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The fear of embarrassment is a constant presence in a teen’s life. The fear of saying the wrong thing at a party. The fear of wearing the wrong thing at school and facing judgment. The fear of having to give a speech or presentation in front of one’s classmates.
It’s occasionally unpleasant, but a certain amount of anxiety over embarrassment is perfectly normal for an adolescent. A teen with social anxiety disorder – also called social phobia – is different. They experience intense fear over every social interaction – even with their friends. Worse, they often want to be more sociable. Sovereign Health can help. Rancho San Diego, our residential treatment center for adolescents east of San Diego, offers teens a safe, quiet and comfortable place to work on their problems and reach their true potential.
For one thing, social anxiety disorder isn’t shyness – a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) study in 2011 found only 12 percent of youth who self-identified as “shy” met the criteria for social anxiety disorder.
To people with social anxiety disorder, every interaction carries with it the threat of embarrassment, fear and humiliation. Most people might feel nervousness before, say, a first date; a person with social anxiety disorder will agonize over the date for weeks beforehand and experience extreme anxiety when the date finally rolls around. Even the simple, mundane activities of ordinary life can make a patient with this disorder unable to function.
In teens, the disorder is particularly isolating. Social anxiety disorder prevents teens from making the crucial social connections necessary for development. Worse, the disorder often persists into adulthood and beyond: The Anxiety and Depression Association of America reports 36 percent of people with social anxiety disorder live with the symptoms for a decade or more before finally seeking help.
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| 0.919728 | 367 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Planting in Uganda. Coffee—Para Rubber—Cocoa
Planting in Uganda. Coffee—Para Rubber—Cocoa is a comprehensive analysis of plantation agriculture in early 20th-century Uganda, written by two senior managers of Ugandan companies. As stated in the preface, it was intended to assist white planters who were attracted to Uganda by the fertile soils and favorable climate but who, in many cases, had no knowledge of agricultural conditions in the country. It deals with three main products—coffee, Para rubber (today usually simply referred to as rubber), and cocoa—and focuses on two provinces, Buganda and Bugosa ...
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| 0.974137 | 135 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Table of Contents
- What is Mushroom Is it a Plant?
- 6 Amazing Health Benefits Of Medicinal Mushrooms?
- Which Mushrooms Are Medicinal?
In this article, discover some amazing health benefits of medicinal mushrooms. You should include them in your diet!
Medicinal mushrooms are used to treat various diseases and reduce their risk and improve overall health.
In this article, we will share some medicinal mushrooms according to scientific research. More and more studies show that these superfoods are not only delicious but also healing.
- 7 Proven Health Benefits Of Reishi Mushroom
- What Are The Health Benefits Of Shiitake Mushroom?
- Morel Mushroom: Health Benefits, Uses, Side Effects, And Warning
What is Mushroom Is it a Plant?
Mushrooms are one of the truly wild foods today. Many cultures gather them at different times of the year.
One of the most common medicinal properties of fungi is that they strengthen your immune system thanks to their antibiotic and antiviral powers. Therefore, it is an excellent food to reduce the risk of disease and stay healthy.
6 Amazing Health Benefits Of Medicinal Mushrooms?
Some of the health benefits of mushrooms:
Medicinal mushrooms are a good source of selenium. Studies show that mineral selenium is anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. This can also help in reducing the potential and risk of cancer, heart diseases, thyroid disease, and cognitive decline.
Helps Lower Cholesterol
In general, mushrooms do not contain cholesterol, but they are also a good source of chitin and beta-glucan, which is cholesterol-lowering fibers.
It Can Improve Bone Health
A single serving of cooked mushrooms; It can provide one-third of copper, the essential vitamin that is recommended daily and necessary to maintain healthy bones. Medicinal mushrooms are also a source of vitamin D, which helps bones by absorbing calcium.
It Can Protect Your Brain
The two antioxidants in question (ergothioneine and glutathione) show that they can also help prevent Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Researchers recommend eating at least five mushrooms a day to reduce your risk of neurological disease in the future.
Medicinal mushrooms are rich in B vitamins: riboflavin (B2), folate (B9), thiamine (B1), pantothenic acid (B5) and niacin (B3). These help bodies take advantage of the food we consume and produce red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body.
Strengthens The Immune System
Medicinal mushrooms, which are rich in antioxidants, increase the body’s resistance, thus reducing the rate of catching ill people. It removes toxins from the liver, lungs, and intestines and removes it from the body.
Note: There are many poisonous types of mushrooms. If poisonous species are collected and consumed, it can lead to death. It is best to consume mushrooms planted under appropriate conditions to avoid these dangers.
Which Mushrooms Are Medicinal?
1. Shiitake Mushrooms
Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) strengthen your immune system and reduce inflammation. In this respect, this food can be very effective for people suffering from painful inflammatory diseases such as arthritis or fibromyalgia. It is also a good solution for those who tend to get sick frequently.
These medicinal mushrooms are also known for their ability to lower high cholesterol and triglycerides levels if consumed frequently.
This mushroom is quite popular both in the kitchen and on a medical level. After all, it is very tasty and is also frequently used in Asian cuisine. It is traditionally added to all kinds of stews, soups, rice, and pastas.
2. Meadow Mushroom
Meadow mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms. Usually, any kind of recipe can be added: salads, soups, stews, pizzas, pasta dishes, etc.
In general, this mushroom has many medicinal properties. This mushroom,
- It strengthens your immune system and fights viruses and bacteria. This is due to polysaccharides and other compounds they contain.
- It can reduce the risk of certain tumors appearing. Enzymes in this type of fungus can help fight cancer cells.
- It reduces allergies.
- It reduces inflammation.
- It lowers blood sugar levels and increases insulin resistance, diabetes, etc. it reduces the risk.
- It maintains liver function. Therefore, it facilitates the digestion of fats and helps to remove toxins from the body.
3. Lingzhi Mushroom
Lingzhi mushroom fungus (Ganoderma lucidum) is one of the most famous medicinal mushrooms due to healing properties. However, it is necessary to stress that although its essence can be used as a natural treatment, this fungus cannot be eaten raw.
Lingzhi fungus has the following characteristics:
- Increases blood flow.
- It strengthens the immune system.
- It reduces hypertension.
- It balances high blood sugar levels.
- It protects liver function.
- It reduces inflammation.
- It facilitates blood cell production.
- It has a powerful antioxidant power.
- It reduces the risk of osteoporosis.
- It can improve your memory.
4. Maitake Mushrooms
This Japanese mushroom has been consumed since ancient times and is used as an ancestral medicine in Eastern medicine.
Like Shiitake and lingzhi fungus, it strengthens your immune system. It also has the power to increase energy and vitality in people who consume frequently. Finally, healing power also improves respiratory and circulatory systems.
However, you should never consume raw these mushrooms. You can cook and add to stews or use them in powdered form or an extract.
Finally, consumption is not recommended if you are using blood-thinning drugs.
5. Oyster Mushrooms
Oyster fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) are characterized by a high lovastatin content. This nutrient makes an excellent medicinal mushroom to naturally control cholesterol and triglycerides.
This fungus is a powerful antioxidant that protects against damage from free radicals and cellular aging. It can even reduce the risk of developing certain cancers.
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Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase a woman’s risk of stroke and should not be considered as a way to protect against cardiovascular disease, a recent meta-analysis concluded.
- HRT may increase a woman’s risk of stroke and should not be considered a therapy that is cardioprotective.
- Women younger than 60 who use HRT were less likely to have heart disease or die from a cardiac event. However, their risk of blood clots was increased.
- Clinicians must continue to carefully weigh the benefits of HRT with the possible harms, including increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and thromboembolism.
Evidence from 19 randomized controlled trials involving more than 40,000 women suggests that the once-held belief that HRT during menopause could ward off cardiovascular disease is wrong. The analysis was conducted as an update to the 2013 review by the Cochrane Heart Group and included 6 new studies.
Overall, the combined study results showed no evidence that HRT provides a protective effect against death from any cause. Specifically, the authors reported that the absolute risk increase for stroke was 6 per 1000 women (number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) = 165; mean length of follow-up: 4.21 years (range: 2.0 to 7.1)); for venous thromboembolism, 8 per 1000 women (NNTH = 118; mean length of follow-up: 5.95 years (range: 1.0 to 7.1)); and for pulmonary embolism, 4 per 1000 (NNTH = 242; mean length of follow-up: 3.13 years (range: 1.0 to 7.1)).
Still, the authors do not go as far as to discount entirely the clinical use of HRT. Instead, they say a woman’s age, her symptoms and medical history should be accounted for when discussing the possibility of treatment.
In addition, the editors did find one subgroup of women who could see a potential benefit to taking hormones during menopause. Women younger than 60 years old who started HRT were found to have a reduced likelihood of heart disease as well as fewer deaths. Still, while they had 8 fewer cases of heart disease, they also experienced 5 extra blood clots over about 7 years, compared with a group of similar women who did not start HRT.
“This review adds a few more pieces to a complicated jigsaw of evidence relating to the use of HRT to treat symptoms of menopause,” said David Tovey, MD, Editor in Chief of the Cochrane Library, in a news release. “The main analysis that the authors did found no benefit, and so we need to apply caution to the results from the subgroup analysis. However, if true, this apparent benefit in preventing heart disease in younger women should be considered alongside other possible benefits and emerging evidence of harms, including the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and DVT [deep vein thrombosis].”
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George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominionsof the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.
Known publicly as Albert until his accession, and "Bertie" among his family and close friends, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria, and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He attended naval college as a teenager, and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame.
George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936. However, later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson. British prime minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king. Edward abdicated to marry Simpson, and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor.
During George's reign, the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. The following year, a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth – except Ireland – was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained king of both countries, but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign. He was succeeded by his elder daughter, Elizabeth II.
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Major Historical Sites On Papa Westray
- well-preserved remains of
two Neolithic buildings, the oldest surviving dwellings in north-west Europe.
and loch - medieval pilgrimage site.
- offshore islet with a number of remains, including a Neolithic chambered tomb.
St Boniface Kirk, Papa Westray
St Boniface Kirk
Now restored, St Boniface Kirk is set in an important
ecclesiastic site dating back to the 8th century. It stands above
the rocky shore towards the north west of Papa Westray. It has Iron Age, Pictish and later remains
nearby, dating from the 6th century BC to 12th century AD. A Norse
hog-back gravestone and two Early Christian cross-slabs found in
the Kirkyard all combine to indicate a site of great significance.
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| 0.912536 | 180 | 2.625 | 3 |
You might have heard of endometriosis, but what about adenomyosis? Here we take a look at both conditions, along with their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
- Adenomyosis is a condition where the tissue that usually lines the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle layer of the uterus. Endometriosis is when tissue similar to the endometrium grows outside of the uterus.
- Both adenomyosis and endometriosis can cause painful and heavy periods, pelvic pain, and pain when having sex.
- The exact cause of adenomyosis and endometriosis is still unknown, which makes both difficult to diagnose.
- Treatment for both adenomyosis and endometriosis includes hormonal birth control, pain medications, and sometimes surgery.
What are the similarities and differences between adenomyosis and endometriosis?
First things first: What exactly are endometriosis and adenomyosis? To explain the conditions, we need to do a quick biology lesson. Your uterus has a layer of tissue called endometrium. During your menstrual cycle, hormones cause this layer to build up to support a possible pregnancy. If you don’t get pregnant, the layer will shed. This is your period.
If you have endometriosis, tissue similar to the endometrium grows outside of your uterus, often affecting your reproductive organs such as your ovaries and uterine tubes. It could even grow in areas such as your bladder, bowels, rectum, or more rarely, your lungs, diaphragm, and kidneys. Just like the endometrium in your uterus, this tissue is also affected by your hormones, meaning it grows and bleeds throughout your cycle. This can lead to the surrounding tissue becoming inflamed, which can cause issues such as ovarian cysts, adhesions, and scar tissue.
Adenomyosis is a condition where the tissue that usually lines your uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle layer of the uterus, causing it to double or triple in size. The exact cause isn’t known, although risk factors include being aged 35 to 50, prior childbirth, and having uterine surgery, such as a cesarean section.
- Painful, heavy, or irregular periods
- Pain during or after sex
- Spotting or bleeding between periods
- Difficulty conceiving or infertility
- Pain when peeing or pooping
- Diarrhea or constipation during your period
It’s worth noting that these symptoms can affect everyone differently, so you might experience some, all, or none of the symptoms above to a different extent. Having more severe symptoms does not necessarily mean you have a more severe form of endometriosis.
- Heavy periods
- Pain during sex
- Pain in your pelvis
- Severe cramping or a sharp pain in your pelvis during your period
- Problems conceiving or infertility
Some factors that may increase your risk of endometriosis include:
- Starting your period for the first time before the age of 11
- Having short menstrual cycles (less than 27 days long)
- Having heavy periods that last for more than seven days
- Having a close relative, such as a mother or sister, with the condition
- Having an abnormal uterus (this would only be diagnosed by a doctor)
Factors that may increase your risk of adenomyosis include:
- Giving birth
- Being middle aged
- Having had previous surgeries on your uterus, such as a C-section or fibroid removal
One of these is retrograde menstruation. This is when period blood flows upward through your uterine tubes instead of leaving your body through your vagina. This is normal, but researchers believe this can lead to endometrial cells sticking to your pelvis and other body parts, causing endometriosis.
There could also be a genetic component to endometriosis. This means that if you have a family history of the condition, you could be at an increased risk of developing it yourself. If you have any concerns, be sure to reach out to your health care provider for advice.
The cause of adenomyosis is also still unknown, but again, experts have a few theories. One suggests that during surgeries that affect the uterus, such as C-sections, cells from the uterine lining may enter the muscles of the uterus wall.
Some experts also believe that after childbirth, inflammation of the uterine lining may disturb the normal boundary of cells that line the uterus, causing adenomyosis. As with endometriosis, more research is needed to determine the actual cause.
How common are they?
It’s estimated that endometriosis affects around 1 in 10 women of reproductive age, and it’s most often diagnosed in women in their 30s or 40s. There aren’t any specific statistics on how common adenomyosis is, but it’s more likely to be diagnosed in women over 40 or women who have had surgery on their uterus.
However, diagnosing adenomyosis or endometriosis isn’t straightforward, so they could be more common than we think. Because they share symptoms, they’re often mistaken for one another. It’s also possible to have both adenomyosis and endometriosis at the same time.
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| 0.95266 | 1,123 | 3.5 | 4 |
Cognition Laboratory Experiments
John H. Krantz, Hanover College, [email protected]
Instructions for the
|Number of Times to Repeat Each Stimulus Set||How many times each item in a stimulus set will be repeated. Trial will be times repeated*number of items in stimulus set.|
The type of priming stimulus used:
|Check boxes to the right of Target Type||These are the conditions of priming stimulus to be responded to. Check those conditions you wish to use. Default will have all conditions checked.|
|Font Size||The size of the font for the words from 11 to 64 point values.|
|Delay before Prime||The duration of the blank interval prior to the priming stimulus from 0 to 5000 msec.|
|Duration of Priming Stimulus||The time the priming stimulus is presented, from 20 to 5000 msec.|
|Interstimulus Interval||The time between the prime and the actual stimulus, from 0 to 5000 msec.|
|Duration of Target Stumulus||The time during with the target stimulus is visible, from 50 to 5000 msec.|
After you have finished making your settings, press the Done button at the bottom of the screen. The Lexical Decision experiment screen will then be presented.
Press the space bar to begin the experiment. A fixation mark will appear for the indicated time. There there will a word or picture presented briefly. This is the prime and no response if required. After the interstimulus interval will be presented the target stimulus. Your task is to quickly and accurately indicate if the stimulus is a word or nonword. You may respond by pressing either the buttons at the botton of the screen or the F or W keys for words or the J or N keys for nonwords.
At the end of the experiment, your results will be presented. The results are the reaction time and accuracy for each of the condtions of prime responding to both a word and a nonword. There should be little difference in reaciton time and accuracy for the nonword conditions but they are separated out by prime condition just in case. You can also get your trial by trial results. Closing your results window(s) will take you back to the setup window so you can run another experiment.
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How does learning occur? While many of us do this with very little effort, for children with visual impairments and additional disabilities it is an ongoing challenge to attend, gather, interpret and synthesize information.
Learning is a dynamic process of simultaneously gathering information, relating it to something we already know and constructing meaning. Repeated practice with the new information moves it into long term storage so the learner can use the information without much effort.
Acquisition of Sensory Information
That very first step of learning, acquisition, occurs through sensory input and it’s crucial we understand how our students acquire that sensory information. For students with visual impairments, the Learning Media Assessment (LMA) is an answer to that question. It provides valuable information on the child’s use of the preferred sensory channels to promote that learning. This a challenge for our students who are at the earliest stages of communication and cognition, who might be at emergent levels of communication and literacy, and for those children who are just beginning to attend to and explore their own environment. What tool can be used to understand how these students will best access and attend to the information they need to learn?
Using The Sensory Learning Kit (SLK) in the LMA
The Sensory Learning Kit (SLK) Guidebook and Assessments are the tools Teachers of the Visually Impaired in Iowa use to meet that need. The two manuals (SLK Assessment Manual and Routines book) developed by Millie Smith were designed, “…to provide sensory experiences that stimulate curiosity and motivate interactions that help develop skills." (M. Smith, p. 2 SLK Guidebook and Assessment Forms)
This manual is available as a free download from APH.
What is the SLK Guidebook?
The SLK Guidebook consists of five tools used sequentially to develop:
- Sensory Learning Summary (SLS) to understand how the child accesses information and how his/her health might impact their ability to learn. This is often overlooked or not considered but is critical in understanding what the child’s unique needs are. For example, if a child has CHARGE Syndrome, Optic Nerve Hypoplasia, or Cortical Visual Impairment there are a few conclusions we can likely draw about how their etiology impacts their learning and, not in-frequently, their behavior. The SLS is much like a thorough file review – giving us an organizational framework for what things we need to consider in terms of the child’s health and access to information and how those things impact their child’s ability to learn.
- Arousal State Profile (ASP) is used to understand when the child is available for instruction relative to their arousal states. If a child is sleeping or agitated they are not as available for learning and understanding. Supporting those alert arousal states increase the child’s availability for learning. Sometimes educational teams need to consider how a student’s access to information and/or their overall health (etiology, overall health, medication, pain, etc.) might affect their arousal state.
- Sensory Response Record (SRR) assesses the students preferred topics for learning. Each sensory system (vision/hearing/touch/taste/gustatory/movement) is assessed to determine the interests of the child, and those interests will draw the child’s attention needed to learn. The response the child gives, to each of those sensory probes, determines what the child’s preferred learning media is AND at what level the child participates with that media. That participation level will determine the instructional level. This is a very big deal! All too often we teach this population of children on topics they have no interest in or understanding of and we wonder why they are not learning/progressing. Using the topics they enjoy and teaching children on their instructional level in crucial for all kids!
- Appetite/Aversion List (AAL) is generated from the SRR and what teams know about their student’s likes and dislikes. It is important to see this list as a work in progress. You can add new information as you learn more about the child’s interests. This list can be posted in the child’s classroom and used to make sure staff understands not only the child’s preferred topics, but also what the child does not like. Understanding student specific likes/dislikes can also help staff manage the student’s arousal states.
Levels & Strategies Guide (LSG): information gathered in the SRR is placed in the LSG to identify the child’s instructional level and their preferred (or most intact) sensory channel. The three levels identified are:
- Quiet Alert (or attention) the child is learning to attend and establishing a positive relationship with people during the routine.
- Active Alert (or exploration) the child is learning to develop intentional behaviors within the routine as he develops the ability to interact with media/objects and partners
- Partial participation (or function) the child is learning to anticipate the next step in a routine with a predictable outcome while working to participate in to his or her full potential within the routine.
Voila – the LMA (child’s preferred sensory channel) and the instructional level!
The SLK is a systematic way to identify what things the student likes most, drawing in their attention to actively engage him/her in their own learning by systematically identifying the sensory channel(s) the student uses to access information and at what level they are able to access that information
The SLK Guidebook and Assessments are tools TVI’s and educational teams can use to “experience with the child" so we can better understand his meanings, his values, and his choices” (Jan van Dijk) and invite him/her to join us in a shared world.
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| 0.948244 | 1,215 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Four and a half centuries ago, in 1555, Amath Diegui Fall was born in Futa Toro the Fulani/Tukulor region of northern Senegal, the cradle of Islam in Senegambia and beyond. His mother was Djegui Ba, his father Pathe Fall, a descendant of the damel (king) of Kayor. Amath, called Amar in Kayor, was an erudite , devout Muslim who became known as Khaly (judge) Amar Fall. He founded the town of Pire. Fall's erudition attracted believers and scholars from a vast area and in 1611, he founded the Islamic university of Pire that still exists and had for students historical figures such as Suleyman Bal and Abdel Kader Kane who blocked the slave trade on the Senegal River (see Servants of Allah and Fighting the Slave Trade.) A prolific author, Fall died in 1638.
I am a descendant of Khaly Amar Fall. Like him I highly value education, research, knowledge, writing and sharing what I have learned.
In 1555, a man named N. Mustel died in Rougemontiers, in Normandy, France. He was born in 1495. Contrary to Fall, nothing is known about him, not even his first name. He came from a locality that had been invaded by the Danes in the 9th century. The red-headed and freckle-faced generations that followed him were farmers deeply rooted in Normandy. Many were illiterate and their knowledge was nature based.
I am a descendant, 16 generations later, of N. Mustel. Like those who preceded me in Normandy (and Burgundy,) I have freckles and a passion for trees and plants, forests and little villages; and in New York, I live one block for a hilly park, a river, and medieval cloisters.
No originality whatsoever. Who I am was already in the works 500 years ago. History, including family history, is fascinating.
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Confirmation May 25, 1806, Elizabeth Ann Seton wrote to Antonio Filicchi that receiving the sacrament had “added the name Mary to the Ann Elizabeth which present the three most endearing ideas in the world — and contain the moments of the Mysteries of Salvation.” (Collected Writings [CW] 1:408)
An icon is a “Window into Heaven” revealing God’s mysteries. It depicts the history of salvation, and its manifestation through concrete persons. When viewing an icon, one becomes a part of the mystery. Elizabeth Seton’s words: “… contain the moments of the Mysteries of Salvation” aptly capture the essence of an icon, moreover, her “trinity” of women.
The icons are placed in a mandala, a circular design, indicating that everything is connected, complete in itself. St. Anne traditionally wears green (symbolizing hope, life, nature’s eternal renovation). St. Elizabeth is dressed in red (humanity’s life-giving energy), and Mary in blue (showing her heavenly nature) holds Christ. Gold is reserved for Christ. The Star of David holds the central root.
Three women —blood-related— maintain a remarkable legacy. Each was a daughter, wife, mother, saint, Jewish, and is honored in Islam. Churches and institutions world-wide take their names. They intercede on behalf of the expectant mother, the death of a child, the widow, and persons who are homeless, to name a few. Mary alone bears over 50 titles as model and patron.
Elizabeth, confirmed on Pentecost, followed her courageous and kindred sisters in faith. Filled with the Holy Spirit, “God has shown them his grace” (Luke 1:30). Salvation history now presents us with yet another most endearing idea in the world: St. Elizabeth Ann Seton.
– Catherine Salani (SC Collaborator, Educator, Artist)
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MedPage Today posted a list of vitamins and supplements on August 18, 2016. Some of their information is useful, but there some key pieces of information missing or not considered. The slideshow gives their 12 key points. The comments in bold italics present other ideas to consider. The slideshow is titled Vitamins and Minerals from A to Z.
Traditional western medicine relies heavily on pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide their drug information. The amount of nutritional data provided in most medical school curriculums is limited. There is evidence that vitamins and supplements can be used effectively to combat diabetes, cancer, heart disease and overall health. See the Starving Cancer article posted above.
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Guyana in 1996Article Free Pass
A republic and member of the Commonwealth, Guyana is situated in northeastern South America, on the Atlantic Ocean. Area: 215,083 sq km (83,044 sq mi). Pop. (1996 est.): 712,000. Cap.: Georgetown. Monetary unit: Guyana dollar, with (Oct. 11, 1996) an official rate of G$138.90 to U.S. $1 (G$218.81 = £ 1 sterling). President in 1996, Cheddi Jagan; prime minister, Sam Hinds.
The National Assembly authorized the re-opening of the Omai gold mine, Guyana’s largest, in February 1996, after it had been closed for almost seven months. The mine, a major earner of foreign exchange, was ordered shut in 1995 when a storage pond retaining wall collapsed, allowing 3.2 million cu m (4.2 million cu yd) of cyanide waste to contaminate the Essequibo River.
Guyana obtained substantial financial relief in May when the Paris Club of creditor nations wrote off U.S. $500 million of the nation’s foreign debt. In July the country suffered severe flooding, which caused millions of dollars’ worth of damage.
Do you know anything more about this topic that you’d like to share?
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A characteristic bird of open woodland in western North America—especially riparian woodlands with large cottonwoods (Populus spp.), sycamores (Platanus spp.), and willows (Salix spp.)—Bullock’s Oriole overwinters in western Mexico. In summer, this species eats mostly arthropods, readily augmenting its diet with ripe fruit. Older males have bright black and orange-yellow plumage and females have a generally grayer body with yellower head, breast, and tail; younger males resemble females, but have black on the throat.
Bullock’s Oriole hybridizes frequently with the Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) in the Great Plains region at the eastern limit of its distribution, even though these 2 species differ markedly in appearance, behavior, molt cycles, and vocalizations, and somewhat in size. Because of this hybridization, these 2 species were at one time considered a single species, the Northern Oriole (I. galbula; American Ornithologists' Union 1983). Most of the interbreeding occurs in the Great Plains, however, even in areas where hybrids are frequent, many individuals are of the parental phenotypes. In addition, the width of the hybrid zone appears to be stable (Rising 1996c, Carling et al. 2011), and in 1995 the 2 were once again recognized as separate species (American Ornithologists' Union 1995).
Bullock’s Oriole was described and named by William Swainson in 1827 on the basis of material collected by William Bullock and his son, also William. In his description, Swainson wrote, “This, the most beautiful of the group yet discovered in Mexico, will record the name of those ornithologists who have thrown so much light on the birds of that country” (Mearns and Mearns 1992a: 555).
Bullock’s Oriole is less well studied than its eastern counterpart, the Baltimore Oriole. Aspects of the behavior, ecology and social organization of Bullock’s Oriole have been studied in California (Williams 1982d, Williams 1988d, Richardson 1997), in California and Washington (Butcher 1984a), in California, Nevada, Utah, and Oklahoma (Pleasants 1979), and in Crook, Colorado, where Bullock’s and Baltimore orioles breed sympatrically and limited hybridization may be occurring (Edinger 1985). The molt sequence and location of molt has also been examined (Rohwer and Manning 1990, Rohwer and Johnson 1992, Rohwer et al. 2009c, Pillar et al. 2016). Hybridization between Bullock’s and Baltimore orioles in the Great Plains, and between Bullock’s and Black-backed (I. abeillei) orioles in Mexico have been well studied (e.g., Rising 1973b, Rising 1996c, Carling et al. 2011, Jacobsen and Omland 2012). Much, however, remains to be learned about the Bullock’s Oriole (see Priorities for Future Research).
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The TablaThere are many myths which surround the initial development of the tabla drum, and yet, factual information is limited, if not non-existent. Many claim the tabla evolved during the time of Amir Khusrau, while others firmly, and with good reason, believe that the tabla evolved only within last two hundred years.
One of the most popular and albeit fantastic theories about the evolution of the tabla tells a tale of two drummers who were involved in a heated pakhawaj drum battle in the court. It is said that the winner, in triumph, threw the loser's pakhawaj to the ground, thus splitting it in two and inspiring the two upright drums of today’s tabla. At least this theory supports the deep connection with the tabla and pakhawaj in lecture and technique.
The styles of tabla fall into six major schools, or gharanas.
Several schools - Benares, Lucknow and Punjab - are heavily influenced by the
pakhawaj, with many pakhawaj compositions adapted to the tabla. However, the Delhi
Gharana is the oldest school of tabla, thus diminishing the acceptance of the myth
of the tabla being a literal child of the pakhawaj. Indian Influence (Tabla Perspectives)
has more information on gharanas.
Listen to a tabla mp3 sound sample.
Click here for a glossary of tabla terminology.
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The Hebron Years
King David rose to political power in Israel gradually, over a number of years. He was chosen by God to replace King Saul while Saul still reigned (1 Samuel 16:1), but even after Saul died, David reigned only "over the house of Judah" for the next seven years. David's throne during The Civil War years was in Hebron (a civil war in which the South defeated the North).
"seven years reigned he in Hebron"
After years spent on the run from Saul (see David's Haunting), upon Saul's death in battle against the Philistines David asked The Lord if he could become more settled. The Lord answered that he could, and that Hebron was where he was to go. While there, men of Judah came and declared him to be their king. The civil war between Judah and the rest of the tribes of Israel, who made Saul's son Ish-bosheth their king, then began.
"And it came to pass after this, that David inquired of The Lord, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah?"
"And The Lord said unto him, Go up."
"And David said, Whither shall I go up?"
"And he said, Unto Hebron."
"So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal's wife the Carmelite. And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron. And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah" (2 Samuel 2:1-4 KJV)
With David's victory came political unification of all of the tribes of Israel. They became one nation under God again, a unity that lasted until the time of David's grandson Rehoboam when they split into two kingdoms, north and south, Israel and Judah, a division that again awaits healing (see the Fact Finder question below).
"Then came all the tribes of Israel to David unto Hebron, and spake, saying, Behold, we are thy bone and thy flesh. Also in time past, when Saul was king over us, thou wast he that leddest out and broughtest in Israel: and The Lord said to thee, Thou shalt feed my people Israel, and thou shalt be a captain over Israel."
"So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king David made a league with them in Hebron before The Lord: and they anointed David king over Israel."
"David was thirty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years. In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months: and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty and three years over all Israel and Judah."
"And the king and his men went to Jerusalem unto the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land: which spake unto David, saying, Except thou take away the blind and the lame, thou shalt not come in hither: thinking, David cannot come in hither. Nevertheless David took the strong hold of Zion [see Who, What or Where Is Zion?]: the same is the City Of David."
"And David said on that day, Whosoever getteth up to the gutter, and smiteth the Jebusites, and the lame and the blind, that are hated of David's soul, he shall be chief and captain. Wherefore they said, The blind and the lame shall not come into the house. So David dwelt in the fort, and called it the city of David. And David built round about from Millo and inward" (2 Samuel 5:1-9 KJV)
David was succeeded by his son Solomon.
"So David slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David. And the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: seven years reigned he in Hebron, and thirty and three years reigned he in Jerusalem."
"Then sat Solomon upon the throne of David his father; and his kingdom was established greatly [see Solomon's Kingdom]." (1 Kings 2:10-12 KJV)
Fact Finder: (a) How did Israel become "Israel" and "Judah" - two independent kingdoms? (b) At what future time will Israel and Judah again be united?
(a) See When Israel Became "Israel" and "Judah"
(b) See The Gathering of Israel and Judah, also Spiritual and Physical Gatherings
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All my Georgian-era mystery stories share one element: the fact that England at the time had no system of public prosecution for crimes. Not only were there no police to investigate criminal acts, there were no official prosecutors to bring any subsequent case to court. Prosecution was much like a civil case today: it was entirely up to the victim, his or her friends or family, or some other interested party to collect evidence, find witnesses and file charges with the local magistrate. If that official decided there was a case to be answered, one that needed to be handled by a higher court than his own, the same private person or persons would be expected to present the case to the grand jury, and, if the grand jury found a true bill, provide evidence and witnesses for the trial. At every stage, there were fees to be paid, expensive lawyers to be hired and a host of other expenses as well.
Not surprisingly, many people were reluctant to take on this financial and organisational burden with the only reward being the possible sight of justice done. In a civil case, success usually means an award of damages. In a criminal case, the outcome is punishment for the criminal and nothing much else. Witnesses might be offered a reward if a conviction was obtained, but this usually made juries less willing to accept what they said as the unvarnished truth, so the practice gradually fell out of favour.
Covering the Costs
In 1752, provision was made to reimburse poor prosecutors for the costs of a prosecution, but it only applied to successful cases. Even then, the costs of prosecution were not always reimbursed in full. The system might lessen the obvious disincentives to bringing a prosecution, but it did not take them away. Only in 1778 was it made possible to offer reimbursement for an unsuccessful prosecution.
Tradesmen and shopkeepers in particular had every reason to want thieves apprehended and punished. Though a single prosecution might cost the injured party far more than the value of goods stolen, the deterrent effect on others could prove worth it.
One solution to the cost issue for prosecutions was to join one of the local prosecution associations. These associations brought together a varying number of members, living in the same area, with a shared interest in seeing prosecutions brought. Some were even targeted on specific crimes, such as horse theft or arson.
The 1799 deed of association for a Birmingham association for the prosecution of felons stated that association’s raison d’être clearly:
‘…many Felonies are committed by persons who escape punishment, by reason of the great expences [sic] attending the apprehending and prosecuting them to conviction, and others are thereby encouraged to commit felonies.’
Rather like taking out an insurance policy, the association collected a set fee from each member on joining, and sometimes thereafter to top up available monies. The money went into a common fund, which was generally used to pay the cost of prosecuting crimes committed against members, but might also serve to offer rewards to informers or pay for guards on especially vulnerable properties. It could even serve to encourage prosecutions by non-members too poor to pay the association’s dues. This was more likely an attempt to maximise the effect of deterrence than philanthropy.
However, there seems also to have been a policy of “no payment, no coverage” and a ban on paying only after a crime had been committed:
‘That no person can receive the Benefit of this Association, unless he or she shall be (bonafide) a subscriber, at the time any Burglary, Felony, or Fraud, may be committed on him, or his effects; excepting he or she being a Labouring person, or not in a situation to pay the expense of a prosecution; this is to be decided upon by the Committee’ (The Association of the Parish of Bolton Percy for the Prosecution of Felons, Cheats and for the defraying of all expenses of Advertisement, Handbills etc., 1825–1890,).
The actions of the association would also be publicised where possible. By listing the names of members in the local newspaper, criminals were put on warning that thefts from those persons would always be subject to investigation and, wherever possible, rigorous prosecution.
This notice appeared in The Norfolk Chronicle for 30th November, 1776:
Norfolk, Nov. 14, 1776. At the Annual Meeting held this Day at the Crown in Watton, in the said County, by the Association for the apprehending and convicting of HORSE- STEALERS, &c. in the Hundred of Weyland, and adjacent Hundreds, Mr. W. Dack of Carbrooke, in the said County, was appointed Treasurer for the Year ensuing; and all former Rules and Orders were confirmed, and the Reward of Ten Guineas ordered to be paid upon Conviction of any Person, who should hereafter steal any Horse, Mare or Gelding, belonging to any of the said Society; and that such Reward should be offered as to the Treasurer should seem meet, for the apprehending and convicting of any Person or Persons, who should hereafter commit any Robbery upon the Persons or Properties of any of the Subscribers to the said Association, to be paid with the Expense of such Prosecutions, upon Conviction of such Offender.
There then follows a list of no fewer than 147 subscribers to the association, listed by the hundreds in which they lived. The notice ends as follows:
N. B. Such of the Subscribers as were absent at this Meeting are, according to a former Order of the Society, to pay their 2s. 6d. each to the new Treasurer, within two Months from the Date hereof, towards augmenting the Fund of the said Society, or they will be excluded all benefit of the same’ W. DACK, of Carbrooke, Treasurer
Thousands of these prosecution associations were established in the 18th and early 19th century throughout the country. This was more than a simple insurance policy against the risk of unexpected losses. By joining such an association, each potential victim committed himself to prosecute, free from the obvious financial worries that might otherwise intervene. The prosecution costs were now shared by all, as were the hoped-for benefits of deterrence against future crimes.
- This was the period of the laws nicknamed ‘The Bloody Code’, under which a criminal could be executed or transported for a single theft of very modest value. People of the time believed deterrence was the only way to keep crime at a bearable level. It would not work unless the majority of cases where the culprit could be identified led to prosecution and punishment. ↩
- A hundred was an administrative area within a county. ↩
- Clearly an annual subscription, amounting to perhaps £25 today. ↩
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Our collection is your collection, so sign up for our newsletter and never miss out! Receive the latest news and event information from Australia’s living archive.
There’s more to Newcastle than coal mining and steel.
The Newcastle metropolitan area is situated within the Hunter Region and has the second largest population in New South Wales. Newcastle is a port city with the biggest coal exporting harbour in the world.
Prior to the discovery of coal the area was traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi people who called it Malubimba. It has been variously named King’s Town, Coal River, Kingstown and finally Newcastle, after Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK.
There are many items about Newcastle in the NFSA collection. This sample dates from the 1910s to the 1990s and highlights some of the history of the city and surrounding area.
Photo credit (main image): 'Photo merged view of the centre of Newcastle. Taken from Stockton'. Published under Creative Commons 3.0. Photographer: Macr.
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How and why to create significant, sincere, and enlightening moments during presentations that “drive the big idea home”
Don’t be deterred by the shape of this book (I was) and incorrectly assume that it is heavy on packaging and light on content. Quite the contrary. What Nancy Duarte provides in this volume is an abundance of information, insights, cautions, and recommendations that can help almost anyone to create significant, sincere, and enlightening moments during presentations that “drive the big idea home.” She characterizes them as “S.T.A.R. moments” and offers several stunning examples: when Richard Feynman explained the probable cause of the space shuttle Challenger disaster; when Bill Gates explained his philanthropic motivations and objectives during his 2009 TED talk; and when Steve Jobs introduced the MacBook Air in 2008.
There are five types of S.T.A.R. moments: Memorable Dramatizations, Repeatable Sound Bites, Evocative Visuals, Emotive Storytelling, and Shocking Statistics. (Please see Page 148.) As Duarte explains, “The S.T.A.R. moment shouldn’t be kitschy or cliché. Make sure it’s worthwhile and appropriate, or it could end up coming off like a really bad summer camp skit. Know your audience and determine what will resonate best with them. Don’t create something that’s overly emotionally charged for an audience of biochemists.”
As I worked my way through Duarte’s lively and eloquent narrative, I was reminded of several other such moments. For example, during the conclusion of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963, and during Ronald Reagan speech on January 28, 1986, when he discussed the space shuttle Challenger disaster (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEjXjfxoNXM). In these and other situations, Duarte explains the power and impact of such S.T.A.R. moments by citing a simple phenomenon in physics. “If you know an object’s natural state of vibration, you make it vibrate without touching it. Resonance occurs when an object’s natural vibrancy frequency responds to an external stimulus of the same frequency.”
As Duarte explains so well, those who make presentations that have the greatest impact, that create the most memorable moments, understand that if they “adjust to the frequency of [their] audience so that [their] message resonates deeply, they, too, will display self-organizing behavior.” That is, their listeners will see the place where they are to move to create something collectively beautiful. A groundswell.
Here’s Nancy Duarte’s key point: “The audience does not need to tune themselves to you – you need to tune your message to them.”
Those who share my high regard for this brilliant book are urged to check out the resources provided at www.duarte.com. Also these: Carmine Gallo’s The Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs: How to Be Insanely Great in Front of Any Audience, Robert B. Cialdini’s Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, and Stephen Denning’s The Leader’s Guide to Storytelling: Mastering the Art and Discipline of Business Narrative.
* * *
Bob Morris is an independent management consultant based in Dallas who specializes in accelerated executive development. He has also reviewed more than 2,200 business books for Amazon. Each week, we will add to the Networlding Business Bookshelf abbreviated versions in which he discusses a few of his personal favorites. You can contact him directly at [email protected].
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Statement by Federal Government Commissioner for Human Rights Policy and Humanitarian Aid Bärbel Kofler to mark World Water Day
Bärbel Kofler, Federal Government Commissioner for Human Rights Policy and Humanitarian Aid at the Federal Foreign Office, issued the following statement today (22 March 2017) to mark World Water Day:
80 percent of the waste water produced around the world flows back into the ecosystem untreated. Diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid fever and polio, which still cause many fatalities every year, can to a large extent be attributed to dirty drinking water and poor sanitation.
Waste water which has been thoroughly treated is both an affordable and sustainable source of water and energy, as well as nutrients and recyclable materials, that we can no longer do without. Too little use is still made of this resource.
Since 2008, Germany has been engaged in international efforts to achieve the recognition of a human right to clean drinking water and basic sanitation. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly for the first time passed a resolution that officially recognises a human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. Together with Spain, Germany has every two years introduced resolutions in the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly that aim to further strengthen and implement these rights. The Federal Government supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Léo Heller, in order to raise the profile of human rights. Furthermore, the Federal Government supports plans to improve the efficiency of the global water architecture, as part of a forward-looking foreign policy that can identify and defuse at an early stage conflicts that arise also due to ever scarcer resources.
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The Prelude to the third act of Parsifal is one of Wagner's most advanced essays in expanded tonality. One author has described it as "set[ting] foot in atonal territory as it re-explores the melancholy, disjointed polytonal idiom of the introduction to the third act of Tristan," and a noted analyst has suggested that it is motion around the diminished-seventh chord including Bb rather than the tonic triad of Bb minor that defines the background structure of the Prelude. This music also raises issues of form and expressive meaning that have yet to be thoroughly addressed. A valuable means of approaching the Prelude is through Wagner's surviving compositional documents, particularly the individual sketches for the Prelude that preceded the writing-out of his first continuous draft for the third act (the Kompositionsskizze [Composition Draft]). These manuscripts are held in the Wagner-Archiv at Bayreuth. When these sketches are transcribed and compared with the detailed record contained in Cosima Wagner's diary entries, insight can be gained into the way that Wagner composed the Prelude, during late October 1878. This article shows in detail how the Prelude was composed on the basis of sketch sources that are virtually complete. It is supported by several facsimiles of Wagner's sketches, transcriptions, analytical graphs, and music examples. The study indicates that the "melancholy, disjointed polytonal" idiom of the Prelude is coordinated with a framework of associated tonalities reaching across vast stretches of musical time. These include not only the Bb-minor idiom of Titurel's burial, but also the associated tonality of Parsifal's Prophecy motive. The structural background of the Prelude to act III of Parsifal is not simply a diminished-seventh prolongation, but a tensional framework of motivic combinations and rotational cycles that effectively convey the bleak wandering and promise of deliverance that lie at the core of the drama.
Research Article| November 01 2005
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William Kinderman; The Third-Act Prelude of WagnerÕs Parsifal: Genesis, Form, and Dramatic Meaning. 19th-Century Music 1 November 2005; 29 (2): 161–184. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ncm.2005.29.2.161
Download citation file:
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Qualcomm described a new algorithm to lower the power of body area networks at a recent conference. The medical industry needs that to have sensors work 24/7 in regular living conditions without wireless packets getting lost.
EE Times' Rick Merritt reports from the conference that Qualcomm is one of many companies trying to surmount technical issues creating low cost and low power components to enable that vision.
Harinath Garudadri, an engineer in Qualcomm's corporate R&D group who oversees a team dedicated to health care issues pointed to a Harvard study called CodeBlue that found as many as half the packets transmitted are lost on multi-hop networks. "This is not acceptable in life and death situations," he said.
You bet it is.
Got any power management ideas for BANs (that's body area networks). Drop me a line.
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Stress can harm your health by impairing your immune system and promoting disease. A stressor becomes harmful when an individual lacks an effective way of controlling it. Stress is also a common reason given for overeating or emotional eating. Some individuals tend to avoid physical activity when they are stressed out, too. Therefore, it’s important to recognize the signs of stress and find ways to manage stress to promote fitness.
- What is stress? Any mental or physical stimulus that disrupts the body’s equilibrium—it can be positive or negative. Any change that you must adjust to. It can be:
- Environmental (noise, weather, traffic, time pressures, job performance standards)
- Physiological (illness, lack of sleep, poor diet, aging)
- Thoughts (worry, negative self-talk, fear)
Stress and How It Affects Your Mind and Body:
5. Stress is revealed through physical and emotional symptoms:
|Upset stomach||Feeling helpless|
|Difficulty sleeping||Loss of self-esteem|
|Tense muscles||Loss of concentration|
|Shortness of breath||Withdrawal|
|Change in appetite||Anxiety|
What are the signs you use to recognize stress? Use mindfulness (practice being aware of stress symptoms since they often become unconscious)
Some Methods for Reducing Stress. You Are Your Wisest Counselor!
|Predict it with awareness||Nutrition|
|Assertiveness||Rest or Sleep|
|Look at self-talk||Physical activity|
|Emotional expression/Sharing||Relax/Deep breathing|
|Look at past experiences||Find support|
|Allow enough time||Counseling|
|Set realistic goals||Music|
|Set healthy limits||Massage|
|Correct thinking distortions||Nurturing|
|Enjoy the beauty of nature||Pet an animal|
|Manage triggers: alter, avoid, accept||Balance time alone, with others, work, rest, and fun|
© 2004, adapted with permission, Kaiser Permanente Northwest Health Education Services, Cultivating Health ™ Weight Management Kit
When we remind ourselves of the benefits for changing, it can help us get back on track. Note the benefits for physical activity. Physical activity can lessen stress, control blood pressure, decrease resting heart rate, etc. But it also helps to deal with stressful situations be increasing your mental sharpness, concentration, problem solving skills, and creativity. Shifting our attitudes will also help us overcome our resistance to doing exercise.
Stress is also a common reason given for overeating or emotional eating. Two out of three people eat more under stress. Plus, we don’t usually overeat vegetables when we’re stressed (Did you notice that “stressed” is “desserts” spelled backwards?) You can make small changes over time to improve your eating habits. Do your best tochoose foods rich in nutrients when you are under stress–vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean protein, fat-free dairy, and healthy fats in moderation. Limit sugar, unhealthy fat, caffeine, and alcohol.
Exercise is like “mental floss”. It cleans out the stress that is stuck in your brain!
What do you find helps manage stress for you?
Resources:The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Workbook, by Martha Davis and Mathew McKay, © 2002, New Harbinger Publication, Inc. Check out New Harbinger Publishers
- www.teachhealth.com gives the medical basis of stress, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and drug use—explained in a fun, easy-to-read format. It’s really excellent!
- http://www.mindtools.com/smpage.html Learn 48 essential leadership skills at mindtools.com. Also visit links at: http://www.mindtools.com/links/Links.html
- www.stress.about.com articles and tips for reducing stress
- www.mindfulplace.com MBSR: Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction by Denice Gour. Find recorded meditations here: www.mindfulplace.com/id13.htm
Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness (Paperback) by Jon Kabat-Zinn This book is also a terrific introduction for anyone who has considered meditating but was afraid it would be too difficult or would include religious practices they found foreign. Kabat-Zinn focuses on “mindfulness,” a concept that involves living in the moment, paying attention, and simply “being” rather than “doing.” While you can practice anything “mindfully,” from taking a walk to cleaning your house, Kabat-Zinn presents several meditation techniques that focus the attention most clearly, whether it’s on a simple phrase, your breathing, or various parts of your body. The book goes into detail about how hospital patients have either improved their health or simply come to feel better despite their illness by using these techniques, but these meditations can help anyone deal with stress and gain a calmer outlook on life.
- Consider WHAT is creating a possible imbalance? Check out: Cultivating Balance in Your Life
- Contemplate: Your Life–Everything Is Interconnected!
- Stress and Life’s Burdens
- On The Spot Stress Managers
If you find that you are experiencing CHRONIC STRESS PATTERNS, that is a sign that your life is out of balance. Perhaps consider: Do you experience overwhelming circumstances and can’t achieve a healthier weight?
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Photographer Steven Pippin creates unique photographs that capture the precise moment in which the camera used to capture the photo is destroyed by a bullet from a handgun. The images show the final moment of the camera’s existence (with the help of a mirror) and are themselves damaged by the bullet passing through the film.
Regarding his method, Wired writes,
To take the photos, the camera and gun are put into rigs lined up with each other. The gun has a piezo electric sensor mounted close to the chamber so that as soon as the shot fires, a signal goes to a timer of delay unit and then to a high speed flash (1/140,000 second flash duration). Before the gun is directed at the camera, it is calibrated using four or five shots to make sure that the timer is adjusted to make sure that the bullet is at the point of impact when the flash is triggered.
Once it’s ready, the room is left in total darkness with the film loaded and the shutter open before the trigger is pulled. The film is then retrieved from the broken camera and the lights turned back on.
A sensor is used to determine when a gun is fired, and a timer is used to trigger the flash just as the bullet makes impact with the camera.
Image credits: Photographs by Steven Pippin
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Resistance to bending test
Bending plates cause problems on vehicles.
Plates that fail the bend test can detach from the vehicle or stay bent once removed from a curved surface.
How are plates tested?
The resistance to bending test puts plates in a clamp at room temperature and attaches a 3kg weight for 2 hours or more.
What makes a fail?
The plate stays bent by more than 25mm away from its original shape.
Test for yourself!
Get an empty fizzy drinks bottle and bend it out of shape. You’ll see that it will only partly return to its original shape. Bottles like this are made out of PET, a similar plastic to many European plates.
European plates don’t usually pass the British Standard test because when they’re bent they don’t spring back.
So next time you have some pop out-and-about, you can be your very own tester!
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Bird calls and behaviors often communicate a wide range of valuable information in the outdoors. Hunter-gatherers all over the world understood how to interpret this "langauge of the birds" to help them avoid dangerous predators and find food. People can learn to interpret many of these vocalizations and displays.
In this section of the online library you will discover a variety
of articles relating to birds and how to identify and interpret their
calls and behaviors. You can peruse the articles below, and if you'd
like to receive free articles once a month to your email address, you
can sign up to the
Winter Birding in the Pacific Northwest
Winter is an amazing time to be out observing birds. With the leaves down, birds are easier to view. It is also a time when additional species show up, our winter resident birds... (read more)
They are our smallest, most maneuverable, and most vividly colored birds in North America.There are many amazing things about the natural history of hummingbirds, but perhaps... (read more)
How to Draw Birds for a Naturalist Journal
Learning how to draw birds is an excellent tool for getting to know them better. Long before photography existed, naturalists have been drawing wildlife. (read more)
Using Bird Sounds to Locate Animals
Bird calls and behaviors can be used to help locate hidden animals on the landscape. Whether it is a bobcat camouflaged into a thicket, an owl sleeping high in a dense tree... (read more)
Identifying Backyard Birds
Identifying backyard birds is a great start towards becoming a proficient birder in any habitat. Its easy to put up a bird feeder and start observing the species that stop by to eat. (read more)
Identification of Wild Birds
Of all the wildlife out there, birds are some of the most fascinating and most easily observed. Their amazing colors and patterns, as well as their interesting behaviors... (read more)
Sharp-shinned Hawk and Coopers Hawk: Agile Aerial Acrobats
The sharp-shinned hawk and Coopers hawk are a common and exciting part of the ecology of many suburban parks, woodlands, and neighborhoods. These two... (read more)
Free Birdhouse Plans: Build One Today!
If you love birds, then try building a birdhouse using the free birdhouse plans available here!
Bird Communication: An Introduction
Just what is this idea of bird communication? Imagine for a moment, that you are strolling down a boardwalk through a cattail marsh in your local wetland. It is springtime, and many bird voices fill the... (read more)
Fun-loving, bold and vocal the black-capped chickadee is known and loved by many. But, did you know that they have one of the widest ... (read more)
Bird Feather Identification
Have you ever wanted to know how to find more information on bird feather identification? Imagine walking in a wild or not-so-wild place and finding.. (read more)
Getting to know hummingbird habitat can help you to better understand these living jewels.(read more)
Bird Behavior: Observing Herons
The study of bird behavior is a rich and rewarding field, and can lead to very exciting wildlife encounters.(read more)
Bird Language: Understanding the Fundamentals
Learning bird language is a skill accessible to anyone.(read more)
Learn key tools for bird identification including how shape, size, color and habitat can help you quickly identify species. (read more)
Check out this great article, Bird ID Skills, from AllAboutBirds.com
Learn about Wildlife Courses at Alderleaf
Return from Bird Calls Articles back to the Alderleaf Home Page
See for yourself if this eye-opening course is a good fit for you. It takes just a few minutes! Get your Survival Training Readiness Score Now!
Discover Life-Saving Wilderness Wisdom!
The Essential Skills of Wilderness Survival
This masterfully-organized guide will empower you to survive emergencies and grow deeper connections to nature, with expert instructor, Jason Knight of Alderleaf.
(Shop Now) On sale for a limited time
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At best, the numbers are alarming. According to a 2018 study in Alzheimer’s and Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, about 5 million seniors in the U.S. were living with dementia as of 2014 — most with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of the condition. By 2060, that total is expected to grow to almost 14 million people.
There’s no foolproof way to prevent dementia, nor can you alter your family history or stop growing older — two of the condition’s biggest risk factors. What you can do is change your lifestyle, and research shows your odds of dementia may be significantly influenced by certain habits. In fact, a major 2017 report in The Lancet suggested that more than a third of dementia cases stem from nine modifiable risk factors.
In years past, certain studies — often influenced by the tobacco industry — suggested smoking cigarettes actually protected us from dementia. These days, experts recognize it’s just the opposite.
It’s believed taking up tobacco raises your risk significantly relative to non-smokers — some research suggests by up to 50 percent. Smoking is strongly linked to both AD and vascular dementia, a form of dementia caused by strokes or other conditions impeding blood flow to the brain. A 2011 study in The Lancet Neurology estimated that smoking is responsible for 14 percent of cases of AD worldwide.
To a large extent, this is because smoking affects your chances of developing other illnesses associated with dementia, including heart disease, stroke and diabetes. It does this in part by speeding atherosclerosis, or the hardening of your blood vessels.
- Increases homocysteine, an amino acid in your blood that’s potentially harmful at high levels
- Boosts inflammation
- Causes oxidative stress, a result of a disruption in your body’s ability to counteract harmful free radicals
What to do: Kicking the habit lowers the risk big-time-to about the same level of people who don’t smoke.
Being a couch potato
If there was ever a reason to move your butt, it’s your brain health. Getting little-to-no physical activity — a.k.a. being sedentary — boosts your likelihood of dementia. To a large extent, this happens because sedentary people are more prone to obesity, diabetes and other conditions that contribute to risk. But inactivity also affects the structure of the brain itself.
What to do: It’s not definitively proven, but experts believe regular exercise — especially in early- and mid-life — has solid potential to lower dementia risk. It helps ward off other medical problems, can keep your blood vessels healthier and may even stimulate beneficial chemical activity in the brain. Exercise can also be a way to broaden your social connections, keeping you from isolation (more on that later).
Federal guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity weekly. Start with a stroll around your neighborhood, a park or even a mall. Consistent, long-term fitness is best, but any little bit helps.
Becoming socially isolated
When it comes to dementia risk, relationships and personal connections matter. The Lancet 2017 dementia report found that social isolation affected the odds about as much as high blood pressure and physical inactivity. Yikes.
Why? Well, your cognitive skills may decline quicker when you’re alone, perhaps due to less mental stimulation. And, as with other risk factors, isolation ups your chances of developing disorders connected to dementia, like hypertension and depression. It can exacerbate those illnesses, too, if you’ve already been diagnosed. With no one to motivate you, it’s easy to neglect self-care or medical treatments.
Isolation is also a symptom of dementia; as patients are increasingly unable to navigate day-to-day interactions, they may find themselves alone more. Sometimes, it’s hard to tell which preceded the other.
Age-related hearing loss is also linked to dementia risk, in part because it can lead people to become socially withdrawn. If you’re having trouble in this regard, hearing aids may help you plug back in with friends and family.
What to do: Whether it’s getting dinner with loved ones or joining a book club, make a point to stay engaged as much as your health allows. It could help build your cognitive reserve, or your brain’s ability to function even when it’s starting to decline.
Eating too much sugar or “bad” fats
The science is still emerging, but as it turns out, years of scarfing French fries and ice cream may take a toll on your brain. Thanks to high levels of saturated fat, added sugars and processed meats, many (though not all) studies have implicated a typical Western diet in a higher risk for dementia.
As for why, it may be because eating this way contributes to conditions like obesity, heart disease and diabetes. Research shows being obese in middle age boosts your dementia odds by up to 50 percent. And people with type 2 diabetes are up to twice as likely to develop AD as those who aren’t diabetic. Some even refer to Alzheimer’s as “type 3 diabetes.”
There’s also some evidence that simply having elevated blood sugar may influence dementia risk, whether or not you have diabetes. For example, a 10-year study of almost 5,200 people, published in the journal Diabetologia in 2018, found cognitive decline was quicker in those with higher-than-normal blood glucose levels, even if diabetes wasn’t diagnosed.
What to do: While there’s not currently enough evidence that any specific eating plan lowers dementia risk, those such as the Mediterranean-style diet, the MIND diet and the DASH diet are often recommended by experts as generally beneficial. They can contribute to weight loss, and often lead to improved cardiovascular health, better insulin levels and less inflammation, all of which work in your brain’s favor.
Ignoring your health issues
A plethora of other medical conditions can raise your dementia chances, so it’s important to keep a handle on them — or, if possible, to prevent them from happening in the first place. These three have been found to be particularly hazardous:
Hypertension: You’re 1.5 times more likely to develop dementia if you have high blood pressure. The relationship is complicated but has to do with HBP’s effects on blood vessel thickness and elasticity, along with its not-insignificant role in strokes. Managing high blood pressure, especially during middle and older age, could reduce dementia risk, among many other health benefits.
Depression: While we know dementia can lead to depression, studies suggest a history of depression or developing depression late in life is associated with an increased risk of dementia, as well. That’s why it’s important to be aware of its symptoms, including low mood and loss of interest in activities you enjoy. If you see signs, speak to a healthcare provider so you can be evaluated.
Diabetes: As mentioned previously, type 2 diabetes is a noteworthy risk factor for dementia. The best defense is preventing it from occurring at all. See your doctor about appropriate tests and keep up with a healthy diet and consistent physical activity. And if you’ve already been diagnosed, managing and treating type 2 diabetes may help lower your dementia risk.
Getting poor sleep
Does sleep affect dementia risk? There’s some debate about that. While insomnia, sleep deprivation, oversleeping, sleep-disordered breathing and other disruptions have all been linked to the condition, the evidence isn’t conclusive. One big issue: Just as impaired sleep might contribute to dementia, dementia also impairs sleep, making it tough to tell which came first. It’s possible it’s a little of both.
But more research is emerging every day. A study published in 2018 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, took brain scans of 20 adults following 31 sleepless hours. Their beta-amyloid levels rose about five percent, suggesting even a short deprivation could mess with your brain’s ability to clear out those harmful substances.
What to do: There’s not much evidence good sleep lowers dementia risk, but in general, it’s a healthy practice. So, shoot for the recommended total each night — seven to nine hours for people between 26 and 64, and seven to eight hours for seniors. To help you snooze, keep a consistent bedtime/wake-up schedule and turn off your phones and other electronic devices at least an hour before bed. If you have sleep-disordered breathing, like sleep apnea, use of a CPAP machine may help. Speak with your healthcare provider for advice.
Wait, there’s more!
Following these additional suggestions may also lower your dementia risk. At the very least, you’ll boost your overall health — and that’s never a bad thing.
Protect your head. Research shows that moderate or severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) raise your chances of dementia, even more so if they’re repeated, as they might be for boxers, football players or soldiers. Safeguard yourself by always wearing a seatbelt when driving, using appropriate safety gear for sports and reducing tripping hazards around the house.
Find your reason for being. Having a purpose in life has been associated with a lower incidence of AD. Focus on activities that are motivating and healthy. Moderate your alcohol intake. People who drink alcohol to excess are at higher risk for dementia, and we don’t know whether drinking more moderately offers any protection against the condition. Abstaining or limiting yourself to one drink per day for women and two for men may lower your odds. Avoid binge drinking entirely.
Train your brain. Some research suggests that cognitive training — programs typically designed to improve memory, mental processing speed, reasoning and problem solving — may help slow the cognitive decline that comes with age. The effectiveness of brain games is unclear, but pursuing intellectual activities can be a relatively easy and fun way to help keep your brain in shape over the years.
This content originally appeared on Sharecare.com.
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Ferrous metal contains some degree of iron (its name derived from the latin term meaning iron). Scrap is generated from obsolete material, as well as through the generation of prompt scrap as a byproduct of manufacturing.
In terms of ferrous metal, steel is the most recycled material both in the United States and globally. In 2010, 74 million metric tons of ferrous scrap were processed by the scrap recycling industry, accounting for more than 55% of the volume of all domestically processed material. Scrap metal can be further categorized as obsolete or prompt scrap. Sources of obsolete ferrous scrap include automobiles, steel structures, household appliances, railroad tracks, ships, farm equipment as well as other sources.
Recycling Rates For Ferrous Scrap
- for cars: 106%
- for appliances: 90%
- for steel cans: 66.8%
- for structural steel: 98%
- for reinforcement steel: 70%
This photo guide includes images of commonly recycled ferrous scrap, provided courtesy of WestCoast Metal Recycling. All photos are copyright of WestCoast Metal Recycling and may not be reproduced without consent of the copyright holder.
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Cape Mountain Ecology
If ecology is defined as being the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment, then budding ecologists may despair on first sight of the Cape Fold Mountains.
Seen from the air, these element-battered mountains seem largely lifeless. Indeed, their sandstone-derived soils are among the most impoverished in the world. Closer up, a covering of grey-green vegetation meets the eye – the fynbos, soon to reveal itself as the world’s most diverse plant habitat and crammed to the brim with thousands and thousands of different plants.
And the shortest of walks will show you that far from empty of wildlife, the Cape mountains certainly have animals, admittedly not in huge numbers, but of amazing diversity and with high levels of endemism. The mountain environment is home to leopards and antelopes, its rivers host frogs and fish while eagles, ravens and sugarbirds rule the clean mountain air.
The geology of the mountains and their hinterland dictates the particular environment with its plants and animals. Renosterveld, for example, is a remnant grassy biome that favours clay soils derived from ancient shale; fynbos vegetation (with a completely different set of plants) prefers the sandy soils of the more recent sandstones. Find out about the Cape Mountain environment here.
The climate has an equally important effect on the mountain’s plants and animals. The amount of rainfall, shade and shelter from the wind has a profound effect on the environment that can easily be seen: hike up Table Mountain’s south-east facing slopes and you’ll be in thick indigenous forest or head-high fynbos. Hike up the north face of the same mountain and you won’t see a single tree and the fynbos is at your knees. Read more about the Cape climate here.
The plants are of course immediately obvious once you start walking in the mountains. Far from being a dull fuzz of greenery it seems from afar, the fynbos morphs into a dazzling treasure box of colour, sense and form: copper-tipped reeds and scented bushes compete with squat protea trees; green, orange and cream lichens carpet the rocks like faux camouflage. And everywhere flowers – red, blue, pink, white, yellow … every colour you can name. Learn more about the Cape flora here.
The wildlife isn’t so obvious – at first glance anyway. A tough climate, a regular fire regime and frugal, energy-saving plants mean slim pickings in the fynbos and animal numbers are low. But the list of mammals starts with leopards, antelope and baboons and works its way down to unusual flowering-pollinating rodents and secretive genets. There are reptiles and amphibians plus fascinating insects and of course birds. And although there aren’t many species of birds in the fynbos compared to other parts of South Africa, the ones you see tend to be brightly coloured endemics. Find out more about the Cape mountain fauna here.
Together it makes for an intricate, interwoven environment of plant and animal species. There are certain plants that require the services of a single insect pollinator for example. Other plants grow only on a single rocky ridge or couple of sodden mountain peaks. Plants have adapted to fire – some only flower after it – and so have animals. And despite generations of scrutiny, scientists are still making astonishing discoveries in these mountains. Who would have thought that a handful of wet mountain walls in the Western Cape could be home to an insect species unknown until 15 years ago – the Cliff Water Beetle (Aspidytes niobe), the closest relative of which lives in central China.
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A Midsummer Night’s Dream Title Significance
A Midsummer Night’s Dream depicts the lunacy in love by warping tensions and the dream-like quality of love beneath the eyes of the dreamer to produce “rare visions” in which to learn from. The title of the play holds tremendous weight, as it depicts the passions of love through dreams, while emphasizing the relationship between the two. Dreams and love then become intertwined with one another and the similarities begin to become more apparent. Shakespeare brilliantly weaves the lives of the four young lovers and creates disarray within a magical world of fairies and love juice.
The characters within the play take hold of the trite and conventional words of love and declare them with the sincerity of true love. However, these words are a mockery of love when Lysander and Demetrius, two of the male characters, reverse their declarations of love from Hermia to Helena. Although the tensions arise most poignantly among the lovers, it is Bottom who emerges from the dream state with the desire to learn from his unconscious moment and the ability to see the mingling of the dream versus reality.
Love and dreams both become foggy, unclear, passionate states in which the individuals involved become delusional victims. The title emphasizes the importance of each of the character’s dream, and highlights the irrational, impersonal and under valued qualities of love. Lysander’s words that “the course of true love never did run smooth” (I, i, 54) seems to mimic the faulty passions of love within the play. Like dreams, love is foolish, crazy and driven by desires. Shakespeare highlights the absurdity of love by showing the dispensable and interchangeable emotions within the dreams.
The male characters claim each love as being the greatest love, yet their shallow and conventional words show the true nature of the men. For instance, just before falling asleep, Lysander says to Hermia, “I mean that my heart unto your is knit, / So that but one heart we can make of it” (, , 161), then when waking he declares to Helena that he would “run through fire [… ] for thy sweet sake” (, , 162). Both declarations are common phrases spoken when in love and dreams. Dreams and love have a reoccurring way of mimicking and repeating conventions.
Despite the trite words, betrayals and heartache within the dreams, not all of the characters within the play change or learn upon awakening. In fact, some of the characters seem unchanged by their dreams, such as Hermia and Helena, who remain blind to the pain their lover’s had bestowed, while Lysander once again directs his affection toward Hermia as though it had never faltered. Then, Demetrius is seemingly changed for the better as though he remained dreaming. Prior to falling asleep, Demetrius seemed concerned only in himself, disregarding the wants of the woman he claimed to love.
Rather than letting her marry a man whom she loved in return, he set out to force her to unwillingly marry him. However, when dreaming, Demetrius finds himself under the enchantment of the love juice and in love with Helena. Upon awakening, he remains true to the person he had become in the dream, restoring order in reality by marrying Helena and allowing Lysander and Hermia to be together. In reflecting upon his dream, Demetrius declares, “But, my good lord, I wot not by what power – But by some power it is – my love to Hermia, Melted as the snow, seems to me now
As the remembrance of an idle gaud Which in my childhood I did dote upon; And all the faith, the virtue of my heart, The object and the pleasure of mine eye, Is only Helena” (IV, i, 173) Moreover, Demetrius’ dream melts away his passion for Hermia and brings him to a place where he can see his love for Helena. His dream was meant to remind him of the life he should lead. So whether he is truly awake or still remains in his dreams, he is seen as a better man. Nick Bottom is another man who dreams in the enchanted world of fairies and love juice.
He is seen to be a pig-headed, self-concerned man who is transformed in the dream world into having the head of a donkey, which symbolizes an ass of a man. Yet although Bottom enters the dream world as an ass that is loved by the beautiful Tatiana, he emerges from it with knowledge and understanding. When he awakes, he states, “I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream, past the wit of a man to say what dream it was. Man is but an ass if he go about to expound this dream. Methought I was – there is no man can tell hat. Methought I was – and methought I had- but man is but a patched fool if he will offer to say what methought I had” (IV, i, 173). Moreover, Bottom sees dreams as “rare visions. ” Perhaps Shakespeare sees dreams as stoically also. He wakens to a better self where his pride, conceited views and disrespect vanish. His dream becomes his art as he vows to have a ballad written of his experience. Dreaming in the play challenges the excepted thoughts, and brings chaos to the reality that love is blind.
Both love and dreams should provide visions of truth, yet often fail to do so. Then if love and dreams are so irrevocably linked, should they both then be placed upon a pedestal of expectations? Traditional, common, and overdone, yet passionate, enlightening and wooing, love and dreams fog the mind, entrance the being and set out for a deeper purpose. If you think the relationship between love and dreams is full of nonsense, Shakespeare may insist you take this absurdity as being “no more yielding but a dream”
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In an archeological site of 2.4 million square meters formed by a meteor crater, the occupation of irregular dwellings in an area of environmental preservation led to a demand for urban requalification. Thus, the Secretariat of Green and Environment of São Paulo needed a solution that would, on one hand, address issues of land regularization, basic sanitation, and urban infrastructure, and on the other hand, valorize environmental heritage.
Based on conversations with the local community about intentions and needs, the project foresaw the creation of public spaces such as squares, four linear parks, sidewalks, two lookouts, open areas with water treatment, channeling the existing watercourse and green areas recovery. From the lookouts, it is possible to view the geological depression of the crater, with 3.5 km in diameter.
Thus, the idea of local urban and economic development was thought by the residents themselves, considering tourism and new opportunities for trade. In this way, the proximity of Environmental Protected Area (APA, in Portuguese) Capivari-Monos raised the possibility of generating income from ecological tourism, simultaneously addressing social and environmental issues – becoming a park-museum.
Master Real Estate Award 2011 • Category: Professional • Environmental Preservation
IAB-SP 2010 Award • Honorable Mention
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Feb 2014 – UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador David Beckham visits young survivors of Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban, Philippines.
On January 12, 2010, Haiti was rocked by an earthquake that registered over 7.0 on the Richter scale. It was the most powerful quake to strike the country in nearly 200 years and it resulted in destruction on an unimaginable scale. The epicenter of the quake was just ten miles from the densely populated city of Port-au-Prince.
This page is designed to provide educators and parents with resources related to Haiti and the recent earthquake.
Dr. Michael Emerson Gnilo, UNICEF Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Specialist in the Philippines, talks about the effort to restore the water supply in Tacloban. After a joint effort by UNICEF, USAID, and the Philippine government, almost 200,000 people in storm-ravaged Tacloban now have access to safe drinking water.
Learn how UNICEF is helping children in the Philippines and how you can show your support.
UNICEF reports on the recovery process in Haiti six months after the earthquake of January 2010.
UNICEF reports on the ground in Haiti just weeks after the devastating earthquake of January 2010.
This video reviews the year 2012 and some of the ways in which UNICEF and its partners are working to ensure child rights and that child mortality is eradicated in a generation. © UNICEF video
Thousands of Palestinian refugees live at a refugee camp in Lebanon. UNICEF helps ensure that children in refugee camps are able to access an education and continue their studies, despite endemic poverty.
When violent events occur, it is a natural inclination to want to protect children from the terrifying details as they unfold in the media. Yet in an age of pervasive communications technology, it is impossible to shield children – especially once they reach school age – from unpleasant world events. There are ways, however, that we as educators and family members can help youth to cope with and make sense of tragedy in the world around them.
1 million children are threatened by the unfolding nutrition crisis in Africa's Sahel region. Watch this video to learn how UNICEF is responding to the crisis.
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The term luminaire is used to describe a complete lighting unit. A luminaire comprises of an outer housing, which contains the reflector, lamp, and any lenses. The lamp and reflector combination produce a beam of light, which spreads from the front of the luminaire: this is called the beam angle.
Most luminaires use at least one lens, which is a piece of glass with one or both sides curved for concentrating or dispersing the light beam; this produces a variation in the beam angle and the quality of the light produced. The broad scope of luminaires can be sub-divided into various categories of unit, each of which has a specific job. These are explained in the following section.
The lamp is a glass (or quartz) envelope which contains a filament or electrodes surrounded by a gas. Lamps utilising an electrode arrangement are called discharge lamps. The type of gas and electrode arangement varies, giving rise to various lamp types. These are sumarised:
Some luminaires utilise an attachment on the front of the unit called a barndoor. This consists of four movable metal flaps which are used to control the spill of light produced. The barndoor is usually rotatable in relation to the luminaire, providing additional control.
Types of Luminaire
The many types of luminaire available can be classified in to one of the categories below. Each class of unit produces a different effect, and thus has a specific role to play. Categories are:
A luminaire with only a reflector to control the light output, thus giving a wide beam angle; there are no adjustments that can be made to the light beam. The purpose of a flood is to produce a soft even wash of light over a wide area. If required, barndoor attachments can be used to provide some degree of control over the spread of light.
Symetrical floods utilise an evenly curved reflector, producing an even distribution of light. These units are ideal for general floodlighting applications.
Asymmetrical floods incorporate an asymmetric reflector, producing an uneven distribution of light. This is of use when positioning the flood close to the top of a backcloth, avoiding an unattractive hot-spot at the top of the cloth.
A luminaire with a convex lens constructed with concentric steps, producing a soft-edged beam of light. The fresnel is suited for use above the stage where it can be used for general cover and colour washes. By moving the lamp and reflector assembly in relation to the fixed front lens, a wide variation in beam angle is produced. Additional control is provided via use of barndoors.
The PC luminaire is similar in character (and usually size) to the fresnel, but produces a light with less scatter outside of the main beam, giving a semi-hard edged quality. This is achieved by use of a convex lens with some diffusion built in to the back (inside) of the lens. Variation in beam angle is produced by moving the lamp and reflector assembly in relation to the lens: the variation is usually slightly wider than in a fresnel luminaire.
A variation on this type of luminaire is the plano-convex, which uses a different type of diffusion on the lens. However, this unit is not as commonplace as the prism-convex.
Profile luminaires are used wherever a defined light beam is required, without spill. The traditional 'spotlight' effect can be created by focusing the beam to a hard edge; alternatively the edge of the beam can be softened by moving the lens. There is usually a peak adjustment control, which slightly changes the position of the lamp in relation to the reflector. This allows the user to vary the style of the beam: from a brighter spot in the center, to one of uniform brightness across the beam diameter.
Profiles are equipped with four shutters, which can be pushed into the light path to create straight edges to the beam. Next to the shutters is an optic gate which accepts a gobo for projecting images or patterns, or an iris diaphragm for reducing the size of the light beam. Profiles are best suited for lighting the stage from the auditorium; projecting gobos or hard-edged specials; or as a cross-light from the wings.
Zoom profiles (also called 'variable beam' profiles) utilise two lenses to provide a wide range of beam angles (size of the spot) and edge variation (hard or soft focus). This is achieved through differential movement of the two lenses.
Profiles with Condenser Optics achieve a smooth flat field of light through use of an extra lens between the lamp and the optic gate. This makes them ideal for gobo projection and sharply focussed beams. The condenser optics promote more efficient use of the lamp's output.
Commonly referred to as 'Pars', this type of luminaire is lightweight and produces an intense beam of light. Common on live music events, particularly when combined with a smoke machine, they have migrated to stage use.
The tungsten-halogen lamp incorporates an internal parabolic aluminium reflector, together with diffusion built-in to the front surface. The type of diffusion (clear, ribbed, or stippled) produces a fixed beam angle (narrow, medium, or wide). Standard or short-nose versions are available in a variety of colours.
There are several types of parcan, identified by the size of the lamp:
Beamlights are similar to parcans, in that they produce a high intensity beam of light. The beam can be adjusted slightly by moving the lamp in relation to the reflector, but is always near-parallel. Beamlights are most commonly used as soft-edged followspots from the auditorium or onstage.
Projectors are used in the theatre to produce special visual effects. The effects projector allows realistic weather, water and fire to be created and controlled. Effect discs and their associated motor fit into a slot on the front of the projector head. The size of the projected image is related to the distance to the projection surface, and the focal length of the lens used.
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| 0.924434 | 1,290 | 3.765625 | 4 |
How Coaches Embrace the Internet of Things to Keep Athletes Healthy
As the recently departed head coach of the NFL’s Philadelphia Eagles, Chip Kelly has heard more than a few people call him, well, more than a few things. And yet, during his 2013-2015 tenure with the team, the fans likely never spit out the words some other coaches were snarling behind his back: sports science.
“The violent reaction to it happened over the past two to three years,” says Kevin Davidowicz, co-founder of CoachMePlus. “Chip Kelly was the first to bring sports science into the NFL, and everybody watched that with very skeptical eyes. There’s a lot of positives and negatives to the program that he ran, but in the three years since he did that, we’ve watched teams go from ‘We’re not going to touch that’ to ‘We’re experimenting.’”
And the NFL was among the last to the party. Teams across the NBA, NHL, MLB and hundreds of universities have already embraced a wide variety of emerging data-based technologies in the quest to build a better athlete. Teams with smaller rosters have been quicker to adapt because they face a less costly gamble with a squad of 15 players than with, say, an NFL roster of 53. But all across elite sports, coaches and athletes alike agree that when their players can stay healthier than others, their team wins. That makes tech-based enhancements to training, recovery time and injury prevention a trend they cannot afford to ignore.
CoachMePlus, one of the many players in this field, works with teams to analyze their athletes’ performance and recommend enhancements. To keep coaches informed when players are dehydrated, for example, CoachMePlus collects diagnostic data and delivers the results via smartphone alerts, printed reports and, in the case of the NFL’s Buffalo Bills, video monitors in the clubhouse.
“If I have 90 guys in training camp,” Dawidowicz says, “I need to know which five guys are in danger out there so I can intervene.”
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1. Riding a baby bike will ensure your child has good posture and overall spinal health. Back problems in modern children are mainly associated with leading a sedentary lifestyle, incorrect back position during classes.
The best solution to these problems will be cycling, which promotes the development of long muscles, muscles of the back and lower back. While riding a bicycle, the baby rests on the steering wheel with his hands, which means that the load on the spine decreases, but at the same time it remains in good shape.
2. Thanks to riding a children’s bicycle, endurance is increased, the heart and blood vessels are trained and strengthened. Unbeknownst to himself, the baby will travel more and more distance each time, developing willpower and endurance.
3. Dynamic movements uphill and down, as well as “dancing on the pedals”, alternating tension of the muscles of the back and belt will provide good blood supply, lead to excellent physical shape, strengthen the muscles of the legs, back, arms of the baby.
4. By increasing the amount of inhaled air, there is a significant improvement in lung function. This is not the stale air of a stuffy room, but fresh, especially if the child is riding in the park. Stabilization of the lungs provides oxygen to all other organs, including the brain.
5. Also, cycling helps to improve metabolism in the body. All this is possible thanks to proper breathing, which allows the blood to receive all the necessary nutrients in a timely manner, as well as due to active physical activity, which improves appetite.
6. Riding a bicycle requires constant balance control from the child, she perfectly trains the vestibular apparatus and develops coordination.
7. The use of the bicycle for children is also manifested in the fact that riding helps prevent myopia in the baby. The children read or write a lot, focusing their eyes on a very close notebook or book, which causes various visual impairments. Riding a bicycle, on the contrary, requires a careful look into the distance.
8. A child’s body developed by training has a greater resistance to pathogenic infections. According to statistics, children who regularly ride a bike are much less likely to get colds and flu in the winter.
Inadequate physical activity can cause fatigue, which affects the child’s learning and well-being. A bicycle will help solve this problem – if a beautiful, shiny iron horse is standing behind the door, the baby will no longer want to sit all day on the TV or at the computer.
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The Politics Today module enables us to engage our first year students in debates on current political issues, typically on issues that dominate our newspapers and therefore are close to the students' own awareness and experience. However, in the introduction to the module we will also consider how such issues enter our awareness and why, and whether indeed 'relevance’ itself is a political construct. The module will be responsive to current world affairs, and therefore the precise selection of issues to be discussed may change from year to year. After a general introduction, 2-3 issues will be presented and analysed, typically by considering historical backgrounds, key political actors, configurations of interests, possible developments and outcomes. The module endeavours to help students appreciate and conceptualise the complexities of the modern world by discussing current national and/or world issues from diverse perspectives and angles. At the beginning of the course, students will also be given the opportunity to vote on issues of interest which are not already included in the curriculum. The issue with the most votes will then be added to the curriculum, and students will be involved in preparing the issue for discussion and analysis.
Contact hours: 22
Private study: 128
The module contributes to all programmes offered by and with the School of Politics and International Relations.
Available as an elective module.
Method of assessment
5 Moodle quizzes – 20%
Essay 2,000 words - 80%
100% coursework reassessment
Davis, Aeron. 2019. Political Communication: A New Introduction for Crisis Times. London: Polity.
Tilly, Charles and Tarrow, Sidney. 2015 Contentious Politics. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University
Farkas, Johan. 2019. Post-Truth, Fake News and Democracy. London: Routledge.
Apart from such generic titles, the reading list for each year will depend on the 'current issues' selected for discussion. The discussion of the issues will make use of a range of media including e.g. background material (books), online sources, articles, newspapers.
See the library reading list for this module (Canterbury)
On successfully completing the module students will be able to:
1. Identify and describe key problems and issues in contemporary national or international politics
2. Analyse at least one of these problems or issues drawing on current literature
3. Demonstrate an understanding of how the interests of the political actors involved in the relevant situation may shape their approach to, and perception of, the situation
4. Demonstrate an awareness of how problems and issues in international politics can be explored and analysed from different perspectives, using different methods and approaches
5. Use the analysis of at least one of these problems, and issues in order to explore and discuss solutions and policy advice evaluating possible costs and benefits
6. Account for the complexity of contemporary problems in national or international politics
Back to top
- ECTS credits are recognised throughout the EU and allow you to transfer credit easily from one university to another.
- The named convenor is the convenor for the current academic session.
University of Kent makes every effort to ensure that module information is accurate for the relevant academic session and to provide educational services as described. However, courses, services and other matters may be subject to change. Please read our full disclaimer.
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| 0.903253 | 708 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Given a string str and an integer L. The task is to print all the unique substring of length L from string str.
Input: str = “abca”, L=3
Output: “abc”, “bca”
Input: str = “aaaa”, L=3
Firstly genearate all the substring of length L and then by using set we can insert unique sub-string till the length L and then print the result.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
- Count all Prime Length Palindromic Substrings
- Count number of distinct substrings of a given length
- Convert all substrings of length 'k' from base 'b' to decimal
- Find number of substrings of length k whose sum of ASCII value of characters is divisible by k
- Minimum length of the sub-string whose characters can be used to form a palindrome of length K
- Maximum contiguous 1 possible in a binary string after k rotations
- Contiguous subsegments of a string having distinct subsequent characters
- Distinct state codes that appear in a string as contiguous sub-strings
- Number of substrings of a string
- Count substrings with same first and last characters
- Replace two substrings (of a string) with each other
- Number of substrings divisible by 8 but not by 3
- Count substrings that contain all vowels | SET 2
- Find substrings that contain all vowels
- Count all substrings having character K
If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to [email protected]. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Please Improve this article if you find anything incorrect by clicking on the "Improve Article" button below.
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GPS is everywhere—on your phone, in your car, even on your wrist—but what the heck even is it and how does it work?
GPS is short for Global Positioning System. It’s a satellite-based navigation system that helps people find their precise location on Earth.
Before GPS, navigation involved paper maps or very specialized tools like sextants and chronometers. Now, satellites orbiting the Earth 12,000 miles up can guide pizza delivery drivers to your house before the cheese cools.
Back in 1973, the military began looking for a reliable, accurate means of electronic navigation. Existing systems didn’t always work accurately enough for military purposes, and some were vulnerable to an enemy attack.
The system that was developed allowed a GPS receiver to connect to three or more satellites to trilaterate their position, but it was limited to military use until the 1980s. President Ronald Reagan made it available to the world after a Korean airliner was shot down by Soviet fighters when it strayed off course due to navigational errors.
GPS is still owned by the U.S. government and the satellites are operated by the Air Force, though it’s available for use by anyone in the world with a GPS receiver.
Technological advances have improved GPS’ accuracy, and the newest systems will allow a user to pinpoint their position to within less than a foot.
- GPS was developed by the U.S. military, but is free for anyone in the world to use
- The Gulf War was the first time the military used GPS in combat
- Early military ”handheld” GPS receivers weighed 35 pounds
- The first GPS-enabled cell phones appeared in 2004
- GPS has two levels of service: Standard Positioning Service, available free worldwide, and Precise Positioning Service, which is restricted to U.S. armed forces and federal agencies and to selected allies
- Other countries are developing their own versions of GPS, such as the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System, or GLONASS, and China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System.
Source: Department of DefenseSubscribe to our Morning Briefing and get the news delivered to your inbox before breakfast!
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Wednesday, February 20, 2008
Today in History
Spotlight: Sky-watchers in South America, most of North America, and much of Western Europe, Africa and western Asia will be treated to a full lunar eclipse tonight. A lunar eclipse occurs at a time of a full moon, when the sun, earth and moon are lined up exactly, with the earth in the middle. The earth casts a shadow composed of two cone-shaped parts — the umbra and the penumbra, one inside the other. When the entire moon passes through the umbral shadow, a total lunar eclipse occurs. Tonight's eclipse will last about 3 1/2 hours; the total eclipse will start about 90 minutes into the event and last about 50 minutes.
Posted by Princessa at 2/20/2008 04:17:00 PM
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|The German-trained 27th Jäger Battallion was one of the most concrete symbols of the will of independence.|
The bulk of the Jägers arrived in Vaasa on the 25th of January. Their reception in Finland was jubilant. When addressing the Jäger Battallion on the marketplace of Vaasa, General Mannerheim referred to their forth-coming mission with the following words, "The young Finnish army, which is still being formed, will regard you as their instructors and future leaders. A great and glorious task is awaiting you: the creation of an army which will be able to liberate Finland and make it great and mighty."
To the great disappointment of the Jägers, it became evident that the headquarters was not intending to employ their skill and knowledge in the way they had planned. They would be dispersed to act as trainers in the 27 regular battallions to be established in various parts of the country. There were also plans to position in those battallions officers who had voluntarily joined the Russian army and who, from the Jägers point of view, were traitors. A serious conflict arose. Jäger officers of higher rank assembled in Vaasa on the first of March and decided not to make any compromises over their own plans. There was no sense in waiting until the conscripts were trained, as the attack of the Jäger brigade could put a rapid end to the battle.
That this kind of controversial situation could arise seems mainly to have been due to weaknesses in the flow of information. The question of organization was only part of a larger problem field. It was becoming evident that there would be no rapid end to the war. The Jägers idea, on the other hand, was to break the resistance of the reds immediately by strong attacks. They did not trust the "old gentlemen" of the headquarters. There were rumours that Mannerheim attempted to block the advancement of the Jägers in the Finnish army.
Owing to fervent requests by the Senate, the Commander-in-Chief consented to allow the Jäger representatives to state their viewpoint. He decided to put his own plan into action, but in accordance with the organizational model of the Jägers. The officers of the so-called Russian school would be placed in the six recruited grenadier battallions, and the Jägers as trainers in the army of conscripts.
Three Jäger majors, Erik Jernström, Ero Gadolin and Erik Heinrichs came to discuss the matter with Mannerheim. When presenting their demands to the commander, they specifically explained why they did not wish to be posted in the same troops with the officers who had formerly served in Russia. Mannerheim remarked that he himself was in exactly the same position as the officers whom the Jägers considered strangers. He went on stating that he had no intention of interfering in their anti-disciplinary manner of action, but he considered himself a better judge of estimating the situation than those who had not been present. But he also admitted he understood that "a thousand hotheads" had difficulties in giving up their dreams. Therefore, he said that he accepted the Jägers plan in an adapted form.
The compromise was gradually carried out through separate orders, and dissatisfaction among the Jägers abated as they dispersed into their troops. To deal with the Jäger matter, a special section was set up in the office of the director of the headquarters and Major Jernström was appointed its head for the time being. The Jägers were allowed to add the word Jäger in their military ranks. The Commander-in-Chief appointed a Jäger, Captain K.H. Kekoni, his ADC, and in late April Jäger Captain Zilliacus and Jäger Lieutenant Paloheimo were given posts in the operative department of the headquarters. Also in May, when steps were taken to plan the new Finnish army, both Mannerheim and the Senate took the opinions of the Jägers into account.
Commander-in-Chief 1918 | Headquarters 1918
| Vaasa Senate | Hannes Ignatius
| Martin Wetzer | Harald Hjalmarson
| Ernst Linder | Gösta Theslöf | Jägers | St Petersburg Question | Relations with Germany | Cross of Liberty
| Eastern Karelia | Uusimaa Dragoon
Regiment | Fir Twig | Finnish Flag
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Autism may be higher than 1:100 children, 4 times as common in boys as in girls
Onset : either at birth or late onset
Contributing factors : Malnutrition, maldigestion, dysbiosis, vitamin K and calcium dysregulation, heavy metal toxicity, infdlammation, autoimmunity are also linked to this condition.
Characteristics of Autism spectrum disorder:
* Speech difficulties
* Abnormal posture/gestures
* Impaired understanding
(probably due to severe internal pain)
* Fears, phobias, anxieties
* Sensory disperceptions
* Obsessive-compulsive behavior
* Ritualistic movements,
* Insistence on routines
* Lining up objects
* Echolalia (automatic repetition of vocalizations made by another person)
Autism Spectrum Disorders: During a baby’s first few years, tracking developmental milestones are so very important. At well-baby visits, doctors look for indications of growth and development to make their determinations on how a baby or toddler is progressing. If the doctor detects a significant developmental delay or a baby is at risk to being delayed, parents may first learn of the possibility that their toddler has one of various Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Spectrum Disorders were renamed in the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual to now include autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, and childhood pervasive developmental disorder.
Autism Spectrum Disorders: Getting a Diagnosis
Each of these “disorders” has common diagnostic and physiologic features but differ by severity in communication, social interaction and repetitive movements or restricted interests. ASD is often diagnosed around the age of two or three, when verbal, visual and name recognition do not appear to be developing, or a significant regression in functioning is noted.
Common Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders:
In addition to the brain being structurally impacted, most children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders have a variety of symptoms.
- gastrointestinal tract problems (malabsorption, food sensitivities, esophagitis, reflux, incomplete digestion of proteins, yeast overgrowth, constipation, parasite overloads and an incompetent intestinal barrier).
- poor immune function.
- sleep disturbances.
- chemical sensitivities.
- poor appetite.
- sensitivity to touch and sound.
- urination issues.
- high anxiety.
- apparent pain.
- easily frustrated.
- frequent emotional meltdowns.
Gene expression may play an important part in autism and that abnormal methylation and oxidative overload is the cause of most cases of autism. The Walsh Model of Autism states that autism appears to be a gene programming disorder that develops in undermethylated persons who experience environmental insults that produce overwhelming oxidative stress. Dr. Walsh’s database of 250,000 chemical assays of blood and urine for children with ASD revealed that children with ASD exhibit distinctive biochemical imbalances including undermethlylation, zinc deficiency, abnormal metal metabolism, copper overload, elevated toxic metals and other significant deficiencies/overloads.
There is hope for parents and families, and early intervention is essential. We offer an individualized Advanced Nutrient Therapy is aimed at normalizing the child’s body-brain chemistry, dealing with digestive issues and food and chemical sensitivities, and reducing brain inflammation. Our treatment approach is targeted to correct undermethylation and other biochemical imbalances, and reduce oxidative stress. The treatment of toxic metals is done naturally and slowly through antioxidant and nutrient therapies.
In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), patients could be diagnosed with four separate disorders: autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, or the catch-all diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Under the DSM-5 criteria, individuals with ASD must show symptoms from early childhood, even if those symptoms are not recognized until later. This criteria change encourages earlier diagnosis of ASD but also allows people whose symptoms may not be fully recognized until social demands exceed their capacity to receive the diagnosis.
J. B. Handley
Healthcare in America
Wed, 22 Feb 2017 17:57 UTC
Scientists appear to be far closer to explaining the mechanisms of action within the body that cause autism. Most of the research that has created this understanding has been published in the last 36 months, and largely from international scientists in Canada, France, Israel, and China. Four clear, replicable, and related discoveries explaining how autism is triggered are forming an undeniably clear picture of autism's causation, and possibly ways to alleviate the symptoms, too.
When Caltech scientist Dr. Paul Patterson passed away in 2014, I had little appreciation that he had triggered a chain of events over the course of his career that may now provide a clear and unambiguous explanation of how and why my son developed autism back in 2004. Knowing exactly how my son's autism was caused is incredibly important to my wife and I, because the more information we have about causation, the more chance we have to do something about it, and perhaps recover my son from an affliction now impacting 1 in 48 American kids.
What you're about to read is the product of more than two dozen very recent peer-reviewed published scientific studies, with really no original thought by me. I'm a businessman and a father, but what follows is a "grand theory of autism" so complete and well-supported that I think it deserves the attention of every member of the autism community. When the totality of this explanation became clear to me, not only did my jaw hit the floor, but I was immediately consumed with thoughts about how this clear explanation might impact the way we treat our son's autism, and I hope it does the same for you and perhaps your doctor as well. What I'm certain of is that this "grand theory" needs to be heavily debated, and I hope by putting it in the public realm I help move it along that path. (I'm indebted to an anonymous scientist who runs a website called Vaccine Papers, where many of these insights came from. I will quote VP throughout this piece, referring to VP as "VP." I highly recommend you read the totality of his website, where the explanations are far more scientific than what you will read here.)
It shouldn't be a surprise that the final piece of this puzzle came from China. I've listened closely to the stories of American scientists wanting to study autism and complaining that any studies that are even remotely controversial are nearly impossible to fund or get approved. As you will see, Chinese scientists do not appear to have that same constraint. In a way, many American, Canadian, and French scientists have pioneered a pretty clear picture of how autism is caused, and the Chinese helped tie it all together. That's at least my interpretation, please make your own judgment.
Discovery #1: "Maternal Immune Activation" can cause autism
While Dr. Patterson's passing wasn't something I was aware of at the time, it was certainly recognized by the scientific community, of which his obituary from Caltech explains in great detail. Dr. Patterson's "research focused on interactions between the nervous and immune systems — a connection that was not universally acknowledged in the early days of neuroscience" explains his obituary, "he became intrigued by epidemiological studies that had linked a severe viral or bacterial infection during pregnancy with the increased risk of a woman giving birth to a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder such as schizophrenia or autism. Patterson and his coworkers reproduced this human effect in mice using a viral mimic that triggers an infection-like immune response in the mother, producing in the offspring the core behavioral symptoms associated with autism and schizophrenia."
In 2006, Dr. Patterson introduced his complex understanding of the interaction between the immune system and neurodevelopment through an excellent article in the Engineering & Science journal, titled Pregnancy, Immunity, Schizophrenia, and Autism. I hope you'll take the time to read this for yourself, Dr. Patterson does a great job of explaining his discovery to the uninitiated, it's really a seminal work. Here's a quote:
"As we learn more about the connections between the brain and the immune system, we find that these seemingly independent networks of cells are, in fact, continually talking to each other. As an adult, the activation of your immune system causes many striking changes in your behavior — increased sleep, loss of appetite, less social interaction — and, of course, headaches. Conversely, stress in your life (as perceived by your brain) can influence immune function — the brain regulates immune organs, such as the spleen, via the autonomic nervous system.
Recent evidence shows that this brain-immune conversation actually starts during the development of the embryo, where the state of the mother's immune system can alter the growth of cells in the fetal brain. As we shall see, such alterations can lead to an increased risk of schizophrenia or autism in the offspring."
Are you with me so far? Basically, what Dr. Patterson is saying is that if a pregnant mother gets sick (virus, bacteria) while pregnant — an event that "activates" her immune system — that activation can impact the neurodevelopment (how exactly the brain is constructed) of her fetus, potentially leading to neurological problems after birth. Dr. Patterson took this explanation a step further, explaining that the brains of people with autism reflect the immune system activation that took place, even decades later, as he cites valuable work being done at Johns Hopkins:
"There is also very striking evidence of immune dysregulation in the brain itself. Just last year, a group led by Carlos Pardo at Johns Hopkins found what they're calling a "neural inflammation" in postmortem examination of brains of patients with autism who died between the ages of eight and 44 years. But these people weren't infected — they died of such things as drowning or heart attacks. The study found that the microglial cells, which act as the brain's own immune system, were activated. The study also found amazing increases of certain cytokines in the brain, and of others in the cerebro- spinal fluid. This is is a landmark paper, in my opinion. It presents the first evidence that there's an ongoing, permanent immune-system activation in the brains of autistic people. It's a subclinical state, because there's no overt infection. But it's there."
While Dr. Pardo and colleagues were the first to find this "microglial activation" in the brain of children with autism, this finding has now been replicated many times, here's a study from Japan in 2013 finding the same thing:
"In conclusion, the present PET measurements revealed marked activation of microglia in multiple brain regions of young adults with ASD. The results strongly support the contention that immune abnormalities contribute to the etiology of ASD."
If you're going to take one thing away from this section, I'd recommend an excerpt from Dr. Patterson's quote worth memorizing:
"there's an ongoing, permanent immune-system activation in the brains of autistic people."
Is that what happened (and still is happening) to my son?
Further Refinement of Discovery #1: Immune Activation from the Cytokine Interleukin-6
If you're an autism parent, you've probably heard the expression "cytokine storm" and half-understood what that might mean (anything with "storm" at the end of it can't be good — what this really means is a chronic, slow burn inflammation in the brain). In 2006, Dr. Patterson and his colleagues were speculating that the immune system's cytokines might be responsible for altering the brain development of the fetus during gestation:
"Cytokines are produced by the white blood cells, and their levels in the blood increase when we get an infection...We think that maternal immune activation alters brain circuits...there's that permanent, subclinical, altered immune state in the autistic brain — those increased cytokine levels...are they [cytokines] actually interacting with the brain in an ongoing fashion, with consequences visible in the patients' behavior? I favor [the cytokine] hypothesis."
Just a year after Dr. Patterson's excellent article about Maternal Immune Activation ("MIA"), he and his colleagues produced the first study that took their understanding of cytokines to a more detailed level. Knowing that MIA was producing offspring with neurological disorders (in their mouse model), they wanted to find out what — exactly WHAT — was causing the altered brain development. They figured it was a cytokine (of which there are many), but which one? As the Patterson and his colleagues noted, "however, the mechanism by which MIA causes long-term behavioral deficits in the offspring is unknown." That is until they discovered it:
"Here we show that the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is critical for mediating the behavioral and transcriptional changes in the offspring. A single maternal injection of IL-6 on day 12.5 of mouse pregnancy causes prepulse inhibition (PPI) and latent inhibition (LI) deficits in the adult offspring."
In the case of the 2007 experiment, Patterson and his colleagues injected pregnant mice with a specific cytokine — interleukin-6 ("IL-6")— and saw changes in the neurology of their offspring.
Replication of Dr. Patterson's discovery about MIA and IL-6
Dr. Patterson's work was groundbreaking. He tied the immune system and brain together in ways previously not recognized. Like all great new discoveries in science, Dr. Patterson's theories have since been replicated many times. In 2012, Dr. Patterson and his colleagues produced this paper, which was more autism-specific and reached a similar conclusion:
"These results indicate that MIA yields male offspring with deficient social and communicative behavior, as well as high levels of repetitive behaviors, all of which are hallmarks of autism."
In 2014, the M.I.N.D. Institute at UC-Davis published an important study that took Dr. Patterson's work in mice and replicated it in monkeys. Why do monkeys matter? The study authors explained:
"Maternal infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia and autism in the offspring. Supporting this correlation, experimentally activating the maternal immune system during pregnancy in rodents produces offspring with abnormal brain and behavioral development. We have developed a nonhuman primate model to bridge the gap between clinical populations and rodent models of maternal immune activation (MIA)."
And, the M.I.N.D. Institute scientists saw similar results to what had been found in mice:
"In this rhesus monkey model, MIA yields offspring with abnormal repetitive behaviors, communication, and social interactions. These results extended the findings in rodent MIA models to more human-like behaviors resembling those in both autism and schizophrenia."
There are many additional studies that support Dr. Patterson's findings, here's one more to make the point from Neuroscience —Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors — published in 2012:
"In summary, our study supports a critical role of IL-6 elevation in modulating autism-like behaviors through impairments on synapse formation, dendritic spine development, as well as on neuronal circuit balance. These findings suggest that manipulation of IL-6 may be a promising avenue for therapeutic interventions."
Dr. Patterson: what can cause immune activation?
Dr. Patterson helped establish as scientific fact that an MIA during pregnancy can cause autism. As a parent, I'm haunted by Dr. Patterson's words that "there's an ongoing, permanent immune-system activation in the brains of autistic people." If that's really what's happening to my son, it creates an obvious question: What can we do about it? It's why understanding exactly what happened to my son is so important...
...And why there's something else Dr. Patterson mentioned in his 2006 magazine article, something that today might get him run out of Caltech but was still allowed in the scientific discourse back then, he said this:
Finally, I want to ask a question that's come up in the literature in the last few years — should we really be promoting universal maternal vaccination? The flu vaccine has been recommended routinely to pregnant women in the United States since 1957. The official policy of the Centers for Disease Control states that "administration of vaccines to women seeking prenatal care is an opportunity for preventative intervention that should not be wasted." Now you might say, "Well, of course, you don't want to get the flu if you're pregnant!" But remember that double-stranded RNA experiment — we activated the immune system, and it caused all these downstream effects on the fetus. And what does a vaccination do? It activates the immune system. That's the point of vaccination. In practice, not all pregnant women receive flu shots, and I think that universal vaccination of pregnant women could get us into a whole new set of problems.
Dr. Patterson said it, so I don't have to be the first to bring it up. He said a vaccination "activates the immune system" and he also told us that "immune activation" can cause autism. How exactly does a vaccine activate the immune system?
Aluminum hydroxide, aka "aluminum adjuvant".
Discovery #2: Aluminum Adjuvant causes immune activation and is far more neurotoxic than previously thought
Aluminum compounds (Al hydroxide and Al phospate) are the most common adjuvants used in vaccines. They are currently used in the hepatitis A, hepatitis B, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis(DTaP, Tdap), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), human papillomavirus (HPV) and pneumococcus (PCV) vaccines. Aluminum adjuvant "activates" the immune system, which induces long term immunity to antigens in the vaccine.
The scientific understanding of aluminum adjuvant toxicity has changed and deepened dramatically in recent years (since 2007).
In fact, the published research on aluminum adjuvant is so new it has not even been considered by our FDA or CDC, who are still basing their recommendations about aluminum use in vaccines on a study published in 2011 that erroneously concluded that aluminum from a vaccine likely ends up in the body's skeletal system:
"While the contribution of vaccines to an infant's aluminum body burden can be slightly higher than that of the dietary contribution in our model, the fact that the primary pool where the aluminum is residing, as a long-term storage depot, is likely to be skeletal and not a more sensitive soft organ system is reassuring."
Most of the guess work about aluminum is based on dissolved aluminum, not aluminum hydroxide, which is the type of aluminum used in vaccines. We're now learning that aluminum hydroxide is a nanoparticle, absorbed by our body's macrophage (the immune system's garbage man) where the macrophage can then easily transport the aluminum hydroxide to the brain (the macrophage passes easily through the blood-brain barrier). If you'd like to see a complete takedown of the "safe level" of aluminum argument still made by the FDA and CDC, see VP's excellent work, here's a short excerpt:
"It is not reasonable or scientific to use studies of ingested, water-soluble aluminum salts (like AlCl3 or Al-lactate) to establish a safe dose of injected aluminum adjuvant (comprising aluminum hydroxide/phosphate nanoparticles). The chemical forms and route of administration are different. It is well-established today that nanoparticles can have higher toxicity than bulk or soluble forms of the same material...It's the vaccine promoters that created this inherently-invalid approach to aluminum adjuvant safety. Vaccine critics including me argue that the safety of injected aluminum adjuvant can only be tested using injected aluminum adjuvant, not ingested aluminum salts like AlCl3 or Al lactate. This should be common sense. So, leaving aside the important issues of nanoparticle toxicity and administration route, I want to address the question: is it really true that animals (mice or rats) are not harmed by ingesting 62mg/kg/day or 26 mg/kg/day aluminum? After all, this is the fundamental basis for aluminum adjuvant safety. Vaccine promoters rely on Keith and Mitkus to make the case that aluminum adjuvant is safe, and Keith and Mitkus depend on the claim that these dosages are safe for animals to ingest. If the 26 mg/kg/day dosage is in fact harmful to animals, then the analyses by Keith and Mitkus are wrong and unsalvageable. Several studies clearly demonstrate that dosages much lower than 26 mg/kg/day are harmful, and they are presented below."
The first time I personally woke up to the the idea that the aluminum adjuvant used in vaccines might be far more toxic and dangerous than I knew was when I started reading about the incredible work of Dr. Chris Shaw at the University of British Columbia in Canada. (Check out this video of Dr. Shaw discussing aluminum adjuvant, and some of the experiments he and his colleagues did on mice.)
In 2007, Dr. Shaw published the first study looking at injected aluminum adjuvant in this paper, Aluminum Adjuvant Linked to Gulf War Illness Induces Motor Neuron Death in Mice and sounded a worldwide alarm about the dangers of aluminum adjuvant:
"In addition, the continued use of aluminum adjuvants in various vaccines (i.e., Hepatitis A and B, DPT, and so on) for the general public may have even more widespread health implications. Until vaccine safety can be comprehensively demonstrated by controlled long-term studies that examine the impact on the nervous system in detail, many of those already vaccinated as well as those currently receiving injections may be at risk in the future. Whether the risk of protection from a dreaded disease outweighs the risk of toxicity is a question that demands urgent attention."
In 2009, Dr. Shaw's and his colleagues in British Columbia published another study looking at injected aluminum hydroxide, and the results were deeply disturbing:
"Overall, the results reported here mirror previous work that has clearly demonstrated that aluminum, in both oral and injected forms, can be neurotoxic. Potential toxic mechanisms of action for aluminum may include enhancement of inflammation (i.e., microgliosis)..."
2012: Mechanisms of aluminum adjuvant toxicity and autoimmunity in pediatric populations
Three years after his groundbreaking study, Dr. Shaw and his colleague, Dr. Lucija Tomljenovic, published this paper in 2012, expressing grave concerns about the limited understanding of aluminum adjuvant's toxicity:
"...it is somewhat surprising to find that in spite of over 80 years of use, the safety of Al adjuvants continues to rest on assumptions rather than scientific evidence. For example, nothing is known about the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of Al adjuvants in infants and children...Yet, in spite of these observations children continue regularly to be exposed to much higher levels of Al adjuvants than adults, via routine childhood vaccination programmes."
The two scientists called for an urgent reevaluation of the safety profile of aluminum adjuvant-containing vaccines:
"However, the existing data (or lack thereof) raise questions on whether the current vaccines aimed at pediatric populations can be accepted as having adequate safety profiles. Because infants and children represent those who may be most at risk for complications following vaccination, a more rigorous evaluation of potential vaccine-related adverse health impacts in pediatric populations than what has been provided to date is urgently needed."
2013: Slow CCL2-dependent translocation of biopersistent particles from muscle to brain
In 2013, French scientists demonstrated that aluminum adjuvant, when injected into the body of a mouse, ended up in the brain 1 year later. The study authors expressed serious concerns about this very new discovery:
"However, continuously escalating doses of this poorly biodegradable adjuvant in the population may become insidiously unsafe, especially in the case of overimmunization or immature/altered blood brain barrier..."
The authors chose their words carefully, recognizing the ubiquity of aluminum adjuvant's use in pediatric vaccines all over the world, which is why their choice to call aluminum adjuvant "insidiously unsafe" should cause any parent worry. Unfortunately, the very thing they express real concern about — escalating doses — is exactly what has been happening to children since the early 1990s, when the immunization schedule in the U.S. and all over the world more than tripled, largely due to new vaccines being introduced that contain aluminum adjuvant.
2015: Biopersistence and brain translocation of aluminum adjuvants of vaccines
In 2015, another study from Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC) in France further supported this new view of aluminum adjuvant as a dangerous, biopersistent, and ultimately brain-injuring toxin. (The study confirmed that aluminum adjuvant slowly makes its way to the brain, where it then stays, possibly forever.)
The study explained that aluminum adjuvant can generate a long-term immune response because of its "biopersistence", which basically means our body has no ability to rid itself of aluminum adjuvant, because its a man-made substance we have no natural designs to eliminate:
"Thus alum and other poorly biodegradable materials taken up at the periphery by phagocytes circulate in the lymphatic and blood circulation and can enter the brain using a Trojan horse mechanism similar to that used by infectious particles. Previous experiments have shown that alum administration can cause CNS dysfunction and damage, casting doubts on the exact level of alum safety."
November 2016: Non-linear dose-response of aluminium hydroxide adjuvant particles: Selective low dose neurotoxicity
And, just last Fall in 2016, the most important and revealing study yet done on aluminum adjuvant provided more bad news, and more insight.
It's safe to say that this study's conclusions have revolutionized our understanding of aluminum adjuvant. From the journal Toxicology, the French study authors were very concerned about the widespread use of aluminum adjuvant:
"Concerns about its [aluminum adjuvant's] safety emerged following recognition of its unexpectedly long-lasting biopersistence within immune cells in some individuals, and reports of chronic fatigue syndrome, cognitive dysfunction, myalgia, dysautonomia and autoimmune/inflammatory features temporally linked to multiple Al-containing vaccine administrations."
They also discovered, through mouse-models, a deeply alarming unique characteristic of aluminum adjuvant: low, consistent doses were MORE neurotoxic than a single bolus dose:
"We conclude that Alhydrogel [aluminum adjuvant] injected at low dose in mouse muscle may selectively induce long-term Al cerebral accumulation and neurotoxic effects. To explain this unexpected result, an avenue that could be explored in the future relates to the adjuvant size since the injected suspensions corresponding to the lowest dose, but not to the highest doses, exclusively contained small agglomerates in the bacteria-size range known to favour capture and, presumably, transportation by monocyte-lineage cells. In any event, the view that Alhydrogel neurotoxicity obeys 'the dose makes the poison' rule of classical chemical toxicity appears overly simplistic."
This a confusing conclusion, but profoundly important, so I'm bringing in VP to further explain:
A new paper (Crepeaux et al.) by the Gherardi research group in France reports important results on the toxicity and transport of aluminum (Al) adjuvant in mice. This single study is especially valuable because it looked at many outcomes: behavioral effects, immune (microglial) activation in the brain, and Al transport into the brain. The study tested dosages of 200 , 400 and 800 mcg/Kg, injected intramuscularly (IM). The Al adjuvant used was AlOH (brand name Alhydrogel), the most common vaccine adjuvant in use today. It is used in the tetanus, Hep A, Hep B, HiB, pneumococcal, meningococcal, and anthrax vaccines.
Remarkably, the study found that the lowest dosage (200 mcg/Kg) was the most toxic! For many outcomes, the 400 and 800 mcg/Kg dosages had no observable adverse effects, but the 200 mcg/Kg dosage did.
The low toxicity of the higher dosages appears to be a consequence of dosage-dependent inflammation at the injection site. The high dosages caused intense inflammation at the injection site, forming "granulomas". The 200 mcg/Kg dosage did not produce granulomas. Granulomas are hard nodules in tissue produced in response to injury, infection or foreign substances. Its a way the body "walls off" injured tissue and prevents the spread of infection or toxins. The granuloma appears to provide protection from Al adjuvant toxicity; apparently the granuloma prevented Al adjuvant particles from leaving the injection site. This explains why the 200 mcg/Kg dosage affected the brain and behavior, while the higher dosages did not. This suggests that it is more dangerous and harmful to administer numerous small injections of Al adjuvant, compared to a large single injection capable of inducing a granuloma.
The study authors also disputed the way the FDA and CDC currently think about aluminum adjuvant toxicity, basically saying that the current approach is wrong:
"As a possible consequence, comparing vaccine adjuvant exposure to other non- relevant aluminium exposures, e.g. soluble aluminium and other routes of exposure, may not represent valid approaches."
And, the French scientists finish with a conclusion that all parents should find very troubling:
"In the context of massive development of vaccine-based strategies worldwide, the present study may suggest that aluminium adjuvant toxicokinetics and safety require reevaluation."
Reminder: this study has only been public for 2 months!
Discovery #3: Aluminum can increase IL-6 in the brain
One of the only frustrations of the remarkable toxicity studies on aluminum adjuvant coming out of France is that many scientists did not explicitly measure the mice brains for the cytokine IL-6 which we know can be released during an immune activation event and also know is strongly associated with causing autism. But, a study from the Middle East published roughly one year ago, provides a strong foundation for the IL-6-aluminum adjuvant connection.
In this case, scientists were using aluminum to induce Alzheimer's in rats, which they appear to have done successfully, showing that aluminum caused a 4-fold increase in IL-6:
"The results also showed that aluminum administration increased the hippocampus pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α by 3.8-fold, IL-6 by 4-fold, and iNOS by 3.8-fold compared to the normal control group."
If any of this remains confusing, I think VP's description of aluminum adjuvant in the body will fill in any holes:
Most vaccines contain aluminum, and aluminum is a proven neurotoxin, in amounts received from vaccines. Vaccines in combination can result in toxic aluminum overload. Even the aluminum in a single vaccine can be harmful because the aluminum is in a form that is more dangerous than ingested aluminum. Specifically, vaccine aluminum is in nanoparticulate form, which is harder for the body to eliminate, and because it is transported around the body differently than ingested aluminum.
It is natural and normal to ingest small doses of aluminum from food and water. Its not good for you, but the body has adequate defenses. Absorption of ingested Al is low, about 0.3%, so about 99.7% is eliminated in feces. Ingested aluminum is in ionic form (individual charged atoms), which is readily removed by the kidneys. Also, ionic aluminum is blocked from entering the brain by the blood brain barrier. The low absorption, rapid elimination by the kidneys and barrier to brain entry adequately protects the brain from aluminum.
However, nanoparticulate aluminum from vaccines cannot be removed by the kidneys. The particles are far too large to be filtered out by the kidneys. The Al nanoparticles do dissolve slowly (converting to ionic aluminum). But long before they can dissolve completely, the Al nanoparticles are "eaten" by immune system cells called macrophages. In other words, the particles wind up inside the macrophages. Once loaded with the Al nanoparticles, the macrophages spread aluminum as they travel through the body. This is dangerous, because the Al-loaded macrophages carry Al nanoparticles to tissues (e.g. the brain) that are damaged by very small amounts of aluminum.
Quick Pause: The chicken-egg of immune activation
Before I discuss the fourth discovery — the final puzzle piece from China — I want to address a topic that triggered much of the exploration that drove me to write this article in the first place.
A few weeks ago, I got into a bit of a public squabble with Dr. Peter Hotez, a vaccine patent holder who also serves as a spokesperson for the merits of vaccines. Dr. Hotez also has a daughter with autism, so this debate is very personal for him, as it is for me. Dr. Hotez is convinced that autism is "created" in utero as he explained to me, "my read of the scientific literature is that brains of children with autism, like ours, were that way by the first or second trimester of pregnancy." Dr. Hotez bases his conclusion about autism's timing on the work of a single study by Dr. Eric Courchesne and colleagues titled, "Patches of disorganization in the neocortex of children with autism." which was published in 2014 in the New England Journal of Medicine. Dr. Hotez even took his refutation of some of the things I have publicly written about autism and vaccines a step further, and I think this is really the dividing line for many scientists, he wrote to me:
"A vaccine given in the first year of life could not possibly cause a total reorganization of the brain architecture, it just defies reason."
Does it? Does it defy reason that the re-wiring of the brain — that we now believe is caused by an immune activation event — could never happen after a child is born?
This is the single most important question that needs to be answered to determine autism's cause, and I think the answer will govern the autism causation debate from here on out:
- If vaccines cannot cause a "reorganization of brain architecture" after a child is born, then vaccines are unlikely to be the cause of autism (however, vaccines given to a pregnant women may still pose a risk to triggering a Maternal Immune Activation).
- If vaccines given after birth can cause the brain to "reorganize", then we have a serious, serious problem with vaccines.
I believe the science is very clear on this point. Read on.
The evidence for post-natal autism triggers is strong
The study that Dr. Hotez mentioned to me, the study that proved to him that autism was determined in utero, I have now read probably a dozen times. You can read it for yourself, it's a study where scientists looked at the actual post-mortem brains of children with autism, and found striking differences in brain architecture. What the study didn't do, because it would be impossible to do with post-mortem brains, some as old as 15 years, was speculate exactly WHEN the brain disorganization took place. And, really, how could they? I'm guessing Dr. Hotez was thrown off by the conclusion of this study, where the authors offered up a guess:
"In conclusion, we identified discrete patches of disorganized cortex in the majority of postmortem samples obtained from young autistic children that we examined. These patches occurred in regions mediating the functions that are disturbed in autism: social, emotional, communication, and language functions. Such abnormalities may represent a common set of developmental neuropathological features that underlie autism and probably result from dysregulation of layer formation and layer-specific neuronal differentiation at prenatal developmental stages."
Did you catch what the study said, the part that Dr. Hotez turned into fact to support his claim (and by the way he has cited this study repeatedly in public writings about autism's cause)? The authors said the disregulation they saw in the brains of children "probably" happened during "prenatal development stages." I think the evidence you will see actually points to the opposite. VP explained it well:
The "patches of disorganization" paper is actually further evidence implicating immune activation and therefore vaccines. Immune activation experiments have shown that immune activation/cytokines causes disruption of neuron layers. So a vaccine could definitely do this. I believe that autism-associated differences in the prenatal period are simply indicators that the baby is particularly susceptible to immune activation injury. Immune activation works like this: each time there is an activation event, the immune system becomes more sensitive and reactive to immune stimulus. So, an activation "hit" during gestation can render the baby more susceptible to immune activation injury postnatally. This increased reactivity is known to occur with microglia in the brain (microglia are immune cells in the brain). its called "microglial priming". Once microglia are primed by immune activation, they become hyperreactive for a long time, perhaps a lifetime.
VP went a little farther than Dr. Hotez did, providing this image which is hard to shake once you've seen it:
What you can see fairly clearly is that the brain is far from done developing once a child is born. In fact, 5 separate phases of brain development are either in process or yet to start. Could an immune activation event after the child has been born impact brain development? Yes, it could.
And, the published science also supports this view. In a study done in 2012, Wei and colleagues induced autism-like symptoms in mice by injecting them with IL-6 AFTER they were born. This is NOT a maternal immune activation event, this is an immune activation event of a newborn that leads to the development of symptoms of autism.
The authors noted:
"Here we show that mice with elevated IL-6 in the brain display many autistic features, including impaired cognitive abilities, deficits in learning, abnormal anxiety traits and habituations, as well as decreased social interactions. IL-6 elevation caused alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic formations and disrupted the balance of excitatory/inhibitory synaptic transmissions. IL-6 elevation also resulted in an abnormal change in the shape, length and distributing pattern of dendritic spines. These findings suggest that IL-6 elevation in the brain could mediate autistic-like behaviors, possibly through the imbalances of neural circuitry and impairments of synaptic plasticity."
Still think Dr. Hotez has a point, that autism happens during gestation or never? Then this study will really blow your mind, from all the way back in 1981.
In this case study of three children, published in Child Neurology, the authors describe three cases of sudden onset autism, all caused by infection and inflammation of the brain. It appears that not only can an infection trigger an immune activation event that leads to autism after a child is born, it can even happen to a child who is 5, 7, or 11 years old (the ages of the three children in this study). Are you reading this, Dr. Hotez?
"During an acute encephalopathic illness, a clinical picture developed in three children that was consistent with infantile autism...In our cases, the abnormalities are acquired and not developmental, but they clearly fit the critical clinical features of the childhood autistic syndrome."
Discovery #4: Hepatitis B vaccine induces IL-6 in postnatal rats
When this paper was published in China, no one I knew in the autism community mentioned it, I'm guessing because it was hard to patch together its significance. You had to appreciate all of Patterson's work. You had to understand the IL-6 connection to autism. You had to appreciate the brand new insights about aluminum adjuvant toxicity, the low dose implications, and that aluminum adjuvant was ending up in the brain. And, you had to read a paper from China that covered a lot of other ground, as well as providing the missing link in the aluminum adjuvant-cytokine (IL-6)-autism hypothesis that it helped fortify.
VP has written extensively about this study, I will start by quoting VP, but if you want a highly detailed scientific analysis of this study, check this out.
"An important new study by Li et al. reports the effects of bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) vaccine (for tuberculosis) and hepatitis B vaccine on brain development in infant rats. The study relates the observed brain changes to the type of immune activation (Th1 or Th2, explained below) stimulated by the vaccines. The BCG and hep B vaccines had opposite effects on the brain (BCG being beneficial, and hep B being detrimental), and a combination of both vaccines resulted in cancellation of the effects.
This is the first study to test the effects of immune activation by vaccination on brain development. All other studies of immune activation have used essentially pathological conditions that mimic infection and induce a strong fever. A criticism I have heard often from vaccine advocates is that the immune activation experiments are not relevant to vaccines because vaccines cause a milder immune activation than injections of poly-IC or lipopolysaccharide (two types of immune system activators).
This new study demonstrates that vaccines can affect brain development via immune activation. Hence, the immune activation experiments are relevant to vaccines...The hep B vaccine increased IL-6 in the hippocampus (the only brain region analyzed for cytokines)."
And, VP continues, explaining the timing of the injury to the Hep B rats:
"An important finding in the rat BCG/Hep B study is that many of the effects of hep B vaccine did not appear until age 8 weeks. This finding undermines claims of vaccine safety, which are almost always based on short-term outcomes of a few days or weeks. Furthermore, 8 weeks is a long time in rats. 8 week old rats are almost fully mature adults. This suggests that adverse effects of vaccines may take years or decades to appear in humans. This is consistent with what is known about immune activation and schizophrenia. Immune activation in the fetus can cause schizophrenia 20 - 30 years later.
The accumulating scientific evidence and the Li et al study in particular suggest that vaccination may cause mental illness. The mental illnesses would emerge years or decades after vaccination of an infant. Vaccines are likely contributing the the rise of mental illnesses in the USA over the last 25 years. The rise in mental illnesses in the USA is coincident with the dramatic increase in vaccination that started in the 1980s."
This study is extraordinary. There were three different groups of rats: rats receiving the BCG vaccine (not given in the U.S.), rats receiving the Hepatitis B vaccine (given on day 1 of life in the U.S.) and a control group with no vaccine. The BCG vaccine does NOT contain aluminum adjuvant and the impact on the rat's brains from BCG was actually positive! The Hep B vaccine rats, however, showed the kind of immune activation event we are seeing in autism (high IL-6). This is biological proof of the link between a vaccine — given to a post-natal animal — inducing an immune activation event, including the cytokine marker for autism, IL-6. A scientific first.
Four discoveries, a clear path to autism
Here's a simple graphic that I think spells out the process of triggering autism very clearly, as demonstrated by the published science I have shared with you:
Published studies are showing that autism is caused by an immune activation event. The adjuvant in vaccines — aluminum adjuvant — can activate the brain's immune system and is far more neurotoxic than previously realized — all the new science has been published in just the last few years. Aluminum can cause IL-6, the key cytokine implicated in autism. Chinese scientists — for the first time anywhere in the world — used a vaccine to trigger an immune activation event, and recorded elevated levels of IL-6 in rats. THIS is a biological basis for HOW a vaccine can cause autism. Remember what Dr. Hotez said to me? He said:
"A vaccine given in the first year of life could not possibly cause a total reorganization of the brain architecture, it just defies reason."
But, that's exactly what the science is showing us. Vaccines, administered early and often, are igniting immune activation event after immune activation event. Here's a different chart looking at the development of the brain over time, from a neuro-immunological perspective. Imagine 6 - 7 immune activation events (right after they receive 4 - 6 aluminum adjuvant containing vaccines in a single appointment) in certain vulnerable children during critical phases of brain development. With everything you've just read, is it really that hard to imagine?
Upon treating the presentation the symptoms had resolved and the client is feeling much better, family astounded by progress.
For more information please call 32045877.
Brain Behav Immun. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 May 1.Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2011 May; 25(4): 604–615. Published online 2010 Dec 30.
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We are known for not avoiding working in conflict zones. We initiated several projects in occupied territories where, for example, we train Israelis and Palestinian youth in telling their stories in order to initiate or improve the dialogue between the two groups. In the Netherlands (and beyond) we also organise annual storytelling workshops for young people in conflict situations and we work on cohesion in different neighbourhoods.
In the above projects, people are in situations where our help is urgently needed. But because we want the change to be lasting, we also use our storytelling workshops as a preventative measure to encourage diversity, so that fewer conflicts take place than before.
We do this by connecting young people and the elderly, by allowing people from different cultures to listen to each other and by using a bottom-up approach to change making.
Although stories about the other are certainly used to spread fear, it is a fact that sharing stories with each other leads to connection. ‘The enemy is the one whose story you don’t know,’ said Gene Knudsen Hoffman years ago and she was right. In doing so, she underlines the importance of sharing stories and listening to each other, certainly in a society characterised by diversity and differences (and sometimes even tensions).
We therefore mainly work in groups, with the aim of creating mutual understanding. Wherever we go, we also train participants in our method. So that they continue to use storytelling for connection in their immediate environment.
Four benefits of storytelling to connect different age groups Storytelling is a strong means of initiating communication between individuals and
Changemakers: It’s the small big stories that are important In a time of harsh words and radical language, the world
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More plants make more rain
Satellite observations suggest vegetation encourages rainfall in Africa.
More rain makes for more plant growth: that much is obvious. But now a statistical study of satellite images has added weight to the reverse notion: more plants also make for more rain.
The result adds to the impetus to preserve green spaces in dry regions, in order to help prevent deserts from growing and encroaching on agricultural land.
Greenery can have a number of effects on a local climate. Plants are thought to transfer moisture from the soil into the air by evaporation from their leaves, and hold water in the soil close to the surface, where it can also evaporate. What is more, the darker surfaces of plants compared to sandy deserts also absorb more solar radiation, which, along with their rough texture, can create convection and turbulence in the atmosphere. This might create more or less rainfall.
All of these effects have been incorporated into climate models. But there has been disagreement about which effects were dominant and why, and how much impact it all has.
The new work concludes that vegetation effects account for around 30% of annual rainfall variation in Africa's Sahel region. The results are reported in Geophysical Research Letters1.
That should help scientists understand rainfall patterns in the area, which is threatened with increasing desertification and periods of drought. "It gives us an additional element of predictability: a bit of an edge in knowing where it might rain," says study co-author Peter Cox, director of the Climate and Land Surface Interactions Centre (CLASSIC) UK.
How green is your desert?
Sea-surface temperatures and pollution from dust and aerosols have a large effect on rainfall patterns. These factors can affect long-term climate trends, including decadal African droughts. But they have less of an influence on annual rainfall patterns in 'hotspots' such as the Sahel. Here other factors, including vegetation, play a large role in the weather, says Cox.
To unpick the effect of vegetation in this area, the researchers combined rainfall records from 1982 to 1999 with a dataset developed from NASA satellites giving a measure of the Sahel's greenness (vegetation coverage) over the same period.
A simple correlation between greenness and rainfall would only show that periods of lush vegetation were likely to occur in wet seasons - hardly a surprising conclusion. So the researchers took a more subtle approach. They first examined how well past rainfall levels predicted the rainfall yet to come for each month over an 18-year period. They then added in an extra predictive factor: the previous month's greenness. If vegetation had no effect on rainfall, the predictive skill of the model would not change. But including the greenness measure did make it easier to predict subsequent rainfall levels by 30%.
This is a conservative estimate of the impact of vegetation, says co-author and CLASSIC programme manager Sietse Los, because their technique could not measure the effect of vegetation on the same month's rainfall.
The finding suggests that rain encourages greenery, which in turn creates more rainfall; likewise an arid surface should tend to keep the atmosphere dry.
The result should help settle some debate about how, exactly, plants impact on the water cycle. "Climate models can give a wide range of answers on this problem," says Robert Dickinson, who studies climate at the Georgia Institute of Technology. "A data-driven analysis [like this one] has more credibility."
But, Dickinson warns, satellite data can be interpreted in many different ways, so more independent studies would be welcome.
Han Dolman, of the Free University of Amsterdam, points out that the measure of 'greenness' doesn't reveal whether any particular type of vegetation is responsible for increasing rainfall. It would be good to know, he says, whether only trees and crops have this effect, or if grasses can also contribute.
Visit our newsblog to read and post comments about this story.
- Los S., et al. Geophys. Res. Lett., doi: 10.1029/2006GL027065 (2006).
User Tools [+] Expand
If you need help or have a question please use the links below to help resolve your problem.
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Bristol Scientists Turn Urine Into Electricity
By Katie Anderson on November 14, 2011
Who’d have thought it; turning urine into electricity. On the surface it might seem laughable to most people, but a team of scientists in the UK believe there’s a lot of potential in ‘pee power’. Particularly animal urine.
We apparently produce 2.5 litres of the decidedly unpleasant waste product daily – 6.4 trillion litres globally. A team of scientists from the University of the West of England, in Bristol, have been conducting research into whether urine could be used in microbial fuel cells.
In a recently published paper by Dr Ioannis Ieropoulos and his team, their investigation has concluded that the waste product is rich in chemicals that can be used in the cathode half of a fuel cell to react with bacteria in the anode. The fuel cells would clean the urine, therefore leaving it safe to be discharged into the environment.
According to the paper – Urine utilisation by microbial fuel cells; energy fuel for the future – initial tests have confirmed that it is ‘technically feasible’ to turn urine into electricity. However, the team only managed to produce a very small amount of power, so further research will need to be conducted, which will involve looking at ways of stacking up the fuel cells which would allow the stream of urine to run through the system to produce more power.
Scientists are particularly interested in the potential power of animal pee. It’s hard to conceive, but farm animals produce around 38 billion litres of urine daily. However, animal urine can be harmful to the environment if it is not properly managed, so using urine in biomass has great potential.
Biomass – a form of renewable energy – is considered to be a future key renewable resource. The term refers to any organic matter burnt as fuel that can produce heat or power.
“The impact of this could be huge, since it enables us to think of ‘waste’ in a new way, and offers great potential for the future,” said Dr Ieropoulous.
Any method of producing energy that’s less harmful to the environment in the long run certainly needs to be encouraged.
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Reviewed by Laura Martin on November 29, 2016
Pixeldust Studios<br>Mayo Clinic: "Atrial Fibrillation."<br> Cleveland Clinic: "Center for Atrial Fibrillation."<br> American Heart Association: "What Is Atrial Fibrillation," "What is Atrial Fibrillation (AFib or AF)?"<br> Medline Plus: "Atrial Fibrillation."<br> National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: "What Is Atrial Fibrillation?"
© 2017 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
With AFib, the upper chambers of the heart -- the atria -- 'fibrillate' or quiver erratically. When this happens, blood doesn't get pumped into the ventricles like it should, and blood pools in the atria. Clots can form that break free and travel...causing a dangerous risk of heart attack and stroke and an increased risk of heart failure.
Many people with AFib don't have any symptoms at all, while others may have chest pain, a rapid heartbeat, or dizziness. While most AFib episodes aren't usually life threatening, it can be part of an underlying heart condition. Your doctor may suggest treatments like medication to prevent blood clots... Or surgery to implant a pacemaker.
So talk to your doctor about AFib... And find out what you can do to stay heart healthy.
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With the spires of its university buildings framed by towering trees and expansive meadows, its medieval streets and passages enhanced by gardens and riverbanks, the city of Cambridge is among the loveliest in England. The city predates the Roman occupation of Britain, but there's confusion over exactly how the university was founded. The most widely accepted story is that it was established in 1209 by a pair of scholars from Oxford, who left their university in protest over the wrongful execution of a colleague for murder.
Keep in mind there’s no recognizable campus: the scattered colleges are the university. The town reveals itself only slowly, filled with tiny gardens, ancient courtyards, imposing classic buildings, alleyways that lead past medieval churches, and wisteria-hung facades. Perhaps the best views are from the Backs, the green parkland that extends along the River Cam behind several colleges. This sweeping openness, a result of the larger size of the colleges and from the lack of industrialization in the city center, is what distinguishes Cambridge from Oxford.
This university town may be beautiful, but it's no museum. Well-preserved medieval buildings sit cheek-by-jowl next to the latest in modern architecture (for example, the William Gates building, which houses Cambridge University’s computer laboratory) in this growing city dominated culturally and architecturally by its famous university (whose students make up around one-fifth of the city’s 109,000 inhabitants), and beautified by parks, gardens, and the quietly flowing River Cam.
With the spires of its university buildings framed by towering trees and expansive meadows, its medieval streets and passages enhanced by gardens and riverbanks, the city of Cambridge is among the loveliest in England. The exquisite King's College choir defines the traditional English Christmas, when the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is broadcast live on Christmas Eve. On top of all its tradition and history, Cambridge remains a lively city and an extraordinary center of learning and research where innovation and discovery still happen behind its ancient walls.
Cambridge at a Glance
- Audley End House and Gardens
- Cambridge University Botanic Gardens
- Christ's College
- Emmanuel College
- Fitzwilliam Museum
- Great St. Mary's
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|Subject:||Drama & Music||Publisher:||Simon & Schuster|
|Published:||June 13th 2017||Series Title:||Folger Shakespeare Library|
William Shakespeare’s classic play Othello, featuring valuable tools for educators and readers, from the esteemed Folger Shakespeare Library, home to the world’s largest collection of Shakespeare’s printed works.
In Othello, William Shakespeare creates powerful drama from a marriage between the exotic Moor Othello and the Venetian lady Desdemona that begins with elopement and mutual devotion and ends with jealous rage and death. Shakespeare builds many differences into his hero and heroine, including race, age, and cultural background. Yet most readers and audiences believe the couple’s strong love would overcome these differences were it not for Iago, who sets out to destroy Othello. Iago’s false insinuations about Desdemona’s infidelity draw Othello into his schemes, and Desdemona is subjected to Othello’s horrifying verbal and physical assaults.
The authoritative edition of Othello from The Folger Shakespeare Library, the trusted and widely used Shakespeare series for students and general readers, includes:
—Freshly edited text based on the best early printed version of the play
—Full explanatory notes conveniently placed on pages facing the text of the play
—Scene-by-scene plot summaries
—A key to famous lines and phrases
—An introduction to reading Shakespeare's language
—Illustrations from the Folger Shakespeare Library’s vast holdings of rare books
—An essay by a leading Shakespeare scholar providing a modern perspective on the play
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Game spaces provide a context for the game's rules and systems, and a space for the game agents to perform mechanics. When we go about designing game spaces, sometimes thinking in pure spatial terms clouds what a designer needs to achieve with a certain game space.
For FPS games, sitting yourself down with your favorite prototyping tool kit and drawing corridors and rooms is a recipe for disaster. It is difficult to design interesting spatial puzzles when you are creating game spaces using the rules of reality. How many office blocks are fun to navigate?
Molecule design is a way of applying graphing theory for concepting and fine-tuning of various types of game spaces. This rational approach to design is a means to design spaces without thinking about the representational elements of space itself. This article still accepts the importance of planar maps; however, we need better tools to help us create these first.
This article will examine some useful tools gathered from the field of graphing theory that designers can use to conceptualize various game components. The latter half of this article will examine a real-world application of these tools. By doing so, we will examine how iterations of a level design benefited from this abstracted means of realizing space.
The Basics of Graphing
Graphing theory is a broad and diverse field of mathematics; however, this article discusses graphs that can explain spatial relationships. Core to graphs that explain spatial relationships are nodes and edges (Figure 1). Nodes can represent game spaces / rooms, pickups, spawn points and AI pathing nodes. Edges define relationships between nodes.
Figure 2 is a simple molecule consisting of several nodes, linked by edges. In this example, we have defined a set of tokens around the players spawn point. This is a literal depiction of space using a graphing approach. Nodes become linked by edges, and these define the shortest possible distance between the player and other node. The more powerful a token is, the longer the edge should become.
This approach works well for PvP games -- to create a game space with roughly similar distributions of pickups, to achieve game balance. Repeating and rotating a molecule leads to symmetrical distributions throughout the game space. Edges are abstract ways of defining relationships but not necessarily hallways or any other level geometry. To explain this further, we need to look at weighted and directed graphs.
We can manipulate the physical appearance of our edges to help communicate different types of relationships between the nodes. In Figure 3, the edge between nodes A and C is thicker than the rest. If we are using graphing theory to create spaces, and the nodes represent particular game spaces, then the larger edge does not imply a bigger space between the two nodes, but rather a more direct route.
Figure 4 takes our molecule from Figure 3 and uses weighted edges as a guideline to place out level geometry. In this example, heavy weighted edges create a path between nodes A and C that is direct and unimpeded. Alternatively, the thin edge connecting nodes A and B results in a meandering pathway that is complex in nature. This example shows that edges do not depict geometry, but rather the relationship between nodes.
We can further increase the information that an edge communications by adding direction. Figure 5 is an example of a graph that has directed and weighted edges. Figure 5 uses directed and weighted edges to communicate two different ways to get between node A and node B. The thicker edge is more direct than the other. Linking nodes B and C is an indirect one-way gate. The thick edge linking nodes A and C is another one-way gate. The thickness of this edge shows a direct and unimpeded relationship between the nodes.
Nodes and edges can represent nearly any feature of game level design. For example, we could use a system whereby the weight of the lines also tells us about the difficulty of getting between nodes. By using edges to depict vertical space, we could say that node C is the highest point of the map. Node C is then transitive in the sense that it can only be accessed from node B. The one-way direction between nodes B and C might be achieved by having a "jump pad" at node B, pointing towards node C, but not in the opposite direction. It is really at the discretion of the designer and their team to define a key for their particular molecule system.
To further explain the concept of using spatial molecules to create play spaces, let us consider one example molecule and how it should and should not be implemented. The molecule represented in Figure 6 is a simple spatial molecule that defines a linear level progression, suitable for single player type maps. Weighted edges have not been used in this example; however directed edges have been used to create interesting spatial puzzles.
Figure 7 is an example of what not to do with a spatial molecule. The reason to use a molecule-based approach is to free your creative process from thinking in purely spatial terms, and instead think about creating interesting spatial relationships. Although the planar map in Figure 7 does follow the spatial relationships of the molecule, it is a boring, linear space.
There are also a number of other flaws that demonstrate why designing maps from a planar perspective is problematic. First, the linear, room-by-room layout of the map is a direct product of drawing maps out in planar space. When your imaginative space is two-dimensional, your maps will be two-dimensional also. As such, there are no interesting vertical spaces and, more importantly, the objective is not clearly visible from the beginning of the map.
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Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Over the course of a lifetime, 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer.
Risk factors you cannot change include:
- Age and gender -- Your risk of developing breast cancer increases as you get older. The majority of advanced breast cancer cases are found in women over age 50. Women are 100 times more likely to get breast cancer than men.
- Family history of breast cancer -- You may also have a higher risk for breast cancer if you have a close relative who has had breast, uterine, ovarian, or colon cancer. About 20 - 30% of women with breast cancer have a family history of the disease.
- Genes -- Some people have genes that make them more prone to developing breast cancer. The most common gene defects are found in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. These genes normally produce proteins that protect you from cancer. But if a parent passes you a defective gene, you have an increased risk for breast cancer. Women with one of these defects have up to an 80% chance of getting breast cancer sometime during their life.
- Menstrual cycle -- Women who get their periods early (before age 12) or went through menopause late (after age 55) have an increased risk for breast cancer.
Other risk factors include:
- Alcohol use -- Drinking more than 1 - 2 glasses of alcohol a day may increase your risk for breast cancer.
- Childbirth -- Women who have never had children or who had them only after age 30 have an increased risk for breast cancer. Being pregnant more than once or becoming pregnant at an early age reduces your risk of breast cancer.
- DES -- Women who took diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent miscarriage may have an increased risk of breast cancer after age 40. This drug was given to the women in the 1940s - 1960s.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) -- You have a higher risk for breast cancer if you have received hormone replacement therapy for several years or more. Many women take HRT to reduce the symptoms of menopause.
- Obesity -- Obesity has been linked to breast cancer, although this link is controversial. The theory is that obese women produce more estrogen, which can fuel the development of breast cancer.
- Radiation -- If you received radiation therapy as a child or young adult to treat cancer of the chest area, you have a significantly higher risk for developing breast cancer. The younger you started such radiation and the higher the dose, the higher your risk -- especially if the radiation was given when a female was developing breasts.
Breast implants, using antiperspirants, and wearing underwire bras do not raise your risk for breast cancer. There is no evidence of a direct link between breast cancer and pesticides.
The National Cancer Institute provides an online tool to help you figure out your risk of breast cancer. See: www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool
Cervical Cancer Risk Factors
Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse. There are many different types of HPV. Some strains lead to cervical cancer. (Other strains may cause genital warts , while others do not cause any problems at all.)
Other risk factors for cervical cancer include:
Colon/Rectal Cancer Risk Factors
There is no single cause for colon cancer. Nearly all colon cancers begin as noncancerous (benign) polyps, which slowly develop into cancer.
You have a higher risk for colon cancer if you:
- Are older than 60
- Are African American and eastern European descent
- Eat a diet high in red or processed meat
- Have cancer elsewhere in the body
- Have colorectal polyps
- Have inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis )
- Have a family history of colon cancer
- Have a personal history of breast cancer
Certain genetic syndromes also increase the risk of developing colon cancer. Two of the most common are hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
What you eat may play a role in your risk of colon cancer. Colon cancer may be associated with a high-fat , low-fiber diet and red meat. However, some studies found that the risk does not drop if you switch to a high-fiber diet, so the cause of the link is not yet clear.
Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol are other risk factors for colorectal cancer.
People who are at higher risk include:
- African-American men, who are also likely to develop cancer at every age
- Men who are older than 60
- Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer
Other people at risk include:
- Men exposed to agent orange exposure
- Men who abuse alcohol
- Men who eat a diet high in fact, especially animal fat
- Tire plant workers
- Men who have been exposed to cadmium
The lowest number of cases occurs in Japanese men living in Japan (this benefit is lost after one generation of living in the U.S.) and those who do not eat meat (vegetarians).
A common problem in almost all men as they grow older is an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). This problem does not raise your risk of prostate cancer.
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the Unites States. Known risk factors for skin cancer include the following:
- Complexion: Skin cancers are more common in people with light-colored skin, hair, and eyes.
- Genetics: Having a family history of melanoma increases the risk of developing this cancer.
- Age: Nonmelanoma skin cancers are more common after age 40.
- Sun exposure and sunburn : Most skin cancers occur on areas of the skin that are regularly exposed to sunlight or other ultraviolet radiation. This is considered the primary cause of all skin cancers.
Skin cancer can develop in anyone, not only people with these risk factors. Young, healthy people -- even those with with dark skin, hair, and eyes -- can develop skin cancer.
The exact cause of testicular cancer is unknown. There is no link between vasectomy and testicular cancer. Factors that may increase a man's risk for testicular cancer include:
- Abnormal testicle development
- History of testicular cancer
- History of undescended testicle
- Klinefelter syndrome
Other possible causes include exposure to certain chemicals and HIV infection. A family history of testicular cancer may also increase risk.
Testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 35. It can occur in older men, and rarely, in younger boys.
White men are more likely than African-American and Asian-American men to develop this type of cancer.
Most cases of endometrial cancer occur between the ages of 60 and 70 years, but a few cases may occur before age 40.
The following increase your risk of endometrial cancer:
- Estrogen replacement therapy without the use of progesterone
- History of endometrial polyps or other benign growths of the uterine lining
- Infertility (inability to become pregnant)
- Infrequent periods
- Tamoxifen, a drug for breast cancer treatment
- Never being pregnant
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- Starting menstruation at an early age (before age 12)
- Starting menopause after age 50
Associated conditions include the following:
- Colon or breast cancer
- Gallbladder disease
- High blood pressure
- Polycystic ovarian disease
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Connecting state and local government leaders
A bill in the state legislature would establish a flag commission to draw up alternatives.
Across the South, communities continue to be locked in debates about removing Confederate symbols from public spaces, questioning if it is appropriate to give prominence to statues honoring rebel soldiers or fly flags of the Confederacy.
But the discussion in Mississippi in recent years has centered on the state’s own flag, which since 1894 has featured the Confederate battle emblem in the upper left corner.
Now, a bill in the state House seeks to shift the conversation by creating a flag commission made up of legislators, teachers, college professors, artists, historians and high school students. Their mission? Design two new flags for lawmakers to vote on in 2021.
The only condition is that the design can’t contain the Confederate “Southern Cross” that is currently part of the Mississippi flag.
This is a project that others have already embraced. One alternative flag was designed by artist Laurin Stennis, the granddaughter of the late U.S. Sen. John C. Stennis, who was an avowed segregationist during his long career in office. The “Stennis flag,” which features a central blue star ringed by 19 smaller stars, was proposed as an alternative in the 2019 legislative session, although that measure ultimately failed.
The Mississippi legislature last year did create a specialty license plate that embraced the proposed new flag. This year, a new bill also has been filed to simply change the state flag to the Stennis design.
The flag debate hasn’t just played out in Mississippi. In Georgia, legislators and voters for years pushed to remove the battle emblem added to the state flag in 1956 just as the Supreme Court began ordering schools to desegregate, as the Atlanta Journal Constitution explained. They ended up with a “compromise” flag in 2001 before voters selected a brand-new design in 2004, although critics have noted the new flag is based on the Confederacy’s original flag, the “Stars and Bars.” Other states continue to have less obvious references to the Confederacy in their flags and sometimes debate removing those symbols.
The current measure in Mississippi was brought by state Rep. Bryant Clark, a Democrat who also serves as the president of his local NAACP chapter.
Clark, who has filed legislation to change the state flag for 17 years, told the Clarion Ledger newspaper he did not expect the issue to get much traction at the legislature this year.
But Corey Wiggins, the executive director of the Mississippi NAACP, said he thinks the issue remains important. “We’ve long had the stance that the state flag should be changed,” he said. “It represents a point in time in our history where African Americans lived in constant fear and oppression. It’s not a symbol that should represent our state.”
The proposal also comes at a time when popular support for a redesign seems to be growing. A recent petition to change the flag has amassed over 67,000 signatures.
A previous petition in 2015 garnered about 7,000 signatures. That petition makes mention of the sentencing of a gang of ten young white men convicted of perpetrating a series of racist attacks on African Americans in Jackson in 2011. “They pelted people with bottles. They ran over a man with their truck. This was not 1965. This just happened,” the petition reads. “To insist on keeping the Confederate battle symbol on Mississippi’s flag at this point would be a statement of state-sanctioned hatred, and it would be unforgivable.”
That push to change the flag followed the June 2015 shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, when a white supremacist killed a pastor and eight black parishioners. Then-Gov. Nikki Haley subsequently ordered the battle flag to be removed from that state’s capitol grounds.
Since then, all eight public universities in Mississippi and several cities have stopped flying the Mississippi state flag, many citing the Charleston mass shooting as their reason. Two proposals before the Mississippi legislature this year would require universities to fly the state flag, including one that would tie funding to the mandate. (Similar bills haven’t taken off in the legislature in recent years).
Other instances of white supremacist violence have more recently re-sparked the flag debate. In 2017, following the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, the Mississippi state legislature’s Black Caucus asked former Gov. Phil Bryant to organize a special session so that lawmakers could debate removing the Confederate symbol from the flag. He declined that suggestion.
At that time, Republican Speaker of the House Philip Gunn said that he supported changing the flag. “Though it is not to say that everyone who flies Mississippi’s flag has feelings of hatred in their hearts, the confederate battle emblem is painful for many people,” he wrote in a post on Facebook. “It is obvious that the confederate battle emblem continues to be associated with attitudes of bigotry, hatred and racial superiority. I believe this association will only continue to increase, therefore providing more reason to disassociate with this flag. I want to see the flag changed.”
Other Republicans, including 2019 candidate for Mississippi attorney general Andy Taggart, have also called for a redesign. Taggart told the Clarion Ledger that the flag was preventing the state from attracting and retaining young residents. "Unlike monuments, unlike street names, unlike building names, our state flag is supposed to be the banner under which all of us march and is a symbol of unity for all of us in the state of Mississippi," Taggart said. "And no matter how strongly people feel... every objective observer would have to agree: Our current state flag is not a banner that unifies Mississippians."
But despite support from some on both sides of the aisle, all previous legislative attempts to force the state to remove symbols of the Confederacy from the flag have failed. Rep. Jason White, the former chairman of the Mississippi House Rules Committee said in 2016 that “there’s no consensus in the Mississippi Legislature as to what is to be done with the state flag.”
Emma Coleman is the assistant editor for Route Fifty.
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Bharatpur is one of Nepal’s fastest growing municipalities. Engineer Bhoj Kaudel of the city’s planning department sees this trend as an opportunity for his native city to become one of Nepal’s key urban centers.
“If we can develop good services here, why would people need to move to Kathmandu?” he says.
Attracting people to live and work in such secondary cities takes pressure off congested Kathmandu, spreading economic development more evenly across the country.
In early 2000, Bharatpur was on the track to unplanned urban sprawl. Migrants were settling on the riverbanks in unsafe and unsanitary conditions. Wastewater from these and other settlements was flowing into the Narayani River, polluting the fresh water flowing down from the Himalayan Mountains. Housing construction was spreading in every direction around the city center, causing the traditional water supply to dry up. Drainage problems in the flood season were getting bad.
These growing pains were the reason that Bharatpur was selected as one of the sites for ADB’s Urban and Environmental Improvement Project, which started in 2005. The project promoted sustainable urban development through better municipal planning and upgrading of infrastructure for clean water supply, drainage, and sanitation.
“Bharatpur is an example of better urban planning but we need to scale it up as many of Nepal’s secondary towns and cities are expanding at a rapid pace.”
– Laxmi Sharma, senior project officer for ADB’s urban sector in Nepal
With ADB’s support the municipality transformed the city’s riverside into a green space with a cement embankment that protects the residential land from erosion and provides steps down to the river’s edge.
“We used to be afraid of a landslide during heavy rains” says a mother of two who is pleased with these changes “Now our houses are secure and we can easily get to the river to wash clothes and for bathing.” The personal hygiene classes also convinced her and her neighbors to use the latrines that were provided by the project. The latrines are connected to a reed bed water treatment plant that prevents contaminants from draining into the river below.
The project created a Sewerage User Committee to inform people about how the water treatment system can make the city cleaner and prevent disease, especially during the rainy season. “People are not used to this type of system and we have to convince them,” says committee chair Bhadra Narayna Piya.
Bharatpur’s municipal plan implemented many needed improvements: clean water supply, drainage, wastewater treatment, reinforced riverbanks, and green spaces.
“Bharatpur is an example of better urban planning but we need to scale it up as many of Nepal’s secondary towns and cities are expanding at a rapid pace,” says Laxmi Sharma, senior project officer for ADB’s urban sector in Nepal.
These improvements are also a first step to making the city more climate-resilient. Protecting the poor populations that settle on riverbanks will become more essential as climate change intensifies disasters. Preserving clean water by treating wastewater is becoming more and more urgent as climate change threatens water supply. More analysis on exactly how climate change will impact cities like Bharatpur is essential for Nepal to make choices about the types of water supply and wastewater treatment facilities, or which construction materials will best stand up to future climate conditions.
Adapting to climate change is a necessity. And, as Bharatpur Municipality has shown, tackling this problem can go hand in hand with building cleaner, healthier, and safer cities for Nepal’s growing urban population.
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Brain surgeons primarily perform complex surgeries on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. They must possess a medical degree, complete a neurosurgery residency, and obtain state licensing. Job growth for all surgeons is very good through the year 2024.
Brain surgeons, also known as neuorsurgeons, examine, diagnose and surgically treat disorders of the nervous system. Training to become a brain surgeon requires a 6-7 year neurosurgical residency following four years of medical school, but qualified brain surgeons receive some of the highest salaries of all medical health professionals. This career is physically and intellectually demanding and requires excellent hand dexterity and hand-eye coordination.
|Required Education||Medical degree|
|Required Training||Neurosurgery residency|
|Licensure & Certification||State medical license required; Optional board certification by the American Board of Neurologic Surgery|
|Projected Job Growth (2014-2024)||14% (all physicians and surgeons)*|
|Median Salary (2016)||$559,255**|
Sources: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; **Salary.com
Brain Surgeon Job Description and Duties
Neurosurgeons perform surgery on the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves to remove tumors, relieve chronic pain and treat wounds, vascular disorders and diseases such as Parkinson's and epilepsy. They also use surgery to relieve hydrocephalus, the abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Brain surgeons may focus on the correction of deformities and treatment of diseases of the spinal cord such as degenerative spine disorder and scoliosis. Other areas of sub-specialization include pediatric neurosurgery and radiosurgery, the targeted use of radiation to treat tumors.
Salary for Brain Surgeons
The median salary for neurosurgeons was $559,255 in 2016, and half of all brain surgeons reported salaries between $421,032-$707,635, according to Salary.com. This is much higher than the mean annual salary of $247,520 for all surgeons reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in May 2015 (www.bls.gov). The risks involved in brain surgery lead to relatively high medical malpractice insurance costs for this specialty.
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Duties of a Brain Surgeon
In addition to performing procedures, neurosurgeons oversee and coordinate the efforts of large teams of surgeons and nurses in the operating theater. Neurosurgeons interpret results of diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance imaging, CT scans and PET scans to diagnose patients.
Techniques of microsurgery - the use of an operating microscope to perform surgery - require excellent hand-eye coordination and concentration. Brain surgeons must be sensitive to the needs of a diverse group of patients afflicted with neural disorders. They also keep up with new discoveries by reading medical journals and attending academic conferences.
Educational Requirements and Training
Before starting residency training, aspiring neurosurgeons must complete four years of undergraduate school followed by four years of medical school. Neurosurgeons then take 6-7 years of neurosurgical residency training. In the first year, commonly called Post Graduate Year One or the internship year, residents undergo training in basic clinical skills in areas such as trauma and critical care followed by 3-6 months of training in clinical neurology. Over the next six years, residents complete a total of at least 42 months training in core clinical neurosurgery.
Residents often spend a year doing neurology research to fulfill program requirements. Several programs also require residents to pass the primary examination of the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS). In their last year, residents typically take on senior or chief resident responsibility. To become a board-licensed neurosurgeon, qualified graduates of accredited neurosurgery programs must complete written and oral exams administered by the ABNS and submit practice data for review.
Brain surgeons save the lives of patients by skillfully performing surgeries of a highly complex nature, such as surgeries to address degenerative spine disorders and scoliosis. They must have a medical degree, years of residency training, state licensing, and sometimes board certification. Brain surgeons earn far more than most surgeons and the median annual salary in January 2016 was $559,255.
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Yangtze finless porpoise is a mammal living in the longest Asian river The Yangtze River. This porpoise was officially declared to the world in the year 1899. It belongs to phocaenoides family and Neophocaena phocaenoides is its biological name. It was abundantly found in the costal Asian waters but today, it is one of the critically endangered species with only about 1000 of them living.
The most unique and attractive feature in Yangtze finless porpoise is its lips which always appear like its smiling. And as the name itself suggests this porpoise does not have a dorsal fin unlike any other porpoise. Instead of the fin it has a dorsal ridge along its back.
The body of Yangtze finless porpoise is tapered at the end and has a bulbous face with no beak. It has two eyes located to the lateral sides of face and a small mouth. An adult finless porpoise is about 5-6 ft. and weighs around 100 pounds. At birth these finless porpoise are black in colour but gradually the colour pales and its skin becomes grey.
Yangtze finless porpoise are widely found in the coastal waters of Asia. And The Yangtze River is its largest habitat. Other than that it is also found in Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. And they always prefer shallow waters.
Yangtze finless porpoise have a variety of feed depending on the habitat location. It is an omnivorous animal. It feeds upon fishes, shrimps, prawns, octopus and many other easily available animals in its habitat. Whereas, it even consumes plants if the habitat has rich verities in it.
The finless porpoise is seen to move around the habitat in small groups. The male porpoise attains sexual maturity between four to six years and female attains sexual maturity between six to nine years.
The gestation period lasts for about ten to twelve months. And it is mostly in the in spring or summer that the young ones are born. The baby porpoise is about 72 to 84 cm. And the calf is usually seen clinging to its mother’s back and swims along with it for initial few months. It has an average life span of 33 years.
The change in fishing activities has led to wide fishing and killing of these species. The encounter with fishing gears killed these animals.
In some parts of Japan these finless porpoise are consumed. So they were killed for human consumption too.
Habitat destruction and polluting the waters also led to wide range of death of marine animals.
So all these human habits resulted in decline of the finless porpoise species and made it an endangered species.
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An app stack is a network of programming that works to accomplish a common goal. Run of the mill code stacks contains programming that is firm aims to finishing an errand. The program stacks and gadget stacks ought not to go to fuddle. A pile of use offers work process improvement projects. It helps oversee undertakings, while the product stack gives a framework of standard applications.
Stack works under specific applications. To invert a word, you push an offered idea to Stack letter by letter – and finally, pop letters from the Stack. A “fix” component in content providers this activity repeats itself by keeping every substantial change in a stack. Undo/Redo stacks in Excel or Word. Space for limits and bounder factors happen inside using a stack. Compiler’s sentence structure check for organizing bolsters executes by utilizing Stack.
Backtracking – App Stack
Numerous PC calculations work best with app stacks – stacks are utilized to recall incompletely finished assignments and fix an activity. Backtracking uses calculations that there are ventures and some ways from some beginning stages to more objective. They help discover through a labyrinth, get a pathway from one point in a chart, lead to another direction, and Play some games wherein some moves exist (checkers, chess). In all situations, there are decisions to make among a few choices. We need some approach to recollect this choice focusing on the off chance that we need to return and attempt the other option.
Think about the maze. At a point where a decision is on, we may find that the decision prompts a pause. We need to follow that choice and afterward attempt the other elective. At a point where a decision makes, we may find that the open door prompts a pause. We need to remember that choice point and afterward attempt the other elective. Once more, stacks use as a component of the arrangement. Recursion is another, ordinarily more top choices, goals, actualized by a Once more, stacks utilize significant aspects of the agreement. Recursion is another, usually progressively preferred, arrangement, which achieves, Stack.
Before you can fix the memory, from the issues in your application, you need to find them first. The Memory Profiler reinforces you find and separate memory issues in the going with affinities: See how your application chooses memory after some time. The Memory Profiler shows a real-time diagram of how much memory your application is using, the proportion of allocated Java objects, and when the game-plan occurs. Start trash mix events and take a delineation of the Java stack while your application runs. See the Stack follow for each task, and weave to the relating code in the dissemination chief.
The point technique works in an initiation record consisting of the size, based on the number of the neighborhood factors and boundaries. The Base Pointer “Register” esteem spares the exceptional area saved for it. The Program Counter “Register” esteem spares the Return Address area. It is fundamental by and by resetting to the new base (top of the call stack before the arrangement of the AR). The Program Counter sets to the zone of the first bytecode of the method. It, therefore, Duplicates the calling boundaries into the Parameter district.
At the point that the technique returns. Acquire the program. Check from the initiation put and supplant substances from the PC register. The pointer is esteemed from the first interface, and interchange in the entry ensures you get the Activation Record from the Stack. There is likewise a Stack Pointer that permits other impermanent utilization of the Stack over the top AR. Stacks are for reversing things. If you push something, say a String onto a Stack one character at a time, and then construct a String from the members popped off the Stack, then the String is reversed.
Evaluation of Prefix
A series of operands and heads, a casual, by hand process, occurs through the App Stack. It Sweeps the expression from the left side to the right; Skips esteems or factors when an organizer uses the activity to the first two operands. Supplant the two operators and heads with the determined worth. Keep examining until it is just worth it – the consequence of expression. The all-purpose nature time is due to every operand review, and every activity path performance:
A decent genuine case of an apps stack load of dinner plates that you experience when you eat at the nearby cafeteria: When you remove a dish from the heap, take the plate on the most elevated purpose of the assortment. Be it might, plate notwithstanding (”inserted”) most f late heap dishwashers. Clear all the dishes if you need the plate at the base of the mountain to show up to arrive at it. Another, more troubled, occurrence of a stack is the motto, ”last recruited, first terminated,” which is common when an organization diminishes its work power.
A stack can see strings from the language of equal segments. Areas are either nooks, wavy backings, square segments, and point segments. Other pairs of characters delegated to leave left and right. The role that is not segments of any kind.
- Areas are balance use in planning pairs.
- Stacks are the massive data structure of programming designing.
- A stack is where arguments and errands are different fronts. The front for this circumstance is as the top.
- Thoughts are push errands, and deletions are pop exercises.
- The most elevated purpose of the Stack is in implementing an overview—stack as a rearward in-rest-out once-over or a LIFO list for short.
Anything that follows a LIFO approach makes use of Stack. Follow a Last in First Out (LIFO) design. Have a push (include) and pop (evacuate) technique. The technique deals with the substance of the App Stack. Have a top property that permits following how enormous your App Stack is, is the current head position.
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Nuclear engineers harness the strongest forces of nature to tackle some of society’s biggest challenges. Our curriculum gives students depth and breadth to keep up with rapidly changing technology, and our close-knit learning community supports our students' success during their degree and as they launch their careers. The radiation sciences option provides a pathway for careers in medical applications of radiation.
Nuclear energy is the largest source of clean electricity in the United States and new technologies will allow its impact to grow as we decarbonize our economy. Most nuclear engineers design, build and operate nuclear power plants—today based on fission of uranium, but in the future, based on fusion of hydrogen. With no greenhouse gas emissions, nuclear energy is a reliable and predictable partner to other clean electricity, like wind, solar and hydro. Nuclear power sources have even more potential as new technologies and are deployed to remove carbon emissions from industrial processes like hydrogen production, water desalination, and steel manufacturing.
With radiation from man-made radioisotopes and particle accelerators, we can diagnose and treat cancer and other diseases. Nuclear engineers in the radiation sciences option design systems to generate radioactive tracers that can be injected into patients to pinpoint tumors, stress fractures, and cardiac diseases, while others build accelerators that deliver radiation precisely to diseased tissue while avoiding sensitive organs. Talk to your academic advisor about declaring the Radiation Sciences option. Students must have, and are expected to maintain, a 3.0 cumulative GPA.
Today’s rovers on Mars are powered by nuclear power sources and tomorrow’s spacecrafts will need nuclear power to transport humans far into space. Nuclear engineers build radioisotope thermal generators that provide nonstop power with no moving parts to deep-space probes and planetary vehicles, allowing missions that last for many years. Nuclear space propulsion cuts the travel time to other planets by months and surface power ensures reliable energy once the spacecraft lands.
Using advanced radiation detection systems, we can seek out explosives and nuclear weapons being smuggled in shipping containers. Nuclear engineers combine sources and detectors that use penetrating radiation that not only can see objects through thick shields, but can also determine the composition of the items inside. Additionally, they use machine learning and artificial intelligence to combine the signals from these systems for even more insight.
Our curriculum starts with an Introduction to Nuclear Engineering designed for first year students to learn about a variety of technical nuclear topics and also to engage with some societal challenges. Later on, the curriculum focuses on the deepest physics and math base in the College of Engineering to prepare our graduates for careers with constantly evolving technologies based on the newest scientific discoveries. We transition from these fundamentals to more applied topics in radiation transport, thermal systems, materials science, imaging and detectors, while students build skills in computational modeling and simulation. All of our students also take at least one course that offers an experience with the UW Nuclear Reactor. Students in the radiation sciences option will complete their degree with graduate courses from the internationally recognized Medical Physics program. This interdisciplinary degree program overlaps with other engineering disciplines, allowing our graduates to transition into a variety of industries and careers.
Small class sizes allow students and professors to get to know each other in a supportive learning community starting in their first year. Many students participate in undergraduate research across one of the biggest research portfolios in the College of Engineering. Faculty collaborations with companies in nuclear science and technology—both established and newcomers, as well as the country’s national laboratories—provide a professional network that helps students find internships and launch their careers.
NUCLEAR ENGINEERING PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
The faculty recognize that our graduates will choose to use the knowledge and skills they have acquired during their undergraduate years to pursue a wide variety of career and life goals and we encourage this diversity of paths. Regarding the Nuclear Engineering program, we initially expect graduates will begin their careers in fields that utilize their knowledge, education and training in the interaction of radiation with matter as it applies to power generation, health and medical physics, security and safeguards and other engineering fields.
Whatever path our graduates choose to pursue, our educational objectives for the nuclear engineering program are to allow them to:
- Exhibit strong performance and continuous development in problem-solving, leadership, teamwork, and communication, initially applied to nuclear engineering, and demonstrating an unwavering commitment to excellence.
- Demonstrate continuing commitment to, and interest in, his or her training and education, as well as those of others.
- Transition seamlessly into a professional environment and make continuing, well-informed career choices.
- Contribute to their communities.
Admission to the College as a Freshman
Students applying to UW–Madison need to indicate an engineering major as their first choice in order to be considered for direct admission to the College of Engineering. Direct admission to a major means students will start in the program of their choice in the College of Engineering and will need to meet progression requirements at the end of the first year to guarantee advancement in that program.
Cross-Campus Transfer to Engineering
UW–Madison students in other schools and colleges on campus must meet minimum admission requirements for admission consideration to engineering degree granting classifications. Cross-campus admission is competitive and selective, and the grade point average expectations may increase as demand trends change. The student’s overall academic record at UW–Madison is also considered. Students apply to their intended engineering program by submitting the online application by stated deadlines for spring and fall. The College of Engineering offers an online information tutorial and drop-in advising for students to learn about the cross-campus transfer process.
Off-Campus Transfer to Engineering
With careful planning, students at other accredited institutions can transfer coursework that will apply toward engineering degree requirements at UW–Madison. Off-campus transfer applicants are considered for direct admission to the College of Engineering by applying to the Office of Admissions with an engineering major listed as their first choice. Those who are admitted to their intended engineering program must meet progression requirements at the point of transfer or within their first two semesters at UW–Madison to guarantee advancement in that program. A minimum of 30 credits in residence in the College of Engineering is required after transferring, and all students must meet all requirements for their major in the college. Transfer admission to the College of Engineering is competitive and selective, and students who have exceeded the 80 credit limit at the time of application are not eligible to apply.
The College of Engineering has dual degree programs with select four-year UW System campuses. Eligible dual degree applicants are not subject to the 80 credit limit.
Off-campus transfer students are encouraged to discuss their interests, academic background, and admission options with the Transfer Coordinator in the College of Engineering: [email protected] or 608-262-2473.
Second Bachelor's Degree
The College of Engineering does not accept second undergraduate degree applications. Second degree students might explore the Biological Systems Engineering program at UW–Madison, an undergraduate engineering degree elsewhere, or a graduate program in the College of Engineering.
Radiation Sciences Declaration
Talk to your academic advisor about declaring the Radiation Sciences option. Students must have and are expected to maintain a 3.0 cumulative GPA.
University General Education Requirements
All undergraduate students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison are required to fulfill a minimum set of common university general education requirements to ensure that every graduate acquires the essential core of an undergraduate education. This core establishes a foundation for living a productive life, being a citizen of the world, appreciating aesthetic values, and engaging in lifelong learning in a continually changing world. Various schools and colleges will have requirements in addition to the requirements listed below. Consult your advisor for assistance, as needed. For additional information, see the university Undergraduate General Education Requirements section of the Guide.
|General Education|| |
* The mortarboard symbol appears before the title of any course that fulfills one of the Communication Part A or Part B, Ethnic Studies, or Quantitative Reasoning Part A or Part B requirements.
The nuclear engineering curriculum emphasizes nuclear power and is appropriate for students seeking careers in the nuclear power industry.
There is also a Radiation Sciences option available for students interested in medical and other non-power applications.
The following curriculum applies to students who entered the program starting in Fall 2020.
Summary of Requirements
|Mathematics and Statistics||22|
|Nuclear Engineering Core||28|
|Nuclear Engineering Electives||8|
|Introduction to Engineering||3|
Mathematics and Statistics
|MATH 221||Calculus and Analytic Geometry 1||5|
|or MATH 217||Calculus with Algebra and Trigonometry II|
|or MATH 275||Topics in Calculus I|
|MATH 222||Calculus and Analytic Geometry 2||4|
|or MATH 276||Topics in Calculus II|
|MATH 234||Calculus--Functions of Several Variables||4|
|MATH 320||Linear Algebra and Differential Equations||3|
|MATH 321||Applied Mathematical Analysis||3|
|STAT 324||Introductory Applied Statistics for Engineers||3|
|Select one of the following:||5-9|
|Advanced General Chemistry|
| General Chemistry I|
and General Chemistry II
|PHYSICS 202||General Physics||5|
|or PHYSICS 208||General Physics|
|PHYSICS 241||Introduction to Modern Physics||3|
|or PHYSICS 205||Modern Physics for Engineers|
|E M A 201||Statics||3|
|E M A 202||Dynamics||3|
|or M E 240||Dynamics|
|E M A 303||Mechanics of Materials||3|
|or M E 306||Mechanics of Materials|
|E P 271||Engineering Problem Solving I||3-4|
|or COMP SCI 200||Programming I|
|or COMP SCI 220||Data Science Programming I|
|or COMP SCI 310||Problem Solving Using Computers|
|M S & E 350||Introduction to Materials Science||3|
|M E 231||Geometric Modeling for Design and Manufacturing||3|
|M E 361||Thermodynamics||3|
|Select one of the following:||4-6|
|Introductory Transport Phenomena|
| Fluid Dynamics|
and Elementary Heat Transfer
|E C E 376||Electrical and Electronic Circuits 1||3|
|Computing Elective (select one of the following):||3|
|Introduction to Numerical Methods|
|Intermediate Problem Solving for Engineers|
|Introduction to Scientific Computing for Engineering Physics|
Nuclear Engineering Core
|N E 305||Fundamentals of Nuclear Engineering||3|
|N E 405||Nuclear Reactor Theory||3|
|N E 408||Ionizing Radiation||3|
|N E 411||Nuclear Reactor Engineering||3|
|N E 412||Nuclear Reactor Design||5|
|N E/M S & E 423||Nuclear Engineering Materials||3|
|N E 424||Nuclear Materials Laboratory||1|
|N E 427||Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory||2|
|N E 428||Nuclear Reactor Laboratory||2|
|N E 571||Economic and Environmental Aspects of Nuclear Energy||3|
Nuclear Engineering Electives
|Nuclear Engineering Electives||6|
Select credits from Nuclear Engineering Electives Course List below
|Technical Electives (not to be confused with Nuclear Engineering Electives) choose 2 credits from:||2|
|Cooperative Education Program (no more than 3 credits)|
Courses numbered 300+ in the CoE except for E P D/INTEREGR
Courses numbered 300+ in MATH, PHYSICS, COMP SCI, STAT (except STAT 301), ASTRON, MED PHYS, and CHEM departments
Students may also propose any class that they feel will benefit their education path with pre-requisite of two physics or calculus classes. For these courses the advisor will review the request and if approved, recommend a DARS substitution.
Nuclear Engineering Electives Course List 1
|N E 234||Principles and Practice of Nuclear Reactor Operations||4|
|N E 406||Nuclear Reactor Analysis||3|
|N E/M S & E 433||Principles of Corrosion||3|
|N E/MED PHYS 506||Monte Carlo Radiation Transport||3|
|M E/N E 520||Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer||3|
|N E/E C E/PHYSICS 525||Introduction to Plasmas||3|
|N E 536||Feasibility St of Power from Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion||3|
|N E 541||Radiation Damage in Metals||3|
|N E 545||Materials Degradation in Advanced Nuclear Reactor Environments||3|
|N E 550||Advanced Nuclear Power Engineering||3|
|N E 555||Nuclear Reactor Dynamics||3|
|N E/M E 565||Power Plant Technology||3|
|N E/MED PHYS 569||Health Physics and Biological Effects||3-4|
|N E/I SY E 574||Methods for Probabilistic Risk Analysis of Nuclear Power Plants||3|
|N E 602||Special Topics in Reactor Engineering||3|
Students are encouraged to access the online N E future course offering grid to plan their future course schedules and to confirm the offering of a course in the table.
Courses meeting the Nuclear Engineering Electives requirement are all N E courses numbered above 200 that are not part of the required curriculum. No more than 3 credits of N E 699 Advanced Independent Study may be used to meet this requirement. (Refer to the NE handbook under Degree Information on the NEEP department website).
Introduction to Engineering
|N E 231||Introduction to Nuclear Engineering||3|
|ENGL 100||Introduction to College Composition||3|
|or LSC 100||Science and Storytelling|
|or COM ARTS 100||Introduction to Speech Composition|
|or ESL 118||Academic Writing II|
|E P D 275||Technical Presentations||2|
|INTEREGR 397||Engineering Communication||3|
Liberal Studies Electives
|College of Engineering Liberal Studies Requirements|
|Complete Requirements 1||16|
Students must take 16 credits that carry H, S, L, or Z breadth designators. These credits must fulfill the following subrequirements:
- A minimum of two courses from the same subject area (the description before the course number). At least one of these two courses must be designated as above the elementary level (I, A, or D) in the course listing.
- A minimum of 6 credits designated as humanities (H, L, or Z in the course listing), and an additional minimum of 3 credits designated as social science (S or Z in the course listing). Foreign language courses count as H credits. Retroactive credits for language courses may not be used to meet the Liberal Studies credit requirement (they can be used for subrequirement 1 above).
- At least 3 credits in courses designated as ethnic studies (lower case “e” in the course listing). These courses may help satisfy subrequirements 1 and 2 above, but they only count once toward the total required. Note: Some courses may have “e” designation but not have H, S, L, or Z designation; these courses do not count toward the Liberal Studies requirement.
For information on credit load, adding or dropping courses, course substitutions, pass/fail, auditing courses, dean's honor list, repeating courses, probation, and graduation, see the College of Engineering Official Regulations.
Talk to your academic advisor about declaring the Radiation Sciences option. Students must have and are expected to maintain a 3.0 cumulative GPA.
Honors in Undergraduate Research Program
Qualified undergraduates may earn an Honor in Research designation on their transcript and diploma by completing 8 credits of undergraduate honors research, including a senior thesis. Further information is available in the department office.
University Degree Requirements
|Total Degree||To receive a bachelor's degree from UW–Madison, students must earn a minimum of 120 degree credits. The requirements for some programs may exceed 120 degree credits. Students should consult with their college or department advisor for information on specific credit requirements.|
|Residency||Degree candidates are required to earn a minimum of 30 credits in residence at UW–Madison. "In residence" means on the UW–Madison campus with an undergraduate degree classification. “In residence” credit also includes UW–Madison courses offered in distance or online formats and credits earned in UW–Madison Study Abroad/Study Away programs.|
|Quality of Work||Undergraduate students must maintain the minimum grade point average specified by the school, college, or academic program to remain in good academic standing. Students whose academic performance drops below these minimum thresholds will be placed on academic probation.|
- an ability to identify, formulate, and solve complex engineering problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and mathematics
- an ability to apply engineering design to produce solutions that meet specified needs with consideration of public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors
- an ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences
- an ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts
- an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives
- an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions
- an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies.
SAMPLE FOUR-YEAR PLAN
|CHEM 1091||5||E M A 2013||3|
|MATH 221||5||MATH 222||4|
|Communication A||3||M E 231||3|
|Liberal Studies Elective||3||M S & E 350||3|
|N E 231||3|
|MATH 234||4||MATH 320||3|
|PHYSICS 202||5||PHYSICS 241 or 205||3|
|E M A 2024||3||M E 361||3|
|E P 271 or COMP SCI 310||3||E M A 3034||3|
|E P D 275 or COM ARTS 105||2||N E 424||1|
|Liberal Studies Elective||3|
|N E 305||3||N E 405||3|
|MATH 321||3||N E 408||3|
|STAT 3245||3||CBE 3206||4|
|Technical Elective||2||Computing Elective||3|
|Liberal Studies Elective||4||E C E 376||3|
|N E 411||3||N E 412||5|
|N E 427||2||N E 428||2|
|N E/M S & E 423||3||N E 571||3|
|Nuclear Engineering Elective||3||Nuclear Engineering Elective||3|
|Liberal Studies Elective||3||Liberal Studies Elective||3|
|Total Credits 129|
It is recommended that students take CHEM 109 Advanced General Chemistry for 5 credits. However, depending on their high school chemistry experience, students may substitute CHEM 103 General Chemistry I and CHEM 104 General Chemistry II for a total of 9 credits. Three credits of CHEM 103/CHEM 104 may be counted towards Technical Electives credits.
Students who were not able to take N E 231 Introduction to Nuclear Engineering as freshmen may, with the approval of their advisor, substitute a course offered in the College of Engineering or in the Departments of Chemistry, Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Physics.
Each College of Engineering program has academic advisors dedicated to serving its students. Program advisors can help current College of Engineering students with questions about accessing courses, navigating degree requirements, resolving academic issues and more. Students can find their assigned advisor on the homepage of their student center.
Continuing students who have fulfilled the progression requirements will also be assigned a Nuclear Engineering faculty advisor. Before enrolling in courses each semester, students must meet with their faculty advisor for assistance in planning courses and reviewing degree requirements. Faculty advisors are a valuable resource, as they can provide students with in-depth guidance on course content, internship and job opportunities, research, and more.
Engineering Career Services
Engineering Career Services (ECS) assists students in identifying pre-professional work-based learning experiences such as co-ops and summer internships, considering and applying to graduate or professional school, and finding full-time professional employment during their graduation year.
ECS offers two major career fairs per year, assists with resume writing and interviewing skills, hosts workshops on the job search, and meets one-on-one with students to discuss offer negotiations.
Students are encouraged to utilize the ECS office early in their academic careers. For comprehensive information on ECS programs and workshops, see the ECS website or call 608-262-3471.
Paul Wilson (Chair)
Juliana Pacheco Duarte
Facilities available for instruction and research include:
Nuclear Reactor Laboratory
Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory
Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer Laboratories
Plasma Physics Laboratories
Instructional Computing Labs (in Computer Aided Engineering)
The Department of Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics & the College of Engineering have several types of scholarships available to incoming and current engineering students. Students should explore the Wisconsin Scholarship Hub (WiSH), where you can apply to and find specific information on scholarships at UW-Madison. You can use WiSH to find engineering scholarships available through the College of Engineering; the Inclusion, Equity, and Diversity in Engineering Student Center; the Nuclear Engineering & Engineering Physics Department; and other UW and external organizations. (Please note: students must be currently enrolled in, or have applied to, the College of Engineering to be considered for engineering scholarships.) To be matched with these available scholarship funds an application is required and the system is typically open to students in the spring of each year. Questions on the process can be directed to: [email protected]. Additional financial assistance may be awarded through the Office of Student Financial Aid (333 E. Campus Mall RM 9701, 262-3060).
Accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, http://www.abet.org.
Note: Undergraduate Program Educational Objectives and Student Outcomes are made publicly available at the Departmental website. (In this Guide, the program's Student Outcomes are designated by our campus as "Learning Outcomes.")
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WHAT OUR PATIENTS ARE SAYING
What does an occupational therapist (OT) do?
Occupational therapists assist their patients in learning the skills for the job of living. “Occupation,” is defined as anything a person does to take care of themselves or others (activities of daily living), be productive (work), and engage in leisure pursuits (play/hobbies).
Who would benefit from seeing an occupational therapist?
An OT can help people of all ages with a variety of goals and abilities. They use everyday activities to improve overall function. Here are some examples of OT through the lifespan:
OT’s assist newborns & babies
- Achieve the proper state of alertness for feedings
- Make proper joint motions
- Meet developmental milestones.
OT’s help school-aged children
- With fine motor tasks (writing, managing fasteners, feeding themselves)
- Build strength, coordination, and body awareness
- OT’s work with adolescents and adults:
- Providing workstation or home ergonomics
- Teaching adaptive techniques for completion of self-cares (eating, dressing, driving, cooking, homemaking)
- Strengthening weak muscles to improve caring for self and others
- Educating in neurological interventions to improve fluidity and reduce effort for desired occupations.
OT’s assist older adults:
- Improve physical mobility & strength
- Address cognitive changes
- Maintain independence
What kind of education does an OT have?
To be a licensed occupational therapist, the OT must obtain a minimum of a Master’s degree of education. OT is an evidence-based and science-driven profession that is focused on improving a patient’s independence in the occupations that are important to them.
Select Therapy’s Occupational Therapist, Sara Carlson, MS, OTR/L, is located at 14884 Kirkwood Drive Baxter, MN 56425. Please contact our Baxter office to schedule; (218) 824-5027.
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Courtroom Work Group in the United States
The judicial officers and support personnel who function in the courts on a regular basis. The concept of the courtroom work group is most often found in the literature on the criminal process, but applies to the full range of judicial activities. The principal members of the courtroom work group are the judge, the prosecuting (or plaintiffs) attorney, and counsel for the defense. These three members perform the functions that constitute the essence of the adversary model. In addition, the courtroom work group includes such personnel as the court reporter, court clerk, and Bailiff (Judicial Personnel issue). The work group members are the courthouse “regulars” who operate the processes of the judicial system and make the substantive judgments that determine which cases move through the process and how they emerge at the conclusion. Work groups form because of the ongoing interaction of the regulars. While parties to suits change, the regulars remain a constant. Though the regulars do not all work for the same agencies, each is drawn to cases to perform particular functions. More important, each member of the work group must work with the others; no member can perform in isolation. The work group members come to share similar goals or interests, especially the movement of cases through the judicial system. If the work group members cooperate, they all benefit by heightening case dispositions. In other words, the work group members exist in a relationship of interdependence despite the differences in their individual roles.
Court Clerk (Judicial Personnel issue) Court Reporter (Judicial Personnel issue) Defense Attorney (Judicial Personnel issue) Judge (Judicial Personnel issue) Prosecuting Attorney (Judicial Personnel issue).
Analysis and Relevance
Understanding courtroom work group relationships is essential to understanding how the judicial process operates, particularly with criminal cases. The work group is important in several ways. First, the work group modifies formal authority patterns. Decisions formally assigned to one member become joint decisions. Sentencing, for example, is a judicial function, but judges often accept plea agreements negotiated by the prosecutor and defense attorney. These agreements are likely to contain sentencing considerations. In other cases, judges may defer to the recommendations of prosecutors or probation officers. Second, predictable behaviors are produced by the work group network. Members come to share norms of conduct and performance. This establishes a firm framework within which all interaction takes place. Cooperation and trust are fostered in this way. Third, the work group socializes newcomers to the expectations of the members. In this way, the overall system is maintained. Enforcement of work group norms is informal but effective. Rewards and sanctions are such that most work group members find it imperative to comply.
Notes and References
- Definition of Courtroom Work Group from the American Law Dictionary, 1991, California
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Although most of us can distinguish between and remember hundreds of different faces, some people are better at it than others. “Super-recognisers” can accurately identify faces even when they have only seen them briefly previously. At the other extreme, “developmental prosopagnosics” are significantly impaired at recognising faces in many everyday situations.
For the majority of us though, our face recognition ability falls between these extremes. But why are there such huge individual differences? How do these abilities affect us and where do they come from? Psychologists have started to investigate such questions, and found several answers. For example, we have discovered that it is linked to personality.
Face recognition differences may reflect processing or structural differences in the brain. For example, people with prosopagnosia may have reduced connectivity between brain regions in the face processing network.
Another idea is that face recognition ability is related to other more general cognitive abilities, like memory or visual processing. Here, though, findings are mixed. Some research supports a link between face recognition and specific abilities like visual processing. But other research has discounted this idea.
Yet another possibility is that individual differences in face recognition reflect a person’s personality or their social and emotional functioning. Interestingly, face recognition ability has been linked to measures of empathy and anxiety.
Empathy reflects a person’s ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. In 2010, researchers asked volunteers to try and remember the identity of a number of faces presented one at a time. They were later presented with the same faces mixed together with new faces and were asked to state whether each face was “old” (learnt) or “new”. The performance was measured by the number of learnt faces correctly identified as being familiar. The researchers found that those who rated themselves as high in empathy performed significantly better at a face recognition memory task than those with low empathy skills.
Research has also found that people who report significantly lower levels of general anxiety have better face recognition skills than those who are have higher anxiety.
Interestingly, more recent research has suggested the link between anxiety and face recognition ability may be more prominent for women, and may be particularly related to anxiety in social situations (social anxiety).
Situational anxiety may also play a role. For example, face recognition may be impaired when an eyewitness is asked to try and identify the face of a suspect viewed in a stressful situation.
In our own work we have considered the relationship between extroversion and individual face recognition ability. Extroverts are known to be superior at decoding social information and to be more involved in social activities than introverts. It may therefore be that extroverts are more skilled at recognising different identities.
In a previous study, researchers collected data from a group of 20 highly extroverted and 23 highly introverted volunteers (from an original sample of 339 volunteers). They found that extroverts performed significantly better in a face recognition memory task compared with the introverts.
In our own work we looked at 100 volunteers with a range of extroversion levels. The volunteers were shown famous faces and were asked to try and identify them by giving their name or some other identifying information.
Volunteers were also asked to say whether two unfamiliar faces belonged to the same person or different people – a task dubbed face matching. While there was no relationship between extroversion and face matching, there was a positive relationship between extroversion and famous face recognition. So to answer our own question, although there is individual variation, extroverts do tend to be better at recognising faces.
We do not yet understand the importance and reason for these findings, however. It may be that extroversion causes superior face recognition or that people who are better at identifying faces become more extroverted as a result.
If so, then a person’s inability to learn and recognise faces may lead them to become more introverted, to avoid potentially embarrassing social situations. Alternatively, introverted people may meet fewer people and therefore never develop good face recognition skills.
It may also work both ways. If you are slightly worse at recognising faces to start with you may end up meeting fewer people, and therefore becoming even worse at it over time. It could also be that both extroversion and face recognition are related to yet another factor that we still don’t know about.
In future work, we need to consider how our findings with extroversion fit together with research on empathy and anxiety. We also need to consider how much practical impact these issues have on face identification in applied situations – from identification by police officers to passport control.
Our own ongoing work is looking at the impact of wider individual factors like altruism and optimism on face recognition. It may be that we soon find even more explanations for why some of us are just better at recognising faces than others.
See following link to check out a fascinating collection of psychology articles by leading academics and researchers.
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Sixteen Tons of Moondust
...I picked up my shovel and I walked to the mine
I loaded sixteen tons of number nine coal ....
You load sixteen tons, what do you get .... 1
Jan. 7, 2009: If you listen closely, you might hear a NASA project manager singing this song. Lately, Marshall Space Flight Center's Carole McLemore has been working at the end of a sledge hammer opposite a big pile of rocks, so she has good reason to sing the song Tennessee Ernie Ford made famous.
"I call it 'choppin' rocks,' " says McLemore, who manages Marshall's Regolith Simulant Team." The guys keep correcting me. 'It's 'bustin' rocks, Carole,' they say."
Whether choppin' or bustin', what's this petite woman doing with a sledge hammer in her hands? She's making fake moon dust.
"We call it "simulated lunar regolith'," says McLemore. "We need just the right kind of rocks to make this stuff, and we're getting them from the Stillwater Mine in Nye, Montana."
Above: Carole McLemore of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center busts rocks at the Stillwater Mine in Nye, Montana. [Larger image]
The Marshall team is working with the US Geological Survey (USGS) to develop a realistic moondust substitute, or simulant, in support of NASA's future lunar exploration. Team members pound on boulder sized rocks to break them into manageable chunks, dump these chunks into buckets, and lug the buckets over to pickup trucks containing reinforced containers to hold the rocks. The pickups carry the rocks down the mountain for loading onto 18 wheelers that transport tons of the material to the USGS in Denver. The USGS makes the simulant by crushing and grinding the rocks and blending in small amounts of natural minerals according to a well-researched "recipe" to approximate the make up of genuine moondust and moon dirt.
Simulated regolith can be used as a "guinea pig" to help researchers find ways to make useful things from moon dirt. A favorite example is concrete. Adding, for instance, epoxy to lunar regolith makes a very strong concrete that could be used to build habitats or other structures. Properly baked, a mixture of sulphur and moondust also makes good concrete, and other recipes are sure to be found as the research progresses. On the moon and later on Mars, local resources are going to be crucial to astronauts who can't remain wholly dependent on Earth for supplies.
Working with simulated moondust may help researchers figure out how to extract valuable elements and minerals from the real thing.
Above: The moon is blanketed in dust--an ever present fact of life for future lunar explorers. Photo credit: NASA/Apollo 17. [Larger image]
"For example, moondust and many moon rocks are rich in oxygen," says Christian Schrader, a geologist on the Marshall regolith team. "If we can figure out how to extract it, humans could actually use moondust as a source of breathable air in a future lunar habitat. And the oxygen, along with the hydrogen that exists in the dirt, rocks, and possibly in polar ice, could be used to generate electricity using fuel cells, which make drinkable water as a by-product. Hydrogen and oxygen are also rocket propellant."
It seems that the Stillwater Mine has "the right stuff" to use as feedstock in creating the simulant so vital to lunar research. Some of the rocks there are 2.7 billion years old.
"There's a huge magma chamber that formed under the ground there," says Schrader. "The magma crystallized over time and formed thick layers of what we call 'anorthosite.' The geology at Stillwater is roughly analogous to how the moon's highland crust crystallized and cooled, so it's a great place for us to go rock collecting."
That's why these scientists are heading up the side of a rocky mountain with sledge hammers and pick axes to pound away at big boulders that promise to yield, albeit with great resistance, good rocks for making regolith.
"Sometimes arctic winds blow down off the mountains and pummel us while we work," says Schrader. "It can be brutal."
But it's all in the name of science. So don't just stand there leaning on your shovel! Start choppin'!
Special thanks: "The Stillwater Mine people have been very helpful in so many ways,"says Carole McLemore. "In addition to the simulant feedstock, they've donated manhours and trucks to help us. And the mine has a lot of other advantages for us. Logging and mining roads crisscross the mine, so we can get trucks in there for loading the tons of material we gather. We couldn't do it without them. "
Footnote 1: "Sixteen Tons" is a song about the misery of coal mining, first recorded in 1946 by U.S. country singer Merle Travis and released on his box set album Folk Songs of the However, it was Tennessee Ernie Ford's 1955 rendition of "Sixteen Tons" that reached number one in the Billboard charts. The song's authorship is generally attributed to Merle Travis, to whom it is credited on his 1947 recording. However, Kentucky ex-coalminer and singer/songwriter George S. Davis claimed to have written this song in the 1930s.
Glenn Research Center funds this regolith effort through the Dust Management Project under their Exploration Technology Development Program.
Johnson Space Center's Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate provided Apollo samples for testing and compositional analysis to aid in creating a realistic simulant. They also helped gather data and other information about previous simulant work for reference.
NASA's Future: US Space Exploration Policy
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Why is deep learning important?
It is still unclear what the long-term impacts of this technology will be. Large changes in productivity have occurred in history, and the potential of deep learning is comparable to other general purpose technologies (steam, electricity, chemical manufacturing, etc) responsible for those changes. While there are many real-world applications of today's deep learning in computer vision, natural language, and perhaps soon in robotics, these impacts would have to increase by several orders of magnitude to be reasonably compared with the general purpose technologies which drove previous industrial revolutions. However, as anybody familiar with the history of the industrial revolutions knows, once it is obvious to everybody that things are working you may not have time to catch up.
It is therefore worth noting that rich governments (US, China) and corporations (Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, Baidu, Alib
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Description - Herman Melville by Wyn Kelley
This unique introduction explores Herman Melville as he described himself in Billy Budd - "a writer whom few know." Moving beyond the recurring depiction of Melville as the famous author of Moby-Dick, this book traces his development as a writer while providing the basic tools for successful critical reading of his novels. Using the extraordinary "Agatha" correspondence with Nathaniel Hawthorne as a key to Melville's writing practices, beliefs, and inclinations, the volume introduces Melville as a writer who constantly reflected on his craft and experimented with new forms and genres.Arranged chronologically, the volume focuses on Typee, Moby-Dick, and Billy Budd, as well as other novels, short fiction, and poems, to explore Melville's distinctive narrative style. A biography, summaries of key works, interpretation, commentary, and an extensive bibliography are all included.
Buy Herman Melville by Wyn Kelley from Australia's Online Independent Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
(231mm x 158mm x 18mm)
Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd)
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Country of Publication:
Other Editions - Herman Melville by Wyn Kelley
Book Reviews - Herman Melville by Wyn Kelley
Author Biography - Wyn Kelley
Wyn Kelley is a Senior Lecturer in the Literature Faculty at MIT. She is the author of Melville's City: Literary and Urban Form in Nineteenth-Century New York (1996) and editor of A Companion to Herman Melville (Blackwell, 2006) and an edition of Benito Cereno 2006, and has also written a number of essays on Melville. She is Associate Editor of the Melville Society journal Leviathan.
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Hans Bethe, one of the twentieth century's greatest theoretical physicists and most articulate peace activists, died today at the age of 98 at his home in Ithaca, N.Y. A key figure in the Manhattan Project, Bethe later worked tirelessly to try to reduce the threat posed by nuclear weapons. In 1967, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his theoretical work explaining the process that fuels the Sun and other stars.
When theoretical physicists suggested, in 1938, that it might be possible to develop an atomic bomb, Bethe and many other physicists trained in Central Europe worried that the Nazis might be moving forward on such a project owing to Germany's ascendancy in the field of theoretical physics. J. Robert Oppenheimer was asked by the United States Government to establish a project to develop an atomic bomb and, in 1943, Oppie appointed Bethe to be the head of the theoretical division at Los Alamos where the Manhattan Project was headquartered. Bethe, like many other scientists, overcame his opposition to war and his objections to the development of nuclear weapons because he feared what might happen if Hitler won the race to develop an atomic bomb.
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Bethe concluded that nuclear weapons had to be controlled. He spent much of his time after World War II trying to convince policy makers that the arms race had to be stopped.
In 1995, Bethe headed up the Atomic Scientists Appeal, which called upon "all scientists in all countries to case and desist from work creating, developing, improving, and manufacturing further nuclear weapons--and, for that matter, other weapons of potential mass destruction such as chemical and biological weapons."
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//The Art of Balancing your Checkbook
Maintaining a checking account is one of the primary responsibilities of financial management. It requires that you keep track of all your purchases and transactions. You do this by recording them in your tracking register (the booklet that comes with your checks). Below are steps you can take to balance your checkbook and learn financial responsibility.
Use your register. Whenever you write a check or make an electronic transaction using an ATM or Debit card, you need to record the transaction in your register. The register is set up like a chart with rows and columns. In each row, there is an area to record the date; check number (if applicable); description of transaction; amount of payment; amount of deposit; and balance. There may also be a column where you can check off the transaction when you see it appear on your monthly or quarterly statement.
Maintain your balance. To adequately maintain your checking account, select the first empty row, fill in the transaction information in the appropriate boxes in that row and subtract (or add if it’s a deposit) the amount from the balance. Do this for each transaction you make. This will let you know how much money you have in your account and how much you can spend.
You’re on your way. You’ve now learned one of the first lessons in financial management. If you follow these simple steps of balancing your checkbook, you’ll be on your way toward maintaining your checking account and becoming a responsible member of the financial community.
Back to COLLEGE
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The rover’s near-miraculous mission has rekindled excitement about the space program. Here’s where we might be going next
The stunning landing of the Mars rover Curiosity and the images it beamed home have renewed public fascination with the U.S. space program. President Obama even put in a personal call to the control room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., telling the Mars team that their achievements were “mind-boggling,” and encouraging them to “keep up the good work.” Now that the venerable space agency — which disappeared from the headlines after the retirement of its space shuttles last year — has our attention again, what is it planning for an encore? Here, a brief guide to what it has in the pipeline:
What is NASA’s next big mission?
NASA is gearing up to commit to funding two big projects in the next two weeks. One, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission, a surface mission to Mars intended to follow up on Curiosity’s work, will evaluate more precisely how much water the planet might have harbored in the past. Three options are on the table for the other mission. One would be a visit to a comet. One would send another lander to Mars to drill into the Red Planet’s core in search of clues on how planets form. The other would explore even deeper into space.
Some scientists want to send an unmanned craft to examine Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, one of the few space destinations with a true atmosphere. The Cassini-Huygens orbiter, launched in 1997, revealed Titan to be dotted with icy continents and vast methane lakes, “a world kind of like Earth, rather than a rock spinning in space,” according to NASA astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell. The Titan Saturn Mission, if greenlighted, would send a vehicle to Titan and drop a boat into one of the lakes to search for life.
Are there any other possibilities?
Plenty. The NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts program has 28 proposals to “transform future aerospace missions.” Among the mind-bending pitches are a lunar colony, a Venus rover powered by a solar sail, and a fusion-driven rocket that could cut the travel time to Mars from 18 months to just one. But with all of these projects, there is a catch.
Money. Budget cuts by the Obama administration forced NASA to table some projects last year. The U.S. had hoped to team up with Europe starting in 2016 to bring soil and rock samples back from Mars to Earth — a top scientific priority — but the budget cuts forced NASA to bow out. NASA’s budget for exploring Mars is dropping next year from $587 million to $361 million, and continuing down to $189 million in 2015, before heading back up to $503 million in 2017. The shortfall has been exacerbated by cost overruns on projects the space agency didn’t scrap, including the $8 billion James Webb Space Telescope and the $2.5 billion Curiosity mission.
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Inflammation, which is characterized by redness, tenderness and swelling, can be caused by a number of things, including injury and overworking an area of the body. Though it is uncomfortable, it is a normal part of the healing process. While there are many drugs on the market that reduce inflammation, there are also a number of natural remedies for inflammation that can help relieve symptoms.
The most effective of the natural remedies for inflammation is to improve circulation. Regular exercise is an effective way to increase circulation. In addition, exercise raises the endorphin levels in the body, which also lessens the effects of inflammation. This remedy is only appropriate as a preventative for inflammation, however. Areas that are currently inflamed should be rested until the symptoms dissipate.
Hot and cold hydrotherapy can also be used to increase circulation. In order to implement this treatment, a person gets in the shower with the water at a comfortable temperature and gets completely wet. The person then slowly adjusts the water temperature until it is as hot as he or she can stand it. Then, again slowly, the water temperature is lowered until it is as cold as the person can tolerate. Repeating this process several times in each direction will help the circulation to improve.
Another way to decrease inflammation is to add more omega-3 fatty acid to the diet. This type of fatty acid is a natural anti-inflammatory, whereas the more common omega-6 fatty acid, found in many common oils, promotes inflammation. Omega-3 can be found in some species of fish, some eggs, leafy greens and flax seeds or can be taken as a dietary supplement. Taking omega-3 as one of the remedies for inflammation takes a while because omega-3 must build up in the body.
There are also a number of herbs that can be used to as remedies for inflammation. Arnica, which can be taken as a pill or rubbed on as a salve is particularly effective at treating inflammation in existing injuries. White willow bark can also be used as an anti-inflammatory as well as a pain reliever.
Some herbs can be taken to lessen the effects of inflammation before it happens. Turmeric, ginger, and bromelain can be taken regularly as dietary supplements. The effects of these herbs can take from a few days to a few months to manifest, so they are not ideal for treating an existing episode of inflammation, though they can be started as a treatment for a chronic condition, such as arthritis.
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The Role of Fertilizers in Agriculture
Sustainable agriculture is the farmers’ ability for producing food without affecting the environment as well as the surrounding ecosystem. There are a few issues which are connected to agriculture and one of them is the biophysical issue. It is linked with activities like fertilizer usage, use of artificial nutrients and crop rotation along with the availability of resources like sunlight, water and wind.
While all these factors are equally important for plant growth, fertilizers are given extra importance, as they are the ones that help plants in the initial stages of growth. Fertilizers are materials of synthetic or natural origin which are applied to the plant tissues or soil for supplying plant nutrients crucial to plant growth. Fertilizers are meant for enhancing plant growth. The objective is met in 2 different ways:
1.Additives for providing nutrients,
2.And fertilizers for enhancing soil’s effectiveness by modifying aeration and water retention.
When it comes to fertilizers, Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus are the 3 main elements or macronutrients. Nitrogen helps in leaf growth, whereas potassium aids sturdy stem growth, water movement and promotion of fruiting and flowering. The nutrients needed for healthy growth of plants are classified based on the elements.
Fertilizers are applied to plants both as liquids and solids. Almost ninety percent of fertilizers are used as solids that are typically powdered or granulated. Liquid fertilizers consist of anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions or urea and so on. Such concentrated products can be diluted using water for forming concentrated liquid fertilizers. Also, liquid fertilizers have advantages like easier coverage and rapid effects. To be successful in agriculture, people need to know the basics of different fertilizers and their usage.
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As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary:
- ar, m. a ewe, Dipl. v. 10, Hrafn. 6, 8, Vm. 9.
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᛅ-ᛋᛅᚢᚦᚱ
Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements
Works & Authors cited:
- Diplomatarium. (J. I.)
- Hrafnkels Saga. (D. II.)
- Vilkins-máldagi. (J. I.)
Also available in related dictionaries:
This headword also appears in dictionaries of other languages descending from Old Norse.
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COLUMBUS, Ohio – Parents can find an endless supply of ideas and advice online, but as natural or homemade versions of children’s products gain popularity, experts warn that not all of these posts are as safe or effective as they claim to be. Do-it-yourself versions of safety-related products – anything from ointments and sunscreen to furniture and home “baby-proofing” – can pose a danger. A new study took a closer look at homemade sunscreen recipes on Pinterest and found that while nearly all of the pins portrayed some level of sun protection, there was insufficient proof that the sunscreens were effective.
“Many of the recipes listed specific SPF levels up to 50, yet the ingredients in the recipes are not scientifically proven to offer that kind of broad spectrum coverage,” said Lara McKenzie, PhD, principal investigator with the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and lead author of the study. “Store-bought sunscreen is a better choice because it is regulated by the FDA and must have a proven level of protection against both UVA and UVB rays.”
The study found that many homemade sunscreen recipes were shared thousands of times, highlighting the need for medical professionals to get involved with online health sources and social media sites to combat misinformation. “Parents often believe they’re doing the best thing for their child by making their own products at home,” said McKenzie. “But if you use a sunscreen that is ineffective, you are taking a risk, and that risk can result in a severe sunburn or skin cancer in the future.”
McKenzie urges parents to take the same caution with any federally-regulated product, and to consult their pediatrician with questions about the safest options. “These products are regulated for a reason, and DIY versions probably don’t meet the safety standards required by regulatory agencies,” she said. “Going online for things like crafts and recipes is fine, but when it comes to products such as sunscreen, I recommend buying something you know will be effective.”
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X-Ray Diffraction Laboratory
The department houses a laboratory for study of minerals and crystalline substances using X-ray diffraction techniques. Because the wavelength of X-rays are similar to the spacing of atoms in crystals, X-rays are scattered by crystals in much the same way that a diffraction grating scatters light. Discrete angles and intensities of scattering correlate with the geometric pattern of atoms within a crystal. Examination of the pattern and intensities of scattering from a sample are used to interpret its crystal structure and to identify the mineral or crystalline compound constituting the sample.
Our X-ray diffraction facilities are used to identify minerals in specimens within the collections and crystalline substances in experimental syntheses from other laboratories. In addition, the facilities are used by the conservation lab and other departments to identify such things as pigments in paints, degradation products on artifacts, and minerals in fossils. The basic facility for this a Philips PW-1710 automated powder (Bragg-Brentano) diffractometer attached to a 2000 watt Cu X-ray source (photo on right) and controlled by a PC.
A Rigaku DMAX-Rapid Microdiffraction system (photo on left) was acquired as a shared facility with Earth & Environmental Sciences Dept. at Columbia University, Research Conservation Dept. at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and AMNH with NSF funding in 2004. It can perform microdiffraction on small samples (~100 microns) or on surfaces of small objects, as well as single crystal diffraction measurements. It is used routinely to assist in mineral identification of specimens in the mineral collection, mineral components of rocks being studied as part of research projects, phase identification and cell parameters from multianvil experiments, and study of pigments, coatings, and alterations on art and archaeological objects.
Diffraction labs are used under the direction of Curator George Harlow.
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Did you know the largest snowflakes on record were 15 inches (38 cm) in diameter and 8 inches thick? Or that an average snowflake is made up of 180 billion molecules of water?
When temperatures within a cloud are at freezing or below and there is sufficient moisture in the air, ice crystals can form around a central particle, like dust. Once water vapor condenses and freezes, the complex pattern of a snowflake is born. A snowflake's hexagonal shape begins at the atomic level. It is here that water molecules bond together into stable crystal structures.
Check out these and other snow facts, and learn more about the science of snow.
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| 0.934961 | 134 | 3.703125 | 4 |
|Skip Navigation Links|
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|Managing Network File Systems in Oracle Solaris 11.1 Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library|
The NFS service enables computers of different architectures that run different operating systems to share file systems across a network. NFS support has been implemented on many platforms that range from the MS-DOS to the VMS operating systems.
The NFS environment can be implemented on different operating systems because NFS defines an abstract model of a file system, rather than an architectural specification. Each operating system applies the NFS model to its file-system semantics. This model means that file system operations such as reading and writing function as though the operations are accessing a local file.
The NFS service has the following benefits:
Enables multiple computers to use the same files so that everyone on the network can access the same data
Reduces storage costs by having computers share applications instead of needing local disk space for each user application
Provides data consistency and reliability because all users can read the same set of files
Makes mounting of file systems transparent to users
Makes accessing of remote files transparent to users
Supports heterogeneous environments
Reduces system administration overhead
The NFS service makes the physical location of the file system irrelevant to the user. You can use the NFS implementation to enable users to see all the relevant files regardless of location. Instead of placing copies of commonly used files on every system, the NFS service enables you to share the original file from the NFS server's file system. All other systems access the files across the network. Under NFS operation, remote file systems are almost indistinguishable from local file systems.
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Definitions for joseph goebbels
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word joseph goebbels
Goebbels, Joseph Goebbels, Paul Joseph Goebbels(noun)
German propaganda minister in Nazi Germany who persecuted the Jews (1897-1945)
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous orations and visceral and homicidal antisemitism. Goebbels earned a PhD from Heidelberg University in 1921, writing his doctoral thesis on 19th century romantic drama; he then went on to work as a journalist and later a bank clerk and caller on the stock exchange. He also wrote novels and plays, which were rejected by publishers. Goebbels came into contact with the National Socialist German Worker's Party or Nazi Party in 1923 during the French occupation of the Ruhr and became a member in 1924. He was appointed Gauleiter of Berlin. In this position, he put his propaganda skills to full use, combating the Social Democratic Party of Germany and Communist Party of Germany and seeking to gain their working class supporters. Goebbels despised capitalism, viewing it as having Jews at its core, and he stressed the need for the Nazis to emphasize both a proletarian and national character. By 1928, he had risen in the party ranks to become one of its most prominent members.
Find a translation for the joseph goebbels definition in other languages:
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Discuss these joseph goebbels definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"joseph goebbels." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 2 Sep. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/joseph goebbels>.
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| 0.953477 | 416 | 2.859375 | 3 |
US: FMD research may move to mainland
The US government is considering moving its research
on one of the most contagious animal diseases from an isolated island laboratory
to the US mainland near herds of livestock, raising concerns about a
An epidemic of the disease could devastate the livestock industry. A
government report combined commercial satellite images and federal farm data to
show the proximity to livestock herds of locations that have been considered for
the new lab.
Possible locations for the new National Bio-and Agro-Defense Facility are
Athens, Georgia; Butner, North Carolina; San Antonio; and Flora, Mississippi.
The new site could be selected later this year, and the lab would open by 2014.
The numbers of livestock in the counties and surrounding areas of the finalists
range from 542,507 in Kansas to 132,900 in Georgia, according to a Homeland
The FMD virus can
be carried on a worker's breath or clothes, or vehicles leaving a lab, and is so
contagious it has been confined to Plum Island, New York, for more than a
half-century — far from commercial livestock.
The existing lab is 160km northeast of New York City in the Long Island
Sound, accessible only by ferry or helicopter. Researchers there who work with
the live virus are not permitted to own animals at home that would be
susceptible, and they must wait at least a week before attending outside events
where such animals might perform, such as a circus.
However, the Homeland Security Department is convinced it can safely operate
the lab on the mainland, saying containment procedures at high-security labs
The livestock industry is divided. Some experts believe research should be
kept away from cattle populations. The new facility will add research on
diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans. The Plum Island
facility is not secure enough to handle that higher-level research.
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Much of the evidence received by the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee points to the fact that the industry does not receive its fair share of the retail price when taking into account the cost of production and the investment needs of the industry.
In a report out today on the English pig industry, the Committee says that although the pig industry is highly competitive and is well known for being cyclical, the last ten years have seen a steady decline in the scale and productivity of the English pig industry and an increase in the pig meat imported into the UK to satisfy consumer demand.
The lack of transparency in the supply chain leads farmers to form the view that they are not getting their fair share. UK pigs cost more to produce than their EU counterparts. The industry blames this on the effects of disease outbreaks, high feed prices, burdensome environmental regulations and the high cost of the introduction of new welfare standards of housing for pigs in 1999.
However, evidence to the Committee questioned whether pig production is as efficient as it could be in the UK, whether carcase utilisation could be improved, and whether there is sufficient demand to support both producers and processors in the supply chain.
The Committee considers that the Government has an important role to play in facilitating round table discussions to ensure better cooperation within the pig supply chain. These discussions could help the industry identify how it can help itself to improve its efficiency and productivity through health, welfare, research and marketing strategies.
In addition it says Defra must continue to:
- Advise other Government departments and public bodies on the welfare standards of farm assurance schemes in order to encourage them to adopt a more innovative approach in public sector procurement of pig meat.
- Liaise closely with the industry on its Health and Welfare Council.
- Fund research into the pig-specific diseases which have severely impacted on the industry in recent years.
The Report finds that the Government should discuss with the Scottish administration the common issues facing both Scottish and English pig industries.
Pig producers are rightly proud of their high welfare standards, but the Committee believes that they have not successfully promoted to the consumer the justification for the higher cost of English pig meat. Retailers and catering suppliers are responsible for ensuring that labelling of pig meat products is clear and unambiguous, but producers, animal welfare groups such as the RSPCA, and Government, have a role in making certain that consumers understand the difference between the standards of welfare in the various methods of pig production and ensuring that pig meat produced in the UK is of a high welfare standard.
Chairman of the Committee the Rt Hon Michael Jack said:
"The English pig industry’s adherence to high welfare standards has left it vulnerable to competition from European producers whose production methods do not match ours. Retailers and processors must look again at their supply chain relationships to ensure that they deliver a fair price to the producer whilst responding to consumer demand. At the same time the industry, with support from Defra, must look again at which steps its can take to reduce its costs and increase its productivity to ensure that it has a viable long term future."
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A greyhound who is obese requires a low-calorie diet and regular exercise. Obesity in dogs can lead to various health issues and should be addressed promptly.
Obesity is a significant problem among dogs, and greyhounds are not an exception. This breed is prone to weight gain due to their laid-back lifestyle, and if not appropriately managed, this can lead to health problems like arthritis and heart diseases.
As a responsible dog owner, ensuring your greyhound stays in good shape is vital. Feeding them a well-balanced diet and ensuring they get enough exercise is the first step to keeping their weight in check. In this article, we’ll discuss the causes of obesity in greyhounds, how to identify if your dog is overweight, and tips on managing their weight.
Understanding Obesity In Greyhounds
Greyhounds are a unique breed known for their speed and grace on the racetrack. However, like any other breed, obesity can become a problem for these dogs. Obesity in greyhounds can lead to numerous health issues, including joint problems, diabetes, and heart disease.
What Causes Obesity In Greyhounds?
There are several causes of obesity in greyhounds, which include:
- Overfeeding or feeding inappropriate diets
- Lack of exercise or activity
- Certain medications
- Genetic predisposition
To keep your greyhound healthy, it’s essential to understand the causes of obesity and how to prevent them.
The Health Risks Associated With Obesity In Greyhounds
Obesity in greyhounds can lead to significant health issues, such as:
- Joint problems: Greyhounds are prone to joint problems, and extra weight can exacerbate these issues. It can also lead to arthritis and other joint-related issues.
- Diabetes: Obesity can cause insulin resistance and lead to type 2 diabetes, which can be extremely debilitating for dogs.
- Heart disease: Obesity puts extra strain on your greyhound’s heart, leading to heart disease, a condition that can severely impact their quality of life.
How To Identify If Your Greyhound Is Overweight?
It can be challenging to tell if your greyhound is overweight because of their muscular build and thin coat. However, some signs can help you identify if your greyhound is overweight, such as:
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
- Fat deposits around the ribcage, flank, or tailhead
- Difficulty walking or being inactive
- Inability to feel their ribs when petting them
If you notice any of these signs, it’s time to consult with your veterinarian and discuss the best ways to help your greyhound lose the excess weight.
Understanding obesity in greyhounds, its causes, health risks, and how to identify if your greyhound is overweight is essential. As a responsible pet owner, it’s your responsibility to ensure that your dog lives a healthy and happy life. By providing them with the right diet, exercise, and care, you can help them maintain a healthy weight and avoid obesity-related health issues.
Diet And Nutrition: The Key To Losing Weight
Obesity in greyhounds can lead to several health problems that can reduce their lifespan and quality of life. However, the good news is that it is possible to manage your greyhound’s weight with proper diet and nutrition. In this section, we will discuss the key role of a balanced diet in managing weight, selecting the right food for your greyhound, and the importance of portion control and feeding frequency.
The Role Of A Balanced Diet In Managing Weight In Greyhounds
A balanced diet is essential to keep your greyhound healthy and active while also maintaining the ideal weight. Here are some key points:
- A balanced diet consists of a mix of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, fibers, vitamins, and minerals.
- A diet rich in high-fiber food can help your greyhound feel fuller for longer and reduce their calorie intake.
- Feeding a high-protein diet can help maintain lean muscles and boost metabolism, allowing your greyhound to burn more calories.
- Avoid diets rich in carbohydrates as they often contribute to weight gain.
Selecting The Right Food For Your Greyhound
Choosing the right food for your greyhound can help manage their weight and overall health. Here are some key points to consider:
- Look for high-quality dog food brands that are specifically formulated for greyhounds.
- Consult your veterinarian before switching your dog’s food.
- Avoid giving table scraps and treats as they can contribute to excess calorie intake.
Portion Control And Feeding Frequency
Portion control and feeding frequency can help reduce your greyhound’s calorie intake, which is essential for weight loss. Here are some key points:
- Divide their daily food intake into multiple small meals instead of one large meal.
- Use a measuring cup to make sure you’re giving them the right portion size.
- Avoid free-feeding or leaving food out all day.
By following these diet and nutrition tips, you can help your obese greyhound lose weight and lead a healthier, happier life. Remember to consult your veterinarian before making any significant changes to your dog’s diet.
Exercise And Physical Activity: The Right Way To Get Moving
Obese greyhound: exercise and physical activity the right way to get moving
As a greyhound owner, you know how important it is to keep your pup healthy and happy. One of the areas that pet owners often struggle with is ensuring that their pups receive regular physical activity. Regular exercise is particularly important for greyhounds, which are naturally active and energetic animals.
If your greyhound is overweight, this can put a significant strain on their overall health and limit the quality of life. Here are some tips on how to get your obese greyhound moving in a safe and engaging way:
Importance Of Regular Exercise For Greyhounds
- Regular exercise is beneficial for greyhounds as it helps with weight management, strengthens muscles and bones, improves circulation and enhances overall health.
- Lack of regular exercise can lead to health problems like obesity, heart disease, joint pain, and diabetes.
- It’s crucial to integrate regular physical activity into your greyhound’s routine to keep them healthy and happy.
Low-Impact Activities For Obese Greyhounds
- For obese greyhounds, low-impact activities like walking, gentle jogging, swimming, and stretching are ideal.
- Avoid activities like racing, jumping or any high-impact exercises until the dog has achieved a healthy weight.
- Low-impact activities should be done gradually and for shorter periods initially, to avoid putting too much strain or stress on their body.
Incorporating Playtime And Mental Stimulation Into Your Pup’S Routine
- Toys provide mental stimulation and can help your pup occupy their mind while also being physically engaging.
- Create a playtime routine that focuses on engagement with you and other family members for your greyhound to get used to socialization and mental exercise.
- Consider dog puzzles or games that incorporate their favorite toys and treats to increase mental engagement.
- Introducing fun exercises like hide and seek can create a great way to keep your pup entertained.
Overall, physical activity is a fantastic way to keep your greyhound healthy and happy. When starting a new exercise routine, it’s important to take it slow and supervise them to ensure they’re not in pain or discomfort. A healthy diet and regular exercise can increase the quality and length of your greyhound’s life; so, as a loving pet owner, take action to keep them fit and healthy.
Lifestyle Changes And Support System
Obese Greyhound: Lifestyle Changes And Support System
Obesity is a common problem faced by domestic pets. Greyhounds are known for their lean figures, but sometimes they can also become overweight. It can cause serious health issues if left unchecked.
Healthy Habits That Can Aid In Weight Loss
There are several things you can do to help your overweight greyhound lose weight. Here are some healthy habits that can aid in weight loss:
- Serve a balanced diet with a low-calorie count.
- Provide ample opportunities for exercise, such as structured walks, playtime, or dog sports.
- Be cautious of commercial dog treats and table scraps as they can quickly add up in calories.
- Focus on providing enough water for hydration, and prevent overeating at the same time.
- Ensure that your greyhound does not skip any meals as this can trigger overeating later.
Family Involvement And Support In The Weight Loss Journey
Having a supportive environment can make a big difference in your greyhound’s weight loss journey. Involve your family members in the process, and try these tips to make weight loss a fun and beneficial experience for everyone:
- Schedule regular exercise routines throughout the day and involve family members in them.
- Prepare homemade healthy dog treats to avoid overfeeding with commercial dog treats.
- Establish clear communication with family members to avoid overfeeding or conflicting exercise schedules.
- Use positive reinforcement techniques such as praise and attention to encourage healthy behaviour.
- Always consult your vet if you have any concerns or need extra guidance.
Reasons To Consider Working With A Vet Or Professional Trainer
Working with a vet or professional trainer can offer a tailored approach to your greyhound’s weight loss. Some reasons to consider working with a vet or professional trainer include:
- They can help you devise a customised activity and meal plan that aligns with your greyhound’s unique needs and preferences.
- They can provide access to additional resources, tools, and support systems.
- They can help measure your greyhound’s progress and adjust their plan accordingly.
- They can identify any underlying health issues that could be impacting their weight, such as hypothyroidism or cushing’s disease.
- They can provide advice on how to improve your greyhound’s well-being and behaviour beyond just for weight loss.
Frequently Asked Questions Of Obese Greyhound
What Are The Health Risks Of Obesity In Greyhounds?
Obesity can lead to various health problems in greyhounds such as diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, and respiratory issues.
How Can I Tell If My Greyhound Is Obese?
You can tell if your greyhound is obese by feeling their ribs and spine. If you cannot feel them easily, your greyhound might be overweight or obese.
How Can I Help My Obese Greyhound Lose Weight?
You can help your obese greyhound lose weight by providing a well-balanced diet and plenty of exercise. Consult with your vet to create a personalized weight-loss plan.
Why Is It Important To Manage My Greyhound’S Weight?
Managing your greyhound’s weight is important to prevent health problems and increase their lifespan. Overweight greyhounds are more prone to various health issues.
How Long Does It Take For An Obese Greyhound To Lose Weight?
The duration of weight loss depends on how much weight your greyhound needs to lose. Generally, a healthy weight loss rate is 1-2% of their body weight per week.
To conclude, it is crucial to keep an eye on your greyhound’s weight and eating habits to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Overweight greyhounds are prone to various health issues, including arthritis, heart diseases, and breathing problems. Therefore, incorporating regular exercise and a balanced diet plan into your greyhound’s routine is vital.
It is always best to seek advice from a vet on the correct feeding portions and the type of food to feed, as each greyhound’s needs may vary based on their weight, age, and other health conditions. Remember, by keeping your greyhound at a healthy weight, you are not only improving their overall health and happiness but also extending their lifespan.
Let’s provide them with the care they deserve and ensure they live a long, active, and healthy life.
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Plastic surgeons can deal with any number of unexpected, unwanted and unwelcome bodily conditions, one of these being the removal of unsightly or irritating skin lesions. Examples of these include skin tags and warts – but how can you tell the difference between the two?
Warts are small, rough growths that are typically found on the hands and feet. Their appearance ranges from looking a bit like a raised blister to looking much lumpier, like a miniature cauliflower.
Skin tags on the other hand tend to be much softer and are formed anywhere on the body where there are folds of skin that create the perfect conditions for a tag to form. They can be very tiny and resemble a small mole, or up to around 5mm long and be more elongated.
Are they essentially the same thing?
Warts and skin tags may occasionally look the same but they are very different. The key difference between warts and skin tags is how they are formed.
Warts are formed due to the presence of a virus in the skin called the human papilloma virus. The virus enters the skin through a cut or an abrasion and causes the skin to create more keratin than it needs. Keratin is naturally produced by the skin and in the correct quantities just forms part of the normal epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). In the presence of the human papilloma virus it goes into overdrive and creates a hard bump on the skin, which takes on the unsightly appearance of a wart. This is the same virus that is also responsible for creating veruccas.
Skin tags are created when excess skin rubs together and creates a protrusion. There is no virus or infection responsible for their creation, but they tend to be more prevalent in people who are overweight or obese, as there is more spare skin available. Skin tags can vary a lot in terms of size and shape, whereas warts tend to be more rotund.
What can be done to fix them?
Now the differences are clear in terms of how they are created, the similarities arrive when looking at treatments for both skin tags and warts.
Warts will often eventually disappear of their own accord, although this is not often a speedy process – it can take years. Skin tags will occasionally fall off, but often people choose either to leave them alone or have them surgically removed.
If you choose to have warts or skin tags removed then many of the same treatments and techniques can work for both. Plastic surgeons or GPs may freeze them off or burn them off with a controlled acidic solution. Skin tags can also be treated by snipping them off or cutting them off with a sharp scalpel. They may also be removed by a technique similar to a tourniquet – a small wire or threat can be used to cut off the blood supply to the tag which will lead it to fall off.
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God asked Adam, where he was and if he had eaten the fruit of the tree that he had commanded him not to eat of. God asked the woman (who was beguiled by Satan) as to what she had done. But God did not ask, Satan, where he was (for God knew that he had fallen from heaven to earth – Luke 10:18; Revelation 12:9), or if he had rebelled against God (which was not new for Satan – Ezekiel 28), but instead cursed him for his deception.
Though man had sinned against God, the first curse was on Satan, who brought it upon himself for God said “Because thou (Satan) has done this (beguiling man to sin), you are cursed above all cattle and every beast of the field.” (Genesis 3:14).
The first curse of God can be exposited as being both literal and reflective. Literally, serpents crawl on their belly but what about eating dust? Snakes don’t eat dust or do they? Snakes have been observed to flick their tongue and lick the dust of the earth and take odor particles from the dust to an olfactory sensory organ (Jacobson’s organ) that is found in the roof of their mouth (buccal cavity). Once these particles reach the organ, the chemical compounds in these odor particles bind to receptors in the organ and sensory messages are sent to the brain. These organs helps snakes to hunt and track their prey, which in a sense is akin to eating (licking) dust to eat (hunt and track).
Reflectively, this first curse of God was on Satan, the ancient serpent (Revelation 20:2). The Bible teaches us that the things that go on their belly in an abomination (Leviticus 11:42). God told man that he was dust and to dust he shall return (Genesis 3:19). The Bible also teaches us that Satan is like a roaring lion seeking whom he may devour (eat) (1 Peter 5:8). So reflectively, to eat the dust for the rest of his life implies that Satan will continue to seek to devour mankind, till his appointed time.
To go (crawl) on the belly is a sign of disgust (abomination) To eat dust is a sign of despondency (Micah 7:17) which is the current cursed and future (the rest of his life) state of Satan
Points to ponder:
Sin brings with it a curse – the curse of death for the wages of sin is death (Romans 6:23) and the soul that sins shall die (Ezekiel 18:20). Let us be sober (in the Lord) and watchful and not allow ourselves to be devoured as dust by Satan but let us be transformed now by believing in Jesus and look forward to the transformation of our bodies of dust (jars of clay – 2 Corinthians 4:7) to an eternal celestial glorious one like his (Philippians 3:21).
Genesis 3:14 (KJV)
14 And the Lord God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life:
Leviticus 11:42 (KJV)
42 Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all four, or whatsoever hath more feet among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination.
Micah 7:17 (KJV)
17 They shall lick the dust like a serpent, they shall move out of their holes like worms of the earth: they shall be afraid of the Lord our God, and shall fear because of thee.
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News & Highlights
Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search The game of Go has long been v...
Can machines think? This has been a conundrum for philosophers for years, but the answer to this question also has real social importance. Modern robots can assist us in our homes and have human-like qualities.
The internet provides us with personalized tools that learn from our behavior. It is therefore of more than academic importance that we learn to think clearly about the cognitive powers of computers, and what we can expect of them in the future.
The purpose of the Machine Learning Platform is to provide an interface for discussion and interaction between the academic and industrial research and development communities in the Netherlands.
Follow us at @mlnl_news
CALL FOR PARTICIPATION 11th Workshop for Women in Machine Learning (WiML 2016) Co-located with NIPS, Barcelona, Spain December 5, 2016
WIML 2016 .
Intelligent Machines 2015 On Tuesday March 17, SNN organized a one day symposium entitled Intelligent Machines. Slides of Zoubin Ghahramani (Cambridge University), Sethu Vijayakumar (Edinburgh University) and Ralf Herbrich (Amazon Research Berlin) can be found on the website. Daan Wierstra (Google Deep Mind) had an interview with Bennie Mols, and Deep mind published a paper in Nature.
Large-scale Online Learning and Decision Making Workshop, (LSOLDM),Cumberland Lodge 2013.
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Using ArcGIS 10.1, I am interested in symbolizing a series of polylines to generate a pseudo-heatmap like one of the answers to this question.
The essence of the solution idea is to symbolize each polyline as red center, green border, and set the individual line transparency to 20%. Using ArcGIS, it is trivial to set the entire layer transparency, but then the cumulative, low alpha, overlaps never sum to an opaque level.
Is it possible to set opacity / transparency at the symbol level and not the layer level?
Similar to Displaying transparent overlapping polygons in ArcGIS for Desktop?, but I am interested in polyline and using color, instead of hatching.
I have tested the ability to do this in two ways:
If I buffer the polyline and add a transparency field, I can directly set transparency for each layer. Unfortunately, this still appears to 'flatten' the symbology, i.e. the cumulative alpha of overlapping polylines is lost.
By exporting 4 of the polylines, known to overlap, it was possible to manually set the transparency (on the layer) to 80%. When all layers are viewed the cumulative alpha is displayed as anticipated, i.e. two overlapping lines are 'darker' (40% opaque).
As an aside, I tested this using a google fusion table and the result is as expected, i.e. alpha is per line and cumulative for overlapping symbols. This can also be done in OpenLayers, but that removes the step from my ArcGIS workflow (and more importantly, my users ArcGIS workflow).
I was able to accomplish this manually in ArcGIS using the following workflow. This is non-ideal as it requires a duplication of the layer n times, where n is the number of features.
- Copy the layer and paste to the same dataframe.
- Define a definition query on a unique field. In my case I used a grouping: `"id" >= 20 AND "id" < 30.
- Repeat 2 until all features are in their own layer...
- Add the features to a New Group Layer
- In Group Layer Properties select Symbol Levels
- Check 'Draw this layer using the symbol levels specified below'
- Manually check Merge for each layer
I suspect that the above workflow can be automated as a python add-in. I will need to explore that next.
Result with black background:
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Adjuvants increase immune response for H7N9 flu vaccine
"Our studies show that flu viruses recently acquired mutations in critical regions that are recognized by our immune system," Scott Hensley, Ph.D., assistant professor at The Wistar Institute and leader of the study, said. "These new mutations likely contributed to the ineffectiveness of flu vaccines during the 2014-2015 flu season."
Influenza and similar viruses are able to mutate throughout time.
"I have a really talented team of researchers who are very good at quickly dissecting the specificity of flu antibody responses," Hensley said.
This is why the flu vaccines that were distributed for the 2014-2015 flu season were significantly ineffective; the flu virus had mutated in ways that researchers had not anticipated when developing the vaccine.
"We identified mutations that were common in flu isolates in December of 2014 and we engineered viruses that allowed us to characterize these mutations the following month," Benjamin Chambers, graduate student in the Hensley laboratory, said.
Further details have been published online in the Cell Reports journal.
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Isambard Kingdom Brunel's first project with his father Sir Marc was the Thames tunnel. The tunnel is a scheduled ancient monument and international landmark site with a museum.
The Thames tunnel, the first under a river, is the oldest section of the London underground. Watercolours, peepshows, engravings, statues and models explain this epic feat of engineering.
This content has been supplied by Brunel Museum and Engine House Rotherhithe
Railway Avenue, Rotherhithe, London, SE16 4LF
For More Information:
+44 (0)20 7231 3840
Brunel Museum and Engine House Rotherhithe on the Visit London Blog
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Venue Details & Map
Brunel Museum and Engine House Rotherhithe
- +44 (0)20 7231 3840
- Public transport:
- Turn left into Brunel Rd and then first left into Railway Ave.
Going to Brunel Museum and Engine House Rotherhithe using public transport? Find the fastest route:
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Chili is one of the most popular spices. Where does chili? Where is he popular and what chilli varieties with which sharpness is there? Chili, that since spice where dates back thousands of years popular rabble-rouser he made the chili? Chili is a spice known for millennia. From South America originating the chili spread after the discovery of America all over the world. First in Asia–especially India become popular, the sharp spice came much later to Europe. In Europe, the chili then “defused” by breeding and created so the peppers out of it. What types are there? There are dozens varieties of Chili, which differ in taste, colour and sharpness.
Dried chili is used to flavor food and is popular especially in South American and Asian cuisine. Also Mediterranean dishes are often flavoured with chili. To broaden your perception, visit bitcoiin. The spice mixtures of Harissa, which includes chili is very popular in North Africa. Why is chili sharp and how to measure sharpness? Chili contains capsaicin, that he his Sharpness gives. If more capsaicin, chili is sharper. The severity specified in Scoville units (SCU).
So, mild, similar to paprika Chili with 1 or 2 SCU is provided, while the Mexican Ancho chili approximately measures 3 SCU. Sharp chili varieties such as Bird Eye or Habanero can contain Schonmal 9 or 10 Scoville, what can be even harmful use. The burning hell, hottest chili in the world is the Indian BiH jolokia chili. How and where will the commercial chili offered chili ground powder used in ground form with or without cores or as a whole pod. Also like thin strips of chili or rings are offered. Chili is available in the supermarket often only as a powder, which has a medium sharpness. In the trade for spices, there are many imported cultivars with high quality. In a special spices online shop you can buy often dozens varieties of chili. Online, you can get also the very sharp chilli BiH jolokia and habanero. By the way: When Bread or milk helps biting sharpness in the mouth. Water rather compounded the pain. David Schmidt
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Softball is often thought of as a slower, safer game, but in reality fastpitch softball players throw the ball as hard as they can and many work to improve their velocity. Softball pitchers use an underhand throwing motion, while the other players on the field throw the ball overhand. You can use drills to increase arm strength for underhand or overhand throwing depending on the position that you play.
Throw or pitch the softball from a greater distance than normal. Move back from your catcher as far as you are able to while still getting the ball to the target. Make 10 to 12 throws from the maximum distance and then work your way back in. Try to extend the distance over time, and you will increase your arm strength.
Use weighted softballs as part of your training regimen. Softball coach Gerald Warner suggests using balls up to twice the weight of regulation balls and also using balls that weigh less than the standard 6 oz. The heavier balls build strength, while the lighter balls allow you to teach your arm to whip faster, both of which will increase velocity.
Attach a resistance band, bungee cord or harness to you while you throw or practice pitching. Attach the cord or harness, generally with a belt, around your waist, and secure the other end to a fence or post. Softball coach George Brandt says that using a harnesses is one of the best ways to increase the speed of your pitches. The resistance forces your muscles to work harder during the motion, which increases strength and in turn boosts velocity.
Study and fine-tune your pitching and throwing motions to look for problems with your mechanics. To improve underhand pitching, Warner suggests focusing on a longer stride, pushing off the mound hard and working on snapping your wrist harder at release. These sometimes forgotten little things in a pitching motion can help you increase the speed of your pitches. To improve overhand throwing, focus on using a full throwing motion with the arm traveling in a full semicircle and make sure you get full extension when you release the ball.
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Messages are sent by creating a transaction with the data field containing an encoded envelope. Each blockchain protocol may have differences in the way data and transactions are handled. Mailchain uses a standard format plus any protocol specifics.
In the web interface, a user composes a message which is sent to the Mailchain client via an API, messages can also be sent programmatically via the API. The following fields are available to compose a message:
Recipient public address
Sender public address
Encoded Address (Optional)
Public address responses should be sent to [optional]
This is my first Mailchain message
Encoded Public Key
The recipient public key
The client adds the following fields to each message:
RFC1123 date format
Date and time of message
A unique message id composed of 64 chars (32 bytes) +
String RFC6532 content type
Describe the contents of the message
The message body is encoded according to this field
The contents hash is used to verify the message has not changed since being sent. To generate the hash, the message is encoded using the specified method in the
Content-Type-Encoding fields into a bytes representation. The bytes representation is then passed to the hash function.
The message is encrypted using the recipient public key, the default encryption method is
AES-256-CBC. The encrypted message can only be decrypted by the owner of the private key that corresponds to the public key.
An integrity hash is created from the encrypted message, providing a basic integrity protection layer prior to message decryption.
A consistent characteristic of blockchain protocols is that storing bytes has a cost. Mailchain messages are stored 'off-chain' to minimise the costs of storing messages 'on-chain'. The Mailchain specification details the requirements for a message store.
Programmable envelopes provide a specific wrapper around each message. Envelopes differ in functionality to support different message use cases. Envelopes are marshalled into bytes and can be encoded per the blockchain protocol encoding requirements.
To transmit the message to the recipient, a transaction is sent from the message sender to the message recipient. These transactions are similar to standard transactions with the exception that the
data or equivalent type of field is used. The information included in this data field includes: a protocol prefix followed by the mailchain prefix, and then the envelope represented as bytes.
The following fields are then encoded to build the transaction data:
Optional and varies per protocol
Bytes of envelope
The data is combined as
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The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2
(ICESat-2) is the 2nd-generation of the orbiting laser altimeter ICESat.
ICESat-2 Scientists in the News!
NASA's ICESat-2: A Laser Takes Aim
Close enough doesn't cut it in the spacecraft assembly cleanroom at
NASA Goddard's Space Flight Center, where engineers are building an elevation-measuring
instrument to fly on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-2 or ICESat-2.
Recently, engineers tested the instrument's pinpoint accuracy.
Read more here!
Latest Satellite Image
Credits: Satellite image courtesy of Orbital
Earth image illustrating AMSR-E sea ice courtesy of the NASA Scientific Visualization Studio
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What is the Purpose of Threaded Spring Check Valve
- By:Trade Amharic
The purpose of a threaded spring check valve is to allow the flow of fluid or gas in one direction only, while preventing backflow in the opposite direction. The valve consists of a threaded body that can be screwed into a pipe or fitting, and a spring-loaded disc that opens in the direction of flow and closes when the flow stops or reverses.
The spring-loaded disc is typically made of metal or a durable plastic material, and it is held in place by a spring that keeps it closed when there is no flow. When fluid or gas flows in the proper direction, the pressure of the fluid or gas overcomes the force of the spring, and the disc opens, allowing the flow to continue.
When the flow stops or reverses, the pressure in the system decreases, and the spring pushes the disc back into place, effectively sealing the valve and preventing backflow. Threaded spring check valves are commonly used in a wide range of applications, including water and gas pipelines, HVAC systems, and industrial processes where fluid or gas flow control is necessary.
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Dr. Neal Meropol is chief of the division of hematology and oncology at University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He is also the Associate Director for Clinical Programs at University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center.
As a practicing oncologist in an academic medical center, I am always looking for new ways to improve care for my patients. The best way we have to test new therapies against cancer is through clinical trials. Unfortunately, although clinical trials are critical for advancing cancer treatment and ultimately serve as the basis for new standards of care, very few patients participate.
In my own research, I’ve tried to understand the barriers that exist for patients in considering clinical trials as a treatment option. In addition to not being able to access research studies, we have identified a variety of knowledge gaps and attitudes that might interfere with a person’s willingness to participate in a clinical trial. Some people have never heard of clinical trials, and others are worried about the side effects that they may experience on a clinical trial or the possibility of receiving a placebo.
It occurred to me and my colleagues that we could help people make better decisions about their treatment options if they were more prepared to learn about all of the possible choices—both standard therapies and treatments given as part of a clinical trial. We thus developed an online program called PRE-ACT, Preparatory Education About Clinical Trials.
The basic idea behind PRE-ACT is that we can help patients make treatment choices that are best for them by addressing their knowledge gaps and attitudes about clinical trials before they meet with their oncologist for the first time. To do this, the PRE-ACT program asks patients a series of questions to identify their knowledge and attitudes about clinical trials. Based on their responses, PRE-ACT delivers a series of videos to address their specific concerns.
To see how well this individualized approach worked, we tested PRE-ACT among 1,200 cancer patients. Half of the patients received the tailored video education found in PRE-ACT, while the other half received written information about clinical trials that was not specifically chosen based on their survey responses. Although both the PRE-ACT videos and the written materials improved participants’ knowledge, reduced attitude-related barriers, and improved their preparation to consider clinical trials as a treatment option, we found that PRE-ACT was better than the written information in reducing barriers.
Based on these encouraging results, we sought to make PRE-ACT more widely available. Since Cancer.Net is a premier cancer information website, it seemed like an ideal home for the program. After almost a year of website development (and a decade of research), I’m now thrilled to see PRE-ACT available to anyone who has an interest in learning more about clinical trials!
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Treaty of Wichale
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
- May 2, 1889
- Key People:
- Menilek II
Treaty of Wichale, Wichale also spelled Ucciali, (May 2, 1889), pact signed at Wichale, Ethiopia, by the Italians and Menilek II of Ethiopia, whereby Italy was granted the northern Ethiopian territories of Bogos, Hamasen, and Akale-Guzai (modern Eritrea and northern Tigray) in exchange for a sum of money and the provision of 30,000 muskets and 28 cannons.
Article XVII of the Treaty of Wichale stated that the emperor of Ethiopia “could” have recourse to the good offices of the Italian government in his dealings with other foreign powers; but the Italian text of the treaty had the word “must.” Based on their own text, the Italians proclaimed a protectorate over Ethiopia. In September 1890, Menilek II repudiated their claim, and in 1893 he officially denounced the entire treaty. An attempt by the Italians to impose a protectorate over Ethiopia by force was finally confounded by their defeat at the Battle of Adwa on March 1, 1896. By the Treaty of Addis Ababa (Oct. 26, 1896), the country south of the Mareb and Muna rivers was restored to Ethiopia, and Italy acknowledged the absolute independence of Ethiopia.
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The history of Balatonfüred
Baltonfüred is a small town with 13.500 inhabitants, on the north shore of Lake Balaton, sorrounded by gently sloping hillocks. Foreign travellers – may they come here by rail, by road or by boat – start to feel the harmonious blend of past and present at the moment of their arrival. First and foremost the location of the town captures everyone: tender mountains on the north, the beautiful lake on the south embrace the town, which radiates that special Transdanubian serenity for ages. The town was inhabited already when the Romans conquered parts of Hungary. Walking in the town the visitor every now and then faces relics of old times. Ancient living quarters, old buildings, churches, homely vineyards, parks, mighty old trees preserve and whisper their messages to the people living here today.
The name of the town was first mentioned in the estate register of the Tihany abbacy. In the middle age there were several different settlements in the area where Balatonfüred lies today. First and foremost the so-called Füred, which became truly important only during the Reform Era. The name „Füred” does not come from the Hungarian word: „fürödni” (=to bathe) or „fürdő” (=bath), it stems from the word „fürjes” place, that is a place filled with quails. „Papsoka” is the name of the area to the west, it changed into „Siske” from the 14-th century on, and these two areas blended soon afterwards. On the north the so-called „Kéki-völgy” (=Bluish valley) reserved the name of the „Kék” village (=Blue village) till today. This whole valley used to belong to the Tihany Abbacy, and this villlage was mentioned in the estate register of Tihany in 1211 as a church estate. It was demolished and depopulated during the wars with the Turks, only the name survived. The name „blue” may refer to the many blue-coloured plants growing here: blackthorns, violets. Today the name still exists in the following place names: „Kéki-völgy” (=Bluish valley), „Kéki-dűlő” (=Bluish fields), „Kéki patak” (=Bluish brook).
The northern-east part of Füred called Arács used to be an independent village till 1954. And Arács encompassed the settlement called „Magyaré” by the end of the middle ages.
Historic traditions play a crucial role in the life and attitude of the inhabitants of the town and of those who were regular visitors here. The town is a tourist attraction for ages and it became a so-called healing resort in 1971 when the acidulous spring water of the town was officially accepted as healing water. Balatonfüred achieved the title of „International Town of Grapes and Wine” from 1987 on.
Balatonfüred is mainly known by its climate which is very similar to the Mediterranean and its spring waters containing carbonic acid. Even the sun shines somehow more gently here. Balatonfüred and its surrounding settlements lie in the so-called „Balaton Riviera”. This expresssion refers to the special micro-climate prevailing here. This climate is created by the foot-hills of the „Balaton felvidék” (=Balaton Highlands): the so-called „Tamás hegy” (=Thomas Hill), Sándor-, Péter- and Száka-hegy (=Alexander-, Peter- and „Száka” Hill) give protection against the icy winds coming from the direction of „Bakony” mountains. Continuous air movement between the land and Lake Balaton, constant winds provide clean air free of dust for people living here and the air heals diseases of the heart and blood-vessels, too. The water from the springs is used for healing in the National Heart Hospital. But anyone can taste and heal from the famous Füred acidulous spring waters at Kossuth spring, Berzsenyi well, Szekér Ernő spring and Schneider well. Thousands of people suffering from heart disease recovered in this hospital. Rabindranath Tagore, the famous Nobel-prize winning Hindu poet was healed here in 1926 and denominated a beautiful alley close to the shore of the lake.
The town is infinitely rich in historic memorial places. These were mostly renovated and restored. It may happen that some of these have been appointed different roles noawadys than their original one but they are part of our cultural life anyway. There are numerous villas and mansions in the town that contributed to the special beauty of Balatonfüred and made the town famous in faraway places of the earth.
The following buildings of great architectural value were constructed during the 18-th century, and still have definitive role in the atmosphere of our town: the „Nagyvendéglő” (=Great Restaurant), the National Heart Hospital, the spring –house of Kossuth Lajos spring, the bigger house of Pálóczi Horváth Ádám, the castle of Széchenyi Ferenc.
Balatonfüred started to truly develop in the 18-th century, during the so-called Reform Era. It became a favourite meeting place for progressive politicians and artists. In these times Balatonfüred played a really outstanding role in Hungary. There are many national monuments, important buildings, and numerous traditions that date from this era: for instance the first Anna Ball was held here in the Horváth mansion in 1825.
In 1831 Sándor Kisfaludy opened the first constant theatre of Transdanubia here, in Balatonfüred, which was a home to Hungarian language in an era when the official language of Hungary was German. It was made possible from donations and the help of Tihany abbacy. The historic, Reform Era atmosphere of the southern part of the town is made even richer by the Blaha Lujza villa, built in classsical style, where the famous actress and singer, the so-called „nightingale of the nation” spent her summers for 23 years. The building functions as a hotel and restaurant today. István Huray, the renowned doctor working in the spa also had several houses here, though the Dőry villa is said to be the most beautiful villa in Balatonfüred, which is well worth to visit. There is a circle-shaped building covered with a dome, with Ionian columns on the corner of Jókai and Blaha Lujza street. The „Kerek templom” (=Circle Church) designed by Fruhmann Antal based on the Pantheon building in Rome was built between 1841 and 1846. The Jókai villa was built in 1870 in early eclectic style. The building houses a constant exhibition showing the life of the greatest tale-teller of our nation and the way he lived here, in Balatonfüred.
The three churches of Balatonfüred arise in the upper part of the town as if protecting its tranquility: these are the „Református templom” (=Reformed Church), the „Katolikus templom” (= Catholic Church) and the freshly built „Evangélikus templom” (=Evangelical Church).
The old part of the town that used to be a village has numerous old houses that belong to the national heritage. Balatonarács used to be an independent village, but in 1954 it became part of Balatonfüred, and there are many beautiful old buildings here, as well. On the two sides of the main street leading to the oldtime village there are one-storied and two-storied old buildings built in a row. In the oldtime village, or oldtime city as it is called nowadays the following buildings preserve ancient folk traditions as shown on their memorial tablets. Siske street leads into a forest, and continues in a path, which offers a wonderful place to take trips around Balatonfüred.
The „Gombás-kúria” (=Gombás mansion), built in the second part of the 18-th century, is one of the most famous buildings of Balatonfüred. Those members of he lower nobility built cellar-mansions like these all around Lake Balaton who admired beauty and were endowed with a sense of style. They spent part of the year here every year. Balatonfüred used to be a favourite meeting place especially for the nobility living in Zala county, and they built dozens of similar cellar-mansions in Baroque or late-baroque style turning the Füred mountains into a truly colourful site.
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Household Horrors – The indoor allergens lurking in your home
When environmental allergy is mentioned, often pollen is the first thing that springs to mind (no pun intended). You visualise someone suffering with the classic hay fever symptoms; itchy eyes, sneezing and a runny nose, after exposure to whichever tree or plant is their trigger. However, indoor allergens are remarkably common in dogs, cats, horses and humans and can cause serious skin and respiratory problems for all species.
Below we discuss the top 5 indoor allergens and provide practical tips on how to reduce exposure to them.
HOUSE DUST MITES
These mites are very small and almost transparent. They eat dead skin flakes from both humans and pets. It is the dust mite faeces and dead body parts when either inhaled or touched, rather than the live dust mites themselves, that provoke an allergic reaction. The mites live in bedding, upholstered furniture, carpets, curtains, mattresses and pillows. An estimated 100,000 – 10 million mites live in a typical used mattress and 10% of the weight of a two-year old pillow is supposedly made up of dead mites and their droppings1.
Removing dust mites completely from the environment is impossible, but there are procedures to reduce their presence such as:
- Vacuuming or dry-cleaning your carpets, curtains and upholstery regularly
- Turning down the central heating (they thrive in warm temperatures)
- Washing your pet’s bedding and stuffed toys regularly at hot temperatures or freezing them, e.g. freeze the soft toy for 24hrs to kill the mites then wash to remove the body parts
- Not allowing your pet to sleep in your bedroom as this is the dust mite hotspot in the home
Storage mites are tiny, white arachnids that feed on stored foods such as flour, grain and seeds. Management of your pet’s food can greatly reduce their exposure to storage mites. This involves avoiding foods where storage mites are known to be prevalent; in particular in poorly stored dry complete diets.
If dry foods are fed, we would recommend:
- Always emptying the food from the original packaging into resealable plastic containers and discarding the dust at the bottom of the bag
- Cleaning the plastic containers regularly, again discarding any dust at the bottom and always doing this before adding any new food
- Keeping the food in dry, cool conditions
- Purchasing only small bags of food rather than large bulk packs to ensure fresher batches are fed
- Wiping your pet’s face with a damp cloth when it has finished feeding to remove any food residue
- Feeding wet/tinned foods or a home prepared diet instead of dry food
- Never using any foods after the use-by date
Moulds are a type of fungus and like warm, damp and humid conditions best. They spread by producing tiny spores which are too small to see but float through the air. When these spores are inhaled or touched, they can cause an allergic reaction. This results in similar symptoms to hay fever; itchy eyes, sneezing, runny nose and also a skin rash. To reduce the amount of mould in your home it’s important to make the environment difficult for mould to live in by reducing the dampness.
Fleas are a major insect pest to our pets. Not only do they cause discomfort by biting, but they can also transmit disease. Some animals have a heighted response to flea bites (known as flea allergic dermatitis), which means they have an allergic response to the bite rather than it just causing the normal irritation and inflammation. In these animals, even a few flea bites can trigger extremely itchy and irritated skin.
The aim of flea control is to eliminate the adult flea and all other stages of the life cycle. Female fleas can lay up to 50 eggs every day meaning that for every live flea seen on your pet, there will lots more eggs waiting to hatch in your home. All control measures used for house dust mites apply to fleas. There are also a number of flea preparations that can be given to/used on your pet and in the environment. Your veterinary surgeon will advise on the most appropriate method for you.
DANDER (CAT EPITHELIA)
It’s not only people that have allergies to cats, some dogs do too! The allergy is caused by a protein present in the tiny flakes of dead skin (dander) and the cat’s saliva. The saliva sticks to the fur when the cat grooms itself.
We recommend the following measures to help reduce your dog’s exposure to cat dander:
- Grooming your cat at least once a week either outside or in a well-ventilated room away from the dog
- Washing the pet’s bedding once a week
- Washing your hands in between handling the cat and the dog
If you think your pet may have an indoor allergy, contact your veterinary practice to discuss the best way of investigating it further. An allergy blood test to identify indoor allergens may be suggested as part of this process.
Written by Johanna Forsyth– Senior Veterinary Technical Manager
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How we did it:
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Ole Henry Halvorsen, Douglas Clarke
OS X and iOS Kernel Programming combines essential operating system and kernel architecture knowledge with a highly practical approach that will help you write effective kernel-level code. You’ll learn fundamental concepts such as memory management and thread synchronization, as well as the I/O Kit framework. You’ll also learn how to write your own kernel-level extensions, such as device drivers for USB and Thunderbolt devices, including networking, storage and audio drivers. OS X and iOS Kernel Programming provides an incisive and complete introduction to the XNU kernel, which runs iPhones, iPads, iPods, and Mac OS X servers and clients. Then, you’ll expand your horizons to examine Mac OS X and iOS system architecture. Understanding Apple’s operating systems will allow you to write efficient device drivers, such as those covered in the book, using I/O Kit. With OS X and iOS Kernel Programming, you’ll: Discover classical kernel architecture topics such as memory management and thread synchronization Become well-versed in the intricacies of the kernel development process by applying kernel debugging and profiling tools Learn how to deploy your kernel-level projects and how to successfully package them Write code that interacts with hardware devices Examine easy to understand example code that can also be used in your own projects Create network filters Whether you’re a hobbyist, student, or professional engineer, turn to OS X andiOS Kernel Programming and find the knowledge you need to start developing What you’ll learn OS X and iOS common core architecture How to write extremely efficient code by exploiting kernel details Coding kernel-level extensions How to write device drivers How to program the I/O Kit framework Key mobile device topics like power management drivers and video capture modules To understand OS X memory management and threads To parse kernel debug messages and package projects ready for deployment Who this book is for This book is suited for: Intermediate and advanced iPhone and OS X programmers ready for the next step Kernel-level programmers interested in how OS X and iOS function Open source programmers with a background in Linux or BSD, OS X and iOS Programmers interested in application performance System administrators running OS X clusters Table of Contents Operating System Fundamentals Mac OS X and iOS Xcode and the Kernel Development Environment The I/O Kit Framework Interacting with Drivers from Applications Memory Management Synchronisation and Threading USB Drivers PCI and Thunderbolt Power Management Serial Port Drivers Core Audio Network Drivers Storage Drivers and Filesystems User-Space Drivers Debugging and Profiling Advanced Kernel Programming Deployment
The Microsoft® Windows® driver model (WDM) supports Plug and Play, provides power management capabilities, and expands on the driver/minidriver approach. Written by long-time device-driver expert Walter Oney in cooperation with the Windows kernel team, this book provides extensive practical examples, illustrations, advice, and line-by-line analysis of code samples to clarify real-world driver-programming issues. And it's been updated with the latest details about the driver technologies in Windows XP and Windows 2000, plus more information about how to debug drivers. Topics covered include: Beginning a driver project and the structure of a WDM driver; NEW: Minidrivers and class drivers, driver taxonomy, the WDM development environment and tools, management checklist, driver selection and loading, approved API calls, and driver stacks Basic programming techniques; NEW: Safe string functions, memory limits, the Driver Verifier scheme and tags, the kernel handle flag, and the Windows 98 floating-point problem Synchronization; NEW: Details about the interrupt request level (IRQL) scheme, along with Windows 98 and Windows Me compatibility The I/O request packet (IRP) and I/O control operations; NEW: How to send control operations to other drivers, custom queue implementations, and how to handle and safely cancel IRPs Plug and Play for function drivers; NEW: Controller and multifunction devices, monitoring device removal in user mode, Human Interface Devices (HID), including joysticks and other game controllers, minidrivers for non-HID devices, and feature reports Reading and writing data, power management, and Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) NEW: System wakeup, the WMI control for idle detection, and using WMIMOFCK Specialized topics and distributing drivers; NEW: USB 2.0, selective suspend, Windows Hardware Quality Lab (WHQL) certification, driver selection and loading, officially approved API calls, and driver stacks COVERS WINDOWS 98, WINDOWS ME, WINDOWS 2000, AND WINDOWS XP! CD-ROM FEATURES: A fully searchable electronic copy of the book Sample code in Microsoft Visual C++® A Note Regarding the CD or DVD The print version of this book ships with a CD or DVD. For those customers purchasing one of the digital formats in which this book is available, we are pleased to offer the CD/DVD content as a free download via O'Reilly Media's Digital Distribution services. To download this content, please visit O'Reilly's web site, search for the title of this book to find its catalog page, and click on the link below the cover image (Examples, Companion Content, or Practice Files). Note that while we provide as much of the media content as we are able via free download, we are sometimes limited by licensing restrictions. Please direct any questions or concerns to [email protected].
Teach your students to design, develop, and validate USB systems with ease, using this valuable resource that provides a detailed bootstrap session on the Linux-USB design and implementation. BOOTSTRAP YOURSELF WITH LINUX-USB STACK: DESIGN, DEVELOP, DEBUG, AND VALIDATE EMBEDDED USB SYSTEMS offers an in-depth tour of the Linux USB stack, clearly and meticulously explaining how to develop drivers for USB device and host controllers on Linux. It moves on to explore the interfaces and data structures of USB module with UML diagrams, concluding each chapter with a sample implementation that applies the information just covered. A comprehensive look at the various tools and methods available on Linux to validate a USB system is also provided. Using a clear, straightforward writing style, this will be a powerful tool for students as they learn to develop a protocol stack with proper architecture and design, ultimately leading to better quality, maintainability, and testability.
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There is no way a tutorial document like this can or should cover every aspect of the Python/C API. This section aims to give you some pointers for what you should do when you find yourself needing to know something not described in this document.
The two main sources of information are, perhaps predictably, the API reference manual and the source of Python itself.
The Python/C API is divided into at least three layers: the ``very high'', ``abstract objects'' and ``concrete objects'' layers, together with a few other areas.
The very high level interface is mostly about executing Python source code contained in files or C strings. It is more useful when embedding than when extending Python.
The abstract objects layer contains functions that interact with objects irrespective of their type, or across a wide range of types such as ``all sequence types''. Most functions in this API perform operations that also be executed from Python: if all your extension does is call abstract layer functions, there's likely no reason for it not being a Python module instead! Such a C extension is not likely to be very much quicker than the corresponding Python module, and certainly a good deal more tedious to write. It's good practice, however, to use abstract objects layer functions to handle objects that are passed in as arguments to your functions; for example, it's friendlier to accept any sequence type as opposed to insisting on lists.
The concrete layer deals with particular types of Python object -
dicts, ints, tuples and so on. Which of these functions you are most
likely to need corresponds fairly closely to the types you use often
in Python, and also to those that most closely correspond to C types.
It's a rare extension module that doesn't use an integer-related
function; it's an even rarer one that explicitly manipulates
PyGetSetDescrObjects. A frequent use of concrete layer
functions is assembling objects for returning to Python; if an object
has been created by a call to
PyList_New you can be certain
that it's a list, and using a generic sequence function to fill it out
is just pointless.
Not all of the API fits into these layers; there are also functions for importing modules, dealing with exceptions and the unpacking and packing functions that have already been described.
Another part of the API consists not of functions but of structure definitions, of which by far the most important
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT! Comments to [email protected] please.
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HUNGER NEWS CATEGORIES :
30 indigenous crops promoting health and contributing to food securityby Food Tank
According to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), just twelve crops provide 75 percent of the world’s food. Three of these crops, rice, maize, and wheat contribute to nearly 60 percent of the protein and calories obtained by humans from plants. Since the beginning of the 20th century, some 75 percent of plant genetic diversity has been lost.
World Hunger News
For the past 40 years, since its founding in 1976, the mission of World Hunger Education Service is to undertake programs, including Hunger Notes, that
- Educate the general public and target groups about the extent and causes of hunger and malnutrition in the United States and the world
- Advance comprehension which integrates ethical, religious, social, economic, political, and scientific perspectives on the world food problem
- Facilitate communication and networking among those who are working for solutions
- Promote individual and collective commitments to sustainable hunger solutions.
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There are now 3.78 billion users of social media worldwide. This is a 32.2% increase in five years, with average annual growth of 7.2%.
Social media has had a huge impact, especially during the pandemic. It enables people to meet virtually and share their thoughts and experiences. It's used for entertainment, shopping, marketing and promotion.
However, like fire social media has its destructive side. Studies have found a strong link between heavy social media use and depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-harm and suicidal thoughts.
What's worse is when social media is used to cause harm. On an individual level, there is cyber stalking and bullying. Terrorist groups such as ISIS use it to recruit, and domestic terrorists used it to plan the attack on the U. S. Capitol. On the national level, Russia used hacking and disinformation to influence American elections, and China uses it for thought control.
Social media can never be a replacement for connection with real people. Next to meeting in person, it's important to call relatives, friends and co-workers on a regular basis. Besides relieving feelings of isolation, having multiple sources of opinion and information reduces falling prey to misinformation and conspiracy theories.
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(Second of three parts)
Political parties have held conventions in America since 1824. Many aspects of the convention have changed little in almost two centuries.
This year, because the Summer Olympics are being held in August, both major parties will conduct their convention in July, with Republicans going first in Cleveland and Democrats following in Philadelphia.
The first televised convention took place in 1940 when New York City’s NBC affiliate broadcast the Republican convention in Philadelphia. The other major networks quickly joined in and provided gavel-to-gavel coverage. As John Chancellor of NBC noted in 1972, “convention coverage is the most important thing we do. The conventions are not just political theater, but really serious stuff.”
That attitude changed by 2004, when all the major networks cut back their coverage to several hours at night. As early as 1996, the networks were complaining that little of substance takes place. Ted Koppel, host of ABC’s Nightline, announced in 1996 that he was going home because the Republican Convention “is more of an infomercial than a news event.”
What changed? It is true that many of the conventions of the 1940s through the 1970s made for great television. Platform fights were common, sometimes leading to a walkout of delegates. Just as explosive were fights over rules changes and the city of delegates.
What made for good television, made for bad election results for the parties. They did not want to project an image of a divided party to the American electorate. Both parties instituted rules that made conventions less dramatic. The party image improved, but television now found conventions bland.
During the first two days of the convention, the delegates decide on credentials, rules and the party platform. The credentials process determines the seating of state delegations and resolves any challenges to their legitimacy.
The major credentials challenge in modern political history took place at the 1964 Democratic Convention. Two delegations from Mississippi both claimed to be the legitimate one.
One delegation was the traditional, all-white Democratic delegation. No blacks were members or even allowed to participate in the selection of delegates. The other delegation came from the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), which was open to both whites and blacks.
The MFDP argued that its members should be seated because the party was open to all races, supported the party platform and backed the election of Lyndon Johnson. Many in the all-white delegation opposed the platform and its civil rights plank, and many supported Republican Barry Goldwater for president.
Johnson selected his Vice President, Hubert Humphrey, to negotiate a solution. Humphrey’s solution was to seat the all-white delegation and several members of the MFDP. At all future Democratic conventions, race couldn’t be a factor in selecting delegates. Like most compromises, neither side was pleased.
Platforms have often produced divided conventions. At the 1948 Democratic Convention in Philadelphia, the delegates narrowly approved a stronger civil rights plank introduced by Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey. Southern Democrats walked out and met several weeks later in Alabama and selected South Carolina Gov. Strom Thurmond to lead the Dixiecrats.
Democrats feared that the split would cause Harry Truman to lose to Republican New York Gov. Thomas Dewey, but Truman won by a slim margin.
The 1964 Republican platform led to a split between the moderate and conservative wings of the party. When the Goldwater forces defeated a moderate civil-rights plank by a 2-1 margin, it was clear that the Republican Party had moved to the right.
Disputes over party rules have also led to disastrous conventions. In 1968, there were only 15 party primaries for the Democrats. Party committees or party leaders chose most delegates. The party leaders selected Humphrey and not the anti-war candidate Eugene McCarthy.
In response to the 1968 fiasco in Chicago, the Democrats formed the McGovern-Fraser Committee to revise convention rules. The committee recommended that in the future, most delegates must be selected in primaries or caucuses, and that the delegates had to mirror the population of the state they represented.
McGovern would be the Democratic presidential nominee in 1972. Some found it more than coincidental that the person who wrote the rules changes became the next nominee.
Many Democrats considered McGovern too radical to win, and “ABM” committees (Anybody but McGovern) sprang up to oppose him.
His opponents tried to stop McGovern by denying him all of California’s delegates that he won in a winner-take-all primary. The effort failed, but in retaliation, McGovern forces challenged Mayor Richard Daley‘s Chicago delegation as not meeting the diversity requirements. Daley and the other 58 members of the Chicago delegation were thrown out of the convention and replaced by a diverse slate elected by no one.
For probably the first time in his life, Chicago Sun-Times journalist Mike Royko supported Daley. Royko said the new delegates contained only one Italian and three Poles. “Your reforms,” wrote Royko, “have disenfranchised Chicago’s white ethnic Democrats, which is a strange reform.”
After McGovern lost 49 of the 50 states to Richard Nixon, the Democrats were back in the reform mode. This time, they created over 700 “super-delegates” who were party officials and elected Democrats who would be guaranteed seats at the convention and help to select the most “winnable” Democrat.
If Hillary Clinton wins the Democratic nomination because she has the overwhelming support of super-delegates, look for Democrats to once again reform their rules. Republicans would never do that. They are still following the rules their grandparents made.
(Tomorrow: Donald Trump needs 498 more delegates to avoid contested convention.)
Darryl Paulson is Emeritus Professor of Government at USF St. Petersburg. He can be reached at [email protected].
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The Value of Languages
Alana visited a fourth-grade classroom and used games to spur interest in learning a second language. She moved the students from no interest in foreign languages to an understanding of their value. They learned a few words in Spanish from a native speaker and all expressed interest in speaking a foreign language.
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What We Should Remember
Sermon shared by Glenn Branham
Summary: Communion is a time for remembering the things Christ has done for us.
Audience: Believer adults
About Sermon Contributor
"What Should We Remember?"
1 Cor. 11:23-28
For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: The Lord Jesus, on the night He was betrayed, took bread, 24 and when He had given thanks, He broke it and said, "This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me." 25 In the same way, after supper He took the cup, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me." 26 For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lordís death until He comes. 27 Therefore, whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against the body and blood of the Lord. 28 A man ought to examine himself before he eats of the bread and drinks of the cup.
Often we are admonished by the words, do this in remembrance of me. These words commonly adorn the face of communion tables such as ours. What do the words mean? What are they telling us to do? The words do this refer to eating the bread and drinking the wine of communion. This seems to be the almost universally understood and accepted meaning of that portion of the admonition.
But we appear to be a bit more vague as to what is meant by the rest of the sentence. We find more variety of opinion when it comes to the words in remembrance of me. Some appear to think of them as a sad reminder of Good Friday. They are accompanied by a sense of grief over the death of Christ.
Some view them as a form of repetitiously dragging up the past. There is remorse for past sins; regret for a former way of life.
But I donít think Jesus intends us to mourn once a month. That doesnít seem in keeping with the tone and tenor of everything else God does in the Bible.
Hebrews says the role of Old Testament sacrifices was to remind us of sins committed. (10:3) It doesnít seem right that God would replace the Old Testament animal sacrifices with the offering of His
Son on the cross, if they both had the same effect. But Jesusí sacrifice is more than a reminder of our propensity to sin. It is the means God utilizes to wash our sins away.
I believe communion is intended to do more than remind us of Jesusí crucifixion and the former guilt of our past sins. I have pulled four things from this text I believe we are to recall in communion.
Jesus On the Cross.
For whenever you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lordís death
Not morbidly or mournfully, but sacrificially and redemptively. He didnít die on the cross to make us feel bad about it from now on. He took our place on the cross to do something for us we are incapable of doing for ourselves.
He doesnít want you to look at this loaf and cup like someone placing flowers on a grave. Itís true the emblems are reminders, but let them remind us of how willing God is to wipe our slate clean. May they speak to you of His love and His desire to forgive rather than punish. I hope communion speaks to you of the price God paid to prove His love for you.
Most protestant believers do not own or fully appreciate the crucifix. For us it represents only a fraction of the story of Godís salvation in Christ. Yes, Jesus died for our sins, but He also rose from the dead and ever lives to make intercession for us now in heaven. (Heb. 7:25) For us Jesus on the cross represents
Comments and Shared Ideas
Join the discussion
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Writing Songs – How To Learn How To Play The Guitar In 5 Steps
So you have a new song you want to perform on stage, or just want to sing a new song for your family and friends. You may have been practicing this new song for weeks, or even months, but still do not have the perfect melody or lyrics. It is often difficult to think of a new song when you have been practicing so long. Sometimes you may even get discouraged while listening to the same song over again in order to get the right lyrics. Well, this article will help you in determining what the best way to write a new song is.
Write down the name of a new song you want to perform or sing on stage. The easiest way is to put the name into the computer with quotation marks enclosed around the name. Now type the song title into a text editor like Microsoft Word. Press the ‘R’ key when you want to bring up the definition box. List down all the words used in the song, along with their meanings.
Now you need to go back to the top of the song and look for the words that you wrote down previously. Repeat these words until you have them all in one place. Add new lyrics to the song if you feel the need, but make sure they are in the correct order. If the order of the words doesn’t make sense, you may need to change it. Don’t worry about it too much. Eventually you will be writing new lyrics and everything will be fine.
Now you need to practice your new song. Start out by finding someone to listen to your new song with. Make sure that you completely understand the lyrics before you begin singing the song. Even if you don’t think you can sing the new song perfectly right away, don’t worry. You will be adding new words to it as you go along.
Always keep track of your progress. Write down where you were when you made a mistake and what new words you wanted to include in the song. You may also want to write down your progress so that you can compare it with your practice songs. Sometimes, making a mistake and having to wait for another attempt at a new song can be very frustrating. When you get used to practicing new songs over, you will start to notice a huge difference.
If you keep all of this in mind, you will be able to write a wonderful song quickly. Just make sure that you aren’t giving up too soon. Write songs for enjoyment. Don’t let them define you as a musician. This is supposed to be a joy and passion for you.
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300-MYO-Old Forest Discovered Preserved in Volanic Ash
300-Million-Year-Old Forest Discovered Preserved in Volanic Ash
A reconstruction of the 300-million-year-old peat-forming forest at a site near Wuda, China. (Credit: Image courtesy of University of Pennsylvania)
ScienceDaily (Feb. 20, 2012) — Pompeii-like, a 300-million-year-old tropical forest was preserved in ash when a volcano erupted in what is today northern China. A new study by University of Pennsylvania paleobotanist Hermann Pfefferkorn and colleagues presents a reconstruction of this fossilized forest, lending insight into the ecology and climate of its time.
Pfefferkorn, a professor in Penn's Department of Earth and Environmental Science, collaborated on the work with three Chinese colleagues: Jun Wang of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yi Zhang of Shenyang Normal University and Zhuo Feng of Yunnan University.
Their paper was published this week in the Early Edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The study site, located near Wuda, China, is unique as it gives a snapshot of a moment in time. Because volcanic ash covered a large expanse of forest in the course of only a few days, the plants were preserved as they fell, in many cases in the exact locations where they grew.
"It's marvelously preserved," Pfefferkorn said. "We can stand there and find a branch with the leaves attached, and then we find the next branch and the next branch and the next branch. And then we find the stump from the same tree. That's really exciting."
The researchers also found some smaller trees with leaves, branches, trunk and cones intact, preserved in their entirety.
Due to nearby coal-mining activities unearthing large tracts of rock, the size of the researchers' study plots is also unusual. They were able to examine a total of 1,000 m2 of the ash layer in three different sites located near one another, an area considered large enough to meaningfully characterize the local paleoecology.
The fact that the coal beds exist is a legacy of the ancient forests, which were peat-depositing tropical forests. The peat beds, pressurized over time, transformed into the coal deposits.
The scientists were able to date the ash layer to approximately 298 million years ago. That falls at the beginning of a geologic period called the Permian, during which Earth's continental plates were still moving toward each other to form the supercontinent Pangea. North America and Europe were fused together, and China existed as two smaller continents. All overlapped the equator and thus had tropical climates.
At that time, Earth's climate was comparable to what it is today, making it of interest to researchers like Pfefferkorn who look at ancient climate patterns to help understand contemporary climate variations.
In each of the three study sites, Pfefferkorn and collaborators counted and mapped the fossilized plants they encountered.In all, they identified six groups of trees. Tree ferns formed a lower canopy while much taller trees -- Sigillaria and Cordaites -- soared to 80 feet above the ground. The researchers also found nearly complete specimens of a group of trees called Noeggerathiales. These extinct spore-bearing trees, relatives of ferns, had been identified from sites in North America and Europe but appeared to be much more common in these Asian sites.
They also observed that the three sites were somewhat different from one another in plant composition. In one site, for example, Noeggerathiales were fairly uncommon, while they made up the dominant plant type in another site. The researchers worked with painter Ren Yugao to depict accurate reconstructions of all three sites.
"This is now the baseline," Pfefferkorn said. "Any other finds, which are normally much less complete, have to be evaluated based on what we determined here."
The findings are indeed "firsts" on many counts.
"This is the first such forest reconstruction in Asia for any time interval, it's the first of a peat forest for this time interval and it's the first with Noeggerathiales as a dominant group," Pfefferkorn said.
Because the site captures just one moment in Earth's history, Pfefferkorn noted that it alone cannot explain how climate changes affected life on Earth. But it helps provide valuable context.
"It's like Pompeii: Pompeii gives us deep insight into Roman culture, but it doesn't say anything about Roman history in and of itself," Pfefferkorn said. "But on the other hand, it elucidates the time before and the time after. This finding is similar. It's a time capsule and therefore it allows us now to interpret what happened before or after much better."
The study was supported by the Chinese Academy of Science, the National Basic Research Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the University of Pennsylvania.
USE MY LINK BELOW, THE DIO LINK DOES NOT WORK
Wang, J., H. W. Pfefferkorn, et al. (2012). "Permian vegetational Pompeii from Inner Mongolia and its implications for landscape paleoecology and paleobiogeography of Cathaysia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Plant communities of the geologic past can be reconstructed with high fidelity only if they were preserved in place in an instant in time. Here we report such a flora from an early Permian (ca. 298 Ma) ash-fall tuff in Inner Mongolia, a time interval and area where such information is filling a large gap of knowledge. About 1,000 m2 of forest growing on peat could be reconstructed based on the actual location of individual plants. Tree ferns formed a lower canopy and either Cordaites, a coniferophyte, or Sigillaria, a lycopsid, were present as taller trees. Noeggerathiales, an enigmatic and extinct spore-bearing plant group of small trees, is represented by three species that have been found as nearly complete specimens and are presented in reconstructions in their plant community. Landscape heterogenity is apparent, including one site where Noeggerathiales are dominant. This peat-forming flora is also taxonomically distinct from those growing on clastic soils in the same area and during the same time interval. This Permian flora demonstrates both similarities and differences to floras of the same age in Europe and North America and confirms the distinct character of the Cathaysian floral realm. Therefore, this flora will serve as a baseline for the study of other fossil floras in East Asia and the early Permian globally that will be needed for a better understanding of paleoclimate evolution through time.
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According to a recent article in USA News, we’re not as smart as we used to be — and the trend is headed in the wrong direction.
Dr. Gerald Crabtree, a geneticist at Sanford, published a study that supports this finding. According to Crabtree, we peaked some 3,000 to 6,000 years ago.
“I would wager that if an average citizen from Athens of 1000 BC were to appear suddenly among us, he or she would be among the brightest and most intellectually alive of our colleagues and companions, with a good memory, a broad range of ideas, and a clear-sighted view of important issues," Crabtree is quoted as writing.
"Furthermore, I would guess that he or she would be among the most emotionally stable of our friends and colleagues. I would also make this wager for the ancient inhabitants of Africa, Asia, India or the Americas, of perhaps 2000–6000 years ago."
Crabtree says we were smarter when “every individual was exposed to nature’s raw selective mechanisms on a daily basis.” In other words, when we had to think for ourselves in order to survive. It appears the smarter we get collectively, the dumber we become individually. Having someone else think for us has actually shrunk our ability to think for ourselves, according to this theory. Crabtree's study is based on genetics and our ability to adapt to our circumstances through mutations.
Do you think this study has merit, and if so, how would you suggest we go about reversing the trend?
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