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Top 10 Amazing Facts about the Human Body
The functions of the human body are complex in nature. People try to go to doctors as frequently as possible to seek treatments for possible ailments. Despite thorough knowledge in medicine, doctors really have to understand why or how the body organs synchronize with each other to function normally. Here are top ten amazing facts about the human body you would like to know.
People die and their remains can be cremated. This will make the ashes weigh only 9 pounds. It is a fact that a huge part of the body weight is water in the cells. Once cremated, the tissues are destroyed leaving only ashes.
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In March 2012, West Virginia enacted legislation (H.B. 2740) that restricts housing associations from prohibiting solar energy systems on homes. Any governing document executed or recorded after June 8, 2012, that effectively prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a solar energy system is void and unenforceable. However, housing association members may vote to establish or remove a restriction that prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a solar energy system.
A solar energy system is defined as "a system affixed to a building or buildings that uses solar devices, which are thermally isolated from living space or any other area where the energy is used, to provide for the collection, storage, or distribution of solar energy."
This prohibition does not apply to provisions that impose "reasonable restrictions" on solar energy systems, including restrictions for historical preservation, architectural significance, religious or cultural importance to a given community. In addition, the law specifies that state and local authorities may regulate solar energy systems by establishing land use, health and safety standards, and that housing associations may restrict or limit the installation of solar energy systems installed in common areas and common structures.
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What to do
- Choose 8-10 sources you consulted during your research process. All ten sources do not have to be sources that you cited in your final paper. You may also include sources that you used for background information, that you used to lead you to additional sources, or that you did not use because you determined that they were inferior to other sources.
- Format the citation for each source correctly, according to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers
- For each citation, write a brief annotation. Your annotation should address each of these questions:
- Did you use the source to write your paper, and if so, how?
- Evaluate the source. What are its strengths and weaknesses for your particular topic?
- How did you find the source?
- Did this source lead you to any additional sources?
- Turn the annotated bibliography in with the final draft of your paper.
For more informationThere are a number of easily-available sources to help you complete this assignment.
|For help formatting your citations:||
St. Martin's, Chapter 14, section 1: Keeping a working bibliography
St. Martin's, Chapter 20: Documenting sources, MLA StyleDiana Hacker's Research and Documentation Online.
|For help evaluating sources:||St. Martin's, Chapter 16: Evaluating sources and taking notes|
|For help understanding plagiarism, how to use sources, and when to cite them:||
St. Martin's, Chapter 18: Acknowledging sources and avoiding plagiarism
St. Martin's, Chapter 17: Integrating sources into your writingThe Plagiarism Court (Fairfield College)
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Tech can do some advanced things these days, but progress in even basic technologies, such as sensors and social networks, can solve environmental issues. I learned about this and more from Fred Krupp, president of the Environmental Defense Fund, at a presentation yesterday at Techonomy.
Probes and other technologies can record what is actually going on in various environmental settings by tracking tropical deforestation and climate changes, for example. Using such data, people can better address environmental problems.
For years, people wanted natural gas or methane because it burns cleaner. If it escapes without being burned, it's a terrible threat to the environment but that has been hard to measure. Now, using infrared technology and sensors, such as those shown earlier in the conference by Michael Woelk of Picarro, even individuals can detect leaks and the
industry can work to fix the problem.
Data collection is also helping to monitor overfishing. Seventy percent of the world's fisheries are overfished. Formerly, regulations ineffectively controlled overfishing by limiting the number of fishing days. Moving instead to "catch shares" efficiently controls overfishing because as the catch improves, so does the individual fisherman's share of it. In part, this works because of new sensors that go into the ocean and do a much better job of measuring the quantity of fish.
In the energy realm, utilities always need "spare capacity," which tends to come from the oldest, dirtiest plants, especially as we move to more intermittent solar and wind power. If products like clothes dryers could detect times of peak energy use (perhaps with higher prices), they could wait until power was available to run. Then we could retire some of these old facilities. Krupp pointed toward the "smart grid" and products like Whirlpool's latest refrigerators that talk to the grid as examples of steps in the right direction.
"Data is not policy and can't replace environmental regulation," he said. It can help us make better regulations, though. For instance, a generation ago fixed solutions to stopping the acid rain problem didn't work, but regulations that were more results-oriented did. To do this, you need data.
Krupp concluded that America needs environmental regulations that are in tune with the latest data-driven systems, and he expects this will be done first at the local level, and then at the national level.
Moderator Jeff Goodell of Rolling Stone then stepped in to question Krupp. Krupp agreed with Goodell that it's unsure whether natural gas or coal is better for the environment. We don't have all the data on natural gas, since we aren't yet accurately measuring the leaks, but Krupp predicts natural gas will be better.
"Technology is a two-way street," Goodell said. Technology allows more drilling in the oceans and more "fracking" for natural gas. Krupp responded that technology is value-neutral. Carbon emissions are decreasing in the U.S. but increasing worldwide.
Goodell brought up that some cities are opposed to smart meters because their use might raise prices for some customers or raise privacy concerns. Krupp was more enthusiastic about smart meters and the smart grid; they need to be deployed correctly, he said, by giving customers access to their own energy usage.
Overall, Goodell sounded skeptical as to whether social networks could positively impact environmental laws. Social networking can improve education and knowledge of environment issues, but it also has been used by people opposed to environmental changes.
We are moving backward on environmental regulation, Goodell said. Although Krupp agreed that there is gridlock in Washington D.C., California, China, and Australia are all implementing new rules.
As the environmental facts are better known, people will make more and better decisions, Krupp said. "I am very hopeful," he concluded.
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One of our standards in first grade is learning how to retell a story. For this activity, students retold the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears. Students practiced with a partner, by themselves, and for the teacher. Some students were able to share their retelling over the projector screen to the whole class. We had fun listening to each other retell the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
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Diabetes is becoming a more common disease, now affecting 23.6 million children and adults in the United States, according to the American Diabetes Association. There are several types of diabetes, and once diagnosed, your physician will educate and monitor you closely to ensure optimal and safe health care for your condition. Knowing the symptoms of a diabetic emergency is useful whether you suffer from the disease yourself, have a friend or family member with the condition or happen upon a stranger in a diabetic crisis. All diabetic emergencies require immediate medical attention. If you experience a diabetic emergency firsthand, or are providing care for someone who is, call 911 immediately.
Hypoglycemia is a condition in which someone is suffering from dangerously low levels of blood sugar. For someone who is diabetic, this usually results from taking too much insulin or not eating properly. The sugar found in the blood is a necessary food for the brain and other organs to function properly and low bood sugar needs to be treated immediately. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include cold and clammy skin, confusion, poor balance, feeling faint and rapid heartbeat. Call 911, and while waiting for the ambulance provide sugary drinks such as orange juice and soda, or place pure sugar under the tongue and inside the mouth. If the person has become unconscious, only put the a small amount of sugar under the tongue and along the inside of the cheeks, while rolling the person onto their side. Monitor them to ensure choking does not result.
Hyperglycemia is when blood sugar levels are excessively high. The symptoms are very similar to hypoglycemia and are often confused before medical treatment is received. If you are in doubt to which scenario a diabetic is suffering from, give them sugar. Hypoglycemia can lead to brain death quickly, where hyperglycemia usually takes days to develop. The person will experience hot and dry skin, frequent urination, uncontrollable thirst, confusion and fainting. The diabetic may also experience shaking and feeling faint. Any excess sugar given to this person will be controlled by health care professionals when the person reaches the hospital and can be crucial in the event that at home the person thought they were experiencing low blood sugar rather than high blood sugar.
Ketoacidosis is a condition that is a result of high levels of ketones in the body. When the body uses stored fats for energy as opposed to sugars, ketones are a by-product. This usually occurs when a diabetic is not eating properly, is using too much insulin, or when the body is so insulin-resistant, that the body is not able to utilize blood sugars for energy and must use the body fats. A key symptom of ketoacidosis is a fruity smell to the breath. Additionally, the diabetic will experience excessive thirst, flushed and dry skin, confusion and fatigue. A sign that this condition has become immediately life-threatening is if the diabetic has began to vomit.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome usually occurs after the diabetic has experienced and even recovered from infection, or has experienced unusual stress. Infections and stress cause the blood sugar levels in the body to rise to very high levels, and as a result, the body tries desperately to rid itself of this excess sugar. The body does this by producing large amounts of urine. According to the Mayo Clinic, the person will then urinate frequently and lose excess body fluids leading to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, coma and even death. Symptoms of this emergency include confusion, weakness on one side of the body, increased or rapid heart rate, fever and hallucinations.
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Animals living in the water have adapted their respiratory systems to the environment with a few stunning tricks.
Most animals that live in the water have gills. Yet, many mammals, birds, insects, amphibians and reptiles also live in the water and dive to get some food. They have lungs, which are not suited to breathing underwater. But how do they survive in the water then?
• How do Sea Mammals (e.g. Dolphins and Whales) Breathe Underwater?
Mammals such as seals, sea cows and sea otters cannot breathe underwater, because they do not have gills. They have to return to the water surface regularly.
Dolphins and whales have specifically adapted their respiratory systems to their environment. They do not breathe through their mouth, but use breathing holes at the top of their heads. The advantage: They only have to come up so far that their breathing holes are above the water surface. They first exhale the used air through the breathing hole.
This often causes a little fountain, as there normally is some water left in the breathing hole from diving up. Then they breathe in through the open breathing hole and close it again before diving into the sea again.
• How do Amphibians (e.g. frogs) Breathe Underwater?
Amphibians have lungs, but can only breathe with their skin - frogs for instance. When underwater, they breathe with their skin. On land they use their lungs.
• How do Reptiles (e.g. Turtles and Crocodiles) Breathe Underwater?
Reptiles have lungs and therefore have to return to the water suface regularly.. Crocodiles have – similar to whales and dolphins – adapted to their habitat: They exclusively use their nostrils to breathe. When lying in ambush, you can often only perceive their nostrils protruding out of the water.
The Fitzroy river turtle (rheodytes leukops) has developed a rather unusual method: It breathes ... with its bum! This is possible thanks to the extremely delicate cell tissue of its cloaca (the body opening for the intestines and genitals).
• How do Insects Breathe Underwater?
Insects have tracheae and have to return to the water surface to breathe.Yet, many water insects have cleverly adapted to this habitat and developed several strategies: Some of them “snorkel” for instance by lifting only the part of the body with the breathing holes out of the water – like wigglers or the water scorpion.
Other animals just take the oxygen down with them. Little air bubbles “stick” to the tiny hairs on the back of the diving water spider for instance.
• How do Fish Breathe Underwater?
Fish do not have to return to the water surface. They have gills, to absorb the oxygen from the water. Here are some interesting facts about the oxygen in the water: It is not easy to absorb the oxygen from the water when diving. The air contains about 30 times as much oxygen as water. The warmer the water, the smaller the amount of oxygen it contains.
There are several species of fish that can cope with high water temperatures – such as the pupfish that can even survive water temperatures of up to 40 degrees Celsius. Most fish feel much better in colder water, as it contains more oxygen. Yet, there is no temperature that applies to all fish (compare the Arctic Ocean and tropical seas).
How Important is the Water Temperature?
The colder the water, the more oxygen is contained in it. Why? In warm waters the oxygen particles are more agile. Thus it is easier for them to leave the water. In cold waters, the oxygen particles are less agile and cannot “escape”.
Try this: Watch boiling water for instance.
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Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP)
The Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP) exposes children to a wide variety of fresh fruits and vegetables in the hope that they will develop healthy eating habits. Elementary schools that have greater than 50% eligible free and reduced lunch students are eligible to apply yearly for this program. Fresh fruits and vegetables are served during the school day in a variety of settings on a daily basis. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) encourages schools to offer fresh fruits and vegetables a minimum of twice a week. FFVP grant funds cannot be utilized as part of the National School Breakfast or National School Lunch Program. Schools will receive funding of $50-75 per student based on total enrollment of schools participating in the program.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer - for additional information Click Here
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Make a family evacuation plan and practice it together. It is important to identify a point where you will gather after the evacuation. In addition, you and your family should be ready to survive for the first 72 hours of a disaster.
- If you live in a house, teach all adults how to shut off the water, electricity and gas. Identify where the electrical distribution panel and the water and gas entry valves are located.
- If you live in an apartment, point out all the emergency exits to family members. Show them where to find the fire alarm boxes and how to use them. If there’s a fire, never use the elevator; you could be trapped inside it in the event of electrical failure.
- Have with you, at all times, the articles necessary to meet the critical needs of your family during the first three days of an emergency situation.
- Write down the contact information in the event of an emergency. Fill out the Family safety plan: emergency contact list
- Identify the emergency exits and choose a spot where everyone will gather after an evacuation.
- Plan a route for leaving your neighbourhood. Have another route in mind in case the roads originally selected are not passable.
- Create an inventory of your belongings, with proofs of purchase, photos or videos.
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Pregnancy and toxoplasmosis
If you are pregnant or are thinking of becoming pregnant soon, be sure to follow the advice in the HealthLink information (see above) on how to avoid infection.
A growing fetus can become infected with the toxoplasmosis parasite. This can happen if the mother is infected with the parasite while pregnant or slightly before she becomes pregnant. Infection in the unborn child early in pregnancy can result in miscarriage, poor growth, early delivery or stillbirth. If a child is born with toxoplasmosis he/she can experience eye problems, hydrocephalus (water on the brain), convulsions or mental disabilities.
Treatment of an infected pregnant woman may prevent or lessen the disease in her unborn child. Treatment of an infected infant will also lessen the severity of the disease as the child grows.
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Getting Started with Universal DesignAt a minimum, accessible web resources should be designed with good color contrast, be organized by clear, logical, structural hierarchies, be easily read by text-to-speech tools, and navigable through the keyboard and/or commands (not simply by use of a mouse or trackpad). When you design digital components for your classroom, make this easy-to-use WebAIM checklist your first stop when considering accessibility. Once you have familiarized yourself with the basic principles represented by this checklist, a more comprehensive set of guidelines is available through WAI-ARIA. Once you have created your digital resource, you can run it through automatic evaluation tools; here, you can submit a URL to access the WAVE Web Accessibility tool or run the tool as a browser extension for Chrome or Firefox.
The Mellon-funded *fluid project focuses on developing accessible software but also provides a helpful Design Handbook for you if you are designing a website or other web-based resource for your course. It covers not only issues related to physical disability, but also economic inclusion and global access. We also mention the brilliant book, Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age, which offers most of its thorough and very helpful content for free online. The University of Washington’s Center for Universal Design Education website provides a wealth of information that will help you; their Principles and Applications is a great place to start. And finally, our chapter mentions Jay Dolmage’s wonderful guide to UDL principles, which can be downloaded here.
Organizations related to particular disabilities, whether supported on the local, national, or international level, can provide further resources and information. BrailleSC, based in South Carolina, features a set of blog posts that are helpful for anyone interested in helping the visually impaired, but also lists regional resources. What is most relevant for most digital pedagogues is that BrailleSC has been working with MITH (Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities) to create a plug-in for making WordPress sites visible to the visually impaired. You can learn more about this project, and its mission to spread the word that “disabled users need to be able to participate fully in humanities research and teaching,” from this poster.
Faculty Focus has a great series of resources, including a post about how to deepen students' metacognitive skills and one on using multimedia tools to make your lectures more accessible. More general tips for using multimedia can be found here. To test the accessibility of websites that you are building for your students or are requiring them to interact with, browse this list of tools that can automatically check for you from the Web Accessibility Initiative, or, for checking manually, go through this checklist. If you are inspired by our chapter to consider screencasting, there are tips for accessible screencasts here.
Accessibility in the Digital Humanities CommunityEarly work in the DH community about accessibility focused on (and still focuses on!) issues of technological and economic inequality that present barriers to access for impoverished or marginalized communities. One recent article by Rick Godden and Anne-Marie Womack on Hybrid Pedagogy, “Making Disability Part of the Conversation,” provides a good introduction to these issues. Check out this report from Pew to learn about these matters, and keep in mind that first-generation scholars are disproportionately affected by this “digital divide.
Search for the work of George H. Williams to learn about DH-specific initiatives related to accessibility. His exhortation in Debates in the Digital Humanities that “we need to plan for a future in which our current digital resources continue to be not only useful but usable” has spurred many DH practitioners to consider accessibility. ProfHacker has published a piece he wrote with Jen Guiliano, “Accessibility and the Digital Humanities,” which advises DH scholars to make tools and resources that are accessible. His Make Your WordPress Site More Accessible, a ProfHacker post, focuses on this very popular and easy-to-use platform for blogging (which many teachers use to construct course websites). And an open-access digital copy of his chapter for Debates in the Digital Humanities, “Disability, Universal Design, and the Digital Humanities.” A more visually-oriented introduction can be found in Melissa Fortson’s slideshow, “Accessibility and the Digital Humanities.”
In its mission to create an accessible academic journal, The Journal of Interactive Pedagogy has published a truly helpful and comprehensive set of resources by Anne Donlon. It is organized into two parts: Practices to Implement, which provides a short set of guidelines and plugins to make digital assets more accessible to those with visual or cognitive impairments, and Readings and Further Resources, which links to other such arguments and lists of resources. Make sure to browse Issue 8 of JITP, a special issue on “Disability Studies Approaches to Pedagogy, Research, and Design.” Those who want to pursue accessible courses beyond these guidelines and resources should consider attending a two-day Accessible Future workshop.
Digital Humanities and Social JusticeSocial justice is related to the digital humanities in many ways, from using digital tools to recover untold stories to creating standards to keep everyone safe online, and from mapping global DH initiatives to ensuring the accessibility of digital assets. This digital humanities social justice project, a collective site initiated by Roopika Risam, maintains a “living document,” Creative and Critical Precepts for Digital Humanities Projects, as well as a list of scholars interested in DH and social justice, a bibliography, and a list of relevant DH projects. Andrea Rehn started a very thorough wiki that documents projects, communities, research, assignment sheets, and hashtags that connect the digital humanities and social justice. Follow the wiki’s matching hashtag -- #DHsocjust -- to learn more information. Better yet, contribute tweets with the #DHsocjust. The collective FemTechNet is a great activist community whose mission is clearly articulated in their manifesto. They also maintain a rich resource about ensuring accessibility. We recommend following FemTechNet on Facebook to keep up with their activities. Another source of DH social justice is in the TransformDH community, rooted originally in the #pocodh or #dhpoco movement; search the #TransformDH hashtag or follow the @TransformDH account on Twitter to see their work. The Disrupting the Digital Humanities movement, which will soon be a book, is a related movement spearheaded by Dorothy Kim and Jesse Stommel. You can read two years of MLA position papers for Disrupting the Digital Humanities address problems of gender, race, and disability: 2015 and 2016.
Some of these social justice matters are rooted in institutional injustices that seem hard to control, but remember that your position as an educator does give you some power -- at least in the classroom! That is why it’s important for you to protect your students’ privacy and do what you can to ensure their safety when they are in your classroom or doing work for your course. If you are in the United States and want to learn more about FERPA laws about protecting student information, this official FAQ is a great place to start. Canadians can find information about the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act here, and those in the UK can consult this overview of data protection. Yale’s guidelines for student field trips provides a solid checklist for ensuring the safety of students if you take them off-campus or out of the classroom; its guidelines for transportation are especially helpful.
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Preparing for Pointe Dancing
|Posted on April 27, 2018 at 3:15 PM|
Written by Brittany Miller:
Close your eyes and think back to the first time you watch the ballet. Tall beautiful ballerinas gracefully lifted over men’s heads and lightly placed on to the very tips of their toes as they magically seem to float away on stage. Pointe shoes are every young ballerina’s dream, but what does it take to get there and how much training does your dancer need to have?
First, knowing the history and mechanics of a pointe shoe are crucial in understanding the importance of your dancer being ready. Pointe is an extension of ballet in which the ballerina wears a specially designed and fitted shoe that allows them to dance on the very tips of their toes. It makes an already elegant and graceful style of movement more ethereal and delicate by adding lightness and length to the ballerina. In 1832 Marie Taglinoi is credited as being the first ballerina to dance en pointe. Pointe shoes have come a long way since her first pair of shoes which were nothing more than satin slippers darned to help hold their shape. The shoe offered no support so dancers had to rely on their feet and ankle strength for support. Now pointe shoes are made out of new lighter materials that keep the dancer safer and prolong the life of the shoe but the physical readiness has not changed.
What age is considered appropriate for pre-pointe?
Dancers ages 11 and older are when your child’s ballet teacher may start to begin talking about pointe shoes with them. This is a great go to age as most dancer will have danced for a few year previously allowing them to have the necessary repetition, vocabulary skills, and technique needed to make pointe an extension of their ballet class. In addition to maturity and experience, your dancer must also be physically ready. Your child’s dance teacher will ask for them to get okay by a physician or physical therapist before they can participate. This is to make sure the dancer’s foot is more than 75% grown and will be capable of handling their entire body weight on their toes.
Why does my dancer have to take pre-pointe? Can’t they go right into it?
Pointe shoes are very uncomfortable the first few times a dancer puts them on. Pre-pointe shoes are a great way for dancers to get use to the feeling of a pointe shoe without risk of injury due to low ankle or foot strength. In pre-pointe your dancer will learn vocabulary skills, exercises to strengthen the foot and ankle, how to physically work the foot in the shoes, and take a test to make sure the dancer is fully ready for pointe.
Why does my dancer need to take a test to tell if they are ready for pointe?
Taking the pre-pointe test tell your dancer’s teacher everything they need to know about your dancer. If your dancer studied we can see that your dancer has a great maturity level and can be trusted en pointe. There is also a physical portion of the exam where the dance teacher can see if the dancer can physically handle the incredibly hard work it takes to be en pointe. If your dancer does not pass the physical portion or exam this does not mean your dancer can never go en pointe, it means your dance teacher cares enough to make sure your dancer doesn’t get injured and will do everything to make sure they are safe.
Should my dancer take pointe?
First talk with your dancer and their instructor to see if they are willing and ready. Next as a parent make sure you are ready for the financial responsibility of shoes. Pointe shoes cost $60- over $100 per pair and a dancer can wear them out every month or once a year. You will also need to get your dancer new shoes if they grow. The correct shoe fit can make all the difference in the world to a dancer.
Excellence Through Repetition
|Posted on April 9, 2018 at 3:40 PM|
By: Brittany Bearer
“It’s like riding a bicycle!” We’ve all heard the phrase, but what does it really mean and how does it relate to your dancer? Riding a bicycle is just another phrase for the term, muscle memory, describing a once difficult skill that has now become second nature. The muscles’ themselves have no literal memory, so the term muscle memory is a misnomer, and should really be called the subconscious memory. The subconscious memory stores information in the brain that is readily accessible by the non-conscious mind, and that turns into the involuntary muscle movement we all know such as walking or going up and down steps and the key to it is repetition.
Repetition is important whether your study for a test, driving a car, or twirling across the room. Repeating the same movements consistently every week allows your young aspiring dancer’s mind and body to master and repeat the same quality of movement. The more consistent the repetition the faster they can learn and apply corrections.
Repetition is also important as your dancers learns more choreography in preparation for performance. When your dancer rehearses multiple times a week, this allows the dancer to master the choreography and frees the mind to work on other important aspects of their dancing such as stage entrances and exits, emotional performance quality, props, and dancing in large groups.
As your dancer gets older you may ask why it is necessary for my child to continue training so multiple days a week? It is important to understand that your dancer is still growing and learning new, more complicated steps and patternings everyday and expecting them to pick up the movement without repetition can set a student up for failure. Old habits from our everyday lives or learning the newest, most popular dance move they saw online, can disrupt our technique and training, so it takes a lot of repetition to change and why you hear your child’s dance teacher say, “again” so many times!
Take advice for pro-tennis star Billie Jean King when she said, “champions keep playing till they get it right!”
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Back into the Past: Political Reforms Borne of the French Revolution
What used to be one of the strongest royal families in Europe found themselves at the end of their run. Today, we take a look at what political reforms were borne out of the French Revolution.
What is the French Revolution?
One of the stark examples of how people can topple long established governments, the French Revolution is often heralded. It was at a time when the people of France long starved and taxed, and lived in horrid squalor had finally had enough.
At this point in time, France was bankrupt. This was in part due to the many wars they have had and the massive expenditures that the royal family had made toward their lavish parties and lifestyles which were—quite sadly—expected of them. The largest expenditure was the Palace of Versailles. The economic standing of France was bleak.
Wars are expensive and this also meant that a lot of the men who could have been used for local labor were sent off to secure borders and went on random skirmishes. It also did not help that for several years before the spark of the revolution, the agricultural sector was not doing good as well. There was not enough harvest to meet demand.
Infrastructure was bad as well, making the roads difficult. Transportation was also terrible—this is something that also led to whatever crops being harvested spoiling before reaching its proper destination. It was, a terrible political powder keg waiting to be struck.
If you are a fan of Broadway Musicals, Les Miserables is based off of that time period. You can have a pretty firm grasp of how utterly miserable it was to not be part of the upper echelon of French society. The way that the hierarchy of governance and living was made meant that the rich barely felt the hunger and misery. It was the middle and lower classes that were progressively decaying into a truly impossible state of living.
What Political Reforms Were Made?
Failed Constitutional Monarchy
The authority of the royal family was stripped. They were some that hesitated to completely abolish the monarchy. The idea of a constitutional monarchy was floated around. However, tensions were high and people demanded justice.
The popular notion at the time was for a more Republic style of governance.
Abolishment of Tithes
One of the first things that happened after the revolution was to nationalize the lands and holdings of the Catholic Church upon French soil. The monies that were gained from this move were used to pay off any debt that was owed to the public.
Standardized Prices for Goods
As there was more money going around for the procurement of goods, it was inevitable that there would be an inflation of prices. One of the reforms was to set a regular price for all goods regardless of its availability or lack thereof. This helped keep the economy from creating a bubble that would burst from unsustainable market practices.
How Did the Reforms Affect the French Populace?
At the time when the monarchy was completely abolished and the Republic was established, people were generally high on victory. Before the revolution, the masses did not hold any sway whatsoever regarding political policies. All the major decisions were left entirely up to the monarchy and their advisers.
This had meant that people who had no idea what it was like to be of the lower class were making decisions that had great impacts upon the lives of people they would never meet. Now that the revolution was successful, the people now felt hope that their lives would now be better. What they had to go through first was a severe decline in their economic state.
It was only until the real work trickled in that France was subjected to many other wars in the colonies and a continued lack of food. There was a lot of changes that had to be done like the addressing of the lack of employment and fair wages. The right to suffrage was also discussed.
After the revolution, a lot of the men from the masses were given the right to vote—normally, the votes were for the nobles and the monarchy. The success of the revolution helped to empower the masses. It gave them the solid proof example that the people could rise up and enact reforms and counteract reforms that were made by unsuited rulers.
Masses were now able to truly experience freedom in terms of thought, speech, faith, and even the something so simple as owning land.
After the revolution, the Declaration of Rights of Man enabled the concept of human rights. All men, even the slaves in the colonies, were declared free men. They were now able to voice their opinions and criticism of those in power—something that could have had you killed when the monarchs were in charge.
How Did the Reforms Affect Other Countries?
When King Louis XVI and his wife were executed, the other monarchs of the surrounding countries were scandalized. The murder of a ruling family was pretty much unheard of—especially since it was the masses that enabled this to happen.
It was understandable that the monarchs of the nearby countries felt threatened over what had happened with France and France’s ruling family. The idea of if it happened to them, it could truly happen to them as well. While at first, Britain supported the French Revolution (why wouldn’t they) this support eventually turned sour when reports of what happened to Louis XVI started to spread.
There was a massive emigration that also occurred during the revolution. As such, a lot of surrounding countries experienced an influx of immigrants.
There was now a sort of domino effect that trickled outward from France to other parts of Europe. Even after Napoleon Bonaparte established his dictatorship, the groundwork was already made for a revolution to oust him. A lot of historians often point to the French Revolution as a pivotal moment in our collective history.
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a target used in archery
special advantage or influence
"the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull"
clout nail, clout(noun)
a short nail with a flat head; used to attach sheet metal to wood
punch, clout, poke, lick, biff, slug(verb)
(boxing) a blow with the fist
"I gave him a clout on his nose"
strike hard, especially with the fist
"He clouted his attacker"
Influence or effectiveness, especially political.
A blow with the hand.
A home run.
The center of the butt at which archers shoot; probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head.
A swaddling cloth.
A cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag.
An iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer.
A piece; a fragment.
To hit, especially with the fist.
a cloth; a piece of cloth or leather; a patch; a rag
a swadding cloth
a piece; a fragment
the center of the butt at which archers shoot; -- probably once a piece of white cloth or a nail head
an iron plate on an axletree or other wood to keep it from wearing; a washer
a blow with the hand
to cover with cloth, leather, or other material; to bandage; patch, or mend, with a clout
to join or patch clumsily
to quard with an iron plate, as an axletree
to give a blow to; to strike
to stud with nails, as a timber, or a boot sole
Origin: [OE. clutien. clouten, to patch. See Clout, n.]
Clout were originally a five-piece, South African million-selling all-girl rock group formed in 1977, best known for their song, "Substitute".
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
klowt, n. a piece of cloth used for mending: a rag: a piece of cloth used by archers to shoot at, then the shot itself: a blow: a cuff.—v.t. to mend with a patch: to cover with a cloth: to cuff.—p.adj. Clout′ed (Shak.), heavy and patched, as shoes having nails in the soles: covered with a clout.—adj. Clout′erly, clownish.—ns. Clout′-nail, a large-headed nail used for the soles of boots; Clout′-shoe, a shoe having the sole protected by clout-nails. [A.S. clút; cf. Ice. klútr, a kerchief; Dan. klud, rag.]
Song lyrics by clout -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by clout on the Lyrics.com website.
The numerical value of clout in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
The numerical value of clout in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Conservatives in House could show clout by blocking this ill-advised 'fix' of Obamacare.
You're better off in free trade agreements if you've got more clout, and the EU brings more clout to the table.
It's tough watching a good idea lose because its backers are less eloquent or have less clout than its opponents.
This bloodbath proves wrong those who laughed or ignored the fears of so many people about a looming danger of Islamism, this gives new clout to PEGIDA demands.
The chances (for the U.S.) are good, it's a good time to be bidding, the economy seems to be doing pretty well. It's a chance for a city to really shine, a chance for the United States to show its might and its economic clout. It certainly feels like it's the U.S.'s turn.
Images & Illustrations of clout
Translations for clout
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- парцал, парче, парче плат, удрям, плесницаBulgarian
- Gewicht, Kopfnuss, EinflussGerman
- prikka, pilkku, kapalo, tälli, kunnari, lyödä, rätti, hitunen, vaikutusvalta, painoarvo, tilkku, paikka, pilkka, riepuFinnish
- stuk, doek, rondel, brok, invloed, slag, doelwit, slaan, oorvijgen, luier, lap, fragment, ring, klap, oorvijg, wikkel, vodDutch
- znaczenie politycznePolish
- вес, удар, затрещина, влияниеRussian
- pelenë, arnëAlbanian
Get even more translations for clout »
Find a translation for the clout definition in other languages:
Select another language:
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Did Orwell's TB Frame '1984'?
Well-known British author George Orwell was hardly Mr. Sunshine, given the grim worlds he created in his books, especially the foreboding novel "1984." So why all the gloom?
In a new study, an infectious-disease specialist suggests that a bad case of tuberculosis may be partially responsible, along with the drastic treatments Orwell underwent toward the end of his life.
Orwell was "always a gloomy, pessimistic sort," said study co-author Dr. John J. Ross of Caritas Saint Elizabeth's Medical Center in Boston. But by the time Orwell wrote his masterpiece in the late 1940s, he was very sick and even more out of sorts, Ross added.
" '1984' would have certainly been a very different book, and maybe a less powerful book, had he not been so desperately ill at the time," Ross contended.
Ross has already made a name for himself in the field of diagnosing historical figures. Earlier this year, he wrote a controversial study suggesting that evidence in the life and writings of William Shakespeare showed the playwright probably suffered from syphilis.
In the new study, published in the Dec. 1 issue of the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, Ross looks at Orwell, who lived from 1903 to 1950. Orwell published his political allegory "Animal Farm" in 1945, four years before "1984," his depiction of a totalitarian government that turns language into a weapon against its own people. Today, the book is perhaps best known for its invention of the concepts of "doublethink" and "Big Brother."
Orwell -- whose real name was Eric Arthur Blair -- always had respiratory problems, and appears to have developed tuberculosis while living in Burma and in the cities that provided the subject matter for his book about underground life called "Down and Out in Paris and London."
In the 19th and early 20th century, tuberculosis -- also known as consumption -- often struck artists and authors who lived in crowded, germ-filled slums. In many cases, infected people slowly wasted away, giving the victims a romantic cast, as seen in the film "Moulin Rouge."
Antibiotics weren't available until near mid-20th century, so treatments involved bed rest or the dangerous "collapse therapy," in which doctors actually collapsed the lungs of patients to stop oxygen from feeding tuberculosis infections, Ross said.
Orwell underwent just such a treatment in the late 1940s. Around the same time, "his writing acquired a great deal of urgency," Ross said.
Why? It was partly because he had returned from the Spanish Civil War and was appalled by the "lies, deceit and murder he'd seen," Ross said. But he also thinks Orwell's illness instilled "a sense of his own mortality," even if he tried to deny how sick he was.
Overall, Ross said, Orwell's illness may have played a major role in his writing because it forced him to lie in bed. "You probably spend more time in your head than other people, more time to be creative and think," Ross said. "It makes you rely on your own resources, and it gives you time away from the world to formulate your creativity."
Peter Stansky, a British history professor at Stanford University who has studied Orwell, said the author appears to have ignored his bad health.
"I think he was pretty much a wreck, but he just went on," Stansky said. "There was a Puritanism and asceticism about him and also the English tendency to regard taking too much care of yourself as too self-indulgent."
But did Orwell's illness turn him into one of history's most powerful and influential writers? "I don't think his bad health drove his vision," Stansky said. "But it might have been a small factor."
Orwell died in 1950, before antibiotics began to make tuberculosis a much more treatable -- if often still deadly -- disease.
China responds to bird flu under shadow of SARS
In the blaze of speeches, meetings and regulations about bird flu that China's leaders have fired off in recent days, SARS has never been mentioned.
But memories of that epidemic two years ago are shadowing China's increasingly urgent response to the latest health threat, say Chinese experts and journalists.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which started in southern China in early 2003, killed 349 Chinese after officials hid or underplayed the flu-like illness, and China faced international censure after SARS spread to Hong Kong, then Asia and North America, killing hundreds more.
China dismissed two senior officials and blamed them for the cover-up.
On Friday, China announced that it was mobilizing a national "command headquarters" under the country's top emergency official, Hua Jianmin, to bring together six government and party departments and coordinate the fight against bird flu.
With rising global fears about the H5N1 avian flu virus, even parts of China's state-dominated press have recently said habitual government secrecy and cumbersome bureaucracy could again undercut efforts to contain an epidemic.
Scientists fear H5N1 could mutate into a form communicable between people, triggering a pandemic that could kill millions and overwhelm health systems.
"At present, the information about avian influenza cases released to the public here is clearly too tardy and inadequate," the outspoken business weekly, Caijing, said in an editorial that cited parallels with SARS.
While several Chinese experts interviewed also called for more official candor, they also said Chinese officials appeared to be reporting outbreaks of bird flu faster than they did during the SARS epidemic.
And central leaders have stepped in to ensure that disparate government agencies, especially the agriculture and health ministries, pull together.
"SARS is the model nobody wants to repeat. The public health system and official incentives have changed and I wouldn't expect the same problems," said Mao Shoulong, a government policy expert at the People's University of China who has studied official reactions to both SARS and the bird flu.
China's leaders have good reason to improve transparency. Bird flu has already killed more than 60 people in Asia and China on Friday reported its fourth outbreak in birds in a month. But so far, the country has not had any cases of humans being infected with H5N1, officials have said.
If China does succumb to bird flu, it will not be for lack of official plans. On Tuesday, China's Ministry of Agriculture issued an "emergency response" for any bird flu epidemic among birds and livestock in coming months, joining dozens of similar documents from central and local bureaucracies.
The agriculture ministry's plan demands that local officials report suspected cases of infection to the ministry within four hours.
"Those responsible for hiding, overlooking or delaying reports will be harshly punished according to the law," Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao told a high-level meeting about bird flu on Tuesday.
"NO INCENTIVE TO HIDE"
Mao, the policy expert, said these demands from national leaders mean central government agencies will cooperate more and local officials will be much less likely to hide cases of bird flu than they were SARS.
"Officials have no incentive to hide bird flu outbreaks," he said. "Their political career won't be damaged if they report, but they would be ended if they hid information." Farmers are also given compensation for culled poultry, he noted.
Pressure on local officials to report all possible cases may even lead to "systemic overload," as junior officials report even unlikely cases out of fear of punishment, said Lan Xue, a public policy researcher at Tsinghua University in Beijing who has advised China's leaders about dealing with emergencies.
Since SARS struck, China has also invested in a new nationwide network of emergency offices and plans. These preparations include one master plan, 25 plans for specific emergencies such as disease outbreaks, floods and earthquakes, and 80 plans for government departments, Xue said.
The government has established a national office to coordinate response to emergencies, and it has also drafted a law to encode the responsibilities and powers of officials in emergencies and pumped over 5 billion yuan into local disease surveillance offices, Xue said.
"Once the government realizes something is wrong, it can really go all the way. But now the challenge is implementation," he said.
But rapid response to a large outbreak among birds or possible human infection could be made more difficult by official reluctance to share information about specific outbreaks with citizens, said Chinese experts.
"Risk communication is not an easy task -- there's always the problem of over-reaction -- but the best way to deal with this is to get the general public educated," Xue said.
And in a country as large as China, even the $248 million that Prime Minister Wen promised to fight bird flu may be stretched if the virus spreads.
Each Chinese province has received tens of thousands of yuan to monitor migratory birds, which are thought to carry the virus, said Chu Guozhong, a Beijing-based ornithologist who is advising Chinese wildlife authorities on the disease.
"Local officials are now paying attention, but that's not much money to build up monitoring, and in some places it hasn't arrived yet."
China Turns to WHO for Bird Flu Help
China said Sunday it had asked the World Health Organization to help it determine whether the death of a 12-year-old girl last month was caused by bird flu. If it is confirmed, it would be China's first known human death from the lethal and virulent H5N1 strain of bird flu, which has killed at least 62 people across Southeast Asia.
There have been four outbreaks of the bird flu among poultry in China in the past three weeks.
Three people living in central China's Hunan province came down with pneumonia from unknown causes last month following an outbreak of the H5N1 strain among local poultry, the official Xinhua News Agency reported.
The girl, He Yin, died three days after developing a high fever on Oct. 13. She had had "close contact with sick birds," Xinhua said. Her 9-year-old brother was also hospitalized with similar symptoms but recovered.
The third victim was a 36-year-old middle school teacher who reportedly cut raw chicken while he had a minor injury on his hand and later fell ill, Xinhua said. He was identified only by his surname, Song.
All three lived in or near Wantang, a village where the government says 545 chickens and ducks died of bird flu last month.
Chinese officials initially said the girl and her brother had tested negative for the bird flu virus.
However on Sunday, Xinhua reported that experts "cannot rule out the possibility of human transmission of H5N1 bird flu. The specific cause needs further laboratory tests."
Roy Wadia, a spokesman for the WHO in Beijing, confirmed that China had asked the organization for help last week.
"This is a reiteration of how much of a public health threat bird flu really is," said Wadia. "Sometimes it takes a human case or a suspected human case to raise the alarm, to remind us that no country, whether China or anywhere else, can afford to be complacent."
Xinhua said China has asked the WHO for help in testing the blood and throat swabs from the three victims.
Since late 2003, the H5N1 strain of bird flu has ravaged poultry stocks and jumped from birds to humans. Most of the human deaths have been linked to close contact with infected birds. But experts fear the virus could mutate into a form easily passed among humans and possibly spark a worldwide pandemic.
China, which was heavily criticized during the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome for initially covering up the illness, has pledged it will be more open about reporting on bird flu.
Wadia said he did not think China had delayed its announcement of the suspected cases but that instead it was trying to be thorough before going public.
"I think the information they have shared with us has been shared as soon as they can corroborate it," he said.
Also Sunday, 1,700 officials and 100 police finished culling about 370,000 birds in northern China's Liaoning province after bird flu killed 8,940 chickens there.
The outbreak in Liaoning's Badaohao village, east of Beijing, was China's fourth reported outbreak in three weeks.
State television news on Sunday showed dozens of officials in white face masks and blue protective suits spraying disinfectant on empty poultry cages and the wheels of vehicles.
Xinhua said late Saturday that Badaohai lies along a route used by migratory birds heading from East Asia to Australia, contributing to fears that wild birds could spread the disease.
More than 20 magpies and other migratory birds had been spotted in the area, it said.
Chinese authorities have said they are concerned wild birds might spread the virus, particularly following an outbreak last spring that killed more than 6,000 migratory geese and gulls at northwestern China's Qinghai Lake.
The State Forestry Bureau said last month it was activating a reporting network to detect outbreaks among wild birds.
New regulations went into effect in Beijing on Sunday that allow detention for up to 15 days and fines of up to 200 yuan ($25) for anyone who fails to immunize their birds, the Beijing Morning Post reported.
The rules, announced jointly by the Beijing Agricultural Bureau and the Beijing Public Security Bureau, are aimed at ensuring a 100 percent bird vaccination rate in the capital, the newspaper said.
Experts Offer Free Memory Screenings Nov. 15
Experts will offer free in-person memory screenings at more than 700 sites across the United States on Nov. 15 -- National Memory Screening Day -- as part of National Alzheimer's Disease Awareness Month.
The free service is sponsored by the Alzheimer's Foundation of America and is held each year to promote early detection and treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related illnesses, and to provide information about successful aging.
The non-invasive, confidential memory screenings will be administered by social workers, doctors and other health care professionals. Each screening takes about 10 minutes and consists of tasks designed to assess memory and other intellectual functions.
The most commonly used screening method is the Mini-Mental State Examination, which has been documented to be an effective screening tool for dementia.
These screenings are meant to detect a potential problem, not to diagnose any specific illness. People who have abnormal screening scores will be urged to undergo an extensive medical evaluation.
"Early detection enables persons to benefit most from available medications that can help slow the progress of symptoms, and psychological and social interventions that can ease the journey for families. And it enables individuals to exercise self-determination related to future care, and legal and financial issues," AFA board member Dr. Richard Powers, chief of the Bureau of Geriatric Psychiatry at the Alabama Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation, said in a prepared statement.
Existing drugs for Alzheimer's disease do not treat the underlying cause of the brain-robbing illness, which is still largely unknown. However, they can temporarily slow the progression of symptoms.
Workouts Can Lighten Heavy Hearts
The millions of Americans stricken each year by debilitating depression may want to consider running away from their problem -- or walking, swimming or dancing it away.
"What the studies are showing is that exercise, at least when performed in a group setting, seems to be at least as effective as standard antidepressant medications in reducing symptoms in patients with major depression," said researcher James Blumenthal, a professor of medical psychology at Duke University in Durham, N.C.
According to Blumenthal, other studies are beginning to suggest that solitary exercise, such as workouts at the gym or a daily jog, can be just as effective as group activities in beating the blues, and that "duration of exercise didn't seem to matter -- what seemed to matter most was whether people were exercising or not."
Blumenthal was lead author on a much-publicized study released five years ago that found that just 10 months of regular, moderate exercise outperformed a leading antidepressant (Zoloft) in easing symptoms in young adults diagnosed with moderate to severe depression.
And another study released earlier this year, by researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, found that 30-minute aerobic workouts done three to five times a week cut depressive symptoms by 50 percent in young adults.
Theories abound as to how revving up the body helps uncloud the mind.
Robert E. Thayer is a professor of psychology at California State University, Long Beach, and the author of Calm Energy: How People Regulate Mood with Food and Exercise. He said that while workouts probably affect key brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, physical activity may also trigger positive changes in other areas, too.
"Depression is a condition characterized by low energy and moderate tension, something I call 'tense tiredness,'" he said. But exercise has a clear "mood effect" that seems to ease that anxious but lethargic state, he said.
According to Thayer, moderate exercise -- a brisk 10-minute walk, for example -- results in a boosting of energy, although it may not be quite enough to relieve stress.
"More intense exercise -- the amount you'd engage in with a 45-minute aerobic workout -- does give a primary mood effect of reducing tension. It might also leave you with a little less energy because you'd be tired, of course," he said. "However, there's also some indication from the research that there's a 'rebound' effect an hour or so later, in terms of [increased] energy."
Blumenthal pointed to the more lasting psychological boost regular workouts can bring. "People who exercise might also have better self-esteem; it may help them feel better about themselves, having that great sense of accomplishment," he said.
Still, the experts acknowledged that truly depressed individuals often find it tough to jump into an exercise routine.
"Why do people not do the thing that's perhaps the most important thing for them to do?" said Thayer. "It's because a drop in energy is such a central component of depression -- you just don't have the energy to do the exercise."
He said the key to breaking that cycle is to start small.
"Thinking about going to the gym and doing all the stuff that's involved with that can be overwhelming for a depressed person," Thayer pointed out. "But if you think 'Hey, maybe I'll just walk down the street 30 yards or so, at a leisurely pace,' that's a start. And it turns out that your body becomes activated then -- you have more of an incentive to walk farther, to do more."
Loved ones can play a key role, too, urging a depressed friend or family member to join in with them as they work out. "Social support, peer pressure, family support -- all of that can be helpful, certainly in getting people to maintain exercise," Blumenthal said.
No one is saying that exercise is always a substitute for drug therapy, especially for the severely depressed. "But we also know that these drugs aren't effective for everyone -- about a third of people aren't going to get better with medication," Blumenthal said.
For those patients, exercise may prove a viable, worry-free alternative -- with one great fringe benefit.
"In addition to its mental health benefits, there are some clear cardiovascular benefits to exercise which we don't see with antidepressant drugs, of course," Blumenthal noted. So, he said, what keeps the mind fit strengthens the body, too. "You're killing two birds with one stone."
Ginger, no ail.
Want a neat trick for making health-giving ginger easier to grate? Freeze it first. You'll be glad you did: Spicy, lively, fresh ginger has a way of waking up all the other flavors around it. Look for large, firm, buff-colored knobs when buying fresh ginger. Traditionally used in Asian cooking, it's making its way into all sorts of savory dishes and delivering loads of healthful antioxidant compounds. Ginger may also decrease your heart attack risk. A few studies have found that both fresh and dried ginger inhibits blood levels of thromboxane B-2, a compound that promotes dangerous blood clots. It also has a longstanding folk reputation as a remedy for nausea. Clinical studies have found it useful in treating motion sickness, as well as post-surgical nausea.
Fitness Tip of the day:
Change the pace.
A few simple steps can make your walking routine a better cardio workout. The trick is to break from your usual pace with bursts of fast walking. For example, walk fast for one minute, then resume your usual speed for the next three minutes. Over time, shorten the slow intervals to two minutes and then one minute.
FAQ of the day:
Can I be fit and fat?
While obesity is strongly associated with increased health risks, recent population studies suggest much of that risk may stem from poor fitness. Increased physical activity makes a difference when combined with a calorie-controlled diet. As your fitness improves, you'll boost your health and feel better, even with only modest weight loss.
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What is disability discrimination?
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 described a disabled person as someone with "a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities", which has or can be expected to last for more than 12 months.
Conditions that impair an individual's abilities in this way include those that hamper mobility; manual dexterity; physical co-ordination; continence; the ability to lift; carry or move everyday objects; speech; hearing or eyesight; memory or ability to concentrate, learn or understand; and understanding of the risk of physical danger. For the purposes of the law, treatment and correction - apart from spectacles and contact lenses - are not taken into account.
Discrimination occurs when a disabled person is treated less favourably than someone else, the treatment is for a reason relating to the person's disability, and the treatment cannot be justified. Discrimination also occurs when there is a failure to make a reasonable adjustment for a disabled person, and that failure cannot be justified.
The Disability Discrimination Act was replaced by the Equality Act 2010 which provides for the protection of disabled people from direct and indirect discrimination.
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 was the first domestic Act on the issue of disability discrimination, prior to which it was legal to discriminate and exclude on the basis of disability.
The Act covers a variety of areas of disability discrimination from employment issues to access to transport. This Act also set up the National Disability Council, which was abolished when the Disability Rights Commission was established in April 2000.
The Disability Rights Commission was replaced in October 2007 by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, which is now responsible for the work of three former equality commissions: the Commission for Racial Equality, the Equal Opportunities Commission and the Disability Rights Commission.
The government has increasingly been working with the disabled community to ensure its members are able to participate fully in society. The main areas of focus have been education, employment, welfare provision and transport.
In 2001, the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) was extended into the public sector to cover (among other things) the police, prison service and fire service. The Equal Treatment in Employment Directive required the Government to ensure that all employers, except for the armed forces, would come under the DDA by 2004.
The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 made further substantial amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 building on amendments made previously by other legislation.
In November 2001, the UN General Assembly established an Ad Hoc Committee (AHC) to "consider proposals for a comprehensive and integral convention on the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities." Subsequently, work began to establish an international disability convention.
On 13th December 2006, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol was adopted at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, and was opened for signature on 30th March 2007. The Convention entered into force on 3rd May 2008.
A major new piece of research on disability in Britain was launched in March 2009 as part of the Government's long-term aim to achieve equality in all areas for people with disabilities. The Life Opportunities Survey (LOS), carried out by the Office for National Statistics on behalf of the Office for Disability Issues (ODI), compares the activities of disabled and non-disabled people in various situations, such as at work, in education, playing sports, and using transport and public services. It also looks at living standards, housing, discrimination and crime.
The LOS is a longitudinal survey which means it will interview the same people over a number of years in order to assess whether or not life opportunities for people with disabilities are improving. The results of the first annual survey were published in December 2010.
Legal protection for disabled people was transferred from the Disability Discrimination Act to the Equality Act with effect from October 2010. The Act defines a disabled person as someone who has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.
The Equality Act provides protection from discrimination in areas such as employment, education, access to goods, services and facilities, and buying and renting land or property. The Act also provides protection from discrimination for people associated with a disabled person, such as a parent or carer.
Progressive conditions such as HIV, cancer, multiple sclerosis and some visual impairments are also covered by the Act.
Given the high costs and complexity of disability litigation, the issue of enforcing legal rights that protect against discrimination under the DDA has courted controversy since the act was introduced.
A report published by the Royal National Institute for the Blind in 2000, entitled 'The Price of Justice', criticised the framework of the existing protection, suggesting the high costs involved in pursuing claims of discrimination in the provision of goods, services and facilities effectively blocked access to justice in some cases, and called for a review of the way these claims are brought. The report called for greater use of tribunals and more effective training of judges in disability related issues.
On the other side, the costs of complying with the Disability Discrimination Act have sometimes been high, particularly when modifications to buildings and vehicles were needed. Given the wording of the Act, it is clear that what "can be justified" is the key variable - and it is hotly contested.
Irrespective of the availability of legal action against explicit discrimination, there remain considerable prejudices against disabled people and various barriers to their participation in many areas of life.
One particularly unpleasant aspect of prejudice against disabled people is 'disability hate crime'. Several cases have been reported in the press over recent years and all have attracted public outrage.
A particularly tragic case was that of 38 year old Fiona Pilkington who, after suffering years of abuse by local youths, killed herself and her 18 year old disabled daughter, by setting fire to the car they were in. Ms Pilkington had complained to the police more than 30 times to no avail and subsequent independent inquiries strongly criticised both the police and local authorities for failing to stop the campaign of terror.
The Director of Public Prosecutions, Keir Starmer, in a speech in March 2011 spoke of the "very many" disability hate crimes that the Crown Prosecution Service deals with every year. Mr Starmer said there was "clear evidence" that disability hate crime was widespread and he believed "many thousands of cases" go unreported year on year.
According to Mr Starmer, the number of cases brought, the number of individials charged and the number of successful prosecutions is much lower for disability hate crime than for racial, religious, or homophobic hate crime. He also noted that there is no offence of inciting hatred based on disability, whereas there is for inciting hatred based on race, religion, or sexual orientation.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission announced in December 2009 that it would conduct a formal inquiry into how disability-related harassment and its causes are being dealt with by public authorities The inquiry is now closed and the Commission is due to publish a 'Manifesto for Change' later in 2012.
Employment is another controversial area. The Government's decision to close 36 out of 54 Remploy factories in March 2012 attracted severe criticism. Remploy factories were established over 60 years ago and provide work for people with disabilities.
The national disability charity Livability, whilst accepting that loss-making factories may have to be closed, was concerned about the "urgency" with which it was being done. Chief executive Mike Smith warned: ‘’In the current economic climate and with high levels of unemployment, this will be devastating news for thousands of disabled people and their families…..More time and support should be allowed for Remploy’s disabled workforce to find other employment."
Livability also urged the Government to be "more innovative" in finding employment for disabled people. The charity claimed the Access to Work programme was "not effective and not value for money" and suggested that more support should instead be given to self-employment programmes.
In October 2011, eight national disability charities came together to launch Disability Works UK, a not-for-profit consortium which aims to provide tailored employment support to disabled people. In February 2012, DWUK announced that it had secured a number of sub-contracts to deliver the Work Programme, the government initiative to help long-term unemployed and disabled people into work.
However, United Response, one of the charities involved, stressed that DWUK would only seek contracts "with providers whose values are compatible with our own" and would play no role in the imposition of sanctions, as they believed that sanctions "do not incentivise disabled people to look for work, nor do they give them the confidence
Key findings of the Life Opportunities Survey: 2009/2010
26 adults out of every 100 were disabled and protected by the Disability Discrimination Act.
29 adults out of every 100 had impairments.
17 out of every 100 adults with impairments said they faced barriers to using learning and training services. This compares with only 9 out of every 100 adults without impairments.
56 out of every 100 adults with impairments said there were barriers to the type of work they did or the hours they could work. This compares with only 26 out of every 100 adults without impairments.
33 out of every 100 adults with impairments who already had a job said they had barriers to the type of work they could do or the hours they could work. This compares with only 18 out of every 100 adults without impairments.
74 out of every 100 adults with impairments said they found it hard to use transport services like buses and trains. This compares with only 58 out of every 100 adults without impairments.
45 out of every 100 households with an adult with impairments said they would find it hard to pay an unexpected bill, pay off a loan, or have a holiday. This compares with only 29 out of every 100 other households.
72 out of every 100 adults with impairments said they did not join in sports as much as they would like to. Only 52 out of every 100 adults without impairments said the same.
It was harder for adults with impairments to get into and move about in buildings outside their home. The buildings that people found hardest to use were shops and hospitals.
29 out of every 100 adults with impairments said they had these kinds of difficulties. Only 7 out of every 100 adults without impairments said the same
Source: Office for National Statistics - December 2010
"Safety and security, and the right to live free from fear and harassment, are fundamental human rights.
"Disability hate crime strikes at all disabled people by undermining their sense of safety and security in the community. For this reason disability hate crime should be regarded as particularly serious. Such crimes are based on ignorance, prejudice, discrimination and hate and they have no place in an open and democratic society."
"We would all do well to recognise that, to date, victims and witnesses with disabilities have not been well served by the criminal justice system."
Director of Public Prosecutions, Keir Starmer - 2011
"In today’s Britain people with disabilities (including those with profound and complex needs) should be supported to make a full and meaningful contribution to our society. We believe that all stakeholders should work to ensure that barriers preventing them from doing so are eliminated."
The Disabilities Trust - 2012
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Pershing in France: Berlin or Bust
Renesch, E.G. (1879 - ?) Ca. 1917-1918 Lithograph
On May 10, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed General John J. Pershing the Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces. Pershing and the first 14,000 United States infantry troops landed at the port of Saint Nazaire in France on June 26, 1917. With the majority of these troops being untrained new recruits, they would not make a major battlefield contribution until 1918. Their presence, however, gave a significant psychological boost to the war-weary Allies on the battlefields of France.
On July 2, 1917, United States troops made a symbolic march through Paris ending at the grave of the Marquis de Lafayette, who had convinced the French to aid in the American Revolution. Standing in front of the tomb, Colonel Charles Stanton famously declared, “Lafayette, we are here!” This phrase was largely attributed to General Pershing, though he did not say it.
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Many men diagnosed with prostate cancer should not undergo treatment right away, but rather, have their cancer closely monitored and treated only when the disease progresses, according to an independent panel convened by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
The panel said men with low-risk prostate cancers, or about 100,000 men in the United States, should receive so-called active surveillance, a strategy in which patients receive regular follow-up testing with the intention of treating if the cancer becomes more aggressive.
Currently, about 10 percent of men diagnosed with prostate cancer delay treatment, and the remaining 90 percent receive treatments such as surgery or radiation therapy, according to the National Institutes of Health. Instead, about 40 percent could receive active surveillance, the panel said.
Studies show that men with low-risk prostate cancer who receive active surveillance live as long as those who receive immediate treatment.
However, it remains unclear how to best carry out active surveillance — for instance, studies have not conclusively shown how often men should receive follow-up blood tests and biopsies, and under what conditions treatments should begin. More research is needed to determine which strategies will provide the best outcomes for patients, the panel said.
"Prostate cancer affects some 30 [to] 40 percent of men over the age of 50," said Dr. Patricia Ganz, chairperson of the panel. "Some of these men will benefit from immediate treatment; others will benefit from observation. We need to standardize definitions, group patients by their risks, and conduct additional research to determine the best protocols for managing low-risk disease," Ganz said.
Low-risk prostate cancer
Treatments for prostate cancer come with risks, including erectile dysfunction and loss of urinary control. Moreover, of the 240,000 prostate cancers diagnosed this year, more than half will not be aggressive at diagnosis, and are unlikely to become life-threatening, the NIH says.
Current blood and pathology tests do an excellent job of distinguishing which cancers can be safely monitored from those that need immediate treatment, said Dr. Martin Sanda, director of the Prostate Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, who was not involved in the panel.
The panel said there is an emerging consensus in the field regarding the criteria used to define "low-risk" prostate cancer. These include a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level less than 10 nanograms per milliliter, and a Gleason score of 6 or less. The Gleason score grades cancers on a scale from two to 10;the the higher the score, the more aggressive the cancer.
Because the word "cancer" can produce anxiety in patients, the panel recommended a different term be used for low-risk prostate cancers identified after patients undergo PSA screening and subsequent biopsies. This approach would be similar to the use of the term "ductal carcinoma in situ," which designates the earliest form of breast cancer.
In addition, more research is needed to identify biological markers further distinguish between aggressive and nonaggressive cancers, the panel said.
Screening for prostate cancer, with PSA blood tests and possible biopsies, also comes with risks, including infections, pain and anxiety. Recently, the U.S. Preventative Task Force recommended against screening with the PSA test in healthy men, citing concerns about overtreatment.
But some doctors say active surveillance provides a middle ground between screening everyone and overtreating many, and screening no one at all.
"The [U.S. Preventative Task Force] would probably have done a better service had they considered the possibility of increased use of monitoring the lowest-risk cancers, as opposed to a blanket approach of 'let's not try to diagnose prostate cancers at all,'" Sanda said.
The idea behind active surveillance is "to have the benefit of screening while avoiding the harm of screening," Sanda said.
The choice to immediately treat or monitor prostate cancer will depend on the individual. The panel recommended doctors speak with their patients about their options.
Hopefully, the new statement "will help spread the word about active surveillance," Sanda said. "Often times when patients hear the word cancer, they assume that it's going to be treated. Having groups of physicians, scientists and health care administration have [a] consensus statement that it's safe to not treat some forms of prostate cancer could help men accept that as a care option."
Pass it on: Some men with low-risk prostate cancers will be candidates for active surveillance rather than immediate treatment, an expert panel says.
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The Louvre is one of the largest art museums in the world. It is situated on the right bank of the river Seine in Paris. In its glorious past, The Louvre was the homestead of French Kings; today it houses the best known, most visited piece of art in the world--
Mona Lisa. This is one of the most valued paintings ever. Of course, there are also other important treasures of art on display: Renaissance masterpieces, ancient Egyptian sculptures, and the Royal Painting Collection from the 13th to the 20th century.
The Louvre was inaugurated on August 10th, 1793, and the number of paintings was reduced to 587 at that time. The museum had to be closed to the public in 1796 because of an issue with the law. Its door reopened under the new name "Musée Napoléon" in 1801, this time with a large collection of art.
When Napoléon lost the battle at Waterloo, several pieces of art were seized and returned to their original owners. During the reign of Louis XVIII and Charles X, the collection became much larger. At the time of the Second French Empire, the museum had 20 000 pieces of art in its possession. Since the Third Republic, various collections have been added. In 2008, those masterpieces were divided into eight categories: Egyptian Art; Oriental Art; Greek, Etruscan, Roman Art; Art of Islam; Sculptures; Objects of Art; Paintings; and Graphics Art.
During your stay in Paris, don't forget to visit this awesome museum. It is free of charge on the first Sunday of each month.
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English – Friday 3rd July 2020
For the second activity today, I would like you to imagine you are Lavender in the story and think about what sort of house you could build for the newt to live in. When designing your newt’s house I would like you to think of the following questions:
I have included a template below for you to use to help design your newt house if you wish.
Maths - Friday 3rd July 2020
First watch the video on symmetry, this will remind you of some of the work you did on this subject in Year 2.
Now look at the investigation on the weblink below. You can work on the screen using the interactive activity if you wish or print out the shape.
Find symmetrical shapes by colouring in different triangles within the larger one.
Can you find more than one way of colouring it if you use 2 colours?
How many ways could you colour it with 3 colours to make sure the pattern is still symmetrical?
Can you ask your own questions starting with 'What if...' and try to solve them?
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Merroth Surname History
The family history of the Merroth last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Merroth:
- Merroth family history
- Merroth country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity
- Merroth last name meaning & etymology
- Merroth spelling & pronunciation
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Merroth Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
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No content has been submitted about the Merroth country of origin. The following is speculative information about Merroth. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Merroth can be very difficult to determine in cases which countries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Merroth may be in dispute depending on whether the family name came about organically and independently in different locales; for example, in the case of names that are based on a professional trade, which can come into being in multiple regions independently (such as the last name "Miller" which referred to the profession of working in a mill).
Merroth Meaning & Etymology
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No content has been submitted about the meaning of Merroth. The following is speculative information about Merroth. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Merroth come may come from a profession, such as the name "Baker" which refers to the craft of baker. Some of these craft-based surnames can be a profession in some other language. For this reason it is important to research the ethnicity of a name, and the languages used by its early ancestors. Many modern names like Merroth originate from religious texts like the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, etc. Commonly these names relate to a religious expression such as "Worthy of praise".
Merroth Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
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No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Merroth. The following is speculative information about Merroth. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In early history when few people could write, names such as Merroth were transcribed based on their pronunciation when people's names were written in court, church, and government records. This could have led to misspellings of Merroth. Knowing misspellings and alternate spellings of the Merroth surname are important to understanding the history of the name. Family names like Merroth change in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across tribes, family lines, and countries across time.
Last names similar to MerrothMerroto, Merrotsif, Merrotsy, Merrott, Merrou, Merroucha, Merrouche, Merrouette, Merrough, Merrouki, Merroun, Merrour, Merroux, MERROW, Merrowitz, Merrow Jr, Merrows, Merroy, Merrrick, Merrrill
Merroth Family Tree
Here are a few of the Merroth biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Merroths
- Charles Merroth 1895 - 1983
- Ruth S Merroth 1929 - 2010
- David T Merroth 1949 - 2010
- Jean S Merroth 1926 - 2007
- Dorothea S Merroth 1899 - 1989
- Charles Merroth
- Charles Merroth
- Mathias Merroth
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Julian is the most popular of the English mystics. She lived as a Benedictine nun in Norwich, beside the St. Julian Church, from which she most likely took her name. Little is known about Julian's life. Julian's book Revelations of Divine Love entitled her to become the first great female writer in the English language. Despite her disclaimers of being unskilled as an author, she wrote lively prose in a style all her own. She was well trained in the Bible as well as the teachings of the Church.
Her theology is based on her mystical experiences. She became seriously ill at the age of thirty and in the midst of her suffering prayed for a vision of Christ's passion. Once in a time of prayer Julian heard the words, "I am the foundation of your praying"—words that greatly influenced her spiritual life. She always pointed to the goodness and love of God, a light in a time of darkness for Julian, who lived in an age of social unrest and fear of the Black Plague.
Joy is perhaps the keynote in her writings. She penned the famous saying, "All shall be well and all shall be well, and all manner of things shall be well." Her writings have been called "the most perfect fruit of later medieval mysticism in England." The following selection shows both her intense desire and her sane reasoning. While her "revelations" may be hard for us today to identify with completely, they contain significant insights from which we all can learn.
Born in Prades, France, Thomas Merton had a trying and painful childhood—his mother died when he was six, and his father (an artist who moved from place to place, often leaving young Thomas unattended) died when he was fifteen. In his teens and early twenties Merton led a prodigal, sensual life in his search for fulfillment.
In his mid-twenties Merton experienced a profound conversion while attending Columbia University, and he joined the Roman Catholic church. At the age of twenty-six he entered Gethsemane Abbey in Kentucky where he would live the rest of his life as a Trappist monk.
In 1948 he published The Seven Storey Mountain, an autobiography that mirrored the spiritual climate of the times. It quickly became an international best-seller. Merton went on to write many more books that made a significant impact on the face of Western spirituality. Known for his journal writing, meditations, and social critique, Merton continues to influence the late twentieth century in many ways.
Some criticize his attempts to bridge the gap between Eastern and Western spirituality, but he never surrendered his belief in the importance of a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. In the same vein, Merton also held a delicate balance between the inner and the outer life—contemplation and action. Because of this he was able to have an influence not only in the Church, but in the secular world as well. His accidental death in 1968 was a tragic loss, yet Merton continues to inspire countless men and women.
St. Augustine, the bishop of Hippo, was the great doctor of the Latin church. He was born in North Africa in 354, the son of a pagan father and a devoutly religious mother. He was brought up as a Christian and at the age of sixteen went to Carthage to complete his education in law. In 375 he became interested in philosophy and abandoned his Christian heritage. A skilled orator, Augustine was offered a professorship in Rome, where he founded his own school of rhetoric.
There he came under the influence of the philosophy of Plato and the teachings of St. Ambrose. After a long inner struggle he renounced his earlier philosophical beliefs and embraced the Christian faith. He then returned to Africa where he formed a religious community. In 391 he was ordained a priest (against his wishes) as the Vandals began an invasion of Hippo.
For thirty-four years he lived in this monastic community. He wrote a vast number of books and became known for his eloquence, logic, and spiritual passion. These three combined to make Augustine one of the most significant thinkers in the history of the Christian Church. Perhaps no one except St. Paul has been so widely read for so long. His theological insights shaped not only the age he lived in, but all the subsequent centuries of Christianity. It is difficult to find a theologian—from any age—who has not been influenced by the teachings of St. Augustine.
Bernard was one of the great leaders in the history of the Church. He was an eloquent speaker and considered by many to be one of the holiest individuals who ever lived. He grew up in Dijon, France, and at the age of twenty-two entered as a novice in the monastery of Citeaux. Three years later he was appointed to supervise a group of his fellow monks in the newly founded monastery at Clairvaux. Though he was offered high positions in the church, Bernard remained at Clairvaux until his death.
Thanks to careful preservation over the centuries, many of Bernard's writings have survived today. His works had a profound influence on both Martin Luther and John Calvin. One of his most well-known works is his treatise On the Love of God. In it Bernard incisively outlines his famous "four degrees of love."
Born in Fantiveros, Castile, in Spain, John became a Carmelite monk in 1564. He studied philosophy and theology at the Carmelite college in Salamanca, one of Europe's leading universities. In 1567, the year he was ordained, he met with Teresa of Avila. Teresa saw great potential in John and put him in charge of the order. She admired his rigorous life-style and leadership ability. She was not disappointed, as John was able to establish several new orders.
It was during this time that he was name "John of the Cross," as a result of his suffering and commitment. He spent the rest of his life in the service of the Catholic Reform through his leadership and many writings. He was eventually arrested and put in confinement by those who opposed the reform. It was in confinement that his most famous work, The Dark Night of the Soul, was written. It describes the work of God upon the soul—not through joy and light, but through sorrow and darkness. The concept of "dark night" has become an integral part of understanding the spiritual journey. Though he died centuries ago, John of the Cross continues to exercise a significant influence on Christian spirituality.
Francis de Sales was born into a noble family at the castle of Sales and later attended a Jesuit school in Paris. The Jesuits taught him the classics, Hebrew, Greek, and the life of discipline. His training also included the study of law and the humanities. He was ordained a priest in 1591 despite opposition from his family. In 1602 he became bishop of Geneva.
Francis was a prolific writer whose works had a great influence on the church. He combined spiritual depth with ethical concern in a way the few writers, before or after him, have been able to do. He was a master of metaphor, describing the mysteries of the spiritual life through simple everyday images like bees and milk, birds and sugar. Because of his considerable influence, Francis is considered one of "the doctors of the Western Church."
Jonathan Edwards was a Congregational pastor and a key figure in the eighteenth-century "Great Awakening." He is considered one of America's greatest theologians. Born in Connecticut and educated at Yale, he ministered for twenty-three years at a church in Northampton, Massachusetts. He later became a missionary to the Indians at Stockbridge. In 1758 he was named president of Princeton University but died only a few weeks after taking office.
Edwards produced a theology of Christian spirituality for his age that blended together Lockean philosophy and his own Calvinist theology. His main concern was the question, How do we distinguish the presence of the Holy Spirit? Christian experience, according to Edwards, is a gift of God, but he spent his life working out the ways in which we define that experience. A central theme of his writings is the importance of religious "affections," which he defined as the passions that move the will to act.
Clive Staples Lewis will be remembered as one of the most important Christian thinkers of the twentieth century. He was born in Ireland in 1898, and the major part of his adult years was spent as a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, where he taught medieval literature. It was in 1931 that he was "surprised by joy," Lewis's own description of his conversion to Christianity. A brilliant scholar and writer, Lewis used his talents to reach thousands through the printed and spoken word.
He and a group of friends (including J. R. R. Tolkien, author of Lord of the Rings) gathered once a week to share their writings. During those years Lewis produced his famous work The Screwtape Letters. In the early 1940s he delivered talks on various Christian topics over British radio. His fame grew throughout Great Britain and spread to the United States. Out of those talks came the book Mere Christianity, a penetrating work on Christian apologetics. Countless Christians point to this book as an essential part of their faith journey. If sales are an indication of popularity, then C. S. Lewis is one of the most popular Christian thinkers of the twentieth century.
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Homework Tips: How To Stop Missing Your Deadlines
Time management is an essential skill that every student must cultivate. It might not seem relevant but it is imperative to your success in school. You might complete all your assignments perfectly but if the submission of your work is not on time, you might lose out on precious marks. This is why it is important for students to adopt a few key habits that will enable them to reduce stress while meeting homework deadlines.
The first step towards meeting your deadlines is remembering them and organising your schedule accordingly. As soon as the teacher assigns you some work, you should jot down the details. Take note of when the assignment was given as well as the due date for the task. Try adding a reminder a few days prior to the deadline in order to avoid nasty surprises. It also pays to keep track of your extra-curricular activities along with your social plans. In this manner, you can chalk-out the right amount of time for recreation and school work.
Keeping Track of Your Time
Procrastination is always an easy option. You must take relevant precautions to avoid this temptation and the best way to do so is to break up large chunks of school work into smaller, manageable portions. Do not try to take on a lengthy assignment in one go; instead, you should try and do certain parts in order to use your time in a more efficient manner.
Provide Incentives to Yourself
You could try motivating yourself by providing self-incentives. For example, you might consider doing your homework for a couple hours in the morning if you decide to meet your pals in the afternoon. You could ask a family member for assistance in case you feel tempted to break your schedule.
Dealing with Forgetfulness
- A lot of students tend to finish their assignments at the last minute. However, they cause themselves disappointment and frustration when they accidentally forget to pack their work for the day. This is an extremely embarrassing situation to be in and so you should always check and double check your bag before heading to school.
- If you pack your bag the previous night, you can ensure that all the assignments that have deadlines coming up are properly packed in your bag. This will provide you with peace of mind.
- A few students find it helpful to post sticky notes on their doors to remind themselves about checking their work while leaving for school.
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Study challenges standard ideas about piezoelectricity in ferroelectric crystals
For years, researchers believed that the smaller the domain size in a ferroelectric crystal, the greater the piezoelectric properties of the material. However, recent findings by Penn State researchers have raised questions about this standard rule.
Ferroelectric materials possess spontaneous electric dipole moments that can be reversibly flipped by applying an electric field. Domains are areas in the ferroelectric crystal that have the dipole moments aligned in the same direction. Piezoelectricity is a material property where the crystal generates electrical charge under an applied mechanical force. This capability enables piezoelectrics to be used in electronics, sensors and actuators.
"So many devices in our daily life utilize the ability of a material to convert electrical signals to mechanical signals and vice versa," said Bo Wang, postdoctoral scholar in materials science and engineering. "In most of these applications, the piezoelectric material plays a key role. And the most advanced piezoelectric materials are the ferroelectric materials."
At a microscopic scale, ferroelectric materials consist of many domains, and these domains range in size from a few nanometers to as much as millimeters. Each domain consists of uniform or nearly uniform distribution of dipole moments, which occur when there is a separation of charge. The regions between adjacent domains are known as domain walls.
"The domain walls in ferroelectric crystals are interfaces with a very small thickness over which the dipole moments change their directions. It's well known in the research community of ferroelectric materials that these domain walls have a strong influence on piezoelectricity," Wang said. "There is a general belief in the community that the smaller the domain size or higher the domain wall density, the larger the piezoelectric coefficient."
However, the recent work by Wang and his co-workers, published in Advanced Materials, challenges this conventional wisdom.
"Our theory and computation demonstrated that such a conventional view is actually not often correct," Wang said.
The researchers found that the idea that smaller domains lead to higher piezoelectricity is based on very limited existing data without a solid theoretical foundation.
"Based on this conventional wisdom, many in the research community have tried to find ways to make all these domains smaller to enhance the piezoelectricity, and often when they see some improvement in the piezoelectric performance, one of the first things that comes to mind is maybe due to the smaller domains," said Long-Qing Chen, Hamer Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, professor of engineering science and mechanics, and professor of mathematics at Penn State. "Our work provides a theoretical foundation for correlating the piezoelectricity to crystal symmetry, crystal orientation, and domain configuration."
In that paper, they referred to findings by other researchers that an AC electric field can improve the piezoelectric response of the crystal by 20% to 40% compared with the crystal treated by a DC electric field. But the team discovered that inside the crystal during AC switching cycles, the domain sizes actually got bigger, not smaller as would be expected.
"We proposed a theoretical model of domain change under electric fields, we use computation to confirm it, and because of our simulation, we have shown that researchers in the future will have to look inside the crystal," Chen said. "The previous researchers showed that higher piezoelectric response is due to smaller domains, but they only looked at the surface. We showed computationally that actually, the domains became bigger with higher piezoelectricity, and that was found by examining under the crystal's surface."
According to Wang, this new understanding of the relationship between ferroelectric crystal domain size and piezoelectricity can provide guidance to improve piezoelectric performance of materials.
"We hope that this study allows people to rethink the design principles for piezoelectric materials, perhaps creating better piezoelectric materials in ways that were not thought possible before," Wang said. "This may enable better piezoelectrics made from lower-cost materials, or from materials that are more environmentally friendly."
Along with Wang and Chen, the other author on the study was Fei Li, a previous postdoctoral researcher in materials science and engineering at Penn State and now a full professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University in China.
More information: Bo Wang et al, Inverse Domain‐Size Dependence of Piezoelectricity in Ferroelectric Crystals, Advanced Materials (2021). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105071
Journal information: Advanced Materials
Provided by Pennsylvania State University
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On May 3, I and four other Johns Hopkins students volunteered with the Personalized Genetics Education Project, or pgEd, at a congressional briefing titled “Enduring the Extremes: Space Travel, Genetics and Astronaut Health.” This briefing, co-hosted by Rep. Louise Slaughter and Sen. Elizabeth Warren, was motivated by NASA’s goal to conduct landing missions to a nearby asteroid and to Mars in the next 10 to 20 years. These missions will require long durations in space, and NASA is interested in how long-term space travel affects humans.
Brad Carpenter, chief scientist of NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, discussed the potentially severe physiological consequences of space travel. Astronauts experience accelerated bone and muscle loss due to less efficient exercise against a weaker gravitational force. However, the high levels of radiation are most concerning. Astronauts are at an increased risk of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, chronic tissue degeneration, visual impairment and central nervous system damage, among other health risks.
How can genetics inform and mitigate the risks of space exploration?
First, there is a large variation in the severity of the symptoms that astronauts experience. Perhaps there are genetic underpinnings to this variation. Ting Wu, co-founder and director of pgED, said that helping astronauts understand their predisposition to certain diseases or how they may individually respond to cosmic elements may help astronauts decide if they want to pursue space exploration. Furthermore, gene editing and gene therapy may provide protective or therapeutic benefits for astronauts. For example, rare protective genes that dramatically reduce pain perception may be useful for astronauts who need to undergo surgery in space.
We also have to wonder what space does to our chromosomes. As discussed above, cosmic rays can damage DNA and increase cancer risk. Wu has been studying the effect of chromosome folding and positioning on gene expression on Earth in her laboratory at Harvard. She wonders what effects extended stays in microgravity have on chromosomal properties and the consequential effects on physiology.
Finally, Jeffrey Kahn, deputy director for policy and administration and professor of bioethics and public policy at the Berman Institute of Bioethics at The Johns Hopkins University, discussed the ethics of space travel and gene editing. Currently, guidelines for how long astronauts can stay in space are based on age and gender. Women are allowed less time in space than men, and older astronauts are allowed longer space travel time than younger astronauts.
These calculations are based on the amount of time that would increase a person’s chance of dying from cancer by 3 percent. Khan asked whether such restrictions were ethical or if it was even ethical to allow people take on these enormous risks in the first place. According to Khan, if we are going to send people into space, the benefits of such an endeavor should far outweigh the risks to the astronauts. Because of the variation in how astronauts physiologically respond to space, genetics can help evaluate the risk-to-benefit ratio for each individual person.
Additional ethical considerations involve keeping the health and genetic information of astronauts, a relatively small and well-known group of individuals, confidential. Also, there are the yet unresolved ethical issues associated with gene therapy and gene editing if these technologies are to be made available to astronauts.
Our role as volunteers was fairly simple — signing people in, handing out programs and running wireless microphones to audience members with questions — but we had the opportunity to participate in a very thought-provoking conversation. Currently, the ideas seem largely speculative, but time will tell how the seemingly disparate fields of space travel and genetics will work together to extend our reach into the vastness of the universe.
- Digging Up Molecular Fossils on Mars
- Seeking the Right Stuff for Teams: In the Hospital or Distant Space
- Biomedical Science at the ‘Final Frontier’
Andy Feinberg hopes to learn something about how long-term residence in space affects the human body by comparing biological samples from astronaut Scott Kelly — who recently returned from a year aboard the International Space Station — with those of his Earth-bound twin, Mark. Learn more.
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Felony charges are the most serious criminal charges an accused individual can face and should therefore be taken seriously. Felonies are usually designated by class which can have an impact on the potential penalties and consequences the accused individual faces.
Historically, felony charges were regarded as charges of moral turpitude and have historically been considered the worst crimes an individual could commit. Violent crime is included amongst the list of common felonies including murder, rape, robbery, burglary, arson, kidnapping and other crimes as well. Since a felony charge is considered so serious, it can generally be punished by a year or more in prison and a steep fine.
In addition, felony charges can have long-term implications on the freedoms and future for individuals accused of committing a felony. This is what makes criminal defense protections so important and essential for accused individuals. Criminal defense rights protect accused individuals from false charges and when they have been charged with committing a felony. A criminal defense strategy may focus on challenging the alleged facts, the conduct of police or asserting that the elements of the crime charged have not been met.
There are a variety of ways to approach criminal charges that accused individuals should be familiar with. A criminal defense strategy may be able to mitigate the potential penalties and consequences the accused individual is facing or reduce the felony charges they are facing. The best criminal defense strategy depends on the unique situation and circumstances the accused individual is faced with which is why it is beneficial for them to be familiar with all of their options.
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Individuals in the United States suffer from about one billion colds per year.
No one likes having to miss work due to an illness, and the advent of Covid-19 has led to an even greater risk of serious complications.
Are there ways to strengthen your immune system naturally to ensure that you will be less likely to suffer?
The answer is yes. Here are some practical ways that you can build your immune support.
1. Exercise Regularly
Most people think of exercise merely as a way to lose weight. Yet getting moving can also serve to flush bacteria out of your lungs, which could help reduce your chances of getting colds and cases of the flu.
Moderate activity for about 20 minutes per day can improve your immune system. If you haven’t gotten moving in a while, try out a yoga class or get moving on the elliptical trainer. Exercise is also a great way to ward off disease and give your mood a quick boost.
2. Get Your Vitamins
Certain vitamins are critical for immune system support. In particular, Vitamin C helps with many cellular immune functions. It can also help fight free radicals, which will decrease inflammation and help improve your immune system further.
There are lots of wonderful food sources for Vitamin C, including strawberries, bell peppers, and oranges. You can also get your fix from cherries, broccoli, and kale. If you’re unable to get enough Vitamin C into your diet, the right immune support vitamins can send you on your way to better health. https://www.shopchirothin.com/collections/all-products/products/immune-support
In addition, Vitamin B6 works to keep your immune system healthy by making new red blood cells and transporting oxygen throughout your body. You can find it in cold water fish like salmon and tuna, which are also excellent sources of protein. It’s also present in green veggies and chickpeas, which you’ll appreciate if you like hummus.
Vitamin D is also a critical part of your immune system because it helps regulate the activity of the immune cells that create antiviral responses. It’s present in egg yolks, fortified cereal, and red meat.
In addition, Vitamin A can help increase the activity of your immune system, and it may even help your body fight off cancer. Foods like carrots, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes are great sources. If you’re serious about staying healthy throughout the season, make sure to get your recommended amount of Vitamin A.
3. Get Enough Sleep
If you aren’t getting enough sleep, you probably don’t have a strong immune system. While we’re sleeping, our bodies produce an important protein called cytokines. These help your body to fight infection and inflammation.
Our bodies also create T-cells during this time. These are the white blood cells that are important to immune responses to infections, including Covid-19.
The average adult needs between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night. If you have trouble getting your Zzzs, consider establishing a relaxing nighttime routine that gets you ready to snooze.
Take a hot bath, read a book, or listen to relaxing music. Looking at your phone before bed isn’t a good idea, since the blue light emitted by it can prevent your body’s production of melatonin, making it even more difficult for you to fall asleep. You should also avoid exercising at least 90 minutes before bedtime.
4. Limit Your Sugar Intake
Eating too much sugar can increase your risk of obesity, which will in turn increase your risk of getting sick.
If you want to eat less of the bad sugars that cause weight gain, cut down on sweetened foods and start eating more fresh or frozen fruits. Avoid things like soda, juice, and too many refined carbs. These are present in pasta, cookies, and cakes.
5. Drink Enough Water
Water can actually carry oxygen to the cells in your body, which will result in stronger systems. It also serves to remove toxins. In addition, staying hydrated can fill your body with nutrients, flush out bacteria, and protect your organs and tissues.
Most people need about four to six cups of water per day. Grab a bottle and keep it with you at work or while you’re exercising. It will also help to prevent cramps so you’ll be able to stay active longer.
If you aren’t inclined to drink water naturally, try flavoring it with a bit of fresh fruit in your fridge. Or you can try alternatives like seltzer for a little extra taste.
6. Keep Stress Down
One of the main reasons individuals suffer from poor immunity is that they are stressed out. Long-term stress can promote inflammation as well as suppress your immune system responses.
There are lots of ways to manage stress, including journaling, meditation, and exercise. If you are really having trouble managing your feelings, consider talking to a qualified therapist. Many also offer online sessions if you’re busy.
7. Stay Clean
Washing your hands regularly removes germs from them. This can help prevent infection because we are often touching our eyes, noses, and mouths without realizing it. If you aren’t careful, you can pick up whatever infections are around quite easily.
It’s also important to continue disinfecting frequently touched surfaces. This might include doorknobs, light switches, and computer keyboards. Making the time to keep your home, school, or place of work clean will go a long way toward preventing illness.
Boosting Immune Support
The right vitamins, sleep, and lifestyle is critical for strong immune support. If you’re eating well, exercising, and drinking plenty of water, you will stay healthy for all of the important things you have to do.
For more information about immune support vitamins and weight loss, visit us today.
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Coding curriculum for kids who are learning from home.
Do you have a STEM kid learning from home? GiiLD has curriculum for students who want to learn computer programming.
GiiLD's project-based learning platform is unique. We have ditched "courses" and eliminated the need for parents to understand computer science.
"MY SON SEBASTIÁN IS REALLY ENJOYING THIS PROGRAM. HE LOVES THE CHALLENGES AND IS LEARNING ENGLISH AT THE SAME TIME!"
- Sandra, Colombia
Our Challenges are designed to draw out critical thinking and problem solving skills. The GiiLD app offers cool Challenges that engage the students.
You do not need to have computer science training to leverage the power of GiiLD. With our Curriculum and Parent Feed anyone can facilitate their kid's journey through coding!
"MY DAUGHTER SHELBY HAD NEVER DONE ANY CODING BEFORE DOING THE GiiLD LOGO CHALLENGE. SHE SHOWED ME WHAT SHE DID TODAY AND I WAS AMAZED."
- Jan, USA
Common questions we hear from parents...
Q: Do I need to be a programmer?
A: No, the kids will use GiiLD and the GiiLD community to learn and teach themselves.
Q: What happens when they have questions or get stuck?
A: A mentor will help them get unstuck and the kids will work together to solve problems
Q: I don't know where to start. Where do I start?
A: Let your kids look at the Challenges and see which ones they like or don't like. For more details about each Challenge, you can register and search the Challenges section of the site.
Q: What do I need in order to start?
A: A computer and access to the internet.
Q: How much does it cost?
A: GiiLD has great plans for Learners, Parents, Schools and Enterprises. But you can always take Challenges for free using GiiLD.
Q: What are the most popular plans?
A: Kids love the Command Center which is available in Collaborative Learning (CL) and parents love the Parent Learning (PL) plan which has all the features of CL and includes Curriculum and Parent Feed for easy activity management.
Interested in more information?
We are committed to helping parents facilitate project-based learning for kids interested in coding and robotics. Let us know if you have questions or if you want to be a part of our mailing list.
"PROJECT-BASED LEARNING WORKS BEST WHEN IT STARTS WITH STUDENT INTEREST FIRST, AND STUDENTS ARE THE DRIVERS OF THE PROJECTS."
- Carrie, Avalon School USA
"WE MIGHT HAVE TOLD SOMEBODY IN THE PAST, HERE'S YOUR TASK, HERE ARE THE EXACT STEPS YOU NEED TO TAKE TO ACCOMPLISH IT. (WE) SHOULDN'T DO THAT ANYMORE. (INSTEAD) HERE'S THE OUTCOME I WANT; YOU FIGURE OUT HOW TO GET THERE"
- Robert Brooks Brown, Commander of the United States Army Pacific
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| 0.893577 | 671 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The surgeon makes several small incisions around the knee joint and inserts a narrow fiber optic scope (called an arthroscope) to examine the condition of the knee. Tiny instruments are used to remove any fragments of original meniscus cartilage. The new meniscal tissue is anchored into the shinbone to stabilize the transplant and then sewn into place.
Meniscal transplant surgery is rare and not for everyone. Good candidates are active people under the age of 55 who are missing more than half a meniscus or have a severe meniscus tear that cannot be repaired. For older patients or those with developed osteoarthritis, a knee replacement is often a better option.
The meniscus is a rubbery, C-shaped piece of cartilage that cushions the knee, provides stability and helps distribute body weight across the knee joint. Each knee has two menisci, one at the outer edge (the lateral meniscus) and one at the inner edge (the medial meniscus). When the meniscus is removed, articular cartilage can wear away, leading to degenerative changes and early arthritis of the knee joint.
When is surgery recommended?
Most meniscal tears are either removed or repaired. However, in special circumstances, allograft (cadaver) transplantation of meniscal tissue is possible. Patients must meet strict criteria, including:
- Younger than 55
- Physically active with a normal BMI
- Missing more than half a meniscus from a previous surgery or injury
- Persistent pain
- Minimal degenerative joint changes
What is the recovery time?
Full recovery from meniscal transplant surgery can take up to six months. Patients must spend the first four to six weeks in a knee brace and on crutches to give the transplanted tissue time to attach to the bone. A physical therapy program is recommended to restore flexibility, strength and range of motion.
Time off from work can last from several weeks to several months, depending on job requirements. Return to sports and other activities varies by patient and demand.
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| 0.908376 | 429 | 2.921875 | 3 |
July 19, 2012
In Neutrino-less Double-beta Decay Search
Pocar, Kumar and the team of 60 scientists using an instrument called the EXO-200 detector, succeeded in setting a new lower limit for the half-life of this ephemeral nuclear decay; though no one has yet seen it, important progress was made
Physicists Andrea Pocar and Krishna Kumar of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, part of an international research team, recently reported results of an experiment conducted at the Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO), located in a salt mine one-half mile under Carlsbad, New Mexico, part of a decades-long search for evidence of the elusive neutrino-less double-beta decay of Xenon-136.Pocar, Kumar and the team of 60 scientists using an instrument called the EXO-200 detector, succeeded in setting a new lower limit for the half-life of this ephemeral nuclear decay. Though no one has yet seen it, important progress was made.
Pocar explains, "This result is particularly interesting because it very nearly excludes a 10-year old claim for observing such a decay in germanium-76. One of the physics community's goals for all this time has been to test that claim. We now have a detector that is able to probe half-lives which are 10^15 times the age of the universe. This alone is a remarkable achievement."
If observed someday, the existence of neutrinoless double-beta decay would require a new theoretical explanation of particle physics, he adds. Many theorists believe that it should exist. "A number of factors make this seem possible. It could tell us something about the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter that we observe in the universe," Pocar notes. Latest findings are reported in the current issue of Physical Review Letters.
Standard double beta decay (where two electrons are emitted by a nucleus, each accompanied by a neutrino), though rare, can be fully explained by current theory and has been observed in a few elements, Pocar says. The EXO-200 experiments made the first observation of this decay in Xenon-136 last summer. In the new experiments, he and colleagues checked the possibility that such decay can occur without any neutrino emissions, which would require new theoretical arguments.
A neutrino is a fundamental particle like an electrons or quark, but with no electric charge. It is the only candidate particle that may prove to be its own anti-particle, with finite mass. Neutrinos interact with other particles only via the weak nuclear force. An electron and a neutrino are emitted simultaneously from an atom's nucleus during nuclear beta decay under the influence of this force. For many decades, scientists thought neutrinos were completely without mass, but they now understand that neutrinos have very tiny masses, at least 500,000 times smaller than that of the electron, Pocar explains. If neutrinos are indeed their own anti-particles, then neutrinoless double-beta decay becomes possible.
"It's a deep question in physics and the answer could shed some light on understanding matter and anti-matter in the universe, one of the fundamental questions of cosmology. Why is the universe we know made of matter and not anti-matter? Finding a particle that is its own anti-particle is a little piece of information that could address this."
At the EXO-200 experiment in New Mexico, a five-foot-diameter copper barrel housed inside a clean room is cooled down by refrigerators to serve as a cryostat. Investigators place a bucket-sized detector inside, seal it and fill it with 200 kg of enriched xenon (containing more of the isotope Xenon136 than usual). They then cool the EXO-200 detector to minus 100 degrees C, which turns Xenon into a liquid three times denser than water. The detector is built with very stringent cleanliness standards to achieve the lowest possible environmental radioactivity, which could be mistaken for double beta decay events.
If neutrinoless double-beta decay of this isotope takes place, the detector will "see" the nucleus emitting two electrons simultaneously during decay, with no neutrinos. The mine's salt and rock shield the detector from most cosmic rays found on the surface, which would make the search for such a rare event impossible, Pocar says.
A smaller lab on the UMass Amherst campus offers Pocar and Kumar, plus postdoctoral researchers Tim Daniels and David Wright, graduate students Sereres Johnston, and undergraduates Josh Bonatt, Monica Harrelson, Devon Ingraham-Adie, Mark Lodato, Cameron Mackeen and Kelly Malone a handy place to test individual detector components and observations made at EXO in a local setup.
All the collaborators, about 60 scientists from institutions in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Germany, Russia and South Korea get trained in mine safety in order to take shifts on the experiment.
On The Net:
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Why India never sees a 100 percent voter turnout even in biggest of it’s elections? Why 33.62 percent of the people with voter ID, did not cast their votes during 2014 elections? Not only this, the report also mentions that 66.38 percent is the highest voter turnout in Indian election history. Why people don’t vote, when they are eligible to, by holding valid Voter ID cards?elect
According to the India Today Report of 2014 general elections, voter turnout, which is the percent of population who voted with respect to the percent of population who hold voter ID cards, during the 2014 elections, was just 66.38 percent. What about the rest 33.62 percent? Although report also said, that voter turnout was highest during this election period, but then, why it didn’t reach 100 percent? Why do we have some people, every time, who do not vote?
Valid Voter ID holders cannot vote in elections – Do you know why?
India been such a big democracy, needs reliable politicians, but then, why citizens, holding voter ID cards, could not vote?
1. Voter ID is not the only thing needed – Voter List is important too
To be eligible to vote, every citizen must have his name enrolled in the voter list of that area. Voter list is the government’s record of names of eligible voters in that area. Voter ID is the unique card issued through voter list. So, if anyone is holding the voter ID but name is not enrolled in the voter list, then that person cant vote. To check your name in voter list online, click here.
2. Bogus voting issues
Many a times it happens that some one else votes on your behalf, and then when you go to cast your vote, your are not allowed to. This is called bogus voting. This usually happens in places, where their are high political bosses, who capture the booths and take all votes in their favor, by hook or by crook. Although over a period of time, this has dramatically decreased, yet , it exists in some places in India.
3. Lack of awareness
A very big factor that stops people, holding voter ID from voting is the lack of awareness amongst the people. This lack of awareness can be in any sense, from basic level details about elections, its rules and its purpose.
4. Location of polling stations
When the government officials think that two or more areas can be polled and same polling stations can be allotted to both, as the polling station is equidistant from both the areas, many of the people living in either of these areas, are at time confused and are unaware of the actual location of the polling stations. Or worse, they tend to become lazy and don’t walk out on the day of voting, thinking polling station is out of their reach.
5. Common Excuse – Voter ID is required to Vote and I don’t have it!
Well, as long as your name is in the Voter List, you can cast your vote. Yes! You can simple carry any of the valid ID proof like your PAN Card, Driving license etc to the polling booth and cast your vote if your name already appears in he voters list. So now don’t give this as an excuse to not vote.
6. Thinking your Voter doesn’t matter
This is a pertinent question in mind of all those voting. If your vote never mattered, why would government issue you a unique card called as voter ID card? Yes, voting is your right and you ought to exercise your right in order to fulfil your duties.
7. It’s a holiday!!!!
Voting days in India is always a holiday and hence, people take it as granted as an official leave and doze off in their beds throughout the day thinking, their vote, is not that important. This thing of becoming lazy after continuous days of work, is justified, hence, to rule it out, government must make voting day, a working day and install online voting system all over the country. Government must install online voter ID card readers to verify the identity of the voter.
8. Being ignorant
If any person, who is not thinking on the above lines, may still have one big flaw, which is been ignorant towards the parties, their agendas and their campaigns. These three are ways that any party can adapt in order to talk to the voter and when, any voter, although having voter ID , going to the polling station, yet, clicks on any random button, just for the sake of voting, then he/ she is misusing the trust that government and other citizens has bestowed upon him.
Last reason as to why lot of Indians don’t vote can also be due to booth capturing. It is when, big parties hire goons, who on the day before voting, bribe all the citizens and ask them to vote in their favour. In such cases, citizens lose the trust in the administrative machinery, and feel as if their personal decisions are purchased by someone. They eventually end not voting at all.
So readers, I would humbly request you to avoid all the above reasons, to whatever extent possible and go out and fight for the right voting methodology where your votes are not purchased but are your private personal decisions. If you take a step forward, to vote adequately and correctly, soon the political problems of our country, as to corruption, red tapism and party politics will vanish away.
Cast your vote, cast your right, your voter ID is your identity.
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Histotechnician Program in Connecticut – CT
Histotechnician programs in Connecticut involve a wide range of classes that will provide the foundation that will lead to a successful career. Students will find that their curriculum will provide them with information on safe laboratory techniques and will also provide in-depth experience performing a variety of tasks with organic tissues.
Histotechnician programs in Connecticut can be found not only in traditional schools, but also in some online schools. Histotechnicians will prepare samples for analysis. This means they must be well versed in methods used to preserve samples while preparing them to be used with a variety of dyes for abnormality testing on the cellular level. Histotechnicians will not be responsible for actually diagnosing medical issues, but they are totally responsible for preparing the samples that will be used for diagnostic testing and observation.
Upon graduation, histotechnicians will be able to take raw samples and be able to use tools like embedders that prepare tissue for cutting with the microtone. Though the histotechnician will learn about the many chemicals used to dye organic tissue, they will make use of an automatic tissue stainer rather than manually staining samples.
Science is going to be the focus of the curriculum in Connecticut’s histotechnology programs. Students will work in laboratory settings and will be asked to prove their knowledge through written assessments and the demonstration of certain hands on techniques.
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Most examples of decentralized organization are contemporary: Black Lives Matter, Antifa, the Alt-Right, and other movements developed largely on social media. Older examples of social decentralization tend to be failures: Collapsed Hippie communes of the 60s, anarchist and communist movements that quickly collapsed or devolved to authoritarianism, the “self-balancing free market,” and so on.
But not all leaderless movements are short-lived failures. One excellent example is Alcoholics Anonymous: An 82-year-old mutual aid institution dedicated to helping alcoholics stay sober. Aside from their age, AA is a good subject for study because they’ve engaged in a great deal of self-analysis, and have very explicitly documented their organizational practices.
Let’s examine AA’s Twelve Traditions and see what can be generalized to other organizations. The twelve traditions are reproduced below:
Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends on AA unity.
For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority - a loving God as He may express Himself in our group conscience.
The only requirement for AA membership is a desire to stop drinking.
Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole.
Each group has but one primary purpose - to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers.
An AA group ought never endorse, finance or lend the AA name to any related facility or outside enterprise, lest problems of money, property and prestige divert us from our primary purpose.
Every AA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions.
Alcoholics Anonymous should remain forever nonprofessional, but our service centers may employ special workers.
AA, as such, ought never be organized; but we may create service boards or committees directly responsible to those they serve
Alcoholics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues; hence the AA name ought never be drawn into public controversy.
Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always maintain personal anonymity at the level of press, radio and films.
Anonymity is the spritual foundation of all our traditions, ever reminding us to place principles before personalitites.
The above twelve rules can be distilled to three themes:
The group comes first
The group is single-issue
The group should be independent of any external or internal structures
The first theme stresses anonymity in an interesting way: Not to protect individual members (many of whom want to be anonymous when in an organization like AA), but to prevent the rise of “rock-stars”, or powerful individuals with celebrity status. Personal power is prone to abuse, both at an inter-personal level (see the plethora of sexual abuse cases in the news right now), and at a structural level, where the organization becomes dependent on this single individual, and is drawn in to any conflict surrounding the celebrity.
The solution to a rock-star is to kick them out of the organization, and maintain a healthier community without them. AA has gone a step further however, and outlines how to prevent the rise of a rock-star by preventing any personal identification when communicating to the outside world. When you are speaking to the press you are Alcoholics Anonymous, and may not use your name. For further discussion on rock-stars in tech communities, see this article.
The single-issue design is an unusual choice. Many social movements like the Black Panthers stress solidarity, the idea that we should unite many movements to increase participants and pool resources. This is the same principle behind a general strike, and broad, cross-issue activist networks like the Indivisible movement. However, focusing on a single issue continues the trend of resisting corruption and abuse of power. AA keeps a very strict, simple mission, with no deviations.
The last theme, total organizational independence, is also unusual. Organizations that fear external attack, like terrorist cells, may operate in isolation from other cells with little to no higher-level coordination. Organizations avoiding internal corruption, like the Occupy movement, or fraternities, may limit internal leadership and centralization of power using systems like Robert’s Rules of Order or Clusters & Spokes Councils, or they may organize more anarchically, through organic discussion on social media. Avoiding both internal and external hierarchy, however, sacrifices both large-scale coordination and quick decision making. This works for Alcoholics Anonymous, because their mission is predefined and doesn’t require a great deal of complex leadership and decision making. It is also used by Antifa, where local groups have no contact with one another and rely on collective sentiment to decide on actions.
Overall, AA is an interesting introduction to decentralized organizations. I will revisit these ideas as I learn more.
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Jerry Garcia is considered the most-recorded guitarist in history. From the early 60s to his death in 1995, an estimated 15,000 hours of his playing (with the Grateful Dead and various solo projects) is committed to tape.
The ease with which mosquitoes find us may seem uncanny, but their senses are fine-tuned for the job. Their antennae can detect human-emitted carbon dioxide and lactic acid from 100 feet away, they can sense the chemicals in sweat and their eyes are adept at spotting movement and bright colors.
The ubiquitous summer sound of cricket chirps can be used to determine temperature in Fahrenheit. Just count the number of chirps in 15 seconds and add 37.
Jellyfish are 95% water. The rest is a translucent, inert jelly-like substance called mesoglea.
The pseudonym “Mark Twain” is actually a riverboat call for water that is 2 fathoms deep
(about 12 feet), the minimum depth for navigation.
By the time Hitler was elected chancellor of Germany in 1934, he had avoided paying taxes to the tune of 405500 million Reichsmarks, about $6.3 million today. However, these debts were forgiven.
Flying a flag at half-staff to honor the recently deceased originated when a British ship’s captain died at sea in 1612 and the flag was lowered in tribute to him. It is thought that the flag is lowered to make room for the “invisible flag of death.”
Ancient Romans required 4 million crushed murex mollusk shells to create one pound of purple pigment. The color, known as imperial purple, was reserved for the togas of emperors, consuls and senators because of its great expense.
The Greek philosopher Plato is credited with discovering that two different paint colors could
be mixed to produce a third color. This discourse on colors is printed in the Timaeus, his
dialogue about the universe.
Seasonal changes are more extreme depending on the tilt of a planet’s axis. Uranus has the most extreme tilt angle in the solar system at 97.9 degrees—almost on its side. In each hemisphere, winter solstice brings 21 years of darkness and summer solstice brings 21 years of daylight.
Summer, 1858 in London was known as The Great Stink, the peak of untreated human waste disposal in the river Thames. It was so bad that Parliament nearly left the city, and almost immediately they allocated funds for an effective sewer system.
The case for keeping free-range toads as pets in the warmer months: Each eats about 10,000
insects per summer.
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When To Protect and When To Remove Honey Bees
Honey bee removal is such a tough subject. We love these bees more than anyone and we take every precaution. Many people think that if they fly and sting, then they are just “bees.” However, not all bees can all be handled in the same manor. While bees and honeybees do fly and sting, they behave very differently from wasps and yellow jackets. Here are the top five reasons why honeybees should be respected. They must be treated differently than wasps, yellow jackets, and other stinging, flying insects nesting on your home:
5 Reasons Why Honey Bee Removal Is A Major Topic
Unlike the colonies of yellow jackets, wasps, and hornets who’s queens are the only to survive the cold winter months, honeybee colonies can stay fairly active throughout the entire year by bundling together and keeping constant motion to create the necessary heat to survive (81° F). New generations can even be bred during this during time, feeding off of the stored honey and pollen from the warm season. This ability to survive through the winter results in large populations right at the start of Summer.
Around late May and early July, the bee and wasp season kicks off. At this time of year honeybees start looking for new places to nest. Because they are able to survive throughout the winter by huddling and shivering to keep warm, large amounts of honeybees will fly in packs in search of a new location. This can surprise many home owners who are led to believe that nesting has already begun. But just as quickly as they come, they disappear. Honeybees prefer to nest in natural settings, and if specific conditions are not met, they will continue on to new locations. Many times this can still be dangerous for people living nearby, and they should seek out the professional help of a licensed pest technician to encourage their departure.
Power in Numbers:
Honeybee colonies can reach much a much higher population size than wasps or yellow jackets. Wasp colonies typically reach a maximum size of 500-1,000 and yellow jackets a range of 5,000-10,000, but honeybee colonies far outgrow both by reaching sizes of 10,000-20,000 workers. This difference in colony size can make treatment of honeybee colonies a much more difficult and time consuming process. Many times colonies need to be treated two or even three times before complete eradication is reached.
Honeys Not Always Sweet:
Many people enjoy the sweet nectar produced by the honeybees. Honey can have a devastating effect on the homes these honeybees nest on. Honey dripping inside a wall can rot out building materials. It can also retain the moisture needed for mold to grow. Invariably it will attract other pests to the affected area. This destruction by honey can cause big headaches and financial strains to home owners dealing with honeybee nests on their properties.
Second Generation Royalty:
While most bee and wasp colonies create queen bees from the start, honeybees have the unique ability to transform a regular worker bee into a queen. While all honeybee workers are female, only a select few are born with the ability to reproduce. If the only queen in the colony is killed, the workers will continuously feed a larva what is called “royal honey” throughout its development, giving it the ability to fertilize. This can greatly prolong the life of a honeybee colony which can reach upwards of 5 years old. A honeybee nest left to grow for multiple years will greatly increase. The cost and time involved in eradicating it, while wasp and yellow jacket queens abandon their nests even when intact.
When To Remove Or Treat HoneyBees – When Should An Exterminator Use Honey Bee Removal
While vital to nature, honeybees can cause a dangerous environment to humans when they nest in residential settings. Consult with your local EnviroPest pest technician before attempting to self-treat any insect nest on your home. The wrong treatment can prove to be ineffective or make a docile situation turn dangerous in seconds.
DO NOT SPRAY HONEY BEES UNTIL YOU TALK WITH US
- Danger To Your Home? REMOVE: When honey bees get into the walls or soffits of homes they will leave a huge mess. It is preferable to have them removed without destroying the colony. Getting to the queen or accessing is not always possible. Check with a BeeKeeper to see if it is possible to remove.
- Danger To People or Children? REMOVE: It is not illegal to remove honeybees when they are posing a risk. The risk assessment is made by the homeowner. An example of varying risk it if there are honey bees in a tree and you have children that your risk to stinging or disrupting them is much higher than if not. Contact us to fine out where your at on this risk and discuss honey bee removal.
EnviroPest will not remove Honeybees unless they fit into the above categories. If you discover honeybees around your home, contact Enviro Pest Control for immediate relief.
Call Today! (855) GET-ENVIRO
If you discover ants, bees, mice or other pest in your home, contact EnviroPest Exterminator NY for immediate relief. Our certified team is educated in the most advanced bed bug protocols. Likewise, we are equipped with the state-of-the-art resources necessary for complete eradication of these pests. You can also sign up online or call. It’s exterminators NY trusts and we look forward to discussing your issue.
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First, "more angry" is acceptable, and referenced as such in the Merriam-Webster learners dictionary.
And there is a slight difference between "angrier" and "more angry", the former representing a strict comparison ("angrier than ..."), the second expressing an escalation in the degree of anger felt (compared with the same anger felt before).
It is that "escalation" which is easier to represent with the "more".
"When she heard the other story, she became angrier" (or "more angry") — in either case, I see "escalation".
Actually, I would find "angrier" more appropriate because of the comparison between the two stories (causing the anger to rise).
I would use "more angry" where there is no direct external comparison element (as in the OP's question: "They were more angry with Washington".
When you compare anger with anger, "more angry" makes sense to me.
If you compare anger caused by an external element with anger cause by another external element, "angrier" seems more adequate.
Or "Jack was angrier than Jill" / "Jack was more angry than Jill" — in either case I see comparison. So what's the difference?
Here, "more angry" could be used (if only "anger's people" is compared), except if your sentence go on with some explanation for said anger.
"Jack was angrier than Jill because of ..."
Keep in mind this is not an official rule, just my interpretation of how one could choose an expression over the other.
Both can certainly be used without real issue.
My point is just that:
- "more angry" is not "false"
- "more angry" could be seen as a "general way" to characterize a state of mind, whereas "angrier" would be a more specific way to compare the consequence of two external factors.
In that way, I don't think one is a "subset" of the other. They can be used to express two different situations.
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Worming out clues to motor disorder
Environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) – from pesticides, industrial fumes and gasoline additives – is an established risk factor for Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease and Mn-intoxicated patients both display a characteristic movement disorder (tremors, rigidity, slowed movements) that involves degeneration of dopamine neurons.
To better understand the molecular mechanisms that contribute specifically to this neurodegeneration, Alexander Benedetto, Ph.D., Michael Aschner, Ph.D., and colleagues studied Mn toxicity in vivo, in the nematode worm C. elegans. They established that extracellular, and not intracellular, dopamine is responsible for Mn-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. They demonstrated that this process requires functional dopamine reuptake transporters and is associated with oxidative stress and lifespan reduction. They found that the dopamine-dependency of Mn toxicity required an enzyme called dual-oxidase BLI-3 and that overexpression of an anti-oxidant protein (SKN-1) protected against Mn toxicity.
The findings, reported Aug. 26 in PLoS Genetics, establish novel evidence of the molecular links between Mn exposure, Parkinson’s disease, aging and oxidative stress.
— Leigh MacMillan
Spicing up radiation therapy
Natural compounds derived from spices such as cinnamon and turmeric may sensitize tumors to radiation therapy, according to a report in the Oct. 15 issue of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.
Heat shock, one of the most effective radiosensitizers, induces a “proteotoxic stress” that initiates a series of events leading to cell death. Because of the technical difficulties of inducing hyperthermia clinically, Sekhar Konjeti, Ph.D., Michael Freeman, Ph.D., and colleagues have been searching for and synthesizing compounds that mimic this effect and enhance radiosensitivity at physiological temperatures.
The investigators identified two natural compounds (hydroxychalcones called D-501 and D-601) and found that both induce “heat shock” and enhance radiation-induced death in cultured colon and pancreatic cancer cells. An inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (an enzyme involved in drug metabolism) blocked the radiosensitizing effect of D-601, suggesting that a metabolite mediates the radiosensitization.
Although future studies are needed to identify this metabolite, these findings offer new leads for developing novel radiosensitizing agents from natural products.
— Melissa Marino
Infection connection in lung disease
Premature babies are at risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disorder resulting from arrested lung development. The condition is most common in infants exposed to inflammatory stimuli, for example, an infection in the womb. In animal models of the disease, inflammation inhibits fibroblast growth factor-10 (FGF-10), a key growth factor for airway development. However, the mechanisms connecting inflammation and FGF-10 expression are unclear.
To identify mediators of this process, Lawrence Prince, M.D., Ph.D., and colleagues collected fluid from the lungs of preterm infants (some exposed to maternal infection), and examined the effect of this fluid on cultured fetal mouse lung cells. They found that substances in the fluid of infection-exposed infants caused an activation of NF-kappaB (an inflammatory signaling molecule), which in turn disrupted the function of a transcription factor (Sp1), resulting in reduced FGF-10 and abnormal airway development.
The findings, in the Oct. 15 Journal of Immunology, suggest potential new targets for developing therapies to prevent or treat BPD in preterm infants.
— Melissa Marino
Extracting drug info from EMRs
Patient medication information is often stored as free-text in clinical notes of electronic medical records (EMRs). Being able to extract this information is important for clinical research on drug toxicity and efficacy – as well as for clinical operations. Commercial “natural language processing” (NLP) systems can reliably extract information about drug names from EMRs but are limited in their ability to extract information about dose, route and frequency.
Hua Xu, Ph.D., and colleagues have developed a medication extraction system called MedEx, which is able to extract dose, route and frequency information from Vanderbilt EMRs with better efficacy than the commercial systems. In the Sept/Oct Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, they report that, together with other NLP tools, MedEx was able to reliably extract this medication information from EMRs from an institution other than the one at which the system was developed.
For this advance, the team’s system placed 2nd in the 2009 Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside NLP Challenge.
— Melissa Marino
We welcome suggestions for research to highlight in Aliquots. The items should be primary research articles (no reviews, editorials or commentaries) published within the last two months in a peer-reviewed journal. Please send the article citation (PDF if available) and any other feedback about the column to: [email protected].
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Monday, 19 May 2014
History - Helen and Hannibal and others too
An interesting thing you notice when learning ancient history is the number of people whose names start with the letter H.
Today we'll learn about a few of them. No doubt you can think of others.
We start with a Greek doctor called Hippocrates (460 - 357 BC), who studied bodies expertly and believed in proper healing based on science as it was limitedly known then. He invented the Hippocritical Oath which promised that he'd heal any hippopotamus regardless to the danger to himself. As there were no hippos in Greece his promise was never tested. So he healed hippies instead.
He believed in bleeding as a cure for most things. When a sick man visited him a quick punch on the nose followed by a nosebleed sorted him out. He also took samples from sick people like, their vomit, nose droppings, ear wax, tears and urine and tested it by tasting it. It is not clear what he discovered but no doubt he often had stomach ache.
Heraclitus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher who didn't like people in general. He was always sad and melancholy (face like a melon and body like a collie) and always cried in his beer in the pub. He was known as the "Weeping Philosopher"; and no doubt bored every one to death with his cheerful stories!
One day Heraclitus got sick with dropsy and no doctor could cure him. So he decided to cure himself by covering his body with cow manure and sitting in the sun for it to bake. This certainly did the trick. He died within a day.
Which goes to prove - when you're up to your neck in **** don't sit in public for all to see.
Helen of Troy - now listen carefully because this bit is a little confusing. Zeus the Greek god was chased by an eagle so he turned into a swan. Whilst he was a swan he hid with a woman called Leda and fell in love with her. With me so far?
Leda produced an egg from which Helen of Troy was born.
Helen then went on holiday to Paris (or is it with Paris?) and they had a great time.
Homer was a Greek author living around 850 BC and is thought to have written two outstanding books called the Iliad and the Odyssey. Unfortunately, opinion is divided as to whether Homer actually wrote both works; a bit like the debate about whether Shakespeare did actually write all that he wrote. After various attempts to contact the publishers to find out the truth it was discovered that they'd gone out of business. So we'll never resolve this mystery.
Hannibal (247 - 183/182/181 BC) was a Carthaginian military man who appears to have died three times. Either that or perhaps we don't know when he died. But die he did!
He is most famously remembered for marching an army which included elephants from Spain to Italy over a range of mountains known as The Pair of Knees and the Alps.
Whilst on the Alps he lost many elephants because he did not have skis big enough for them to wear. But the apres-ski parties were great fun.
He defeated the Romans in Italy because they had not seen elephants with skis before. After the battles he set up a travelling Circus with the elephants.
Hadrian was a Roman Emperor (76 AD - 138 AD) at the time the Romans conquered most of Britain up to the Northern borders with Scotland. there he built a great wall dividing the country from coast to coast.
The wall was 117 kilometers long and several portions still exist and are a great tourist attraction. It is so big that you can see the moon from there.
A few years back some archaeologists digging near the wall found a few spent match sticks and cigarette ends, proving that the Romans did smoke the same brands as we do now. They also found a cell-phone which was sent to a lab in London to find out whether it contains photos of the Romans all those years ago.
Finally, in this History Lesson of people whose names begin with the letter H we have to mention Heel.Now come along ... pay attention ... don't tell me you've never heard of Achilles Heel?
Apparently he was a demi-god, a hero of the Tojan War and the son of Thetis and Peleus. When he was a baby his mother dipped Achilles into the river Styx to make him immortal and invincible. She held him by his heel and dipped him right in; and that's how he got the name Achilles Heel. Since then he was invincible except of course for the bit of his heel which was not dipped in the water. He was killed by a Frenchman called Paris who shot him in the heel with an arrow. He was aiming for his back at the time but missed by shooting too low.
Now what is not clear is why his stupid mother had not dipped him totally into the river Styx. That way, not only would he have been totally invincible but her hand too would have been invincible. Can you imagine? Being able to pull out a pot of meat from a hot oven without the need for oven gloves. Or being the catcher in a game of baseball without needing those big gloves. I bet there are many things she could have done with an invincible hand.
For your homework this week I want you to write ten things you'd be able to do with an invincible hand.
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Shoes of the Unknown Child
This pair of leather children’s shoes (Accession Number: M2005.4.1 A+B ) is believed to be from Body No. 4, the “Unknown Child”. This very young boy, recovered by the crew of Mackay-Bennett, was buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax.
Clarence Northover, a Halifax Police Department Sergeant in 1912, helped guard the bodies and belongings of the Titanic victims.
“Clothing was burned to stop souvenir hunters but he was too emotional when he saw the little pair of brown, leather shoes about fourteen centimeters long, and didn’t have the heart to burn them. When no relatives came to claim the shoes, he placed them in his desk drawer at the police station and there they remained for the next six years, until he retired in 1918.”
Excerpt from July 26, 2002 letter by Earle Northover, grandson of Clarence Northover.
Research confirmed the role of the Halifax Police in guarding the bodies and belongings of the Titanic victims and Halifax Police Department records, along with City Directory records, confirm Clarence Northover was a Sergeant in 1912.
“... under the closest police supervision were nearly 200 little piles of clothing neatly tied up by the ship’s company on the Mackay-Bennett.”
Halifax Herald, Wednesday, May 1st 1912.
The Coroner’s Report
The coroner’s report for Body No. 4, a boy approximately 2 years old, the only baby recovered. The description includes a pair of “brown shoes”. It is important to note that there are no records of the recovery of loose clothing from the water which was not associated with bodies.
NO. 4. - MALE. - ESTIMATED AGE, 2. - HAIR, FAIR. CLOTHING - Grey coat with fur on collar and cuffs; brown serge frock; Brown Petticoat; flannel garment; pink woollen singlet; brown shoes and stockings.
Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, RG 41 Vol.75
Research through period catalogues and consultation with clothing and footwear museums shows that the style of the shoes are appropriate for the period, roughly 1900 - 1925, and are likely English in manufacture. Science Chemical tests were made to look for traces of seawater and an electron scanning microscope was used to search for saltwater diatoms but the results were inconclusive. The testing found large amounts of salt on the shoes, but the trace elements did not exactly match the proportions in sea water. The testing lab suggested that the chemical components may have been distorted by salts in the tanned leather, by washing or by abrasion. Titanic Shoes Return To Halifax Clarence Northover moved to Ontario when he retired as Deputy Chief in 1919. In 2002, his grandson Earle Northover decided the shoes belonged back in Halifax and donated them to the Museum.
Dan Conlin, former Curator of Marine History (April, 2014), shares some thoughts about the addition of the shoes to our collection.
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A new study has found that sleep disturbances at any age are associated with diminished wellbeing in young children. The findings suggest health care providers should screen children for sleep problems at every age and intervene early when a sleep problem is identified, Science Daily reported.
The findings, which were published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, suggest health care providers should screen children for sleep problems at every age and intervene early when a sleep problem is identified.
“Our study shows that although those with persistent sleep problems have the greatest impairments when it comes to broad child well-being, even those with mild sleep problems over time experience some psychosocial impairments,” said Ariel A. Williamson, PhD, a psychologist in the Sleep Center and faculty member at PolicyLab and the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness at CHOP. “The range of impairments across academic and psychosocial domains in middle childhood indicate that it is important to screen for sleep problems consistently over the course of a child’s development, especially to target children who experience persistent sleep problems over time.”
The researchers examined data from an Australian birth cohort involving more than 5,000 patients. Caregivers reported on whether their children had sleep problems at multiple points in time, from birth through 10 or 11 years of age. To assess child well-being, which included psychosocial measures like self-control and emotional/behavioral health and academic performance measures, the researchers used a combination of reports from caregivers and teachers as well as child-completed assessments.
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Program launched to improve propulsion of
A new government-in-dustry program seeks to develop cheaper and better propulsion systems for light general-aviation aircraft. The four-year venture will use cooperative agreements between the U.S. aviation industry and two agencies: the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Federal Aviation Administration. The undertaking aims to develop technologies and manufacturing processes for "revolutionary, low-cost, environmentally compliant" propulsion systems. Engineers will demonstrate these systems on advanced aircraft. Called the General Aviation Propulsion (GAP) program, it focuses on aircraft with six or fewer seats. Program leaders hope to come up with a simpler engine design having fewer parts, and common engine components that can be used in a wide spectrum of aircraft. GAP will have two groups. One will concentrate on reciprocating engines currently used in light aircraft. The other will study gas turbines, the type used in commercial jet liners. GAP is issuing two cooperative agreements this month.
Automakers propose cutback in force of airbag deployment
A federal agency is reviewing a proposal allowing automakers to install slower, hopefully safer airbags in new cars and trucks. The proposal comes from the Big Three automakers themselves. They want fast changes in requirements that airbags deploy with sufficient force to pillow an unbelted dummy during a crash test into a fixed barrier at 30 mph. The automakers say the tests do not reflect actual crashes, in which most occupants are belted. The companies instead suggest that the government phase in new tests on dummies that are near airbags but out of normal seated positions. They argue that most crashes last for longer periods and are not as forceful as tests by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Automakers seek a requirement that allows a three-fold cut in deployment speed. Airbags currently inflate at up to 200 mph, with enough force to cut, fracture, and even smother children and small adults. Airbags can be especially hazardous for unbelted children close to dashboards or infants in rear-facing seats. In August, NHTSA proposed standards for bag warning labels and switches that can prevent bag deployment on the passenger side. Automakers say their own plans would void the need for such requirements.
Reusable space rocket passes splashdown test
Rocket engineers have taken a big step toward the age of reusable launch vehicles. They successfully test-fired a main engine of the space shuttle after dropping it into inland waters at Stennis Space Center, MI. Both NASA and the Defense Department seek a new generation of low-cost, reusable rockets for launching satellites. Researchers installed a NASA space-shuttle en-gine in a prototype propulsion module. They then hoisted it onto a crane and twice dropped it into the waterways. That simulated what would happen under proposals by Boeing for returning expensive engine components to earth in water-tight modules for recovery and reuse. After retrieving the test engine, a Boeing-Rockwell-NASA team inspected the engine and mounted it on a test stand. They fired the engine for six minutes, producing about 375,000 lbs of thrust. At peak thrust, more than 1,000 lbs of rocket fuel flowed through the engine. Hundreds of instruments indicated all went well. The test was part of the Evolved Expend-able Launch Vehicle program of the U.S. Air Force aimed at cutting costs of space shots.
Facility will raise accuracy of radiometric sensing
A new government facility will boost the accuracy of remote sensing instruments used in industrial, defense, and environmental applications. It is the Facility for Advanced Radiometric Calibration (FARCAL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD. FARCAL's goal is to develop standards that allow engineers to compare data collected with different instruments in different parts of the world.
Radio ads acclaim engineering achievements
A series of radio advertisements strive to better inform Washington policymakers and their staffs about how engineers contribute to economic and national security. The American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES) and the Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society are paying for the one-minute spots. Aired initially over a Washington all-news radio station, the ads highlight engineering accomplishments in this century. Among engineers featured are Wilson Greatbatch for the cardiac pacemaker and Marvin Camras for magnetic recording tape. One ad sums up the main message of the campaign this way: "From Telstar One to telemedicine, engineers have made our world better and our lives richer through investments in research and development."
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In neuroscience, we spend most of our time trying to understand the function of the "normal" brain -- whatever that means -- hence, we are most interested in the average. Under most occasions when scientists take an interest in the abnormal neurology, it is usually someone with who has something wrong with them -- has brain damage or a disorder of some kind. In these cases, we try and understand what brain functions they have difficulty performing as a way to understand what each part of the brain does (and hopefully to someday be able to help them).
The point is that when neurologists study the abnormal, it is typically on the non-functional end of the spectrum rather than the highly functional. This is why I found a paper in the journal Neurocase quite interesting. The authors, Raz et al., placed a superior mnemonist -- an individual who can memorize long lists of arbitrary items -- into an fMRI scanner to try and get an idea how they did it.
Raz et al. imaged a single participant known throughout the study as "PI." PI is remarkable in his ability to recite the constant pi to around 2^16 decimal places with very few errors. (I have no idea whether the selection of the pseudonym is because P and I are actually this guy's initials or it is some sort of pun.) The authors subjected participant to a psychological battery and two scanning experiments in the fMRI to try and see how this individual was so gifted at memory.
PI claims to be able to remember so many digits using a variant of a memory strategy called the Method of Loci (MOL). MOL is a very old method of memorizing material -- known even to the ancient Greeks and Romans -- where the user attempts to associate each item in memory with a spatial location or a visual scene. The user then mentally "walks" between each location and visual scene and uses this to help recall the associated items in memory. Basically, if you were trying to memorize all the phone numbers of all the people in your building, you might associate each phone number with a different turn on your drive to work. By visualizing the turn, you could help retrieve each phone number more easily. This MOL technique is demonstrably effective at improving memory performance, and many superior mnemonists claim to use this technique.
In interviews with PI, the subject claims to use a variation on the classical MOL technique. Rather than visualizing a mental journey, PI claims to try and associate each item in memory with an emotionally-laden image -- sometimes funny, sometimes horrible. In this way, the subject can "co-opt" the emotional salience of the visual image to make the memory item more memorable. (More on the reliable of the subject's reports and the relevance of MOL on the findings in a second.)
When the authors tested PI on a variety of memory tests -- testing memory for different types of material --- they found that PI's abilities were around average with one exception. This finding is consistent with what we know about how memory is organized in the brain. Memory is not monolithic. Rather, it is organized into several parallel memory systems that sometimes act cooperatively and sometimes act antagonistically with one another. Each system is responsible for different classes of information. (For more information, I would read this.) Thus, it is reasonable that PI would be particularly good -- probably through training -- at certain types of memory, but not at memory as a global concept.
What was the type of memory that PI was good at? Neuroscientists refer to working memory as the type of memory that is necessary to keep information online over short intervals. This is the type of memory you use when you are trying to remember a phone number written on a piece of paper away from the phone before dialing. Measurements of PI's working memory were off the chart (99th percentile). This is consistent with other superior mnemonists, and we think that some element of rehearsal -- saying the item over and over again to yourself -- within working memory may have to do with their excellent performance.
The authors then placed PI into a scanner and asked him to perform two tasks. In the first, they asked him to recite pi. This experiment asked: what areas of his brain are activated when he is retrieving this long number string? In the second, they asked him to memorize a list of 100 arbitrary (and novel for him) numbers. This experiment asked: what areas of his brain are activated when he is encoding new information of this type? Note that both of these two experiments are necessary. Memory is a multi-part process. For something to be remembered, it must first be encoded in the brain -- analogous to writing something down. Then, after an interval, this encoded information must be successfully recalled -- or retrieved.
When the authors asked PI to recite pi, they found increased activation in areas of the frontal cortex including the medial frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. This is interesting in relation to PI's gifts at working memory. According to some current theories of how working memory and intelligence work (most notably P-FIT), frontal regions participate with regions in the back of the brain in the parietal cortex to form what is called a fronto-parietal loop. Information circulates between these two regions allowing it to stay online in the brain and continue to occupy working memory. We also believe that activity in the fronto-parietal loop may have a function in allocating attention.
What is interesting about this finding that this activation differs from structures that we traditionally associate with memory -- structures like the hippocampus. Superior mnemonists appear to co-opt other memory systems -- such as working memory -- to increase performance.
Similarly, when the authors asked PI to encode a new random string of 100 numbers (which he later recited flawlessly to confirm that he had retained them), he activated parts of his frontal cortex as well as various association cortices (parts of the brain involved in associating different classes of stimuli). Activation in assocation cortices are consistent with PI's reports of using the variant MOL technique of associating emotionally-laden images with the numbers. Again, the activity in frontal regions may be the result of co-opting working memory to assist in encoding.
All of these findings provide an interesting look into how a superior mnemonist's brain works, but there are a couple of caveats.
First, this is a study with only a single subject, and we should be at least mildly skeptical of it on that basis. While the findings presented here conform broadly with those of other superior mnemonists, we are not dealing with a large enough data set to make definitive conclusions. Further, the authors acknowledge that we may not even be imaging this subject at the correct time. Clearly, PI has a lot of training applying the variant MOL technique. What would be really interesting is to follow a naive individual applying this technique to see how activation changes over time as the new technique is applied. Studies of this nature have been performed, but it would be interesting to watch subjects reach even higher levels of performance.
Further, we must always be skeptical of first person reports in science. I have no doubt that PI is a honorable person and provided accurate information about his thought processes to the best of his ability. But our insight into our own mental processes is always limited. One aspect of this that I found interesting is PI's claim about the variant MOL procedure. PI claims that the variant MOL includes associating the digits with emotionally-laden imagery. Emotionally-laden stimuli in the brain is processed in part by a brain region called the amygdala, and individuals exposed to these stimuli often show activation in this region. This type of activation was not observed in either retrieval or encoding in this case. Whether this is because self-generated emotional imagery is processed differently or whether PI's insight into the nature of his strategy is imperfect, it is very difficult to tell. I am just pointing out that we need to be skeptical of how people describe their memory experiences.
It may be that one reason that such little research goes on about superior human functioning is because exemplars are so rare. It is difficult to corral enough superior subjects together, and each subject may be unique in their superior function, such that it makes comparisons difficult to make.
Still I think this is a very interesting paper that offers some insight in how the human brain can be co-opt to perform amazing feats of memory.
My Dad and I were talking about much we miss the excellent memories we used to have. Though this was our first conversation about it, we used similar methods.
For phone numbers, I used to visualize writing them on a scrap of paper and I could call up that visual memory and read them off. I've tried MOL type association and frankly it seemed like more work than necessary. I could never what I associated with what.
Both of us attribute not being able to remember numbers as well to cell phones. We don't write the numbers down and we are concentrating on entering them and saving them instead of creating mental photos of them.
I can still remember the address and phone number where we lived when I 8, but don't ask me about either for age 30.
Very interesting, years ago I read many books on mnemonics and trained in peg system, loci'-journey method and the like. Its a lot of up front work, but in terms of basic memorization it worked very very well. Although in practical terms I have not found much use for it outside academia.
The emotionally laden stimuli--in my experience is geared toward increasing the use of sensory associated cortical regions rather than for strong emotions. I had no real emotionally response from the imagery, but found that Vivid sensory images that includes outrageous humor, violent actions and the like seemed to guarantee recall for me, and the less vivid my imagined symbol the more likely I would forget it later.
Although this type of memory may not take one to higher levels of cognition and associations required for in-depth knowledge--it is a very organzied method of memorizing, which remains the basis for learning even the higher end stuff on Bloom's taxonomy--that Academic hope their students endeavor to.
I've been curious about the neurocortical correlates to this type of memorization which i find to be far superior to what most people pursue rote memorization, often with minimal associations.
Clearly this is the effect of training, and I never practice this anymore, although I have tried using it on a couple occasions to good effect with small bits of information, I am not as good as I was once when I could peg a 100 novel words with almost perfect accuracy--a feat I could not do without that training.
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Common Name: early goldenrod
Type: Herbaceous perennial
Native Range: Eastern North America
Zone: 3 to 8
Height: 2.00 to 4.00 feet
Spread: 2.00 to 3.00 feet
Bloom Time: July to August
Bloom Description: Yellow
Sun: Full sun
Water: Dry to medium
Flower: Showy, Good Cut
Tolerate: Deer, Drought, Clay Soil
Easily grown in average, dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun. Tolerates poor, dry soils. Remove spent flower clusters to encourage additional bloom.
Early goldenrod is a Missouri native perennial which typically occurs in dry, rocky soils on roadsides, open woods, slopes and prairies in the Ozark region of the State. Features tiny, bright yellow flowers borne in dense, plume-like panicles on the ends of stiff, narrow-leaved stems typically growing 2-4' tall. As the common name suggests, this species has one of the earliest bloom periods (mid-summer) of the many goldenrods. Goldenrods have been wrongly accused of causing hay fever which is actually an allergic reaction to wind-borne pollen from other plants such as ragweed. Attractive to bees and butterflies.
No serious insect or disease problems. Leaf rust is an occasional problem. May need to be divided every 2 to 3 years to control growth.
Provides good color and contrast for the late summer to early fall perennial border, wild garden, meadow or naturalized area.
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20+ Most Common Sayings In Africa
Africa is a continent located in the southern hemisphere of the world. It is the second-largest continent in the world, after Asia, and is made up of 54 countries. The continent is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Indian Ocean to the east, and the Red Sea to the northeast. Africa is known for its diverse cultures, rich history, and abundance of natural resources, including minerals, oil, and wildlife. The continent is also home to a variety of ecosystems, including rainforests, savannas, deserts, and mountains.
"Akekho ovagqwaka kufuneka awuqokele." - Xhosa (South Africa)
Meaning: Those who don't listen to advice will eventually suffer the consequences.
"Ní mọ́'ní bá ní'lé kó máa bọ́." - Yoruba (Nigeria)
Meaning: He who doesn't know where he is going should ask for directions.
"Mungu mbele." - Swahili (East Africa)
Meaning: Put God first.
"Oukudula kukua ngalala." - Chichewa (Malawi)
Meaning: Patience can lead to success.
"Mokgwa wa batho ke batho." - Setswana (Botswana)
Meaning: A person is a person because of others.
"Ei gude, ei ha rume." - Oshiwambo (Namibia)
Meaning: Unity is strength.
"Akpe na mi nye do." - Ewe (Ghana, Togo, Benin)
Meaning: Thank you for what you have done for me.
"Laba laba ka hleka." - Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: The hyena laughs at his own jokes.
"Ere ò bá sunwọ̀n, ó bá bọ̀." - Yoruba (Nigeria)
Meaning: If you don't meet people, you can't do business.
"Inkosi yinkosi ngabantu." - Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: A leader is a leader because of the people.
"Nantsi indoda ayikhali." - Xhosa (South Africa)
Meaning: Here is a man who does not cry.
"Moloisi ke o tshwenyega." - Sesotho (Lesotho, South Africa)
Meaning: A peaceful person is always present.
"Ningamenza ngani na?" - Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: What are you doing to help?
"Nkosi sikelel' iAfrika." - Xhosa and Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: God bless Africa.
"Èjìrè ará ò bọ̀ lọ́jà, kíni ò mó bẹ́ẹ̀?" - Yoruba (Nigeria)
Meaning: If a person does not go to the market, what will they eat?
"Nzila ndi muntu." - Chichewa (Malawi)
Meaning: The journey is a person.
"Sishebo sakho esibuhlungu singakuqhawuleza." - Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: Your painful experience will make you stronger.
"Uyaalazi imali yabelungu." - Zulu (South Africa)
Meaning: You know the money of white people.
"Mɔ yɛn nsu ma wo mma wo daa." - Twi (Ghana)
Meaning: Drink water and mind your business.
"Yɛntie obiaa." - Akan (Ghana)
Meaning: It is not anyone's affair.
Other Most Common Sayings or Idioms:
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Tom Wessels returns to Groton to lead a walk for the GCT, Friday, November 23, 2018, as part of our #optoutside programming. Wessels, author of Reading the Forested Landscape and other books, has a gift for understanding the clues to our woodlands’ past. Grounded on years of natural history study and experience, his work continues the legacy of another New England naturalist, Henry David Thoreau. GCT member Mary Metzger wrote this tribute on Thoreau’s 200 birthday in 2017.
Thoreau coined the concept “The Succession of Forest Trees” in a talk he gave to the Middlesex Agricultural Society’s Fair in Concord, September, 1860. Well received, the address “so plain and practical” was praised by the President of the Society, then former governor of Massachusetts, Groton resident George S. Boutwell.
“If (farmers) would exhibit a little of the spirit shown by Mr. Thoreau in his experiments and researches, they could greatly benefit themselves and the whole community.”
Thoreau’s place in his community was not always so appreciated. He had come out of Harvard at the height of the 1837 financial panic, returned to Concord to work diligently in his father’s pencil factory, tried a short stint at teaching, yet never seemed to amount to much. There was that living and writing in a cabin for two years and aligning himself with the Transcendentalists, something he joked about at the beginning of the talk, “Every man is entitled to come to Cattle-show, even a transcendentalist.”
He could be cantankerous, unsocial, and quite eager to share his odd opinions. And there was all that walking in the woods. “I spend four hours a day at least—and it is commonly more than that—sauntering through the woods and over the hills and fields absolutely free from all worldly engagements,” Thoreau wrote in his journal.
Even the esteemed Emerson, his friend, and mentor was disappointed. “He will not stick… I cannot help counting it a fault in him that he has no ambition…Instead of engineering for all America, he was the captain of a huckleberry party.”
In the year before the cattle show talk, Thoreau had also gotten quite caught up in the John Brown affair. Thoreau’s family were early abolitionists. His mother and sisters helped form the Concord Female Anti-Slavery Society. The family home was a secure stop on the Underground Railroad. Thoreau, himself, drove fugitive slaves in a wagon to West Fitchburg to catch trains to freedom in Canada. He encouraged activism in his writings and on July 4, 1854 spoke these words, “A government which deliberately enacts injustice, and persists in it, will at length ever become the laughing-stock of the world.”
John Brown came twice to Concord to raise funds for arming his prairie troops fighting for a Free Kansas. Thoreau, like other abolitionists in Concord, saw the charismatic figure as a hero for acting on his principles. In October, 1859, John Brown attempted to provoke a slave uprising by attacking the Federal Armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He failed, and his capture, trial, and death sentence pushed Thoreau into radical activism.
Without Town leaders’ permission, even ringing the town bells himself, he gave a passionate speech on John Brown’s character and actions to the Concord community, defending Brown’s use of violence to achieve his ends. He repeated the address two days later before 3,000 people in Boston, filling in for Frederick Douglas, who had fled the country. He helped one of John Brown’s Secret Six conspirators escape and on December 2, the day of the execution, he celebrated John Brown as a martyr equal to Christ. But, though the whole country was caught up in an increasing rancorous debate over slavery and disunion, the abolitionist viewpoint was hardly mainstream, even in Concord.
Yet the Concord Farmers Club had invited Thoreau to speak at the fair the next fall, because as Laura Dassow Walls writes in her wonderful new biography, Thoreau, A Life, “local farmers who once remarked on Thoreau as an oddity came to admire his deep knowledge of their land.”
Thoreau had traipsed across their land by invitation, when he was hired as a surveyor (one of the ways he made a living.) Often, he had just showed up, whether they were aware of it or not, taking a “naturalist’s liberty” to learn about their properties. He joked of this in his talk. “I have several times shown the proprietor the shortest way out of his wood-lot.”
Concord farmers wanted information on how to manage their deteriorating wood-lots. More than three-fourths of New England’s forests had been converted to pastures by the 1840’s in what Wessells has described as “sheep fever.” The smuggled introduction of Merino sheep had led to a lucrative agricultural bubble which had left the land denuded.
How do you make a forest regrow? Especially in New England where oaks often followed pines, or vice versa? No one could look across generations to see how a forest was made. Prevailing common and academic thought proposed that some life could spring up spontaneously, a mystical act of the Creator in every little pond and field. But Thoreau thought his observations pointed to a definite natural mechanism that always involved seeds. He found verification of his conclusions from a new source.
On New Year’s Day, 1860, a month after John Brown’s execution, Thoreau had met with three friends, one of which brought along a new book to discuss. It was Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species. Of those attending the dinner party, “Henry David Thoreau would be the most powerfully affected,” writes Randall Fuller in his new book The Book That Changed America: How Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Ignited a Nation. “He worked his way through (the Origin’s) examples and premises and began to apply them to his own research in the forests of his native Massachusetts.”
For Thoreau, it turns out, had not been just the aimless walking poet. He had also become a scientist, filling thousands of notebook pages with observations of natural phenomena, creating lists of all kinds of natural schedules. He was the nation’s first ecologist, looking at the parts of nature to understand its whole.
At the fair, Thoreau used these empirical insights to proclaim to listeners that all forest life came from seeds. Large acorns were distributed by animals and small white pine seed by the wind, in ways nature had been using forever, “a sort of constant new creation.”
Though he didn’t believe in these new ideas, Horace Greeley printed Thoreau’s address in the New-York Weekly Tribune. It became the most published piece of Thoreau’s writings in his lifetime, and furnished further debate on an unsettling idea derived from Darwin’s book. If all life came from life before, then all human races must be related, a concept even many abolitionists could not countenance at the time.
In the months after the talk, Thoreau was busy expanding his research in the woods, trying to find further evidence for material he was hoping to work into a new book The Dispersion of Seeds. On December 3 he was out in the rain measuring old tree stumps, the forest’s own record of its past.
The day before, he had met with Bronson Alcott, who had a cold, to help plan a memorial service for John Brown. Thoreau caught the cold which was probably influenza, and the dormant tuberculosis that he had carried his whole adult life began to take its final hold.
There was no walking or journal writing for him that bedfast winter. By February 1861, seven southern states had seceded. Thoreau decided to try the common 19th century travel cure to restore his health. He went West with Horace Mann, Jr to Minnesota, fulfilling a life-long dream to see the area. But when he returned, his cough was no better. The nation had moved on to Civil War.
From the descriptions of those around him, Thoreau’s last months were filled with calm, grace and gratitude. His sister, Sophia, helped him work on organizing his lists and manuscripts. He was optimistic to the end. Here is a passage from Walking, a talk he had honed on the Lyceum circuit for a decade, some of his last writing, which was published posthumously in 1862:
“We had a remarkable sunset one day last November. I was walking in a meadow, the source of a small brook, when the sun at last, just before setting, after a cold gray day, reached a clear stratum in the horizon, and the softest, brightest morning sunlight fell on the dry grass and on the stems of the trees in the opposite horizon and on the leaves of the shrub-oaks on the hillside, while our shadows stretched long over the meadow eastward, as if we were the only motes in its beams. It was such a light as we could not have imagined before, and the air also was so warm and serene that nothing was wanting to make a paradise of that meadow, When we reflected that this was not a solitary phenomenon, never to happen again but that it would happen forever and ever an infinite number of evenings, and cheer and reassure the latest child that walked there, it was more glorious still.”
Domestic terrorism, civil conflict, racism, economic uncertainty, the acceptance of science, finding a balance to preserve the woods for nature and our own needs: the challenges in Thoreau’s world continue today. Walk off that Thanksgiving feast and find a group at #Optoutside. Join up with those still trying to enjoy, understand, and save a piece of our natural heritage.
This writing may be freely shared. Copyright retained by Mary J. Metzger, 10 East St, Ayer MA 01432 [email protected]
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<urn:uuid:54c9aef4-f43d-44f9-a307-26c47376bc4a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.gctrust.org/archives/3089
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en
| 0.979649 | 2,182 | 2.65625 | 3 |
International Law states that occupation is to be temporary and maintain the status quo. Forty years of occupation and the building of the illegal wall which does not follow the Green Line, but divides Palestinians from their families and steals their land and water is apartheid.
The final image of a Power Point presentation that was shown the evening before was a photograph of eight smiling children in Gaza. Three flashed an upright Peace sign, but the fourth's 'V' had been turned on it's side. It reminded me of the image of the Caterpillar bulldozer that was painted on the BEIT ARABIYA home/ Peace Center that I visited on Nov. 1, 2006. Upon the wall of the home is a mural donated by the North American Workers Against the USA occupation of Iraq and the Israeli occupation of Palestine. The mural depicts Rachel Corrie, the American who was run over by a Caterpillar bulldozer in Gaza when she stood up to defend the home of a Physician with five children, and a pregnant Palestinian woman of ten who was also killed in Gaza. The angelic images of the two women float above a depiction of a USA made Caterpillar bulldozer tipped to one side and flanked by tanks and weapons of destruction. On both sides of the weapons of destruction are many people. A railroad track reminds the viewer that prior to 1948, Jews
and Palestinians once worked together in peaceful solidarity to build a railroad. [Read more: http://www.wearewideawake.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=294&Itemid=126]
Father Manuel, the parish priest at the Latin Church and school in Gaza wrote:
"Gaza cannot sleep! The people are suffering unbelievably. They are hungry, thirsty, have no electricity or clean water. They are suffering constant bombardments and sonic booms from low flying aircraft. They need food: bread and water. Children and babies are hungry...people have no money to buy food. The price of food has doubled and tripled due to the situation. We cannot drink water from the ground here as it is salty and not hygienic. People must buy water to drink. They have no income, no opportunities to get food and water from outside and no opportunities to secure money inside of Gaza. They have no hope...Without electricity children are afraid. No light at night. No oil or candles...Thirsty children are crying, afraid and desparate...Many children have been violently thrown from their beds at night from the sonic booms. Many arms and legs have been broken. These planes fly low over Gaza and then reach the speed of sound. This shakes the ground and creates shock waves like an earthquake that causes people to be thrown from their bed. I, myself weigh 120 kilos and was almost thrown from my bed due to the shock wave produced by a low flying jet that made a sonic boom...Gaza cannot sleep...the cries of hungry children, the sullen faces of broken men and women who are just sitting in their hungry emptiness with no light, no hope, no love. These actions are War Crimes!"
On Nov. 2, 2006 Aljazeera.net reported that "Israeli forces have killed two Palestinians in Gaza, including a 75-year-old civilian, in one of Israel's biggest offensives in the coastal strip in months. Relatives of the elderly man killed on Thursday in Bait Hanun said he was killed by a shot to the head when he went on to his balcony to bring his disabled son inside. Israeli troops fired from a rooftop, residents said. The Israeli army said its forces were attacking only armed groups, but declined to comment on the civilian killing."
Their deaths raised to 12 the number of Palestinians killed since the current operation which began on Nov. 1, 2006, when troops entered northern Gaza before dawn. This raid is one of the biggest since Israel's offensive in Gaza in retaliation of their captured soldier.
"About 280 Palestinians have been killed in the four-month-old Israeli offensive in Gaza."-
"By the sixth century before Christ, the conflicts in the land were already old news, and Jeremiah warned the people that all God could see was violence and destruction. Sickness and wounds were all around...For every misunderstanding, every condemning thought, every negative vibration, every tear torn from a heart, every time one grabbed and wouldn't let go, and they only did it because they did not know. The Divine is within all creation and within all women and men.
"And every tiny kindness you have ever done, every gentle word spoken, every time you held your tongue, every positive thought, every smile freely given, every helping hand that opens, helps bring in the kingdom. And the kingdom comes from above and the kingdom comes from within. IMAGINE a kingdom of sisterhood of all creatures and all men."-KEEP HOPE ALIVE, pages 53-54.
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<urn:uuid:085f475b-8858-42fe-a7b3-a7c903976942>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_eileen_f_061103_from_jerusalem_to_ga.htm
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en
| 0.970175 | 1,004 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Gaspar Yanga otherwise known as Yanga or Nyanga was born in Gabon on May 15, 1545. He was said to be of the Bran tribe and was a direct descendant of the Royal family of Gabon. He acquired his first name, Gaspar, when he was captured and sold into slavery.
He was also referred to as the “first liberator of the Americas” or “El Primer Libertador de las Americas.”
In the mid-1500’s, Yanga became a slave and was transported to New Spain, modern-day Veracruz, Mexico. He was assigned to work on the sugar plantations.
Mexico is documented as having the second largest population of African slaves. The largest was located in Brazil.
Around 1570, Yanga along with a group of slaves revolted against their Spanish captors and settled in the hilltops near Veracruz, Mexico. The Maroons as they were named, built a contained colony where they and other runaway slaves lived. They lived unbothered for 30 years.
The slaves sustained themselves by robbing passing caravans and selling the loot they gained.
Battle in 1609
In 1609, the Spanish soldier Pedro González de Herrera along with 550 members of his unit led a battle against the Maroons. Francisco de la Matosa, an Angolan slave led the Maroons due to Yanga’s old age. Yanga maintained the role of strategic organizer.
He attempted to negotiate with the Spaniards by using a captured Spanish soldier as barter and presenting an offer of cohabitating in a peaceful state with the Spanish.
The Spaniards refused and a battle ensued which caused numerous casualties for the Maroons and Spanish soldiers. The Spanish burned the Maroons’ living quarters but they prevailed and retreated. The outlying terrain was unfamiliar terrain to the Spaniards.
Some years later, the Spanish agreed to a truce. In 1618, a settlement was signed and agreed upon by both sides.
In 1630, the town of San Lorenzo de los Negros de Cerralvo was developed. It is now called Yanga.
Every year, the inhabitants of Yanga hold a carnival on August 10 to celebrate the victory of the Maroons against the Spanish. In 1970, a statute of Yanga was placed in the town of the same name, honoring him.
The date of Yanga’s death is recognized as 1609 by Bona Udeze in the book, Why Africa? A Continent in a Dilemma of Unanswered Questions.
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<urn:uuid:4d9335e4-8e0d-4ea1-94da-19279b33c394>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://face2faceafrica.com/article/gaspar-yanga-the-slave-from-gabon-who-dared-to-revolt-in-mexico-and-won
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en
| 0.980183 | 535 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Education is really a recurring theme in discussions of public policy, economic growth, and private development. Regrettably, there appears to become a pervasive thought that schooling and education are the same. It’s mot certainly correct that education and college frequently overlap to some significant degree, but it’s problematic to limit your look at education towards the content that’s presented inside a classroom. The fact is that there are lots of things effective people must learn to during the period of their lives, and never all are trained inside a structured curriculum. Thus, as the base of understanding increases it is correct that self-education eventually meets and surpasses structured education in the effect on your existence.
Many of the essential for individuals entrepreneurial endeavors, because the traditional regimen of structured education through school doesn’t cover most of the key skills that are required to understand success. This isn’t because of any kind of malicious plan for educators, it’s just reflective of the matter that the present education system is made to train future employees. It’s not a coincidence that tiers of education are articulated in levels and certificates like a senior high school diploma, associates degree, baccalaureate degree, masters degree, and doctoral.
These levels and certificates are very important to employers, simply because they send an indication of educational achievement. Thus, it is correct that employers are more and more insistent on education credentials for anyone it hires. With time, it has brought to some system of credential-ism for major employers where individuals who possess superior skills are filtered-from the procedure as they do not hold the preferred credentials. It has produced a distinctive situation for employers, employees, and entrepreneurs when it comes to education.
The Outcome of Credential-ism
The proliferation of employers who insist upon credentials for his or her employees has brought to some ‘self fulfilling prophecy’ for education institutions in which the abilities and skills searched for by employers are more and more emphasized. The extended impact of the focus on skills for employers is a decrease in regarding skills that will individuals to become entrepreneurs. Thus, the need for education with time has tilted more toward the credentials you get and fewer toward the information that you simply learn.
This impact is becoming much more stark in the last couple of decades because the content trained at different educational facilities is becoming more and more similar. Which means that the particular education you obtain can be really similar in one college to another. However, the ‘prestige’ of certain universities, combined with the social-economic caliber from the alumni association and student body enables these to charge considerably greater charges than other institutions in which the actual education is extremely similar.
With time, the compounding impact of the effect makes education much more about earning credentials to attain a esteemed, well-having to pay job compared to specific content that’s learned. This sentiment is echoed by many people parents within their exhortation for kids to obtain a degree to enable them to obtain a good job. The causal connection within this sentiment is difficult to argue with, however it glances past one essential question. Let’s say you won’t want to spend your whole adult existence employed by a company? What if you wish to become a business owner at some point within the near or distant future?
The need for Self-Education
This is when self-education becomes essential. Self-education is the procedure in which you personally look for the data and insights you need to achieve your objectives and ambitions. It is important for entrepreneurs, since the skills that many entrepreneurs need aren’t typically incorporated within the curriculum that includes to traditional education credentials.
Where are you finding self-education? That’s the million-dollar question. The fact is that the quest for self-education is really a journey that’s personal to each person individually. Negligence self-education which will end up being the most challenging is separating the legitimate possibilities for learning and development from scams and obtain-wealthy-quick schemes that often enrich the inventor at the fee for the participants.
Within the finish, everyone are ultimately accountable for our very own education and development. Credentials will invariably take part in employment, however the upper reaches of professional and personal success will still be the province of individuals who pursue a way of self-education and continual development.
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<urn:uuid:43c08049-9ba8-4b66-a05a-9d83826a05e0>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://advice-for-good.com/education-and-also-the-entrepreneur/
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en
| 0.967608 | 889 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Science, Water and Sanitation: Supporting Equitable and Sustainable Development in southern Africa
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region faces a number of challenges in ensuring water for equitable and sustainable development. In most of these countries water resources infrastructure is underdeveloped, and significant climate variability means economic sustainability and development is hostage to rainfall. The aim of this policy-makers’ booklet is to outline the role that science academies can play in assisting policy-makers and managers to address some of the key water challenges in the southern African region. This is part of a process of building a strong partnership between the science community and government actors. It is intended to be useful to policy-makers in the water sector, and to policy-makers in those sectors that are major water users, such as the agricultural, industrial and mining sectors, as well as those with a mandate to protect the natural environment and whose policies and decisions impact directly or indirectly on water quantity, quality and accessibility. The booklet is focused on six countries, namely Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa and Namibia, each of which has an established science academy, or one that is in the process of being established. However, the messages in this booklet are relevant to the broader southern African region as a whole. This booklet should resonate with policy-makers in the southern Africa region, and together with other similar studies from East, West and North Africa, present an overview of water issues in the continent. The main aim will be to inform the African Ministers’ Committee on Water (AMCOW) and other political and technical leadership in the continent.
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<urn:uuid:6819765e-0dc0-4249-9824-751145270a70>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://research.assaf.org.za/handle/20.500.11911/80
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en
| 0.943489 | 331 | 3.25 | 3 |
Social Information and Social Media
We rely on social interactions for many things that are essential to our survival, such as food, safety, and even health. Some theories go as far as to propose that the human brain is uniquely attuned to (and to a certain degree dependent on) social interactions in order to deal with environmental challenges in a minimally effortful way (e.g. see Social Baseline Theory). Our propensity to seek out and exploit contact with others has most profoundly expressed itself in the form of social media and the fervour with which they are used, especially by youth.
Since the emergence of these platforms, social media have been pinpointed as one of the potential sources of the decreases that we see in a child and adolescent mental wellbeing. However, more and more recent research on this subject indicates that the relationship between social media use and wellbeing might not be as straightforward as previously thought, and that any potential relationship is likely not about quantity of social media use, but about specific experiences in those platforms. What sort of (social) information do youth encounter on social media? And from whom does this information come? How does it make them feel, while navigating these social platforms? And does the way in which these youth sample and process these snippets of social information matter for how it will affect them over time?
These - and other - questions are at the heart of this project, in which we attempt to unravel the relationships between what sort of social information youngsters encounter on social media, and how it affects them.
To do this, we have developed a novel and interdisciplinary paradigm, called 'stimulated recall of social media use'. Read more about it in our recently published paper.
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<urn:uuid:162ee12a-b44e-4ed1-8a7f-6d88fed1e0d9>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://gemhlab.com/projects/depression/social-media-mental-health/
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en
| 0.960465 | 342 | 3.125 | 3 |
Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) was first discussed in public in 1972 in a famous paper published in Nature by John Nuckolls and colleagues at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The idea in the Nature paper is to compress and heat a small capsule containing a mixture of deuterium and tritium (the thermonuclear fuel) using high-power lasers. The compressed fuel is at this point in the plasma state and thermonuclear reactions take place until the fuel disassembles. The subject has developed both theoretically and experimentally since that time. Most recently experiments at the National Ignition Facility, a 2MJ laser at LLNL, have shown energy production that exceeds the thermal energy of the thermonuclear plasma. However ICF is still a long way from demonstrating energy gain – more energy from the thermonuclear reactions than is input from the laser. In this talk we will look at the long history of ICF and discuss its future prospects.
All are welcome to attend this event, no registration required. Please bring partners, colleagues and interested friends!
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<urn:uuid:553173b4-245e-4b89-b44c-20d9838ed1f1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://www.events.iop.org/e/the-history-of-inertial-confinement-fusion-111372559/page.html
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en
| 0.940608 | 221 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Definitions for native cranberry
native cranberry, groundberry, ground-berry, cranberry heath, Astroloma humifusum, Styphelia humifusum(noun)
small prostrate or ascending shrub having scarlet flowers and succulent fruit resembling cranberries; sometimes placed in genus Styphelia
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"native cranberry." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2013. Web. 19 May 2013. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/native cranberry>.
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<urn:uuid:cf2805ce-260d-4e2f-87fd-e7f0ee06aa36>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.definitions.net/definition/native%20cranberry
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en
| 0.66874 | 125 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Semester: Wintersemester 2017/2018
3.02.113 Written English: Ideas and Inventions from the Anglophone World
- Fr , 09.02.2018 12:00 - 14:00
- Montag: 12:00 - 14:00, wöchentlich
This Written English course forms one half of the compulsory module ang311: Integrated Language Skills.
In this course we will read texts, watch videos and listen to podcasts about ideas and inventions from countries in the English-speaking world. We will learn about how they were developed and what effects they have had on society. Students will work on fine-tuning their academic writing skills and language use through writing texts relating to the course topic.
Students will be assessed on the following tasks: (i) a take-home essay (two drafts) and (ii) a written test.
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<urn:uuid:cd59c6f7-0360-41ac-9bda-00d291246b5b>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/studium/lehrveranstaltungen/va-details/?course_id=61ec3e007368e60103243c40ee8ca2b5&cHash=32ebeb5d44fbe4fc62ee03f3e59840c0
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en
| 0.847776 | 181 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A crucial part of a live performance happens behind the scenes, both before a production is mounted and during its run.
Whether you have experience working backstage or want to learn about working backstage, you should consider taking THEATRST 350.2 to learn the basics of technical theater at Duke and get academic credit for working on the mainstage!
You're also invited to get in touch with Theater Operations at Duke. There are both paid and volunteer opportunities for students to work behind the scenes in Reynolds and Sheafer Theaters, Page Auditorium, and other theaters on campus. Theater Operations can be reached at 660-1711.
Pre-production (also called "prep" crews) Positions and Activities
Scenic Construction -- Builds the set designed by the set designer. Opportunity to learn how to make a set happen from the blueprint to the finished set on stage. If you like to hammer and nail or want to know how things go together, this is a really fun place to be. Closed toe shoes required; no opened-toed sandals.
Scenic Paint -- Once the structural pieces are built, this crew paints the scenery to create the illusion of the world of the play, creating the structural environment of the piece. The paint chargeperson will instruct the crew on various techniques of paint illusion as indicated by the current show and how to basecoat properly.
Prop Master -- Acquires the list of objects the set designer and director put together of all things attached to the set or carried onto it by an actor. The set is like an empty house you purchased. Whatever you bring into the space is a prop, such as furniture and luggage carried on by the performer. The props master oversees the gathering crew much like a soccer team: the ball starts rolling and together you make it happen.
Prop Prep -- Works with the prop master to find, build or secure props for the play, including some rehearsal props that do not have to be the real thing. This is a fun crew because you do research for pictures, receive research from the set designer, go shopping, and get to create many things for the set. One of the most creative crews for people who like to paint and do crafty-type things.
Electrics Prep - Selects lighting instruments from a list, learns how to hang the lights in designated spots in the theater according to the light plot. Once in place, focus occurs and the lights are aimed to the area assigned. This crew comes into action closer to tech week.
Costume Prep -- Works in the costume shop learning to hand sew and machine sew while creating costumes. We deal with shoes, hair, costume props (purses, jewelry, cigarette cases) - whatever the performer wears on his body or is directly related. We have fittings of the costumes with the performers and work closely with them in enhancing the style of dress their character requires. This comes from costume designer vision, director notes, and character choices.
Sound Crew -- The sound crew locates sounds needed for the show in the sound library and from other sources. You would learn how to record, time, and discharge cues on tapes.
Run Crews -- These crews are responsible for all aspects of the production during technical rehearsals, dress rehearsals and actual run. Positions include light board operator, sound board operator, flymen, props, costumes, scenery shifters. Attendance is required at all scheduled rehearsals and being on time is extremely important. With each show, the number of crew people changes, so we may need a few people or a lot of people.
Scenic and/or Props Shift Crew -- These crews work together before the performance each night setting up the stage and the props in their correct slot. During the show each person is assigned a list of jobs to complete and given ample time in rehearsals to know when they do what and how to do it the best way. Tasks include activities such as moving furniture, clearing dishes, setting a lamp, removing previous scene props, etc.
Fly Crew -- These people pull ropes on cue during the show that brings in and out the drops that help create the scenes. It operates on a counter weight system.
Board Operator – Operates the light board and executes the cues as called by the stage manager over the headsets during a show. Participates in dimmer checks each night before the house opens.
Electric Run Crew -- Runs dimmer checks and replaces any bulbs or instruments as needed. They generally come from the electric prep crew.
Sound Board Operator -- Executes sound cues as called by the stage manager.
Costume Run Crew -- Assists actors in the dressing room getting ready for a performance. Assists with quick changes as needed during the show. Ensures the actors put things away properly after a performance.
Wardrobe Crew -- Does the washing, ironing and steaming of costumes in between shows, and general maintenance depending on the needs of the production. Duties could include polishing shoes, jewelry, checking hooks and eyes and snaps to ensure they have not been weakened during performance. One person does not do all of this everyday; it is divided up among the crew.
Design Assistant -- In all areas, helps the designer do research and sometimes builds the model or draws designs, depending on skill level and desire. This position is involved from the ground up with all the prelim design discussions. You are the left hand of the designer, handling details for him or her. A very committed and responsible position.
Stage Manager -- Responsible for the total production from opening night until strike. Everything is their problem. They ensure the look of the show and contact the appropriate person if things are not maintaining their look.
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<urn:uuid:36f9d370-ea4e-4ae9-9771-8421c6efb62e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://theaterstudies.duke.edu/behind-scenes
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en
| 0.946944 | 1,158 | 2.640625 | 3 |
What makes a workforce happy?
Over the past five years, there has been an increasing focus on well-being and happiness of employees at work, because research has shown that “a happy workforce is a productive one”. Nic Marks of the New Economics Foundation has spent almost 15 years studying the topic, and concludes that the difference in productivity between happy and unhappy people at work can range from 10% for non-complex repetitive tasks, to up to 40-50% in service and creative industries. Alongside increased productivity comes better employee engagement and staff retention. And that is significant enough to pay attention to.
The problem comes in defining what is meant by staff happiness at work, and how employers can improve this to impact the bottom line. Initiatives have ranged from reducing working hours to providing fresh fruit and coffee. Some companies have offered free massages, ping-pong tables by the coffee machines or training for their leaders to improve their communications using social media.
Management models for well-being at work, based on empirical observation and staff surveys, are often used to define the interventions. And they are all a bit hit and miss. These models include factors ranging from meeting basic needs like pay and office environment, to helping staff make a difference and contribute to a higher purpose. It is no surprise that leaders find it very difficult to define actions that will improve their staff’s happiness in a way that will positively impact productivity, employee engagement and staff retention.
With the remarkable recent developments in neuroscience, it no longer has to be a guessing game. Understanding how the brain works gives concrete insights that will help leaders to transform their workplaces into ones full of happy staff.
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<urn:uuid:23022bf8-8a8d-4e67-8c6a-ee061d8259a1>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://changeboard.com/content/5213/could-happiness-be-the-answer-to-retaining-talent/
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en
| 0.963179 | 339 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Practice problems for reducing fractions. Use divisibility tricks to reduce fractions.
Tag Archives: Dividing Fractions
Last week I sent out a blog that helps students divide a fraction by a fraction. The technique is called the “Fraction Sandwich.” To help students “get the hang” of this technique, here are 10 practice problems for dividing one fraction by another.
Dividing fractions has always been an annoying process, with the need to re-copy the problem and use the reciprocal of the second fraction. Well, no more. With this student-friendly new approach, kids will start dividing fractions with fun, gusto, and accuracy. Check it out!
Is there any way to make it easier to divide one fraction by another fraction? Read the post and you’ll see that it is possible. Here is a great math trick that makes it easier to divide fractions. Read the post and then try the division trick. You’ll be glad that you did.
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<urn:uuid:87ceff7b-e289-4a84-af57-64ad4e8be36e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://www.singingturtle.com/tag/dividing-fractions/
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en
| 0.920121 | 208 | 3.140625 | 3 |
"To infinity and beyond!" Toy Story, 1995
|Entry Requirements: Grade 6 in GCSE English Literature or GCSE Media Studies|
The course comprises of three components. Component 1 equates to 35% of the qualification, as does Component 2. Component 3 involves coursework – the production of a short film or a written screenplay – and equates to 30% of the qualification.
Component 1 – Sections A, B and C will be studied during Year 12, followed by two terms of preparation for coursework involving the making of a short film or the construction of a screenplay. Component 1 comprises of both Classical and New Hollywood (Section A), followed by American Film since 2005 (Section B) and also British film since 1995 (Section C). Within the coursework preparation phase there will be a series of short films that pupils are required to study and analyse which will then need to be referenced in both their coursework production and the evaluative analysis of their coursework.
Component 2 will then be studied in depth in Year 13, consisting of four sections; Global Film (Section A), Documentary Film (Section B), Film Movements – Silent Cinema (Section C) and Film Movements – Experimental Film (Section D). Component 1 will then be returned to for revision purposes, coursework will be finalised and submitted and final preparation for the exams will take place.
This course focuses on the spectator’s experience in the film making process alongside the application of both core and additional study areas that will allow students to fully understand films studied holistically in terms of meaning, mise-en-scene and contexts. An appreciation of the aesthetic quality of films and their underlying meanings is essential to this course and students should bring their passion for all types of films and film movements to the classroom to enable fruitful discussions within our analytical seminars!
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On Tuesday, July 2, a lot of ocean and a few tiny bits of land will lie under a moon-blackened sun. A total solar eclipse will take place that day ... the first total eclipse of the sun since the Great American Total Eclipse of Aug. 21, 2017.
On that day, the long, thin finger of the moon's dark umbral shadow will again draw its tip — averaging 95 miles (150 kilometers) in width — across Earth's surface. But unlike the total solar eclipse in 2017, which offered a multitude of possibilities for land-based viewing, the 6,800-mile (11,000-km) path of the 2019 eclipse will be confined almost exclusively to the South Pacific Ocean.
Story of the shadow
The total eclipse track begins at local sunrise, 2,175 miles (4,000 kilometers) east-northeast of Wellington, New Zealand. The moon's dark shadow will make its very first landfall when it moves across Oeno Island, a remote coral atoll and part of the Pitcairn Islands. Oeno Island serves as a private holiday site for the few residents of Pitcairn Island, who travel there and stay for two weeks in January, during the Southern Hemisphere summer.
The total area of Oeno Island measures only 120 acres. The island is known principally for its colony of Murphy's petrels; with about 12,500 pairs, the site is estimated to be the second largest colony of these birds in the world. The birds — and likely some hardy eclipse chasers — will experience 2 minutes and 53 seconds of total eclipse at 18:24 GMT.
The moment of greatest eclipse comes just 1 hour later, when the duration on the centerline of the eclipse path lasts the longest: 4 minutes and 32.8 seconds, at a point about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) southwest of Isla Isabela of the Galapagos Islands, but still over open ocean waters.
The shadow at this time also misses the mystical Easter Island, passing some 670 miles (1,080 km) to the north. However, a special airborne expedition will attempt to "chase" the shadow using a 787 Dreamliner aircraft, in hopes of extending the length of totality to 9 minutes.
Sadly, there will be no other landfall along the entirety of the Pacific track of 5,900 miles (9,500 km). Out of the 161 minutes that the shadow's umbra will be in contact with Earth, only in the final 4 minutes will it make its second landfall in central Chile, at 4:39 p.m. local time (2039 GMT), before rapidly continuing east-southeast through central Argentina. The path will come to an end just before reaching Río de la Plata and the nation of Uruguay, and then it will lift off Earth at sunset and return to space.
World-class observatories in the path
The shadow's path will take it on a southeastern course, where it will envelop the Elqui Valley, a region 87 miles (140 km) long that stretches from the Pacific Ocean eastward into the Andean foothills. The valley typically enjoys exceptionally dry and clear weather, which is the chief reason, notes astronomer and highly regarded eclipse expert Fred Espenak, "that a string of major international astronomical observatories have been built there; it's no surprise then that the Elqui Valley is the focus of many 2019 eclipse expeditions."
Indeed, it is a very fortuitous circumstance that Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, a world-class facility of astronomical telescopes and instruments located 50 miles (80 km) east of La Serena, Chile, at an altitude of 7,200 feet (2,200 meters), is within the totality path and will witness 2 minutes and 6 seconds of total eclipse.
Several observatories in the track of totality of the solar eclipse have now announced live webcasts; here's how to watch them live online.
After the eclipse passes over Chile, the speed of the umbral shadow will rapidly increase as it begins to slide off Earth's surface. In fact, the shadow covers the 800-mile (1,300 km) stretch across Argentina in only 3 minutes. That equates to an average speed of 16,000 miles (26,000 km) per hour!
Missed it by that much ...
Some notable metropolitan areas that will see a very large partial eclipse near sunset include Montevideo (89%) and Santiago (93%).
But by far the most tantalizing view will be from Buenos Aires, the capital and largest city of Argentina. The 15.5 million people who live in this city's metropolitan area will be able to watch as the moon begins to cover the sun at 4:36 p.m. local time and, just over an hour later at 5:44 p.m., 99.5% of the sun will be covered, just moments before the sun disappears below the horizon. Prime viewing locations in the city will be from the roofs of tall buildings and towers, offering unobstructed views toward the west-northwest.
But for the grand view of a total eclipse, one will need to get into the totality path by traveling about 18 miles (30 km) to the southwest. There are many roads leading out of the city to totality. I suspect that there will be a mass exodus that afternoon from "The Paris of the South," by people hoping to catch a once-in-a-lifetime glimpse of the darkened sun.
Unfortunately, the viewing prospects are not good. As meteorologist Jay Anderson writes in the "Observer's Handbook 2019" of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada: "The eclipse track comes to an end in the southern suburbs of Buenos Aires, but the location is not enticing because of the low altitude of the sun and an average cloudiness in the region of around 65%."
Coverage for other places
A partial eclipse will also be visible from Panama, Costa Rica and a slice of southwest Nicaragua, as well as much of South America, except for the northern and eastern sections.
In the table below, I have provided local circumstances for 13 cities in Central and South America as well as for major population centers on two islands: the Falkland Islands (F.I.) and Easter Island (E.I.). Times are in local civil times for the places listed. If the sun has set before the eclipse has ended, three dashes (- - -) are given. The percentage amount of the sun's diameter that is hidden by the moon is provided. For maximum eclipse, an asterisk (*) indicates that this is also sunset. A double asterisk (**) indicates how much of the sun's diameter is hidden as it is setting.
Finally, North Americans will have to wait until June 10, 2021, and Oct. 14, 2023, for a pair of annular ("ring of fire") eclipses; and April 8, 2024, for the next Great American Total Eclipse.
Editor's Note: If you snap an amazing picture of the July 2, 2019 total solar eclipse and would like to share it with Space.com's readers, send your photos, comments, and your name and location to [email protected].
- Solar Eclipses: When Is the Next One?
- This Video of a 1900 Total Solar Eclipse Is the Oldest One Ever (and Made by a Magician!)
- 100 Years Ago, a Total Solar Eclipse Experiment Confirmed Einstein's Theory of Relativity
Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmers' Almanac and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for Verizon FiOS1 News in New York's lower Hudson Valley. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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Phu Khao Thong (Golden Mountain) is a steep hill inside the Wat Saket compound. It is not a natural outcrop, but an artificial hill. During the reign of King Rama III (1787 – 1851) the decision was made to build a Chedi of huge dimensions to add to the Wat Saket temple. However, the large Chedi collapsed during the construction process because the soft soil beneath would not support it. The resulting mud-and-brick hillock was left alone for about half a century, taking the shape of a natural hill and becoming overgrown with weeds. Since then it looked like a natural small mountain it received its name of “Phu Khao” at that time.
Phu Khao Thong is now a popular Bangkok tourist attraction and has become one of the symbols of the city.
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The ability to remain calm and take quick, sensible action: he had the presence of mind to record the scene on video
More example sentences
- Despite their serious injuries, the men remained calm - one even had the presence of mind to make a joke.
- But if we stay sensible and keep our presence of mind we can meet the challenges ahead.
- So in the final analysis, it seems that the ability to maintain one's presence of mind in the face of danger is a primary issue.
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rose mallow, swamp mallow, common rose mallow, swamp rose mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos(noun)
showy shrub of salt marshes of the eastern United States having large rose-colored flowers
Hibiscus moscheutos is a cold-hardy perennial wetland plant that can grow in large colonies. The hirsute leaves are of variable morphology, but commonly found as deltoidal in form and sometimes having up to three lobes. It is found in wetlands and along the riverine systems of the southeastern United States from Texas to the Atlantic states, its territory extending northward to southern Ontario. There exists in nature numerous forms and petal colors range from pure white to deep rose, and, except for one genome, all have an eye of deep maroon. Taxonomic consensus is lacking for the nomenclature of the multiple sub-species. The complete flowers are born apically, whereas the related Hibiscus laevis carries bud and bloom along the stem. In Canada it is listed as a species of special concern by the Species at Risk Act. Propagation can be accomplished by seed sown 0.6 cm below media and kept constantly moist, or by crown divisions during winter dormancy, and some success can be achieved by hard-wood stem cuttings. Numerous hybrids of the native North American Hibiscus species have been released by the commercial nursery trade. In cultivation the species or the hybrids can be an attractive addition to a bog garden or other water feature, not only adding visual appeal but also enhancing wildlife value for nectar-feeders and birds.
The numerical value of hibiscus moscheutos in Chaldean Numerology is: 8
The numerical value of hibiscus moscheutos in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Images & Illustrations of hibiscus moscheutos
Translations for hibiscus moscheutos
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
- гибискуса moscheutosRussian
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"hibiscus moscheutos." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 27 Jun 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/hibiscus moscheutos>.
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This is from http://www.originscanada.org/what-is-adoption-coercion/. I think the most important thing about this article is that it defines what coercion is, and lists 8 points that are necessary for a surrender to NOT be coerced.
What is Adoption Coercion?
Adoption coercion is any form of overt or covert pressure, manipulation, convincing, force, fraud, human rights violation, or withholding of resources that results in a woman surrendering a baby for adoption.
Adoption coercion includes any practice specifically designed to ensure or significantly increase the odds that a mother will surrender her baby for adoption. It also includes any practice designed to restrict or remove freedom of choice by the use of influence, persuasion, fraud, or duress. A coerced ‘choice’ is not a ‘choice’ – there is no “decision” where there is coercion.
Perpetrators of adoption coercion include anyone in a position of trust, authority, or relative power in relation to the mother. Examples are: adoption industry employees, hospital staff, medical professionals, prospective adopters, social workers, government social policy makers, family members, clergy and nuns, maternity home staff, etc.
Why is Coercion Used?
Coercion is used to deliberately eliminate informed choice for mothers. This is not for the benefit of a mother or her baby, but because others want to separate her from her baby for adoption purposes.
The Risks to Mothers from Adoption Coercion
When a mother has been coerced into surrendering her baby for
adoption, she is at high risk for multiple lifelong repercussions. These
consequences can include severe unresolved grief, clinical depression,
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), relationship and parenting
difficulties, self-esteem issues, and physical health complications
resulting from stress. She may feel exploited and used – especially if
she realizes later how she wanted to keep her baby and how she was
manipulated or forced to surrender. Her baby might grow up feeling
unwanted, rejected, “given away,” or “not good enough to keep.” . It
may be difficult to explain to a surrendered child why she kept her
other children but not this one. Subsequent children may fear that their
mother will give them away also.
The Effect of Coercion
Coercion renders a mother unable to make a freely-made decision. When coercion is applied, the mother has not made a decision because there is no freedom of choice. She has not “placed” or “given up” her baby for adoption. Her baby has been taken by others who manipulated her to produce the result they wanted.
The Importance of Informed Consent
Informed consent is also necessary in order for a surrender to be free from coercion. Informed consent to adoption can only be given once the mother has recovered from childbirth (usually considered a minimum of six weeks). This is to ensure the following three necessary prerequisites to informed consent: (1) Pregnancy and birthing hormones have returned to pre-pregnancy levels , (2) Any resulting post-partum depression has been diagnosed and treated, and (3) The mother has had significant bonding time with her baby in an environment free from coercive elements.
When is There Truly an “Adoption Decision”
Terminating a mother’s parental rights results in her baby becoming a “legal orphan” available for adoption. A decision of this magnitude can only be made in the absence of coercion and with informed consent
Following are the necessary prerequisites which must be present in order for a mother to be able to make a decision for adoption. If any of these prerequisites are lacking, then the mother cannot make this decision and inquires should be made as to who in her life stands to benefit from her surrendering her baby for adoption and has worked towards this end.
- The mother must have recovered from childbirth and have had access to her child in order to get to know her baby as a person, her son or daughter.
- The mother must have had the opportunity to engage in a mother-child relationship with her child, with adequate support and mentoring.
- The mother must be screened and treated for any possible postpartum depression or other health issues which may influence her surrender decision.
- The mother must be fully informed of the risk of lifelong emotional consequences to herself and her baby.
- The mother must be instructed on the realities of the legal institution of adoption: Filiation will be severed and she will no longer be legally related to her child. Open adoption agreements are not legally binding and she may never see her child again. An amended birth record will be issued stating that the adoptive parents gave birth to her child. Depending on the jurisdiction, her child may never be able to obtain a copy of his/her original birth record or learn about the natural parents
- There must be no financial coercion, either in the form of (1) poverty, financial insecurity, or lack of resources, or (2) having fallen prey to entrapment practices such as having received gifts or money during her pregnancy with the expectation of handing over her baby in exchange.
- There must be no pre-birth matching or prior contact with (and thus influence from ) prospective adoptive parents. This is because of the high risk of emotional coercion resulting from this contact (e.g., fear of hurting or disappointing them by keeping her baby, feeling they deserve her baby more than she does, bonding with them due to high oxytocin levels during pregnancy and birth, etc.).
- There must be no contact or influence during her pregnancy or before recovery from any person or agency who will benefit financially or otherwise by her baby being placed for adoption
Only when all these elements are in place can a woman truly make a decision regarding adoption. If she decides for adoption with fully informed consent, free of coercion, only then should substitute care be considered. This could include kinship care, permanent legal guardianship, or adoption by unrelated strangers.
Copyright © 2012 Origins International
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Kairuku waewaeroa is a newly identified species of penguin discovered in Kawhia Harbour on the North Island of New Zealand. The extinct species roamed the Earth some 27-35 million years ago. It has characteristics similar to that of Kairuku giant penguins but with longer legs. The name ‘waewaeroa’ is a M?ori term for “long legs”. The species is taller than other ancient penguins. Its height is around 1 meter.
The newly discovered specimen has provided detailed insights into the timeline of the evolution of modern-day penguins. The species is unique to Zealandia (ancient New Zealand). Evidence of their presence in other parts of the world has not yet been found.
No comments yet.
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Hand Printing From Nature
Create Unique Prints for Fabric, Paper, and Other Surfaces Using Natural and Found MaterialsBook - 2011
Discover how to use found natural materials such as leaves, feathers, vegetables, fruit, shells, weeds and wood to print on any surface, including paper, fabric, ceramics or walls. Step-by-step instructions coupled with beautiful photos make it easy and fun to learn the techniques.
Publisher: North Adams, MA :, Storey Pub.,, 2011.
Characteristics: 191 p. : col. ill. ; 23 x 23 cm.
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- Why Microservices?
- Polyglot character
- What's happening with my Database?
IntroductionThe idea behind Microservices is already described by it's name. In summary it means to use multiple smaller self-contained services to build up a system, instead of using one monolithic one. This explanation does sound simple, doesn't it? We will see that it is not because breaking up one single big system in several services has quite a lot implications.
Why Microservices?A monolithic system would be a system which has only one main component. One of the disadvantages is usually that you have to deploy changes in a way that they affect the deployment of the whole system. A today's system is actually not completely monolithic at all, because it normally already consists of several sub-components. Often other decomposition mechanisms are already used. One way would be to build your system modular. Such a module might be actually a good candidate for a microservice, whereby it should optimally have business domain specific functionality and not a pure technical one.
Another aspect, you should be already familiar with as an object oriented developer, is de-coupling (loose coupling). Actually one component should live in a way for it's own. Sure there are well defined dependencies to other components. De-coupling allows you to ensure that you can replace one component of your system without the need to rewrite the a majority system again.
If splitting up a monolithic application into several parts, whereby specific functionalities are provided as services, you end up with a distributed system because each service is deployed by it's own. The idea is exactly to be able to scale these services independently out.
So Microservices are in a way not a complete new invention. Microservices are often just a consequence of what we already know or target regarding software architectures. Service oriented designs are also not completely new for us.
Polyglot characterOne system made of multiple smaller services:
- Can have a variety of communication protocols: About 10 years ago, I remember to have discussions about SOAP vs. REST. I actually liked SOAP because it was well defined and so your service client could be created just by the service definition. It has message based communication and there was a kind of standard message format (dependent on the binding). REST on the other hand's side had the charm to be less chatty and resource based. The protocol how 2 parties are communicating (which resources are accessed in exactly which way) was not out of the box predefined. Indeed, you also define what a REST service exposes. But it seemed to happen more often that the service did no longer talk exactly the same language as the client. Actually, it was more like it was speaking partially a weird dialect which could no longer be understood by the client and so the client had to learn it as well. There are libs and frameworks those are helping you (e.g annotations in JAX-RS). However, I'm pretty sure that a today's green field solutions would rely on RESTFul services. Sometimes you don't come from a green field and so you might still need to integrate a variety of different kinds of services.
- Can be implemented by using several programming languages and frameworks: It's just relevant for another component of your system how to communicate with a specific service. The actual implementation is completely hidden from the other components of your system. So one service might be implemented in Node.js but another one might be implemented in Python. There are sometimes good reasons to develop one part of a system in e.g. C but others with maybe less effort e.g. in Node.js. Not every component might have the same resource and efficiency requirements (e.g. Garbage collection vs. manual disposal)
- Can be developed by different kinds of developers: This is indeed related to the different programming languages and frameworks point. From my personal experience I would say that a C and a Java developer are really speaking different languages. Not just regarding the programming language, also how a specific problem would be addressed or how the tool chains are looking like. There is no good or bad, it's just different. So given that different functionalities might be developed by multiple different and independent teams, this point especially makes sense if these teams already got skill sets around specific programming languages and frameworks.
- Polyglot persistence: A modern application consists usually of 3 tiers: interface, service and persistence. Given that we split the service tier up into multiple smaller services, there is the fair question what happens with your database/storage tier. We will discuss this a bit later in depth. Important is that the several services can use different database/storage back-ends. One service might need to write content items and stores the content itself in a Blob Store and the meta data in a Document Database. Another service might need to store the information who knows whom and so uses a Graph Database. A third service might handle user sessions and so uses a KV-store. This is what what polyglot persistence means.
What's happening with my Database?This is actually quite interesting. Even if your system used before several modules, you will quite often see that the modules integrate with each other on the database level. The reasons is that the rules for your schema consolidation (regarding the good database schema design) might conflict with the de-coupling requirements. At the end each independent service should use it's own database. Instead of integrating service functionality on the database tier, the services should talk with each other. Let's use a very simple and stupid example. We talk about orders and customers. Let's assume that your shopping service is independent from the user profile service. Sure, shopping needs to know who the customer is, but not at the same level of detail as the user profile service knows. In a monolithic application you would have a 1-many relationship between customers and orders. So getting all the orders of a customer would be JOIN query. In a more service oriented world, you would ask for the directory service for the customer (by e.g. his email address) and then you would ask the shopping service for all the orders of this customer. If e.g. a new order should be processed then the shopping service would also need to talk with the payment service in order to fulfill the payment. The payment service also only knows the relevant information about the customer and not the complete user profile. Again, a very simple example, but the point is clear. A Microservices approach leads to distributed system, made of several services, which leads to split up databases as well.
Not to use one single and big database is also a chance. We already talked about that you want to be able to scale your services out (adding new service instances behind a load balancer - so web scale) independently. Scaling out the service tier is only half of the story. More and more service instances might also raise the need to scale out on the storage/database tier. So instead doing all with your non-scalable relational DBMS, you can now follow the polyglot persistence idea and use the right database for the job, which means that you might introduce a highly scalable NoSQL database system for some of your service.
As explained Microservices are self-contained services those are providing business domain specific functionality. A system which uses Microservices is per definition a distributed system, with all it's advantages and disadvantages. Getting your system more scalable is easier possible, whereby distributed transactions are harder. Polyglot persistence is one benefit. You can now use the right storage or database system for the job, dependent on the requirements of the specific service.
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Did you put “cooking healthier family meals” on your New Year’s resolution list? The best way to stick to that resolution is to get the whole family—especially your kids—involved in the kitchen. From recipe selection to food prep time to serving the meal, there’s a whole lot of learning that takes place in the kitchen…and health benefits, too.
Cooking with kids can reduce meal-time battles. Kids are much more likely to eat what they make. When kids see cooking can be creative, like an art project, it’s more fun for them. Also, having a sense of ownership in the outcome makes kids more likely to try new foods.
Family-Friendly Tip 1: Give kids 3 healthy recipes to choose from and make that meal together.
Cooking together makes it easier to be healthier together. During meal prep, the family is learning about where food comes from, food quality and the nutrition provided, which makes it easier to talk about the food-health relationship. It also makes it easier for everyone to enjoy healthier food choices inside and outside the home.
Family-Friendly Tip 2: Make it educational. Cooking is science in action. Preparing food involves chemistry, math, and reading skills not to mention planning and organizational skills to prevent disaster in the kitchen. You can also talk about benefits of locally sourced foods, compare nutrition of fresh versus canned foods.
Family-Friendly Tip 3: Schedule one “family cooking night” each week that all family members can be present to enjoy. Family cooking time is quality time. Cooking together creates time for communicating on a regular basis. In between chopping and sautéing you might chat about school, sports, current events, or books and movies.
Family-Friendly Tip 4: Have your kids do an Internet search for ways to make a specific recipe healthier by substituting ingredients (like sugar and full fat butter) for healthier alternatives (such as pureed fruit, maple syrup, or yogurt based butter).
Family-Friendly Tip 5: Make it fun – like art, it’s okay for cooking to get a little messy! And, mistakes are inevitable, turn those culinary faux pas into learning experiences.
Learning to cook is a life skill. The earlier your kids learn to cook, the more self-reliant they become at home. And, you never know… you might discover there’s a culinary wizard in the house. Young children who develop a passion for cooking could very well establish a career path for the future.
Ready to Get Cooking with Your Kids?
Check out our list of popular locations for family/kids cooking classes in Tampa Bay. And, if you want to get interactive in your own kitchen, gather everyone in the kitchen to watch (and cook along with) some of the hottest kids cooking shows online and on TV.
Young Chefs Academy classes for kids of all ages, encourages discovery, creativity, and kitchen-savvy skill development. Classes currently offered in Seminole (727) 350-4587 and Brandon (813)643-7025
Sur La Table (Hyde Park Village) classes and summer camp with a healthy kids, healthy planet theme, teaches cooking fundamentals and science in the kitchen. (813) 258-5601
Let Them Eat Cake (West Shore Blvd) is about more than cake. The Summer Cooking Camp teaches how to prepare everything from apple sauce to sushi, breads to entrees to desserts. (813) 837-6888
FrontLine Chef classes for kids age 8-18, teaches food prep and healthy meal preparation for the family. (727) 631-9733
Sweetwater Organic Community Farm (Tampa) Call for classes and camp schedules (813) 887-4066
Palate Kids Summer Camp (Dunedin) teaches real cooking skills that result in fabulous tasting food. (727) 433-1889
Rolling Pin Kitchen Emporium classes for ages 10-100, special teen/tween programs. (813) 653-2418
All Children’s Hospital Education Center Family Nutrition and Cooking classes at various locations, including YMCAs, the hospital, and community centers throughout Tampa Bay area. (727) 582-2122; parents can email questions to [email protected]
Sponsored by Kohl’s Cooks for Kids
Public Library Cooking Classes check online or call your local library for upcoming classes
Publix Aprons Cooking School has classes for kids ages 8-12. Call local stores for details. Gunn Hwy store: (813) 926-4465
Williams Sonoma has free themed Junior Chef Classes. Check local stores for details.
Joann Stores Contact local store for details.
Online Resources & Shows that Get Kids Cooking
TheKidsCookMonday.org provides recipes, videos and other resources to get kids involved in cooking all kinds of family meals.
Hey Kids, Let’s Cook (PBS) kids age 6-14 cook healthy and delicious with a nutrition coach
Twice as Good (PBS) Cooking Show for Kids, by Kids hosted by twin sisters on a mission to introduce delicious, healthy cooking and eating to kids across the country. Spiced with a little bit of math, geography, science and history.
Raw, Vegan & Not Gross! (You Tube)
Learn to cook delicious and super nutritious meals that will satisfy and surprise all family members
Master Chef Jr. (Fox) New Season Feb 9 8/7 Central.
Tweens face-off in the kitchen with master chef Gordon Ramsey.
Nerdy Nummies (You-Tube)
Got a sci-fi, anime, or comic book fan in the house? This show serves up treats inspired by popular movies and games.
Kids Baking Championship (Food Network) Monday 8/7 Central.
Flavor and creativity combine when 8 young bakers are challenged to create restaurant quality treats.
*Food Network also features several kids cooking shows and contests.
Written by:Karen Rider.
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Kissing Disease (Mono)
A funny gag gift for boyfriends and girlfriends.
|Sizes||Giantmicrobes are based on actual microbes, cells, organisms and other critters, only 1,000,000 times actual size!
Gigantic (GG) 16-24"
XL (XL) 10-15"
Original (PD) 5-8"
Keychain (KC) 2-4" with clip
|Materials||Plush from all new materials. Stuffed with polyester fiber fill. Surface washable: sponge with water & soap, air dry.|
|Packaging||Each plush microbe includes a printed card with fun, educational and fascinating facts about the actual microbe or cell.|
|Safety||Every product meets or exceeds U.S. and European standards for safety. For ages 3 and up.|
All about Kissing Disease (Mono)
FACTS: The Kissing Disease, or mononucleosis, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (named after its discovers Michael Epstein and Y. M. Barr.) More than 95% of the population is infected!
Most people catch the virus at a very young age, at which time the symptoms are often too mild to be noticed.
However, those who catch it when they are young adults (or older) suffer from sore throats, swollen lymph glands, and extreme malaise. In addition, the spleen can become enlarged – sports and strenuous activities must be avoided to prevent rupture. Epstein-Barr virus also causes an increase in the level of "mononuclear" white blood cells in the blood, which is how the disease got its nickname.
Nevertheless, Epstein-Barr is not very contagious. Transmission requires close contact such as kissing or sharing drinks. And with an incubation period of 4-7 weeks, it can be a while before you know whether you’ve caught it.
Most people get over Epstein-Barr in a couple of weeks – though it can take up to a year to kiss the virus goodbye!
|Name||Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)|
|Actual Size||120-220 nm in diameter, over 570 million viruses fit across a football field|
|Where It Lives||It lives and grows in the nose and throat|
|System||EBV’s effects are widespread on the body; it primarily affects the lymphatic system, but can have affects on the central nervous system and respiratory system|
• Approximately 3 million cases appear in the U.S. annually.
• 35 to 50% of adolescents and young adults develop symptoms of mono after being infected with the virus, including a significant amount of college students.
• Send your college friend/significant other our microbe as a great gag gift!!
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Eclipse Calculator – Solar Eclipses in Beijing, China
Eclipse visible in Beijing – May 25, 1937 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse
The animation shows approximately what the eclipse looks like from the night side of earth.
BETA: This is a temporary animation, it would look different in real life. We hope to fix that issue soon.
Local times for eclipse in Beijing on Tuesday, May 25, 1937
Click on the Sun/Moon symbols in the column entitled “Looks like” to see what the eclipse looks like during the different phases of the event.
|Event||Time in Beijing||Direction||Altitude||Looks like||Comments|
|Penumbral eclipse begins||May 25 at 1:45 PM||57°||62.6° below||Not directly visible||Under horizon|
|Penumbral Eclipse ends||May 25 at 5:56 PM||105°||18.1° below||Not directly visible||Under horizon|
|Maximum Eclipse||May 25 at 6:23 PM||109°||13.2° below||Not directly visible||Under horizon|
Other eclipses visible in Beijing
Sun & Moon Calculators for Beijing
Types of Eclipses
- Find Moonrise and Moonset for a location
- Moon Phase Calculator – Find moon phases for any year
- Find Sunrise and Sunset for a location
- Day and Night World Map – See which parts of the Earth are currently illuminated by the Sun
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- conditioning – water is introduced to the leather to a level of 18-28%.
- softening – bodily softening of the leather-based by using setting apart the leather fibres.
- buffing – abrasion of the surfaces of the leather-based to lessen nap or grain defects.
For a few leathers a floor coating is implemented. Tanners consult with this as finishing. Finishing operations may also consist of:
- curler coating
- curtain coating
- combing (hair-on)
In addition to the alternative environmental influences of leather-based, the manufacturing approaches have a excessive environmental effect, maximum appreciably due to:
- the heavy use of polluting chemical compounds in the tanning technique
- air pollution because of the transformation method (hydrogen sulfide for the duration of dehairing and ammonia during deliming, solvent vapours).
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This conference, held from February 4-11 of 1945, was a meeting between the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union. The representatives from each country were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin.
One of the problems discussed here was how to handle and control Germany. The USSR wanted to divide it permanently and make Germany pay 20 billion dollars. The US wanted to divide Germany into three zones, one controlled by each ally and eventually all of them democratically united.
Another problem discussed at the Yalta Conference was if and how the US would aid the other countries after World War II. The USSR wanted the United States to lend them 6 billion dollars with 2.37% interest and no other conditions. The US, however, did not want to lend money to the USSR or Great Britain until they have repaid at least half of the money from the Lend-Lease Act.
Perhaps the most important issue discussed at this meeting was the decision to create the United Nations. The USSR wanted each of its 15 socialist republics to get one vote, but for the US and Great Britain to get only 1 vote each. The United States wanted the USSR to join so that they would at least remain somewhat of allies. There would be a General Assembly where each country gets one vote. However, the US, Great Britain, France, China, and the USSR would all have veto power in the Security Council.
This event was important to the Cold War because it set the stage for the differing opinions of the USSR and the US and really showed how completely differently the two operated.
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The First IC and the Y2K Scare: The January 2018 Hardware History RoundupJanuary 27, 2018 by Chantelle Dubois
From the invention of the integrated circuit to surviving the Y2K problem, January has been an interesting month in history hardware. Here is a roundup of a few pieces of hardware history still saved in memory.
From the invention of the integrated circuit to surviving the Y2K problem, January has a lot of anniversaries in EE history. Here is a roundup of a few pieces of hardware history still saved in memory.
1959 - The Integrated Circuit Conceptualized
1958 was an exciting year for silicon. Jack Kilby, working at then-small company Texas Instruments, would come up with the “solid circuit” in which all components of a circuit could be made from a single silicon crystal. This would reduce the size of components, including the transistor, and making manufacturing easier and cheaper. Kilby produced a prototype and applied for a patent with Texas Instruments.
First IC prototype. Image courtesy of Texas Instruments.
Meanwhile, Robert Noyce, working for Fairchild Semiconductor (which at the time was also just a small company), would file for a patent detailing his idea for an integrated circuit on Jan. 23, 1959. What made his idea unique compared to Kilby’s is that Noyce would also introduce the concept of “unitary circuits”, which provided a better way of connecting the components inside the integrated circuit.
While Noyce’s patent would be awarded a few months before Kilby’s—and although both men are credited for inventing the integrated circuit—Kilby would be the only one to be recognized with a Nobel prize for the invention. And, of course, both Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductors would engage in court battles over the ownership of the IC. Eventually, they would settle on co-owning the integrated circuit. The IC chip industry would grow into an industry worth billions by the mid-60s—and worth hundreds of billions today.
1983 - Apple Lisa Introduced
After development began in 1978, the Apple Lisa computer finally released to the world on January 19th, 1983. It featured a state-of-the-art graphical user interface (a novel feature at the time) and was targeted to business owners.
The Apple Lisa featured a 5MhZ Motorola 68000 CPU, 1 MB of RAM, 2 Apple FileWare 5.25” double-sided floppy disk drives, ran the Lisa OS, and was just under $10,000 USD (or nearly $25,000 USD today).
An advertisement for the Apple Lisa, targeting the business market. Image courtesy of PBS.
However, the Apple Lisa would prove to be a failed product. Only 100,000 units were sold, partially because of its high price tag.
Part of its failure, however, was due to overall unreliable performance. It was rife with various quirks, including a “Y1995”, in which the computer could only accept dates in the range of 1980 and 1995. This was because the base year built into the computer was 1980 and the year was stored in a 4-bit integer on the real-time clock chip—which maxes out at 15 (1111).
A more successful Lisa 2 would eventually be released and then later on the entire Lisa line would be replaced by the Macintosh.
1984 - First 1MB Memory Chip
The year 1984 was an exciting one for the computing world in Japan—Hitachi announced the world’s first 1MB memory chip on January 6th, 1984.
This occurred the same year that NAND and NOR flash memory was invented by Fujio Masuoka, who was working for Toshiba at the time. However, Masouka would eventually leave Toshiba and then sue the company for never taking advantage of his invention which is now worth billions today.
2000 - The World Survives Y2K
Anyone who was around for New Year’s Eve 1999 will likely remember the Y2K craze. Making computers "Y2K-proof" was discussed around the world with many concerns and warnings about what would happen when our calendars rolled over to 2000.
The problem stemmed from the way dates were stored—since memory was still a relatively costly commodity, only the last two numbers of the year were stored so that 1998 would appear as 98, 1999 as 99, and 2000 would then be represented as 00.
The concern was that this would break the logic of a lot of programs which would recognize 00 as 1900. The exact outcome of this would not be known until the “event horizon” was passed. Both media and experts had different expectations, with the former being a little more on the doomsday side of things.
Best Buy's Y2K warning sticker. Image courtesy of Funny Junk.
However, patches were rolled out and New Year Day 2000 arrived with little incident.
Want to see more hardware history? Let us know what your interests are in the comments below!
Feature image courtesy of Texas Instruments.
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The three form the firm and natural joint of men in their social life, along their appearance and development from the Prehistory. But, some of the parameters of this «human triad» can degenerate or be consumed. And, then, the «operational conjunction» that they form, will put the personal and the collective survival of their members in serious danger of hurt, decay or destruction. And the «inner social links», upset or degenerated according with the intensity of the «test». Will develop in illogical, selfish or evil «attitudes and actions». So turning the “social fabric”, in a medley of “small groups” of human beings without polarity or illusion.
The Interaction between the Persons and their Society.
The identity of a man is his «natural card» of personals distinction and affirmation. She refers always to a comparison in essence and accidents with «something» similar. The man is, feels and differs, as such and in fullness, in a social «set». To which he belongs and that accepts him as member and full participant. And exist some «bonds», which unite, integrate, nourish and keep working the social healthy, active and resilience «union». And these are the rights and duties of both «personal and collective parts». That must be respected and reciprocal, in balance and parity of use and right, fulfilled and defended by they.
The Development and the Functioning of the Human Reciprocal Links in his basic and higher Societies.
The internal relations of the human groups are characterized by incorporate into them certain rites, rules, attitudes and taboos. Their assumption and repetitive expression form a part of the social upbringing, affirmation and cohesion of these «groups». Always will exist a «code of customs and honor», not necessarily written, though it will be clear and defined in his terms. That establishes to the individual certain rights and demands from him certain social duties, towards the family, the friends and other human higher groups. In any society exist several «protective values». These might be the hospitality, the loyalty, the friendship, the justice on outrages and hurts, a divine worship, the individual and collective honor. Each one protects and enlarges in some measure or degree the human «set». The interpersonal relations, in the areas of the family, the group and the region, are projected by the opportunity, the nearness, the exchange of goods and the relations. And they take root and affirm with the loyalty, the respect to the accepted rules and the time of treatment. Always an excess of regulation, looking for the insurance of the objective responsibilities, ends up by being harmful for all the «groups». Because they are the «ideological antonyms» of the social shared responsibilities. The «undue plethora» of super elaborated and ultra rational rules enervates and debilitates the sense of the responsibility and the moral courage (necessary to assume and exercise her). And the reflexes and attitudes of collective responsibility are diluted and get lost.
Their real «engine and fuel» will be the «reasonable, suitable, opportune and attainable illusion» and the «enthusiasm». Without illusion and enthusiasm they can neither be undertaken nor realize with consistency, human enterprises of benefit. The enthusiasm is a force of the spirit, illuminated by the reasonable illusion. That wins the «moral and ideological entropy» generated inevitably with the time in the societies. This social entropy is the psychic and spiritual set of the decay and the softness. That are generated by the personal and collective disappointment and disenchantment of the members of the group.
Of the social crises it is only possible to go out fortifying in the values and virtues. The values and virtues recognized, taken again and reaffirmed are those who can give us the force and the illusion to overcome the decadence times. Those are the «actions and qualities» of human reference, regarded and valued permanently by the human societies. The virtues are very stable in the time. The values are the human «qualities and actions», estimated only temporary and/or locally by some societies. And, principally, by virtue of his idiosyncrasy, living conditions and pressures received from the exterior. The cultural and social values are in the habit of being evolving with the contingencies, the displacements and the fortunes of the human societies.
The Virtues are provided principally by the elaborated religions, and by Cicero’s Speeches and Plato’s Dialogs, within our extensive western ideology. We mention the principal ones, which are absorbed and assumed in the human soul:
Appreciation of the family, the social group, the friendship and the nice and curious strangers who come to our environment. It is the vital environment that sustains us, the «social humus» fertile and indispensable.
Need of punishment of the conducts that are separated sufficiently of the social rules. To avoid the free, excessive or untied revenge, to dissuade the possible infringer, to satisfy in justice the damages and the hurts and to reform the mistaken conducts.
Need of the education, as mark and seal of the good doing and of the social citizenship. And the formation as set of the knowledge and professional skills, necessary for the service to the family and the society, with the exercise of a way of life decent and sufficient.
Appreciation of the respect and the worship to the divinity, as recognition and veneration of the Necessary Being who creates and supports us, and, in some cases, helps us frankly and directly. And it makes concrete according to the ideology and the social environment lived.
Valuation of the different duties to fulfill as necessary, vital and social counterpart, of the several right to receive. Valuation of the sobriety, the effort, the saving, the commitment, the study and formation and the work, as necessary factors and means for the progressive and just attainment of the personal and collective aims.
The Social Activities and the Importance of the Direction and the Commands.
Let’s not forget the essential function of «command, management, impulse and example» of the social leaders of all kinds, present in the homes, the schools, the churches, the political parties, the barracks, the trade unions, the working centers, the associations in general, etc. These are the cores of the collective activity of the society. Where are created the “reciprocal human links” of the higher society. Where the indispensable “illusion and enthusiasm» will settle themselves and bloom later. In the decadence, those leaders must accentuate their example. Because, the values and the virtues cannot be seen and felt as something artificial and/or remote, without real connection with a practical and lived code. And they are not acceptable as impositions of “cold rules and regulations», dictated from a «supposed moral and intellectual apex» of the society.
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Today is no doubt a day of fun for kids! It’s a Step into a Puddle and Splash Your Friends Day which makes a kid’s day very fun, filling them with joy and excitement.
Since it’s in the middle of a winter month, many puddles are frozen in most areas. How are children supposed to participate in this festive day? Although, it is not yet clear as to when or where the day was created, it must be in a warmer geological area. It was created for kids to have fun. Furthermore, this kind of activity is not only for kids to enjoy, but for adults as well.
Today encourages laughter and fun being mad or angry of being slashed, since this is only created just for fun.
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Robert Maddin, James Muhly, and Tamara Stech— 1994 Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology
It would be difficult to find a better example of creative synergy in archaeological science than the archaeometallurgical research of Robert Maddin, James Muhly, and Tamara Stech at the University of Pennsylvania between 1974 and 1984. In this decade they fused historical, archaeological, geological, chemical, and metallurgical evidence into a steady stream of papers that transformed our understanding of the origins of metallurgy, the nature of Bronze Age metal production and trade, and the transition from bronze to iron. For these and subsequent achievements in the study of ancient metallurgy, we honor them with the 14th Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology.
Robert Maddin received his Ph.D. in metallurgy from Yale University in 1948 and had a distinguished career in physical metallurgy and crystal physics at Johns Hopkins University and then at the University of Pennsylvania, where he was Director of the School of Metallurgy from 1955 to 1972. James Muhly was appointed as Lecturer in the Department of Oriental Studies at the University of Pennsylvania in 1969, the year in which he received his Ph.D. in Near Eastern archaeology from Yale University. Muhly's dissertation (published in 1973 as Copper and Tin: The Nature of the Metals Trade in the Bronze Age) was a landmark publication in the history of metallurgy, providing a bold synthesis of the historical, archaeological, and geological evidence for the sources of tin in the Early Bronze Age of the Near East, Levant, and Anatolia. Muhly's work caught the attention of Maddin, and in 1974 their first joint paper appeared in the Journal of Metals. In that year Tamara Stech joined the program as Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. She was one of the first to have formal training in both the humanities (a Ph.D. in Near Eastern archaeology, awarded by Bryn Mawr College in 1973) and in science. ·
American research on ancient metallurgy had until then been largely confined to the study of belles pieces in art museums. The University of Pennsylvania program was the first in North America to undertake systematic examination of assemblages of metals from archaeological sites. With major funding from the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities, they undertook studies of the metals from sites in Cyprus, Sardinia, Egypt, Israel, Anatolia, the Aegean, and Thailand, and of the cargoes of metal ingots from the Bronze Age shipwrecks at Cape Gelidonya and Ulu Burun. Their publications integrate chemical and metallurgical analyses with archaeological and historical data, and have substantially enriched our understanding of technological innovation and organization, of the economic and social significance of early metallurgy, and of the growth of long-distance trade in the lands around the Mediterranean.
This remarkably productive partnership dissolved when Dr. Maddin retired in 1984, but so much data had been generated by the project that publications continue to appear in the 1990s. Each of the three former partners has subsequently made substantial independent contributions to our understanding of ancient metallurgy. Dr. Maddin is not one to let the grass grow under his feet. Among his activities in "retirement" were the Honorary Directorship of the Center for Archaeological Research and Development at Harvard University from 1985 through 1987, the editing of a major volume on early metallurgy (The Beginnings of the Use of Metals and Alloys, 1988), and a Humboldt Fellowship to study Roman mining technology in Germany. Dr. Muhly launched, with R.H. Dyson, the Mesopotamian Metals Project in 1985, and has written extensively on Bronze Age trade and on the long-running controversy over early sources of tin. Dr. Stech founded the respected journal Archeomaterials and was its editor from 1987 through 1992.
We honor them today for significantly advancing our knowledge of the role that metallurgy has played in the development of civilizations, for their roles in developing appropriate scientific methods for archaeology, and for their intellectual productivity. But above all we honor them for demonstrating that interdisciplinary research differs from, and is superior to, multidisciplinary research in archaeology.
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Open-source hardware (OSH), consists of physical artifacts of technology designed and offered by the open design movement. Both free and open-source software (FOSS) as well as open-source hardware is created by this open-source culture movement and applies a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as FOSH\r\n (free and open-source hardware). The term usually means that \r\ninformation about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can \r\nmake it - coupling it closely to the maker movement.Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, schematics, bills of material, PCB layout data, HDL source codeand integrated circuit layout data), in addition to the software that drives the hardware, are all released under free/libre\r\n terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements \r\non the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence\r\n that such sharing can drive a high return on investment for investors.\r\n
Since the rise of reconfigurable programmable logic devices, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, hardware description language (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up system-on-a-chip systems either in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA) or directly in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called semiconductor intellectual property cores, or IP cores.
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The sophistication of hackers continues to grow.
A virus that has been around since 2007 allows the government to turn on your laptop computer’s built-in microphone and record anything spoken nearby.
The question is: Which government?
Because this virus is found most often on computers in Iran, the assumption is that the Israeli government designed the virus. Conceivably, it was the Iranian government. The virus is found on Israeli computers.
Iran has blamed the USA and the nation of Israel.
What a government can design, some private hackers will be able to design at some point. The computers keep getting more powerful.
The virus is called Flame.
This is the only virus with spying capabilities discovered so far. Some computer experts think there are others.
Iran’s National Computer Emergency Response Team claims that Flame may be linked to cyber security attacks which Iranian officials say caused data losses on some computer systems. But the organization could also have blamed good, old-fashioned hard disk failures.
Flame can do more than monitor microphones. It can collect data files. It can remotely change settings on computers. It can take screen shots. It can log instant messaging chats.
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Now that we’ve covered most of the notable hybrid manufacturing names in the space, both large and small, it would be helpful to know what this technology is even good for. As discussed in part one, the goal of hybrid systems is to combine the advantages of additive and subtractive manufacturing, resulting in an unbeatable method of production. Here, we’ll see how those capabilities find themselves deployed in the real world.
Molds and Tools
A widespread application for hybrid manufacturing currently in use today is the fabrication of metal molds and tooling. Mazak has demonstrated the use of its hybrid systems to create near-net shape tire molds beginning with a billet of A5052 aluminum alloy before additively depositing A5356 aluminum to completion.
Matsuura customer Owen Greenings & Mumford Ltd. Used a LUMEX Avance-25 to fabricate mold tool inserts featuring curved and spiral-shaped conformal cooling channels that introduce consistency to the injection molding process. Other parts made using Matsuura’s technology include molds for a waterproof connector that typically required multiple components, a digital camera mold with an internal lattice structure, a mold for an electric drive featuring water channels for reducing cooling times, and the cavity and core molds for a fan that can be manufactured simultaneously within a single build.
In these instances, the incorporation of cooling channels or the incorporation of 3D printable lattice geometries are meant to speed up the cooling time of injection molds, while also improving consistency. As we’ve seen with traditionally 3D printed molds, the use of simulation software can allow for the optimization of this tooling to reduce weight and cooling time, thus speeding up the entire manufacturing process.
Sodick bills its OPM250L machine for creating molds with complex cooling channels closer to the surface of molds, allowing the heat to dissipate more quickly. In addition to more even cooling with less deformation, cooling time has been reduced by as much as 50 percent with overall cycling times between injection molds cut down by 21 percent.
Repair and Surface Coating
Repair work is a typical application for hybrid manufacturing, in part because directed energy deposition developed out of cladding work, which was first used for repair purposes. Mazak has showcased the use of its hybrid systems for repairing sheet metal molds.
Similarly, cladding was originally used for the application of coating to parts. As a result, we’ve seen hybrid machines used to apply coating to objects. For example, Mazak’s equipment has been used to apply high-strength steel to a roll die cutter made from mild S45C steel. To coat a SUS304 steel agricultural blade, Mazak’s technology deposited tungsten carbide.
As demonstrated by these applications, DED technologies are able to fuse disparate metals, which is not as easily achievable using powder bed fusion processes.
Small, Specialized Parts
Mazak has demonstrated the use of its hybrid systems to produce general machine equipment, agricultural equipment and more. Beginning with a billet of SUS316, a Mazak machine deposited Inconel 7 18 to create a shaft for general machinery. Similarly, a Mazak system manufactured a screw conveyor additively depositing SUS316L steel onto a base billet of SUS304 steel.
Similarly, Matsuura’s hybrid machines have been used to make a variety of general industrial parts, including a face mill that was redesigned with a lattice structure that reduced the weight of the part by 23 percent. The weight of a blisk was cut by 44 percent by fabricating it with lattices and a hollow structure. A cooling fin was also produced featuring surface shapes that could only be made using a hybrid 3D printer, with no additional cutting work required.
GE uses the Matsuura LUMEX Avance-25 system to fabricate control valve parts for the company’s Kariwa oil and gas plant in Japan. The part includes curved shapes, meshes and hollow structures that could only be produced with this hybrid technology.
According to SME, hybrid manufacturing presents six percent of medical 3D printing applications. Hybrid manufacturing is deployed for two percent of medical prototyping, three percent for making anatomical models, three percent of surgical guides fabrication, and five percent for orthotics and prosthetics. One example to highlight is the use of Optomec’s LENS Hybrid CA system to produce dissolvable magnesium parts for medical implants by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The school is researching the fabrication of patient-specific implants that can dissolve so that subsequent implant removal is rendered obsolete.
Hypothetically, any part that requires milling in the post-processing stages could potentially be made using a hybrid system. Take a unique dental abutment developed by dental implantologist Dr. Mario Kern. Using the MLab cusing 200R from GE Additive, Kern was able to 3D print a titanium abutment that was then milled using a George Fischer milling machine, using FollowMe hyperDENT software that managed both processes.
While milling could not be used to fabricate the part alone, due to its thin walls, it was implemented for post-processing after the Mlab machine fabricated the abutment. The ultimate workflow did not result in the 85 percent material waste that would be associated with milling, while improving the speed of production by 50 percent compared to casting.
Large, Specialized Parts
For the large-scale systems we’ve discussed, including the LASIMM and Kraken printers, as well as the polymer systems from Ingersoll and Thermwood, hybrid manufacturing can be used to make large, specialized parts. This could mean immense tooling for the construction of airplane wings, as demonstrated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, or end parts and prototypes.
The large-scale additive manufacturing (LSAM) process from Thermwood has validated the production of a yacht hull mold, a Bell helicopter blade mold and a concrete mold. Additionally, LSAM has been used to make a Boeing 777X trim fixture. The Ingersoll Masterprint was used by the University of Maine to 3D print a functional boat hull.
The LASIMM has been designed with the goal of making fuselage frames, a cantilever truss and a wind turbine to demonstrate the technology’s ability to work in the aerospace, construction and energy sectors. The Kraken project was used to make a polymer waterproof covering that could be used to cover electrical systems during tunnel construction, as well as the front and rear aluminum frames of an Alfa Romeo 4C, with carbon fiber composite between, and a mock-up of a Pininfarina automobile.
In reviewing these applications, it’s clear that, at least in the short term, hybrid manufacturing will be used for tooling and repair purposes. As the technology advances and as users grow accustomed to them, it will be increasingly used for end parts. This will be greatly accelerated through the development and adoption of standards for hybrid manufacturing.
As viable as these applications may be, it’s important to note that metal hybrid manufacturing does not include a heat treatment step within the production process. One mold manufacturer has told us that, based on his experience and stories from others in the field, the lack of heat treatment has a significant impact on the overall quality of the mold. Without treatment, the metal parts can be very brittle and prone to cracking so that, once milling begins, the components will become damaged and unusable.
However, it’s hard to believe that this many manufacturers would be investing so much in this technology knowing of such fundamental defects and must have workarounds for them. This is an issue we hope to investigate further.
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Research Paper ProposalResearch Paper Proposal:As you have seen, evolution has impacted virtually all areas of research in the life sciences. Your final project is your opportunity to pick an area that interests you and explore it in depth. Keep this in mind as you begin your readings.Your research paper should be a standard college paper of 8-15 pages with an extensive, informative, and current bibliography. You must have at least FIVE non-web based sources. They may be available online, but must be a book or journal article that is not only electronically produced. You may pick a topic that is historical. For example, you might want to explore the reasons why it is primarily Darwin who is credited with the theory of natural selection rather than Darwin and Wallace. Another historical project would be to look at the reception ofThe Origin of Species.A tremendous amount of primary source material is online, including all of Darwin’s writings. There are numerous topics concerned with human evolution, whether it is the impact of genetic sequencing on reconstructing our history or controversies around the fossil record. The history of paleoanthropology is also quite interesting. You might want to pick a particular group of organisms, for example mammals, and look at the current research on their evolution. Neurobiology, developmental biology, and the origin of life are additional areas that offer plenty of potential topics. The important point is to pick something that really interests you, and that you analyze a problem or present an analysis or an argument for a specific thesis. You should begin with a definite thesis statement. Your paper must present information that goes significantly beyond what has been covered in the course.Submit your final project proposal below. Include your working thesis sentence, rough outline, and partial bibliography. Please use course email to discuss your project with your instructor.
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700 Journals and 15,000,000 Readers Each Journal is getting 25,000+ ReadersThis Readership is 10 times more when compared to other Subscription Journals (Source: Google Analytics)
|A K Tiwari|
|NIET, Greater Noida, India|
|ScientificTracks Abstracts: J Fundam Renewable Energy Appl|
|Biodiesel (fatty acids alkyl esters) is a promising alternative fuel to replace petroleum-based diesel that is obtained from renewable sources such as vegetable oil, animal fat and waste cooking oil. Vegetable oils are more suitable source for biodiesel production compared to animal fats and waste cooking since they are renewable in nature. The raw material for biodiesel production in this research work is Jatropha plant. The seeds of Jatropha plants are collected and oil is extracted from it. Catalytic cracking of Jatropha oil can be a feasible method for production of biodiesel. Energy is a basic requirement for every sector of economic development in a country. As a result, energy demands have been steadily increasing along with the growth of human population and industrialization. Common sources of energy are petroleum, natural gas and coal from fossil fuels. This growing consumption of energy has rapidly depleted non-renewable sources of energy. Rising price of fossil-based fuels and potential shortage in the future have led to a major concern about the energy security in every country. Many types of methods have been developed to convert vegetable oil such as Jatropha oil into biodiesel. The four main categories are the direct use of vegetable oil, micro-emulsion, thermal cracking and transesterification. Direct use of vegetable oil is not applicable to most of diesel engines as the high viscosity would damage the engine by causing coking and trumpet formation. Biodiesel obtained from micro-emulsion and thermal cracking methods would likely lead to incomplete combustion due to a low cetane number and energy content. Transesterification is the most common method for biodiesel production due to its simplicity, thus this method has been widely used to convert vegetable oil into biodiesel. Generally, vegetable oil or Jatropha oil is consisted of a series of saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with trihydric alcohol glycerides. Transesterification reaction without using any catalyst requires a high temperature above the critical temperature of alcohol and this is called as supercritical method. In this method, alcohol e.g., methanol is turned into a supercritical fluid state by applying extreme pressure and temperature. The common reaction temperature is more than 250ºC, as the critical temperature of methanol is 240ºC. In this extreme environment, liquid methanol will reach critical point where both gas and liquid become indistinguishable fluids, in which it would exhibit properties of both liquid and gas.|
A K Tiwari a Researcher in the field of Combined Cycle Power Plant and Exergy Analysis. He is a passionate Researcher in developing the new projects to save the energy which is wasting from a system and able to utilize in production of combined power and refrigeration/air-conditioning with cogeneration. Energy conservation not only increases the efficiency of the plant but also save environment in many ways. Furthermore, his research has spread wings in the direction of Biofuels for existing conventional fuels like Diesel oil. To achieve the target, he is conducting the experiments in his Institute (NIET, India) lab on biodiesel experimental setup. He has published various papers in international/national journals and conferences. Presently, he is working as Professor and Head in Chemical Engineering Department of Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology (NIET) Greater Noida, India. He has built a team of young researchers to apply recent research findings to Bioenergy, Biomass and Biofuels.
Email: [email protected]
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China building world’s biggest radio telescope
By Darren Quick
June 16, 2011
Since its completion in 1963, the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, with a diameter of 305 m (1,000 ft) and a collecting area of 73,000 square meters (790,000 sq ft), has been the largest single-aperture radio telescope ever constructed. But Arecibo is set to lose its title with construction now underway in Guizhou Province in southern China of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). Upon its expected completion in 2016, FAST will be able to see more than three times further into space and survey the skies ten times faster than Arecibo.
FAST was first proposed by China for the Square Kilometer Array (SKA), which has since opted to combine the signals of thousands of smaller antennae spread over a distance of more than 3,000 km (1,864 miles), combining for a total collecting area of approximately one square kilometer (0.38 square miles). The SKA will be built in the southern hemisphere with South Africa and Australia currently vying for the right to host the project.
Despite this, an international review and advisory conference on the science and technology of FAST held in Beijing in 2006 concluded FAST was feasible. In the following year funding for FAST was given the green light and the approved budget now sits at CNY700 million (approx. US$107.9 million). Construction in the Dawodang depression in south Guizhou commenced in March.
Unlike Arecibo, which has a fixed spherical curvature focusing radio waves into a line above the dish where they are focused to a single point by more mirrors, FAST's cable-net supporting structure will be able to deform the surface in real time through active control. As PopSci explains, this will allow a subset dish's 4,400 triangular aluminum panels to form a parabolic mirror anywhere within the larger bowl that is nearly the size of the entire Arecibo dish.
Using FAST's unparalleled sensitivity and high surveying speed, the project is expected to enable the surveying of neutral hydrogen in the Milky Way and other galaxies, the detection of new pulsars (both galactic and extragalactic), the search for the first shining stars, and of perhaps most interest to many people, the search for extraterrestrial life. It is expected to be able to detect transmissions from over 1,000 light years away.
With a construction period of 5.5 years, FAST is due to be completed in 2016.Share
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bup index prints and/or updates the bup filesystem index,
which is a cache of the filenames, attributes, and sha-1 hashes
of each file and directory in the filesystem.
The bup index is similar in function to the git(1) index,
and can be found in ~/.bup/bupindex.
Creating a backup in bup consists of two steps: updating the index
with bup index, then actually backing up the files (or a
subset of the files) with bup save.
The separation exists for these reasons:
There is more than one way to generate a list of files that need to
be backed up.
For example, you might want to use inotify(7) or
Even if you back up files to multiple destinations (for added
redundancy), the file names, attributes, and hashes will be the
same each time.
Thus, you can save the trouble of repeatedly re-generating the list
of files for each backup set.
You may want to use the data tracked by bup index for other
purposes (such as speeding up other programs that need the same
(recursively) update the index for the given filenames and their
One or more filenames must be given.
print the contents of the index.
If filenames are given, shows the given entries and their
If no filenames are given, shows the entries starting at the
current working directory (.)
prints only files which are marked as modified (ie.
changed since the most recent backup) in the index.
prepend a status code (A, M, D, or space) before each filename.
The codes mean, respectively, that a file is marked in the index as
added, modified, deleted, or unchanged since the last backup.
for each file printed, prepend the most recently recorded hash
The hash code is normally generated by bup save.
For objects which have not yet been backed up, the hash code will
Note that the hash code is printed even if the file is known to be
modified or deleted in the index (ie.
the file on the filesystem no longer matches the recorded hash).
If this is a problem for you, use --status.
print more information about each file, in a similar format to the
-l option to ls(1).
-x, ---xdev, ---one-file-system
don't cross filesystem boundaries when recursing through the
Only applicable if you're using -u.
mark specified filenames as up-to-date even if they aren't.
This can be useful for testing, or to avoid unnecessarily backing
up files that you know are boring.
carefully check index file integrity before and after updating.
Mostly useful for automated tests.
use a different index filename instead of ~/.bup/bupindex.
increase log output during update (can be used more than once).
With one -v, print each directory as it is updated; with
two -v, print each file too.
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This post is also available in: Español (Spanish)
INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING OF WATER TREATMENT PLANTS MARCH
The objective of a plant is suitable for the microbiological, physical, organoleptic and chemical characteristics of the water to be treated, for the maximum permitted limits established for the corresponding drinking water legislation.
Depending on the presence and concentration of the various types of pollutants, several techniques were used in order to perform a gradual and selective water trick, where each technology protects the subsequent one, allowing the whole act to act on the pollutant for the Which is designed.
Grey water treatment plant HidroECO to treat water from showers, bathtubs and sinks to reuse in toilets and irrigation. Safe and effective physical treatment, with no odor or noise. Very compact and modular plant. Planta muy compacta y modular.
The building should have separate systems to collect grey water and to supply treated water.
Recycling water plant HidroREC to reuse wastewater, industrial process water and hydroponics drainage.
Purification water plant HidroTAR to treat potable water from municipal supply and to provide natural purified water in all the taps of a building.
Optimal organoleptic characteristics and maintains the state of water mineralization. Free of impurities. Perfectly disinfected.
Wastewater treatment plant HidroBIO to meet the discharge or recycled requirements of urban and industrial wastewater.
Desalination plant HidroNIC for irrigation from brackish and sea water, with Reverse Osmosis Membranes.
The Reverse Osmosis process is based on the application of pressure energy to a concentrated solution of salts in contact with a semi permeable membrane.
Drinking water plant HidroPURE, to provide the required standard of drinking water for towns and industries from groundwater, surface and sea water.
Drinking water plant HidroPURE ECO, to provide drinking water for towns and emergencies from groundwater, surface and sea water, designed for minimum power consumption allowing its operation with RENEWABLE ENERGY
Discover all the technical characteristics of ours water treatment plant
Installation of generators of ozone’s high performance, for the treatment of water for different sectors:
1.- Water treatment.
Ozone kills quickly and very effectively to all bacteria, viruses and other microbes in the water, eliminating completely any organic compound or another contaminant, to not cause secondary pollution.
Wastewater treatment of: drainage system includes civil, industrial wastewater and sewage plant health, removing pollutants, discolouration and any odor removal.
In the pool with ozone water treatment, water will be clean and transparent, and some problems caused by the use of chlorine, such as yellow hair and irritation of the eyes, skin and respiratory tract is completely solved. Its effectiveness and the benefits have been fully accepted.
Ozone has been used in: chemical engineering, petroleum, paper making, textile, pharmacy, spices and other industries, as an oxidizer, catalyst and refining agent.
It functions as a catalyst in the synthesis of pesticides and pesticides. It participates in the oxidation decomposition and elimination of these toxic products.
In the purification of contaminants biological and chemical air: bad smell in factories, processing of furs, fish, polluted gas in factories of rubber and chemicals can decompose and remove thanks to the ozone.
3.- Food processing
Ozone is widely used in the food processing industry for disinfection and odor removal, the control of fungi and cool food.
With the use of ozone is accomplished sterilize the refrigerated, maintain aseptic surfaces and machines that are used in the process of the food industry, prevents rust and keeps fresh any food.
In conclusion, it has a great influence in the improvement of the technical progress, the improvement of quality and food safety.
4.- Medical treatment
Mainly in the sterilization of air in nursing and operations rooms.
Doctors and dentists in Germany, Switzerland, Russia, France and Italy have applied ozone generator in therapeutic treatments, for many years.
Ozone is a chemical compound that is generated artificially by subjecting air electric shock in Crown. It is a powerful oxidizer with great advantages for the industry in general. Used in the treatment of water and air. While respecting the environment.
Maximum water quality.
Oxidation with ozone guarantee disinfection, and improves the organoleptic characteristics of the water without adding unwanted compounds.
The disinfectant of the future
Ideal for disinfection and cleaning of casks. It doesn’t pollute the wood, it leaves no residue and it penetrates through the pores. Quick and easy, treatments with excellent results.
Oxidation without waste
With the ozone we can remove COD, BOD, turbidity, color, phenols, metals, etc.
A powerful tool, with ecological character. To achieve discharge parameters.
Ozonated water will allow you to save up to 50% the use of detergents and hot water. Faster washes that also respect the environment. Ideal in laundries and hotels.
With ozone guarantees the user a hygienic and healthy bath. It acts as a therapeutic agent and improves the performance of swimmer
Deposit and wells. Lakes, fountains, aquariums and dolphinariums. Hydroponics, cultivation, nursery and irrigation. Garments bottled. Beer aging Hidrocooling. Ice ozonized. Destruction of drugs. Water processes in food: meat, fish, fruit, etc.
MOBILE WATER PURIFICATION PLANTS
CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES
- Advanced treatments of filtration and disinfection that guarantee the quality of the drinking supply wáter, regardless of the variations in quality of water (fresh or sea water).
- Designed for the removal of high solids loads suspended thanks to a pre-filtration system.
- Without chemical reagents and consumables unnecessary generating dependency.
- Without qualified and permanent personnel on the ground.
- Very compact and modular, installation and immediate start.
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- It includes batteries which guarantee the autonomy of the plant for 24 hours. Life guaranteed utila from 10 years.
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Congenital torticollis means that a baby is born with an odd position of the neck. The odd position is because of a tight, short neck muscle. It affects the right side more often than the left side. It may range from mild to severe. The condition is sometimes called wryneck.
Healthcare providers don't know what causes the condition. It may be from the baby’s position in the womb. Or it may be from an injury to the neck muscle before birth.
Congenital muscular torticollis may be seen at birth. Or you may not notice it until your baby is at least a few weeks old. Each child may have slightly different symptoms. Symptoms may include:
In severe muscular torticollis, a baby may also have:
The symptoms of congenital muscular torticollis may look like other conditions. Make sure your child sees his or her healthcare provider for a diagnosis.
Your baby’s healthcare provider will usually find the abnormality when examining your baby. Your child may need these tests for diagnosis:
Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.
Treatment may include:
If the problem is not fixed, the baby will be unable to move his or her head normally. It will lead to permanent muscle tightening. It will cause the neck and face to develop unevenly.
You can help your baby loosen and stretch the muscle by:
Talk with your baby’s healthcare provider about seeing a physical therapist. He or she can help you with exercises and positioning. And your baby may also receive therapy.
Your baby’s healthcare provider will recheck your baby regularly to make sure the torticollis is getting better.
Call your baby’s healthcare provider if you notice symptoms of muscular torticollis. And if your baby has the condition, call the healthcare provider if it is not getting better.
Congenital muscular torticollis is a condition in which a baby’s neck muscle is tight and short. This causes the neck to twist.
Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your child’s healthcare provider:
© 2015 The University of Chicago Medical Center. All rights reserved.
The University of Chicago Medicine
5841 S. Maryland Avenue
Chicago, IL 60637 | 773-702-1000
Appointments: Call UCM Connect at 1-888-824-0200
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Good habitat is important for a healthy white-tailed deer population and necessary for successful deer management. Not only does high quality habitat provide nutritious food and great cover, but good deer habitat also provides a good amount of grass, especially during the fawning season. Deer do not consume very much grass at all–it usually comprises less than 8% of their diet on an annual basis–but tall grass is very beneficial to fawns.
For white-tailed deer, fawns are typically dropped about 7 months after conception. Because the gestation period averages about 205 days in whitetail, the major fawning period is roughly 7 months after the peak of rut. Does bred early in the rut will fawn earlier and those bred late will fawn later, but the majority of deer fawns in a given area will hit the ground at approximately the same time, usually during about a two week period. Fawns, however, don’t usually get a lot of attention from hunters. And there are probably a few reasons.
First, fawning takes place during the late spring and early summer. Many hunters are still “checked-out” at this time of year only to return in late summer or early fall to plant a hunting plot or fill their deer feeders. Secondly, we are talking about fawns here, not big, gigantic, muy grande bucks! Hunters hunt bucks, not fawns. With that said, land owners interested in deer management realize that mature bucks do not just appear out of thin air.
So let’s talk about fawns. The early life of a fawn and the life of an adult whitetail are quite different. For the most part, adult deer do not require a whole lot of grass. The only grass they use in their diet is young and tender. Fawns, on the other hand, need grass and do not even know it. First of all, moderate to high grass makes excellent fawning cover. Not only does this herbaceous cover help conceal newborn fawns, but tall grass is indicative of good white-tailed deer habitat, which is needed by nursing does to raise healthy fawns.
In addition, good fawning cover decreases the impact predators can have on a yearly fawn crop. Research has shown that high quality deer habitat can produce good fawns crops even with dense predator populations. However, even on properties where predators are controlled, if the habitat is poor then fawn crops are not necessarily good. This does not make sense to some people, but it’s true.
First, poor habitat can be caused by many things, but over-grazing by livestock is the number one reason for low-quality habitat. A lack of ground cover makes it really easy for predators (even if few) to find newborn fawns. In addition, generally poor habitat means does will have difficulty finding adequate nutrition to produce milk and raise fawns. You see, over-grazing by cattle leads first to an over-use of grass and then to an over-use of browse species. Over-grazing by goats first leads to an over-use of browse species and then to an over-use of grass species. In either situation, it leads to poor deer habitat and poor fawn crops. Properties that lack at least some open, grass-dominated areas also provide poor deer habitat overall.
Any practice that removes ground cover during the fawning season should be discouraged if you want to improve the fawn crop in your area. The mowing or haying of fields should be postponed at least one month before fawns drop until after the bulk of the fawns have been born, which is usually around the end of June. However, you can figure this out for your area by adding 8 months to the time when the peak of the rut occurs.
Additionally, keep an eye on your predator population and do what you can to control them, but especially in areas with less than ideal fawning habitat. There is quite a bit of time between now and deer season, but the deer you should be thinking about is the one you will be harvesting about 5 1/2 years from now.
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Why do catalysts save a chemical company money?
Because even though catalysts are expensive, it is cheaper to have a catalyst than pay for the amount of energy needed without a catalyst. To get the same reaction without a catalyst would require higher temperatures and/or pressures.
Why could it be unsafe to use compounds or transit
Because many transition metals or their compounds are toxic, and the toxic could go into the drug which would be dangerous and could be poisonous.
Give two ways in which catalysts are beneficial to
Catalysts can be cheaper for the chemical industry as without a catalyst the extra needed energy would be more expensive. To get the same amount of energy that would be created with a catalyst would be more expensive, you would have to have higher temperatures and/or pressures.
Also, catalysts can help the environment as if there wasn't a catalyst the higher temperatures and/or pressures would often involve burning fossil fuels. So operating with a catalyst at lower temperatures and pressures conserves these non-renewable sources. Also, it stops more carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.
What are the disadvantages of using transition met
Most of the transition metals or their compounds used in catalysts are toxic. When they are used in a catalyst toxic gases can escape into the air, this will poison living things over time. For example, the platinum and palladium used in catalytic converters slowly escape from car exhausts.
- Catalysts are used whenever possible in industry to increase rate of reaction and reduce energy costs.
- Traditional catalysts are often transition metals or their compounds, which can be toxic and harm the environment if they escape.
- Modern catalysts are being developed in industry which result in less waste and are safer for the environment.
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Knowing how to use readers to gain information is an important skill for anyone who is blind or visually impaired. Current technology may help to make print more accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired, but there are still items that cannot be scanned or situations in which it is not realistic to use a technological device. Peggy Pinder writes that "one of the most valuable professional skills a blind person can acquire and use effectively is managing readers. The ability to recruit, hire, supervise, and fire people providing this service is vital to virtually every blind person who hopes to succeed in school or employment."
A reader does not take the place of braille or large print or digital materials, but rather provides another tool in the toolbox when material is not available in the preferred format. They may be helpful doing research in the library, reading mail at home, or with various materials on the job. In any of these situations, the user must be the one in control and providing the direction, and, therefore, learning how to hire, train, and supervise a reader is essential.
For additional information, see:
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Too often, people say Type 2 diabetes is caused only by lifestyle choices, despite growing evidence of biological and environmental mechanisms that trigger the condition. Here’s another possible culprit – your thyroid.
According to new research, people with low-functioning or near-low-functioning thyroids have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. The risk is even higher for individuals who are prediabetic. Findings were presented by Dr. Layal Chaker, a researcher from Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, at the 2016 Endocrine Society Annual meeting.
The nearly eight-year study included 8,452 older inhabitants from Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Over the course of the study, 798 participants developed Type 2 diabetes, while another 1,110 developed prediabetes. After collecting samples and evaluating variables within the study, researchers determined that those with an underactive thyroid gland were between 19 percent and 35 percent more likely to develop prediabetes or, eventually, Type 2 diabetes. The risk for both diabetes and prediabetes dropped from up to 35 to 15 percent once thyroid levels returned to normal range.
While the exact link between a low-functioning thyroid and Type 2 diabetes is unknown, Dr. Chaker explains that it could have something to do with the overlapping symptoms between hypothyroidism and prediabetes. The thyroid is crucial in the production of hormones that regulate both metabolism and energy production in the body; a common side effect of an underactive thyroid is weight gain and an inability to lose a substantial amount of weight. Researchers hope these new findings could result in more support from insurance companies for initiating early screening for diabetes and thyroid issues.
Want more news on Type 2 diabetes? Subscribe to our newsletter here.
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Ghosts, Ghouls & Revolution
Ghost of Haiti takes place in a purgatory France. A freed Haitian slave tears out the white tricolour from the French flag (representing the white slave-owners), and stitches the red and blue back together to form the Haitian flag. This is the true origin of the Haitian flag. Catherine Flon famously sewed together the first national flag of Haiti in 1803 and my film takes inspiration from this. I made the film in attempt to raise awareness to one of the most fascinating revolutions in human history. Today, Haiti is known as the place where the catastrophic earthquake happened. In 1804, it was known as the home of the most dangerous men and women in the world; rebellious Africans.
Haiti shares an island with the Dominican Republic. The name of the island is Hispaniola and both nations are divided down the middle by its mountainous terrain. In 1492, Hispaniola was the first site in the Americas that Christopher Columbus settled on, hence why the island is named in honour of his Spanish sponsors. Moreover, centuries before the inception of the Haitian revolution, European violence plagued the island. Columbus, a man who is widely celebrated today as a benevolent explorer, systematically terrorised and enslaved the indigenous Taíno people of Hispaniola. The extremity of the genocidal violence committed by the Spanish across the Americas is overwhelming, but the deadliest weapon Europeans brought to the Americas was disease. The Taíno inhabitants of Hispaniola, estimated to be a population near a million in 1492, had all but vanished by the mid-1500s.
The reason it is important to acknowledge this when speaking about the Haitian revolution is because the Haitians were not ignorant to the violent history of the island – and perhaps the haunting nature of the previous European genocide acted as further incentive for African slaves to rebel. Many eerie remnants and utensils of the Taíno people remained on the island as Laurent Dubois outlines in his prestigious book, Avengers of the New World: “On one sugar plantation, each hole dug for the cane turned up some new vestiges of the existence of this race now erased from the list of humans”. Upon the creation of the independent state of Haiti in 1804, the Haitians honoured the Taíno name for the island. The name that the Taíno had given the island was ‘Ayiti’, thus the name ‘Haiti’ was at least in part a tribute to the island’s original inhabitants.
The Haitian revolution erupted in 1791. At this time, Haiti was France’s wealthiest colony and went by the name of San Domingue. San Domingue’s vast wealth came from the sheer amount of sugar it produced. As the nonchalant folk in England, France and other European nations became addicted to caffeine rushes provided by tea and coffee, they soon realised that the rush was particularly improved by a few tea spoons of sugar. Sugar production was a key driving force of the European economy, hence why famous historian, Niall Ferguson, often muses that the British empire was built on our sweet tooth. Nonetheless, by 1791, French San Domingue easily out-performed British Jamaica’s sugar production and held complete domination over the market.
Alas, the success of San Domingue’s sugar production came at a harrowing cost; the blood, sweat and tears of African slaves. Initial attempts to enslave the Taíno had fallen short once they began to die of disease and fatigue. A priest who had accompanied Columbus on his voyage to the New World found the brutality against the Taíno so disgraceful that he suggested using Africans instead. This irony reflects how African life was valued at the time. Amidst the hierarchy of ‘race’, Africans were at the very bottom, thus perfect to be used as slaves for the cultivation of sugarcane.
Chattel slavery was happening all over the Americas so why was there only one successful slave rebellion? First of all, there have been slave uprisings in almost every slave colony to ever exist. Slaves in British Jamaica were particularly rebellious but the British managed to crush them almost every time. When the British failed to crush the spirits of rebellious slaves, they made deals with runaways and allowed them to live in the mountains – look up ‘Nanny of the Maroons’ to learn more.
Furthermore, it is no coincidence that two years after the inception of the French revolution in 1789, the first uprising of the Haitian revolution began. When word of a domestic rebellion against the king of France in the name of liberty and the rights of man reached the ears of disgruntled slaves in San Domingue, it sparked a renewed thirst for freedom amongst the displaced Africans. Albeit, the French revolution was not the sole reason the slaves rebelled in San Domingue. San Domingue only produced such enormous wealth because of the absolute brutality of its slave society. There are instances of slave-owners humiliating their slaves in the most unspeakable ways in French San Domingue. In some cases, troublesome slaves were buried alive with their heads above ground and smeared in sugarcane residue. This would invite insects to devour their flesh. As the following years proved, this brutality would not go unanswered. On the eve of the Haitian revolution, 90% of San Domingue’s population were slaves.
“White Europeans were not the only victims of the revolution. Thousands of African insurgents were slaughtered, and too often by fellow Africans in unfortunate civil conflicts.”
Due to tropical diseases and the brutality of slave society, hundreds of graveyards littered San Domingue by 1791 and the paranormal theme in my Ghost of Haiti film is inspired by the unnerving backdrop to the revolution’s first uprising. There are records of several slaves gathering together in secret to perform eerie blood-letting rituals in preparation for the first battle. Haitian heroes, Cecile Fatima and Dutty Boukman were among these slaves. Moreover, it was almost a month before the eventual leader of the Haitian revolution, Toussaint Louverture, appeared in the fold. A man older than fifty and living in more comfort than most field slaves took the incentive to organise the rebellion. For years he engaged in political trickery that surprisingly entailed fighting as a military general for Spain at one point. Toussaint played the French, Spanish and English against each other like the island was his chessboard. However, the man was not without his flaws. White Europeans were not the only victims of the revolution. Thousands of African insurgents were slaughtered, and too often by fellow Africans in unfortunate civil conflicts. There were instances where the division between Africans and lighter-skinned people of colour (who had been afforded more privileges due to their European heritage) caused civil war. The lines were very blurred in this period and racial categories were almost more complex than they are in Western society today.
Nevertheless, the greatest enemy of the Haitians were undoubtedly the French. The threat that the Haitian revolution posed to France was so extreme that the First Consul of France at the time, Napolean Bonapart, sent a huge armada to try and suppress the rebellion. In spite of this, after years of conflict, disease got the best of the French troops and the Haitians bravely held off their far more advanced military opposition. In 1804, Toussaint’s right-hand man, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, declared Haiti the world’s first black republic. Upon this triumph, Polish soldiers who had refused the orders of the French to brutally execute slave insurgents were also accepted as part of the new black republic. What better way to mock the insidious construction of race than to accept Polish soldiers as ‘black’ brothers? Dessalines referred to them as “the White Negroes of Europe”. The revolution was far more complex than a group of rebellious African slaves killing white slave-owners. One of Toussaint’s closest advisors during the revolution had been white.
The brutality inflicted in the revolution on either side is nothing to uphold as dear, but respect must be paid to those who gave their lives for the principles of freedom and humanity that were stripped away from African slaves at the time. How could France be preaching liberty and the rights of man while possessing slave colonies? The Haitian revolution should be one of the most famous stories in human history but for reasons beyond me, it is not. England banned the slave-trade in 1807; three years after Haitian independence. Are we really to believe that the Haitians didn’t influence this decision? Thousands of British soldiers died trying to claim Haiti for themselves during the turmoil. This history is not black history. It is human history. If we all took a brief look into the past every now and again, we might better understand the socio-political situations of today. ‘Avengers of the New World’ by Laurent Dubois and ‘Black Jacobins’ by CLR James are great introductory reading to Haiti’s fascinating revolution.
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Since inhibitors are used to minimize acid corrosion on metal, understanding the use of acid inhibitors requires a basic understanding of the nature of the corrosion process on metal.
The Basics: What is Corrosion?
Corrosion is essentially an electrochemical process. Any ferrous metal consists of iron, various other alloying elements (manganese, phosphorous, sulfur, carbon, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, aluminum), and impurities such as sulphides, phosphides, etc.
The Mechanics: How Does Corrosion Occur?
Between any two constituents of steel there is a definite electro-potential difference. In an acid solution, this potential difference within the metal induces a flow of electrons to a developing cathode on the metal surface, with the formation of anodes where the metal is dissolved.
At the cathode, hydrogen is evolved from the reduction of hydrogen ions. After the acid dissolves the oxides and other deposits (see the reactions listed below) the acid completes the circuit on the metal surface. Hydrogen is evolved and metal is dissolved.
Some reactions for scale and deposit removal:
CaCO3 + 2 HCI —–> CaCI2 + C02 T + H20
FeO + 2 HCI ——–> Fe C12 + H20
Fe3O4 + 6 HCI + H2—->3 Fe C12 + 4 H20
An example of a corrosion cell on a metal surface:
The carbon in steel is present as iron carbide, Fe3C, or cementite. There is a potential between iron carbides and iron, in which the iron is the anode and the carbide is the cathode. The acid in this case attacks the iron, leaving the cathode untouched.
The oxidation reaction at the anode is:
Fe –> Fe2+ + 2e-
The reduction at the cathode is:
2H+ + 2e- H’ + H’–> H2t
If the amount of hydrogen being evolved is significant, the base metal can absorb the gas and change the physical properties of the alloys, causing hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen embrittlement is the process by which metals such as steel become brittle and fracture due to the introduction and subsequent diffusion of hydrogen into the metal. This is often a result of accidental introduction of hydrogen during forming and finishing operations. This phenomenon was first described in 1875.
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Places and spaces are key factors in how individuals and groups construct their identities. Identity theories have emphasised that the construction of an identity does not follow abstract and universal processes but is also deeply rooted in specific historical, cultural, social and material environments. The essays in this volume explore how various groups in Late Antiquity rooted their identity in special places that were imbued with meanings derived from history and tradition. In Part I, essays explore the tension between the Classical heritage in public, especially urban spaces, in the form of ancient artwork and civic celebrations and the Church's appropriation of that space through doctrinal disputes and rival public performances. Parts II and III investigate how particular locations expressed, and formed, the theological and social identities of Christian and Jewish groups by bringing together fresh insights from the archaeological and textual evidence. Together the essays here demonstrate how the use and interpretation of shared spaces contributed to the self-identity of specific groups in Late Antiquity and in so doing issued challenges, and caused conflict, with other social and religious groups.
Introduction, Day, Hakola, Kahlos and Tervahauta / Part I Cultural Perspectives: Meddling in the middle? Urban celebrations, ecclesiastical leaders and the Roman emperor in late Antiquity, Kahlos / Classical culture, domestic space and imperial vision in the Cycle of Agathias, Smith / Monastic space: the ascetic between sacred and civil spheres in Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Westergren / Part II Theological perspectives: Seeing Christ at the holy places, Day / Sacred space, virginal consecration and symbolic power: a liturgical innovation and its implications in late ancient Christianity, Hunter / The City of God and the place of demons: city life and demonology in early Christianity, Salminen / Preaching, feasting and making space for a meaning, Tolonen / Part III Archaeological Perspectives: Galilean Jews and Christians in context: spaces shared and contested in the eastern Galilee in late Antiquity, Hakola / Performing the sacred in a community building: observations from the 2010-2015 Kinneret regional project excavations in the Byzantine synagogue of Horvat Kur (Galilee), Zangenberg / Thrown into limekilns: the reuse of statuary and architecture in Galilee from late Antiquity onwards, Bonnie.
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On the 3rd day of the A to Z challenge, we move on to the letter “C”, and we have chosen Calcium Carbonate as our pet food ingredient of the day.
According to Wikipedia, Calcium Carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails, coal balls, pearls, and eggshells. It is commonly used as a calcium supplement or as an antacid.
The common names for Calcium Carbonate, although not often used on pet food labels, include limestone, calcite, aragonite, and chalk.
Calcium Carbonate is added to pet food for 3 primary reasons. First, it is an inexpensive source of calcium, which is an essential mineral for dogs and cats. Second, it is used as a preservative. Thirdly, it is used as a color retention agent.
Benefits: Calcium itself is a mineral that provides many health benefits including the building and maintaining of bones and teeth. Calcium also helps to maintain a regular heartbeat, muscular growth, and normal blood clotting.
Risks: Despite the many benefits of Calcium Carbonate, too much calcium can cause health problems. Other key minerals, such as iron, magnesium and zinc can become depleted in the body when a pet is consuming too much calcium.
There is also a linkage between excessive calcium supplementation and the development of canine hip dysplasia. Check with your vet if you are considering a calcium supplement over and above what is provided in your pet’s food.
Calcium needs magnesium in order to be absorbed in the body. Low magnesium levels could also lead to calcium deficiency.
Calcium Carbonate is often used in toothpaste as a mild abrasive.
Steve is an advocate for healthy pet food offerings.
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July 7, 2009
July 7, 2009
Could how fast you button your shirt be an early indicator of Alzheimer’s disease?
It may. Those are the intriguing findings from researchers who developed a risk tool for Alzheimer’s disease. The findings appeared in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
Various tools have been developed by researchers over the years to assess the likelihood of somebody developing heart disease, say, or breast cancer, or diabetes. However, no such tool currently exists for Alzheimer’s. Now, researchers have developed a preliminary tool that may help predict whether someone age 65 or older is at low, moderate or high risk of developing dementia over the next six years.
“This new risk index could be very important both for research and for people at risk of developing dementia and their families,” said study author Deborah E. Barnes, Ph.D., M.P.H., of the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. “It could be used to identify people at high risk for dementia for studies on new drugs or prevention methods.”
In addition, Dr. Barnes added, “The tool could also identify people who have no signs of dementia but should be monitored closely, allowing them to begin treatment as soon as possible, and potentially helping them maintain their thinking and memory skills and quality of life longer.” Such a tool could also be useful for providing predictive information to concerned patients and their family members.
The risk index was developed from findings from the ongoing Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study. People who scored eight or more points on the scale, which ranged up to 15, were at high risk of developing dementia in the next six years, the study found.
Several of the items on the scale are well-known risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. These include being an older age, having low scores on tests of thinking skills, and having a gene that has been linked to the disease.
Other factors predicting dementia risk were more surprising. People who are underweight, do not drink alcohol, have had coronary bypass surgery, or are slow at performing physical tasks like buttoning a shirt are more likely to develop dementia than people who do not have these risk factors, the researchers found.
To develop the index, researchers in the Cardiovascular Health Study examined 3,375 people whose average age was 76. None had signs or symptoms of Alzheimer’s at the start of the study, and they were followed for six years. During that time, 480 of the people, or 14 percent, developed Alzheimer’s or another form of dementia. The researchers then determined which factors best predicted who would develop dementia and created the point index.
A total of 56 percent of those with high scores on the index developed dementia, compared to 23 percent of those with moderate scores and 4 percent of those with low scores. Overall, the index correctly classified 88 percent of the participants.
Dr. Barnes said the risk index needs to be validated with other studies. She and her colleagues are determining whether a shorter, more simplified index could be as accurate as this index.
The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the National Institute on Aging, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
D. E. Barnes, Ph.D., M.P.H.; K. E. Covinsky, M.D., M.P.H.; R. A. Whitmer, Ph.D.; et al: “Predicting Risk of Dementia in Older Adults: The Late-Life Dementia Risk Index.” Neurology, May 13, 2009.
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All of the buildings and places featured in the L8Unseen portraits were chosen for their significance to Liverpool and L8. Many were founded on the proceeds of the city’s international trading links and the transatlantic slave trade.
This townhouse was built in the early 1860’s for the affluent businessman, Charles Kuhn Prioleau from South Carolina. Prioleau supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War providing the finance for the building of ships: the most famous of which was The Alabama.
L8 Unseen portrait
Built in 1865-6, it was originally named, ‘The Township of Toxteth Park Public Offices’. During its history its uses have included: Register Office, Medical Dispensary, Morgue, Coroners Inquests, Services for the Destitute, Means Testing, Hardship Support, Food Bank, Police Cells and Department of Unemployment.
The Royal Liver Building was built as the head office for Royal Liver Assurance company founded in Liverpool in 1850. At the time of its opening in 1911 it was the tallest building in Great Britain.
The Florence Institute was founded in 1889 by Sir Bernard Hall, a West Indian sugar merchant and former Mayor of Liverpool. The club was built as a memorial for his daughter Florence who died at the age of 22, to provide activities for boys from the surrounding area.
Built as the Great George Street Congregational Church in 1840, it replaced an earlier church destroyed in a fire. The first minister of the new church, Thomas Raffles was an active slavery abolitionist. The church has been used as a community centre by people from the L1 and L8 communities since 1968.
The Athenaeum is the oldest private members’ club in Liverpool: it has been in continuous use since 1797. The club was founded by Liverpool’s most prominent citizens, many of whom were involved in slavery and the transatlantic slave trade.
The Al-Ghazali Centre was established in 1992 by parents from the local Yemeni community. The Centre, originally a redundant church on Earle Road in Liverpool 7, was refurbished to provide a wide range of support to the local community.
The charity provides activities for children of all abilities and circumstances in and around Liverpool. Based on Upper Stanhope Street, they run a wide range of activities for 4-16 year olds. Their main ethos is to bring children with disabilities and mainstream children together to break down barriers and help to form new friendships.
Built in 1847 by Jesse Hartley. This warehouse was used to store goods imported and exported through the port tapping into Britain’s Empire and booming Atlantic trade. A few years earlier he had designed and built the Albert Dock.
Pagoda Chinese Youth Orchestra is based on Henry Street in Liverpool and is the first and largest Chinese youth orchestra in Europe. It teaches young people how to play traditional Chinese musical instruments and offers a programme of training and performance opportunities throughout the year.
Built by the famous architect John Wood in 1749, Liverpool Town Hall is considered one of the finest Georgian civic buildings in the country. Much of the money used to build the Town Hall was provided by benefactors who had made fortunes through the slave trade.
The Hope Street Hotel is housed in a 19th-century Venetian palazzo which dates to 1860 originally home to and named ‘The London Carriage Works’ warehouse, which opened in 1869, and housed various companies, including booksellers, telephone operators and Armstrong Siddeley – coach makers for Rolls Royce.
Sheltered Housing for older residents in Liverpool 8 run by Steve Biko Housing Association. The Elderly tenants luncheon club was set up by the late Herbie Higgins MBE, himself a tenant and a leading figure who had a passion for supporting community elders.
Unity Community Centre works with young people in Toxteth, and beyond, from all faiths and cultures. They are open to the community everyday and their ambition is to make Toxteth, especially the area around Lodge Lane, feel like family.
Musician and Artistic Director. A leading exponent of Chinese music, Zi Lan’s career on the international concert circuit has resulted in her being the most widely heard and appreciated Guzheng (a form of zither) performer. She’s captivated global audiences as a soloist with leading orchestras, as a recitalist and through the bubbling enthusiasm of her workshops. In 2013, Zi Lan was appointed the artistic director for Pagoda Arts on Henry Street.
Born in Nigeria and now lives in Liverpool. Having trained and worked as an architect in Liverpool, Tayo gave architecture up to travel the world performing his one-man play about Paul Robeson. He performed at Carnegie Hall in New York and on London’s West End, to name but a few. He continues to tour internationally, working on new plays that positively depict the sons and daughters of Africa.
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Ever wonder how you’ll survive an apocalyptic climate crisis? You can now get a simulated preview of your survival chances in a newly released, multiplatform video game, The Climate Trail. Developed by William Volk, the game focuses on a group of climate refugees fleeing Atlanta for Canada as the conditions all around them worsen.
Wanting to raise awareness about the climate crisis in hopes of dispelling climate change denial and inaction, Volk charged ahead with creating the game despite having to overcome “the challenge of learning a new development system (Ren’Py) and programming language (Python).” Thus, he released The Climate Trail, which combines visual graphic novel storytelling with simulation game elements.
According to his developer blog, “I’ve self-funded the project because I want to make people care about the climate issue,” Volk explained. “I wanted to create an emotional impact, weave in science information and make a game that makes a difference. I’ve always believed that games can have social value.”
Inspired by the iconic game The Oregon Trail, which was a hallmark of elementary, middle and high schools from the 1970s to the 1990s, Volk’s game is as an educational survival foray, wherein players are pitted against hunger, thirst, extreme weather and other cataclysmic disasters in a dystopian future ravaged by the excesses of climate change. Incorporating scientific information about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions and sea level rise, Volk hopes the game will be introduced to schools as an instructive tool, teaching the value of resourcefulness in unpredictable and risky scenarios.
With education as his top priority for the game, Volk made sure to steer away from gun-toting scenes, even humbly apologizing in his blog, “Sorry, no shooting in this one.” Rather, he chose to focus on knowledge and information, saying he paid “a lot more attention to the science of climate change” to make the game convincing, for the purpose of “catching the conscience of the deniers and doubters, to really take climate change seriously.”
Volk shared, “The catch-22 about this game is I started it with a much more optimistic attitude than when I finished it. The more I dug into it, the more it seemed things were actually worse than imagined.”
There are three levels of difficulty: moderate, significant and extreme. Available free for download and even free of advertisements, the game can be played with Mac, PC Windows and Linux systems. Mobile versions for iPhone, iPad and Android Google Play are available as well.
Images via The Climate Trail
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What possible essay questions could come from "The Son's Veto" by Thomas Hardy?
3 Answers | Add Yours
Are you asking for an essay question that you could use to respond to this text, or are you asking for possible essay questions that you may be given? If it is the former, you obviously have considerable scope to pick something that interests you rather than something that is given to you by your teacher. My advice would be to select something that interests you and you have an idea about. A great question that comes to my mind when thinking about this story is why is it that Mrs. Twycott's son has such influence over her? Why is it that she is unable to defy him and live her life to please herself and marry Joe again?
If you want to respond to this question, you will of course have the opportunity to address the character of Mrs. Twycott and her humble origins but also the strange predicament she finds herself in. A key quote to consider this would be the final speech she has at the end of the second section of this story:
'No, I am not a lady,' she said sadly. 'I never shall be. But he's a gentleman, and that--makes it--O how difficult for me!'
To respond to this question, you will need to address the key theme of class and how this results in the difficult situation that Mrs. Twycott faces. You can also relate the impact of her rekindled relationship with Joe to her health and description in the story, and how not being able to pursue it makes her health deteriorate.
1) You are Sophy in the story 'The son's veto'. Write your feelings just after your son has corrected your grammar mistake in front of the public.
2) At the end of the story, has Randolph proved to be a good son? Support your answer by giving reasonable facts.
1) Charecter sketch of sophy in the son's veto
2) character sketch of randolph in the son's veto
3) Hardy has high lighted on the prejudiced views of the upper and religious class, discuss with reference tothe son's veto
4) Is sam hobson succssful in bringing joy to sophy's miserable life?
Join to answer this question
Join a community of thousands of dedicated teachers and students.Join eNotes
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The First Russian Contact in Alaska
Of the European countries, Russia was the first to explore in the North Pacific. The Russians had been exploring the Arctic, looking for new lands, since the tenth century. Under Ivan IV the Terrible (1547-1582) they began to explore east of the Ural Mountains into Siberia, to trade and to conquer the indigenous people there. By1647, they had crossed Siberia to Sea of Okhotsk, at the northwest edge of the North Pacific Ocean. The next year a Cossack (a special Russian military group who were fierce fighters and loyal to the Russian tsars) named Semen Dezhnev sailed along the Siberian coast and through Bering Strait to the mouth of the Anadyr River.
In 1725 the tsar Peter the Great (1672-1725) commissioned Vitus Bering to sail east from the Kamchatka Peninsula. In 1727, Bering sailed north through Bering Strait to the Arctic ice pack and back to Kamchatka. Due to storms and fog in Bering Strait he did not see the North American mainland to the east. In the summer of 1732 a Cossack named Mikhail Gvozdev sailed from Kamchatka northward through the Bering Strait and found the Diomede Islands. They were met with a hail of arrows shot by Eskimos on the second island. The next day they anchored off the American coast at Cape Prince of Wales. Soon after Gvozdev sighted King Island where an Alaskan Native approached the ship in a kayak. Following that meeting Gvozdev returned to Kamchatka. His voyage represents the first Russian contact with the American mainland, and with Alaska Native people.
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Renewable energy must be developed in parallel with nuclear power and a clean-up of coal-fired power station technology, if the UK is to meet increasing demand without relying on enormous and potentially debilitating natural gas imports. That is the conclusion drawn from a report to be published in Inderscience's International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology.
Muhammad Asif of the School of Built and Natural Environment, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow and colleagues John Currie and T. Muneer at the School of Engineering and Built Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh, explain that the provision of sufficient, affordable and secure energy is crucial for any modern economy.
However, across the globe, those same economies are facing challenges such as climate change, limited resources and rising costs. The team has analysed the situation facing the UK and offers a solution based on energy security and diversity in the supply mix that could be the most sustainable option for the country.
Asif and his colleagues explain how currently the UK is self sufficient in natural gas, exporting approximately the same quantities as it imports. The major energy contributors are coal, oil, gas and nuclear power. This is set to change quickly, however, the UK's oil and gas reserves dwindle and coal and nuclear power stations, which today produce almost 54% of the UK total electricity needs will reach the end of their working life.
"It is estimated that the 'business as usual' scenario, over the next two decades, could result in the loss of almost one third of the UK's electricity production capacity," the researchers say. That equates to a loss of 25 Gigawatts of electricity production by the year 2023. The UK will soon have to face the challenge of bridging the widening gap between energy supply and demand.
Others have suggested that the energy mix should shift more towards, gas-fired power stations. However, this could be devastating to the UK economy, Asif and colleagues emphasis. It would increase immensely our reliance on natural gas imports, as well as reducing diversity and so security in the energy mix.
Asif and his colleagues conclude from their energy analysis that the most secure approach to energy supply after 2023 will involve nuclear expansion, the development of clean coal-fired power stations and a dramatic increase in renewable energy sources.
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With air pollution still on the rise in some regions despite government efforts to improve air quality, changes in surface solar radiation appear to be taking their toll on China’s vast solar fleet.
Amid major concerns about the harmful effects of pollution on human health and China’s ecosystems, a study has found new measures to reduce air pollution would help China tap the full potential of its PV push.
Having long surpassed next year’s PV generation capacity development target of 110 GW, China reached a cumulative 174.63 GW of solar at the end of last year. At its current pace, the world’s largest solar market is on track to realize its goal of 400 GW of installed PV by 2030, to provide 10% of its primary energy and support its Paris Agreement commitment of generating 20% of energy from non-fossil fueled sources.
However, the share of solar in the national energy mix is not only dependent on the pace of installation but also air pollution levels, a study by scientists at ETH Zurich and the University of Amsterdam has found.
The researchers analyzed observational sunlight data from 119 measurement stations across China from 1960 to 2015 to estimate how much the skies have dimmed during that period. The mounting angle of panels – how they are tilted to harvest solar radiation – was factored in to the data collected. After correlating the level of dimming to industrial emissions data, to quantify the role of air pollution in reducing sunlight, the researchers found solar irradiance decreased 11–15% over the 55 years studied.
If China could revert back to 1960s radiation levels, its 2016 solar generation capacity could yield 12–13% more electricity, the equivalent of an additional 14 TWh, the study claimed. The country could enjoy an additional 51–74 TWh of solar power from its anticipated solar generation capacity for 2030, wrote the authors of the study, adding the corresponding economic benefits could amount to $1.9 billion in 2016 and $4.6–6.7 billion in 2030.
Human-driven aerosol emissions and changes in cloud cover were identified as two main factors responsible for solar radiation dimming in China. Air pollution can affect solar power generation in three ways: through particle matter which accumulates on PV panels; through aerosol particles, which interact in ways which scatter or absorb solar radiation; and through cloud formation caused, for example, by the reaction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) with other pollutants, which can increase cloud reflectivity and duration and decrease the solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.
Between 1996 and 2010, an estimated 91% of SO2 emissions in China came from coal burning – mostly in industry and power generation, the study stated. For the same period black carbon – a major component of fine particulate matter PM2.5 – was emitted as a result of residential and industrial coal (41%) and biomass consumption (33%). However, since the early 1990s aerosol emission factors of SO2 and black carbon have fallen as a result of China’s air pollution control policies and demographic changes.
With dozens of cities choking under a cloud of smog in early 2013, the Chinese government declared war on air pollution and intensified measures to regulate the emission of PM2.5. From 2013 to 2018, the volume of hazardous airborne particles of PM2.5 fell by 33% in 74 major cities, according to analysis by Greenpeace East Asia. However, pollution readings in the smog-prone northern Chinese region covering the province of Hebei and the cities of Beijing and Tianjin rose 8% from January to April, according to Ministry of Ecology and Environment data.
While such mixed results have raised fears China’s war on pollution is losing momentum, central government has struggled to persuade observers efforts to reduce pollution will not be relaxed this year as the Chinese economy falls to its slowest rate of growth since 1990.
While cleaning the air requires significant investment, the authors of the ETH Zurich-University of Amsterdam study suggested that if such pollution control measures were adopted more widely, solar energy production capacity could increase and significantly offset the cost of pollution control. “The relationship between observed surface radiation and emissions of sulfur dioxide and black carbon suggest that strict air pollution control measures, combined with reduced fossil fuel consumption, would allow surface radiation to increase,” read the study, published in Nature Energy.
The topic of air pollution and its effect on solar PV output has garnered attention among researchers of late. A study published by scientists at Duke University – with colleagues at the Indian Institute of Technology-Gandhinagar and the University of Wisconsin at Madison – found the accumulation of airborne particles on solar panels could cut energy output by more than a quarter in some parts of the world, including China and India, where air pollution is extremely high.
Previous research from the Climate Policy group at ETH Zurich found completely eliminating emissions from the power, transport, industry and household sectors would enable all solar systems in China in 2040 to generate an extra 85-158 TWh of electricity per year. That additional solar power output would generate up to $10.1 billion more for the Chinese electricity industry, that study found.
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| 0.943921 | 1,045 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Purify Your Air
UV germicidal light HVAC
Protection from COVID-19 - SARS
Air Purifier for the Home or Office
Germicidal or UV lights for HVAC systems are used to kill the DNA of germs, viruses, mold spores, bacteria and fungi as they pass through the air handler system. A strategically placed UV light is very effective at killing close to one hundred percent of these harmful pollutants.
Get the Facts
Clean air is good for our lungs, blood circulation, heart, and other health systems. But the air inside your home might not be clean.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the concentration of some pollutants is often two to five times higher indoors than outdoors.
Pollutants—such as smoke from tobacco, burning wood, and cooking; gases from cleaning products and building materials; dust mites; mold; and pet dander—contribute to a poor indoor environment that can have ill effects on the body. We’ve recently seen these hazardous conditions compounded by the presence of wildfires in California and the Midwest—as well as SARS-CoV-2, if someone at home is sick with the virus that causes COVID-19. (For everything you need to know about the pandemic, see CR’s Guide to the Coronavirus.)
Fine particles 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller, including those found in dust and smoke, are especially a concern because they can make their way deep into the lungs. Breathing them in for just hours or days is enough to aggravate lungs and cause asthma attacks, and has been linked to heart attacks in people with heart disease. Studies also show that long-term exposure to high particle levels may cause bronchitis, impaired lung function, and premature death.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including formaldehyde, are released into the air from adhesives, paints, and cleaning products. Exposure to VOCs can cause nose, throat, and eye irritation; headaches; nausea; and damage to the liver, kidneys, and nervous system. Some gases, such as radon, can cause lung cancer and death.
This system is great when fighting the COVID-19 Virus.
What kind of disease is COVID-19?
COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect your upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact
Offering Discounted Prices for Health.
Get in touch so we can start working together.
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| 0.930164 | 568 | 2.75 | 3 |
America’s Climate Problem
America’s Climate Problem: The Way Forward / Robert Repetto. Earthscan, 2011, 176 p. ISBN 9781849712149
About the book :
What America does – or fails to do – in the next few years to solve the problem of climate change will largely determine the fate of the earth and humanity for centuries to come. Despite the efforts by some states, local governments and individual citizens to respond, controversy still embroils national efforts to come up with a solution.
This book by Robert Repetto, a leading environmental economist, lets the reader cut through the confusion and political rhetoric and understand the way to resolve the climate problem. It explains in clear, accessible language how a sensible national policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can bring about a transition to clean energy sources while preserving healthy economic growth and high standards of living. It shows where the pitfalls are in developing a climate solution, how they can be avoided, and how to bring resistant interest groups on board.
America cannot act alone but other nations will not take action if the United States does not lead, and this book explains how America can successfully promote international cooperation on climate solutions.
Never has there been an environmental problem of such importance. Every citizen will benefit from the insight this book provides in solving it successfully. (copyright © Earthscan)
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| 0.908946 | 275 | 2.796875 | 3 |
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