distinct to browse our free article collection for additional information on marketing and branding. Do not muddle the issue. It’s time to make a left turn.
Read also: Exactly What Survivable Computer Systems
|
<urn:uuid:8dcbe855-8692-4cf2-8760-3449690b4a7b>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.shreesacredsounds.com/the-impact-of-search-algorithms-on-our-everyday-lives/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224646257.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230531022541-20230531052541-00506.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953941 | 1,543 | 2.75 | 3 |
Pediatric Dentistry: FREE GUIDE to your child's long-term healthy teeth
First steps are very important in everything. Discover below some principles to help your child learn how to properly care for his teeth. The best treatment is prevention, and with the help of the DentArbre guide, you make sure that your little one has the necessary information so that visits to the dentist are just routine checks.
How do we talk to children about visiting the dentist?
Just the idea of a visit to the dentist causes many adults to worry and fear. Often the parents' fear can be transmitted to the children involuntarily. For this reason, we recommend that parents introduce their children to the visit to the dentist as a natural process, to reconfirm oral health, with the help of a specialist. It is useful for the dentist to be introduced to children as a friend who knows in detail how to properly care for our teeth, and visiting the dentist-friend helps us learn about: how to choose the right toothbrushes, what toothpaste it is recommended for children, how to have a daily, correct oral care routine.
For these reasons, we recommend that parents create a habit for routine oral health check-ups of their children. When a child visits the dentist even if they have no pain or problem, it can help them associate the dentist with a fear-free experience. If and when dental problems arise, thanks to the positive history, the child will know that he can rely on the friend who has helped him in the past.
Why is baby teeth treatment important?
For many parents, the natural question arises: why treat baby teeth, which will fall out anyway? The short answer is as follows: through the treatment of milk teeth, beneficial conditions are created for the eruption of permanent teeth.
Through pediatric dentistry or endodontic treatment , the dentist will try to save the milk teeth instead of simply extracting them. This is necessary because milk teeth, in addition to the functions of mastication, phonetics and aesthetics, have the role of preserving the space necessary for the eruption of permanent teeth. In short, baby teeth help, guide the eruption of permanent teeth. Premature loss of baby teeth can thus become a future problem.
Is treating cavities different from adults to children?
In the case of simple caries, fillings used in adults are similar to those applied to adults. But the root canal treatment of milk teeth is different, in the sense that the material with which it is sealed must be resorbable, that is, a material that the body, at the level of the roots, can resorb naturally. This material allows the loss of milk teeth "on time", but also the eruption of permanent teeth.
A treated baby tooth needs to be monitored through routine checks, performed once every six months, until the permanent tooth appears.
Pediatric dentistry: about orthodontic treatment, braces
Thanks to the routine control of children's oral health, parents have the opportunity to learn in good time from the dentist about a possible need for orthodontic treatment. By monitoring the growth of the supporting bone, it can be seen whether the final dentition has enough space or whether a orthodontic braces are needed.
In addition, possible malocclusions, dental crowding or, on the contrary, too large spaces between the teeth are detected more easily.
For children, unlike adults, more treatment options are available.
For children, different types of braces can be applied: mobile braces, fixed braces, trainers, etc. The most important thing is that the orthodontic treatment is started on time.
Medical Education, Prevention, Long Term Health
We recommend all parents to be persistent in their children's medical education. Medical education can start at home, encouraging children for routine visits to the doctor, occasions when the little ones notice that you can go to the doctor at any time, not only when you have health problems. Parents can take the first step towards children's medical education, and the doctor will support parents' efforts and explain useful medical information for healthy habits and a healthy life.
The team of dentists at the DentArbre clinic approaches small patients with empathy, warmth and openness. We can't wait to meet each other in the office just to make friends. Schedule your child's routine oral health check-up today. It's never too early to take care of the most precious gift: your and your family's health!
|
<urn:uuid:f1073de4-73e4-4bd8-accf-681bcd21b66d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.dentarbre.com/en/articles/pediatric-dentistry-free-guide-to-your-childs-long-term-healthy-teeth
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644867.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529141542-20230529171542-00489.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944594 | 914 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Document that explains why preventing physical abuse in high risk families is a key focus of the NSPCC's efforts to keep children safe from harm.
There is increasing research and clinical evidence which suggests that there are sometimes inter-relationships, commonly referred to as 'links', between the abuse of children, vulnerable adults and animals. A better understanding of these links can help to protect victims, both human and animal, and promote their welfare.
Animal abuse and child maltreatment: a review of the literature and findings from a UK study critically reviews the body of existing international research literature on the co-existence of animal and child abuse and presents the findings from new research into patterns of animal ownership and the treatment of animals in British families.
Report identifying the extent of partner abuse in Scotland, both since the age of 16 and over a 12-month period. It assesses the nature and impact of partner abuse and explores the extent to which people or organisations were informed about the abuse, in particular contact with the police about the incident.
Bullying is when people are mean to someone or hurt them on purpose. In 2003/04 more than 31,000 children called ChildLine about bullying, making it the most common problem children phone us about. This leaflet presents information on who to contact when you see someone being bullied or yourself are being bullied.
Jointly commissioned report by the Scottish Government and Glasgow City Council of the Independent Inquiry into Abuse at Kerelaw Residential School and Secure Unit.
This resource looks at the question of the impact of domestic violence on children and examines some of the research on intervention and what can be done to promote better outcomes. The review aims examines the definition of domestic violence and the gendered pattern of abuse; the experiences of children living with domestic violence and the overlap with other forms of abuse; the impact on children of living with domestic violence; the problems associated with post-separation violence; and policy implications and practice interventions.
Every child has the right to grow up in a caring and safe environment. Fortunately most children and young people do. However, some children are not loved by their families. Others live in families that are having a really difficult time and cannot cope with their problems. Some children are deliberately neglected or hurt by the adults around them.
Epidemiological studies routinely collect quantitative data on gender differences in drug use (e.g. prevalence, mortality), but far less is published on the qualitative aspects of female drug problems. This review presents quotations gleaned from interviews with women in eight countries. Through these testimonies, the report illustrates how qualitative research can provide glimpses into the experiences and perceptions of women facing drug issues that statistics alone cannot provide.
Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves procedures which include the partial or total removal of the external female genital organs for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. FGM has been a specific criminal offence in the UK since the passage of the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 repealed and re-enacted the provisions of the 1985 Act, gave them extra-territorial effect and increased the maximum penalty for FGM.
|
<urn:uuid:e5001121-6214-4072-ba44-0dd4768900b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://lx.iriss.org.uk/category/learning-exchange/criminal-justice-law-and-rights/abuse/physical-abuse
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394026201240/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305133001-00030-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953519 | 649 | 3.5625 | 4 |
FLAC Export Options
From Audacity Development Manual
FLAC is a size-compressed but lossless open source audio format. The files it produces are about half as large as the uncompressed WAV or AIFF formats, but larger than compressed, lossy formats.
- Accessed by: then choosing FLAC Files from the Save as type dropdown menu.
- Also accessed by: then choosing FLAC Files from the Save as type dropdown menu. In this case the options dialog will appear in the center of the Export Multiple dialog.
FLAC Export Setup
- Level: The amount of file size compression used to losslessly pack the audio data, similar to compression levels in ZIP files. The level settings range from 0 to 8. Level 0 is optimized to encode as fast as possible. Level 8 is optimized to pack as efficiently as possible, so produces slightly smaller files than level 0 at the expense of taking longer to encode. Files encoded at level 8 are rarely more than a few percent smaller than those encoded at level 0, but can take three or four times longer to encode.
- Bit depth: Choose from 16-bit (default) or 24-bit (approximately 50% larger file size).
|
<urn:uuid:38977aa1-ccb7-4fae-b4d7-50c3888f26bd>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://manual.audacityteam.org/man/flac_export_options.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943625.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321033306-20230321063306-00588.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899354 | 248 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Four innovative technologies that can improve the future of agriculture.
By Kristen Lutz
“Without innovation, we would probably still be using ox and plows – and even that was an innovation,” says Adrian Rivard, president and operations manager of Drone Spray Canada.
For years, new farming technologies have focused on improving yield, enhancing profitability, solving labour shortages and reducing environmental impact. Technological advancements are constantly being introduced and producers work hard to stay on the cusp of technology to tackle these challenges.
Indeed, Prairie producers have become accustomed to innovation and investing in innovative technology.
The first automated milking parlour installed in Canada was in March 1999. Since then, technology has paved the way for the reading of RFID tags, laser precision teat location, immediate milk quality analysis and cow health determinants.
It’s yesterday’s news, but an illustration of how technology can improve standard practices.
In this issue we offer a look at four examples of new tech which could change the way we farm.
Eco-friendly elemental sulphur
Modern food production relies heavily on synthetic fertilizers to reach global food demands. However, components of these fertilizers do nothing to contribute to agricultural sustainability.
Enter Sultech Global Innovation Corp., which promises ideal crop performance while addressing climate change.
Located in Calgary and Crossfield, Alta. Sultech researches and improves traditional sulphur components in fertilizer.
Recently, they’ve launched SulGro, a new eco-friendly, micronized elemental sulphur, which acts as a replacement for ammonium sulphates found in synthetic fertilizers.
“We did (lots) of research with Dr. Eric Bremer at Western Ag Innovations on local sites between northern and southern Alberta,” says Murray MacKinnon, founder and director at Sultech. “His company does root simulator probes and they had enough data that showed this is an elemental sulphur product that works in the year of application.
“There is a bit of a stigma around elemental sulphur, that it doesn’t work in the year of application. It isn’t looked at as a replacement for synthetic sulphate fertilizer,” he continues. This delay in effects is what often reduces interest from producers in elemental sulphur-based products.
Since their initial research, SulGro’s unique technology has been published in a peer-reviewed paper with the Canadian Journal of Soil Science. MacKinnon explains the journal states “that this is an elemental sulphur product that will deliver sulphate in a timely manner for soil and plants.”
“We spent a number of years replicating this product and then commercializing it. When it was first developed, we didn’t realize the particle size and the distribution would pass the performance of ammonium sulphate, a synthetic sulphur source. It wasn’t until we started doing agronomy studies that we actually realized if we could make this small enough, we can make it perform the same as synthetic fertilizers,” he explains.
SulGro’s extremely small size is what gives it an advantage. The mean particle size is less than 30 microns, which in turn increases its oxidation percentage to 90 per cent in one year. Compared to traditional elemental sulphur products, which oxidize at 15 to 20 per cent within a year, the high oxidation rate of SulGro is the key aspect behind its outstanding performance.
“Having a higher percentage of oxidation is because of increased surface area,” explains MacK-innon. This increase is due to the small particle size. “Increased surface area is what allows the bacteria in the soil to convert the elemental sulphur into sulphate, which can be (taken up) by plants.”
SulGro is also outperforming ammonium sulphate in extreme conditions, such as drought.
“We had a really bad drought (in Alberta) last year and we found that we didn’t have that osmotic pressure when seeding into (low moisture soil). Since the fertilizer will absorb moisture quicker than the seed needs, it’s stealing that moisture from the plant,” explains MacKinnon.
“Last year in the drought conditions we massively outperformed ammonium sulphate. By removing ammonium sulphate, you’re drastically reducing the osmotic pressure on the seed.”
SulGro uses elemental sulphur collected from the Canadian oil and gas industry. This bioproduct is often sold at a loss to producers as a bulk commodity. By taking the elemental sulphur, Sultech is creating a value-added product from a major Canadian industry and giving it back to Canadian farmers as an environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetics.
MacKinnon explains that he has worked with oil and gas industries in the past and clearly saw a need for this product.
This technology was first discovered nearly 20 years but sulphur wasn’t needed in soil like it is now. As we’re slowly cleaning up the planet, sulphur concentrations in rain are being reduced, which means there’s less sulphur in the soil.
MacKinnon has worked closely with scientists to “get this product on the table and then commercialize it.”
With fertilizer prices on the rise, Sultech is proud to say their product can save “$6,500 a section while putting 20 to 25 pounds of product on crops such as canola.”
The savings are linked to reduced application due to the high oxidation percentage, as well as a lower cost in the product itself.
Grain bin technologies
Gone are the days when spoilage was determined by a sniff test.
Although this traditional method is tried and true, new grain bin sensors and advanced technology promise a more accurate and efficient method for diagnosing spoilage.
“About 10 years ago, nine out of 10 bins would’ve had nothing to monitor and manage their grain,” says Kent Wingert, production manager at OPIsystems.
“When the producer goes to sell that grain, we want to make sure it’s in the best condition possible. And grain bin technology is now allowing growers to maximize the returns in unprecedented conditions.”
Traditionally, stored grain would be monitored through a temperature probe. However, this reads the temperature of only one area within the grain bin. “These older techniques don’t mitigate the risks and you’ll see a higher spoilage – a lot of that risk technology can take away,” says Wingert.
Sensors are now being installed to help mitigate the effects of spoilage and ultimately diminish it completely.
“These sensors measure temperature, relative humidity and have the ability to give the calculated moisture value of the grain. This type of information is really important to the grain manager, and it gives them visibility into the grain bin which they wouldn’t have prior,” he says.
With moisture and humidity sensors, producers can precisely monitor their entire grain bin in a matter of seconds.
In 2014, OPIsystems launched OPI Blue. This product uses the sensors within the grain bin but takes it one step further by providing a cloud-based system. This allows the producer to access their grain bin information remotely, provided they have access to an internet connection.
“It’s a system with simple pieces of hardware. There is a gateway that is the brains of the operation and in each bin, there is a cable node. This cable node reads the moisture and temperature in the bin. On an hourly basis, these nodes send that data to the gateway, and then the gateway sends this data through a cellular connection, or internet connection, into the cloud so the user can view that on their device.”
OPI Blue can be expanded even further to include a monitoring aspect.
“We have monitored fan and heating control,” says Wingert. “Rather than just monitoring and making decisions, this allows the system to target the (moisture and humidity) based on customer decisions on a bin-by-bin basis. Growers set the inputs and the system uses algorithms in place and weather data to make decisions when conditions are right to turn the fans on and reach those targets set out by the grower. Or if the conditions aren’t right (the system) makes decisions to turn the fans off. We want to make sure we are running the fans only when it’s conducive to do so.”
OPIsystems recently launched Blue Seed, a web-based grain management tool, designed for newer users of technology to assist them with grain management decisions.
“It tries to eliminate or take down some of the tech barriers within our OPI Blue system and there is no hardware investment from the grower. There are some conditioning tools on our website in which show virtual weather and we can bring these into the system,” says Wingert. This product is perfect for growers who “just want to dip their toe in and use products to help make their grain management decisions and this platform allows them to do this before they adopt the full OPI software.”
Research is now being done to incorporate electromagnetic imaging into grain storage. Much like sensors, this would allow the grower to remotely monitor their grain. An antenna would be mounted to the internal side of the grain bin and produce electromagnetic waves. Transmitters and receivers would receive data from electromagnetic radiation. An image can then be created through a reconstruction algorithm. These images would show the qualitative and quantitative properties of the grain, allowing producers to identify and locate the spoilage. However, this technology is still in its infancy and has yet to be commercialized. A number of companies are developing products that involve electromagnetic imaging.
Drones & UAVs
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones are more common with every passing season.
“In less than 15 minutes, advanced drones can survey a 160-acre field to identify variations in plant soil and health, giving growers direct access to real-time aerial views, reports and data to help make informed agronomic decisions,” says Chris Olbach, an agronomist with Pioneer Seeds. “This enables growers to catch and correct issues faster than ever before to protect against yield loss.”
“We specialize in drone aerial application, which is a huge technology to come out. We work on a lot of things, whether that be crop imaging, scouting, and of course, the application side is our bread and butter,” says Rivard.
“There are still some regulatory hurdles in Canada that involve spraying pesticides, but there are a lot of things we can work on in the meantime.”
Drone imaging can be used to determine damage on crops caused by weather or other forms of yield loss. This allows the producer to take corrective measures and prevent further loss. The drones produce a field map or image of the quality of the crop and can outline areas that need improvement.
“Drones and satellite imagery just give them a different perspective of what’s going on in their fields; it allows them to get higher quality information faster and to be more effective with where they spend their time,” says Olbach.
Labour shortages are widespread across our industry, and drones could be part of that solution.
“A manager can see the whole picture without even leaving the office and they can maximize what they are looking at. We can upload the pictures into a digital scouting platform, and you can drop pins on the problematic areas in the field, instead of going out and wandering in the cornfield looking for problems,” says Rivard.
“It saves a producer money in a few ways. By capturing real-time data, it helps to provide insight to address any in-field, yield-robbing pests. It also reduces the fuel inputs required to drive around a field to scout manually,” explains Olbach.
As it’s continually evolving, approval is still needed from the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada for pilots to spray pesticides on farmers’ fields.
Rivard: “There’s still a lot of research that has to be done. We get a lot of inquiries from farmers who want to spray pesticides, but we can’t just yet. Everybody is excited about technology and we all see tons of applications for it; we just have to sit on the sidelines until we get that approval.”
UAVs & AI for livestock monitoring
Drones fitted with artificial intelligence (AI) are still in the early stage of development.
Some restrictions surround the current capabilities of technology, and the autonomous aspects are still yet to be commercialized.
“When looking for ways to apply advanced digital technologies to farm and animal welfare, I discovered the emerging field of precision livestock monitoring, often called “smart farming” for short,” says Dr. Stacey Scott, a professor with the School of Computer Science at the University of Guelph.
“A subsection of this field is looking at ways to monitor livestock in outdoor habitats using computer vision-based approaches that analyze images or videos of livestock captured by stationary cameras or drones.
“We’re currently conducting a systematic literature review that is synthesizing research from across many disciplines, including agriculture, computer science, engineering, and even wildlife studies, to understand what is currently possible, and what the challenges and opportunities are for this type of animal monitoring in the farming context,” she continues.
Monitoring livestock in pasture is a consistent issue within several sectors. This often requires producers to physically inspect their herds or re-watch hours of recorded video when using a traditional surveillance camera. Current capabilities would allow producers to use drones to watch livestock in a real-time video stream to ensure their safety. Drones can use AI to follow the herd day or night.
“These UAVs can have a lot of AI built into their navigation systems to be semi-autonomous. For instance, they can follow a pre-planned, GPS-based flight path to collect the imaging data, so they don’t need a human to remotely pilot the aircraft.
“Some experimental and commercial drones have built-in tracking capabilities based on advanced computer vision algorithms. (These) can detect objects, especially moving objects – for instance, a human or animal – and can automatically follow those objects while collecting images or video.”
Besides following the herd to ensure animal safety, research is being conducted in which AI would be able to learn each animal and report its location.
“We see machine learning and deep learning algorithms being applied to improve animal recognition, counting, identification, or other image processing tasks. Traditional computer vision approaches, which tend to analyze images and videos based on differences in colour, shape, movement, or other identifiable features to help the computer ‘understand’ the image, are extremely challenging to use in the outdoor livestock context,” Scott explains.
This is particularly challenging as AI struggles to differentiate the subject of an image when placed in front of a busy background such as a forested paddock. Additionally, with producers growing herds of the same species and breed, AI can find it difficult to individualize animals if they have no defining features, such as individual and unique colourings.
According to Scott, researchers in this area have been working to use AI models that have been programmed to have a general recognition of the world based on pre-training with massive datasets containing millions of images of everyday items under different lighting, orientations and other conditions.
“A key feature of these datasets is that the available images and videos are already labelled. For instance, an image may be labelled at the image or even pixel-level that it contains a ‘face’ or ‘dog’ or ‘cat’. These labels are used to help the AI learn what these everyday items look like in different image contexts.
These massive datasets simply don’t exist yet in the livestock farming context. Due to the lack of these datasets, each researcher working in this area must first collect their own data and label it. Both activities are time-consuming and costly.”
Although individual identification of animals is not yet a feasible technology, Scott believes AI and UAV use for herd tracking or herd monitoring is a practical solution that could soon be commercialized.
“Regular automated herd inventory checks could be possible, or even using the technology with the existing vision-based algorithms to locate and track a herd, for instance, if they’re housed on a large open range,” she says.
However, there are limitations with current technologies available.
“Commercial drones currently have very limited operating time due to battery limitations. At a reasonable altitude, they could cover quite a distance at a time, but the higher they fly, the less reliable their vision-based detection algorithms will be. Current drone technology could not operate for 24/7 surveillance without using multiple drones,” says Scott.
With the global population estimated to increase to 10 billion by 2050, the push to incorporate innovation in ag is becoming more essential to feed the rise in population. BF
Post new comment
|
<urn:uuid:c7bc5fdd-3d2e-4bab-8771-9b3d189b2887>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.betterfarming.com/featured-articles/better-farming-prairies/breakthrough-tech-whats-next
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945368.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325161021-20230325191021-00285.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94383 | 3,589 | 2.765625 | 3 |
At National 3/4/5 level, pupils will draw on their knowledge, understanding and skills to investigate, through experimentation, the Physics related to the following concepts:
This unit covers key areas involving: heat as a form of energy, transformation of energy, electricity, heat energy calculations, matter is made of particles, and applications of electrical energy transfer.
This Unit covers the key areas involving: the physics of waves, sound and light, nuclear radioactivity, and motion application.
This Unit covers the key areas involving: how forces affect motion, transformation of energy and cosmology (the position of the Earth in our universe).
An experimental and investigative approach is used to develop knowledge and understanding of Physics concepts. The course develops learners’ interest and enthusiasm for Physics in a range of contexts. Skills of scientific enquiry and investigation are developed throughout the Course by investigating the applications of Physics.
|
<urn:uuid:30dff0a5-d4aa-4bda-b703-fe49ba7f5501>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://www.bishopbriggs.e-dunbarton.sch.uk/learning/departments/physics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648911.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603000901-20230603030901-00780.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92115 | 180 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Diet & Energy Density
There are so many clickbait articles out there suggesting that weight loss is just one superfood away, or that portion control will solve all your overeating problems. While both of these topics can be valuable, along with the countless other tips for diet, these approaches to weight loss can often fall short in their long-term effectiveness because they leave you feeling hungry or they decrease the actual quality of your diet. How many of us have given up on a diet because we’ve just wanted to enjoy food again? Or because we haven’t had the time for the complicated calorie counting?
Without oversimplifying the nuances of nutrition, digestion and weight loss, the following is a helpful way to reframe thinking about food. Foods can be grouped according to density, along a spectrum of water-dense foods to energy-dense foods. Energy density is the number of calories per gram in any given food. Foods that are water-dense (ex: fruits, greens and many veggies) have a higher water content and lower calorie content than their energy-dense counterparts (ex: root vegetables, proteins like beans, rice, most processed food, etc.).
Hold onto your hats! Here’s where it gets interesting: research has shown that people tend to be consistent with the amount of food they eat, regardless of density. Since a larger portion of water-dense foods will have the same number of calories as a small portion of energy-dense foods, you can eat more water-dense foods than energy dense foods and consume the same number of calories!
While it is better to eat a higher ratio of water-dense foods to energy-dense foods, both are essential to your body’s well-being. Pairing water-dense and energy-dense foods together in your meals will help you feel more full for longer and support good digestion (water-dense foods tend to be higher in fiber!). And calories aren’t all bad; they help fuel our bodies! The body’s need for calories is dependent on a number of factors, including age, height, activity levels, among other factors. (This Calorie Calculator can help you determine how many calories you should be eating daily.)
Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to diet. The trick is to find your body’s balance, learning about what your body needs by paying attention to what makes you feel full, and by trying and adjusting the ratio of water-dense and energy-dense foods you eat. The effort it takes to find your body’s will be worth it!
To read more on Energy Density click here.
|
<urn:uuid:925bcd68-b39e-4751-ac8f-6ec85ba5ac04>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.maryruthorganics.com/blogs/news/diet-energy-density
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505366.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401034127-20200401064127-00313.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949036 | 562 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Effectively Managing Your Business Cash Flow
According to Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow), cash flow is: “the movement of money into or out of a business, project, or financial product. It is usually measured during a specified, limited period of time. Measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company’s value and situation. Cash flow can be used, for example, for calculating parameters. It discloses cash movements over the period:
- to determine a project’s rate of return or value. The time of cash flows into and out of projects are used as inputs in financial models such as internal rate of return and net present value.
- to determine problems with a business’s liquidity. Being profitable does not necessarily mean being liquid. A company can fail because of a shortage of cash even while profitable.
- as an alternative measure of a business’s profits when it is believed that accrual accounting concepts do not represent economic realities. For instance, a company may be notionally profitable but generating little operational cash (as may be the case for a company that barters its products rather than selling for cash). In such a case, the company may be deriving additional operating cash by issuing shares or raising additional debt finance.
- cash flow can be used to evaluate the ‘quality’ of income generated by accrual accounting. When net income is composed of large non-cash items it is considered low quality.
- to evaluate the risks within a financial product, e.g., matching cash requirements, evaluating default risk, re-investment requirements, etc.”
Improve The Quality of Your Business Cash Flow
All small to midsize businesses must have enough money to not only meet obligations but also remain completely operational. For a growing company to run smoothly, its leaders must be able to instantly have a complete picture of the movement of the cash flow within the entire enterprise. In order for executives to confidently make decisions on future business profitability, growth, and innovation, they must be able to easily evaluate the quality of the movement of cash and non-cash items. With SAP’s enterprise resource planning for growing businesses, SAP Business One, you can manage your cash flow better.
SAP Business One for Better Business Cash Flow and Analytics
As SAP Business One is an all-in-one business management solution of integrated accounting, finance, customer service, sales, manufacturing, inventory and warehouse management, you can track your business cash flow through out your entire organization. In addition, the system can be set configured to alert you to pending payments and produces aging reports that analyze outstanding receivables and liabilities. As the software is designed to make your business life easy, you can create budgets in any currency. You can also easily define allocation rules, track expenses, and send alerts to the appropriate executives when budgets go over. The system of alerts built in to SAP Business One makes it simple to track the customers with past due accounts. You can not only automate receivables, the system can be set up to auto-generate: reminders based on payment delay and amount, invoicing, and cash reconciliation processes. With all of the cash flow functionality and visibility available to you, SAP Business One can even help you dramatically shorten the order to cash cycles of your business.
Small or Midsize Manufacturers and Distributors: Track and Control Your Business Cash Flow Easily With SAP Business One
If you’d like to easily track and control your business cash flow and are planning to implement a new ERP system, SAP Business One is worth your consideration. If you’re a highly competitive business owner, we’d like to hear your ideas concerning how you envision re-engineering your operations with cutting-edge software and technology. We’re excited to discuss how your small or medium enterprise (SME) can not only run better but also continually out-perform your competitors, locally, nationally, and/or internationally.
SAP Business One Consulting | SAP Gold Business Partner-Reseller | Providing SAP Business One Software, Tech Support and Related Services to Small and Midsize Manufacturers and Wholesale Distributors
Based in Tampa, FL, Cornerstone Consulting, Inc. is a business consulting and information technology (IT) company. Not only is Cornerstone an award-winning value added reseller (VAR) of SAP Business One, an extremely efficient and integrated business (accounting, customer and sales management (CRM), inventory tracking-control-management, warehouse management, materials requirement planning (MRP), light manufacturing, accurate real-time analytical reports, and more) software systems, our highly-skilled team specializes in cutting-edge solutions and tech support for:
|
<urn:uuid:96f9ffc3-78b2-4445-8c94-9a0c2fbda3b4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://cornerstone1.com/2014/07/sap-business-one-for-improving-cash-flow/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320669.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626032235-20170626052235-00616.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920159 | 986 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Rottweiler is a medium/large size breed of domestic dog. The dogs were known as “Rottweil butchers’ dogs” (German: Rottweiler Metzgerhund) because they were used to herd livestock and pull carts laden with butchered meat and other products to market.
The Rottweiler was employed in its traditional roles until the mid-19th century when railways replaced droving for herding livestock to market. While still used in herding, Rottweilers are now used as search and rescue dogs, as guide dogs for the blind, as guard dogs or police dogs, and in other roles.
According to the FCI Standard, the Rottweiler is good-natured, placid in basic disposition, very devoted, obedient, biddable and eager to work. Their appearance is natural and rustic, their behaviour self-assured, steady and fearless. They react to their surroundings with great alertness.
According to the American Kennel Club, the Rottweiler has an inherent desire to protect home and family, and is an intelligent dog of extreme hardness and adaptability with a strong willingness to work, making them especially suited as a companion, guardian and general all-purpose dog.
Rottweilers have a natural gathering style with a strong desire to control. They generally show a loose eye and have a great amount of force while working well off the stock. They make much use of their ability to intimidate.
In some cases, Rottweilers have begun herding cattle without any experience at all.
If worked on the same stock for any length of time, the Rottweiler tends to develop a bond with the stock and will become quite affectionate with them as long as they do as it directs.
Rottweilers are a powerful breed with well-developed genetic herding and guarding instincts. Potentially dangerous behaviour in Rottweilers usually results from irresponsible ownership, abuse, neglect, or lack of socialisation and training. However, the exceptional strength of the Rottweiler is an additional risk factor not to be neglected. It is for this reason that breed experts declare that formal training and extensive socialisation are essential for all Rottweilers. According to the AKC, Rottweilers love their owners and may behave in a clownish manner toward family and friends, but they are also protective of their territory and do not welcome strangers until properly introduced. Obedience training and socialisation are required.
|
<urn:uuid:512b234a-683b-45c5-8c75-2e7d6308658d>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://myvirtualcontent.me/2015/11/20/rottweiler/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00185.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96428 | 520 | 2.921875 | 3 |
What happens to those slaves (bondsmen) who helped feed the citizens of Utopia by butchering animals for food and thus suffering the apparent moral consequence of diminished compassion is not stated. Perhaps Utopia uses only slaves gotten from outside the citizenry of Utopia for their necessary killing. Utopia has slaves captured in wars they fought and other "foreigners who have been condemned to death" which the Utopians "acquire [...] sometimes cheaply, more often gratis and take them away." Foreign slaves are kept "constantly at work" and in chains. (95) Utopia also has slaves who entered into slavery by choice. These are "poor, overworked drudges from other nations [...] who chose to be slaves among the Utopians." Such slaves can relinquish their slavery whenever they choose, but in doing so they leave Utopia, although they are not "sent away empty-handed." (96)
One highly influential interpretation of Utopia is that of intellectual historian Quentin Skinner. He has argued that More was taking part in the Renaissance humanist debate over true nobility, and that he was writing to prove the perfect commonwealth could not occur with private property. Crucially, Skinner sees Raphael Hythlodaeus as embodying the Platonic view that philosophers should not get involved in politics, while the character of More embodies the more pragmatic Ciceronian view. Thus the society Raphael proposes is the ideal More would want. But without communism, which he saw no possibility of occurring, it was wiser to take a more pragmatic view.
Other significant innovations of Utopia include: a welfare state with free hospitals, euthanasia permissible by the state, priests being allowed to marry, divorce permitted, premarital sex punished by a lifetime of enforced celibacy and adultery being punished by enslavement. Meals are taken in community dining halls and the job of feeding the population is given to a different household in turn. Although all are fed the same, Raphael explains that the old and the administrators are given the best of the food. Travel on the island is only permitted with an internal passport and any people found without a passport are, on a first occasion, returned in disgrace, but after a second offence they are placed in slavery. In addition, there are no lawyers and the law is made deliberately simple, as all should understand it and not leave people in any doubt of what is right and wrong.
The stress of the project led to the feeling there was not enough time or money to complete everything the team wished to, which added to the stress and caused arguments about the design of the game. The developers ended up reducing the overtime they spent on the project to avoid burning out, though it meant further delays and risked the company running out of money as the game neared completion. In a speech at the 16th annual D.I.C.E. Awards in 2013, Chen admitted that the company had indeed been driven to bankruptcy in the final months of development and that some of the developers had gone unpaid at the time. Hunicke described the solution to finally finishing the game as learning to let go of tensions and ideas that could not make it into the game and be "nice to each other".
I bought a used 2005 Pontiac Sunfire two weeks ago from 507 Motorsports. Before I purchased the car, I had it professionally inspected for any issues (I paid $250 at Brown's Auto Care (nearby), to include a compression engine test - engine tests are expensive -- a regular inspection is about $100). The only issue that was found was a leaky oil seal. 507 Motorsports adjusted the price accordingly. One week later, I discovered that my windshield washer fluid dispenser wasn't working due to a huge crack in the reservoir. 507 Motorsports owner, Jason, tried to fix it for me for free with heavy duty epoxy, but there is still a small crack in it. He said that if I bring him a new water reservoir, then he'll fix it for free. I don't think that the car was sold to me with a broken reservoir (I checked it before leaving the lot, and the windshield washer fluid dispenser worked). After I bought the car, several people (snow tire installers, back-up camera installers, Brown's Auto Care - to fix the leaky oil seal) messed around near that area, and perhaps it was accidentally cracked. At any rate, I bought a car in good mechanical condition (the important stuff is working perfectly) with new tires at 507 Motorsports for a really good price, so I'm happy (I discovered that when I had my snow tires installed that my car came with new all-season tires). My recommendation is that if you are serious about buying a car at 507 Motorsports (or any used car dealership that doesn't offer a warranty/guarantee), it's best to pay $100 or so for a semi-thorough inspection at a nearby auto shop, and if something is broken, the dealership will work with you to fix it before you buy it because they want happy customers. Otherwise, go to a place that sells certified, warrantied pre-owned vehicles (you will be paying much, much more for the car than a measly $100 inspection) and buy your car there.
One of the most eccentric features of Erewhonian life is the interpretation of crime and punishment. Illness is treated as a crime. Sentences of varying degrees of severity are pronounced according to the nature and seriousness of the disease. There are no physicians in the country. Those actions which Europeans consider criminal — theft, fraud, embezzlement — are regarded as weaknesses of character deserving sympathy and help, help which is provided through the ministrations of "straighteners."
Francis Bacon's New Atlantis was probably written in 1624, but was not published until 1627, a year after the author's death. Like the work of his contemporaries, Campanella and Andreae, Bacon's book shows the influence of More in certain broad aspects. It purports to relate the discovery by an exploring expedition in the Pacific Ocean of an island where the natives have developed a society offering much to admire. The goal of the common good is sought through learning and justice. The principal attention of the account is focused on an elaborate academy of science. Bacon has incorporated in this society the basic ideas that he developed more elaborately in his longer philosophical and scholarly treatises; namely, that the advancement of human welfare can best be achieved through the systematic exploration of nature. His famous "scientific method" is founded on painstaking observation of natural phenomena and constructing, through inductive reasoning, a body of knowledge based on those observations. He urges experimentation to improve general knowledge and to develop inventions for human comfort and pleasure. The central institute in the capital of New Atlantis, called Solomon's House, is a huge academy which foreshadows the later creation of scientific laboratories and academies, such as the English Royal Society.
In George Orwell's 1984 (1949), the society of the year 1984 which Orwell projects for us is based on the assumption that a "limited" nuclear war of the 1950s had left civilization severely crippled and that government controls were seized by well-organized opportunists employing the familiar methods of a police state to maintain power. London, the scene of the novel's action, is the capital of Oceania, one of three superpowers. The other superpowers are called Eastasia and Eurasia. The city of London contains a few enormous government buildings and a small number of fine apartment buildings, but the vast majority of the buildings are eighteenth- or nineteenth-century houses in dilapidated condition which provide shelter for the common people. There are also a good many neglected bombed-out areas. Certainly this is not a picture of somebody's dream city.
Ursula Le Guin, The Dispossessed. Published in 1974 when the Cold War had become established as a leading theme of much speculative and science fiction, The Dispossessed is a utopian novel about two worlds: one essentially a 1970s United States replete with capitalism and greed, and the other an anarchist society where the concept of personal property is alien to the people. One of the finest examples of the utopian novel produced in the last fifty years.
In the treatment of education, Campanella reveals himself as a seventeenth-century thinker, placing great emphasis on the study of the sciences, all of the sciences. He has a plan for spreading information on all branches of knowledge through pictures displayed throughout the city on walls and in corridors of public buildings — visual aids to education for persons of all ages. Their leaders believe that the advancement of scientific knowledge is the principal key to the betterment of the race. The report claims that those people have developed not only the telescope but also such modern inventions as power-propelled ships and flying machines.
(Singapore) With Indian, Malay, and Chinese influences, the island nation of Singapore has a unique culture that is easily revealed by exploring its various ethnic neighborhoods and exotic local cuisine. This spring, Semester at Sea will be in Singapore during the Chinese New Year and students will be able to observe and participate in the cultural celebrations.
Equity is exercised in the field of labor. Everyone shares in work of a community nature — harvesting, building houses and roads — but on a short-term schedule. The chief occupation of each individual is in a trade for which he displays an aptitude. There is a strong emphasis throughout the book on the development of industries and more talk about trades and group organizations than any other single element except religion, which receives constantly recurring attention throughout.
There is no private property on Utopia, with goods being stored in warehouses and people requesting what they need. There are also no locks on the doors of the houses, and the houses are rotated between the citizens every ten years. Agriculture provides the most important occupation on the island. Every person is taught it and must live in the countryside, farming for two years at a time, with women doing the same work as men. Parallel to this, every citizen must learn at least one of the other essential trades: weaving (mainly done by the women), carpentry, metalsmithing and masonry. There is deliberate simplicity about these trades; for instance, all people wear the same types of simple clothes and there are no dressmakers making fine apparel. All able-bodied citizens must work; thus unemployment is eradicated, and the length of the working day can be minimised: the people only have to work six hours a day (although many willingly work for longer). More does allow scholars in his society to become the ruling officials or priests, people picked during their primary education for their ability to learn. All other citizens, however, are encouraged to apply themselves to learning in their leisure time.
Samuel Butler, Erewhon. This hugely inventive 1872 satire by the author of the anti-Victorian novel The Way of All Flesh is perhaps more accurately described as ‘anti-utopian’, though it follows the utopian narrative structure. The fictional land of Erewhon – almost ‘nowhere’ backwards – is the setting for this novel. Among the things satirised by Butler in this book is the rise of the machines, which Butler argues will evolve at an ever-faster rate – along the lines of Darwinian evolution – until the machines eventually overtake humans.
|
<urn:uuid:c7c8a247-7b7c-41ac-b248-cf11e2d6e5f8>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://utopoians.info/voyage-2013-preto-utopia-book-amazon.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00345.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970135 | 2,335 | 2.9375 | 3 |
The words social and business haven’t traditionally gone together in the same sentence.
But, having worked in the social entrepreneurship space for the past two years, I’ve found that the business world can offer a number of solutions for the issues we face as a society.
If you’re currently considering your career options, social entrepreneurship offers a chance to do work in an area that’s challenging and business-focused while also making a positive difference in the world.
What is social entrepreneurship?
In a nutshell, social entrepreneurship is about applying best practices from the business world in order to solve social issues. A social business is essentially an organisation that delivers profits while also having a positive impact on the community where it operates.
To really understand social entrepreneurship it’s helpful to explore some of these ideas in a little more depth:
Business best practices
A social enterprise draws on ideas and techniques from the business world.
When starting a social business, founders face the same list of questions as when starting any conventional business: Who are my customers? What need am I solving? How do I best market to my target audience? What profit margin should I be aiming for?
The key difference for social entrepreneurs is that they are measuring whether they are having the impact they set out to achieve.
Just as a conventional business looks to fill a commercial need, a social enterprise comes up with a solution for a social need.
Social issues can include environmental conservation, poverty, access to water and sanitation, worker exploitation, though the possibilities are limitless.
Impact is one of the most important factors in measuring the success of a social enterprise. This is one of the major differences to normal business where success is generally measured in profits.
Who are the big players in social entrepreneurship?
The social business space is expanding rapidly, with the number of actors increasing exponentially. These are the names you are likely to encounter as you delve deeper into the field:
The thought leader: Muhammad Yunus
The father of micro-finance, the subject of far too many economic development studies, and a torch bearer at this year’s Rio Olympics, Muhammad Yunus’ founding of Grameen Bank in 1983 opened the doors to banking on a small scale, and providing poor people with loans.
Once people are able to borrow money from the bank, they invest in micro businesses and education, leading to an increase in their future living standards.
The institution: Ashoka
Ashoka is an international organisation with a mission “to shape a global, entrepreneurial, competitive citizen sector: one that allows social entrepreneurs to thrive and enables the world's citizens to think and act as changemakers.”
The social enterprise: TOMS shoes
After witnessing the hardship of children in Argentina who grew up without shoes, Blake Mycoskie decided to build an independent and sustainable organisation that would tackle the issue. And, like that, TOMS shoes was born. Their concept of “one for one” is realised by helping one person in need for every product purchased.
They have since expanded their range to include glasses (proceeds from which go towards restoring eyesight) and bags (which support helping mothers give birth safely). This is a classic example of how a social entrepreneur identifies a social problem and then looks for a viable business model to address it.
What can Social Business offer you?
There are several ways you can get involved with social business – it could mean working with an NGO, volunteering for a cause you are passionate about, or even starting your own social enterprise.
A chance to learn
Volunteering is a great way to bulk up your CV while doing something impactful. Working with a social enterprise or NGO provides you with exposure to solving social issues, while developing useful skills for your future career.
I have come across many people working in safe and secure jobs, climbing the career ladder, earning enough money to sustain the lifestyle they always hoped for. However, they all felt that something was missing – for all their success they were looking for greater meaning in their work.
Working in social business can allow you to follow your chosen career path – be that law, engineering or accounting – while also helping those less fortunate than you.
Being your own boss
If you’re someone with an optimistic attitude, unstoppable drive, and innovative ideas, you might want to think about starting your own business. Why not make it a social one? The rewards for creating a useful product or service are far greater, not least the gratitude you’ll receive from those whose lives you’re changing.
Social business is a relatively new field, which means it’s packed full of untapped opportunity. There is a vast range of industries that could benefit from social business – health, construction, fashion, food, transport, to name but a few.
Another bonus is travel – whether in the developed or developing world, wherever you look there are social issues worth getting involved in.
Social business feels like one of the most promising solutions yet in tackling the major global issues of our generation. The financial independence and sustainability trumps charity work, while time and time again, the social enterprise model based on market principles far exceeds the success rate of government initiatives.
As a young person deciding on the next step of their life journey, now’s the perfect time to enter this exciting field as it’s still growing and evolving. There’s plenty to gain for everyone and very little to lose.
|
<urn:uuid:6b38e945-a916-4222-932d-cea25734383a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://thegatewayonline.com/commercial-awareness/entrepreneurship/everything-you-need-to-know-about-social-business
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934809392.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171125032456-20171125052456-00287.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949916 | 1,128 | 2.515625 | 3 |
5.4 Preparation of rock specimens for testing
(1) The objective of preparing specimens for testing rock is to provide specimens that are as representative as possible of a rock formation.
(1)P It shall be specified how a rock specimen is prepared. If these specifications cannot be met, the specimen shall be prepared as near to the specifications as possible and it shall be reported how the specimen has been prepared.
(2)P All instruments and assemblies for determining straightness, flatness and perpendicularity of end surfaces shall be controlled on a registered regular time basis with tolerances satisfying at least the requirements of the specific rock tests.
(3)P The following shall be specified:
- the storage conditions for rock samples (short term and/or long term storage);
- the moisture condition of the test specimens at the time of the test;
- the method for preparing rock core specimens;
- the method for determining dimension and shape tolerances.
(4)P Any change in water content should be avoided. If a change in the natural water content should occur, its effect shall be counteracted as part of the preparation for testing, if relevant.
(5) The cause and effect of any change in water content should be reported.
(6)P The need for re-coring to a specified dimension shall be defined with reference to the laboratory coring method, coolant applied and the need for re-saturation of the test specimens.
(7) Together with the data and results for the particular test, the following should be recorded and reported:
- the source of test specimen, including depth/level and orientation in space;
- the dates of specimen preparation and testing;
- comments on the representativeness of the specimen(s) tested;
- all dimension and shape measurements, including conformity to requirements;
- the water content of the sample/specimen (as received, during preparation, saturated);
- the conditions for drying (air- or oven-drying, pressurised or partial vacuum).
(8) The following information on the samples should be given for the interpretation of the test results:
- a physical description of the specimen including rock type (such as sandstone, limestone, granite, etc.), location and orientation of inherent rock structural features and any discontinuities, and inclusions or non-homogeneities;
- a sketch of the test specimen or a colour photograph for other than monotonous homogeneous rock types;
- a Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation, where possible;
- data to substantiate the tolerance checks on deviations of the right cylindrical form of the test specimen, from the flatness of the end bearing surfaces and perpendicularity of the end surfaces with respect to the axis of the core.
|
<urn:uuid:b6b2bb58-8a5f-4758-b0ad-a7452f9d143a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://geotechnicaldesign.info/ec7p2/g5-4.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00243.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.887276 | 574 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Just for Kids
| Teachers Apple Resource Kits
Here at the Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Association, we like
to hear from youthful apple fans. So if you're a lover
of Nature's Crunchy Munchy, we want to hear from you. In
this section you will find other kids that we have met.
If you want to learn about Nova Scotia Apples, or want some
activity sheets to do, check out the section below.
The Teachers Apple Resource Kits
This section of the Nova Scotia Apples web site provides
material designed to assist teachers instruct their students
about apples. The material is quite extensive and
covers grades primary to eight.
The Teachers Apple Kit is divided into two parts:
English and French.
|
<urn:uuid:9af48c09-71cc-4e46-aafe-fd6f67ff2a07>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
http://www.nsapples.com/teacher/inkidtch.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647525.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601010402-20230601040402-00238.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.885713 | 178 | 2.5625 | 3 |
You’ve written (perhaps over-written) a long first draft, but you have no idea where to start paring it down. You want to the strongest passages to shine. You want those sensory details to pop and make your readers see, hear, feel, taste, and smell what you’re showing them. You want the writing to be clear, and to flow.
To get there, to bring a messy first draft through its first round of revision, you need to be thinking about word economy.
When you approach revision, ask yourself the following questions: Am I repeating myself anywhere? Am I using clichés? Am I relying on telling too much, or could I use another detail or two? Is this word/phrase/sentence necessary? How can I say more with less?
Once you are in the mindset of making every word count, sit down with a hard copy of your draft, some highlighters, and some pens of varying colors. Ready? Because here is a practical, step-by-step guide for distilling your writing into the best version of itself, using the absolute best words.
Start with the action words
Pick up that highlighter and highlight every verb or verb phrase you have used. Verbs are your action words, and making the action words the strongest they can possibly be will strengthen any piece of prose. Consider this sentence: The girl rode her bike to the park as fast as she could. The verb is rode, and it’s a fine verb—but what else is going on in this story? Is she riding to meet her friends, or is she trying to get away from someone? Her mood informs the verb choice, so you can use the bigger picture to inform the synonym you will use to replace your verb.
Let’s say the girl is heading off to meet her best friend who was away at camp all summer. Besides a few emails, the friends haven’t spoken in two months. You might change rode to raced to show her eagerness to get there. There are other ways to show positive excitement, but for now, the verb change will suffice.
Trading in generic verbs for stronger ones might render other parts of your sentence or paragraph unnecessary or redundant. For example, in changing rode to raced, you eliminate the need to say as fast as she could. Raced implies both speed and superlative effort. If you had changed the verb from rode to pedaled, you could have eliminated the need to say her bike, but you might still need the phrase as fast as she could.
There are no right or wrong ways to distill this or any sentence, only different options that have different meanings. You have to decide what is the best option for the story you are telling—and that will always be the version that doesn’t use unnecessary words or say anything that’s already been said.
Find a better way to describe and give direction
Next on the chopping block are adverbs and prepositions. Sometimes we need them, but most of them time, there are more interesting ways to give description and direction. If your original draft said the girl quickly rode her bike, cut that quickly! In the process of choosing a better verb and eliminating redundant language, you’ll make your point that she was riding quickly.
Perhaps you are wondering how you could cut to the park and still say where your character is going. Is there a way to do it without using a prepositional phrase, and to show more than just tell that she’s going to the park?
Where does this girl live? What kind of neighborhood is it—a bustling city or a quaint rural town? Who or what does she see on the way? How far away is the park from her house? Showing the scene will get the girl to the park without actually having to say it (even if you have to use other, better prepositional phrases): The girl pedaled as fast as she could down the street, trees and mailboxes whizzing by before she rounded a corner and saw the community park’s sign.
Transform weak details into strong ones
The details in the sentence ground the scene and work harder to show action than the original, telling sentence of The girl rode her bike to the park as fast as she could. Could they do more? What kind of trees are they? Show us those mailboxes. Give this setting some personality: The girl pedaled as fast as she could down Birch Street, mature trees and quirky mailboxes whizzing by before she turned onto Walnut and the wooden sign with the rainbow-lettering came into view: Friends-Meet Community Park.
Now look at the bigger picture of this scene. The girl is hurrying to meet her friend. What else is going on? What can you show us that develops this girl’s character a little more? Maybe Mrs. Walker would be at farmer’s market so she could take a shortcut through the retired schoolteacher’s yard. This detail shows us the girl is a little bit daring, observant enough to know her neighbors’ routines and smart enough not to get caught. She’s probably a good kid who dabbles in mostly harmless rule-breaking; if you were peppering in personality-developing details about a true delinquent, she might smash Mrs. Walker’s begonias for the third time in a summer, right? And the detail about the park’s name might only be relevant if that particular park is relevant to the girl and her friend. Maybe they met at this park? If so, the park’s name is an important detail because it probably popped up elsewhere in the story. If not, cut it.
Practicing word economy
Practice these tips enough and you’ll start to make different and better word choices during the generative process, so the revision process won’t be so labor-intensive.
But no matter what stage of the process you’re in, your writing will be much improved by practicing word economy through eliminating generic, weak, and redundant words and phrases in favor of strong, evocative details.
|
<urn:uuid:fd15bb02-f261-4944-a6bd-39563a80c29d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://prowritingaid.com/art/1005/learn-to-choose-the-right-words-every-time.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347425148.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602130925-20200602160925-00291.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954776 | 1,278 | 2.625 | 3 |
Hügelkultur, popularized by permaculturalist Sepp Holzer, is the practice of burying logs in a mound to create a raised bed that composts in place. As the logs break down they add organic matter and create, in theory, a rich soil full of air gaps, fungal and microbial life.
But the thought of mounding anything in our dry climate doesn’t make sense to me. As I said in my post about the pros and cons of raised beds, if I didn’t have contaminated soil I’d grow my veggies in the ground. A Root Simple reader from Cyprus, which has a very similar climate as ours, said that Hügelkultur experiments there had not worked out. I’ve also heard that Geoff Lawton is skeptical of the practice in dry climates. And I’ve found no peer reviewed research on the practice.
But I also want to keep an open mind. I get asked about this practice a lot and have to confess ignorance. If you know of a Hügelkultur experiment in a dry climate please leave a link. Perhaps there’s a dry climate variation? Has anyone seen any research? Have you tried it yourself?
|
<urn:uuid:a0ea72b5-aabc-4885-a99a-94efc5a65ac3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.rootsimple.com/2014/02/hugelkultur-in-dry-climates/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102891.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817032523-20170817052523-00003.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960726 | 256 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Electronic Signatures Vs. Digital Signatures – Defining the Difference [Infographic]
As society becomes ever more reliant on digital processes, traditional mechanisms of conducting business have become more automated, with a number of industry sectors eager to tap into an in increasingly tech-savvy consumer base. While the last ten years have seen a plethora of electronic communication devices enter the marketplace, there has also been a demonstrated need for companies to replace paper-based processes with more efficient models, and e-signatures built on digital signature technology are leading the way.
While adoption of e-signatures has become widespread in the private and public sector, market awareness has been, in some ways, limited by a lack of understanding as to how digital signature technology fits into the picture. While electronic signatures have been recognized as a legal concept in federal law since the year 2000, there is anecdotal evidence to suggest that to the average person, a digital signature is the same thing. However, this is certainly not the case and the terms are not definitely not interchangeable.
An electronic signature is, like its paper equivalent, a legal concept. According to the U.S Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, an e-signature is an "electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to, or associated with, a contract or other record and adopted by a person with the intent to sign a record."
Digital signatures, on the other hand, refers to the encryption / decryption technology on which an electronic signature solution is built. A digital signature alone is not a type of electronic signature. Rather, digital signature encryption secures the data associated with a signed document and helps verify the authenticity of a signed record. Used alone, it cannot capture a person's intent to sign a document or be legally bound to an agreement or contract.
A solution that simply digitally signs documents often lacks feature sets commonly found in best-in-class e-signature solutions, including an out-of-the-box user interface (UI), as well as transaction management and advanced workflow customization capabilities used in more complex transactions that touch the customer.
The bottom line is that when looking for a solution to manage your signing processes, it’s important to ensure that it is built on digital signature technology to guarantee the integrity of the document and underlying signatures. Without digital signatures, your document-based transactions may not be legally binding, putting you and your organization at risk in the event of a compliance or legal case.
Capturing and Securing Evidence with Digital Signatures
To ensure that your digital contracts are legally enforceable, look for an electronic signature solution that captures a comprehensive audit trail and uses a digital signature to protect and tamper-proof it.
Collecting strong electronic evidence can be accomplished by capturing the full electronic signing process experienced by the signer. This includes the exact appearance and order of all the web screens, documents, and legal disclosures that were presented, along with how long a person spent on each page and all the actions they took during the review and signing process, like clicking buttons to accept, sign, initial, and confirm.
The more evidence an organization captures about what process was used, the greater the chance that the signed document will be enforced in a court of law. And that's something most organizations contemplating e-signatures can stand behind. While many e-signature solutions on the market may meet the baseline requirements outlined by the ESIGN Act, organizations looking to minimize the risk of unenforceable records should aim to set the bar higher by choosing an e-signature solution built on digital signature technology.
We also have a handy infographic detailing the differences and how they work together.
|
<urn:uuid:fa64851f-2d69-4c9c-9afc-39f25868327d>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.onespan.com/blog/electronic-signatures-vs-digital-signatures-defining-difference-infographic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370510846.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200403092656-20200403122656-00359.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940194 | 748 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When it comes to energy efficiency, data centers are in a league of their own. Power density in these mission critical facilities doubles nearly every 18 months and uptime reliability is a higher priority than energy efficiency, says Mukul Anand, Manager of Application Engineering, Chiller Solutions, Building Technologies and Solutions for Johnson Controls, Inc.
“From an energy reduction viewpoint, data centers are a unique moving target,” Anand explains. “There is no well-defined method to improve energy efficiency.” These three savings strategies can be a good start, however.
1) Equipment Optimization
About 60% of the energy consumption in a typical data center is used for computer-related components, such as processors, fans and data storage, Anand explains. Another 30% goes to cooling equipment, with 10% dedicated to electrical equipment and the remaining 2% for lighting, monitors and other components for data center infrastructure management. That means that tackling just the first category, computing equipment, could result in considerable savings.
The U.S. Department of Energy recommends starting by turning off any unused servers, often referred to as “comatose” or “zombie” servers, as 20-30% of servers in a typical data center are consuming power, cooling and space without doing any useful work. Take a regular inventory of hardware and applications so you can keep track of consolidation opportunities, then build on the savings with virtualization software and more efficient servers.
“State-of-the-art servers provide the most benefit because they have an energy multiplier effect,” Anand says. “Every kW saved at the server translates into a proportional reduction in BTUs because less heat needs to be removed.”
2) Building System Savings
After ensuring your computing equipment is as efficient as possible, look at possible savings in building systems, especially cooling. Using advanced data center infrastructure management (DCIM) and building management software can assist with efficient cooling by enhancing equipment operation and providing monitoring to help you make informed decisions, Anand says.
“Right-sizing infrastructure equipment to handle design and off-design conditions also contributes to energy savings,” Anand adds. “For example, a variable speed drive chiller can run more efficiently during 99% of operating hours in low-load conditions than a chiller designed for full-speed operation for the hottest days of the year. For a variety of reasons, it pays to right-size air handling units, UPS and transformer equipment.”
The DOE also recommends variable speed drives on cooling system fans, noting that a 20% reduction in flow results in roughly 50% savings in fan power.
“Hot aisle containment is generally the most efficient way to arrange the racks within data centers because it ensures that in the working space, the temperature falls within the ASHRAE guidelines,” Anand says. Hot air is exhausted into the hot aisle, where it circulates back to the CRAH unit for cooling. This allows the CRAH unit to operate at the capacity it was designed for and also lets you right-size the number of units. Use blanking plates, floor tiles and other devices to make sure air doesn’t leak between cold and hot aisles, Anand recommends.
For persistent hot spots, the DOE recommends providing spot cooling via in-rack or in-row cooling devices. Rear door heat exchangers are another innovative option that involves installing a coil on the server rack’s exhaust section to absorb the heat and provide cooling. Air-side economizers that draw in outside air are a great option in the right climate zones.
Janelle Penny [email protected] is Senior Editor of BUILDINGS.
|
<urn:uuid:2f50f64d-39e7-4095-9be5-558589dd7063>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/21357/title/3-ways-to-slash-spending-in-data-centers
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348502204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605174158-20200605204158-00571.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920649 | 771 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Papua New Guinea: Government Ratchets Up Fight Against AIDS
December 14, 2007
While experts have long warned that Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces a sub-Saharan-style AIDS epidemic if it did not do more to fight the disease's spread, only recently did the government begin heeding these calls for action.
According to UNAIDS, PNG is the fourth Asia-Pacific nation "after Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar to be classified as having a generalized HIV epidemic." In August, PNG's National AIDS Council released its 2007 report showing a 30 percent rise in new diagnoses from 2005 to 2006, bringing the total cumulative number of cases to 18,484. The report also found that the national HIV prevalence among people ages 15-49 is 1.28 percent.
In response, the government in November increased AIDS funding in its 2008 national budget to 15 million kina (US $4.6 million) from 12 million kina (US $3.7 million) in 2007.
The Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research said recently that "like many countries, [PNG] was slow to realize the enormity of what HIV was to mean for its citizens and the development of it as a country." "After coming to grips with the epidemic's potential, the government has been working in partnership with non-governmental organizations, aid agencies and faith-based organizations," it said.
The government has also directed the country's AIDS minister, Sasa Zibe, and his vice minister, Yawa Silupa, to oversee various multi-sector programs and offer advice as to how the government should address the epidemic.
Inter Press Service
12.05.2007; Kevin Pamba
This article was provided by CDC National Prevention Information Network. It is a part of the publication CDC HIV/Hepatitis/STD/TB Prevention News Update.
|
<urn:uuid:f351ef14-06de-4d74-91c6-7e857874d0f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.thebody.com/content/art44421.html?nxtprv
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164022208/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133342-00027-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949152 | 381 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Because Animal Farm is so critical of Soviet Communism, some readers may be surprised to learn that Orwell was a committed socialist. As a result of his experiences as a colonial policeman in Burma and while living in working-class areas of London and Paris, Orwell became a fierce opponent of colonialism and unchecked capitalism. Eventually he joined the Socialist Independent Labor Party, and he documented the development of his political beliefs in a series of essays and books, most famously The Road ToWigan Pier (1937). In 1936, Orwell travelled to Spain in order to oppose the Fascist faction in the Spanish Civil War. While in Spain, Orwell was caught up in the conflict between the Stalinist and Trotskyist factions in the Communist forces, and he was lucky to escape with his life. This experience shaped his lifelong hatred of Stalinism and totalitarianism in general. He was disgusted by the extent to which British socialists were willing to defend Stalin, and one of his main goals in writing Animal Farm was to expose the cruelty and hypocrisy of Stalinism to other British socialists. The novella also portrays capitalism—represented by the regimes of Jones and Pilkington—as cruel. The book’s kindly portrayal of Boxer and the other “lower animals” has its roots in Orwell’s sympathy for oppressed people.
|
<urn:uuid:69ec7952-caf9-4d6d-970a-501da272a104>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/context/historical/orwells-politics/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00050.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98244 | 263 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Lability in Western Peninsular Spanish
[Resumen extraído de la fuente original]
The western variety of Peninsular Spanish possesses a type of causative construction in which an intransitive lexeme is used transitively. This phenomenon, called lability, is attested in three specific verbs: caer (‘to fall’), quedar (‘to stay’) and entrar (‘to enter’). As a consequence, they can induce a direct object at the expense of the standard forms tirar (‘to throw’), dejar (‘to leave’) and meter (‘to put in’). Lability has not been studied in depth for Spanish and, with this paper, I attempt to pinpoint its current extension as well as the possible semantic factors that prompt the transitivisation of these verbs.
|
<urn:uuid:9284f520-c3d7-4dc4-a463-f9d3a399fb3a>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://www.frontespo.org/es/fichas-bibliograficas/lability-in-western-peninsular-spanish
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875147116.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200228073640-20200228103640-00375.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901731 | 185 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Alternative Title: “Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien”
Learn about this topic in these articles:
discussed in biography
...art history into historiography relies on such notions as a zeitgeist, or spirit of an age. The originator of this approach was Jacob Burckhardt (1818–97), whose masterpiece, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, begins with a chapter called “The State as a Work of Art” and argues that artistic production in the Renaissance is of a piece with...
influence on Lamprecht
...of Göttingen, Leipzig, and Munich (1874–79). In 1878 he completed his doctoral dissertation at Leipzig on the 11th-century French economy. The influence upon him of Jacob Burckhardt’s Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, with its emphasis on psychological characteristics of certain historical epochs, was evident in one of Lamprecht’s earliest essays, also published in...
...with some intellectual or artistic skill; it was not until the 19th century that historians such as the French Jules Michelet and then, above all, the Swiss Jacob Burckhardt (whose The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy was first published in German at Basel, Switz., in 1860) began to write of the Renaissance as a period of time.
view of Middle Ages
...his admiration to the 16th century, virtually coining the term Renaissance in the process of appropriating it for France. In 1860 the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt published his The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, a work as widely read and influential as that of Michelet. Despite Romantic nostalgia and increasingly disciplined scholarship, the work of...
|
<urn:uuid:b5b80d76-6321-4554-9b5a-94e3d4a7b5eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Civilization-of-the-Renaissance-in-Italy
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133032.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824043524-20170824063524-00396.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947337 | 360 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Last week the federal government announced a doubling of the annual contribution to the Tax Free Savings Account (TFSA). Ensuing immediately has been a debate about the merits of this tax policy change.
TFSAs can play an important part of an individual's savings needs. When they were introduced in 2009, the government claimed that within 20 years, 90 per cent of Canadians could have all their savings assets in tax-efficient vehicles (RRSPs, RESPs, RDSPs, TFSAs etc). This is a laudable goal.
Critics claim only 15 per cent of account holders contribute the maximum per year to their TFSA or that some do not even contribute from one year to the next. These are weak arguments. Should we consider reducing RRSP limits if they aren't used? People are not saving enough for their retirement and increasing the TFSA limits sends a message that the government will not penalize savers for saving more.
While people might not have $10,000 to contribute to a TFSA every year, it does not mean they are unable to take advantage of its benefits. Consider home ownership in Canada is at its highest recorded levels with over two thirds of Canadians (69 per cent) owning their home. Since unused TFSA contribution room can be carried forward to future years, a portion of the proceeds from a sale of a house can be deposited into a TFSA, thereby continuing the tax-efficient treatment of equity built up in a principal residence.
Perhaps the most puzzling is that the same critics claim the increased contribution limit will plunder the treasury in future years. Critics cannot have it both ways. By definition, if TFSAs aren't used, tax isn't sheltered. But let's stick with lower future tax revenues for a moment. In reality, government relies very little on its annual revenue from taxes on investments and capital gains. For perspective, when someone projects that in 40-60 years the TFSA could cost governments up to $40B per year, the annual federal government budget could be well over $1 trillion and GDP could be well north of $10 trillion.
Additionally, none of these projected revenue reductions considers the positive effects from increased consumption or other economic activity that will occur from extra wealth in the hands of the individuals who created it. It also helps the efficient allocation of capital as it removes tax implications from some investment decisions. Furthermore, increased personal wealth will raise the standard of living of many retired individuals. This will lower the burden on future governments for social support programs for these people. Targeted initiatives can then be directed to the people who need help the most, which no one disputes currently as being elderly, widowed women.
Even if the revenue loss figure were true, what's so wrong that? Reducing a government's revenues can increase the level of fiscal discipline by encouraging governments to be run more efficiently.
Finally, the TFSA is not just for people who have maxed out on their other retirement accounts. In fact, it might be more advantageous for savers in the lower/middle income brackets to use the TFSA instead of an RRSP, since TFSAs have no withdrawal restrictions. This provides savers with more flexibility and additional choices. Contrasted with an alternative option of the one-size fits all approach of increasing mandatory Canadian Pension Plan contributions, the TFSA enables greater customization and control for each individual's savings needs and risk profile.
We ought to applaud initiatives that provide savers with more choices, encourage self-determination and empower individuals to take greater control over their financial futures. The TFSA does just that.
Adam Chambers is the former director of policy to Canada's Minister of Finance and holds a JD/MBA from Western University
ALSO ON HUFFPOST:
|
<urn:uuid:2c9f4f37-bd1e-4866-93a2-bbe2981606b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/adam-chambers/tfsa-ontario_b_7163320.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00387.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958079 | 760 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Archaeogeodesy, a Key to Prehistory
Archaeogeodesy can be defined as that area of study encompassing prehistoric and ancient place determination, navigation (on land or water), point positioning, measure and representation of the earth, geodynamic phenomena, and the applied astronomy. Archaeogeodesy, by combining fundamental astronomy, geodetic knowledge, applied mathematics, accurate positional data and archaeology, presents a methodology for investigating the architecture, placements, spatial properties, relationships and arrangements of prehistoric sites and monuments. As a new area of inquiry, archaeogeodesy presents unique avenues of assessing ancient understandings of geography, of place, and of the earth and the cosmos as evidenced by archaeological remains.
We generally regard temporally, spatially and culturally diverse ancient monuments as unrelated. The many pyramids of Egypt, whether stepped, bent, or true, have interrelationships, however understudied. What of the other pyramids and similar mounds dispersed the world over? Few would argue no relationship between neighboring earthworks in North America, for example, yet their similarities to Neolithic mounds and circular embankments of the British Isles go relatively unnoticed. Visitors to Stonehenge and other stone circles who notice surrounding earthworks are unlikely to postulate connections, spatial or functional, to similar earthen monuments in distant Ohio because of an intervening ocean.
Given monument similarities and the great number of monuments around the world, questions arise. "Did a broadly-defined mound-pyramid-monument complex originate and diffuse from a single cultural source or arise in several cultural traditions?" "Which monuments are shared traditions?" "When did the earliest monument forms arise, why and where?" With modern cartography, geodetic science, and mathematics, in other words, with archaeogeodesy, questions regarding ancient geographic knowledge can be addressed.
Knowing where you are and way finding have always been fundamental tasks of human survival. Of modern geodetic roles, navigators, surveyors, and cartographers are the most common and familiar specialists. To methodically explore and chart the earth, the need to know the form and size of the geoid arises. Advanced geodetic capabilities include determination of coordinates on land or at sea with point position resolved by measurements linking terrestrial to celestial reference in a triangulation net. Knowledge of celestial dynamics and the spatial properties of the solar system are fundamental to the practice of geodesy. Purposeful geodetic arrangement of prehistoric monuments can infer and might demonstrate fundamental and/or complex geodetic, astronomic, and cosmographic knowledge not previously ascribed to or demonstrable for ancient and prehistoric cultures and civilizations. Archaeogeodesy studies can reveal the relationships expressed by ancient constructs. Historic knowledge of the earliest geodesy provides some context for research expectations and for the analysis of findings.
A Brief History of Early Geodesy
The historic context provides an early framework for geodetic sciences. Considered globally, the early history of geodesy, like that of astronomy, is fragmentary at best. The earliest realization of the spherical shape of the earth may never be known. Although 5,000-year-old references to the true shape of the earth are known from Mesopotamia, 20 centuries later Homeric poems refer to the earth as a disc. Well before the telescope aided in the advancement of astronomy in the West, early civilizations in the Americas, Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China evidence accurate understandings of astronomy. Capabilities similar to known cultures can be expected in other complex cultures where historical evidence is lacking.
Indian astronomer Àryabhata precisely reported the fundamental ratio of rotations and lunar orbits in 500 A.D. Two Indian sources from between 2000 B.C. and 1000 B.C., the Rig-Veda and the Yajur-Veda, imply accurate knowledge of the earth and celestial mechanics, specifically that the earth is a globe circling the sun. Historians have credited Pythagoras and Thales of Melitus with hypothesizing a spherical earth. Classical Greek knowledge of geodesy is found in Aristotle's fourth century B.C. writings. He discussed proofs of sphericity, including the angle of the celestial pole changing in relation to latitude, and the shape of the earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse.
Presumably between 325 and 320 B.C., Pytheas, an astronomer and navigator from Massalia, traveled the western coast of Europe, perhaps as far north as Iceland. He established the exact position of the celestial pole and determined the latitude of Massalia as 19 degrees and 12 minutes. Pytheas related latitude to variable length of days and the angles of solar illumination, and he located the island of Thule (Iceland?) at the point where the day lasts 24 hours at summer solstice.
Determination of the degree of meridian, a section of a north-south line, is a fundamental achievement of geodesy. This determination permits extrapolation of the magnitude of the earth. There are two known historical methods to measure of the scale of the earth. One method is measuring distant horizons from a mountain top to determine the angle of dip below level. The most common and best-known ancient method employed angular measure of solar illumination at two points on a meridian and linear measure between the points. Comparison of the angles and the distance produces the three surface parts of a triangle with its apex at the geodetic center of the earth, from which the length of a mean, local geodetic radius is derived.
The earliest surviving historical record of the measure of the size of the earth, accomplished in Egypt, is attributed to Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 B.C.-194 B.C.), the exact details of which were lost with his treatise, On the measurement of the Earth. However, this accomplishment was reported by other authors, including Strabo and Cleomedes. Eratosthenes is reputed to have measured the noon shadow at summer solstice in Alexandria. Knowledge of the approximate distance between Syene, where there was no noon shadow at summer solstice, and Alexandria allowed his extrapolation of the length of the circumference of the Earth as 250,000(?) stadia. In all probability, Eratosthenes, a librarian in Alexandria, reported earlier knowledge to his Greek compatriots. Scholars continue to argue over details and attribution of his report and the length of the stadia, and hence the accuracy of measure. Eratosthenes' measure is the first historical indication of establishing any distance by astronomical means or by reference to the geometry of the earth. By this time, if not much earlier, the scale of the known world in relation to the unknown world was appreciated in the Mediterranean region.
Eratosthenes surpassed his known Greek contemporaries in yet another area by constructing a world map based on parallels and meridians. His other writing, Geographica, three books on making a map of the known world, was also lost. He reputedly computed the distance to the sun (804,000,000 stadia) and to the Moon (780,000 stadia) using data obtained during lunar eclipses. Ptolemy reported that Eratosthenes measured the tilt of the Earth's axis as the value of 11/83 of 180, namely 23° 51' 15" (23.854°). At that time obliquity was actually 23.725,° evidencing a possible earlier source. Eratosthenes also worked out a calendar that included leap years, compiled a star catalogue, and accurately sketched the route of the Nile to Khartoum.
Arabic literature evidenced knowledge of the size of the earth without precise details of origin of the knowledge. The Arabic 4,000 cubit mile (1,972 meters) is evidenced in a cuneiform text of the sixth century B.C. Arabic writings cite the measure of the degree of latitude of 56 2/3 Arabic miles, or 111,089 meters, an excess of only 0.17 percent compared to the present day measure of 110,900.0 meters for a degree of latitude near Baghdad. The length of an arc of meridian and of longitude are variable functions of latitude due to the oblate ellipsoidal shape of the geoid. Therefore, accuracy of a meridian measure is only determinable if the latitude of the measurement is known. The modern value for the mean circumference of the earth is 40,030,005.6967 m, or 111,194.46 m per mean degree.
Arabic literature also cites Roman measure of the earth in Roman miles. The Roman mile of 3,000 cubits (1,480 meters) probably derived from the Mesopotamian cubit. The measure was one degree equals seventy-five Roman miles, or one mile equals 1/27,000th of circumference. This extrapolates (times 360) to an impressively accurate estimate of 24,830 modern miles as the meridional circumference, while the 56 2/3 Arabic miles per degree produces 24,997 miles (these two frame the present day value of 24,860 miles). Other authors cite the Roman mile as equaling 4,866 feet, which extrapolates (times 75 times 360) to 24,883 miles, or 111,236 m per degree.
The Roman estimate, of unknown origin, probably dates to the late Roman Empire. Historical Arabic records in the ninth century document the measure of one degree as 56 miles, or 110,432 meters per degree. Arabians measured a two degree meridian arc near Baghdad in 827 A. D., determining the globe's size with an error of plus ten percent. Table 1 presents a comparison of the discussed measures. Since it is not known at what exact latitude each was measured, they are all compared to one degree of mean circumference and a meridional degree centered near Baghdad and Babylon (herein termed Babylon Meridian, 110,900.0 m). For comparatives, meridian measures centered on Rome and Avebury are also presented.
The early historic measures more accurately represent a degree of meridian measured nearer Rome than Babylon. Table 2 extrapolates radii and circumferences for the two accurate ancient measures and for meridian lengths at Babylon, Rome, and Avebury and compares these, in size-ordered sequence, with modern values. The latitude with the local meridian matching the scale of the equatorial circumference is north of Avebry. Due to the latitude variables, determination of the precision of ancient degree measures will remain ambiguous given present knowledge. From the historic record, it is apparent that ancient geodetic methods were sufficient to determine the magnitude of the earth.
In China maps are mentioned in several writings from before 200 B.C., and were attached to military books. Three fairly accurate maps, a topographic map, a military map showing troop placement, and a map of towns, all painted on silk, were unearthed from a tomb dated to 2100 years ago. These imply an accurate, scientific method of surveying. In the third century A.D., the Chinese astronomers divided the celestial sphere into 365.25 degrees, defining one degree as one mean daily solar term or apparent motion. A book written by Pei Xiy in 267 A.D., a foundation for Chinese cartography, presents rules for map-making, including graduated scale, showing direction, measuring distance in straight lines, and accounting for elevation differences.
Because determinations of longitude are comparative, a reference meridian is fundamental to any system (astronomical or survey) of expressing longitude and time. The modern global system employs the Greenwich meridian, from which distance in degrees is counted in two directions, with the date line on the opposite side of the earth. Meridians have been used historically in determination of the magnitude of the earth, determination of longitude, and in standardized time reference by demarcation of the beginning of the day and/or year. In any inquiry into knowledge of geodesy in cultures without a history of geodesy, indications of a meridian may evidence these activities.
Indian astronomy utilized a prime meridian, situated at Ujjain. Pre-Islamic astronomical tables were drawn up by Arab geographers for reference meridians such as Alexandria, Egypt, and Ujjain. In the Islamic world many centers, including Baghdad, Damascus, and Cairo, came to be used as meridians of reference. Àryabhata used the meridian at Lanka, India, to determine the demarcation of the day. In the New World, for dates in codices and on monuments, we lack knowledge of the date line.
In the Netherlands in 1617, W. Snellius deduced from an astronomically determined meridian of over one degree a circumference of 24,010 miles. Seventy years later Isaac Newton recognized that the earth is an oblate ellipsoid flattened at the poles. Not until after 1850 was a near accurate flattening ratio determined. The most recent International Astronomic Union definitions (based in part on satellite measure) rate the equatorial radius at 6,378,140 meters (24,901.4726 miles in circumference) and the flattening factor at 1/298.257. The most recently accepted data is available on the Cosmographic Values Index and Geodesy pages.
Written history is a fragile, incomplete, and recent record at best. The famed burning of the library of Alexandria or of Native American libraries exemplifies the easy destruction of vast stores of accumulated knowledge. The few surviving prehistoric Mayan codices evidence astronomic periodicities in their date sequences. These recent discoveries demonstrate advanced astronomic knowledge in the Americas and illustrate the magnitude of lost knowledge. Furthermore, history is subjective, often told only by conquerors, and translations are limited by the conceptual limitations of both languages and translators. In contrast, the archaeological record is objective, durable, and also not temporally bounded. True history is more than the surviving written records and is never entirely lost; the past leaves abundant evidence awaiting those who care to inquire. With many civilizations, a lost history of human knowledge of geography and geodesy awaits dscovery.
Astronomy and the Oldest Surviving Buildings on the Earth.
Dating from 5,800 to 5,200 years ago, three of the oldest surviving buildings on the earth, the Newgrange, Knowth and Dowth tumuli (passage mounds), dominate the landscape of the Boyne Valley in Meath County, Ireland. Every year at the winter solstice sunrise a shaft of sunlight can enter a long passage and illuminate Newgrange's large, elaborately petroglyphed, megalithic interior chamber. At sunset the calendric hierophany is repeated in Dowth mound. In Knowth, one of the largest tumuli, passages align to positions near both the equinoctial sunrise and sunset. At the Carnbane complex 26 miles west-northwest of Newgrange, today seven Carnbane passages still frame light beams into interior chambers. Ten miles southeast of Newgrange at Tara, ancient Ireland's political center, the ruins of a large megalithic passage mound and earthen circles are found. The Tara mound passage frames the rays of first sunlight on Samhain, the Celtic New Year Day and the midpoint between fall equinox and winter solstice.
The millennial constructs interrelate astronomic geometry and megalithic architecture to choreograph light as calender. Because their builders constructed monuments that function 5,000 years later, their works illuminate the obscurity of prehistory as vividly as the sun and moon illuminate the ancient chambers. The astronomically-ordered monuments and landscape on the Plains of Kildare evidences the Neolithic builder's capability to interrelate the earth and the cosmos, essentially to employ the tools of navigator and surveyor and the fundamental knowledge required to explore or measure the earth. Researchers have made claims regarding the Boyne River site alignments, such as a line of four mounds northeast of Newgrange aligned to sunrise on Samhain, mounds southeast of Newgrange located on both the solstice and lunar major lines, Dowth to the northeast of Newgrange situated in near alignment with Newgrange's lunar minor standstill, and at Carnbane East, on the central hilltop of the Loughcrew mountain complex, four mounds form a row aligned to the summer solstice sunrise. While authors disagree on the alignments and the degree of alignment accuracy, it is obvious that, from five millennia agobefore any generally recognized civilization—impressive astronomical and calendrical architectural constructs still vividly display the knowledge their construction required.
Questions Posed by Ancient Monuments.
The capabilities evidenced by the Neolithic monuments posed questions. Where and when did these cultural practices originate? Was the same fundamental knowledge applied to the arrangement of monuments across a wider landscape? How far and wide did positional interrelationship of sites and architectural incorporation of astronomical knowledge extend? What of contemporaneous or similar sites at distances beyond the range of intervisibility? Obvious similarities exist between monumental earthworks and megalithic constructs on opposite sides of the Irish Sea. Determinatation of site arc distance provided some surprising results (software and spherical trigonometry formulas).
The Avebury complex, the largest megalithic standing stone and henge circle in England is situated a quarter of a degree from Stonehenge on the Salisbury plain. Avebury is also located 1/100 of the planetary circumference from two major archaeological complexes in Ireland, Newgrange and Tara. The distance from Dowth tumulus to Avebury equals 1/100 of circumference (3.602°) as does that from Knowth to Windmill Hill henge (3.600°). The distance from Khufu's Great Pyramid to older Newgrange is one-tenth of the planetary circumference (36.004°).
These and other site interrelationships posed more questions. First, are the spatial relationships across vast distances intentional or coincidence? On the opposite side of the Atlantic Ocean in Eastern North America, similar earthworks pose the same questions, as do monuments and monument alignments around the world. What levels of geodetic knowledge did prehistoric cultures possess? To what extent does evidence of ancient astronomy indicate the practice of geodesy? Is it possible that earthworks on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean were situated with exact knowledge of their latitude and longitude and possibly also in specific relationships to each other? And, to what extent can ancient monuments answer these question?
Given modern archaeological paradigms, relationships between far distant monuments may initially seem preposterous. We can ignore the relationships and dismiss them as coincidence, or we can further examine the areas where our history is incomplete, recognizing that our recent rise in scientific and mathematical knowledge of the size and shape of the earth, and our understanding of navigation, is not necessarily a first for humanity.
The remainder of this article addresses these questions. The series is interspersed with discussions of ancient sites, their geodetic properties and relationships, and the fundamental astronomy involved. In Part Two, I present geodetic relationships of several Hopewell sites in eastern North American. I also introduce astronomically determined modules of distance. Part Three focuses on the fundamental astronomy. In Part Four, the discussion returns to the Neolithic of the British Isles.
HOME --- GO TO PART TWO
--- RETURN TO ARCHAEOGEODESY
|
<urn:uuid:ab6da249-99b4-4b7d-a2a5-cc76cc7f0a50>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aegeo.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535920849.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909051924-00333-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915087 | 4,025 | 3.46875 | 3 |
- Research article
- Open Access
A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Brucella melitensis
BMC Infectious Diseases volume 17, Article number: 230 (2017)
Brucellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. The disease has been completely eradicated in livestock in Sweden in 1994, and all cases of confirmed human brucellosis are imported into Sweden from other countries. However, due to an increase in the number of refugees and asylum seekers from the middle-east to Sweden, there is a need to improve the current diagnostic methodology for Brucella melitensis. Whilst culture of Brucella species can be used as a diagnostic tool, real-time PCR approaches provide a much faster result. The aim of this study was to set up a species-specific real-time PCR for the detection of all biovars of Brucella melitensis, which could be used routinely in diagnostic laboratories.
A Brucella melitensis real-time PCR assay was designed using all available genomes in the public database of Brucella (N = 96) including all complete genomes of Brucella melitensis (N = 17). The assay was validated with a collection of 37 Brucella species reference strains, 120 Brucella melitensis human clinical isolates, and 45 clinically relevant non-Brucella melitensis strains.
In this study we developed a single real-time PCR for the specific detection of all biovars of Brucella melitensis.
This new real-time PCR method shows a high specificity (100%) and a high sensitivity (1.25 GE/μl) and has been implemented in the laboratories of four governmental authorities across Sweden.
Despite ongoing eradication programs, brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis that infects mainly cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. It also leads to considerable financial losses in animal husbandry due to abortion and fertility problems in cattle, sheep and goats [1, 2]. Some Brucella species can also infect humans and more than 500,000 human cases are reported annually worldwide . Brucellosis is a febrile illness, sometimes with localized bone and tissue infection, or multi-organ disease. Transmission to humans occurs through different routes: the ingestion of unpasteurized milk and dairy products; direct contact with infected animal tissues; or accidental ingestion, inhalation or injection of cultured Brucella . Most human Brucellosis cases occur in Syria, Turkey, Mexico and Iran, but also around the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa) . Brucella comprises six classical species (B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. neotomae, B. ovis, and B. suis) and five novel species (B. ceti, B. microti, B. inopinata, B. papionis and B. pinnipedialis). B. melitensis is recognized as the main human pathogen associated with human outbreaks worldwide [3, 5, 6]. The species of the genus Brucella can be distinguished on the basis of phenotype, genotype and preferred host. Sweden was officially declared free of brucellosis in 1994 and all human cases in Sweden originate from countries abroad. The incidence in Sweden is between 1 and 20 reported cases per year according to the Swedish National Surveillance System SmiNet-2 . The gold standard method for its diagnosis is the isolation of the bacteria from clinical samples via blood cultures and identification by classical microbiological tube testing. Brucella grows slowly and visible cultures appear after 3–4 days, but it can take more than 2 weeks to obtain a definitive result . Due to its pathogenicity, a biosafety level 3 laboratory (BSL-3) is mandatory when handling Brucella organisms. Laboratory-acquired infections are rarely diagnosed or reported, however they do occur [9, 10].
The application of DNA-based methods for Brucella diagnosis is challenging, since all Brucella species have a very high degree of genetic homology (up till 99.9%), as shown by whole genome sequencing of B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis [11–14]. However, several groups have recently developed PCR-based assays for the discrimination among species and biovars of Brucella. Three Brucella species B. abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis have been sub-typed into biovars [15, 16]. All species within the genus Brucella show an average similarity of 99% across the entire genome and a range between 93% and 99.9% based on analysis and nonparametric inference (ANI) analysis. Data from all public available complete genome sequences of all type strains and reference strains were included in the design of primers and probes for the real-time PCR assay of this study. One multiplex PCR (AMOS) developed by Bricker and Halling in 1994, is applicable to differentiate between B. abortus biovars 1, 2 and 4, B. melitensis, and B. ovis, B. suis biovar 1 by specific PCR products based on unique chromosomal loci of the mobile genetic element IS711 in their genome . This PCR was later improved by another laboratory by adding specific primers for the identification of B. abortus biovars 5, 6, 9 and genotype 3b of biovar 3 . In 2009, Huber et al. developed a random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay to differentiate all recognized Brucella species, including the marine mammals-infecting species B. ceti and B. pinnipedialis . However, all published methods are developed to distinguish species and biovars mainly by gel-based bar patterns and the majority of described methods were tested with a few strains.
Kim et al. developed a new real-time PCR for distinguishing B. abortus from other Brucella species, which is based on a single nucleotide polymorphism. However, there was a need for a reliable real-time PCR for the detection of B. melitensis at the species level . The method has to be validated for clinical purposes with a large number of human isolates to fulfill the validation requirements of the certified laboratory of the public health institute. A Brucella genus specific real-time PCR assay is currently in use at the Public Health Agency in Sweden (FOHM). However, B. melitensis is the most prevalent species, and we need to be able to differentiate to the species level, due to the epidemiological significance of B. melitensis .
With the aim of developing a real-time PCR assay for the detection of all known species and biovars of B. melitensis, the genomes of B. ceti, B. inopinata, B. neotomae and B. suis biovar 4 were sequenced and analyzed. This as necessary due to the lack of necessary genome data in the publicly available databases at the start of this project . The panel to validate the inclusivity and exclusivity of the real-time PCR assay contained all known biovars of Brucella, as well as 45 other non-Brucella DNA from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Culture Collection University of Gothenburg (CCUG) and National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC) with clinical relevance. A number of environmental samples, as well as the closely related species Ochrobactrum anthropi, were also tested in this study (Tables 1 and 2).
Bacterial strains and growth conditions
A collection of 31 Brucella sp. reference strains (Table 1) and 120 B. melitensis human clinical isolates were isolated in the BSL-3 laboratory at the FOHM, by cultivation on 5% sheep blood agar plates in a 5%–10% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C for 48 h. All non-Brucella strains were routinely cultivated on 5% sheep blood agar over night at 37 °C.
The B. melitensis human clinical isolates were collected between 1994 and 2016 from Swedish patients, who had returned from Brucella-endemic countries, in a biorepository of the FOHM and used as stipulated in the regulations for diagnostic development and quality assessment. The FOHM performs all Brucella diagnostics on human samples in Sweden, and the B. melitensis isolates used in this study have previously been confirmed by cultivation, a general real-time PCR amplifying DNA of all Brucella strains, as well as by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) [22, 23]. Ethical review of research involving humans is not applicable for diagnostic development and quality assessment.
Bacterial DNA was extracted using the commercially available EZ1® DNA Tissue Kit from (Qiagen, Stockholm, Sweden) according to the protocol from the manufacturer and stored at 4 °C until use. A volume of 5 μl of seal herpes virus cell culture was used in each sample of the total volume of 200 μl in the extraction step as a process control. Each sample was eluted in 50 μl elution buffer.
Bioinformatic analyses, primer & probe design and real-time PCR
In order to identify a B. melitensis-specific target(s), all available genomes in the public database of Brucella (N = 96) including all complete genomes of B. melitensis (N = 17) were used in the design of primers and probes. A 2 basepair deletion which is highly specific for B. melitensis was found in the acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase gene. Primers were designed flanking this deletion and a short 12-mer MGB probe was placed over the area with the deletion. The forward nucleotide sequence 5′-GCTCGACACAAAGGGCCA-3′ (Biomers, Germany) and the reverse nucleotide sequence 5′-CAAGCGTGGTCTGGCGA-3′ (Biomers, Germany) were used with the FAM-labelled hydrolysis probe -CCGAGATACAAA-MGB (Applied Biosystems®).
The real-time PCR assays were carried out in 25 μL reaction mixtures containing 5 μL template DNA, in PerfeCta Multiplex qPCR SuperMix (Applied Biosystems®) diluted in UltraPure™ DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water (Invitrogen™), 0.9 μM of each primer, and 0.2 μM probe. Amplification and detection were performed using two different PCR machines, an ABI-7500/96-well plates real-time FAST PCR platform, and a StepOne Plus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems®).
Thermocycling parameters were as follows: inactivation 95 °C for 3 min, followed by 45 cycles 95 °C for 3 s, and annealing at 60 °C for 30 s. The baseline and threshold were set using the auto-baseline and threshold feature in StepOneplus Software v2.2.2 (Applied Biosystems®). Samples were considered positive if target amplification was detected within 40 cycles.
Determination of the real-time PCR limit of detection
The limit of detection (LOD) was defined by using the Brucella ATCC 23456 strain with 106, 105, 104, 103, 102, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56, 0.78, 0.39 genome equivalents per reaction. LOD samples were analysed in six replicates for each concentration and with five runs on 5 days (Fig. 1).
Internal amplification control (IAC)
As internal amplification control (IAC), Phocine Herpesvirus 1 (PhHV-1) aliquots with a known DNA concentration and a target quantification cycle (Cq) of 32 was used .
Results and discussion
Real-time PCR is a rapid and reliable method for the analysis of Brucella in clinical samples. However, the high genomic similarity between different Brucella species makes the design of a species-specific real-time PCR assay difficult. An alternative attempt to use a probe (FAM-CCGCCGAGATACAAA) with Tm 68–70 °C (Primer Express v 3.0) resulted in a signal for all Brucella species, but also a signal for non-melitensis species. To increase the discriminatory effect, a shorter probe (FAM-CCGAGATACAAA-MGB) with Tm 57 °C was used. By using this shorter probe we could eliminate all the non-specific amplification derived from other Brucella species than B. melitensis.
The method was validated according to Broeders et al. 2014 and according to the validation standards of the Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), the Public Health Agency of Sweden (FOHM), the Swedish National Food Agency (NFA) and the Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI). The validation comprised applicability, practicability, specificity, linearity, and sensitivity.
No false positive or false negative result is acceptable in clinical BSL3 pathogen diagnostics. To guarantee a correct identification of BSL3- pathogens, we strongly recommend isolation of the bacteria on selective Brucella agar plates. This enables evaluation of the phenotypic properties of the strains, such as colony morphology, and enriches the molecular target of the PCR, as well as reduces the concentration of potential PCR inhibitors. Even after the enrichment an internal PCR process control is recommended as described above. All strains in our validation were cultured under the same conditions as bacterial strains were isolated in the clinical diagnostics workflow. The real-time PCR method was therefore recognized as applicable in combination with the isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens.
The assay was tested with 120 human clinical B. melitensis isolates, 31 other non B. melitensis Brucella strains, 45 non B. melitensis strains, and 6 B. melitensis reference strains. There was no amplification from any other Brucella species other than B. melitensis. The specificity of this method was 100% because all 126 B. melitensis samples were tested positive while all 76 non-B. melitensis samples gave no amplification in the real-time PCR.
The assay was used for the identification of Brucella samples from the first External Quality Assurance Exercises (EQAEs) on highly infectious agents (BSL-3) from the EU financed project “Efficient response to highly dangerous and emerging pathogens” (EMERGE). The results obtained with this assay conformed to the results of other laboratories.
The limit of detection was 6.25 genome equivalents of B. melitensis (ATCC 23456) per reaction of template DNA (1.25 GE/μl). At a DNA concentration of 3.125 genome equivalents per reaction, 80% of the reactions were still positive (Fig. 1).
The linear dynamic range of this PCR assay was determined by testing serially diluted DNA of B. melitensis strain ATCC 23456. The regression coefficient calculated from the regression line in the standard curve was R2 = 0.993, y-intercept = 37.766.
In conclusion, the novel real-time PCR assay is highly sensitive and reliable for the rapid detection of all biovars of B. melitensis. It is an important tool for diagnostic laboratories for clinical samples from both humans and animals.
This new real-time PCR method for the detection of all biovars of B. melitensis shows a high specificity (100%) and a high sensitivity (1.25 GE/μl) and has been successfully implemented in laboratories of four governmental authorities across Sweden (National Food Agency, National Veterinary Institute, Swedish Defence Research Agency and The Public Health Agency of Sweden).
Analysis and nonparametric inference
American type culture collection
Basic local alignment search tool
Culture Collection University of Göteborg
Efficient response to highly dangerous and emerging pathogens
External quality assurance exercises
Public Health Agency of Sweden
Internal amplification control
Limit of detection
- MALDI-TOF MS:
Matrix assisted laser dessorption/Ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
Minor groove binder
National Center for Biotechnology Information
National collection of type cultures
National food agency
Polymerase chain reaction
Phocine herpesvirus 1
National Veterinary Institute
Pappas G, Akritidis N, Tsianos EV. Brucellosis - Reply. New Engl J Med. 2005;353(10):1072.
Seleem MN, Boyle SM, Sriranganathan N. Brucellosis: a re-emerging zoonosis. Vet Microbiol. 2010;140(3–4):392–8.
Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E. Brucellosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(22):2325–36.
Young EJ. Human brucellosis. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5(5):821–42.
Whatmore AM. Current understanding of the genetic diversity of Brucella, an expanding genus of zoonotic pathogens. Infect Genet Evol. 2009;9(6):1168–84.
Whatmore AM, Davison N, Cloeckaert A, Al Dahouk S, Zygmunt MS, Brew SD, Perrett LL, Koylass MS, Vergnaud G, Quance C, et al. Brucella papionis sp. nov., isolated from baboons (Papio spp.). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2014;64(Pt 12):4120–8.
European Commission. Commission Decision of 23 June 2003 establishing the official tuberculosis, brucellosis, and enzootic-bovine-leukosis-free status of certain Member States and regions of Member States as regards bovine herds (Text with EEA relevance) (notified under document number C(2003). EC Official J. 2003;(L156):0074-0078.
Rolfhamre P, Jansson A, Arneborn M, Ekdahl K. SmiNet-2: Description of an internet-based surveillance system for communicable diseases in Sweden. Euro Surveill. 2006;11(5):103–7.
Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Nockler K, Neubauer H, Frangoulidis D. Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part II: serological tests for brucellosis. Clin Lab. 2003;49(11–12):577–89.
Garofolo G, Fasanella A, Di Giannatale E, Platone I, Sacchini L, Persiani T, Boskani T, Rizzardi K, Wahab T. Cases of human brucellosis in Sweden linked to Middle East and Africa. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9(1):277.
DelVecchio VG, Kapatral V, Redkar RJ, Patra G, Mujer C, Los T, Ivanova N, Anderson I, Bhattacharyya A, Lykidis A, et al. The genome sequence of the facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella melitensis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(1):443–8.
Halling SM, Peterson-Burch BD, Bricker BJ, Zuerner RL, Qing Z, Li LL, Kapur V, Alt DP, Olsen SC. Completion of the genome sequence of Brucella abortus and comparison to the highly similar genomes of Brucella melitensis and Brucella suis. J Bacteriol. 2005;187(8):2715–26.
Paulsen IT, Seshadri R, Nelson KE, Eisen JA, Heidelberg JF, Read TD, Dodson RJ, Umayam L, Brinkac LM, Beanan MJ, et al. The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(20):13148–53.
Wahab T, Ferrari S, Lindberg M, Backman S, Kaden R. Draft Genome Sequences of Brucella suis Biovar 4 Strain NCTC 10385, Brucella ceti Strain NCTC 12891T, Brucella inopinata Strain CAMP 6436T, and Brucella neotomae Strain ATCC 23459T. Genome Announc. 2014;2(5).
Garcia-Yoldi D, Marin CM, de Miguel MJ, Munoz PM, Vizmanos JL, Lopez-Goni I. Multiplex PCR assay for the identification and differentiation of all Brucella species and the vaccine strains Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 and Brucella melitensis Rev1. Clin Chem. 2006;52(4):779–81.
Yu WL, Nielsen K. Review of detection of Brucella spp. by polymerase chain reaction. Croat Med J. 2010;51(4):306–13.
Bricker BJ, Halling SM. Differentiation of Brucella abortus bv. 1, 2, and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis bv. 1 by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(11):2660–6.
Ocampo-Sosa AA, Aguero-Balbin J, Garcia-Lobo JM. Development of a new PCR assay to identify Brucella abortus biovars 5, 6 and 9 and the new subgroup 3b of biovar 3. Vet Microbiol. 2005;110(1–2):41–51.
Huber B, Scholz HC, Lucero N, Busse HJ. Development of a PCR assay for typing and subtyping of Brucella species. Int J Med Microbiol. 2009;299(8):563–73.
Kim J-Y, Kang S-I, Lee JJ, Lee K, Sung S-R, Erdenebaataar J, Vanaabaatar B, Jung SC, Park YH, Yoo H-S, et al. Differential diagnosis of Brucella abortus by real-time PCR based on a single-nucleotide polymorphisms. J Vet Med Sci. 2016;78(4):557–62.
Andriopoulos P, Tsironi M. Molecular Diagnosis of Brucellosis: A Brief Report. Adv Mol Diagn. 2016;1(2):108-10.
Drevinek M, Dresler J, Klimentova J, Pisa L, Hubalek M. Evaluation of sample preparation methods for MALDI-TOF MS identification of highly dangerous bacteria. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012;55(1):40–6.
Lista F, Reubsaet FA, De Santis R, Parchen RR, de Jong AL, Kieboom J, van der Laaken AL, Voskamp-Visser IA, Fillo S, Jansen HJ, et al. Reliable identification at the species level of Brucella isolates with MALDI-TOF-MS. BMC Microbiol. 2011;11:267.
van Doornum GJJ, Guldemeester J, Osterhaus ADME, Niesters HGM. Diagnosing Herpesvirus Infections by Real-Time Amplification and Rapid Culture. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(2):576–80.
Broeders S, Huber I, Grohmann L, Berben G, Taverniers I, Mazzara M, Roosens N, Morisset D. Guidelines for validation of qualitative real-time PCR methods. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2014;37(2):115–26.
The authors gratefully thank Martina Lindberg, Stina Bäckman and Talar Boskani for technical assistance, Nina Lagerqvist, Annelie Lundin Zumpe, Anna-Lena Johansson and Moa Lavander for fruitful discussion, Öjar Melfors, Romanico Arrighi and Leigh Davidsson for critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira for sending us their two Brucella canis isolates 3.4.2008/122 and E2014122-106.
This project is part of ongoing work to develop and harmonise methods to increase the level of biopreparedness in Sweden and is performed within the Forum for Biopreparedness Diagnostics (FBD), involving four governmental institutes: the National Veterinary Institute (SVA), the Public Health Agency of Sweden (FOHM), the National Food Agency (NFA), and the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) financed by by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The new real-time PCR method was also tested at the Swedish Laboratory for Food Safety and Biopreparedness (RUB), as a collaborative effort of the SVA and the NFA.
Availability of data and materials
All available genomes in the public database of Brucella (N = 96), including all complete genomes of B. melitensis (N = 17), were used in the design of primers and probes in August 2016.
EA carried out the sequence analysis, RK participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. SF carried out the exclusivity test. TW conceived the study, participated in its design, drafted the manuscript, and performed most of the laboratory work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical Review of Research Involving Humans is not applicable for diagnostic development and quality assessment. In this study we used an historical collection of Brucella from the Public Health Agency of Sweden. No data from human patients were used, therefore informed consent was not required.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
About this article
Cite this article
Kaden, R., Ferrari, S., Alm, E. et al. A novel real-time PCR assay for specific detection of Brucella melitensis . BMC Infect Dis 17, 230 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2327-7
- Brucella melitensis
- Real-Time PCR
|
<urn:uuid:2a386b5d-9d67-48a1-b03f-51bb0822c7b2>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-017-2327-7
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371675859.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407054138-20200407084638-00258.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.863463 | 5,699 | 2.75 | 3 |
Developed by the Curriculum Review Team
|Q.||14. What is the difference between Core, Supplemental, and Intervention instruction?|
Core Instruction is instruction provided to all students in the class, and it is usually guided by a comprehensive core reading program. Part of the core instruction is usually provided to the class as a whole, and part is provided during the small group, differentiated instruction period. Although instruction is differentiated by student need during the small group period, materials and lesson procedures from the core program can frequently be used to provide reteaching, or additional teaching to students according to their needs.
Supplemental Instruction is instruction that goes beyond that provided by the comprehensive core program because the core program does not provide enough instruction or practice in a key area to meet the needs of the students in a particular classroom or school. For example, teachers in a school may observe that their comprehensive core program does not provide enough instruction in vocabulary, or in phonics, to adequately meet the needs of the majority of their students. They could then select a supplemental program in these areas to strengthen the initial instruction and practice provided to all students.
Intervention Instruction is provided only to students who are lagging behind their classmates in the development of
critical reading skills. This instruction will usually be guided by a specific intervention program that focuses on one or more of the
key areas of reading development. This type of instruction is needed by only a relatively small minority of students in a class. In some
cases, students in 2nd and 3rd grade may have lagged so far behind grade level development of reading skills that very little content
from the grade level comprehensive core program is suitable for them. In these cases, students may need to receive instruction guided by
a comprehensive intervention program that is specifically designed to meet their specific needs while at the same time accelerating their
growth toward grade level reading ability.
|Q.||15. What materials should I use for targeted instruction for my struggling students?|
Targeted Supplemental Reading Programs (TSRP) and Targeted Intervention Reading Programs (TIRP) provide instruction in one or more areas of reading skill. They are intended for flexible use to support extra instruction for all students, or in more intensive interventions to meet the needs of specific areas such as phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, or comprehension. If students in second or third grade are so far below grade level in their reading skills that very little of the instruction and practice supported by the comprehensive core program is appropriate for them, they may be more effectively served in a group or classroom that receives instruction guided by a targeted intervention program.
|Q.||16. What exactly is meant by immediate intensive intervention (iii), or 'triple i'?|
Immediate intensive intervention is specifically designed and customized instruction for homogeneous small group or one-on-one
reading instruction. It is considered "immediate" because it should begin as soon as the teacher becomes aware that a student is
lagging seriously behind in the development of one or more critical reading skills. It involves systematic and explicit
instruction that specifically address the student's deficiency in a component skill, and it also involves more frequent progress
monitoring on target skills to ensure adequate progress. Immediate, intensive interventions can be provided by the classroom
teacher, a reading resource or special education teacher, or a well-trained and supervised paraprofessional. They can be provided
both within and outside of the 90 minute reading block. For example, during the small group instructional period within the 90
minute block, a resource teacher could provide an intensive intervention to one small group of students, while the teacher was
providing differentiated instruction to another group of students, and the rest of the students were working at independent reading
centers. One key to success for intensive interventions is that they must increase the instructional intensity available to the
child. To do this, interventions should be offered every day in as small a group as possible, and they should be delivered by a
skilled instructor. For more information about organizing and delivering immediate intensive interventions within a school, please
see A Principal's Guide to Intensive Reading Interventions for Struggling Readers in Reading First Schools by Joseph Torgesen:
|Q.||17. What can we use for intervention when third grade students are not successful with the Comprehensive Core Reading Program?|
Comprehensive Intervention Reading Programs (CIRP) are intended to replace the core reading programs for students who are reading one or more years below grade level, and who are struggling with a broad range of reading skills. Comprehensive Intervention Programs include instructional content based on the five essential components of reading instruction integrated into a coherent instructional design. A coherent design includes explicit instructional strategies, coordinated instructional sequences, ample practice opportunities, and aligned student materials.
Comprehensive Intervention Reading Programs provide instruction that is more intensive, explicit, systematic, and more motivating than instruction students have previously received. These programs also provide more frequent assessments of student progress and more systematic review in order to insure proper pacing of instruction and mastery of all instructional components. If the CIRP is used as a replacement for the Core Reading Program, the CIRP must be taught by a highly knowledgeable teacher with a relatively small group of students.
|
<urn:uuid:d0486254-1797-43fc-8ed5-0f535d0ecee7>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.fcrr.org/Curriculum/curriculumInstructionFAQ2.shtm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267876.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00292-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949086 | 1,075 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Predicting the ecological niche and potential habitat distribution of a given organism is one of the central domains of ecological and biogeographical research. A wide variety of modeling techniques have been developed for this purpose. In order to implement these models, the users must prepare a specific runtime environment for each model, learn how to use multiple model platforms, and prepare data in a different format each time. Additionally, often model results are difficult to interpret, and a standardized method for comparing model results across platforms does not exist. We developed a free and open source online platform, the multi-models web-based (mMWeb) platform, to address each of these problems, providing a novel environment in which the user can implement and compare multiple ecological niche model (ENM) algorithms.
mMWeb combines 18 existing ENMs and their corresponding algorithms and provides a uniform procedure for modeling the potential habitat niche of a species via a common web browser. mMWeb uses Java Native Interface (JNI), Java R Interface to combine the different ENMs and executes multiple tasks in parallel on a super computer. The cross-platform, user-friendly interface of mMWeb simplifies the process of building ENMs, providing an accessible and efficient environment from which to explore and compare different model algorithms.
Citation: Qiao H, Lin C, Ji L, Jiang Z (2012) mMWeb - An Online Platform for Employing Multiple Ecological Niche Modeling Algorithms. PLoS ONE 7(8): e43327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043327
Editor: Cédric Sueur, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, France
Received: February 27, 2012; Accepted: July 19, 2012; Published: August 17, 2012
Copyright: © Qiao et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (A New Method to Predict the Species Distributions, 31100390), the Science and Technology Supporting Project of Ministry of Science and Technology of People’s Republic of China (2008BAC39B04), and the Key Program of Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-Z-4). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ecological niche models (ENMs) – calculate the environmental conditions suitable to a given species using known occurrence data and environmental variables as an intermediate step to predicting its potential geographic distribution , . Traditional and new theories, along with technical innovations are used in ecological niche modeling, and a wide variety of ENM platforms have been developed , –. Several toolkits are widely used for predicting species’ potential habitat –. Thus, ENM has become an important tool and is one of the frontiers for global change ecology, conservation biology, and biogeographical research during the last two decades .
Even though the internal methods of ENMs are different, ENMs have a similar modeling process that includes inputting species occurrence and environmental data, setting up a group of parameters, and model training and prediction of suitable habitat in a studied area . However, each ENM has its own requirements in terms of data preparation (e.g. the format of input, environmental layers, and the parameters), system requirements (e.g. Java, MS Windows, MatLab script, and R environment) and requires users to have the necessary skills to implement the ENM . The output values and file formats of the ENMs often differ, resulting in further confusion for the user. In addition, although each toolkit has its own method to evaluate the model accuracy (e.g. AUC/Kappa/TSS) , there is not a universal method to compare the results among models from different toolkits in a standardized environment.
Currently, some platforms exist that address some of these concerns. openModeller, which is an ecological niche modeling library, provides a uniform method for modeling potential habitat patterns using eleven modeling algorithms . Lifemapper provides a simple interface to build the models in openModeller on a super computer . Another computer platform, BIOMOD examines species-environment relationships under the R environment, providing eight algorithms . While these platforms provide a variety of algorithm options to the user, little overlap exists between platforms. For example, openModeller and BIOMOD share only two algorithms, Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forests, whereas MaxEnt, which is widely used in this field, is not included in either platform at this time . Therefore, the user must configure the openModeller, R environment for BIOMOD, and Java environment for MaxEnt if he (she) would like to execute multiple algorithms.
Furthermore, the output formats among openModeller, BIOMOD and MaxEnt differ. The openModeller uses the GeoTIFF format with output values between 0 to 255, while MaxEnt uses Arc/Info ASCII Grid format with float values between 0 to 1, and BIOMOD’s results are “data.frame" objects in R. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) value, which is one of the most important evaluation indexes in ENMs , –, is produced by different computational methods on each platform. The AUC value in BIOMOD is derived using a traditional method employing random pseudo-absent data , , while both openModeller and MaxEnt use an improved method, which replaces specificity with the proportion of area predicted present on the x-axis and thresholds sensitivity by subtracting a user defined omission error on the y-axis , , . Although all the existing tools have AUC values corresponding to model results, it is not possible to compare model performance using the outputted AUC values directly.
In order to improve the efficiency of the ecological niche modeling process, we created mMWeb, a uniform platform to implement model runs and to compare model results derived from multiple algorithms. Construction of mMWeb began in 2008 during the implementation of the projects “Assessment on Threatened Status of Terrestrial Vertebrates in China" and “Monitoring the Biodiversity in Deserts and Grasslands." The objective of the mMWeb project is to provide web-based tools for researchers interested in using an ecological niche modeling approach to analyze species’ occurrence data, to display potentially suitable habitats across geographic space, and to compare multiple model algorithm results.
mMWeb provides a standard interface to invoke several existing applications (Table 1), to convert model results to the same format and scale, and to calculate and compare model accuracy between different algorithms using AUC values. mMWeb is a free, cross-platform, and open source project. Users can access the mMWeb platform via commonly used browsers, such as MS Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Chrome. Additionally, all mMWeb application codes can be retrieved through a subversion repository.
Materials and Methods
mMWeb consists of four independent modules (Figure 1) and a User Center. The first module, the User Interface, creates a prediction task, monitors the task status, and displays results through a browser. The second module, the Task-scheduling Component, is the core of the platform. Within this module, the assembly plant assigns the occurrence records, selected models, and the associated parameters to a task, marks the task’s status as “in queue", and appends it to the tail of the task queue. The Spirit Thread is a memory-resident program. Whenever the task queue changes, the Spirit Thread is activated. If the number of the tasks in the task pool is less than the “MAXTASKS" parameter of mMWeb, the task at the head of the task queue will be moved to the task pool, and its status will be changed to “running". The tasks in the task pool are executed in parallel. When a task is completed, the Spirit Thread is activated to complete the final steps. These steps include converting model result formats, changing the task’s status to “finished", and clearing the temporary files and recovery resources.
mMWeb consists of four independent modules: User interface, Task-scheduling component, Reminder service, and Geospatial data service.
Upon completion of a task, the Spirit Thread activates the third module, the Reminder Service, to send an email to the user. The Spirit Thread monitors the task continuously when it is in the task pool. If a task in the pool claims more resources than the limitations (i.e. maximum memory allocation or maximum execution time), the Spirit Thread will stop the execution of the task and inform the Reminder Service to send an email alert to the corresponding user.
The last module, the Geospatial Data Service, is an independent component. The module stores, analyzes, and displays task results. When the task is finished, the results are sent to the Geospatial Data Service via a Representational State Transfer (REST) interface. The user interface provides a function for exploring species occurrence records and model results via Web Map Service (WMS) in a browser.
In addition to the geospatial data service, the User Center is also an independent component in mMWeb (Figure 2). It is a personal space that allows users to create their own accounts and to upload user defined environmental layers and occurrence localities. Uploaded data and tasks implemented through personal accounts are not available to other users and are managed by the account holder. The User Center provides the possibility for individuals to build a comprehensive model with specific environmental factors at various spatial resolutions in mMWeb. Additionally, the User Center has the capacity to supply account holders with a secure space to store data and results. mMWeb will not share or employ uploaded data for any commercial or non-commercial use without the permission of the user.
The User Center includes the following functions: (1) Uploading and managing user data sets, environmental layers, and mask layers; (2) The entrance for generating a private task with the uploaded data sets and layers; (3) The private tasks filter; and (4) Login/out switch.
Modeling Reeves’ Pheasant - a Case Study
We used ecological niche models in mMWeb to predict the potential distribution of suitable habitat of the endangered species, Reeves’ pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii). Reeves’ pheasant is endemic in central and eastern China. The current geographic distribution of Reeves’ pheasant is quite small, with most of the existing wild populations inhabiting broad leafed forests. Occurrence data consisted of 49 localities, provided by Prof. Zhengwang Zhang of Beijing Normal University.
Using ENMs to investigate endangered species provides an opportunity to answer several questions regarding potential habitats under present and future environmental conditions. Here, we use Reeve’s pheasant as an example species to demonstrate the utility of mMWeb tools, but do not elaborate on the specific ecological niche of the species as it relates to model results.
The following steps outline the procedure used to predict the potential distribution of suitable habitat for Reeves’ pheasant within the mMWeb platform. Initially, we selected the 18 available models in mMWeb for implementation, using default parameter settings. The 19 WorldClim Bioclimatic layers with a 10’ resolution served as the environmental dataset, and we chose a global extent as a mask layer.
Next we supplied an email address and clicked the “Submit job" button to invoke the tasks. We monitored the statuses of the tasks in the “Task List" page, although it is possible for the user to close the browser. When the tasks were completed, an email report was sent to the provided address with the option to download the archived results or to follow a web link that connected us to the results within mMWeb (Figure 3).
1) Choose model, 2) select model parameters, 3) choose environmental layers and a mask layer, 4) upload the occurrence data, 5) provide a contact email address and submit job.
Upon completion of all tasks, the next objective was to compare results between models to determine the optimal algorithm under which to model the suitable habitat for Reeve’s Pheasant. Comparisons of ENMs are a hot topic in this field. However, there is not an acceptable general criterion for choosing a suitable algorithm for a data set. mMWeb standardizes all model results to values between 0 and 255 prior to calculating AUC values. This step provides the user with a means to compare model results across different algorithms. At present, mMWeb provides a widely used index, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) value, but also includes two improved methods for calculating AUC values , .
In this case study, we selected all the finished tasks and calculated the partial-area AUC value with the parameters E = 0 and Precision of AUC = 50. Figure 4 shows the introduction of this function, the AUC values, and one ROC chart. In the case of Reeve’s pheasant, GBM, ENVSCORE, RF, GARP, MaxEnt, and MA had higher AUC values, and therefore, these algorithms would be appropriate to model the species.
1) Select calculated results, 2) choose AUC method from menu, 3) select parameters, 4) calculate, and 5) show ROC.
Figure 5 shows the GARP result after we clicked “Detail −> View report". The link “Download result" next to “View report" allows the user to download all the data, including the intermediate and final results of the corresponding model in a zip format file. A “readme.txt" in the downloaded zip file helps the user to repeat the modeling process in additional software platforms, such as MaxEnt, openModeller, WEKA and BIOMOD.
mMWeb provides solutions for those users interested in ecological niche modeling. It provides a user-friendly, web-based graphical environment for researchers and conservation managers. Users with little computer programming training can easily access and utilize several ENM algorithms available through mMWeb via a browser. All project tasks run continuously on a powerful server, and therefore, the modeling process is efficient.
mMWeb is an option for users who want to analyze large datasets. The system implements different algorithms and allows users to experiment with different modeling techniques without having to learn a new application, prepare data in a different format, or input data repeatably for each application.
The greatest contribution of mMWeb is the development of a platform from which the user can compare model results from different algorithms in a standardized format, thereby promoting the selection of an appropriate modeling approach for the specified dataset. Additionally, all task results can be directly transferred from mMWeb to other software, such as, ESRI ArcInfo, Weka, R, and MaxEnt.
Availability and Future Directions
mMWeb is an open source platform (http://mmweb.animal.net.cn), freely available under the GNU Lesser General Public License. The PURL address of it is http://purl.oclc.org/mmweb. All source codes can be retrieved via a subversion repository (http://sourceforge.net/p/mmweb/code/2/tree/trunk/) or (svn://mmweb.animal.net.cn/mmweb/trunk) (Recommended).
Ecological niche modeling is a rapidly developing technique to address various questions in biology and paleontology. Therefore, we will continue to update the mMWeb platform with new algorithms and techniques to facilitate the modeling process. Additionally, the authors are working toward the inclusion of an algorithm selector, an innovative component with the ability to analyze a data set’s characteristics and to select the appropriate model(s) and associated parameter(s) based on these attributes.
Prof. Zhengwang Zhang of Beijing Normal University provided the test dataset and helped to explain the results. Dr. Mauro E. S. Muñoz, Dr. Renato De Giovanni, Dr.Wilfried Thuiller, and Dr. Steven J. Phillips provided the algorithms. Lindsay Campbell revised the English language. Particularly, we would like to acknowledge Prof. Robert K. Colwell of the University of Connecticut, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on this manuscript and provided comments on mMWeb. We thank all those mentioned above.
Conceived and designed the experiments: HJQ ZGJ LQJ. Performed the experiments: HJQ CTL. Analyzed the data: HJQ CTL ZGJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CTL. Wrote the paper: HJQ ZGJ.
- 1. Peterson AT (2006) Ecological niche modeling and spatial patterns of disease transmission. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12: 1822–1826.
- 2. Pearson RG, Raxworthy CJ, Nakamura M, Peterson TA (2007) Predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography 34: 102–117.
- 3. Peterson AT, Papeş M, Soberón J (2008) Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling. Ecological Modelling 213: 63–72.
- 4. Guisan A, Thuiller W (2005) Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8: 993–1009.
- 5. Miller J (2010) Species Distribution Modeling. Geography Compass 4: 490–509.
- 6. Soberón J (2007) Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species. Ecology Letters 10: 1115–1123.
- 7. Soberón J, Nakamura M (2009) Niches and distributional areas: Concepts, methods, and assumptions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 19644–19650.
- 8. Soberon J (2005) Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’ distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics: 1–10.
- 9. Syphard AD, Franklin J (2009) Differences in spatial predictions among species distribution modeling methods vary with species traits and environmental predictors. Ecography 32: 907–918.
- 10. Grenouillet G, Buisson L, Casajus N, Lek S (2010) Ensemble modelling of species distribution: the effects of geographical and environmental ranges. Ecography 34: 9–17.
- 11. Austin M (2007) Species distribution models and ecological theory: A critical assessment and some possible new approaches. Ecological Modelling 200: 1–19.
- 12. Sutton T, Giovanni R, Siqueira MF (2007) Introducing openModeller - A fundamental niche modelling framework OSGeo Journal.
- 13. Mbogga MS, Wang X, Hamann A (2010) Bioclimate envelope model predictions for natural resource management: dealing with uncertainty. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 731–740.
- 14. Stockwell D, Peters D (1998) The GARP modelling system: problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 13: 143–158.
- 15. Phillips SJ, Dudík M (2008) Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31: 161–175.
- 16. Hirzel AH, Hausser J, Chessel D, Perrin N (2002) Ecological niche factor analysis: How to compute habitat-suitability maps without absence data. Ecology 83: 2027–2036.
- 17. Busby JR (1986) A biogeoclimatic analysis of Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. in southeastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 11: 1–7.
- 18. Muñoz MES, Giovanni R, Siqueira MF, Sutton T, Brewer P, et al.. (2009) openModeller: a generic approach to species’ potential distribution modelling. GeoInformatica.
- 19. Thuiller W, Lafourcade B, Engler R, Araújo MB (2009) BIOMOD – a platform for ensemble forecasting of species distributions. Ecography 32: 369–373.
- 20. Lifemapper (2011) Lifemapper home page. http://www.lifemapper.org/.
- 21. openModeller (2012) openModeller home page. http://openmodeller.sourceforge.net/.
- 22. Anderson RP, Lew D, Peterson AT (2003) Evaluating predictive models of species’ distributions: criteria for selecting optimal models. Ecological Modelling 162: 211–232.
- 23. Peterson AT, Papes M, Eaton M (2007) Transferability and model evaluation in ecological niche modeling: a comparison of GARP and Maxent. Ecography 30: 550–560.
- 24. Heikkinen RK, Marmion M, Luoto M (2011) Does the interpolation accuracy of species distribution models come at the expense of transferability? Ecography: no-no.
- 25. Elith J, Graham C, Anderson R, Dudik M, Ferrier S, et al. (2006) Novel methods improve prediction of species distributions from occurrence data. Ecography 29: 129–151.
- 26. Tsoar A, Allouche O, Steinitz O, Rotem D, Kadmon R (2007) A comparative evaluation of presence-only methods for modelling species distribution. Diversity and Distributions 13: 397–405.
- 27. Elizabeth A, Freeman GM (2008) PresenceAbsence: An R Package for Presence Absence Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software 23: 1–31.
- 28. R Development Core Team (2011) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
- 29. Hall M, Frank E, Holmes G, Pfahringer B, Reutemann P, et al.. (2009) The WEKA Data Mining Software: An Update. SIGKDD Explorations 11.
- 30. GDAL Development Team (2011) GDAL - Geospatial Data Abstraction Library, Version 1.7.0.
- 31. GeoServer Development Team (2011) GeoServer 2.1.3.
- 32. OpenLayers Development Team (2011) OpenLayers 2.0.
- 33. Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A (2005) Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965–1978.
- 34. Santana FS, Fonseca RR, Saraiva AM, Corrêa PLP, Bravo C, et al.. (2006) openModeller - an open framework for ecological niche modeling: analysis and future improvements 2006 World Conference on Computers in Agriculture and Natural Resources.
- 35. Thuiller W, Lafourcade B, Engler R, Araújo MB (2010) R-Forge: BIOMOD Project Home.
- 36. Qiao HJ (2010) Construction and Comparison of Species Potential Distribution Models Ph.D. Dissertation. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
|
<urn:uuid:f399f3e7-36c9-4c39-9177-84f558a8737e>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0043327
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439736883.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200806061804-20200806091804-00125.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.838745 | 4,928 | 2.90625 | 3 |
"Inequality represents one of the most serious threats of the 21st century. It is a threat not only to the fabric of our society, but to the long term security and sustainability of our national and local econony.
"It is estimated that currently one in three of all children in the UK – 3.5 million in total – currently live in poverty (Barnardos 2015).
"In Lewes constituency we have a staggering one in five children living below the poverty line. Some people might be surprised to know that at one in four, the number in Lewes town itself is even higher than across the constituency as a whole (End Child Poverty 2014).
"Perhaps worst of all, 63 per cent of all children living in poverty come from a household where at least one adult is in regular employment (Barnardos 2015).
"These children face lower educational attainment, reduced life prospects and even reduced life expectancy; simply because their parents are not paid enough for a full day’s work. In turn, this represents not only a loss of opportunity for the children themselves, but a huge missed opportunity for the constituency as a whole.
"The Green Party wants to tackle poverty paying wages, both here in Lewes, and across the UK, with a Living Wage. Green Party MPs will call on parliament to legislate for a National Living Wage of £10 per hour by 2020, and peg this wage to average incomes to ensure everyone benefits from a recovering, and fairer economy. This would not only help alleviate poverty, but also reduce the welfare bill by reducing the need for in-work-benefits – ending the current state subsidy of poverty paying wages.
"Locally, elected Green Party councillors will immediately work to build an alliance of businesses across the district who support the Living Wage, currently set at £7.85 per hour outside London.
"Good businesses recognise that decent wages mean better staff retention and morale, as well as a more effective and efficient business model as a whole. The Green Party would also work closely with our partners locally to actively publicise those businesses paying a living wage, helping to give these organisations a competitive edge with consumers – driving up standards one industry at a time."
|
<urn:uuid:a5cae74f-d97f-44df-859f-c04b17a63061>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://lewes.greenparty.org.uk/living-wage.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825227.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022113105-20171022133105-00695.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95914 | 452 | 2.65625 | 3 |
GM Demonstrates Gasoline Fuel Cell Vehicle
On Wednesday, May 1, General Motors Corp. demonstrated what it believes is the world’s first drivable fuel cell vehicle that extracts hydrogen from gasoline to produce electricity.The demonstration of the fuel cell-powered Chevrolet S-10 pickup truck took place on a road course in this community south of Rochester. “This vehicle and the reforming technology in it move us closer to a hydrogen economy,” said Larry Burns, GM vice president of research and development and planning. However, the technology is not expected to be widely available until the end of the decadeFuel cells use a chemical reaction between oxygen and hydrogen to produce electric power. When pure hydrogen is used the only tailpipe emission is harmless water vapor.The S-10 pickup being demonstrated was equipped with a fuel processor that reforms low sulfur gasoline though a series of chemical reactions. Gasoline-fed fuel cells are viewed as a transitional technology as automakers, suppliers and researchers work on fuel cell vehicles that will run on pure hydrogen.GM says the reformer technology installed on the S-10 could cut carbon dioxide emissions by 50 percent, and permit the vehicle to travel for up to 40 miles per gallon of fuel. The automaker claims all regulated emissions would be nearly eliminated except for trace amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. There would be no oxides of nitrogen.
|
<urn:uuid:a045859e-0ad2-45b1-8eab-e69af64edc54>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.automotive-fleet.com/channel/fuel-management/news/story/2002/05/gm-demonstrates-gasoline-fuel-cell-vehicle1.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424287.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723062646-20170723082646-00317.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946793 | 278 | 2.859375 | 3 |
MADRID Basque separatist group ETA is due to hand over its weapons on Saturday, signalling an end to Western Europe's last insurgency, which killed more than 850 people in Spain over half a century.
Here is a timeline of major events since the founding of ETA, whose initials stand for Euskadi ta Askatasuna (Basque Country and Freedom), and its gradual weakening.
1959 - Students in Madrid form ETA during dictatorship of Francisco Franco, who suppressed Basque culture, to fight for independent state in northern Spain and southern France.
1968 - ETA carries out first known killing, shooting Meliton Manzanas, secret police chief in Basque city of San Sebastian. Six members are later sentenced to death.
1973 - Franco's Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco is killed when his car drives over explosives planted by ETA in Madrid.
1974 - Explosion at "Rolando" cafe in Madrid kills 12.
1975 - Spain becomes democracy but ETA continues its violent campaign, altering previous public perception of movement as force for resistance against fascism.
1978 - ETA founds political wing Herri Batasuna.
1980 - In its bloodiest year, ETA kills about 100 people.
1983 - Government officials set up illegal death squads known as Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups.
1985 - ETA car bomb explodes in Madrid. A U.S. tourist is killed and 16 Civil Guards wounded.
1986 - Twelve Civil Guards are killed and 50 wounded in Madrid in July. Juan Manuel Soares is later sentenced to 1,401 years in jail for killings.
1987 - Twenty-one shoppers are killed by bomb at Barcelona supermarket in June. ETA apologises. Car bomb outside barracks in Zaragoza kills 11.
1991 - Ten people killed by car bomb outside Civil Guard barracks in Barcelona.
1995 - ETA members attempt to kill Jose Maria Aznar, leader of right-wing Popular Party, with car bomb. He survives and becomes prime minister in March 1996.
1995 - Attempt to asssassinate King Juan Carlos in Mallorca.
1997 - Basque police foil plot to assassinate King Juan Carlos at Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao. One officer dies in shootout, ETA member Eneko Gogeaskoetxea escapes.
1997 - ETA kidnaps and kills Basque Popular Party member and Ermua town councillor Miguel Angel Blanco. Outrage spreads through Spain and 6 million take to streets.
1998 - ETA announces truce which ends in Dec. 1999.
1999 - ETA meets Spanish government in Switzerland. In November, it announces ceasefire for Dec. 3.
2000 - Car bombs in Madrid mark return to violent campaign.
2003 - Supreme Court outlaws Batasuna party, which denies links to ETA but refuses to condemn attacks.
2003 - Two bombs in resort towns of Alicante and Benidorm injure more than 10 people. Santander airport is also bombed.
2004 - Suspected top leader Mikel Albisu Iriarte, alias "Mikel Antza" is arrested in France. Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero appeals to ETA to give up fight.
2005 - Parliament lower house approves resolution authorising government to negotiate disarmament, with agreement of all groups except Popular Party.
2006 - ETA declares permanent ceasefire in March. Zapatero tells parliament he will seek peace talks. In December, car bomb explodes at Madrid airport killing two Ecuadorians. Zapatero breaks off peace process.
2007 - Zapatero rejects an offer from Arnaldo Otegi, leader of the Batasuna, to restart peace talks without demanding major concessions from Spain. In April, ETA says it is willing to compromise if Spain stops arresting militants in Basque Country.
2007 - ETA announces end to ceasefire in June. Two Guardia Civil working undercover in France are killed in December.
2008 - Zapatero rules out any chance of peace talks with ETA and says only option is unilateral surrender. Isaias Carrasco, former Socialist Party councillor, is killed in Mondragon. In November, ETA claims responsibility for 10 bombings and says it will press its campaign for Basque rights.
- Suspected military leader, Garikoitz Aspiazu Rubina, known by his alias "Txeroki" or "Cherokee", is arrested in France.
- In December, Ignacio Uria, owner of construction company Altuna y Uria which was building high-speed train line, is shot dead in Azpeitia. ETA claims responsibility. French police arrest man identified as Balak, presumed successor to Txeroki.
2009 - Jurdan Martitegi, ETA's new military leader known as "the giant", is arrested in southern France in April. Two Civil Guard officers are killed in explosion at barracks in Mallorca, near royal holiday home, in July.
- French police arrest three suspected members in ski resort and raid 13 weapons stashes in southern France in August, dealing heavy blow to the group.
- In November, Batasuna calls for talks between ETA and Spain based on principles used in Northern Ireland's peace process. Spain rejects overtures the next day.
2010 - Ibon Gogeascoechea, ETA's latest leader and on run since escaping scene of assassination attempt on King Juan Carlos in 1997, is arrested in Normandy.
- French police officer is shot and killed near Paris after suspected rebels fire on his patrol. French Prime Minister Nicolas Sarkozy vows to pursue group.
- Suspected military leader Mikel Kabikoitz Karrera Sarobe, known as "Ata", is arrested in France.
- In September, ETA says it has decided to stop carrying out armed attacks. Spain is sceptical and insists ETA must lay down its arms for good. ETA lays out conditions for end to its violent campaign.
- Batasuna says it will reject violence in its drive to be legalized but government says it must go further to be allowed to participate in elections.
2011 - ETA declares permanent, general and verifiable ceasefire in January. The government rejects it and demands ETA permanently renounce violence and all its activities.
- U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan and Sinn Fein leader Gerry Adams attend conference in San Sebastian as pressure grows on ETA to renounce violence.
- In October, ETA announces "definitive end" to violence and moves to negotiate with France and Spain, which demand it gives up weapons. ETA makes no mention of possible weapons handover or disbanding.
- ETA says deal with France and Spain would be a condition to end armed fight but Spain says it must disband unconditionally.
2015 - Leading member Egoitz Urrutikoetxea arrested in Paris. Incumbent leader Mikel Irastorza arrested in France.
2017 - France's Le Monde reports on March 17 ETA has given activist group responsibility for weapons handover. A day later, Spain says it will give nothing in return.
- On April 6, Basque parliament votes on motion of support for ETA's disarmament.
(Reporting by Madrid newsroom, Editing by Angus MacSwan)
|
<urn:uuid:ae812673-6231-4039-8770-efb20fa19cdf>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://in.reuters.com/article/spain-eta-timeline-idINKBN1781HE
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320570.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625184914-20170625204914-00255.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938829 | 1,503 | 2.578125 | 3 |
3.5.2 Character Types
An enumeration type is said to
be a character type
if at least one of its enumeration literals
is a character_literal
predefined type Character is a character type whose values correspond
to the 256 code points of Row 00 (also known as Latin-1) of the ISO/IEC
10646:2011 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Each of the graphic characters
of Row 00 of the BMP has a corresponding character_literal
in Character. Each of the nongraphic characters of Row 00 has a corresponding
language-defined name, which is not usable as an enumeration literal,
but which is usable with the attributes Image, Wide_Image, Wide_Wide_Image,
Value, Wide_Value, and Wide_Wide_Value; these names are given in the
definition of type Character in A.1
”, but are set in italics
is defined in ISO/IEC 10646:2011.
type Wide_Character is a character type whose values correspond to the
65536 code points of the ISO/IEC 10646:2011 Basic Multilingual Plane
(BMP). Each of the graphic characters of the BMP has a corresponding
in Wide_Character. The first 256 values of Wide_Character have the same
or language-defined name as defined for Character. Each of the graphic_character
has a corresponding character_literal
The predefined type Wide_Wide_Character
is a character type whose values correspond to the 2147483648 code points
of the ISO/IEC 10646:2011 character set. Each of the graphic_character
has a corresponding character_literal
in Wide_Wide_Character. The first 65536 values of Wide_Wide_Character
have the same character_literal
or language-defined name as defined for Wide_Character.
The characters whose code point is larger than 16#FF# and which are not
s have language-defined names
which are formed by appending to the string "Hex_" the representation
of their code point in hexadecimal as eight extended digits. As with
other language-defined names, these names are usable only with the attributes
(Wide_)Wide_Image and (Wide_)Wide_Value; they are not usable as enumeration
The language-defined names are not usable as enumeration literals to
avoid "polluting" the name space. Since Wide_Character and
Wide_Wide_Character are defined in Standard, if the language-defined
names were usable as enumeration literals, they would hide other nonoverloadable
declarations with the same names in use
Paragraphs 6 and
7 were deleted.
31 The language-defined library package
Characters.Latin_1 (see A.3.3
) includes the
declaration of constants denoting control characters, lower case characters,
and special characters of the predefined type Character.
To be honest: The package ASCII does
the same, but only for the first 128 characters of Character. Hence,
it is an obsolescent package, and we no longer mention it here.
Example of a character
type Roman_Digit is ('I', 'V', 'X', 'L', 'C', 'D', 'M');
Inconsistencies With Ada 83
The declaration of Wide_Character
in package Standard hides use-visible declarations with the same defining
identifier. In the unlikely event that an Ada 83 program had depended
on such a use-visible declaration, and the program remains legal after
the substitution of Standard.Wide_Character, the meaning of the program
will be different.
Incompatibilities With Ada 83
The presence of Wide_Character
in package Standard means that an expression such as
'a' = 'b'
is ambiguous in Ada 95, whereas in Ada 83 both
literals could be resolved to be of type Character.
The change in visibility rules (see 4.2
for character literals means that additional qualification might be necessary
to resolve expressions involving overloaded subprograms and character
Extensions to Ada 83
The type Character has been
extended to have 256 positions, and the type Wide_Character has been
added. Note that this change was already approved by the ARG for Ada
83 conforming compilers.
The rules for referencing character literals
are changed (see 4.2
), so that the declaration
of the character type need not be directly visible to use its literals,
similar to null
and string literals. Context is used to resolve
Inconsistencies With Ada 95
Ada 95 defined most characters in Wide_Character
to be graphic characters, while Ada 2005 uses the categorizations from
ISO-10646:2003. It also provides language-defined names for all nongraphic
characters. That means that in Ada 2005, Wide_Character'Wide_Value will
raise Constraint_Error for a string representing a character_literal
of a nongraphic character, while Ada 95 would have accepted it. Similarly,
the result of Wide_Character'Wide_Image will change for such nongraphic
The language-defined names FFFE and FFFF were replaced by a consistent
set of language-defined names for all nongraphic characters with code
points greater than 16#FF#. That means that in Ada 2005, Wide_Character'Wide_Value("FFFE")
will raise Constraint_Error while Ada 95 would have accepted it. Similarly,
the result of Wide_Character'Wide_Image will change for the position
numbers 16#FFFE# and 16#FFFF#. It is very unlikely that this will matter
in practice, as these names do not represent usable characters.
Because of the previously mentioned changes to the Wide_Character'Wide_Image
of various character values, the value of attribute Wide_Width will change
for some subtypes of Wide_Character. However, the new language-defined
names were chosen so that the value of Wide_Character'Wide_Width itself
does not change.
The declaration of Wide_Wide_Character in package Standard hides use-visible
declarations with the same defining identifier. In the (very) unlikely
event that an Ada 95 program had depended on such a use-visible declaration,
and the program remains legal after the substitution of Standard.Wide_Wide_Character,
the meaning of the program will be different.
Extensions to Ada 95
Wording Changes from Ada 95
Characters are now defined in terms of the entire ISO/IEC 10646:2003
We dropped the Implementation Advice for nonstandard interpretation of
character sets; an implementation can do what it wants in a nonstandard
mode, so there isn't much point to any advice.
Wording Changes from Ada 2005
Removed the position numbers of nongraphic characters
from the text, as it is wrong and thus misleading.
Changed "code position" to "code point" consistently
throughout the standard, as ISO/IEC 10646:2011 prefers "code point"
and we are referring to the definition in that Standard. This change
also reduces confusion between "code point" and "position
number"; while these have the same values for the predefined character
types, there is no required relationship for other character types.
Ada 2005 and 2012 Editions sponsored in part by Ada-Europe
|
<urn:uuid:36700838-baab-4120-9304-354abb8525ed>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://ada-auth.org/standards/aarm12_w_tc1/html/AA-3-5-2.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424961.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725042318-20170725062318-00320.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.850448 | 1,575 | 3.53125 | 4 |
What is heat exhaustion?
Heat exhaustion is a potentially dangerous condition where the body’s core temperature gets too hot due to a combination of environmental heat, humidity and physical activity. Untreated heat exhaustion could lead to heat stroke.
What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion?
Heat exhaustion symptoms can appear suddenly during or after physical activity. The symptoms include: excessive sweating, dizziness, fainting, weak and rapid pulse, sudden fatigue, low blood pressure when standing up, muscle cramping, nausea and headache.
What should you do if you suspect heat exhaustion?
DO NOT HIDE! Make sure you are in an area where people can help you if necessary. Stop all physical activity and find a cool (preferably air conditioned) and shaded place to rest. Let those around you know you suspect you might be experiencing heat exhaustion. Drink cool water or electrolyte replacement. You should seek medical attention if your symptoms do not go away within 60 minutes or if your temperature gets above 104 degrees.
How can you prevent heat exhaustion?
Wear light clothing that is thin, loose and light-colored or specifically designed for hotter environments. Wear a hat or visor and apply plenty of sun block. Make sure you hydrate before during and after physical activity outside with cool water or an electrolyte replacement. If possible, try to remain in shaded areas when outside and acclimate to the environment before beginning rigorous exercise. Ease into exercise outdoors if you are not used to it; if you are with a trainer let your trainer know your concerns. Check any medications you may be taking that may increase your sensitivity to the sun.
What are the symptoms of a heat stroke?
A heat stroke is a serious medical condition that results from untreated heat exhaustion. Seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of the following symptoms: body temperature reaches and maintains a temperature over 104 degrees, lack of sweating and flushed skin, rapid breathing and heart beat, headache, neurological disorder (seizure, hallucination, sudden speech or coordination problems) and muscle fatigue and weakness.
Have fun getting or keeping fit this summer and STAY SAFE! Work It!
|
<urn:uuid:bf285930-2d0e-4383-b3fd-f181f5dc55bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.therepubliq.com/health/fitness/item/306-how-to-avoid-heat-exhaustion
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697232084/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094032-00097-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.908837 | 440 | 3.25 | 3 |
Well before the pandemic swept the world, scientists established a strong association between having a conspirative mentality that rejects mainstream ideas and vaccine hesitancy. The more entrenched the conspiratory thinking, the more likely that person is to reject vaccines. However, even people who harbor such viewpoints can be convinced to get a COVID vaccine just as readily as those without a conspiracy mindset as long as their close circle of friends and family are pro-vaccine.
Such was the conclusion of a new study led by Kevin Winter, a senior researcher at the Social Processes Lab at the University of Tübingen, Germany. These findings suggest that friends and perhaps even the community at large can play a major role in reducing vaccine hesitancy.
Winter and colleagues were motivated to embark on this study due to the now sizable body of evidence linking conspiracy theories with anti-vax sentiment and even COVID denial. Some believe that COVID-19 is a business for health care workers and doctors are diagnosing every fever as COVID-19 for their own financial benefit.
However, there are many social, cultural, and political factors that can play a vital role in the decision-making regarding vaccine acceptance and refusal. For their own part, the researchers in Germany wondered if the influence of a conspiracy mentality can be counterbalanced by social norms.
To test this hypothesis, they conducted five studies involving over 1,200 adults from Germany, who were questioned about their attitudes towards vaccines and were assessed regarding their general conspiracy mentality.
Each study was very similar in scope and design but involved a different type of vaccine, including a hypothetical vaccine needed for traveling abroad, a hepatitis B vaccine for one's real or imaginary child, a seasonal flu vaccine, a vaccine against the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and a COVID-19 vaccine when available (when the study was conducted COVID vaccines were yet to be available).
In each instance, the participants had to report how inclined they were to take the vaccine in question but also estimate the extent to which their friends and families would support the vaccine.
Remarkably, the results showed that nearly for every vaccine, having loved ones that supported vaccination canceled out the relationship between conspiracy mentality and vaccine hesitancy. The only exception was the study with the flu vaccine.
“The central point of our paper is that being susceptible to conspiracy theories is not unconditionally related to lower vaccination intentions. The crucial factor is what close others think about the vaccination,” Winter told PsyPost.
“Our findings suggest that when friends and families approve of a vaccination, conspiracy beliefs no longer play a role in predicting vaccination intentions. Thus, signaling a favorable attitude towards vaccinations to close others who are prone to conspiracy theories might do the trick in reducing their vaccine hesitancy.”
“Our findings generalize across a row of different vaccinations,” Winter added. “The expectations of close others do not only play a role with regard to the COVID-19 vaccination, but also, for instance, for the willingness to get a travel vaccination.”
These findings may prove important when devising communication and outreach strategies meant to increase vaccine compliance. This is especially relevant today when in the US and most of Europe the vast majority of people who wanted a vaccine have received one, the remaining population being hesitant. Scaling this wall is rife with many challenges, though. For instance, this study is careful to note that those with deeply entrenched conspiracy worldviews rejected vaccination out of principle. These individuals may also tend to surround themselves with people who share the same values. As such, these findings only apply to people who are somewhat susceptible to conspiracies and are hesitant towards vaccination but nevertheless have friends who can steer them in the right direction.
The study appeared in the British Journal of Health Psychology.
|
<urn:uuid:280f9d1c-2be9-4159-979e-f7b7e00d790e>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/people-who-harbor-conspiracy-theories-are-willing-to-get-the-vaccine-as-long-as-their-friends-do-too/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510387.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928095004-20230928125004-00585.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96387 | 780 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There’s an ongoing war against sugar – and your body is the battleground. And as with any war, you need to know your enemy. But sugar has more mystery surrounding it than the Bermuda triangle, so it’s hard to know fact from fiction. The truth is that not all sugars are made equal – but ultimately it comes down to the difference between natural and added sugars. The world health organisation classes these added sugars as ‘free sugars’ (ironic considering how much they can cost your health), these are snuck into foods under many names, including corn syrup, diastase, or ethyl maltol – anything to avoid the dreaded sugar label.
Eating these ‘free sugars’ is the worst thing next to injecting it straight into your bloodstream, free sugars will shoot straight to your liver, where the extra energy will start to be metabolised into fat. At TANK, good health is our mission, and we do our best to try and minimise the amount of added sugars in our juices, smoothies, and meals. Instead, we rely on the great taste of our natural, locally sourced fruit and veg.
While vegetables and fruit do contain sugar, natural sugars are to free sugars what an olympic cyclist is to a motorcycle gang. They might both get to your house on two wheels, but you’re only going to invite one of them in to meet your mum.
There’s two key differences between free and added sugar. Firstly, the sugars found in fruit and vegetables are encased in fibre. Depending on the type of fibre, your body will either digest sugar slowly, so your liver doesn’t take that massive hit, or the sugar might not be digested at all if the fibre is in an insoluble form.
Secondly, free sugars crash the party alone, while natural sugars bring all their cool friends along. Every sip of one of our smoothies or juices gets you a little sugar, but also a hit of the critical vitamins and nutrients your body needs to keep going. That’s why getting five servings of fruit and veg every day is so important – they provide a good part of the fuel that keeps you healthy.
Eating well isn’t always easy, but the more you know about what you’re putting into your body, the better equipped you are to get the most out of it everyday. At TANK, we do our best to source the freshest and best ingredients so that you can be sure you’re doing your body a favour with every bite or sip.
|
<urn:uuid:e7ed1353-38e6-411e-b339-cf936af668eb>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.tankjuice.co.nz/good-bad-sweet/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896374.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708031342-20200708061342-00383.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945675 | 532 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Sears, Roebuck and Co. building was listed in the National Register for its significance in architecture and commerce. The building’s commercial design, with elements of the Italian Renaissance Revival style on the central tower, followed a formula that Sears, Roebuck and Co. had developed in the first decade of the 20th century. The young Chicago firm of Nimmons and Fellows was tapped to design the first Sears complex in Chicago, and the successor firm of Nimmons & Company designed the Atlanta building. All of the Sears distribution centers/retail stores, including the one in Atlanta, featured a long, multi-story commercial building relieved by a central tower. The architecture of the towers varied and was the only part of the building to receive ornamentation.
The Atlanta building showcases early 20th century building techniques, including: reinforced concrete in the floors, mushroom columns, and brick curtain walls throughout. The building and shipping room were completed in 1926. Additions to the building were completed in 1932, 1948, and 1971. The building retains its multi-light metal windows, concrete columns, concrete floors, wood floors, stairs, and elevators. The complex has recently undergone rehabilitation and the former open retail and warehouse spaces have been converted to new retail, office, restaurant, and apartment spaces known as Ponce City Market.
The Atlanta building was one of two distribution centers in the Southeast constructed by Sears in the mid-1920s. Sears’ mail-order business was expanding at a rapid pace during that time as the growing trend of urbanization in the country was understood by management to be an opportunity to grow their retail business. The building, a combined retail and distribution center, was a ground-breaking commercial business model designed to appeal to city dwellers. It was one of the largest retail buildings in Atlanta at the time of its construction.
The National Register of Historic Places is our country's official list of historic buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts worthy of preservation. The National Register provides formal recognition of a property's architectural, historical, or archaeological significance. It also identifies historic properties for planning purposes, and insures that these properties will be considered in the planning of state or federally assisted projects. National Register listing encourages preservation of historic properties through public awareness, federal and state tax incentives, and grants. Listing in the National Register does not place obligations or restrictions on the use, treatment, transfer, or disposition of private property.
The Historic Preservation Division (HPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources serves as Georgia’s state historic preservation office. Its mission is to promote the preservation and use of historic places for a better Georgia. HPD’s programs include archaeology protection and education, environmental review, grants, historic resource surveys, tax incentives, the National Register of Historic Places, community planning and technical assistance.
|
<urn:uuid:a1ac4221-282f-4459-907f-0b5a654ff324>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://georgiashpo.org/pressrelease-searsbuilding
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146714.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227125512-20200227155512-00514.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960857 | 581 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Causes and Treatment of Bruxism
The grinding, gnashing, or clenching of teeth, also known as bruxism, may cause serious problems. Prolonged and frequent teeth grinding may lead to tooth damage and other complications. The team at our Queens cosmetic dentistry practice would like to look at some of the basic concerns surrounding bruxism and its treatment.
Causes of Bruxism
The causes of bruxism are not well understood, but may include anxiety and stress. Most severe teeth grinding occurs at night, however, and is likely the result of abnormal alignment of the teeth or missing and crooked teeth. Bruxism may also be caused by complications from a disease such as Huntington’s or the side effect of certain psychiatric medications, though these causes are less common.
Children tend to grind their teeth more, though this typically stops by adolescence. If you are under increased stress or frequently use tobacco products and drink caffeinated beverages you may also have an increased chance of grinding your teeth. Our Astoria cosmetic and restorative dentistry center can meet the needs of your entire family.
Symptoms of Bruxism
Teeth grinding occurs most often during sleep, making it difficult to detect. Many people grind their teeth loud enough that their partners hear it at night. Other signs that you may be grinding your teeth include headache, sore jaw, worn and chipped teeth, increased tooth sensitivity, facial pain and earache. Signs that you have chewed or bitten the inside of your cheek or tongue may also be a sign of teeth grinding.
If you suspect that you are grinding your teeth, see your dentist, who can check your mouth and jaw for signs of bruxism.
Possible Complications from Teeth Grinding
Long term teeth grinding left untreated can damage your teeth, grinding them down to stumps or requiring replacement. Untreated bruxism can also cause hearing loss, TMJ, and affect your jaws.
Treatment Options for Teeth Grinding
There are different treatments out there for teeth grinding depending on your needs, including advanced dental therapies and cosmetic and restorative dentistry treatments. Let’s briefly cover a few.
Mouth Guard or Splints
Your dentist may fit you with a mouth guard or splints. Splints fit over the upper or lower teeth and made of hard acrylic by your dentist. A mouth guard is softer and less expensive than splints, though in some people it increases bruxism. It can be obtained from your dentist or over the counter.
Ask your doctor or dentist about reducing stress in your life with methods such as professional therapy and meditation.
There are various techniques to train yourself to stop grinding your teeth. When you notice you are grinding your teeth, put your tongue between your teeth, which relaxes the jaw. Practice proper jaw position by holding your tongue at the top of your mouth with your lips closed and teeth apart. Ask your dentist about other techniques.
Avoid alcohol and caffeine, both of which tend to increase grinding. Avoid chewing gum and hard foods, as well as things that are not food like pencils and pens. Holding a warm cloth against your jaw can also help relax the muscles. Queens dental crowns or other restorative measures may be used to deal with damage to teeth as a result of grinding.
Contact Our Brooklyn Dental Practice
If you would like more information about the treatment of teeth grinding and how they can benefit you, be sure to contact our cosmetic dentistry practice serving Astoria today. We are eager to see you here in person.
|
<urn:uuid:1e00002e-3ecf-4c42-be3b-2180e1f98486>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
https://www.cosmeticdentistrynewyork.com/blog/2011/11/27/causes-and-treatment-of-bruxism-68486
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347409337.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530133926-20200530163926-00379.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95732 | 728 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is when a person keeps using opioids despite the cognitive, behavioral, and physical problems they cause.
Opioids are a class of drugs made from opium. Ones like oxycodone are legal when prescribed by a doctor. Others like heroin are illegal. They are often mixed with other substances, snorted, or used for the wrong reasons, such as to get high or to fall asleep.
The cause is not known. Things like genetics, the environment, and peer pressure may play a role.
Opioids help release chemicals in the brain that cause joy. Over time, you need more drugs to cause the same release. This leads to misuse.
Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Things that may raise the risk are:
OUD can lead to:
With regular use, the body begins to need the drug to get through the day. A person may get sick when they stop or take less of the opioid. It may result in nausea, vomiting, shaking, and sweating. This can make it harder to stop using.
The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. You will also be asked about your use of opioids. A physical exam will be done. This is often enough to make the diagnosis.
Blood, urine, saliva, sweat, and hair may also be tested to look for signs of opioid use.
The first step is to stop using opioids. This is also known as detox. The second step is to change behaviors to stop from using the drug again.
It can take some time to recover. Treatment may be given in a rehabilitation program. Many people may need to be treated several times. It may include 1 or more of the following:
Medicines may be given to ease withdrawal symptoms and lower the risk of using again. Common ones are:
Therapy can help a person learn about the issues and lifestyle choices that lead to opioid use. This can help a person learn coping and problem-solving skills. A person can also learn how to replace opioid-use behaviors with healthier choices. Therapy sessions may be 1-on-1 or with a person's family.
Narcotics Anonymous is a 12-step program. It helps to support people who are recovering from OUD.
The best way to prevent OUD is not to use opioids.
Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-abuse-addiction. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Hall W, Doran C, et al. Illicit opiate abuse. National Center for Biotechnology Information website. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11797. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Kosten TR, Baxter LE. Review article: Effective management of opioid withdrawal symptoms: A gateway to opioid dependence treatment. Am J Addict. 2019 Jan 31.
Opioid abuse and dependence. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:https://www.dynamed.com/condition/opioid-abuse-and-dependence. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Opioid addiction. Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at: https://familydoctor.org/condition/opioid-addiction. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Opioid withdrawal. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:https://www.dynamed.com/condition/opioid-withdrawal. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Treatment approaches for drug addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug-addiction. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Types of treatment programs. Principle of drug addiction treatment: A researched-based guide. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. Available at: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/drug-addiction-treatment-in-united-states/types-treatment-programs. Accessed September 2, 2020.
Last reviewed March 2020 by EBSCO Medical Review Board Adrian Preda, MD Last Updated: 2/19/2021
|
<urn:uuid:66a9a6aa-28c8-40da-8934-160bc3e2dadc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=99744adb-4d1c-491b-af5f-aafc5521ac7b&chunkiid=165018
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100535.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204214708-20231205004708-00045.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.899216 | 957 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Section 1: Epidemiology and aetiology
An abdominal wall hernia can be defined as an abnormal protrusion of viscera or intra-abdominal fat accompanied by surrounding peritoneum through the abdominal wall musculature or fascia within which it is normally contained.
Hernias can be congenital or acquired.
Congenital indirect inguinal hernias occur due to failure of the peritoneum to close as it accompanies the descending testicle passing from the abdominal cavity, through the inguinal canal, into the scrotum.
Normally this peritoneum would become obliterated during early development at the deep (inguinal) ring, but if this process fails the resulting patent processus vaginalis predisposes to an indirect inguinal hernia and/or hydrocele.1 The peak incidence of inguinal hernias is during infancy and childhood as 3-5 per cent of full-term infants are born with them, the vast majority being male.
Infantile umbilical hernias occur due to failure of the umbilical vessels to fuse with the urachal remnant and umbilical ring.
Premature infants, with low birth weight or congenital anomalies have a high incidence of congenital hernias.2 Severe congenital abdominal defects such as gastroschisis and omphalocele are usually diagnosed prior to birth and require specialist paediatric management.
Multiple factors are thought to contribute to hernias developing in adulthood. These include raised intra-abdominal pressure (obesity, ascites, chronic cough, straining, lifting and multiple pregnancies) and muscular weakness (aging, chronic illness, surgical wounds and defects in collagen and extracellular matrix metabolism).2
The groin is the commonest site for hernias. In order to allow passage of the femoral vessels, spermatic cord in men and round ligament in women, a window exists in the otherwise strong anterior abdominal wall musculature: the myopectineal orifice.
It is through this aperture that groin hernias occur (75 per cent inguinal and 8.5 per cent femoral).2 Other common hernias include umbilical, paraumbilical, epigastric and incisional. Rarer types also occur at points that are susceptible to weakness due to anatomical configuration such as Spigelian, lumbar and obturator hernias.
Factors predisposing to incisional hernias include wound dehiscence.3
Several other factors contributing to wound failure and subsequent incisional hernia include patient factors (diabetes and obesity), operative factors (emergency surgery) and post-operative factors (infection, haematoma, abdominal distension and chest infection).
Section 2: Making the diagnosis
Most patients present with a palpable lump, which may be associated with pain, but if uncomplicated may have been present for years.
Patients should be examined standing and lying down. The anatomical site and presence of any scars will help determine the type of hernia.
An uncomplicated hernia will have a cough impulse and reduce on lying flat. On the occasions when it is difficult to determine whether an abdominal lump is intra-abdominal or superficial to the muscles, the patient can be asked to lift their legs or shoulders off of the examination couch in order to tense their abdominal muscles.
Intra-abdominal masses will not be palpable under the contracted muscles.
In the groin, inguinal hernias are found above and medial to the pubic tubercle whereas femoral hernias are below and lateral.
The importance of determining whether an inguinal hernia is direct or indirect may be relevant in elderly or unfit patients in which direct hernias may be safely left alone due to their low incarceration risk.
However studies have shown clinical determination is unreliable,4 and in fit symptomatic patients the differentiation is academic, as the surgical management is the same. Epigastric hernias present as a lump in the midline between the umbilicus and xiphisternum.
True umbilical hernias are differentiated from paraumbilical hernias by their symmetrical bulge directly under the umbilicus. Paraumbilical hernias are asymmetric with half of the sac fundus being covered by umbilicus and half skin of the abdomen directly above or below the umbilicus.
Hernias may be associated with aching or pain, particularly if the neck of the hernia is tight or it is irreducible. Pain may be more severe when the patient is lying down due to traction of the hernia contents. Although the majority of epigastric hernias are asymptomatic,2 they may present with symptoms akin to gastro-oesophageal reflux, namely postprandial epigastric pain, nausea and early satiety.
Although incarceration is common, strangulation of intra-abdominal viscera is very rare, as the hernia usually contains omentum or preperitoneal fat.
Colicky pain may indicate episodes of incomplete intestinal obstruction.
Very painful and tender hernias may indicate obstruction or strangulation. Young adult patients presenting with localised groin pain but no demonstrable lump are more likely to have musculoskeletal pathology than a hernia.
Irreducibility, obstruction and strangulation
A reducible hernia is one in which the contents of the hernia sac can be manually introduced back into the abdomen. A hernia that is irreducible will not disappear on lying flat or with applied pressure.
If the hernia contains bowel the patient may develop bowel obstruction (more common in femoral hernias) and present with colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, distension and constipation (all dependent on the proximity of the obstruction).
Strangulation occurs when the blood supply to bowel contained within an irreducible hernia is compromised, leading to ischaemia and gangrene.
The hernia is red and tender, and patients may display signs of systemic toxicity.
Often the diagnosis of abdominal wall hernia can be confidently made on clinical examination. However, imaging may be useful. Ultrasound is often used initially, with CT reserved for obese patients, or those presenting with complications such as obstruction (see image).
Section 3: Managing the condition
Some hernias warrant urgent repair due to their propensity to complications (e.g. femoral). Others, such as infantile umbilical hernias, may spontaneously close. Hernias often present in elderly patients with significant comorbidities and the risk of future complications has to be balanced against the risk of surgery.
Tender incarcerated, obstructed and strangulated hernias are an indication for urgent surgery.
Inguinal hernia in adults
- Open mesh repair:
Traditional darn repair of inguinal hernias has been superseded by tension-free mesh repair such as the Lichtenstein method,5 with a consequential fall in recurrence rates from >10 per cent to <1 per cent. This is currently the most common method of repair and can be carried out under general or local anaesthetic, with the majority performed as day cases.
- Laparoscopic repair:
Laparoscopic repair avoids dissection of the inguinal canal and is particularly useful in recurrent and bilateral hernias.
Advantages include reduced post-operative pain and quicker return to normal activities. Disadvantages include a longer, more expensive operation, unsuitability in unfit patients or those with irreducible hernias, and rare visceral and vascular injuries.6 NICE states that if suitably experienced surgeons are available then laparoscopic repair should be offered as an alternative to open repair, provided patients are fully informed of the risks and benefits of both techniques.
Congenital inguinal hernia in children
Congenital inguinal hernias in children are prone to incarceration and should be surgically repaired by simple herniorrhaphy without mesh. The child's age and mode of presentation will determine whether this occurs in a DGH offering general paediatric surgery or a specialist paediatric centre.
Femoral hernias are at a high risk of strangulation (40 per cent overall risk) and repair may be accompanied by bowel resection. They are more common in women than men.
A small defect may be adequately closed with sutures, or mesh may be used in the elective setting. Laparoscopic repair may also be offered.
Infantile umbilical hernia
These hernias are more common in premature babies and those of African-Caribbean origin. As complications are rare (5-7 per cent), and 90 per cent disappear by the age of two, an expectant policy is used.2 If they are still present at five years they are unlikely to spontaneously close and simple open suture repair is usually performed before school age.
Adult umbilical hernia
Adult umbilical hernias are indirect herniations through the umbilical canal. They are more common in patients undergoing dialysis and those with raised intra-abdominal pressure due to obesity or ascites.
If patients are obese or have comorbidities, management should be conservative. Repair may be considered if complications occur or the overlying skin is dangerously thin.
Paraumbilical hernias do not resolve spontaneously and have a high incidence of complications and repair should therefore always be considered. Recurrence rates are higher in obese patients.
Although rarely involving bowel, epigastric hernias have a high risk of incarceration of omentum or preperitoneal fat and should be repaired even if asymptomatic. Although rare in children, they may resolve spontaneously under the age of ten.
In adults the most common technique is open suture repair if the defect is small, using a mesh with larger hernias.
Laparoscopic repair appears to offer shorter hospital stay, improved outcome and fewer complications.
It also has the advantage of assessing the possibility of a second hernia that may be missed in the open approach, which is thought to account for half of recurrences.
Incisional hernias often have a wide neck resulting in few symptoms and a low risk of strangulation.
If the patient has significant comorbidities and the neck of the hernia is large then conservative management is recommended.
However, if the patient is fit and symptomatic, and understands that recurrence rates can be as high as 20 per cent, then elective repair can be performed.7 Complications such as incarceration or strangulation necessitate emergency surgery.
Laparoscopic repair offers the usual advantages of shorter stay, less pain and early return to activities.
Section 4: Prognosis and follow-up
The majority of hernias are repaired as elective day cases and may not routinely be followed up in outpatient clinic.
Patients having undergone emergency surgery will usually be followed up, particularly if a bowel resection was performed.
Complications seen in primary care include scrotal bruising and haematoma that often only requires elevation of the scrotum and analgesia, with intervention necessary only if the skin is compromised.
Minor infections can be treated with antibiotics targeted at skin organisms.
However, if there is any chance that an underlying mesh could become infected patients may require parenteral antibiotics.
Damage to the ilioinguinal nerve during open inguinal hernia repair may result in numbness and pain around the top of the thigh and scrotum.
This usually settles, but a small number of patients require referral to a chronic pain clinic.
Some patients not deemed suitable for surgery will use a truss, usually with little benefit.
If used, a truss should be provided by an orthotics department with full instructions. It should be put on with the patient lying down.
1. Nelson M and Stephenson B. Adult groin hernias: acute and elective. Surgery 2009; 27: 255-61.
2. Bennett DH. Abdominal Hernias in Core Topics in General and Emergency Surgery - A Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice. Third Edition. Simon Patterson-Brown Elsevier Saunders 2005.
3. Bartlett DC and Kingsnorth AN. Abdominal wound dehiscence and incisional hernia. Surgery 2009; 27: 243-50.
4. Cameron AE.Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of direct and indirect inguinal hernia. Br J Surg 1994; 81(2): 250.
5. Lichtenstein IL, Shulman AG, Amid PK, Montilier MM. The tension-free hernioplasty. Am J Surg 1989; 157: 188-93.
6. McCormack K, Scott N, Go PM, Ross SJ, Grant A, Collaboration the EU Hernia Trialists. Laparoscopic techniques versus open techniques for inguinal hernia repair. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001785. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001785.
7. Parker S. Postgraduate Surgical Revision Notes - System Modules 2005. www.surgical-tutor.org.uk
|
<urn:uuid:37a8bd6d-b187-4fc1-81c6-8ef13ddfc3c1>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.gponline.com/clinical-review-abdominal-wall-hernias/article/976434
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00438.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907391 | 2,786 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Morocco has long been seen as moderate and progressive and King Mohammad VI, who is popular and respected, has shown an interest in human rights. After protests in 2011 linked to the Arab Spring, a revised constitution was introduced which diluted some of the king’s powers and which was broadly welcomed.
King Mohammad VI supported the widely-welcomed 2016 Marrakesh Declaration, a statement by more than 250 Muslim religious leaders, heads of state and scholars that defends the rights of religious minorities in predominantly Muslim countries.
Christians in Morocco
Morocco’s Christian community is growing, despite some repression. Estimates of the Christian population range from 5,000 to 25,000 expatriates and from 4,000 to 12,000 Moroccans, many of whom are ethnic Berber. Expatriate Christians enjoy considerable freedom, provided they do not evangelise, but they do not have enough church buildings.
The constitution provides for freedom to practise one’s religion, but Article 220 of the Moroccan Penal Code criminalises any attempt to induce a Muslim to convert to another religion – “proselytism” is a crime punishable by imprisonment. This includes distributing Christian materials and discussing the gospel with an intention to persuade.
Moroccan Christians mainly meet in small house churches and the authorities keep them under surveillance. Christian converts are considered apostates and experience pressure and occasional violence from family and community. They also face removal of child custody and inheritance rights and denial of marriage rights. In a significant move, however, in 2017 Morocco’s highest religious authority, the High Religious Committee presided over by the King, stated that converts from Islam should no longer face the death penalty for apostasy.
Foreign Christian aid workers expelled
A severe crackdown on Christians was launched in 2010, initiated by two government ministers (Justice Minister Mohammed Naciri and Interior Minister Tayeb Cherkaoui) who had been appointed in January that year. The first major sign of this crackdown was a raid on a home group in February 2010, when 18 people including children were arrested and property was confiscated. Many other Moroccan Christians were subsequently taken in for police interrogation.
Foreign missionaries were expelled on the grounds of contravening the Penal Code regarding proselytism, or on grounds of “threat to public order”. Several had been expelled in 2009, but between March and July 2010 some 128 foreign Christians were deported, many of them aid workers. A media campaign at the time vilified foreign Christians and a Facebook campaign was initiated to target and endanger Moroccan Christians.
In April 2010, nearly 7,000 Muslim leaders signed a document describing the work of Christians in Morocco as “moral rape” and “religious terrorism”.
(Barnabas Fund/Church in Chains Global Guide/Compass Direct/Middle East Concern)
On 7 May the Administrative Court of Rabat delivered a verbal ruling in favour of the Moroccan government, which had deported Village of Hope staff members and their birth children in March 2010 as part of a purge of Christians.
The Supreme Ulema Council in Morocco has published a controversial fatwa calling for the death penalty for Muslims who leave Islam. Christians are concerned that the edict, if approved, will be used to harass the church.
Moroccan authorities expelled eight more foreign Christians from the country in late June, bringing the total of deported Christians since March to 128.
Moroccan Christians claim that Muslim extremists are helping the government to pursue them by exposing them on Facebook.
Gardes Maroc Maroc has posted images of dozens of Christians, calling them “hyena evangelists” and “wolves in lambs’ skins”. He claims that they are trying to “shake the faith of Muslims”, terminology that echoes Morocco’s anti-proselytising law, which outlaws efforts to “shake the faith of Muslims.”
An orphanage called ‚ÄòVillage of Hope’ in the mid-Atlas region of Ain Leuh in Morocco has been ordered to close by government authorities.
The 20 expatriate workers were told that they must leave Morocco within three days.
|
<urn:uuid:1a97197d-5ac3-4932-91a1-5d26ec8f8e07>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.churchinchains.ie/country-profiles/country-profile-morocco/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882634.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703153451-20200703183451-00302.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968218 | 863 | 2.65625 | 3 |
See how one school district made cultural proficiency real—and how you can too!
This book tells the story of Ventura Unified School District's successful implementation of cultural proficiency, which opened long-closed doors for marginalized students and returned gains on every key success metric. Most importantly, it will empower you to do the same for your school or district. Resources include:
A method for evaluating the impact of educational decisions on students' access to learning
A clearly outlined three-year implementation plan for making your school culturally proficient
A content-rich companion website that includes templates and forms for implementing the book’s suggestions
- 2016 Corwin
- Book Quality:
- SAGE Publications
- Date of Addition:
- Education, Nonfiction,
- Usage Restrictions:
- This is a copyrighted book.
Choosing a Book Format
EPUB is the standard publishing format used by many e-book readers including iBooks, Easy Reader, VoiceDream Reader, etc. This is the most popular and widely used format.
DAISY format is used by GoRead, Read2Go and most Kurzweil devices.
Audio (MP3) format is used by audio only devices, such as iPod.
Braille format is used by Braille output devices.
DAISY Audio format works on DAISY compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream.
Accessible Word format can be unzipped and opened in any tool that supports .docx files.
|
<urn:uuid:0515dd89-0f25-4105-8ce5-f9fdac7e048d>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://kenya.bookshare.org/sw/bookshare/book/2030088
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945433.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326044821-20230326074821-00014.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.858544 | 363 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The SA Water Mediterranean Garden showcases plants from the five Mediterranean climates around the world:
- South-western Australia
- South Africa
- Central Chile
- The Mediterranean Basin
The plants that live in these places are well adapted for Mediterranean climates, just like southern South Australia where it's seasonally dry with frequent fire. Many of these plants have features that enable them to conserve water during dry times and take advantage of the rain when it does fall. As you wander through the garden, you’ll discover the diversity, resilience and beauty of these plants.
There are three major elements to the garden – a water rill, interpretive spine and geographical drifts – that together tell the stories of Mediterranean plants. From them you will learn about the connections these plants have with people from different cultures and how they can help us live more sustainably in our environment.
The SA Water Mediterranean Garden highlights how careful plant selection and thoughtful garden design can be used to create stunning garden displays that are also use water wisely.
SA Water encourages the sustainable use of water and is the major sponsor of this garden.
|
<urn:uuid:5ef6a90f-3a5a-4fea-ae90-8891a4d5007c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/botanicgardens/visit/adelaide-botanic-garden/gardens/sa-water-mediterranean-garden
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126017.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824004740-20170824024740-00121.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925856 | 223 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Gardening experts offer their best tips for thriving succulents.
If you’re looking for low-maintenance and striking greenery, cactus plants are perfect. They’ve become popular for accentuating homes and gardens without much maintenance. “Cacti are incredibly popular for a good reason—they’re uniquely adapted to thrive in arid environments, requiring little water and withstanding high temperatures,” says Alex Worley, a certified master gardener and owner of Gardenine.com.
He adds, “Beyond practicality, their incredible diversity makes them quite popular—over 2,000 species exist, with a huge variety of shapes, sizes, and appearances.” Below, Worley and other experts share their best cactus care tips, plus creative ways to make the most of these spiny and stylish plants.
Characteristics of Cactus Plants
Cactus plants are native to desert regions and are uniquely adapted to thrive with little water and plenty of sunlight. Cacti are succulents, which means they have thick, fleshy parts for storing water. Most cactus species do not have true leaves but instead have spines, which are highly modified leaves. The spines reduce the amount of water lost from the plant, allowing cacti to retain valuable moisture in dry climates.
Caring for Cactus Plants
Cactus plants are generally low-maintenance, requiring little water to survive. Plus, according to Anna Ohler, owner of Bright Lane Gardens Nursery, they don't usually require a large pot to grow. "Cacti are an excellent choice for indoor gardens. Most cacti grow vertically and take up little space outside their pots," she says. Read on for more factors you should consider for your succulent.
Cacti can be damaged by keeping the soil too moist. Most cacti only need to be watered every two to three weeks, Ohler says, making them very easy to care for. Cacti thrive in dry soil that drains well. Too much moisture can cause root rot, causing decay and even death of the plant. Root rot is a common issue that beginners struggle with, Worley says. Watch for a mushy consistency in your cacti, which means they’re being overwatered.
“Most people kill cacti just by watering them incorrectly,” Worley says. “The general rule is to allow the growing medium to dry out completely between thorough waterings. I recommend watering based on the soil moisture rather than a set schedule.”
Well-draining soil and dry periods are essential to allow your cacti to thrive and prevent fungal infections from too much moisture. “These succulents need porous, fast-draining soil, as wet roots can easily rot,” Worley says. “I recommend a gritty mix of 70% inorganic material like perlite or pumice with 30% organic potting soil.”
Cactus plants thrive with plenty of sunlight. They need at least six hours of direct sunlight a day, Worley says. South-facing windows or grow lights work well for indoor cactus plants. When caring for your cactus plants, keep in mind their native desert conditions. If you have outdoor cacti and live in an area with especially wet, harsh winters, use temporary housing to shield your plants from the elements. Ohler, who is based in Michigan, recommends a wood frame with fine wire mesh across the top to protect your cacti from winter weather.
Cactus plants are very resilient, and the most common problems they encounter are bacterial or fungus infections due to overwatering. However, some bugs can also harm cacti, the most common being scale, mealy bugs, and root mealy bugs. These pests can be removed by hand or with a pesticide. Less common problems that cacti may encounter include spider mites and fungus gnats.
Popular Cactus Species
A wide range of cacti can flourish in indoor and outdoor spaces. Cacti generally grow taller outdoors but can also thrive inside with plenty of sunlight and well-draining soil. These popular cactus species make exotic statement pieces and are low-maintenance.
Indoor Cactus Plants
“Barrel cactus is a favorite among indoor growers,” Ohler says. “They grow very slowly but can reach an immense size of over 8 feet when cared for properly.” Barrel cactus varieties come from southwest North America. They can vary in size, with some short, rounded, and close to the ground and others that can reach over 9 feet tall.
The pencil cactus is another favorite for indoor spaces. Ohler says these shrubs grow quickly and have no spikes or thorns, making them a family-friendly option for indoor growers. The pencil cactus has thick brown branches with smaller green branches that are cylindrical, in the shape of a pencil. Pencil cactus plants can grow to over 9 feet tall. “Pencil cactus is one of my favorite ones to propagate as it only takes a tiny piece of stem a few weeks to start forming new roots,” Ohler says.
Angel Wings Cactus
The angel wings cactus, also called "bunny ears," is a member of the prickly pear family. These cacti are popular for indoor spaces as they usually top out at two feet tall. The angel wings cactus features evenly spaced clusters and fleshy parts, including edible fruit.
Another popular indoor cactus is the Christmas cactus, which hails from Brazil and does not have prickly parts. Unlike many cacti, the Christmas cactus has smooth, segmented leaves and soft spines with colorful flowers in red, pink, orange, and white shades. The plant originates in the rainforest and does well with some moisture and cool conditions.
Popular Outdoor Cacti
With so many different species of cacti, these hardy plants can do well in a variety of climates. Here are some popular cactus plants for outdoor landscapes:
The beavertail cactus—or Opuntia basilaris—is a prickly pear cactus native to the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico. The cactus has many fleshy pads and a bluish-green color. The sprawling plant can grow 6 feet wide and 20 inches tall and thrives in arid environments with plenty of sunlight.
Claret Cup Cactus
The claret cup cactus—Echinocereus triglochidiatus—is native to Central and Western parts of the U.S., Ohler says. This cactus can handle cooler temperatures but prefers the dry regions in higher altitudes. The claret cup cactus is common in landscaped areas in regions over 2,500 feet above sea level.
Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus
If you live in a region with cold winters, some cacti can do well outdoors, even in the cold. “I’m located in Michigan, and we do have a cactus here that can not only survive our cold, harsh winters, but they’re also native to many regions in the Midwest!” Ohler says. “This is the Eastern prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa). This cactus has broad, flat paddles and features bright yellow flowers that bloom in early summer.”
Another cactus that can survive cold winters is the spinystar (Escobaria vivipara), a small cactus that grows in round clusters. “This cold-hardy cactus is native to the Great Plains regions and can tolerate cold winters,” Ohler says. “It also features bright pink blooms in the spring and is often used as a slow-growing ground cover in rock gardens and landscaping.”
Creative Uses of Cactus Plants
Cacti are often used for adding unique statement pieces to indoor and outdoor areas. Indoor cactus plants offer serene desert silhouettes and low-maintenance upkeep. Outdoor gardens can save water by planting cacti while evoking a desert vibe. Cacti are popular in outdoor gardens for xeriscaping, the practice of landscaping with slow-growing, drought-tolerant plants to conserve water and reduce yard trimmings.
Medicinal and Culinary Uses
Some types of cactus plants can be eaten, including dragon fruit, prickly pear, barrel, cholla, and saguaro. Prickly pears produce edible fruits perfect for jellies, jams, and juices. The prickly pear is also used for nopales, a common ingredient in Mexican cuisine.
Peyote, a small cactus native to Mexico and part of Texas, is increasingly popular for home gardens and psychoactive effects. Peyote was traditionally used for medicinal and spiritual purposes among Native Americans. The cactus includes mescaline, which causes it to have a hallucinogenic effect on people.
Related: How to Care for a Hoya Heart Plant
For more Real Simple news, make sure to sign up for our newsletter!
Read the original article on Real Simple.
|
<urn:uuid:7f120585-0e32-461b-a392-6900f5ae71a2>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/cactus-plants-grow-care-prickly-213851958.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510520.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20230929154432-20230929184432-00000.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932791 | 1,952 | 2.75 | 3 |
From Tin00 malware to the Mirai botnet, distributed-denial-of-service remains a powerful weapon in an attackers' arsenal
In July 1999, a set of computers infected with the Trin00 malware attacked and took down the network of the University of Minnesota. The episode marked the first recorded case of a distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attack.
20 years later, DDoS has evolved into one of the most serious security threats from the arsenal of both cybercrime gangs and nation-state actors.
What is DDoS?
As the name implies, the goal of DDoS attacks is to prevent the target website from providing service to its users by flooding its servers with bogus traffic and starving its resources.
Before engaging in DDoS, attackers typically assemble a “botnet”. Botnets are sets of computers compromised with a malware that enables the attacker, the “bot master,” to send them remote commands. After assembling their army of zombie devices, bot masters can launch DDoS attacks by commanding their botnet to simultaneously send fake requests to the target.
With a strong enough botnet, an attacker can overwhelm the targeted server and cause it to crash, preventing it from responding to requests from legitimate users.
Since the attack against the University of Minnesota, DDoS assaults by criminals have accounted for massive financial losses and damage to the reputation of targeted organizations.
In the past year alone, web hosting and content delivery giant Akamai recorded hundreds of DDoS attacks per week. A recent report by cybersecurity vendor Kaspersky Labs also found an 84% increase in the number of DDoS attacks in the first quarter of 2019, The Daily Swig reported.
Aside from frequency, DDoS attacks have grown in size and extent of damage that they can cause.
Domingo Ponce, director of global security operations at Akamai, has been on the front line of fighting DDoS for over ten years.
“When I started, we were protecting against hacktivism (like Anonymous), script kitties, and companies attacking each other (shady gambling sites),” he told The Daily Swig.
“Now DDoS is all grown up – attacks are state-sponsored, large criminal syndicates are involved, and DDoS is a very significant revenue-based black market industry.”
IoT insecurity fuels the fire
The expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) has played a major role in the recent growth of DDoS attacks. Many of these devices forgo security because of reliance on default credentials, making them easy game for botnet viruses.
“Mirai was a turning point highlighting the power of DDoS botnets comprised of IoT devices,” Patrick Sullivan, Akamai’s senior director of security strategy, told The Daily Swig.
The Mirai botnet was behind a major DDoS attack against DNS provider Dyn, which caused a major internet outage in October 2016. The botnet comprised a large number of internet-connected cameras, home routers, and baby monitors.
“Not only do the sheer number of vulnerable IoT devices present a challenge, but attacker willingness to use these bots to perform Application Layer Attacks leads to higher levels of sophistication,” Sullivan said.
Protect and survive
Shortly after the Dyn attack in 2016, the hackers behind the Mirai botnet declared they would rent out their massive botnet for $7,500, marking the rise in DDoS-as-a-service, where cybercriminals need little or not technical knowledge to implement an attack.
The spread of DDoS attacks has also given rise to a market for DDoS mitigation.
“The only viable option is to deploy mitigation in even more distributed architectures,” Akamai’s Sullivan said.
“Even a massively scalable cloud solution deployed to a small number of locations and ISPs will struggle to contain the truly massive attacks. Peering points aren’t designed to handle huge spikes in traffic, and congestion will occur before traffic can route to mitigation points.”
|
<urn:uuid:0a17a781-2464-475f-8eb5-abf812a69c23>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/20-years-of-ddos-attacks-what-has-changed
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655892516.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707111607-20200707141607-00289.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935125 | 844 | 2.65625 | 3 |
STANFORD, Calif. — Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital have identified several gene mutations responsible for the most common childhood brain tumor, called medulloblastoma, adding evidence to the theory that the diagnosis is a group of genetically distinct cancers with different prognoses. These and accompanying findings are likely to lead to less-toxic, better-targeted treatment approaches over the next two years, the researchers said.
"We tend to treat all medulloblastomas as one disease without taking into account how heterogeneous the tumors are at the molecular level," said Yoon-Jae Cho, MD, an assistant professor of neurology and neurological sciences at Stanford, a pediatric neurologist at Packard Children's and the senior author of the new research. "This paper represents a finer-grained view of the genetic landscape of these tumors and provides us with some leads on how to develop new therapies."
The research, which will appear online in Nature July 22, is part of a large, ongoing effort to characterize genetic errors in medulloblastoma. Two companion studies on which Cho is a co-author will be published simultaneously with his paper. The three papers came from a consortium that involves scientists at Stanford, Packard Children's, the Broad Institute, Children's Hospital Boston, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the German Cancer Research Center, Brandeis University and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.
Current treatment for medulloblastoma, which originates in the cerebellum and affects about 250 U.S. children each year, begins with surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Patients then receive a combination of radiation and chemotherapy, but the treatments are not tailored to the tumor's genetic characteristics.
Cho's team extracted DNA from 92 medulloblastoma tumors and compared it with DNA from matched blood samples from the same patients, uncovering 12 significant "point mutations" — single-letter errors in the genetic code — that occurred frequently in the brain cancer. A handful of the mutations had been previously identified in smaller studies of medulloblastoma, but several mutations were novel in both medulloblastoma and in cancer.
Among the newly identified mutations was one in an RNA helicase gene, DDX3X, which Cho said is the second-most common mutation in medulloblastoma tumors. "Mutations in this gene have now also been identified in other tumor types, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and head and neck tumors," he said.
However, the researchers found that it was rare for the same gene mutated in several different patients' tumors. More commonly, mutations involving a set of genes regulating a single biological pathway were found in the tumors — a pattern that is emerging across cancer genome sequencing efforts.
Though no single tumor in the study carried all 12 mutations, the researchers were able to categorize the tumors according to which mutations they possessed. "We now understand that there are certain tumors with particular genetic signatures that are really resistant to standard treatments," Cho said. Children with medulloblastoma do not routinely have their tumors' genetic signatures characterized, but Cho believes that such characterization coupled with targeted therapies could greatly enhance tumor treatment.
About two-thirds of medulloblastoma patients now survive five years past diagnosis, but many survivors suffer lasting physical or intellectual side effects from their cancer treatments. Drugs tailored to a tumor's genetic profile have the potential to save more patients while reducing side effects, Cho said.
Several of the mutations discovered affect cellular signals that switch large groups of genes on and off. "The dysregulation of these 'epigenetic programs' is becoming a common theme not only in medulloblastoma but across cancer," Cho said. Such pathways may be good targets for cancer drugs; indeed, drugs targeting one such pathway (histone methyltransferases) are currently in pre-clinical development, while agents against another pathway (Hedgehog signaling pathway) are entering phase-2 clinical trials for medulloblastoma.
Cho is the co-chair of a committee within the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium that guides which drugs should be moved into clinical trials next. "Our plan is that within the next one to two years we will be able to offer kids a new set of compounds that have a clear biological rationale based on our genomic studies." Cho said. "We want to make sure we're being careful of what we move forward with, but at the same time, for some of these kids we don't have many, if any, effective and durable treatment options."
Cho's collaborators at Stanford included research associate Furong Yu; Gerald Crabtree, PhD, professor of pathology and of developmental biology and a member of the Stanford Cancer Institute; and life science research assistant Amanda Kautzman.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, a St. Baldrick's Foundation Career Development Award, the Beirne Faculty Scholar endowment at Stanford University, German Cancer Aid, the BMBF ICGC-PedBrain project, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Hospital for Sick Children and the Mullarkey Research Fund. Cho consults for Novartis to help develop biomarkers for the company's clinical trial design.
Information about Stanford's Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, which also supported this research, is available at http://neurology.stanford.edu/.
The Stanford University School of Medicine consistently ranks among the nation's top medical schools, integrating research, medical education, patient care and community service. For more news about the school, please visit http://mednews.stanford.edu. The medical school is part of Stanford Medicine, which includes Stanford Hospital & Clinics and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. For information about all three, please visit http://stanfordmedicine.org/about/news.html.
Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford is an internationally recognized 311-bed hospital, research center and leading regional medical network providing the full complement of services for the health of children and expectant mothers. In partnership with the Stanford University School of Medicine, our world-class doctors and nurses deliver innovative, family-centered care in every pediatric and obstetric specialty, tailored to every patient. Packard Children's is annually ranked as one of the nation's best pediatric hospitals by U.S. News & World Report and is the only Northern California children's hospital with specialty programs ranked in the U.S. News Top 10. Learn more about us at www.lpch.org and about our continuing growth at growing.lpch.org. Friend us on Facebook, watch us on YouTube and follow us on Twitter.
PRINT MEDIA CONTACT: Erin Digitale at (650) 724-9175 ([email protected])
BROADCAST MEDIA CONTACT: Robert Dicks at (650) 497-8364 ([email protected])
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
|
<urn:uuid:5f448767-0ac6-4d1b-ac61-a90a7a8d3f2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-07/sumc-gmt072012.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999650424/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060730-00059-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946011 | 1,497 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Chop a lemon and keep it near the bed you sleep at night. Here’s the reason
Lemons are among the healthiest fruits on the planet, as it offers a myriad of health benefits. They have powerful antibacterial and antiviral properties, and their smell effectively treats depression.
Lemons are a rich source of antioxidants, iron, copper, chromium, magnesium, and vitamins C, E, and A.
One peeled lemon provides:
– 24 calories
– 7.8 grams carbohydrates
– 0.9 gram protein
– 0.3 gram fat
– 2.4 grams of dietary fiber
– 44.5 milligrams vitamin C (74 percent DV)
– 116 milligrams potassium (3 percent DV)
– 0.5 milligram iron (3 percent DV)
– 0.1 milligram vitamin B6 (3 percent DV)
Lemons also contain small amounts of magnesium, copper, calcium, thiamin, folate, and pantothenic acid.
Lemon juice cleanses the scalp and treats skin issues like pimples, spots, acne, and pimples. To soften the rough skin on the knees, elbows, and calluses, rub the half of a lemon on the affected areas.
Lemons freshen the breath, whiten the teeth, and eliminate kidney stones. The lemon juice helps digestion and is a potent natural remedy in the treatment of arthritis, and rheumatism.
If you chop several lemons and keep them in the bedroom at night, they will cleanse the air from toxins and improve your sleep quality. Moreover, this will relieve colds, allergies, and asthma.
|
<urn:uuid:00402404-a916-426c-abda-6c360325ead1>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://timelesslife.info/chop-a-lemon-and-keep-it-near-the-bed-you-sleep-at-night-heres-the-reason
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652959.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606150510-20230606180510-00224.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.861018 | 367 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Overview of Section Resources
- Section 1: What Is Sound?
- Students begin their investigation of sound by listening to sounds and noting differences in pitch and volume. They experiment to find out what makes a loud sound and what makes a soft sound. Students also learn that sounds are made by vibrating objects. They are given the opportunity to feel the vibrations of the tines of a tuning fork and see the vibrations make ripples in water.
- Section 2: Speaking and Hearing
- Students learn that their vocal chords vibrate as air passes through them, producing sound. Students practice varying the pitch and volume of their voices. Using a homemade kazoo, they feel the vibrations of the membrane that create the sound. They also construct a model of the ear canal and ear drum and use it to learn how we hear sounds.
- Section 3: Changing Pitch
- Students learn about the variables that affect pitch. They pluck a string and observe what happens to the pitch as the length and tension of the string change. Then they compare the pitch of sounds produced by plucked rubber bands of different widths. They look inside a stringed instrument to see how the instrument is able to produce a wide variety of pitched notes. Finally, they tap glass bottles filled with varying amounts of water and see how the amount of water in the bottles affects the pitch of the sound produced.
- Section 4: How Sound Travels
- In this section, students learn that sounds travel differently through solids, liquids, and gases. Students compare the quality of sound traveling through solids, liquids, and gases and conclude that sound travels best through solids and least well through gases.
|
<urn:uuid:8a722576-e400-44e9-84ed-1344238a714d>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.eduplace.com/parents/hmxs/ps/moda3/overview.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705926946/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120526-00095-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957241 | 344 | 4.75 | 5 |
What makes Feta so different from other white cheeses?
Feta is the cheese that caused a series of legal battles, which lasted more than ten years. The result was for feta to be registered as a protected designation of origin (PDO) product. This limits the term within the European Union to feta made exclusively of sheep's/goat's milk in Greece. So what is it that caused this on-going war and what is really the difference between feta and other white cheeses?
Historically, feta follows a long tradition in Greece. It is thought that cheese was accidentally discovered when the milk transported inside animals’ stomachs, curdled. According to scientific references, the production of feta has been known since Homer's time (8th B.C.) and the ancient Greeks used the same technique of storage in brine to produce a type of cheese made of sheep's milk. 8,000 years later the way feta is produced remains the same.
Every dairy factory could produce something like feta and almost every food culture has a similar cheese to be proud of. The problem starts when things get mislabelled and the name ‘feta’ appears on things that aren’t quite that. We have all seen those so-called ‘Greek-style’ cheeses that imply some sort of resemblance to feta; well, you’d be surprised to know: their ingredients are very different to those of feta. The consumer is naturally confused and doesn’t know what exactly feta is. “Isn’t it a white, salty cheese with crumbly texture?” I hear you say and you are quite right. But, actually, it is much more than just that.
Feta’s unique characteristics
Authentic feta is made specifically from sheep’s and goat’s milk. Most of the other white cheeses that claim to be feta-like are usually made of cow’s milk. What a major difference! Cow’s milk has a very mild taste and produces a cheese that is soft and less flavorsome. Feta’s special, tangy flavor is not just down to ‘the recipe’ but it derives from other factors too. For example, what the goats eat (each and every herb, people!) ‘seasons’ the milk in an uncommon way. That is one of the reasons why feta can’t be produced outside of Greece. The bacterial cultures, the temperature, the humidity and time that the cheese has been cured for, also help create that unique taste and texture.
Feta has more of a ‘kick’ than its imitations when it comes to taste; because of this unmatched taste, it is used almost as a condiment in the Greek cuisine. I’m not saying that the other cheeses are bad; all I’m saying is that they just aren’t feta!
|
<urn:uuid:801e5920-dc20-4f18-ac81-7523eaad80c8>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://epochproducts.com/blog/what-makes-feta-so-different-from-other-white-cheeses/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00256.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962795 | 621 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Many scientists regard receding glaciers as a symptom of global climate change. While certain types of glaciers—such as surge glaciers and tidewater glaciers—are actually expanding, there are many areas where scientists report glaciers are wasting away and that climate change is the culprit. For instance, 150 years ago there were 147 glaciers in Glacier National Park. Today, only 37 glaciers remain, and scientists say they will likely completely melt by the year 2030. Similarly, glaciers all across the Alps are retreating and disappearing every year.
What causes any given glacier to grow or shrink over time? Scientists at the United States Geological Survey (USGS), in concert with NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), are developing a global inventory of all the world’s glaciers to help researchers track each glacier’s history. The inventory combines current information on size and movement with historical data, maps, and photos of each glacier. The purpose is to better enable scientists to correlate changes in each glacier with any shifts in local climate, such as temperature or precipitation changes. (For more information, read the feature article entitled Sizing Up the Earth’s Glaciers.)
But it is not feasible to visit and measure every major glacier on Earth. There are almost 160,000 glaciers in Earth’s polar regions and high mountain environments. Therefore, researchers are increasingly using satellite remote sensors to routinely survey our world’s glaciers in a fraction of the time and cost it would otherwise take.
The false-color image above shows the Gangotri Glacier, situated in the Uttarkashi District of Garhwal Himalaya. Currently 30.2 km long and between 0.5 and 2.5 km wide, Gangotri glacier is one of the largest in the Himalaya. Gangotri has been receding since 1780, although studies show its retreat quickened after 1971. (Please note that the blue contour lines drawn here to show the recession of the glacier’s terminus over time are approximate.) Over the last 25 years, Gangotri glacier has retreated more than 850 meters, with a recession of 76 meters from 1996 to 1999 alone.
Currently 30.2 km long and between 0.5 and 2.5 km wide, Gangotri glacier is one of the largest in the Himalaya. Gangotri has been receding since 1780, although studies show its retreat quickened after 1971.
NIWA scientists stated that this glacier had retreated by 5 kilometers (about 3 miles) over the previous three decades. They also stated that New Zealand glaciers on the whole had lost 5.8 cubic kilometers (roughly 1.4 cubic miles) over the same time period.
|
<urn:uuid:0c6cfaa5-7823-4991-a931-22026d09f562>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4594/retreat-of-the-gangotri-glacier
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00289.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930142 | 549 | 4.40625 | 4 |
We will be discussing unhealthy stress in this article.
TYPES OF STRESS
TOP 10 CAUSES OF STRESS:
Causes of work related stress
Causes of stress from inside rather from outside
Long Time Stress
Effects of unhealthy stress on the human body
DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS:
A thorough, stress-oriented, face-to-face medical interview is currently the most practicable way to diagnose stress and its effects.
There is no specific test to diagnose stress. Typically, your healthcare professional conducts a variety of tests (which may include a personal and family health history, blood and urine tests and other assessments) to rule out various medical conditions.
You can observe the following Behavioural signs in yourself or people around you in stress:
EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY) AND QEEG FINDINGS IN STRESS
Numerous studies and research papers are done on this topic. Some of the relevant ones are:
QEEG Biomarkers: Assessment and Selection of Special Operators, and Improving Individual Performance
Such a quantitative EEG Normative Database (qEND) will function as the benchmark for screening, assessment, selection and even training of targeted individuals required to work effectively as operators under extreme stresses and for extended periods.
EEG Signals to Measure Mental Stress
EEG signals are rich in temporal resolution and can successfully be used to measure mental stress. This survey supplies information on EEG signals to be used in psychological studies to measure mental stress.
EEG waveforms representation
Analysis of EEG signals during relaxation and mental stress condition using AR modeling techniques
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most important tool to study the brain behavior. This paper presents an integrated system for detecting brain changes during relax and mental stress condition.
Stress disorders are treatable, and the vast majority of people with a stress disorder can be helped with professional care. Several standard approaches have proved effective:
Sessions with a therapist to lessen symptoms of stress.
NFB trains the brain to change the brainwave frequencies to get the desired result. Usually, NFB sessions are conducted 2-5 times a week for a total of 40-50 sessions. Each session lasts 30-60 minutes. Although this seems like a lengthy procedure, but the results are more long-lasting. NFB is getting extremely popular and used as a stand-alone therapy or in combination to wean-off pharmacological agents that tend to produce undesirable side-effects. One form of NFB is electromagnetic therapy.
Biofeedback Intervention for Stress, Anxiety, and Depression among Graduate Students in Public Health Nursing
Results indicated that biofeedback intervention was effective in significantly reducing the levels of stress, anxiety, and depression over the 4-week period.
Waking QEEG to assess psychophysiological stress and alertness during simulated on-call conditions
Our aim was to determine whether quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) would reflect changes in cortical activity in on-call conditions, predicting that the high-stress condition would display faster QEEG frequencies compared with the control and low-stress condition.
Decrease in Anxiety after PEMF treatment
The above is a representation of the electrical activity of the brain by frequency after 20 minutes of use of Alpha-Stim® CES at 0.5 Hz. The EEG of 30 research volunteers was averaged and analyzed by computer to generate the average of brain changes in brain activity after 20 minutes of Alpha-Stim®. This is a difference brain map, where a decrease in activity after the use of Alpha-Stim® is shown in shades of blue and an increase in activity is seen in shades of yellow and red (green indicates no change). The above map shows that there is a decrease in delta, the 1, 2, and 3 Hz frequencies associated in waking individuals with impaired cognitive functioning. Significant increases are seen in alpha frequencies with peak activity at 9 Hz. Increases were also seen in activity at 12, 13 and 14 Hz, with 13 and 14 Hz activity centring on C3.
QEEG Analysis of Cranial Electrotherapy: A Pilot Study
After a single 20-minute treatment with CES there is a significant increase in alpha frequency activity and a significant decrease in delta and theta activity. The post treatment maps indicate the effect of single session cranial electrotherapy treatment (CES) on QEEG is congruent with the reports of the research volunteers of decreased anxiety and increased relaxation.
Some of the recent, modern electromagnetic techniques are TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) and PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) therapy. The use of electromagnetic therapy to alleviate many conditions have been used for over hundreds of years till the end of 19th century/ start of 20th century. Interest in it was subdued in the middle period of 20th century, but now the interest has again increased, as evidenced by increase in research and clinical studies in this field.
TMS equipment is costly, needs a clinical set-up and treats with current in the range of 1-2 Tesla. On the other hand, PEMF cost in tremendously less, can be performed anywhere and anytime and the current used is in the range of 100-200 micro-tesla, significantly lower than TMS. This has led to popularity and preference for PEMF therapy, which is also used for other conditions like insomnia (sleep disturbance), anxiety, depression, stress, PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) and meditation. The beneficial effects of PEMF are increasingly growing and gaining popularity because of ease of use and simplicity of the apparatus.
Mental Health: Stress, Anxiety, Depression and PEMF
PEMF has been found to be a very effective in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression without the side effects that medications can cause. Rather than introducing foreign substances into the brain, PEMF electrically excites the neurons to dispense their own natural chemicals, helping to balance out deficiencies and restore normal brain function.
Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) on Stress
Long term use of weak PEMFs may be able to remodel tissues that tend to be hyper-reactive to chronic or acute stress so that over time they will be less reactive.
vidence and Effectiveness
ALLEVIATING STRESS WITH PEMFF
Research has shown that daily use of PEMF therapy can alter stress responses by acting directly on the nervous system, glands, cells, tissues, and organs.
USE OF BELLABEE PEMF THERAPY FOR STRESS
You can select “Anti-Stress” mode or go to “Create Therapy” mode to customize therapy for Stress on Bellabee software. This software can be used with any android or IOS device.
SUGGESTED THERAPY FOR TRESS
To start with you can use the “Anti-Stress” mode, or input the suggested guidelines in “Create Therapy” mode and make required adjustments according to the response.
All studies, contents and images have respective copyrights.
»It always seems impossible until it is done.« (Nelson Mandela)
|
<urn:uuid:8ad1a3ac-eacb-42cf-ba16-872b46c86659>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.bellabee.us/blog/stress-therapy-with-bellabee
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370511408.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410173109-20200410203609-00061.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913655 | 1,496 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Biology Corner
Biology is the study of life and living organisms, from the smallest bacteria to giant sequoias. Biologists use observation and experimentation to gain an understanding about the natural world. Branches of biology include anatomy, biotechnology, botany, cell biology, ecology, genetics, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, and zoology. Many people entering the field of biology become specialized in a particular area.
As a course, biology encompasses four main themes:
1. The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life
2. Biological systems utilize free energy to grow, reproduce, and maintain life functions
3. Living systems store and transmit information essential to life processes
4. Biological systems interact with each other, and those interactions possess complex properties.
The Biology Corner is a resource site for biology and science teachers and students. It contains a variety of lessons, quizzes, labs, web quests, and information on science topics for all levels, including introductory life science and advanced placement biology. You can find lessons related to biology topics in the links listed under “topics” on the sidebar as well as specific curriculum for biology classes taught in high school.
Spotlight Lessons: Anatomy
Start the year off with lessons on comparative anatomy. While many schools are moving away from dissections, it still remains a memorable experience for young students of biology. Alternatives to using real specimens are available online and as plastic models.
Next Generation Science Standard: Unity and Diversity (MS-LS4-2) Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships.
Frog External Anatomy and the Frog Dissection - examine the external anatomy of the frog, students also open the mouth to expose the esophagus, glottis, and eustachian tubes, then expose the major organs of the digestive, urogenital, and circulatory and respiratory systems.
Frog Dissection Alternative – this project uses internet resources, virtual frogs and models to complete a unit on anatomy
Fetal Pig Dissection – this dissection appropriate for students, the fetal pig has the advantage over the frog of being larger and having more easily visible structures.
Virtual Pig Dissection at Whitman College – an excellent pig dissection that can be completed online
- Teaching Chi Square Analysis
The AP biology test is administered in the spring and can be a very intense tests for students. If you teach AP Biology, you've probably been including things in the [More...]
- Are Kids Out of Touch with Nature?
Growing up, I lived near a lake and spent my weekends fishing from the dock, and scavenging in the woods. I knew the names of the fish I caught, even [More...]
- What is “Mastery” and Why is It Important?
The idea that learning for mastery was proposed many years ago by Benjamin Bloom. You probably are familiar with the man, and may even have a poster in your class [More...]
- Aligning an Existing Curriculum to the NGSS
My freshman class uses the Levine and Miller Biology Textbook from 2004, and there's no sign that any money will be available anytime soon for a new textbook even though [More...]
- What’s the Big Idea?
Whether you have been digesting the Next Generation Science Standards or revamping an AP curriculum, you will have noticed that modern standards focus on very broad general elements that serve [More...]
- Classroom Collaboration Tools
With common core standards emphasizing a students ability to write and synthesize information, there are several tools that you can utilize online to give students the opportunity to write and [More...]
|
<urn:uuid:d8a54772-dc42-43a5-841b-1f02ecf4c027>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.biologycorner.com/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011161070/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091921-00058-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909382 | 764 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture announced Thursday that it had suspended the permit allowing Pasture Maid Creamery in New Castle, PA, to sell raw milk for human consumption. The move came Monday after testing revealed Campylobacter in the creamery’s raw milk.
Campylobacter is found in a wide variety of healthy domestic and wild animals including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, ducks, geese, wild birds, dogs, cats, rodents, and marine mammals. The bacteria usually live in the intestines as part of the animal’s normal flora, and is shed in feces. Most Campylobacter species do not cause any signs of illness in the animal host.
Ingestion of Campylobacter bacteria by humans causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and muscle pain. Symptoms typically appear two to five days after exposure. Most cases are mild, do not require hospitalization, and are self-limited; however, Campylobacter jejuni infection, or campylobacteriosis, can be severe and life-threatening.
Campylobacteriosis may cause appendicitis or infect other organs. It can also enter the blood stream. Guillain-Barre syndrome is a severe complication of campylobacteriosis that can lead to paralysis. An estimated one in 1,000 cases of Campylobacter infection results in death.
According to the Pennsylvania Department of Health, at least six people became ill with campylobacteriosis after consuming raw milk from Pasture Maid Creamery in February.
Freezing raw milk will not kill Campylobacter; anyone who has purchased raw milk from Pasture Maid Creamery is urged to discard the milk. Anyone ill with symptoms of campylobacteriosis should contact their health care provider and report their illness to the Pennsylvania Department of Health.© Food Safety News
|
<urn:uuid:a73dbe63-375f-4be3-b991-2aa17d4cfa3b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/04/pa-dairys-raw-milk-permit-suspended/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824537.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20171021005202-20171021025202-00740.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927285 | 386 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Threatened species of freshwater dolphins River dolphins under threat of extinction
This family includes 5 species in 4 genera. In many accounts of cetaceans, its members are placed in four separate families: Iniidae (South American river dolphin), Lipotidae (Chinese river dolphin), Platanistidae (Indian river dolphins), and Pontoporidae ( La Plata river dolphin). Members of these families are found in fresh-water rivers and coastal waters in Asia and South America. These dolphins are generally small, ranging from 1-3 m in length and from roughly 20 to 225 kg in weight, depending on species. They have a long, slender beak, above which rises a sharply differentiated, bulging forehead. The eyes are small, and in some species, appear atrophied. Unlike most other cetaceans, platanistids have a distinct neck. The flippers are broad and either rounded or sharply curved. The dorsal fin is low in all but the La Plata dolphin, in which it is moderately high. Colors tend to be muted grays, pinks, and browns, usually darker above and paler below. The rivers used by most platanistids are muddy, and these animals probably rely on echolocation more than vision to locate their prey. They feed on fish and invertebrates, making dives that rarely last more than a few minutes. Group size varies from single individuals to 10 or 12. In general, little is known about their ecology and social behavior.
The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential is a unique, experimental research work of the Union of International Associations. It is currently published as a searchable online platform with profiles of world problems, action strategies, and human values that are interlinked in novel and innovative ways. These connections are based on a range of relationships such as broader and narrower scope, aggravation, relatedness and more. By concentrating on these links and relationships, the Encyclopedia is uniquely positioned to bring focus to the complex and expansive sphere of global issues and their interconnected nature.
The initial content for the Encyclopedia was seeded from UIA’s Yearbook of International Organizations. UIA’s decades of collected data on the enormous variety of association life provided a broad initial perspective on the myriad problems of humanity. Recognizing that international associations are generally confronting world problems and developing action strategies based on particular values, the initial content was based on the descriptions, aims, titles and profiles of international associations.
Non-profit, apolitical, independent, and non-governmental in nature, the UIA has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907.
|
<urn:uuid:1d140bb8-12fb-4d42-aa24-f73e147f9d39>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/problem/156265
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146004.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225014941-20200225044941-00556.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934722 | 552 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Static Dissipative 90A Tubing
|O.D. (Outside Diameter)||I.D. (Inside Diameter)|
|.125 or 1/8||.066 or 1/16|
|.156 or 5/32||.094 or 3/32|
|.250 or 1/4||.160|
|.375 or 3/8||.245 or 1/4|
|4 mm||2.4 mm|
|6 mm||4 mm|
|8 mm||5 mm|
|10 mm||5 mm|
|12 mm||8 mm|
|Displaying 1 to 9 (of 9 products)||Result Pages: 1|
Freelin-Wade's Static Dissipative Polyurethane may save your sensitive electronics
Static electricity is a stationary charge of electricity on the surface of an object. We most often associate it with that little shock we get on a dry day when we walk across a carpet and grab a metal doorknob. We experience it in lots of other places too -- like when you pull a sweater over your head or a child rubs a balloon on their hair. What we are experiencing in these instances is electrostatic discharge (ESD). What you might not realize is that static charges are in many more places. Humans can only sense an ESD of greater than 3,500 electrostatic volts. The problem is that electronics can be damaged by an ESD as low as 100 electrostatic volts. The point being, you may touch something and think it is safe when in fact it isn't.
Another thing to be aware of is that a charge may exist in one part of an object, but not in another. You can neutralize a charge in one spot of an object, but leave a full charge in another.
The size of the object holding the charge, and that object's capacitance are both factors in how big of a charge the object can hold. Plastic is a good capacitor and a run of tubing can be quite long. If the media in the tubing is dry, you may have a recipe for the build up of static electricity. If the tubing is near sensitive electronics, then the static charge may be a problem. It's for this reason that we developed our Static Dissipative Polyurethane tubing.
Our Static Dissipative ESD tubing is made from a proprietary formula that allows for the static charge to be released very slowly, so as not to cause a spark (which is caused by quick or sudden flow of current through air). Usually you would have to add in fillers (metallic or carbon black) in order to make a normally non-conductive plastic conductive. Adding those fillers would make the tubing less flexible, increases creep, lowers memory and less abrasion resistant. Our special compound does not require the material to become conductive, allowing our polyurethane to maintain most of its original properties/benefits. It's non-corrosive and ideal for use in high-tech applications. 85A durometer anti static tubing, as well as metric and standard sizes are also available.
Static Dissipative ESD Tubing Features:
- Dissipates electrostatic charges with no chemical additives.
- Contains no conductive fillers and no particle emission.
- Dissipative values are permanent and cannot be washed away.
- Non-contaminating and non-outgassing.
- Ideal for low humidity environments.
- Non-corrosive to electronic leads and components.
|
<urn:uuid:b3ffae11-1cbe-40a4-b6a3-d4e7189a4aa8>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.freelin-wade.com/static-dissipative-90a-tubing.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699755211/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516102235-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925982 | 735 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Grace Abbott (1878 – 1939) - Social Work Pioneer, Reformer, Hull House Resident and Chief of the Children’s Bureau
By John Sorensen, Founding Director of the Abbott Sisters Project
An Introduction: A Life Among the Shock Troops
“Some ask, ‘Why should anyone seek a part in the struggle to end the injustice and ugliness of our modern life? Why choose the strenuous life?’
“They are the lotus-eaters, who prefer to live in a gray twilight in which there is neither victory nor defeat. It is impossible for them to understand: that to have had a part in the struggle — to have done what one could — is in itself the reward of effort and the comfort in defeat.”
– Grace Abbott, 1930
“To me there was something about Grace Abbott which always suggested Joan of Arc.”
– U.S. Representative Edward Keating, 1939
During World War I, American newspaper writers coined a provocative expression: “the shock troops.” The term designated those elite soldiers who were being ordered into the War’s most perilous combat offensives — into the very shock of the battle.
One day at about this time, a young woman named Grace Abbott came across that journalistic phrase. The woman was an ardent pacifist and an anti-war protester — all the same, the terminology of warfare never seemed to be far from her lips. She often spoke of the “casualties” lost and of the “battlefront service” given by her colleagues in the struggles for human rights.
Grace Abbott was immediately struck by the pertinence of the newspaper’s expression as it might be applied to a different kind of conflict — one in which she herself was deeply engaged. Before long, she was forcefully asserting that “The movement to end child labor has — in every country — supplied ‘the shock troops’ in the struggle for decent working conditions for all citizens.” There was no exaggeration in her analogy. Take a look at the mortality rate of children killed while working in the factories in those days. Read the stories of infants and mothers left dead or permanently crippled by grossly mishandled child birthings. Then you’ll understand that the early twentieth century crusade for children’s rights truly was being carried on in a war zone.
If you continue reading those news reports, you’ll see, too, that this woman — Grace Abbott — was there, fighting and living for several decades, on the battle’s very front line. She was the great American champion of childrens rights — bringing health care and financial assistance to mothers and infants who, in earlier days, had been abandoned to sickness and death; and, too, she was leading the fight to end child labor.
The combative way was nothing new to Grace. It was the life into which she had been born. Her mother’s family had worked on the Underground Railroad in slavery days before the Civil War; her father was a staunch abolitionist who had once been left for dead while fighting as a soldier in Lincoln’s Union army. Both of her parents were pioneers along the rugged Western frontier of the mid-1800s.
While Grace Abbott was still a little girl on the wild Nebraska prairie, she had met and kept company with her family’s many unusual house guests, including suffragist heroines Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone. Before she had started school, Grace had already given several years of childhood service to the new women’s suffrage movement of the Midwest, working alongside her remarkable mother and father, who were leading activists of that time and place.
Grace’s parents were looked upon as eccentrics by the people of their little prairie town. And Grace, too, was always considered “different.” She was regularly in trouble at school, and her sister Edith records a typical episode of a teacher saying, with exasperation, “Grace I don’t know what to do with you! I’ll have to speak with your mother.” To which Grace replied, “But Mother doesn’t know what to do with me, either. And sometimes I don’t know what to do with myself.”
This combination — of abundant energy on one hand and of uncertainty as to purpose on the other — kept Grace in a painful psychological quandary for many of her early years. Upon graduating from high school she hesitated, for over a decade, before committing herself to a path in life. At the age of twenty-nine she was still living at home with her parents and working at a modest teaching job at the local high school.
Then, in the first years of the twentieth century, Grace Abbott finally made her leap into the world. Within little more than a decade, she went from working in a modest position at her hometown high school, to being the most powerful and highest ranking woman in the entire U.S. government. She was slow to start, but when she got going, she was explosive.
In 1907, Grace Abbott boldly left behind her well-to-do rural home to live for several years in the midst of the desperately poor immigrants of urban Chicago alongside her mentor, Nobel Prize-winner Jane Addams. There — settled among the newly arrived Greeks and Poles and Russian Jews of the neighborhood — Abbott stood up in court for a young Bohemian victim of rape; she organized help for crippled and defrauded Italian laborers; she brought hope and pragmatic solutions to the problems of thousands of America’s newest citizens.
Grace also worked as a muckraking journalist for the Chicago Evening Post. There she told a wide audience of readers about the plight of “the lost immigrant girls” — young women newly arrived to the U.S., speaking little or no English, who were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution and slave labor. And, as the Director of the Immigrants’ Protective League, she became an influential national leader, defending the rights of her immigrant friends before even the President of the United States.
Director Abbott soon thereafter became the first person appointed by the U.S. to a committee of the League of Nations — an event that was hailed at New York’s “Women’s Council,” according to one witness, “as if it were the opening of heaven itself.”
At last, Abbott was named the top woman in the U.S. government: leading, for many years, the bitterly contested national fight against child labor as Chief of the U.S. Children’s Bureau.
She often took, for her trailblazing efforts, the calumny of male politicians. She was decried as “a would-be woman boss carrying out Shylock political deals” and as “a menopausal maniac with a Mussolini complex.” In response to these insults, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to her friend’s defense by calling Grace Abbott “one of the great women of our day … a definite strength which we count on for use in battle.”
Abbott’s own replies to her adversaries were equally forthright. When confronted with the then frequent question as to why any woman should “choose the strenuous life” of public service, she responded by criticizing her critics as “lotus-eaters, who prefer to live in a gray twilight in which there is neither victory nor defeat.”
“It is impossible for them to understand,” she said, “that to have had a part in the struggle — to have done what one could — is in itself the reward of effort and the comfort in defeat.”
* * *
Grace Abbott lived at the heart of her generation’s most decisive battles for social justice. Her time as the highest-ranking woman in the U.S. government was that crucial historical moment when women were at last establishing their permanent place in the nation’s political life. Her influence on the succeeding generations of women in public service was, consequently, vast.
Chief Abbott was the first woman in American history to be nominated to a Presidential cabinet post: Secretary of Labor in the Hoover administration. She was also, therefore, the first woman attacked for aspiring to such a position. She became the center of a volatile national campaign — during which her nomination was supported by the likes of civil rights leader W.E.B. Du Bois and resisted, ironically and successfully, by Hoover himself.
Abbott’s personal defeat in her hopes for the cabinet position was, nonetheless, a victory in the progress of women in government. For she was, in effect, the first soldier on the beach-head; the one who took the brunt of sniper-fire and thus enabled the next woman-nominee, Frances Perkins, to make her way through to the opposition’s stronghold.
But Abbott’s political achievements went much deeper than this sort of sacrificial offering. As Chief of the United States Children’s Bureau, she ran the very first federal grants-in-aid welfare program in U.S. history: the influential Maternity and Infancy Act. And she was the only trained social worker at the top levels of American government at the onset of the Great Depression. Accordingly, her efforts led the way to the creation of the Federal Emergency Relief effort during the Depression, of the Social Security Act, and of international childrens work that later came to fruition in the United Nation’s UNICEF program.
Throughout her life, Grace Abbott’s method of work was intellectual without being academic. Frances Perkins, Franklin Roosevelt’s Secretary of Labor, described it this way: “Grace Abbott put herself in direct contact with poverty and trouble, letting her own experience show her what needed to be done.” And then she did it.
Along the way, Grace created an important literary heritage as well. She utilized the many communication forums of her day: from magazine articles and pamphlets (including some of the best-sellers of the government presses) to public speeches and motion pictures. When radio broadcasting became possible, Abbott seized upon this new venue, too, with a weekly series airing on N.B.C., thus becoming one of the first female broadcasters to a national audience.
Over the course of her career, Grace Abbott wrote and spoke extensively concerning a wide array of matters. But her best communiqués are those that deal with children’s rights. It is in this area that the Abbott contribution remains most alive, for her words on child welfare still speak with urgency and call out for action. More than sixty years after her death, her child welfare writings remain alive and able to influence contemporary debate on the “hot button” issues of child labor, education, and health care that continue to dominate the news media of our day.
By reading her speeches of the 1920s and ‘30s, we discover the crucial role which Grace Abbott played in developing one of the great principles in the history of social policy: that a child does not belong exclusively to its parents or guardians; but that it is, from the earliest age, a unique member of the society into which it is born; and that, furthermore, the society has obligations to each and every one of its children — responsibilities to make certain that the child is granted its fundamental human rights to health, to protection from abuse, and to education.
Grace Abbott was, of course, not alone in putting forward this idea. But she was among the forefront of those who proposed and established, through painstaking legislative and administrative work, the principle of government responsibility for child welfare. The results of this quiet social revolution — as evidenced in the improved opportunities for the health and education of the vast masses of people — must be counted among the great developments in the history of the human race. And one that we are, even now, merely in the beginning stage of.
The shift in social welfare conditions in the past hundred years has been so pervasive that we sometimes take it quite for granted. But it is useful for us to remember that much effort was required to effect these changes. A small town Ohio newspaper editorial made this point in 1934, saying: “Today it is comparatively easy to persuade any community that its children must be safeguarded against disease and malnutrition; that for their youthful shortcomings must be meted out a different sort of punishment than is given adult criminals; and that young folk are better off in schools than in factories. All this is an accepted fact today. But it is undoubtedly due to the steady campaign of the Children’s Bureau. And the driving force behind that bureau was Miss Grace Abbott.”
As we encounter the story of Grace’s life and read her provocative words, we come to understand why she inspired both deep admiration and violent attacks. We see how it is possible for one writer to call her work “the greatest thing ever done in America in behalf of the activities of Hell.” While, at the same time, another affectionately dubs her, “Mother to America’s forty-three million children.”
We see, too, why Franklin Roosevelt spoke with such deep admiration for this woman whom he addressed as a “great humanitarian” who “rendered service of inestimable value to the children and mothers and fathers of the country.”
Of course, Abbott could at times — like many another pioneer and revolutionary — be impatient, a bit self-righteous with her enemies, and even irritatingly insistent upon her ideals. Still, her story offers us a compelling example of how one middle-class, middle-American — a longtime member of the Republican Party — chose to devote her life to causes that are often shrugged off as “somebody else’s problem.” And, by so doing, she changed our country more profoundly than have many Presidents.
When Chief Abbott — only sixty years old — died in 1939, Congresswoman Caroline O’Day paid an homage that went straight to the heart of her finest achievements, saying that, “Grace Abbott’s influence will extend to future generations — not only in our own country, but in many parts of the world. Thousands of mothers and children are alive today who might have died but for the beneficent activities which Grace Abbott initiated or furthered.”
And Senator George Norris chided his listeners for the lack of attention they paid to Abbott’s indispensable work, pointing out that “We Americans love to honor our leaders, but too often we forget the noble men and women, like Grace Abbott, who have — silently and unknown — accomplished more for the betterment of humanity than has come from the clamor and publicity which surrounds the acts of the powerful and influential.”
U.S. Representative Edward Keating summed up the feelings of many others when he said, quite simply, “To me there was something about Grace Abbott which always suggested Joan of Arc.”
In her radio programs and speeches of the 1920s and ‘30s, Grace Abbott would sometimes address the younger people in her audience. In one Depression-era talk, she frankly discussed the difficulties of her own lifework and, at the same time, made a plea for her young listeners to consider taking up the difficult life of social service themselves. She said:
Injustice and cruelty to children are as old as the world. We have made some progress. We see things more clearly now than in the past; and with clearer vision we can do more, go farther.
Without apology, then, I ask you to use courageously your intelligence, your strength, and your good will toward children in the progressive removal of the economic barriers which have retarded the full development of children in the past. There will, I warn you, be discouragements and disappointments. But the cause of children must triumph ultimately. The important thing is that we should be on our way.
Perhaps you may ask, ‘Does the road lead uphill all the way?’ And I must answer, ‘Yes, to the very end.’ But if I offer you a long, hard struggle, I can also promise you great rewards. Justice for all children is the high ideal in a democracy.
That simple promise: of a life well-lived, an existence well-used — which she herself discovered only through a painful, often lonely lifetime spent among “the shock troops” — is Grace Abbott’s great and lasting victory.
More information available at:
The author can be reached at:
|
<urn:uuid:d62496b2-0b48-483b-81d7-3d601326703e>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/abbott-grace/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040059/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00053-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97424 | 3,459 | 3.4375 | 3 |
The midfoot is an important structure within the foot that assists in absorbing forces that come from activities like walking, running and jumping. When patients come see us here at Dallas Podiatry Works and need treatment for a midfoot injury, they often have one of the common Lisfranc injuries. In severe cases, these injuries can take several months to heal properly, but recognizing the problem and receiving early treatment can keep it from worsening.
Basic Foot Anatomy
Knowing a bit about basic foot structure can allow you to better understand Lisfranc injuries and what can be done for them. In this particular issue, our focus is on the Lisfranc joint complex, which is formed by the bones and ligaments that connect the midfoot to the forefoot.
The midfoot is responsible for stabilizing the foot arch, and it does this with the use of the tarsal bones. In the forefoot, we find the long, thin bones (metatarsals) that lead up to the toes. At the point where the metatarsal and tarsal bones meet, we find the Lisfranc ligament that connects them. This tough band of connective tissue provides strength for the joint and keeps the bones properly aligned.
Lisfranc Injury Symptoms and Causes
The most obvious signs of a Lisfranc injury are bruising (found either in the top or bottom of the foot), swelling in the top of the foot, and pain that progressively worsens with physical activity or even while standing.
Injuries in this area are sustained from either direct or indirect forces on an affected foot. Many times, an injury occurs in response to excessive twisting (especially in sports like soccer or football) or from a fall from height. In athletic participation, a midfoot injury will often happen when an athlete has his or her foot planted in a downward, flexed position and then stumble over the top of it. In the case of direct trauma, there can be multiple fractures and dislocations in the Lisfranc joint complex.
Types of Lisfranc Injuries
There are three different forms of Lisfranc injuries, and any might be sustained either independently or as a combination with another. These types of injuries are:
- Fractures – There are various ways bones in the complex can become fractured, including avulsion fractures (where a tiny piece is pulled away from the main bone) or outright breaks.
- Dislocations – In some cases, bones are forced out of their intended positions by excessive physical force.
- Sprains – When ligaments in the Lisfranc complex become strained, it can lead to instability within the joint.
Conservative Treatment Options for Lisfranc Injuries
First aid steps for treating a Lisfranc injury includes the use of ice, elevation, and rest to both protect the injured areas from further damage and to reduce pain and swelling. Further options, depending on the nature of the injury, that we may prescribe include oral medication, immobilization, and physical therapy. Immobilization may entail a cast or crutches to keep bodyweight off the area.
Lisfranc Surgery and Recovery
Surgery may be a recommended part of treatment, depending on the severity and nature of the midfoot injury. Surgical procedures that might be used include fixation and fusion. When internal fixation is performed, bones are lined up in their proper places and then secured with the use of screws and/or plates. After about 3 to 5 months, the screws and/or plates will be removed to allow for increased movement.
Fusion is an option that is more commonly used for severe cases that are damaged beyond other means of repair. This procedure will fuse damage bones together, and the will heal into a single, solid piece. In the event that screws or plates are used for fusion, they will not likely be removed.
Effective Lisfranc Injury Treatment in Dallas-Fort Worth
Whether we use conservative or surgical methods for your Lisfranc injury here at Dallas Podiatry Works, you can be assured that our goal is to provide optimal pain relief and restored functionality of your foot. Contact us by calling toll-free (888) 716-5283 or schedule an appointment with either our Plano or Dallas, TX offices online today.
|
<urn:uuid:617d6592-ff87-4240-9028-ffd4f1bca6c7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.dallaspodiatryworks.com/library/lisfranc-injury-in-the-middle-of-the-foot.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105291.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819012514-20170819032514-00264.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936307 | 883 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Some types can cause health problems including cancers.
The results of a study released by the CDC on April 6 show that more than 1 in 5 U.S. adults are infected with cancer-causing HPV.
“We tend to overlook the fact that 20 percent of us are carrying the virus that can cause cancer,” said Geraldine McQuillan, lead author of the report and a senior infectious-disease epidemiologist in the Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys at the CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. “People really need to realize that this is a serious concern.”
During 2011-14, prevalence of any oral HPV among adults aged 18-69 was 7.3 percent and high-risk oral HPV was 4.0 percent. Prevalence of any and high-risk oral HPV was lowest among non-Hispanic Asian adults and any oral HPV was highest among non-Hispanic black adults.
During 2013–2014, any genital HPV prevalence among adults aged 18-59, was:
- 42.5 percent in the total population,
- 45.2 percent among men,
- 39.9 percent among women.
High-risk genital HPV prevalence was:
- 22.7 percent in the total population,
- 25.1 percent among men,
- 20.4 percent among women.
In the U.S., the CDC estimates 31,000 women and men are diagnosed with a cancer caused by HPV infection. Cervical cancer accounts for 1 in 3 cancers caused by HPV infection. While there is screening for cervical cancer, there is no routine screening for the other 20,000 cancers caused by HPV infections each year. Often these cancers — such as cancers of the back of the throat (oropharynx) and cancers of the anus/rectum — aren’t detected until later stages when they are difficult to treat.
Most cervical cancer cases are seen in women under the age of 50. Women of African ancestry have a higher risk factor than caucasian women.
The Washington Post reported that lingering misconceptions and fears are among the reasons for the lower use of HPV vaccination, according to Electra Paskett, a cancer control researcher at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Some people still think vaccination encourages youth to become promiscuous. “The way [the vaccine] was introduced in Australia and the United Kingdom was as a cancer vaccine, which is truly what it is. It is a cancer vaccine,” Paskett said.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011-14 were used for these analyses. NHANES is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the U.S. The survey is unique in that it combines interviews and physical examinations.
|
<urn:uuid:aa8b27f8-8e67-47f7-a7d1-2cc1b9a186d4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.cancertutor.com/cdc-report-hpv-cancers/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00316.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95845 | 599 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that burrow through human skin and lay eggs that eventually lodge in major organs. As if that isn’t bad enough, the worms thrive in their hosts for decades. A discovery by HHMI investigator Phillip Newmark may help shorten this parasite’s lifespan.
Newmark studies planarians, relatives of schistosomes, in his laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Planarians have extraordinary regenerative powers—they can replace lost body parts by calling on a reserve of stem cells called neoblasts. Postdoctoral fellow Jim Collins and Newmark had a hunch that schistosomes might use similar cells to repair damaged tissues, allowing them to live longer lives.
They were right. The researchers found similar actively dividing cells. “The cells we found in schistosomes look remarkably like planarian neoblasts,” explains Newmark. And they can give rise to multiple cell types. The scientists published their results February 28, 2013, in Nature.
Newmark says the schistosome stem cells aren’t necessarily the sole reason the parasites survive for so many years. But their ability to replenish multiple cell types likely plays a role. With more work, scientists may be able to figure out how to target the schistosome stem cells and shorten the parasite’s lifespan.
|
<urn:uuid:520d0a27-1fa3-4d80-8316-444d3b676db7>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/spring-2013/secret-worm-longevity
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011094911/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091814-00086-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93859 | 285 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.